It is also seen with torsion of the testis and with some testicular tumors. A secondary hydrocele is usually lax and of moderate size: the underlying testis is palpable. A secondary hydrocele subsides when the primary lesion resolves. Acute/chronic epididymo-orchitis
Torsion of testis
Testicular tumor
Hematocele
Filarial hydrocele
Post herniorrhaphy
Hydrocele of an hernial sac

Infantile hydroceles
It does not occur only in infants but it occurs in adults also, a hydrocele is usually an expression of a patent processus vaginalis (PPV). The tunica and the processus vaginalis are distended to the inguinal ring but there is no connection with the peritoneal cavity. Congenital hydroceles
The processus vaginalis is patent and connects with the general peritoneal cavity. The communication is usually too small to allow herniation of intra-abdominal contents. Digital pressure on the hydrocele does not usually empty it, but the hydrocele fluid may drain into the peritoneal cavity when the child is lying down. Ascites or even ascitic tuberculous peritonitis should be considered if the swellings are bilateral. Encysted hydrocele of the cord
There is a smooth oval swelling near the spermatic cord which is liable to be mistaken for an inguinal hernia. The swelling moves downwards and becomes less mobile if the testis is pulled gently downwards. Rarely, a hydrocele develops in a remnant of the processus vaginalis somewhere along the course of the spermatic cord. This hydrocele also transilluminates, and is known as an encysted hydrocele of the cord. In females, a related region in females, a multicystic hydrocele of the canal of Nuck sometimes presents as a swelling in the groin.
Hemoptysis is the coughing up of blood or blood-stained mucus from the bronchi, larynx, trachea, or lungs. In other words, it is the airway bleeding. This can occur with lung cancer, infections such as tuberculosis, bronchitis, or pneumonia, and certain cardiovascular conditions. Hemoptysis is considered massive at 300 mL (11 imp fl oz; 10 US fl oz). In such cases, there are always severe injuries. The primary danger comes from choking, rather than blood loss. Diagnosis
Past history, history of present illness, family historyhistory of tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, mitral stenosis, etc. history of cigarette smoking, occupational diseases by exposure to silica dust, etc. Blood
duration, frequency, amount
Amounts of blood: large amounts of blood, or is there blood-streaked sputum
Probable source of bleeding: Is the blood coughed up, or vomited? Bloody sputum
color, characters: blood-streaked, fresh blood, frothy pink, bloody gelatinous. Accompanying symptoms
fever, chest pain, coughing, purulent sputum, mucocutaneous bleeding, jaundice. Imaging examination
chest X-ray, CT scan and 3D reconstruction images or CT virtual bronchoscopy, bronchial angiography. Laboratory tests
blood test: WBC
Sputum: cells and bacterial examinations, sputum culture
Bronchial fiber endoscopy

Differential diagnosis
The most common causes for hemoptysis in adults are chest infections such as bronchitis or pneumonia. In children, hemoptysis is commonly caused by the presence of a foreign body in the airway. Other common causes include lung cancers and tuberculosis. Less common causes include aspergilloma, bronchiectasis, coccidioidomycosis, pulmonary embolism, pneumonic plague, and cystic fibrosis. Rarer causes include hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT or Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome), Goodpastures syndrome, and granulomatosis with polyangiitis.