Bites to the face of humans constitute only 10 percent of the total. Two-thirds of bite injuries in humans are suffered by children aged ten and younger.Up to three-fourths of dog bites happen to those younger than 20 years-old. In the United States, the costs associated with dog bites are estimated to be more than $1 billion annually. The age groups that suffer most from dog bites are children 5 to 9 years-old. Often, bites go unreported and no medical treatment given - these bites go unreported. As many as one percent of pediatric emergency room visits are for treatment for animal bites. This is more frequent during the summer months. Up to five percent of children receiving emergency care for dog bites are then admitted to the hospital. Bites typically occur in the late afternoon and early evening. Girls are bitten more frequently by cats than they are by dogs. Boys are bitten by dogs two times more often than girls are bitten by dogs. History
The bites of humans are recorded during the biblical era. Reports of secondary infection occurring after a human bite in children have been noted in the United States since at least 1910. Morbidity and mortality rates improved with the use of antibiotics. See also
Bite force quotient
Wilderness first aid
Dog bite
Dog bite prevention

References


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Hemoptysis is the coughing up of blood or blood-stained mucus from the bronchi, larynx, trachea, or lungs. In other words, it is the airway bleeding. This can occur with lung cancer, infections such as tuberculosis, bronchitis, or pneumonia, and certain cardiovascular conditions. Hemoptysis is considered massive at 300 mL (11 imp fl oz; 10 US fl oz). In such cases, there are always severe injuries. The primary danger comes from choking, rather than blood loss. Diagnosis
Past history, history of present illness, family historyhistory of tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, mitral stenosis, etc. history of cigarette smoking, occupational diseases by exposure to silica dust, etc. Blood
duration, frequency, amount
Amounts of blood: large amounts of blood, or is there blood-streaked sputum
Probable source of bleeding: Is the blood coughed up, or vomited? Bloody sputum
color, characters: blood-streaked, fresh blood, frothy pink, bloody gelatinous. Accompanying symptoms
fever, chest pain, coughing, purulent sputum, mucocutaneous bleeding, jaundice. Imaging examination
chest X-ray, CT scan and 3D reconstruction images or CT virtual bronchoscopy, bronchial angiography. Laboratory tests
blood test: WBC
Sputum: cells and bacterial examinations, sputum culture
Bronchial fiber endoscopy

Differential diagnosis
The most common causes for hemoptysis in adults are chest infections such as bronchitis or pneumonia. In children, hemoptysis is commonly caused by the presence of a foreign body in the airway. Other common causes include lung cancers and tuberculosis. Less common causes include aspergilloma, bronchiectasis, coccidioidomycosis, pulmonary embolism, pneumonic plague, and cystic fibrosis. Rarer causes include hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT or Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome), Goodpastures syndrome, and granulomatosis with polyangiitis.