Washington D.C.: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). ISBN 978-0990449119. Roush SW, Baldy LM, Hall MA, eds. (March 2019). "Chapter 16: Tetanus". Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases. Atlanta GA: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). External links
"Tdap - Tetanus-Diphtheria-Pertussis Vaccine Information Statement". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 17 August 2021. "DTaP (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis) Vaccine Information Statement". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 17 August 2021. "DTaP/Tdap/Td ACIP Vaccine Recommendations". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 28 January 2020. Tetanus Toxoid at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Diphtheria-Tetanus Vaccine at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
More recent research based on interviews of people with intersex variations indicate a need for more family protection from intervention and more family support. Lifespan is not thought to be affected by AIS. Diagnosis
Unfortunately, the number of differentials to consider for PAIS is particularly large. Prompt diagnosis is particularly urgent when a child is born with ambiguous genitalia, as some causes are associated with potentially life-threatening adrenal crises. Determination of testosterone, testosterone precursors and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) at baseline and / or after human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulation can be used to exclude such defects in androgen biosynthesis.Approximately one half of all 46,XY individuals born with ambiguous genitalia will not receive a definitive diagnosis. Androgen receptor (AR) gene mutations cannot be found in 27%  to 72%  of individuals with PAIS. As a result, genetic analysis can be used to confirm a diagnosis of PAIS, but it cannot be used to rule out PAIS. Evidence of abnormal androgen binding in a genital skin fibroblast study has long been the gold standard for the diagnosis of PAIS, even when an AR mutation is not present. However, some cases of PAIS, including AR-mutant-positive cases, will show normal androgen binding. A family history consistent with X-linked inheritance is more commonly found in AR-mutant-positive cases than AR-mutant-negative cases.The use of dynamic endocrine tests is particularly helpful in isolating a diagnosis of PAIS. One such test is the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulation test.