After the movies success Hughess team established a  chain of "Platinum Blonde clubs" in several cities and offered a $10,000 prize that would go to any hairdresser who could copy Harlows shade. Though Harlow denied her hair was bleached, the platinum blonde color was reportedly achieved with a weekly application of ammonia, Clorox bleach, and Lux soap flakes. This process weakened and damaged Harlows naturally ash-blonde hair.During the 1930s Lawrence M. Gelb advanced the formulas of the bleaching products. In 1950 Clairol, the company Gelb founded with wife Jane Clair, introduced the first one-step hair dye product that lightened hair, which became a huge success with the masses. Bleaching process
Using bleaching agents
Melanin pigments, which give hair a darker color, can be broken down with oxidation. Most commercial bleaching formulas contain hydrogen peroxide and persulfate salts, which under alkaline conditions created by ammonia or monoethanolamine can bleach the hair. Persulfate salts, in combination with hydrogen peroxide or alone, is known for its ability to degrade organics, after activation with heat, transition metals, ultraviolet light, or other means that produce the sulfate radical. Without activation, the persulfate anion is known to react with some organic chemicals, although with slow kinetics. When melanin is oxidized, oxygen gas is released. Products for bleaching ones hair at home usually contain a 6% solution of hydrogen peroxide, while products for use in a hair salon can contain up to 9%.
Sarepta and patient groups wanted to use the standard of historical controls, personal testimonies, and the presence of altered dystrophin in the body. On April 25, 2016, the Advisory Committee Panel voted against approval;. However, in June 2016, FDA requested for additional data from Sarepta to confirm findings of dystrophin production by eteplirsen. Janet Woodcock, director of the FDAs Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, overruled the panel, and FDA Commissioner Robert Califf deferred to her decision. Eterplirsen received accelerated approval on September 19, 2016.The European Medicines Agency reviewed the molecule in 2018, and refused to approve it.Following the approval of eteplirsen, two other drugs of a similar kind, golodirsen and viltolarsen received provisional approval from the FDA for the treatment of people with a confirmed mutation of the dystrophin gene that is amenable to exon 53 skipping as well as casimersen for exon 45 skipping. Society and culture
Economics
The US list price of eteplirsen is US$300,000 per year of treatment. The Institute for Clinical and Economic Review has found the drug not cost effective at the list price when the cost of one Quality-adjusted life year (QALY) was equal to US$150,000. References
External links
"Eteplirsen". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.