Similar efficacy results were reported during 12-month follow-up: mean IOP decrease from baseline was 4.4-7.6 mmHg with brimonidine/timolol combination, compared to 2.7-5.5 mmHg with brimonidine and 3.9-6.2 mmHg with timolol. The incidence of treatment-related adverse events with the brimonidine/timolol combination was lower than that with brimonidine monotherapy but higher than that with timolol monotherapy.A 12-week prospective, randomized, double-blinded study in 371 glaucoma and ocular hypertension patients with inadequate IOP control on monotherapy compared the efficacy and safety of 0.2% brimonidine tartrate/0.5% timolol fixed combination twice daily with the concomitant use of 0.2% brimonidine tartrate twice daily and timolol 0.5% twice daily. The IOP-lowering effect of the fixed combination group was shown to be non-inferior to that of concomitant therapy. Incidence of adverse events was similar between groups. Society and culture
Commercial aspects
Allergan is the New Drug Application (NDA) holder of brimonidine tartrate/timolol maleate ophthalmic solution 0.2%/0.5%, which is sold under the COMBIGAN® trademark. The New Drug Application (NDA) for Combigan was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in October 2007. Allergan, Plc is a global specialty pharmaceutical company which develops, manufactures, markets and distributes branded pharmaceutical products, aesthetic products, biosimilar and over-the-counter pharmaceutical products. In 2015, Actavis, Plc acquired Allergan, Inc. for approximately $77 billion and subsequently changed its name to Allergan, Plc. In 2015, the global revenues for Alphagan and Combigan totaled $411.1 million ($285 million from the US market), which accounted for 2.7% of Allergans total net revenues.Allergan holds at least six active patents protecting Combigan from generic competition.
In brewing beer, calcium chloride is sometimes used to correct mineral deficiencies in the brewing water. It affects flavor and chemical reactions during the brewing process, and can also affect yeast function during fermentation. In cheesemaking, calcium chloride is sometimes added to processed (pasteurized/homogenized) milk to restore the natural balance between calcium and protein in casein. It is added before the coagulant. Calcium chloride is used to prevent cork spot and bitter pit on apples by spraying on the tree during the late growing season. Laboratory and related drying operations
Drying tubes are frequently packed with calcium chloride. Kelp is dried with calcium chloride for use in producing sodium carbonate. Anhydrous calcium chloride has been approved by the FDA as a packaging aid to ensure dryness (CPG 7117.02).The hydrated salt can be dried for re-use but will dissolve in its own water of hydration if heated quickly and form a hard amalgamated solid when cooled. Other applications
Calcium chloride is used in concrete mixes to accelerate the initial setting, but chloride ions lead to corrosion of steel rebar, so it should not be used in reinforced concrete. The anhydrous form of calcium chloride may also be used for this purpose and can provide a measure of the moisture in concrete.Calcium chloride is included as an additive in plastics and in fire extinguishers, in blast furnaces as an additive to control scaffolding (clumping and adhesion of materials that prevent the furnace charge from descending), and in fabric softener as a thinner.