Many medications can also affect the development of the fetus, as can alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs.See Environmental toxins and fetal development. See Drugs in pregnancy. Genetic mutations
Genetic mutations can cause a wide variety of fetal malformations, ranging from relatively mild cleft lips to severe and even fatal deformities. Infection
Maternal infection may be transmitted to the fetus; this is called a vertically transmitted infection. The fetus has a weak immune system, so infections that are relatively minor in adults can be very serious in a developing fetus. In addition, some studies suggest that maternal infections increase the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia, in the child. Intrauterine hypoxia
Intrauterine hypoxia, or oxygen deprivation in the womb, can cause serious brain damage in the fetus. It most commonly occurs because of damage to or malformation of the umbilical cord or placenta. Intrauterine hypoxia can cause brain damage, including cerebral palsy and other neurological and psychiatric disorders. Maternal health issues
Certain maternal health issues can cause birth injuries. Gestational diabetes can cause premature birth, macrosomia, or stillbirth. Pregnancy complications
Complications such as placenta previa, placental abruption,  Placenta accreta, Retained placenta, Placental insufficiency, Placental infarcts, anemia, and preeclampsia can limit the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus, increasing the risk of birth defects. Severe cases may be fatal to the fetus. Common types of birth injury
Brachial plexus injury
The brachial plexus is the plexus of nerves that lies between the neck and axilla and controls the motion of the arm and hand.
Carrions disease is an infectious disease produced by Bartonella bacilliformis infection. It is named after Daniel Alcides Carrión. Signs and symptoms
The clinical symptoms of bartonellosis are pleomorphic and some patients from endemic areas may be asymptomatic. The two classical clinical presentations are the acute phase and the chronic phase, corresponding to the two different host cell types invaded by the bacterium (red blood cells and endothelial cells). An individual can be affected by either or both phases. Acute phase
It is also called the hematic phase. The most common findings are fever (usually sustained, but with temperature no greater than 102 °F (39 °C)), pale appearance, malaise, painless liver enlargement, jaundice, enlarged lymph nodes, and enlarged spleen. This phase is characterized by severe hemolytic anemia and transient immunosuppression. The case fatality ratios of untreated patients exceeded 40% but reach around 90% when opportunistic infection with Salmonella spp. occurs. In a recent study, the attack rate was 13.8% (123 cases) and the case-fatality rate was 0.7%.Other symptoms include a headache, muscle aches, and general abdominal pain. Some studies have suggested a link between Carrions disease and heart murmurs due to the diseases impact on the circulatory system. In children, symptoms of anorexia, nausea, and vomiting have been investigated as possible symptoms of the disease.Most of the mortality of Carrions disease occurs during the acute phase. Studies vary in their estimates of mortality.