The primary immunogen of acellular existing vaccines, i.e., Protective Antigen (PA), is highly thermolabile due to inherent structural and chemical instability. Various endeavors are underway to thermostabilize PA molecule by solvent engineering and genetic engineering approaches to generate a thermostable anthrax vaccine formulation without compromising on the immunogenicity and its protective potential. The generation of a thermostable anthrax vaccine would minimize the current cold chain requirement for its storage and transport. Anthrax vaccines which would be amenable to other modes of administration such as oral, nasal, skin patch etc., are also being experimented. Human Genome Sciences announced in 2007, the development of a new anthrax neutralizing monoclonal antibody with the trademark name of ABthrax. The vaccine sensitizes the human immune system to the presence of the Anthrax Toxin Factor. In 2008, HGS reported on testing on 400 human volunteers given ABthrax. In 2009, HGS announced that they had made first delivery of 20,000 doses of ABthrax to the United States Department of Defense. Currently three anthrax antitoxin antibodies, namely, Anthrax immune globulin intravenous or AIGIV (polyclonal), Obiltoxaximab or ANTHIM (monoclonal), and Raxibacumab or ABthrax (monoclonal) are approved for the treatment of inhalation anthrax. References
Further reading
External links

"Anthrax Vaccine Information Statement". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 8 January 2020. "Biothrax". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 22 July 2017. STN: BL 103821. Anthrax Vaccines at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Low-set ears are a clinical feature in which the ears are positioned lower on the head than usual. They are present in many congenital conditions. Low-set ears are defined as outer ears positioned two or more standard deviations lower than the population average. Clinically, if the point at which the helix of the outer ear meets the cranium is at or below the line connecting the inner canthi of eyes(bicanthal plane), the ears are considered low set.Low-set ears can be associated with conditions such as:

Down syndrome
Turner syndrome
Noonan syndrome
Patau syndrome
DiGeorge syndrome
Cri du chat syndrome
Edwards syndrome
Fragile X syndrome
Okamoto syndromeIt is usually bilateral, but it can be unilateral in Goldenhar syndrome. See also
LEOPARD syndrome

References


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