The procedure may involve pinning the fracture site, and rehabilitation can take up to six months. Prognosis
Anterior tibial stress fractures can have a particularly poor prognosis and can require surgery. On radiographic imaging, these stress fractures are referred to as the "dreaded black line." When compared to other stress fractures, anterior tibial fractures are more likely to progress to complete fracture of the tibia and displacement. Superior femoral neck stress fractures, if left untreated, can progress to become complete fractures with avascular necrosis, and should also be managed surgically. Proximal metadiaphyseal fractures of the fifth metatarsal (middle of the outside edge of the foot) are also notorious for poor bone healing. These stress fractures heal slowly with significant risk of refracture. Epidemiology
In the United States, the annual incidence of stress fractures in athletes and military recruits ranges from 5% to 30%, depending on the sport and other risk factors. Women and highly active individuals are also at a higher risk. The incidence probably also increases with age due to age-related reductions in bone mass density (BMD). Children may also be at risk because their bones have yet to reach full density and strength. The female athlete triad also can put women at risk as disordered eating and osteoporosis can cause the bones to be severely weakened.This type of injury is mostly seen in lower extremities, due to the constant weight-bearing (WB). The bones commonly affected by stress fractures are the tibia, tarsals, metatarsals (MT), fibula, femur, pelvis and spine.
Phlebitis can also result from certain medications and drugs that irritate the veins, such as desomorphine.Superficial phlebitis often presents as an early sign in thromboangiitis obliterans (Buergers disease), a vasculitis that affects small and medium-sized arteries and veins in distal extremities often associated with cigarette smoking. Management
Treatment usually consists of NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen and local compression (e.g., by compression stockings or a compress). If the phlebitis is associated with local bacterial infection, antibiotics may be used.For acute infusion superficial thrombophlebitis, not enough evidence exists as of 2015 to determine treatment. See also
Collapsed vein

References
Further reading
Intravenous Infusion Therapy for Nurses (Second Edition) by Dianne L. Josephson (ISBN 1-4018-0935-9)
John Hunter, "Observations on the Inflammation of the Internal Coats of Veins," Transactions of a Society for the Improvement of Medical and Chirurgical Knowledge, vol. 1 (London:  1793) pp. 18–29

External links
eMedicine Health: Phlebitis