A study of monoclonal protein levels conducted in Ghana showed a prevalence of MGUS of approximately 5.9% in African men over the age of 50.In 2009, prospective data demonstrated that all or almost all cases of multiple myeloma are preceded by MGUS. In addition to multiple myeloma, MGUS may also progress to Waldenströms macroglobulinemia or primary amyloidosis. See also
Monoclonal gammopathy
Plasma cell dyscrasia
Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance

References
Further reading


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HbC has been described as being more advantageous than HbS because, even in homozygous individuals, it is usually non-fatal. However, in contrast to HbS, it does not prevent malaria due to P. vivax, and is less effective in resistance to falciparum malaria in heterozygous conditions. Homozygous HbC is more resistant to heterozygous condition, or to thalassemias. But HbC mutation  does not prevent the infection. P. falciparum do not survive in red blood cells with homozygous hemoglobins, but can survive in the presence of heterozygous hemoglobins. HbC reduced the binding force (cytoadherence) of P. falciparum by reducing the activity of PfEMP1. Evidences indicate that HbC reduced the level of  PfEMP1, which is required for effective binding and invasion of RBC by the malarial parasite. It has been predicted that with the trend of HbC mutation and falciparum prevalence, HbC would replace HbS in central West Africa in the future. Diagnosis
Physical examination may show an enlarged spleen. Tests that may be done include: complete blood count (CBC), hemoglobin electrophoresis, and peripheral blood smear. Prevention
Genetic counseling may be appropriate for high-risk couples who wish to have a baby. Treatment
Usually no treatment is needed. Folic acid supplementation may help produce normal red blood cells and improve the symptoms of anemia

Prognosis
Overall, hemoglobin C disease is one of the more benign hemoglobinopathies. Mild-to-moderate reduction in RBC lifespan may accompany from mild hemolytic anemia. Individuals with hemoglobin C disease have sporadic episodes of musculoskeletal (joint) pain. People with hemoglobin C disease can expect to lead a normal life.