Mutations are seen less frequently affecting domains I and II, both of which encode sections of the N-terminal region of the protein. RYR2 mutations associated with CPVT that occur outside these four domains are very rare, being responsible for as few as 10% of reported cases. RYR2 mutations are most often missense mutations, such as single nucleotide substitutions causing one amino acid to be replaced by another, although in-frame substitutions and duplications have been described. More damaging nonsense mutations have not been reported in association with CPVT, potentially because these variants may lead to different cardiac diseases such as cardiomyopathies. CPVT2: CASQ2 mutations
Mutations in the CASQ2 gene are associated with an autosomal recessive form of typical CPVT known as CPVT2. This gene encodes calsequestrin, the major calcium-binding protein and calcium buffer within the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Mutations in CASQ2 account for only 3-5% of cases of CPVT. Fourteen mutations in CASQ2 have been identified in association with CPVT. Two of these are nonsense mutations causing the protein to be abnormally short, and two are deletion mutations, while ten are missense mutations that substitute one amino acid for another in the chain forming the protein.Mutations in CASQ2 cause a decrease in sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-buffering capacity. This means that abrupt changes in sarcoplasmic total calcium will be buffered less and therefore translate to larger shifts in free calcium.
Studies have shown that in cases of OFC caused by either end-stage renal disease or primary hyperparathyroidism, this method is successful not only in treating underlying hyperparathyroidism, but also in causing the regression of brown tumors and other symptoms of OFC. Surgery
In especially severe cases of OFC, parathyroidectomy, or the full removal of the parathyroid glands, is the chosen route of treatment. Parathyroidectomy has been shown to result in the reversal of bone resorption and the complete regression of brown tumors. In situations where parathyroid carcinoma is present, surgery to remove the tumors has also led to the regression of hyperparathyroidism as well as the symptoms of OFC.Bone transplants have proven successful in filling the lesions caused by OFC. A report showed that in 8 out of 11 instances where cavities caused by OFC were filled with transplanted bone, the lesion healed and the transplanted bone blended rapidly and seamlessly with the original bone. Prognosis
Almost all who undergo parathyroidectomy experience increased bone density and repair of the skeleton within weeks. Additionally, patients with OFC who have undergone parathyroidectomy begin to show regression of brown tumors within six months. Following parathyroidectomy, hypocalcaemia is common. This results from a combination of suppressed parathyroid glands due to prolonged hypercalcaemia, as well as the need for calcium and phosphate in the mineralization of new bone.Thirty percent of patients with OFC-like tumors caused by metastatic parathyroid carcinoma who undergo surgery see a local recurrence of symptoms.