If any symptoms of cancerous tumor takes place, then the patient should be evaluated by a bone specialist. No treatment is necessary for Solitary osteochondromas that are asymptomatic. Treatments for solitary osteochondroma are careful observation over time and taking regular x-rays to monitor any changes in the tumor. If the lesion is causing pain with activity, nerve or vessel impingement, or if the bone growth has fully matured and the presence of a large cartilage cap is prominent, then it is advised that the tumor be surgically removed.Osteochondromas have a low rate of malignancy (<1%) and resection of the tumor is suggested if symptoms such as pain, limitation of movement, or impingement on nerves or vessels occur. Resection of the tumor also takes place when the tumor increases in size and progresses towards malignancy. During surgical resection, the entire lesion along with the cartilaginous cap should be removed to minimize any chances of reoccurrences. Surgical treatment becomes the sole treatment of choice if common complications such as fractures, symptoms of peripheral nerves such as paresthesia, paraplegia, peroneal neuropathy, and upper limb neuropathy  take place. A prophylactic resection is suggested if the lesion lies next to a vessel.Depending on the size and location of the tumor, the time it takes to return to normal daily activities varies between individuals. Limitation on some activities is advised if pain or discomfort persists after surgical excision.
It has been classified in two types based on the onset:

Congenital
Isolated
Familial (autosomal recessive) microcephaly
Autosomal dominant microcephaly
X-linked microcephaly 
Chromosomal (balanced rearrangements and ring chromosome)
Syndromes
Chromosomal
Poland syndrome
Down syndrome
Edward syndrome
Patau syndrome
Unbalanced rearrangements
Contiguous gene deletion
4p deletion (Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome)
5p deletion (Cri-du-chat)
7q11.23 deletion (Williams syndrome)
22q11 deletion (DiGeorge syndrome)
Single gene defects
Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome
Seckel syndrome
Cornelia de Lange syndrome
Holoprosencephaly
Primary microcephaly 4
Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome
Acquired
Disruptive injuries
Ischemic stroke
Hemorrhagic stroke
Death of a monozygotic twin
Vertically transmitted infections
Congenital cytomegalovirus infection
Toxoplasmosis
Congenital rubella syndrome
Congenital Varicella Syndrome
Zika virus (see Zika fever#Microcephaly) 
Drugs
Fetal hydantoin syndrome
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Other
Radiation exposure to mother
Maternal malnutrition
Maternal phenylketonuria
Poorly controlled gestational diabetes
Hyperthermia
Maternal hypothyroidism
Placental insufficiency
Craniosynostosis

Postnatal onset
Genetic
Inborn errors of metabolism
Congenital disorder of glycosylation
Mitochondrial disorders
Peroxisomal disorder
Glucose transporter defect
Menkes disease
Congenital disorders of amino acid metabolism
Organic acidemia
Syndromes
Contiguous gene deletion
17p13.3 deletion (Miller–Dieker syndrome)
Single gene defects
Rett syndrome (primarily girls)
Nijmegen breakage syndrome
X-linked lissencephaly with abnormal genitalia
Aicardi–Goutières syndrome
Ataxia telangiectasia
Cohen syndrome
Cockayne syndrome
Acquired
Disruptive injuries
Traumatic brain injury
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
Ischemic stroke
Hemorrhagic stroke
Infections
Congenital HIV encephalopathy
Meningitis
Encephalitis
Toxins
Chronic kidney failure
Deprivation
Hypothyroidism
Anemia
Congenital heart disease
MalnutritionGenetic mutations cause most cases of microcephaly. Relationships have been found between autism, duplications of genes and macrocephaly on one side. On the other side, a relationship has been found between schizophrenia, deletions of genes and microcephaly. Several genes have been designated "MCPH" genes, after microcephalin (MCPH1), based on their role in brain size and primary microcephaly syndromes when mutated. In addition to microcephalin, these include WDR62 (MCPH2), CDK5RAP2 (MCPH3), KNL1 (MCPH4), ASPM (MCPH5), CENPJ (MCPH6), STIL (MCPH7), CEP135 (MCPH8), CEP152 (MCPH9), ZNF335 (MCPH10), PHC1 (MCPH11) and CDK6 (MCPH12).