Decreased vitamin K levels are suggestive of hypoprothrombinemia. However, this exam is rarely used as a prothrombin blood test is performed beforehand. Treatment
Treatment is almost always aimed to control hemorrhages, treating underlying causes, and taking preventative steps before performing invasive surgeries. Hypoprothrombinemia can be treated with periodic infusions of purified prothrombin complexes. These are typically used as treatment methods for severe bleeding cases in order to boost clotting ability and increasing levels of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. A known treatment for hypoprothrombinemia is menadoxime. Menatetrenone was also listed as an antihemorrhagic vitamin. 4-Amino-2-methyl-1-naphthol (Vitamin K5) is another treatment for hypoprothrombinemia. Vitamin K forms are administered orally or intravenously. Other concentrates include Proplex T, Konyne 80, and Bebulin VH.Fresh frozen plasma infusion (FFP) is a method used for continuous bleeding episodes, every 3–5 weeks for mention. Used to treat various conditions related to low blood clotting factors. Administered by intravenous injection and typically at a 15-20 ml/kg/dose. Can be used to treat acute bleeding.Sometimes, underlying causes cannot be controlled or determined, so management of symptoms and bleeding conditions should be priority in treatment.Invasive options, such as surgery or clotting factor infusions, are required if previous methods do not suffice. Surgery is to be avoided, as it causes significant bleeding in patients with hypoprothrombinemia. Prognosis
Prognosis for patients varies and is dependent on severity of the condition and how early the treatment is managed. With proper treatment and care, most people go on to live a normal and healthy life.
An individual will be considered a carrier if one mutant copy of the gene is inherited, and will not illustrate any symptoms. The disease affects both men and women equally, and overall, is a very uncommon inherited or acquired disorder. Non-inheritance and other factors
There are two types of prothrombin deficiencies that occur depending on the mutation:Type I (true deficiency), includes a missense or nonsense mutation, essentially decreasing prothrombin production. This is associated with bleeding from birth. Here, plasma levels of prothrombin are typically less than 10% of normal levels.Type II, known as dysprothrombinemia, includes a missense mutation at specific Xa factor cleavage sites and serine protease prothrombin regions. Type II deficiency creates a dysfunctional protein with decreased activity and usually normal or low-normal antigen levels. A vitamin K-dependent clotting factor is seldom seen as a contributor to inherited prothrombin deficiencies, but lack of Vitamin K decreases the synthesis of prothrombin in liver cells.Acquired underlying causes of this condition include severe liver disease, warfarin overdose, platelet disorders, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). It may also be a rare adverse effect to ceftriaxone. Mechanism
Hypoprothrombinemia is found to present itself as either inherited or acquired, and is a decrease in the synthesis of prothrombin. In the process of inheritance, it marks itself as an autosomal recessive disorder, meaning that both parents must be carriers of the defective gene in order for the disorder to be present in a child.