title: Kalit so‘zlar - Qarshi davlat universiteti international scientific and practical conference on algorithms and current...
text: Kalit so‘zlar:
  axborotlashtirish, optik tolali tizimlar, SDH texnologiyasi, DSL
  texnologiyasi, elektr toki, FDDI standarti, tarmoq texnologiyasi.
  In the era of multimedia and video exchange with the Internet, the requirements for the
  exchange speed and bandwidth of access networks are constantly growing, which makes
  fiber-optic technologies attractive. The existing equipment based on SDH technology
  (SynchronousDigitalHierarchy, synchronous digital hierarchy) is very limited in terms of
  modernization. A transition to higher-level technologies is needed. A network with SDH
  transmission systems, with the help of which standard digital channels and paths are
  organized, ensures the operation of the communication channel only for the transmission
  of information using optical fiber, which allows obtaining high-speed communication
  highways (transport). Problems of electromagnetic compatibility during the introduction
  of broadband access, for example, using xDSL (Digital Subscriber Line) technology, dictate
  the replacement of an electrically conductive multi-core copper cable with an optical one.
  Modern fiber-optic transmission systems are a hub for the practical use of fundamental
  sciences (physics, mathematics, chemistry, computer technology), their practical necessity
  and usefulness. They must have high speed, broadband, stability, reliability, and a high
  degree of reliability of information transmission.
  Data transfer (physical data transfer) is one of the main processes in the communication
  network. A fiber-optic communication line serves as a transmission medium for various
  applications.
  When using copper, the transmission range is limited, there are frequency distortions. A
  fiber fiber as a signal transmission medium has significantly better frequency
  characteristics: in it, attenuation does not depend on frequency and remains permanent in
  a certain frequency range. Also, the advantages of an optical cable are inherent: immunity
  to electromagnetic and radio frequency interference and interference; immunity to
  lightning, high voltage surges and electrostatic electromagnetic influences; a safe
  environment for transmitting information; confidentiality; absence of frequency distortion;
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  etc. In fiber-optic transmission systems, losses are unchanged at all transmission speeds in
  the entire specified frequency range.
  The peculiarities of fiber-optic transmission systems, in which there is fundamentally no
  interaction of individual circuits that is significant for practice, are due to the fact that the
  photon stream serves as the information carrier. The features of the optical range and the
  element base used impose their limitations on the capabilities of the system. The main
  disadvantages of fiber-optic communication lines are: the susceptibility of optical fibers to
  radiation, which causes the appearance of a darkening spot; hydrogen corrosion of glass,
  which generates microcracks in the fiber.
  The fiber optic transmission system model includes the following components:
  a transmitter that converts an electrical signal into a light signal;
  fiber-optic cable (the medium through which the light signal propagates),
  consisting of an optical fiber and protective sheaths;
  a receiver that receives a light signal and converts it back into an electrical
  signal;
  couplers (connectors) used to connect an optical fiber to a source, a detector,
  and to connect optical fibers to each other.
  The selected fiber optic transmission system technology depends on the transmission
  distance, customer applications, bandwidth requirements, and transmission speed. When
  designing fiber optic transmission systems, it is important to determine the expected
  growth in terms of data transmission volumes at the node (bandwidth reserve of
  communication lines), since adding additional optical fibers in the cable span, upgrading
  installed cables is more expensive.
  The choice of operating wavelength is dictated by the application used in the system. For
  example, the FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) standard requires transmission at a
  wavelength of 1300 nm. This wavelength is recommended to be used throughout the
  network, which will eliminate problems with the compatibility of transmitting and
  receiving equipment, duplication of spare parts and test and maintenance equipment.
  Achieving a given transmission distance was previously achieved by the introduction of
  optical and quantum technologies in two directions: the development of new types of
  optical fiber with attenuation close to the theoretical limit; the creation of optical
  amplifiers that make it possible to sharply increase the power of optical signals at the line
  input and compensate for losses in the optical fiber. In optical networks of the new
  generation
  NGN
  (NextGenerationNetworks),
  optical
  access
  networks
  PON
  (PassiveOpticalNetwork) are used to solve this problem.
  With the growth of bandwidth and volume of traffic, the problems associated, for
  example, with the consequences of losses, are exacerbated. This requires additional control
  and monitoring systems that allow you to control the operation of client equipment
  directly from the technical support center. GPON technology has a built-in mechanism for
  managing and monitoring network traffic, which guarantees high access speed and quality
  of services provided. The higher the bandwidth and traffic volume, the greater the
  responsibility and the more in demand additional control and monitoring systems become.
  High-speed GPON access provides 40 Mbps channels (from the station to the service
  consumer) per client. One promising HD (high definition) quality TV channel will require a
  bandwidth of 20 Mbps. In particular, Motorola has developed an intermediate amplifier for
  GPON networks, which allows increasing the maximum distance between OLT and ONT
  devices in a GPON network to at least 60 km.
  The benefits of expanding the GPON network: significant savings in capital and
  operating costs; single interface for optical fiber; easily upgradeable to 40 Gbps; easy
  scalability and upgradeability; fault tolerance and traffic balancing; high-quality provision
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  of the Triple Play service package (voice, video and data transmission); multi-exploitation
  (fiber-optic infrastructure operated by many operators) other.
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