title: Theoretical Background - Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology nammti uz
text: Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology
  nammti.uz
  10.25.2023
  Pg.417
  climates. This section delves into the principles of solar energy conversion, factors influencing solar
  panel efficiency, and the unique challenges posed by continental climates.
  1. Principles of Solar Energy Conversion. Solar panels, primarily
  composed of photovoltaic
  (PV) cells, convert sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. When sunlight strikes the
  semiconducting material within the cells, typically silicon, it excites electrons, creating an electric
  current. This current can then be harnessed to power electrical devices or fed into the power grid.
  2. Factors Influencing Solar Panel Efficiency
  Several factors influence the efficiency of solar panels, including:
  - Solar Irradiance The amount of sunlight received per unit area.
  Regions with high solar
  radiation naturally have a higher potential for energy generation.
  - Temperature PV cells generally become less efficient as they get hotter. This poses a
  challenge in continental climates where summer temperatures can be extremely high.
  - Angle of Incidence The angle at which sunlight hits the solar panels affects their efficiency.
  Panels angled perpendicularly to the sun’s rays achieve maximum efficiency.