While critics of this theory have argued that this hypothesis fails to explain the near-absent reports of EMS prior to and following the EMS outbreak, this fails to take into account the sudden rapid increase in tryptophans usage immediately prior to the 1989 outbreak, and ignores the strong influence of the EMS outbreaks legacy and the extended FDA ban on later usage of tryptophan. Crucially, this also ignores the existence of a number of cases of EMS that developed both prior to and after the primary epidemic, including at least one case where the tryptophan was tested and found to lack the contaminants found in the contaminated lots of Showa Denkos tryptophan, as well as cases with other supplements inducing EMS, and even a case of EMS induced by excessive dietary L-tryptophan intake via overconsumption of cashew nuts. A major Canadian analysis located a number of patients that met the CDC criteria for EMS but had never been exposed to tryptophan, which "brings causal interpretations of earlier studies into question". Other studies have highlighted numerous major flaws in many of the epidemiological studies on the association of tryptophan with EMS, which cast serious doubt on the validity of their results. As the FDA concluded, "other brands of L-tryptophan, or L-tryptophan itself, regardless of the levels or presence of impurities, could not be eliminated as causal or contributing to the development of EMS".
Classified may refer to:

General
Classified information, material that a government body deems to be sensitive
Classified advertising or "classifieds"

Music
Classified (rapper) (born 1977), Canadian rapper
The Classified, a 1980s American rock band featuring Steve Vai
Classified Records, an American record label

Albums
Classified (Bond album), 2004
Classified (Classified album), 2013
Classified (Sweetbox album), 2001
Classified, by James Booker, 1982

Songs
"Classified", by C. W. McCall from Wolf Creek Pass, 1975
"Classified", by the Orb from Metallic Spheres, 2010
"Classified", by Pete Townshend from the compilation Glastonbury Fayre, 1972
"Classifieds", by the Academy Is... from Almost Here, 2005

Other media
Classified (1925 film), an American silent film
Classified: The Edward Snowden Story, a 2014 Canadian film
Classified: The Sentinel Crisis, a 2005 video game for the Xbox

See also
Classification (disambiguation)
Classifier (disambiguation)