The word autism first took its modern sense in German, when Asperger adopted Bleulers terminology autistic psychopaths in a 1938 lecture in German about child psychology. Asperger was investigating an ASD which was later known as Asperger syndrome, although it did not become widely recognized as a separate diagnosis until 1981. In English, Kanner first used autism in its modern sense when he introduced the label early infantile autism in a 1943 report of 11 children with striking behavioral similarities. Almost all the characteristics described in Kanners first paper on the subject, notably "autistic aloneness" and "insistence on sameness", are still regarded as typical of the autistic spectrum of disorders. It is not known whether Kanner derived the term independently of Asperger.Kanners reuse of autism led to decades of confused terminology like infantile schizophrenia, and child psychiatrys focus on maternal deprivation led to misconceptions of autism as an infants response to "refrigerator mothers". Starting in the late 1960s, autism was established as a separate syndrome. However, Kanner was the first person to describe ASD as a neurodevelopmental disorder in 1943 by calling it infantile autism and therefore rejected the refrigerator mother theory.The discussion of autism prior to the twentieth century is one that brings about much controversy. Without researchers being able to meet a consensus on the varying forms around the condition, there was a lack of research being conducted on the disorder. Discussing the syndrome and its complexity frustrated researchers. Controversies have surrounded various claims regarding the etiology of ASDs.
18 March 2022. ISBN 9780890425770. LCCN 2021051782. "6A02 Autism spectrum disorder". International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11). World Health Organisation. February 2022 [adopted in 2019]. 6A02. Retrieved 14 May 2022. Further reading
Gabovitch, Elaine; Dutra, Courtney; Lauer, Emily. (2016). The Healthy People 2020 Roadmap for Massachusetts Children & Youth with ASD/DD: Understanding Needs and Measuring Outcomes (Report). Worcester: UMASS Chan Medical School. Retrieved 30 June 2022. Matson JL, Dempsey T (2008). "Stereotypy in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Relationship and Diagnostic Fidelity". Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 20(2) 155–165. doi 10.1007/s10882-007-9086-0. S2CID 143874013. Johnny L Matson; Michael L Matson; Tessa T Rivet (September 2007). "Social-skills treatments for children with autism spectrum disorders: an overview". Behavior Modification. 31 (5): 682–707. doi:10.1177/0145445507301650. ISSN 0145-4455. PMID 17699124. Wikidata Q28240738. Johnny L Matson; Mary Shoemaker (14 July 2009). "Intellectual disability and its relationship to autism spectrum disorders". Research in Developmental Disabilities. 30 (6): 1107–1114. doi:10.1016/J.RIDD.2009.06.003. ISSN 0891-4222. PMID 19604668. Wikidata Q37552242. eISSN 1873-3379
Pedersen AL, Pettygrove S, Lu Z, Andrews J, Meaney FJ, Kurzius-Spencer M, et al. (August 2017). "DSM Criteria that Best Differentiate Intellectual Disability from Autism Spectrum Disorder". Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 48(4): 537–545. doi:10.1007/s10578-016-0681-0. PMID 27558812. S2CID 4377173. Volkmar, Fred R.; Wiesner, Lisa A. (2009). A practical guide to autism: what every parent, family member, and teacher needs to know. Hoboken: Wiley. ISBN 9780470394731. OCLC 748908084. Retrieved 12 July 2022.