Colpocephaly is a cephalic disorder involving the disproportionate enlargement of the occipital horns of the lateral ventricles and is usually diagnosed early after birth due to seizures. It is a nonspecific finding and is associated with multiple neurological syndromes, including agenesis of the corpus callosum, Chiari malformation, lissencephaly, and microcephaly. Although the exact cause of colpocephaly is not known yet, it is commonly believed to occur as a result of neuronal migration disorders during early brain development, intrauterine disturbances, perinatal injuries, and other central nervous system disorders. Individuals with colpocephaly have various degrees of motor disabilities, visual defects, spasticity, and moderate to severe intellectual disability. No specific treatment for colpocephaly exists, but patients may undergo certain treatments to improve their motor function or intellectual disability. Symptoms
There are various symptoms of colpocephaly and patients can experience effects ranging from mild to severe. Some patients do not show most of the symptoms related to colpocephaly, such as psychomotor abnormalilities and agenesis of the corpus callosum. In some cases, signs appear later on in life and a significant number of children only develop minor disabilities. The following list includes common symptoms of colpocephaly. partial or complete agenesis of the corpus callosum
intellectual disability
motor abnormalities
visual defects such as, crossing of the eyes, missing visual fields, and optic nerve hypoplasia
spasticity
seizures
cerebral palsyIntracranial abnormalities include:

Microcephaly
Agenesis of the corpus callosum
Meningomyelocele
Lissencephaly
Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL)
Enlargement of the cisterna magna
Cerebellar hypoplasia

Causes
There is no known definitive single mechanism that causes colpocephaly. However, researchers believe there are many possible causes of colpocephaly.
Under normal conditions, the neurons forming a germinal layer around ventricles migrate to the surface of the brain and form the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia. If this process is abnormal or disturbed it could result in the enlargement of the occipital horns of the lateral ventricles. Common prenatal disturbances that have been shown to disturb the neuronal migration process include the following:
continuation of oral contraceptives
exposure to alcohol
intrauterine malnutrition
intrauterine infections such as toxoplasmosis
maternal drug ingestion during early pregnancy such as corticosteroids, salbutamol, and theophyllineResearchers also believe that these factors can cause destruction of neural elements that have previously been normally formed.It is suggested that the underdevelopment or lack of white matter in the developing fetus could be a cause of colpocephaly. The partial or complete absence of white matter, also known as agenesis of the corpus callosum results in anatomic malformations that can lead to colpocephaly. This starts to occur around the middle of the second month to the fifth month of pregnancy. The lateral ventricles are formed as large cavities of the telencephalic vesicle. The size of the ventricles are decreased in normal development after the formation of the Foramen of Magendie, which decompresses the ventricular cavities. Myelination of the ventricular walls and association fibers of the corpus callosum and the calcarine fissure helps shape the occipital horns. In cases where this developmental process is interrupted, occipital horns are disproportionately enlarged.Colpocephaly has been associated with chromosomal abnormalities such as trisomy 8 mosaic and trisomy 9 mosaic.