Umbilical granuloma is the most common umbilical abnormality in newborn children or neonates, causing inflammation and drainage. It may appear in the first few weeks of newborn infants during the healing process of the umbilical cord due to an umbilical mass. It is the overgrowth of the umbilical tissue. It develops in about 1 out of 500 newborns. With appropriate treatment, it is expected to heal in 1~2 weeks. Causes
Following umbilical cord clamping during delivery, the umbilicus base will spontaneously separate  within 7-15 days. With routine cord care and proper hygienic conditions, the remaining umbilical base will heal and new skin tissue will form. In some instances, a mass of tissue, or granuloma, will form at the base.Umbilical granulomas occur after umbilical cord removal when the remaining ring of the umbilicus undergoes incomplete wound healing and there is excessive healing tissue, also known as granulation tissue.Delayed cord separation, mild infections and hygienic conditions are all factors which may contribute to the incidence of umbilical granuloma. Although the exact cause of umbilical granulomas is unknown, it is hypothesized that inflammation of the remaining umbilical stump drives skin cell division, resulting in a tissue mass, rather than proper healing at the site. Histophysiology
An umbilical granuloma is a physiological response which surpasses the normal processes of skin restoration following umbilical cord clamping. Once the skin lesion is formed, there is an excess of fibroblast production.
Signs and symptoms
Three progressive phases of ischemic colitis have been described:
A hyperactive phase occurs first, in which the primary symptoms are severe abdominal pain and the passage of bloody stools. Many patients get better and do not progress beyond this phase. A paralytic phase can follow if ischemia continues; in this phase, the abdominal pain becomes more widespread, the belly becomes more tender to the touch, and bowel motility decreases, resulting in abdominal bloating, no further bloody stools, and absent bowel sounds on exam. Finally, a shock phase can develop as fluids start to leak through the damaged colon lining. This can result in shock and metabolic acidosis with dehydration, low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, and confusion. Patients who progress to this phase are often critically ill and require intensive care.Symptoms of ischemic colitis vary depending on the severity of the ischemia. The most common early signs of ischemic colitis include abdominal pain (often left-sided), with mild to moderate amounts of rectal bleeding. The sensitivity of findings among 73 patients were:
abdominal pain (78%)
lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding (62%)
diarrhea (38%)
Fever higher than 38 °C (100.4 °F) (34%)Physical examination
abdominal pain (77%)
abdominal tenderness (21%)

Causes
Ischemic colitis is often classified according to the underlying cause. Non-occlusive ischemia develops because of low blood pressure or constriction of the vessels feeding the colon; occlusive ischemia indicates that a blood clot or other blockage has cut off blood flow to the colon. Non-occlusive ischemia
In hemodynamically unstable patients (i.e. shock) the mesenteric perfusion may be compromised.