Situations involving captivity/entrapment (a situation lacking a viable escape route for the victim or a perception of such) can lead to C-PTSD-like symptoms, which can include prolonged feelings of terror, worthlessness, helplessness, and deformation of ones identity and sense of self.C-PTSD has also been referred to as Enduring Personality Change after Catastrophic Event (EPCACE)  and/or Disorders of Extreme Stress - not otherwise specified (DESNOS)Some researchers believe that C-PTSD is distinct from, but similar to, PTSD, somatization disorder, dissociative identity disorder, and borderline personality disorder. Its main distinctions are a distortion of the persons core identity and significant emotional dysregulation. It was first described in 1992 by American psychiatrist and scholar Judith Lewis Herman in her book Trauma & Recovery and an accompanying article. The disorder is included in the World Health Organizations (WHO) eleventh revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11). The C-PTSD criteria has not yet gone through the private approval board of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) for inclusion in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Complex PTSD is also recognized by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Healthdirect Australia (HDA), and the British National Health Service (NHS). Symptoms
Children and adolescents
The diagnosis of PTSD was originally developed for adults who had suffered from a single-event trauma, such as rape, or a traumatic experience during a war. However, the situation for many children is quite different.
Post-surgical: after frontal sinus reconstruction

Diagnosis
Diagnosis is suspected clinically and is confirmed using cross sectional imaging of the sinuses and brain. The patient typically presents with a headache overlying the frontal sinuses and an associated forehead swelling. This is often preceded by a history of chronic rhinosinusitis.Plain X Rays can be used to demonstrate the location of this swelling, but the gold standard for diagnosis is a cross sectional CT scan of the sinuses and brain, aided by contrast to delineate the abscess itself. Treatment
The patient requires admission for intravenous anti-microbial treatment. Definitively, the abscess is drained via a combination of open and/or endoscopic approaches by an otolaryngologist, with the exact approach dependent on surgical skill set. At the very least, the abscess is trephined externally as an emergency. Any associated frontal sinus table fracture can be managed electively. Intracranial extension requires referral to the neurosurgery. References
External links

Karaman E, Hacizade Y, Isildak H, Kaytaz A (2008). "Potts puffy tumor". J Craniofac Surg. 19 (6): 1694–7. doi:10.1097/SCS.0b013e31818b432e. PMID 19098585.