Topical apraclonidine can also decrease IOP in glaucoma patients by increasing trabecular outflow, in a similar way to clonidine, but without the cardiovascular side effects. Apraclonidine has been compared with other treatments such as brimonidine and pilocarpine in preventing IOP spikes after laser trabeculoplasty. The results did not show significant differences in the reduction of IOP for apraclonidine, when compared to brimonidine or pilocarpine. References
Further reading
Chen P, Chen J, Lu D, Chen Y, Hsiao C (2006). "Comparing efficacies of 0.5% apraclonidine with 4% cocaine in the diagnosis of horner syndrome in pediatric patients". J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 22 (3): 182–7. doi:10.1089/jop.2006.22.182. PMID 16808679. Aslanides l; Tsiklis N; Ozkilic E; Coskunseven E; Pallikaris l; Jankov M (2006). "The effect of topical apraclonidine on subconjunctival hemorrhage and flap adherence in LASIK patients". J Refract Surg. 22 (6): 585–8. doi:10.3928/1081-597X-20060601-11. PMID 16805122. Koc F, Kansu T, Kavuncu S, Firat E (2006). "Topical apraclonidine testing discloses pupillary sympathetic denervation in diabetic patients". J Neuroophthalmol. 26 (1): 25–9. doi:10.1097/01.wno.0000204648.79744.71. PMID 16518162. S2CID 45290834. Garibaldi D, Hindman H, Grant M, Iliff N, Merbs S (2006). "Effect of 0.5% apraclonidine on ptosis in Horner syndrome". Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 22 (1): 53–5. doi:10.1097/01.iop.0000196322.05586.6a. PMID 16418668. Onal S, Gozum N, Gucukoglu A (2005). "Effect of apraclonidine versus dorzolamide on intraocular pressure after phacoemulsification". Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging. 36 (6): 457–62. doi:10.3928/1542-8877-20051101-05. PMID 16355950. External links
Iopidine prescribing information (from the FDA website)
Chromium deficiency is described as the consequence of an insufficient dietary intake of the mineral chromium. Chromium was first proposed as an essential element for normal glucose metabolism in 1959, and was widely accepted as being such by the 1990s. Cases of deficiency were described in people who received all of their nutrition intravenously for long periods of time.The essentiality of chromium has been challenged. Whereas the authorities in the European Union do not recognize chromium as an essential nutrient, those in the United States do, and identify an adequate intake for adults as between 25 and 45 μg/day, depending on age and sex. Dietary supplements containing chromium are widely available in the United States, with claims for benefits for fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1C and weight loss. Reviews report the changes as modest, and without scientific consensus that the changes have a clinically relevant impact. Signs and symptoms
The claimed symptoms of chromium deficiency caused by long-term total parenteral nutrition are severely impaired glucose tolerance, weight loss, peripheral neuropathy and confusion. Diagnosis
According to the Dietary Reference Intake review, neither plasma nor urine concentrations can serve as useful clinical indicators of chromium status. Before chromium became a standard ingredient in total parenteral nutrition (TPN), people getting TPN as their sole source of nutrition developed symptoms that were reversed within two-week after chromium was added. Dietary recommendations
The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for chromium in 2001.