The cutaneous symptoms vary, and range from rashes and noduli (small bumps) to erythema nodosum, granuloma annulare, or lupus pernio. Sarcoidosis and cancer may mimic one another, making the distinction difficult.The combination of erythema nodosum, bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, and joint pain is called Löfgren syndrome, which has a relatively good prognosis. This form of the disease occurs significantly more often in Scandinavian patients than in those of non-Scandinavian origin. Respiratory tract
Localization to the lungs is by far the most common manifestation of sarcoidosis. At least 90% of those affected experience lung involvement. Overall, about 50% develop permanent pulmonary abnormalities, and 5 to 15% have progressive fibrosis of the lung parenchyma. Sarcoidosis of the lung is primarily an interstitial lung disease in which the inflammatory process involves the alveoli, small bronchi, and small blood vessels. In acute and subacute cases,  physical examination usually reveals dry crackles. At least 5% of cases include pulmonary arterial hypertension. The upper respiratory tract (including the larynx, pharynx, and sinuses) may be affected, which occurs in between 5 and 10% of cases.The four stages of pulmonary involvement are based on radiological stage of the disease, which is helpful in prognosis:
Stage I: bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy (BHL) alone
Stage II: BHL with pulmonary infiltrates
Stage III: pulmonary infiltrates without BHL
Stage IV: fibrosisUse of the Scadding scale only provides general information regarding the prognosis of the pulmonary disease over time.
Pathogenicity
Liver fluke infections cause serious medical and veterinary diseases. Fasciolosis of sheep, goats and cattle, is the major cause of economic losses in dairy and meat industry. Fasciolosis of humans produces clinical symptoms such as fever, nausea, swollen liver, extreme abdominal pain, jaundice and anemia.Clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis (due to Opisthorchis viverrini) are particularly dangerous. They can survive for several decades in humans causing chronic inflammation of the bile ducts, epithelial hyperplasia, periductal fibrosis and bile duct dilatation. In many infections these symptoms cause further complications such as stone formation, recurrent pyogenic cholangitis and cancer (cholangiocarcinoma). Opisthorchiasis is particularly the leading cause of cholangiocarcinoma in Thailand and Laos. Both clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis are classified as Group 1 human biological agents (carcinogens) by International Agency of Research on Cancer (IARC). Species
Species of liver fluke include:
Clonorchis sinensis (the Chinese liver fluke, or the Oriental liver fluke)
Dicrocoelium dendriticum (the lancet liver fluke)
Dicrocoelium hospes
Fasciola hepatica (the sheep liver fluke)
Fascioloides magna (the giant liver fluke)
Fasciola gigantica
Fasciola jacksoni
Metorchis conjunctus
Metorchis albidus
Protofasciola robusta
Parafasciolopsis fasciomorphae
Opisthorchis viverrini (Southeast Asian liver fluke)
Opisthorchis felineus (Cat liver fluke)
Opisthorchis guayaquilensis

See also
The Integrated Opisthorchiasis Control Program


== References ==