Diagnosis
Techniques for the diagnosis of Page kidney are all imaging based, including abdominal x-ray, intravenous pyelography, angiography, renal doppler ultrasound, CT scan, and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). X-ray and pyelography may add in diagnosis, but are non-diagnostic when used alone. Additionally, pyelograms use potentially nephrotoxic contrast agents, further limiting their utility. Diagnosis is primarily made using ultrasound and CT. CT and MRI imaging can show the space occupying lesions but doppler ultrasound is needed to display the hemodynamic changes occurring in the kidney. Ultrasound is often the initial diagnostic test of choice but due to its low resolution further imaging may be necessary. Treatment
Surgical
Surgical treatment of Page kidney has evolved over time as newer techniques have become more popular. Open surgical procedures such as nephrectomy, which was once the treatment of choice have been replaced by less invasive options such as percutaneous drainage or endoscopic capsulotomy. Medical
Some cases of Page kidney will resolve spontaneously without need for surgical treatment. In this case, medical treatment focuses on symptomatic treatment of the hypertension with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) or an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). Adding a calcium channel blocker (CCB) or beta blocker to the ACEi or ARB has also been described. History
Irvine H. Page first demonstrated the Page kidney phenomena experimentally in animals in 1939. He found that wrapping one of the animals kidneys in cellophane produced hypertension that could be reversed after removal of the kidney.
Epidemiology
Delayed blood transfusion reaction occurs more frequently (1 in 20,569 blood components transfused in the USA in 2011) when compared to acute haemolytic transfusion reaction. == References ==