According to recent studies, papillary cancers carrying the common V600E mutation tend to have a more aggressive long-term course. BRAF mutations are frequent in papillary carcinoma and in undifferentiated cancers that have developed from papillary tumors. Many more changes in gene expression are currently being investigated. Previous studies demonstrated the dysregulation of different microRNAs in thyroid cancer. For example, downregulation of miR-369-3p and consequent upregulation of its target TSPAN13 appear to be involved in the pathophysiology of PTC.Mitochondrial mutations:  MtDNA(mitochondrial) haplogroups, characterized by unique sets of non pathological mtDNA polymorphisms can modulate the pathogenesis of different diseases in specific populations because of its influence on the expression of genes related to ROS production and OXPHOS coupling efficiency and the regulation of apoptosis. In Asian populations, haplogroup D4a is associated with an increased risk of thyroid cancer while in European populations, Haplogroup K is considered to be protective of Thyroid cancer. Treatment
Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment for papillary thyroid cancer. The Revised 2009 American Thyroid Association guidelines for papillary thyroid cancer state that the initial procedure should be near-total or total thyroidectomy. Thyroid lobectomy alone may be sufficient treatment for small (<1 cm), low-risk, unifocal, intrathyroidal papillary carcinomas in the absence of prior head and neck irradiation or radiologically or clinically involved cervical nodal metastasis. Minimal disease (diameter up to 1.0 centimeters) - hemithyroidectomy (or unilateral lobectomy) and isthmectomy may be sufficient. There is some discussion whether this is still preferable over total thyroidectomy for this group of patients.
Hidrocystoma (also known as cystadenoma, a Molls gland cyst, and a sudoriferous cyst) is an adenoma of the sweat glands. : 787 Hidrocystomas are cysts of sweat ducts, usually on the eyelids. : 664  They are not tumours (a similar-sounding lesion called hidroadenoma is a benign tumour). The three types of "sweat" glands are: True sweat glands or eccrine glands, sebaceous glands, which have an oily secretion around hair follicles, and apocrine glands, which have more oily product than eccrine glands and are found on the face, armpit, and groin. Hidrocystomas usually arise from apocrine glands. They are also called cysts of Moll or sudoriferous cysts. A type of hidroadenoma that arises from eccrine glands is uncommon. Other related conditions on the eyelids include chalazion (a granulomatous reaction to sebaceous glands on the eyelid), lacrimal duct cysts (cysts related to tear ducts), and nasolacrimal duct cysts (the nasolacrimal duct drains tears into the nose via a punctum on the lower eyelid). Additional images
See also
Syringoma
Acrospiroma
Seborrheic keratosis
List of cutaneous conditions
List of cutaneous neoplasms associated with systemic syndromes

References


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