Expressions like developmentally disabled, special, special needs, or challenged are sometimes used by, but have been criticized for "reinforc[ing] the idea that people cannot deal honestly with their disabilities".The term mental retardation, which stemmed from the understanding that such conditions arose as a result of delays or retardation of a childs natural development, was used in the American Psychiatric Associations DSM-IV (1994) and in the World Health Organizations ICD-10 (codes F70–F79). In the next revision, ICD-11, it was replaced by the term "disorders of intellectual development" (codes 6A00–6A04; 6A00.Z for the "unspecified" diagnosis code). The term "intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder)" is used in the DSM-5 (2013). The term "mental retardation" is still used in some professional settings such as governmental aid programs or health insurance paperwork, where "mental retardation" is specifically covered but not "intellectual disability" is not.Historical terms for intellectual disability eventually become perceived as an insult, in a process commonly known as the euphemism treadmill. The terms mental retardation and mentally retarded became popular in the middle of the 20th century to replace the previous set of terms, which included "imbecile", "idiot", "feeble-minded", and "moron", among others, and are now considered offensive. By the end of the 20th century, retardation and retard become widely seen as disparaging, politically incorrect, and in need of replacement.Usage has changed over the years and differed from country to country. For example, mental retardation in some contexts covers the whole field, but previously applied to what is now the mild MR group.
The fourth revision of the DSM (DSM-IV) in 1994 added a diagnostic requirement for "marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning", which led to an outcry from TS experts and researchers, who noted that many people were not even aware they had TS, nor were they distressed by their tics; clinicians and researchers resorted to using the older criteria in research and practice. In 2000, the American Psychiatric Association revised its diagnostic criteria in the fourth text revision of the DSM (DSM-IV-TR) to remove the impairment requirement, recognizing that clinicians often see people who have Tourettes without distress or impairment. Society and culture
Not everyone with Tourettes wants treatment or a cure, especially if that means they may lose something else in the process. The researchers Leckman and Cohen believe that there may be latent advantages associated with an individuals genetic vulnerability to developing Tourette syndrome that may have adaptive value, such as heightened awareness and increased attention to detail and surroundings.Accomplished musicians, athletes, public speakers and professionals from all walks of life are found among people with Tourettes.