Spontaneous
Once considered uncommon, spontaneous carotid artery dissection is an increasingly recognized cause of stroke that preferentially affects the middle-aged.The incidence of spontaneous carotid artery dissection is low, and incidence rates for internal carotid artery dissection have been reported to be 2.6 to 2.9 per 100,000.Observational studies and case reports published since the early 1980s show that patients with spontaneous internal carotid artery dissection may also have a history of stroke in their family and/or hereditary connective tissue disorders, such as Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, fibromuscular dysplasia, and osteogenesis imperfecta type I. IgG4-related disease involving the carotid artery has also been observed as a cause.However, although an association with connective tissue disorders does exist, most people with spontaneous arterial dissections do not have associated connective tissue disorders. Also, the reports on the prevalence of hereditary connective tissue diseases in people with spontaneous dissections are highly variable, ranging from 0% to 0.6% in one study to 5% to 18% in another study.Internal carotid artery dissection can also be associated with an elongated styloid process (known as Eagle syndrome when the elongated styloid process causes symptoms). Traumatic
Carotid artery dissection is thought to be more commonly caused by severe violent trauma to the head and/or neck. An estimated 0.67% of patients admitted to the hospital after major motor vehicle accidents were found to have blunt carotid injury, including intimal dissections, pseudoaneurysms, thromboses, or fistulas. Of these, 76% had intimal dissections, pseudoaneurysms, or a combination of the two.
Afrin may refer to:

Places
Afrin Canton, one of the cantons of the de facto autonomous Democratic Federation of Northern Syria
Afrin District, a district of Aleppo Governorate in northern Syria. The administrative centre is the city of Afrin
Afrin Subdistrict, a subdistrict of the Afrin District
Afrin Region, the westernmost of the three regions of the de facto autonomous Democratic Federation of Northern Syria
Afrin River, a river in Turkey and Syria
Afrin Dam, dam on the Afrin River in northwest Syria
Afrin, Syria, a city in northwestern Syria, administratively part of Aleppo Governorate

Institutions
Afrin SC, a football club based in Afrin, Syria
University of Afrin, an unrecognized university established in the city of Afrin by the Afrin Canton Board of Education

Products
Afrin (nasal spray), a nasal decongestant

People
Given name
Afrin Ali (born 1986), Indian politician

Surname
Jill Afrin (born 1962), psychiatrist
Nahid Afrin (born 2001), Indian playback singer
Narin Afrin, resistance leader