Fluid overload
Fluid overload (hypervolemia) causes decreased hemoglobin concentration and apparent anemia:
General causes of hypervolemia include excessive sodium or fluid intake, sodium or water retention and fluid shift into the intravascular space. From the 6th week of pregnancy, hormonal changes cause an increase in the mothers blood volume due to an increase in plasma. Intestinal inflammation
Certain gastrointestinal disorders can cause anemia. The mechanisms involved are multifactorial and not limited to malabsorption but mainly related to chronic intestinal inflammation, which causes dysregulation of hepcidin that leads to decreased access of iron to the circulation. Helicobacter pylori infection. Gluten-related disorders: untreated celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Anemia can be the only manifestation of celiac disease, in absence of gastrointestinal or any other symptoms. Inflammatory bowel disease. Diagnosis
Definitions
There are a number of definitions of anemia; reviews provide comparison and contrast of them. A strict but broad definition is an absolute decrease in red blood cell mass, however, a broader definition is a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen. An operational definition is a decrease in whole-blood hemoglobin concentration of more than 2 standard deviations below the mean of an age- and sex-matched reference range.It is difficult to directly measure RBC mass, so the hematocrit (amount of RBCs) or the hemoglobin (Hb) in the blood are often used instead to indirectly estimate the value. Hematocrit; however, is concentration dependent and is therefore not completely accurate.
Balanitis plasmacellularis is a cutaneous condition characterized by a benign inflammatory skin lesion characterized histologically by a plasma cell infiltrate. : 657 A similar condition has been described in women (i.e. "Zoons vulvitis"), although its existence is controversial due to the possibility of diagnostic error in many of the cases that have been reported in the medical literature.It is named for J.J. Zoon, who characterized it in 1952. See also
Balanitis
Pseudoepitheliomatous keratotic and micaceous balanitis
Skin lesion
List of cutaneous conditions

References


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