Tasimelteon, sold under the brand name Hetlioz, is a medication approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in January 2014, for the treatment of non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder (also called non-24, N24 and N24HSWD). In June 2014, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) accepted an EU filing application for tasimelteon and in July 2015, the drug was approved in the European Union for the treatment of non-24-hour sleep-wake rhythm disorder in totally blind adults, but not in the rarer case of non-24 in sighted people. The most common side effects include headache, somnolence, nausea (feeling sick) and dizziness. Medical uses
In the United States, tasimelteon capsules are indicated for the treatment of non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder (Non-24) in adults and for the treatment of nighttime sleep disturbances in Smith-Magenis Syndrome (SMS) in people sixteen years of age and older. Tasimelteon oral suspension is indicated for the treatment of nighttime sleep disturbances in SMS in children from 3 to 15 years of age.In the European Union, tasimelteon capsules are indicated for the treatment of non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder (Non-24) in totally blind adults.The capsule and liquid suspension forms of tasimelteon are not interchangeable.Tasimelteon is a selective agonist for the melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2, similar to other members of the melatonin receptor agonist class of which ramelteon (2005), melatonin (2007), and agomelatine (2009) were the first approved. As a treatment for N24HSWD, as with melatonin or other melatonin derivatives, the patient may experience improved sleep timing while taking the drug.
The kidney problems are treated as described above. There is no treatment for the osteopetrosis or cerebral calcification. Type 3 is rarely discussed. Most comparisons of RTA are limited to a comparison of types 1, 2, and 4. Type 4: absolute hypoaldosteronism or aldosterone insensitivity
Type 4 RTA is not actually a tubular disorder at all nor does it have a clinical syndrome similar to the other types of RTA described above. It was included in the classification of renal tubular acidoses as it is associated with a mild (normal anion gap) metabolic acidosis due to a physiological reduction in proximal tubular ammonium excretion (impaired ammoniagenesis), which is secondary to hypoaldosteronism, and results in a decrease in urine buffering capacity. Its cardinal feature is hyperkalemia, and measured urinary acidification is normal, hence it is often called hyperkalemic RTA or tubular hyperkalemia.Causes include:

Aldosterone deficiency (hypoaldosteronism): Primary vs. hyporeninemic (including diabetic nephropathy)
Aldosterone resistanceDrugs: NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors and ARBs, Eplerenone, Spironolactone, Trimethoprim, Pentamidine
Pseudohypoaldosteronism

History
Renal tubular acidosis was first described in 1935 by Lightwood and 1936 by Butler et al. in children. Baines et al. first described it in adults in 1945.Donald L. Lewis postulated the character Tiny Tim, of A Christmas Carol, was suffering from renal tubular acidosis.Researchers published in PLOS ONE in 2009 speculated that the infamously afflicted Charles II of Spain may have suffered from renal tubular acidosis in tandem with combined pituitary hormone deficiency. See also
Charles II of Spain, who is speculated to have suffered with dRTA
Hyperchloremic acidosis
Hypokalemic acidosis
Lightwood–Albright syndrome

References


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