Naval Medical Research Unit Five worked there with the government on research to attempt to eradicate the disease.In one of its first major outbreaks since World War II, epidemic typhus reemerged in 1995 in a jail in NGozi, Burundi. This outbreak followed the start of the Burundian Civil War in 1993, which caused the displacement of 760,000 people. Refugee camps were crowded and unsanitary, and often far from towns and medical services. 21st century
A 2005 study found seroprevalence of R. prowazekii antibodies in homeless populations in two shelters in Marseille, France. The study noted the "hallmarks of epidemic typhus and relapsing fever". History of vaccines
Major developments for typhus vaccines started during World War I, as typhus caused high mortality, and threatened the health and readiness for soldiers on the battlefield. Vaccines for typhus, like other vaccines of the time, were classified as either living or killed vaccines. Live vaccines were typically an injection of live agent, and killed vaccines are live cultures of an agent that are chemically inactivated prior to use.Attempts to create a living vaccine of classical, louse-borne, typhus were attempted by French researchers but these proved unsuccessful. Researchers turned to murine typhus to develop a live vaccine. At the time, murine vaccine was viewed as a less severe alternative to classical typhus. Four versions of a live vaccine cultivated from murine typhus were tested, on a large scale, in 1934.While the French were making advancements with live vaccines, other European countries were working to develop killed vaccines.
Exposure is common for people working in tunneling, quarrying, construction, sandblasting, roadway repair, mining, and foundry work. Silo-fillers disease
Silo-fillers disease (not to be confused with farmers lung associated with inhalation of biologic dusts) results from inhalation of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas from fresh silage. The presentation is variable depending on level of exposure. Often the gas penetrates throughout the lung and if severe can manifest as a form of acute respiratory distress syndrome, such as significant pulmonary edema, hyalinized alveolar membranes, congestion and other respiratory illnesses. Tobacco smoke
Tobacco smoke is a known carcinogen. Workers in the hospitality industry may be exposed to tobacco smoke in the workplace, especially in environments like casinos and bars/restaurants. Infectious exposure
Influenza
Health care professionals are at risk of occupational influenza exposure; during a pandemic influenza, anyone in a close environment is at risk, including those in an office environment. Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is a lung disease endemic in many parts of the world. Health care professionals and prison guards are at high risk for occupational exposure to tuberculosis, since they work with populations with high rates of the disease. Others
World Trade Center lung
World Trade Center lung is a cluster of diseases caused by exposure to fallout at Ground Zero of the September 11 attacks in 2001. These diseases include asthma, asthmatic bronchitis, terminal airways disease, sarcoidosis, and acute eosinophilic pneumonia. Examples
Pneumoconiosis
Asbestosis
Baritosis
Bauxite fibrosis
Berylliosis
Caplans syndrome
Chalicosis
Coalworkers pneumoconiosis (black lung)
Siderosis
Silicosis
Byssinosis
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Bagassosis
Bird fanciers lung
Farmers lung


== References ==