An antibiotic may be prescribed by a physician to help prevent bacterial infection of the lesion area. In rare cases, surgical removal of the lesions can be done to help increase rate of healing, and help minimize risk of bacterial or fungal infection. Upon healing, no long term side effects have been reported. History
Paravaccinia virus was first characterized in by Edward Jenner in 1799 with the presence of  lesions on humans, later described as Milkers nodule. Jenner associated the lesions found on human who had contact with infected cattle. Since first being characterized in cows, bovine papular stomatitis has been isolated in sheep, goats, and red deer creating new potential sources for human infection. Bolvine papular stomatitis has been reported in the United States of America, Great Britain, Brazil, Switzerland, and Japan

Disease in animals
Pseudocowpox is a worldwide disease of cattle. Symptoms include ring or horseshoe shaped scabs on the teats, which usually heal within six weeks. Lesions may also develop on the muzzles and in the mouths of nursing calves. Spread is by fomites, including hands, calves mouths, and milking machines. Lesions may also appear on the hands of milkers, a clinical presentation known as milkers nodule. This disease in humans is nearly identical to orf. == References ==
Commonly used tests include a complete blood count (CBC), bone marrow examination, leukocyte telomere length test (e.g. Flow FISH), pulmonary function test, and genetic testing. Management
The mainstay of treatment in dyskeratosis congenita is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, best outcome with sibling donor. Short term therapy in initial stages is with anabolic steroids [oxymetholone, danazol] or with erythropoietin-like hormones or with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor [filgrastim) all these therapies are directed to cope with effects of bone marrow failure which manifests as low red and white blood cell counts. These medications help to increase the blood components and make up for the deficiencies caused due to bone marrow failure. Dyskeratosis Congenita in regards to stem cell transplantation have to be very carefully treated with low intensity radiation/chemo to avoid potentially catastrophic effects of Host versus graft disease and toxicity to other organs affected by short telomeres which makes them very sensitive to any radiation especially the lungs, and liver. Prognosis
DC is associated with shorter life expectancy, but many live to at least age 60. Main cause of mortality in these patients are related to bone marrow failure. Nearly 80% of the patients of dyskeratosis congenita develop bone marrow failure. Research
Recent research has used induced pluripotent stem cells to study disease mechanisms in humans, and discovered that the reprogramming of somatic cells restores telomere elongation in dyskeratosis congenita (DKC) cells despite the genetic lesions that affect telomerase. The reprogrammed DKC cells were able to overcome a critical limitation in TERC levels and restored function (telomere maintenance and self-renewal).