Recreational
In the 1970s, recreational drug users discovered that combining pentazocine with tripelennamine (a first-generation ethylenediamine antihistamine most commonly dispensed under the brand names Pelamine and Pyribenzamine) produced a euphoric sensation. Since tripelennamine tablets are typically blue in color and brand-name Pentazocine is known as Talwin (hence "Ts"), the pentazocine/tripelennamine combination acquired the slang name Ts and blues. After health-care professionals and drug-enforcement officials became aware of this scenario, the mu opioid receptor antagonist naloxone was added to oral preparations containing pentazocine to prevent perceived "misuse" via injection, and the reported incidence of its recreational use has declined precipitously since. Research
In an open-label, add-on, single-day, acute-dose small clinical study, pentazocine was found to rapidly and substantially reduce symptoms of mania in individuals with bipolar disorder that were in the manic phase of the condition. It was postulated that the efficacy observed was due to κ-opioid receptor activation-mediated amelioration of hyperdopaminergia in the reward pathways. Minimal sedation and no side effects including psychotomimetic effects or worsening of psychosis were observed at the dose administered. Adverse effects
Side effects are similar to those of morphine, but pentazocine, due to its action at the kappa opioid receptor is more likely to invoke psychotomimetic effects. High dose may cause high blood pressure or high heart rate. It may also increase cardiac work after myocardial infarction when given intravenously and hence this use should be avoided where possible.
Recent research suggests that specific social difficulties may be a result of impaired face processing. The unusual social behavior in childhood often resembles that of an autism spectrum disorder.Other characteristics sometimes associated with callosal disorders include seizures, spasticity, early feeding difficulties and/or gastric reflux, hearing impairments, abnormal head and facial features, and intellectual disability. Associated brain anomalies
Brain anomalies that can sometimes occur in syndromes that cause callosal disorders include:
Aplasia of the cerebellar vermis
Chiari malformation
Colpocephaly
Dandy–Walker syndrome
Holoprosencephaly
Hydrocephalus
Neuronal migration disorders such as grey matter heterotopia
Schizencephaly

Associated syndromes and conditions
Some syndromes that frequently include ACC are:
Acrocallosal syndrome
Aicardi syndrome
Andermann syndrome
Donnai–Barrow syndrome
Dwarfism
FG syndrome
L1CAM syndrome
Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II
Mowat–Wilson syndrome
Oculocerebrocutaneous syndrome
Saal Bulas syndrome
Septo-optic dysplasia (optic nerve hypoplasia)
Shapiro syndrome
Vici syndromeSome conditions that can sometimes be associated with ACC or other callosal disorders include:
1p36 deletion syndrome
13q deletion syndrome
CDK13-related disorder
Craniofacial abnormalities and other oral and maxillofacial pathologies
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Fetal warfarin syndrome
Genitopatellar syndrome
Gomez-Lopez-Hernandez syndrome
Joubert syndrome
Lujan–Fryns syndrome
Marden–Walker syndrome
Maternal nutritional deficiencies or infections
Metabolic disorders
Okamoto syndrome
Opitz G/BBB syndrome
Pascual-Castroviejo syndrome
Pitt–Hopkins syndrome
Sensenbrenner syndrome
Strømme syndrome
Triploid syndrome
Trisomy 9
Xia-Gibbs syndrome

Causes
Agenesis of the corpus callosum is caused by disruption to development of the fetal brain between the 3rd and 12th weeks of pregnancy. In most cases, it is not possible to know what caused an individual to have ACC or another callosal disorder. However, research suggests that some possible causes may include chromosome errors, inherited genetic factors, prenatal infections or injuries, prenatal toxic exposures, structural blockage by cysts or other brain abnormalities and metabolic disorders.