In 1873, Seuvre made one of the earliest reports of TBI in the medical literature: a 74-year-old woman whose chest was crushed by a wagon wheel was found on autopsy to have an avulsion of the right bronchus. Long-term survival of the injury was unknown in humans until a report was made of a person who survived in 1927. In 1931, a report made by Nissen described successful removal of a lung in a 12-year-old girl who had had narrowing of the bronchus due to the injury. Repair of TBI was probably first attempted in 1945, when the first documented case of a successful suturing of a lacerated bronchus was made. Prior to 1950, the mortality rate was 36%; it had fallen to 9% by 2001; this improvement was likely due to improvements in treatments and surgical techniques, including those for injuries commonly associated with TBI. Notes
References
Riley RD, Miller PR, Meredith JW (2004). "Injury to the esophagus, trachea, and bronchus". In Moore EJ, Feliciano DV, Mattox KL (eds.). Trauma. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division. pp. 544–52. ISBN 0-07-137069-2. Retrieved 2008-06-15. == External links ==
If a peptic ulcer perforates, air will leak from inside the gastrointestinal tract (which always contains some air) to the peritoneal cavity (which normally never contains air). This leads to "free gas" within the peritoneal cavity. If the person stands, as when having a chest X-ray, the gas will float to a position underneath the diaphragm. Therefore, gas in the peritoneal cavity, shown on an erect chest X-ray or supine lateral abdominal X-ray, is an omen of perforated peptic ulcer disease. Classification
Peptic ulcers are a form of acid–peptic disorder. Peptic ulcers can be classified according to their location and other factors. By location
Duodenum (called duodenal ulcer)
Esophagus (called esophageal ulcer)
Stomach (called gastric ulcer)
Meckels diverticulum (called Meckels diverticulum ulcer; is very tender with palpation)

Modified Johnson
Type I: Ulcer along the body of the stomach, most often along the lesser curve at incisura angularis along the locus minoris resistantiae. Not associated with acid hypersecretion. Type II: Ulcer in the body in combination with duodenal ulcers. Associated with acid oversecretion. Type III: In the pyloric channel within 3 cm of pylorus. Associated with acid oversecretion. Type IV: Proximal gastroesophageal ulcer. Type V: Can occur throughout the stomach. Associated with the chronic use of NSAIDs (such as ibuprofen). Macroscopic appearance
Gastric ulcers are most often localized on the lesser curvature of the stomach. The ulcer is a round to oval parietal defect ("hole"), 2–4 cm diameter, with a smooth base and perpendicular borders.