It was originally thought to infect fish brains (hence the specific epithet cerebralis) and nervous systems, though it soon was found to primarily infect cartilage and skeletal tissue. Attempts to change the name to Myxobolus chondrophagus, which would more accurately describe the organism, failed because of nomenclature rules. Later, the organisms previously called Triactinomyxon dubium and T. gyrosalmo (class Actinosporea) were found to be, in fact, triactinomyxon stages of M. cerebralis, the life cycle of which was expanded to include the triactinomyxon stage. Similarly, other actinosporeans were folded into the life cycles of various myxosporeans.Today, the myxozoans, previously thought to be multicellular protozoans, are considered animals by most scientists, though their status has not officially changed. Recent molecular studies suggest they are related to Bilateria or Cnidaria, with Cnidaria being closer morphologically because both groups have extrusive filaments. Bilateria were somewhat closer in some genetic studies, but those were found to have used samples that were contaminated by material from the host organism, and a 2015 study confirms they are cnidarians. Morphology
M. cerebralis has many diverse stages ranging from single cells to relatively large spores, not all of which have been studied in detail. Triactinomyxon stage
The stages that infect fish, called triactinomyxon spores, are made of a single style that is about 150 micrometers (μm) long and three processes or "tails", each about 200 micrometers long. A sporoplasm packet at the end of the style contains 64 germ cells surrounded by a cellular envelope.
Some participants were not responding to the previous therapies anymore and some participants experienced the return of the cancer. Participants with cancer that was actively growing after their last therapy were not included in the trial. All participants received naxitamab in combination with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) according to the trial schedule. Society and culture
Legal status
Naxitamab was approved for medical use in the United States in November 2020. References
External links
"Naxitamab". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Clinical trial number NCT03363373 for "Naxitamab for High-Risk Neuroblastoma Patients With Primary Refractory Disease or Incomplete Response to Salvage Treatment in Bone and/or Bone Marrow" at ClinicalTrials.gov
Clinical trial number NCT01757626 for "Combination Therapy of Antibody Hu3F8 With Granulocyte- Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) in Patients With Relapsed/Refractory High-Risk Neuroblastoma" at ClinicalTrials.gov