The name tacrolimus is derived from "Tsukuba macrolide immunosuppressant".Tacrolimus was first approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1994, for use in liver transplantation; the indications were extended to include kidney transplants. Generic versions of tacrolimus were approved in the US in 2017.Tacrolimus was approved for medical use in the European Union in 2002, for the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. In 2007, the indications were expanded to include the prophylaxis of transplant rejection in adult kidney or liver allograft recipients and the treatment of allograft rejection resistant to treatment with other immunosuppressive medicinal products in adults. In 2009, the indications were expanded to include the prophylaxis of transplant rejection in adult and paediatric, kidney, liver or heart allograft recipients and the treatment of allograft rejection resistant to treatment with other immunosuppressive medicinal products in adults and children. Available forms
A branded version of the drug is owned by Astellas Pharma, and is sold under the brand name Prograf, given twice daily. A number of other manufacturers hold marketing authorisation for alternative brands of the twice-daily formulation.Once-daily formulations with marketing authorisation include Advagraf (Astellas Pharma) and Envarsus (marketed as Envarsus XR in US by Veloxis Pharmaceuticals and marketed in Europe by Chiesi). These formulations are intended to reduce pharmacokinetic variation in blood levels and facilitate compliance with dosing.The topical formulation is marketed by LEO Pharma under the name Protopic. Biosynthesis
The biosynthesis of tacrolimus is hybrid synthesis of both type 1 polyketide synthases (PKS 1) and nonribosomal peptide syntheses (NRPS).
Renal glycosuria is a rare condition in which the simple sugar glucose is excreted in the urine despite normal or low blood glucose levels. With normal kidney (renal) function, glucose is excreted in the urine only when there are abnormally elevated levels of glucose in the blood. However, in those with renal glycosuria, glucose is abnormally elevated in the urine due to improper functioning of the renal tubules, which are primary components of nephrons, the filtering units of the kidneys. Signs and symptoms
In most affected individuals, the condition causes no apparent symptoms (asymptomatic) or serious effects. When renal glycosuria occurs as an isolated finding with otherwise normal kidney function, the condition is thought to be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Genetics
It is associated with SLC5A2, coding the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2. Diagnosis
A doctor normally can diagnose renal glycosuria when a routine urine test (Urinalysis) detects glucose in the urine, while a blood test indicates that the blood glucose level is normal. Treatment
The cause of glycosuria determines whether the condition is chronic or acute. However, the presence of glucose in urine is not necessarily a serious or life-threatening condition.Managing diabetes, hyperthyroidism and regular kidney function tests can help in reducing excretion of sugars in urine.Drugs like dapagliflozin and canagliflozin have recently been approved for lowering blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. See also
Sodium-glucose transport proteins

References
External links

 Media related to Renal glycosuria at Wikimedia Commons