Social and behavioral symptoms that can follow TBI include disinhibition, inability to control anger, impulsiveness, lack of initiative, inappropriate sexual activity, asociality and social withdrawal, and changes in personality.TBI also has a substantial impact on the functioning of family systems Caregiving family members and TBI survivors often significantly alter their familial roles and responsibilities following injury, creating significant change and strain on a family system. Typical challenges identified by families recovering from TBI include: frustration and impatience with one another, loss of former lives and relationships, difficulty setting reasonable goals, inability to effectively solve problems as a family, increased level of stress and household tension, changes in emotional dynamics, and overwhelming desire to return to pre-injury status. In addition, families may exhibit less effective functioning in areas including coping, problem solving and communication. Psychoeducation and counseling models have been demonstrated to be effective in minimizing family disruption. Epidemiology
TBI is a leading cause of death and disability around the globe and presents a major worldwide social, economic, and health problem. It is the number one cause of coma, it plays the leading role in disability due to trauma, and is the leading cause of brain damage in children and young adults. In Europe it is responsible for more years of disability than any other cause. It also plays a significant role in half of trauma deaths.Findings on the frequency of each level of severity vary based on the definitions and methods used in studies.
Fountain syndrome is an autosomal recessive congenital disorder characterized by mental retardation, deafness, skeletal abnormalities and a coarse face with full lips. The abnormal swelling of the cheeks and lips are due to the excessive accumulation of body fluids under the skin. The deafness is due to malformation of the cochlea structure within the inner ear. Signs and symptoms
Cause
The exact cause of the disorder is unknown, but it is believed to be inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Diagnosis
Fountain syndrome is usually diagnosed in infancy or early childhood. It can be diagnosed by thorough clinical evaluation, characteristic physical findings, and specialized tests such as audiological tests and scans of the inner ear and brain. Treatment
Unfortunately, there is not one specific treatment option that can rid a person of this syndrome. However, there are many routes one can take to make living with this disease a lot easier. For example, there are many treatment programs that doctors can specialize for patients and their needs. Meeting with a doctor is very crucial and these specializations can be very useful. Also, one can seek help from pediatricians, EENT doctors, audiologists, and orthopedists. Brace fittings, hearing aids, and physical therapy can also be pushed by ones doctor, so that a patient can live normally. Additionally, anticonvulsant drugs can be used to stop seizures. References
Fountain RB (1974). "Familial bone abnormalities, deaf mutism, mental retardation and skin granuloma". Proc R Soc Med. 67 (9): 878–879. PMC 1645940. PMID 4431800. Fryns JP (1989).