If the tumour is deeper inside the mouth or throat, the biopsy may need to be performed in an operating room. General anaesthesia is administered to eliminate any pain.Exfoliative cytology: A suspected area is gently scraped to collect a sample of cells for examination. These cells are placed on a glass slide and stained with dye, so that they can be viewed under a microscope. If any cells appear abnormal, a deeper biopsy will be performed. Diseases
Oral and maxillofacial pathology can involve many different types of tissues of the head. Different disease processes affect different tissues within this region with various outcomes. A great many diseases involve the mouth, jaws and orofacial skin. The following list is a general outline of pathologies that can affect oral and maxillofacial region; some are more common than others. This list is by no means exhaustive. Congenital
Malocclusion
Cleft lip and palate
Cleft lip and palate is one of the most common occurring multi-factorial congenital disorder occurring in 1 in 500-1000 live births in several forms. The most common form is combined cleft lip and palate and it accounts for approximately 50% of the cases whereas isolated cleft lip concerns 20% of the patients.People with cleft, lip and palate malformation tend to be less social and report lower self-esteem, anxiety and depression related to their facial malformation. One of the major goals in the treatment of patients with cleft is to enhance social acceptance by surgical reconstruction.
Based on a meta-analysis, the prevalence of pSS worldwide is estimated to 0.06%, with 90% of the patients being female. In secondary Sjögrens syndrome (sSS), individuals have a dry mouth, dry eyes and a connective tissue disorder such as rheumatoid arthritis (prevalence 7% in the UK), systemic lupus erythematosus (prevalence 6.5%–19%) and systemic sclerosis (prevalence 14%–20.5%). Additional features and symptoms include:

Erythema and lobulation of the tongue
Oral discomfort
Difficulty in swallowing and talking
Altered taste
Poor retention of dentures (if worn)
Oral fungal and bacterial infections
Salivary glands swelling
Dryness of skin; nose; throat; vagina
Peripheral neuropathies
Pulmonary; thyroid; and renal disorders;
Arthralgias and myalgias;Tests used to diagnose Sjögrens syndrome include:

tear break-up time and Schirmer tests
a minor salivary gland biopsy taken from the lip
blood tests
salivary flow rateThere is no cure for Sjogrens syndromeis disease however there are treatments used to help with the associated symptoms. Eye care: artificial tears, moisture chamber spectacles, punctal plugs, pilocarpine medication
Mouth care: increase oral intake, practice good oral hygiene, use sugar free gum (to increase saliva flow), regular use of mouth rinses, pilocarpine medication, reduce alcohol intake and smoking cessation. Saliva substitutes are also available as a spray, gel, gum or in the form of a medicated sweet
Dry skin: creams, moisturising soaps
Vaginal dryness: lubricant, oestrogen creams, hormonal replacement therapy
Muscle and joint pains: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugsComplications of Sjogrens syndrome include ulcers that can develop on the surface of the eyes if the dryness is not treated. These ulcers can then cause more worrying issues such as loss of eye sight and life long damage.