In research designs based on statistical inference, the criterion for establishing casuality is whether the findings are likely to have occurred by chance following appropriate comparisons to eliminate alternative interpretations.
( ( In ( ( research designs ) ( based ( on ( statistical inference ) ) ) ) ) ( , ( ( ( the criterion ) ( for ( establishing casuality ) ) ) ( ( is ( whether ( ( the findings ) ( are ( likely ( to ( have ( occurred ( by ( chance ( following ( appropriate ( comparisons ( to ( eliminate ( alternative interpretations ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )
(ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (NP (NN research) (NNS designs)) (VP (VBN based) (PP (IN on) (NP (JJ statistical) (NN inference)))))) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN criterion)) (PP (IN for) (S (VP (VBG establishing) (ADVP (RB casuality)))))) (VP (VBZ is) (SBAR (IN whether) (S (NP (DT the) (NNS findings)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (JJ likely) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB have) (VP (VBN occurred) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (NN chance)) (PP (VBG following) (NP (JJ appropriate) (NNS comparisons) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB eliminate) (NP (JJ alternative) (NNS interpretations)))))))))))))))))) (. .)))
Research designs may be based on statistical inference.
( ( Research designs ) ( ( may ( be ( based ( on ( statistical inference ) ) ) ) ) . ) )
(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Research) (NNS designs)) (VP (MD may) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN based) (PP (IN on) (NP (JJ statistical) (NN inference)))))) (. .)))