Newer criteria
The 2006 National Institute of Health (US) criteria for BPD (for neonates treated with more than 21% oxygen for at least 28 days) is as follows:,
MildBreathing room air at 36 weeks post-menstrual age or discharge (whichever comes first) for babies born before 32 weeks, or
breathing room air by 56 days postnatal age, or discharge (whichever comes first) for babies born after 32 weeks gestation.ModerateNeed for <30% oxygen at 36 weeks postmenstrual age, or discharge (whichever comes first) for babies born before 32 weeks, or
need for <30% oxygen to 56 days postnatal age, or discharge (whichever comes first) for babies born after 32 weeks gestation.SevereNeed for >30% oxygen, with or without positive pressure ventilation or continuous positive pressure at 36 weeks postmenstrual age, or discharge (whichever comes first) for babies born before 32 weeks, or
need for >30% oxygen with or without positive pressure ventilation or continuous positive pressure at 56 days postnatal age, or discharge (whichever comes first) for babies born after 32 weeks gestation. Management
Infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia are often treated with diuretics that decrease fluid in the alveoli where gas exchange occurs and bronchodilators that relax the airway muscles to facilitate breathing. Viral immunization is important for these children who have a higher risk of infections in the respiratory tract. Corticosteroid treatment
There is evidence that steroids (systemic corticosteroid treatment) given to babies less than 7 days old can prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
Flavoxate is an anticholinergic with antimuscarinic effects. Its muscle relaxant properties may be due to a direct action on the smooth muscle rather than by antagonizing muscarinic receptors. Clinical uses
Flavoxate is used to treat urinary bladder spasms. It is available under the trade name Urispas (Paladin)(india), Genurin (by Recordati, Italy) in Italy and KSA, Uritac by El Saad company in Syria,  under the name Bladderon by Nippon Shinyaku of Japan, or Bladuril in Chile, Utispas ( Apex Pharma) in Nepal. Flavoxate is indicated for symptomatic relief of interstitial cystitis, dysuria, urgency, nocturia, suprapubic pain, frequency and incontinence as may occur in cystitis, prostatitis, urethritis, urethrocystitis/urethrotrigonitis. Side effects
Flavoxate is generally well tolerated, but can potentially cause vomiting, upset stomach, dry mouth or throat, blurred vision, eye pain, and increased sensitivity of the eyes to light. Contraindications
Flavoxate is contraindicated in patients who have any of the following obstructive conditions: pyloric or duodenal obstruction, obstructive intestinal lesions or ileus, achalasia, gastrointestinal hemorrhage and obstructive uropathies of the lower urinary tract. References


== Further reading ==