Immobility and physical stress (such as malnutrition or dehydration) are also risk factors. Disorders and substances that impair circulation contribute, including diabetes, Raynauds phenomenon, tobacco and alcohol use. Homeless individuals and individuals with some mental illnesses may be at higher risk. Mechanism
Freezing
In frostbite, cooling of the body causes narrowing of the blood vessels (vasoconstriction). Temperatures below −23 °C (−9 °F) are required to form ice crystals in the tissues. The process of freezing causes ice crystals to form in the tissue, which in turn causes damage at the cellular level. Ice crystals can damage cell membranes directly. In addition, ice crystals can damage small blood vessels at the site of injury. Scar tissue forms when fibroblasts replace the dead cells. Rewarming
Rewarming causes tissue damage through reperfusion injury, which involves vasodilation, swelling (edema), and poor blood flow (stasis). Platelet aggregation is another possible mechanism of injury. Blisters and spasm of blood vessels (vasospasm) can develop after rewarming. Non-freezing cold injury
The process of frostbite differs from the process of non-freezing cold injury (NFCI). In NFCI, temperature in the tissue decreases gradually. This slower temperature decrease allows the body to try to compensate through alternating cycles of closing and opening blood vessels (vasoconstriction and vasodilation). If this process continues, inflammatory mast cells act in the area. Small clots (microthrombi) form and can cut off blood to the affected area (known as ischemia) and damage nerve fibers. Rewarming causes a series of inflammatory chemicals such as prostaglandins to increase localized clotting.
Epiphora may refer to:

Epiphora (medicine), an excessive tear production usually a result from an irritation of the eye
Epistrophe, also known as epiphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the end of successive phrases, clauses or sentences
Epiphora (fungus), a fungus genus in the order Dothideomycetes
Epiphora (moth), a moth genus in the family Saturniidae
Epiphora, an orchid genus nowadays considered a synonym of Polystachya