This mechanism prevents lymphocytes (a type of white blood cells) from leaving lymph nodes. Ponesimod is selective for subtype 1 of this receptor, S1P1. Society and culture
Legal status
On 25 March 2021, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorisation for the medicinal product Ponvory, intended for the treatment of active relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. The applicant for this medicinal product is Janssen-Cilag International N.V. Ponesimod was approved for medical use in the European Union in May 2021. References
External links
"Ponesimod". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
The condensation reaction and epimerization are both catalyzed by the enzyme δ-(L-α-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteine-D-valine synthetase (ACVS), a nonribosomal peptide synthetase or NRPS. The second step in the biosynthesis of penicillin G is the oxidative conversion of linear ACV into the bicyclic intermediate isopenicillin N by isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS), which is encoded by the gene pcbC. Isopenicillin N is a very weak intermediate, because it does not show strong antibiotic activity. The final step is a transamidation by isopenicillin N N-acyltransferase, in which the α-aminoadipyl side-chain of isopenicillin N is removed and exchanged for a phenylacetyl side-chain. This reaction is encoded by the gene penDE, which is unique in the process of obtaining penicillins. See also
Medicinal fungi
Penicillinase

References
Further reading
External links
Model of Structure of Penicillin, by Dorothy Hodgkin et al., Museum of the History of Science, Oxford
The Discovery of Penicillin, A government-produced film about the discovery of Penicillin by Sir Alexander Fleming, and the continuing development of its use as an antibiotic by Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain on YouTube. Penicillin at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)
"Penicillin Released to Civilians Will Cost $35 Per Patient", Popular Science, August 1944, article at bottom of page
Episode 2 (of 4): "Medical Drugs" of the BBC Four and PBS show: Extra Life: A Short History of Living Longer (2021)