Dr. Denise Monack and Dr. Stanley Falkow described a mouse model of asymptomatic intestinal and systemic infection in 2004, and Dr. Monack went on to demonstrate that a sub-population of superspreaders are responsible for the majority of transmission to new hosts, following the 80/20 rule of disease transmission, and that the intestinal microbiota likely plays a role in transmission. Dr. Monacks mouse model allows long-term carriage of salmonella in mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen and liver. Vaccine development
British bacteriologist Almroth Edward Wright first developed an effective typhoid vaccine at the Army Medical School in Netley, Hampshire. It was introduced in 1896 and used successfully by the British during the Second Boer War in South Africa. At that time, typhoid often killed more soldiers at war than were lost due to enemy combat. Wright further developed his vaccine at a newly opened research department at St Marys Hospital Medical School in London from 1902, where he established a method for measuring protective substances (opsonin) in human blood. Wrights version of the typhoid vaccine was produced by growing the bacterium at body temperature in broth, then heating the bacteria to 60 °C to "heat inactivate" the pathogen, killing it, while keeping the surface antigens intact. The heat-killed bacteria was then injected into a patient. To show evidence of the vaccines efficacy, Wright then collected serum samples from patients several weeks post-vaccination, and tested their serums ability to agglutinate live typhoid bacteria.
Noma neonatorum is a cutaneous condition, a manifestation of infection, usually Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis, and has been reported almost exclusively in developing countries. Despite the similarity of facial lesions, noma neonatorum is not related to noma. See also
Green nail syndrome
List of cutaneous conditions


== References ==