Sarcoidosis is confused most commonly with neoplastic diseases, such as lymphoma, or with disorders characterized also by a mononuclear cell granulomatous inflammatory process, such as the mycobacterial and fungal disorders.Chest radiograph changes are divided into four stages:
bihilar lymphadenopathy
bihilar lymphadenopathy and reticulonodular infiltrates
bilateral pulmonary infiltrates
fibrocystic sarcoidosis typically with upward hilar retraction, cystic and bullous changesAlthough people with stage 1 radiographs tend to have the acute or subacute, reversible form of the disease, those with stages 2 and 3 often have the chronic, progressive disease; these patterns do not represent consecutive "stages" of sarcoidosis. Thus, except for epidemiologic purposes, this categorization is mostly of historic interest.In sarcoidosis presenting in the Caucasian population, hilar adenopathy and erythema nodosum are the most common initial symptoms. In this population, a biopsy of the gastrocnemius muscle is a useful tool in correctly diagnosing the person. The presence of a noncaseating epithelioid granuloma in a gastrocnemius specimen is definitive evidence of sarcoidosis, as other tuberculoid and fungal diseases extremely rarely present histologically in this muscle.Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is one modality for diagnosing cardiac sarcoidosis. It has 78% specificity in diagnosing cardiac sarcoidosis. Its T2-weighted imaging can detect acute inflammation. Meanwhile, late gadolinium contrast (LGE) can detect fibrosis or scar. Lesions at the subpericardium and midwall enhancement of basal septum or inferolateral wall is strongly suggestive of sarcoidosis. MRI can also follow up on the treatment efficacy of corticosteroids and prognosis of cardiac sarcoidosis.PET scan is able to quantify disease activity which cannot be performed by CMR.
Incidents is a 1987 collection of four essays by Roland Barthes. It was published posthumously by François Wahl, Barthes literary executor. Summary
In the first essay, La Lumiere du Sud-Ouest, first published in LHumanité in 1977, Roland Barthes reflects on the South West of France, the Adour and Bayonne. The second essay, Incidents, written in 1969, details Barthess holiday in Morocco, where he pays men and boys for sex. In Au Palace Ce Soir, the third essay, first published in issue 10 of Vogue-Hommes in May 1978, Barthes describes Le Palace, a fashionable theatre-house in Paris. The fourth essay, Soirées de Paris, is a diary from August to September 1979, where Roland Barthes admits to using male escorts as all his relationships have been disappointing to him. Literary significance and criticism
Although critics have questioned whether Roland Barthes intended to publish Incidents and Soirées de Paris, it has been argued that they have informed our reading of Barthess oeuvre because of their explicit revelations of his homosexuality. Drawing upon these essays, D.A. Miller, in Bringing Out Roland Barthes, re-reads Barthess oeuvre through a gay lens.The essay Incidents has been compared to André Gides Amyntas with its pastoral theme, although Gide writes about Tunisia and Algeria rather than Morocco. It has also been compared to Jean-Jacques Rousseaus Confessions. References
External links
Barthes, Roland. Incidents. Berkeley:  University of California Press,  1992. Free Online - UC Press E-Books Collection