It boosts levels of isoniazid when taken together and can lead to increased rates of peripheral neuropathy and hepatotoxicity. When taken with cycloserine, seizures have been reported. High rates of hepatotoxicty have been reported when taken with rifampicin. The drugs labeling cautions against excessive alcohol ingestion as it may provoke a psychotic reaction. Mechanism of action
Ethionamide is a prodrug which is activated by the enzyme ethA, a mono-oxygenase in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and then binds NAD+ to form an adduct which inhibits InhA in the same way as isoniazid. The mechanism of action is thought to be through disruption of mycolic acid.Expression of the ethA gene is controlled by ethR, a transcriptional repressor. It is thought that improving ethA expression will increase the efficacy of ethionamide and prompting interest by drug developers in EthR inhibitors as a co-drug. Other names
1314
2-ethylisothionicotinamide
amidazine
thioamide
iridocinIt is sold under the brand name Trecator by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals which was purchased by  Pfizer in 2009. References
External links
"Ethionamide". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Ethionamide (PIM 224)
The mainstay diagnosis of the presenting DVT symptom is an ultrasound with venous Doppler. Ultrasound with venous Doppler rarely identifies the inferior vena cava anomalies present from birth. Difficulties in identifying the congenital stenosis of the vena cava makes diagnosis uncommon. Diagnosis of congenital stenosis of the inferior vena cava can be rarely discovered through abdominal CT examinations, and may present with an array of clinical findings dependent on the drainage patterns of the individuals. Further diagnostic tools such as a transthoracic echocardiogram can reveal the narrowing of the vena cava showing a low velocity of flow. Congenital stenosis of the vena cava can also present as acute respiratory failure and effusion of the right lung on chest X-rays. Treatments
Treatments may not be necessary for the congenital heart defect. If required, treatments can include medication, catheter procedures, corrective surgery and heart transplants dependent on the severity of the defect, age of the patient and patients general health. Symptomatic relief of venous hypertension, associated with the congenital heart defect, can be achieved through surgery as it reduces the likelihood of hepatic vein thrombosis. Intravascular stents are a treatment method for Congenital Stenosis of the Vena Cava. Expandable metallic stents have been used as part of a procedure to dilate and maintain stenotic vena cava. Experiments carried out on mongrel dogs resulted in some failures for dilation and early migration, and occlusion complications in patients. Immediate relief of persisting symptoms occurred in two patients. Double balloon dilation is another technique used to treat stenosis of the vena cava.