Currently, milk-alkali syndrome is the third most common cause of people hospitalized with high blood calcium, after hyperparathyroidism and cancer.In regards to populations at risk, there has been a shift in the conditions demographic over time. Previously, milk-alkali syndrome was predominantly seen amongst males with ulcers. As new treatments for peptic ulcers arose, there was change in the causation of hypercalcemia. Presently, individuals who are at a higher risk of developing milk-alkali syndrome are pregnant or postmenopausal individuals and the elderly. History
Milk-alkali syndrome is an illness that is characterized by hypercalcaemia, kidney damage, and metabolic alkalosis. This syndrome was discovered in the early 1900s when people began experiencing adverse effects from Bertrand Sippys gastric ulcer treatment consisting of milk and alkali. Sippy prescribed patients with ulcers milk and alkali, on the theory that ulcers were caused by excessive gastric acid. Further research by Cuthbert Cope and Charles H. Burnett revealed varying degrees of milk-alkali syndrome. Cope identified an acute phase which was named Copes Syndrome while Burnett described a more severe chronic form which was named Burnetts Syndrome. However, both the acute and chronic form of this illness involve renal impairment which is a key contributor to the hypercalcemia seen in people with MAS. Cope and Burnett believe that the kidney damage caused by ingesting high amounts of calcium and alkali occurs first which subsequently makes removal of calcium from the body difficult. References


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A ureterocele is a congenital abnormality found in the ureter. In this condition the distal ureter balloons at its opening into the bladder, forming a sac-like pouch. It is most often associated with a duplicated collection system, where two ureters drain their respective kidney instead of one. Simple ureterocele, where the condition involves only a single ureter, represents only twenty percent of cases. Since the advent of the ultrasound, most ureteroceles are diagnosed prenatally. The pediatric and adult conditions are often found incidentally, i.e. through diagnostic imaging performed for unrelated reasons. Classification
Intravesical
Confined within the bladder
Ectopic
Some part extends to the bladder neck or urethra
Stenotic
Intravesical ureterocele with a narrow opening
Sphincteric
Ectopic ureterocele with an orifice distal to the bladder neck
Sphincterostenotic
Orifice is both stenotic and distal to the bladder neck
Cecoureterocele
Ectopic ureterocele that extends into the urethra, but the orifice is in the bladder

Signs and symptoms
The signs and symptoms of ureterocele in the latter two forms can easily be confused with other medical conditions. Symptoms can include:
Frequent urinary tract infections
Pyelonephritis
Obstructive voiding symptoms
Urinary retention
Failure to thrive
Hematuria
Cyclic abdominal pain
Urolithiasis
Cobra head sign is seen in radiography
In females: salpingitis, hydrosalpinx with sepsis or torsion. T.O. mass. Complications
Many other complications arise from ureteroceles. Redundant collection systems are usually smaller in diameter than single, and predispose the patient to impassable kidney stones. The effective "bladder within a bladder" compounds this problem by increasing the collision of uric acid particles, the process by which uric acid stones are formed. Ureterocele is also associated with poor kidney function.