However, conversely, some polymorphisms show a negative association between breast size and breast cancer risk. In any case, a meta-analysis concluded that breast size and risk of breast cancer are indeed importantly related.Circulating IGF-1 levels are positively associated with breast volume in women. In addition, the absence of the common 19-repeat allele in the IGF1 gene is also positively associated with breast volume in women, as well as with high IGF-1 levels during oral contraceptive use and with lessening of the normal age-associated decline in circulating IGF-1 concentrations in women. There is great variation in the prevalence of the IGF1 19-repeat allele between ethnic groups, and its absence has been reported to be highest among African-American women.Genetic variations in the androgen receptor (AR) have been linked to both breast volume (as well as body mass index) and breast cancer aggressiveness.COX-2 expression has been positively associated with breast volume and inflammation in breast tissue, as well as with breast cancer risk and prognosis. Rare mutations
Women with CAIS, who are completely insensitive to the AR-mediated actions of androgens, have, as a group, above-average sized breasts. This is true despite the fact that they simultaneously have relatively low levels of estrogen, which demonstrates the powerful suppressant effect of androgens on estrogen-mediated breast development.Aromatase excess syndrome, an extremely rare condition characterized by marked hyperestrogenism, is associated with precocious breast development and macromastia in females and similarly precocious gynecomastia (womens breasts) in males.
The diffuse leprosy of Lucio and Latapí, also known as diffuse lepromatous leprosy or "pretty leprosy" is a clinical variety of lepromatous leprosy. It was first described by Lucio and Alvarado in 1852 and re-identified by Latapí in 1936. It is common in Mexico (23% of leprosy cases) and in Costa Rica and very rare in other countries. History
The spotted or lazarine leprosy was first described by Ladislao de la Pascua in 1844. Lucio and Alvarado published a description of the disease with the same names in 1852. Latapí re-described it in 1938 and reported it as spotted leprosy of Lucio in 1948. It was named the diffuse leprosy of Lucio and Latapí in 1963 by Frenken. The underlying pathology was explained by Chévez-Zamora as a diffuse generalised cutaneous infiltration. He named it pure and primitive diffuse lepromatosis, upon which necrotising lesions develop. He proposed the name Fenómeno de Lucio or erythema necrotisans for these lesions. Clinical features
This condition is characterized by:
a diffuse infiltration of all the skin which never transforms into nodule
a complete alopecia of eyebrows and eyelashes and body hair
an anhydrotic and dysesthesic zones of the skin
a peculiar type of lepra reaction named Lucios phenomenon or necrotic erythemaLucios phenomenon consists of well-shaped erythematous spots which later become necrotic with scabs, ulcerations and scars. These lesions are usually located on the lower extremities and may be extensive. They are frequently painful and rarely fatal. Pathology
The main pathological features of this disease are a vasculitis affecting all cutaneous vessels.