A goitre, or goiter, is a swelling in the neck resulting from an enlarged thyroid gland. A goitre can be associated with a thyroid that is not functioning properly. Worldwide, over 90% of goitre cases are caused by iodine deficiency. The term is from the Latin gutturia, meaning throat. Most goitres are not cancerous (benign), though they may be potentially harmful. Signs and symptoms
A goitre can present as a palpable or visible enlargement of the thyroid gland at the base of the neck. A goitre, if associated with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, may be present with symptoms of the underlying disorder. For hyperthyroidism, the most common symptoms are associated with adrenergic stimulation: tachycardia (increased heart rate), palpitations, nervousness, tremor, increased blood pressure and heat intolerance. Clinical manifestations are often related to hypermetabolism, (increased metabolism), excessive thyroid hormone, an increase in oxygen consumption, metabolic changes in protein metabolism, immunologic stimulation of diffuse goitre, and ocular changes (exophthalmos). Hypothyroid people commonly have poor appetite, cold intolerance, constipation, lethargy and may undergo weight gain. However, these symptoms are often non-specific and make diagnosis difficult.According to the WHO classification of goitre by palpation, the severity of goitre is currently graded as grade 0, grade 1, grade 2. Causes
Worldwide, the most common cause for goitre is iodine deficiency, commonly seen in countries that scarcely use iodized salt. Selenium deficiency is also considered a contributing factor. In countries that use iodized salt, Hashimotos thyroiditis is the most common cause.
The term acne cosmetica refers to acne caused by or aggravated by cosmetics. : 240   The mechanism is thought to be chemically induced plugging of the pilosebaceous orifice. This became a significant problem for dermatologists in the 1970s and 1980s, but with the improved formulations produced by cosmetic chemists in the decades since, a diagnosis of acne cosmetica has become relatively rare in dermatological practice. The terms "non-comedogenic" and "non-acne(i)genic" appeared on moisturizers and other cosmetic compounds as manufacturers introduced re-formulations—sometimes associated with claims that the products were "oil-free" or "water-based". Although early work produced lists of comedogenic chemicals in various strengths and vehicles, it became apparent that one could not predict the actual comedogenicity of a product from its contents; rather, the finished product itself needed use-testing.The production of a low-grade folliculitis by some components of cosmetic products has led to misdiagnosis on occasion. People may not attribute skin reactions to their cosmetics at first, but may notice worsening symptoms after using certain face makeup, sunblock or lip products. Reactions are more likely to occur if applied cosmetics are left on and not stripped after wearing them. See also
List of cutaneous conditions

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