abdominal computed tomography, abdominal X-rays) and an examination with a camera inserted into the rectum (sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy).An important investigation in the assessment of colitis is biopsy. A very small piece of tissue (usually about 2mm) is removed from the bowel mucosa during endoscopy and examined under the microscope by a histopathologist. It can provide important information regarding the cause of the disease and the extent of bowel damage. Types
There are many types of colitis. They are usually classified by the cause. Types of colitis include:

Autoimmune
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) – a group of chronic colitides. Ulcerative colitis (UC) – a chronic colitis that affects the large intestine. Crohns disease (CD) – another type of IBD that often leads to colitis. Unknown
Microscopic colitis – a colitis diagnosed by microscopic examination of colonic tissue; macroscopically ("to the eye") it appears normal. Lymphocytic colitis
Collagenous colitis

Treatment-caused
Diversion colitis
Chemical colitis
Chemotherapy-induced colitis
Radiation colitis
Checkpoint inhibitor induced colitis

Vascular disease
Ischemic colitis

Infectious
Infectious colitisA subtype of infectious colitis is Clostridioides difficile colitis, which is informally abbreviated as "C-diff colitis". It classically forms pseudomembranes and is often referred to as pseudomembranous colitis, which is its (nonspecific) histomorphologic description. Enterohemorrhagic colitis may be caused by Shiga toxin in Shigella dysenteriae or Shigatoxigenic group of Escherichia coli (STEC), which includes serotype O157:H7 and other enterohemorrhagic E. coli.Parasitic infections, like those caused by Entamoeba histolytica, can also cause colitis. Unclassifiable colitides
Indeterminate colitis is the classification for colitis that has features of both Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis.
The extrinsic causes result in lung restriction, impaired ventilatory function, and even respiratory failure due to the diseases that effect the lungs ability to create a change in lung volumes during respiration due to the diseases of the systems stated above. Diagnosis
In restrictive lung disease, both forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) are reduced, however, the decline in FVC is more than that of FEV1, resulting in a higher than 80% FEV1/FVC ratio. In obstructive lung disease however, the FEV1/FVC is less than 0.7, indicating that FEV1 is significantly reduced when compared to the total expired volume. This indicates that the FVC is also reduced, but not by the same ratio as FEV1.One definition requires a total lung capacity which is 80% or less of the expected value. Management
Medical treatment for restrictive lung disease is normally limited to supportive care since both the intrinsic and extrinsic causes can have irreversible effects on lung compliance. The supportive therapies focus on maximizing pulmonary function and preserving activity tolerance through oxygen therapy, bronchodilators, inhaled beta-adrenergic agonists, and diuretics. Because there is no effective treatment for restrictive lung disease, prevention is key. See also
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Extrapulmonary restriction
Obstructive lung disease

References


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