 By the year 2000.
( ( By ( the ( year 2000 ) ) ) . )
(ROOT (FRAG (PP (IN By) (NP (DT the) (NN year) (CD 2000))) (. .)))
By the year 2012. 
( ( By ( the ( year 2012 ) ) ) . )
(ROOT (FRAG (PP (IN By) (NP (DT the) (NN year) (CD 2012))) (. .)))