A surgical instrument is a tool or device for performing specific actions or carrying out desired effects during a surgery or operation, such as modifying biological tissue, or to provide access for viewing it. Over time, many different kinds of surgical instruments and tools have been invented. Some surgical instruments are designed for general use in all sorts of surgeries, while others are designed for only certain specialties or specific procedures. Classification of surgical instruments helps surgeons to understand the functions and purposes of the instruments. With the goal of optimizing surgical results and performing more difficult operations, more instruments continue to be invented in the modern era. History
Many different kinds of surgical instruments and tools have been invented and some have been repurposed as medical knowledge and surgical practices have developed. As surgery practice diversified, some tools are advanced for higher accuracy and stability while some are invented with the completion of medical and scientific knowledge. Two waves in history contributed significantly to the development of surgical tools. In the 1900s, inventions of aseptic surgeries (maintenance of sterile conditions through good hygiene procedures) on the basis of existing antiseptic surgeries (sterilization of tools before, during, and after surgery) led to the manifestations of sale and use of instrument sterilizers, sterile gauze, and cotton. Most importantly,  instruments were advanced to be readily and effectively sterilized by replacing wooden and ivory handles with metals.
Needle drivers(needle holders)
Tools used to hold suture needle while it is passed through tissue and to grasp suture while instrument knot tying. Retractors, used to spread open skin, ribs and other tissue
Tools for various purposes depending on the condition. Retractors can be used to expose incision openings, hold tissue back, or maintain operating areas. They can be categorized into either hand-held retractors or self-retaining ones (via a ratcheting mechanism) (e.g., Deaver retractor, Weitlaner retractor, Malleable Retractor). Distractors, positioners and stereotactic devices
Mechanical cutters (scalpels, lancets, trocars, Harmonic scalpel, rongeurs etc.) Dilators and specula, for access to narrow passages or incisions
Suction tips and tubes, for removal of bodily fluids
Tools used to remove secretion, debris, or any fluid in the surgical area. (e.g. Yankauer Suction Tube, Poole Suction Tube, Frazier Suction Tip)
Sealing devices, such as surgical staplers
Tools used for resection (Removing part of an organ), transaction (Cutting through and sealing organs and tissues), and anastomoses (Creating connections between structures). (e.g. linear stapler, linear cutter, clips)
Irrigation and injection needles, tips and tubes, for introducing fluid
Powered devices, such as cranial drills and dermatomes
Scopes and probes, including fiber optic endoscopes and tactile probes
Carriers and appliers for optical, electronic, and mechanical devices
Ultrasound tissue disruptors, cryotomes and cutting laser guides
Measurement devices, such as rulers and calipers
Energy systems tools are used to cut tissues or seal vesselsElectrosurgery is a modern technology that uses high frequency electrical current to cut or coagulate blood. Argon plasma coagulation involves the application of gas discharges in argon.