These cannot be determined by plain films, as the x-ray passes through the soft tissue. A study by Giles et al., stated that sixteen of the thirty patients (53%) had retrolisthesis of L5 on S1 ranging from 2–9 mm; these patients had either intervertebral disc bulging or protrusion on CT examination ranging from 3–7 mm into the spinal canal. Fourteen patients (47%) without retrolisthesis (control group) did not show any retrolisthesis and the CT did not show any bulge/protrusion. On categorizing x-ray and CT pathology as being present or not, the well positioned i.e. true lateral plain x-ray film revealed a sensitivity and specificity of 100% ([95% Confidence Interval. = [89%–100%]) for bulge/protrusion in this preliminary study.” (7)Spinal cord compressions are also possible with patients experiencing pain, rigidity and neurologic signs that may follow some distance along nerves to cause symptoms at some distance from the location of the retrolisthesis. Diagnosis
Complete Retrolisthesis - The body of one vertebra is posterior to both the vertebral body of the segment of the spine above as well as below.Stairstepped Retrolisthesis - The body of one vertebra is posterior to the body of the spinal segment above, but is anterior to the one below.Partial Retrolisthesis - The body of one vertebra is posterior to the body of the spinal segment either above or below. (3)

Grading
Since the vertebral body in a retrolisthesis moves in a posterior direction, the grading used for spondylolistheses is of little use.
Lichen ruber moniliformis is a rare skin disease named for Fred Wise and Charles R. Rein.It is one of several diseases also known as Kaposis disease, based on its characterization in 1886 by Moritz Kaposi.It is thought to be a rare variety of lichen planus.It is also known as "Morbus moniliformis lichenoides". Presentation
The disease causes numerous whitish punctiform papules and brownish macules arranged in a necklace-like pattern. Diagnosis
Treatment
See also
Lichen planus
List of cutaneous conditions

References


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