In other cases, the belief may be mistakenly assumed to be false by a doctor or psychiatrist assessing it, just because it seems to be unlikely, bizarre or held with excessive conviction. Psychiatrists rarely have the time or resources to check the validity of a persons claims leading to some true beliefs to be erroneously classified as delusional. This is known as the Martha Mitchell effect, after the wife of the attorney general who alleged that illegal activity was taking place in the White House. At the time, her claims were thought to be signs of mental illness, and only after the Watergate scandal broke was she proved right (and hence sane). Similar factors have led to criticisms of Jaspers definition of true delusions as being ultimately un-understandable. Critics (such as R. D. Laing) have argued that this leads to the diagnosis of delusions being based on the subjective understanding of a particular psychiatrist, who may not have access to all the information that might make a belief otherwise interpretable. R. D. Laings hypothesis has been applied to some forms of projective therapy to "fix" a delusional system so that it cannot be altered by the patient. Psychiatric researchers at Yale University, Ohio State University and the Community Mental Health Center of Middle Georgia have used novels and motion picture films as the focus. Texts, plots and cinematography are discussed and the delusions approached tangentially.
Extravasation of urine refers to the condition where an interruption of the urethra leads to a collection of urine in other cavities, such as the scrotum or the penis in males. It can be associated with a calculus. Mechanism
An injury to the urethra leaving Bucks fascia intact results in a collection of urine (extravasation) limited to the penis, deep to Bucks fascia. However, if the injury to the bulb of the penis results in urethral injury accompanying a tear of the Bucks fascia, then extravasated blood and urine would accumulate in the superficial perineal space, passing into the penis (outer to Bucks fascia) as well as the scrotum and lower anterior abdominal wall. Extravasation of urine involving a compromised Bucks fascia can be appreciated clinically by blood collecting in the superficial pouch, resulting in a butterfly-shaped region around the penis. Urinoma
Long term complications of renal trauma, ureteral obstruction, or kidney transplant can lead to the formation of an urinoma encapsulating extravasated urine. References


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