Subsequent cases throughout the 20th century reflect advancements in diagnoses of both hearing loss and stroke. With the advent of audiometric and electrophysiologic studies, investigators could diagnose cortical deafness with increasing precision. Advances in imaging techniques, such as MRI, greatly improved the diagnosis and localization of cerebral infarcts that coincide with primary or secondary auditory centers. Neurological and cognitive testing help to distinguish between total cortical deafness and auditory agnosia, resulting in the inability to perceive words, music, or specific environmental sounds. References
Further reading
Hood L, Berlin C, Allen P (1994). "Cortical deafness: a longitudinal study". J Am Acad Audiol. 5 (5): 330–42. PMID 7987023. == External links ==
When a plexiform neurofibroma manifests on a leg or arm, it will cause extra blood circulation, and may thus accelerate the growth of the limb. This may cause considerable difference in length between left and right limbs. To equalize the difference during childhood, there is an orthopedic surgery called epiphysiodesis, where growth at the epiphyseal (growth) plate is halted. It can be performed on one side of the bone to help correct an angular deformity, or on both sides to stop growth of that bone completely. The surgery must also be carefully planned with regard to timing, as it is non-reversible. The goal is that the limbs are at near-equal length at end of growth... Skin
Flat pigmented lesions of the skin called café au lait spots, are hyper pigmented lesions that may vary in color from light brown to dark brown; this is reflected by the name of the condition, which means "coffee with milk". The borders may be smooth or irregular. These spots can grow from birth and can continue to grow throughout the persons lifetime. They can increase in size and numbers during puberty and during pregnancies. They are present in about 99% patient of European origin and in about 93% patient of Indian origin. Freckling of the axillae or inguinal regions. Dermal neurofibroma, manifested as single or multiple firm, rubbery bumps of varying sizes on a persons skin. Age of onset is puberty. Progressive in number and size. Not malignant.