Cyanocobalamin is a form of vitamin B12 used to treat vitamin B12 deficiency except in the presence of cyanide toxicity. The deficiency may occur in pernicious anemia, following surgical removal of the stomach, with fish tapeworm, or due to bowel cancer. It is less preferred than hydroxocobalamin for treating vitamin B12 deficiency. It is used by mouth, by injection into a muscle, or as a nasal spray.Cyanocobalamin is generally well tolerated. Minor side effects may include diarrhea and itchiness. Serious side effects may include anaphylaxis, low blood potassium, and heart failure. Use is not recommended in those who are allergic to cobalt or have Lebers disease. Vitamin B12 is an essential nutrient meaning that it cannot be made by the body but is required for life.Cyanocobalamin was first manufactured in the 1940s. It is available as a generic medication and over the counter. In 2019, it was the 155th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 4 million prescriptions. Medical use
Cyanocobalamin is usually prescribed after surgical removal of part or all of the stomach or intestine to ensure adequate serum levels of vitamin B12. It is also used to treat pernicious anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency (due to low intake from food or inability to absorb due to genetic or other factors), thyrotoxicosis, hemorrhage, malignancy, liver disease and kidney disease. Cyanocobalamin injections are often prescribed to gastric bypass patients who have had part of their small intestine bypassed, making it difficult for B12 to be acquired via food or vitamins.
Regularity of practice, and when to practice, are the main issues in PML treatments, as they may determine the likelihood of generalization of new motor skills, and therefore how effective a treatment is.Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices that make coping with a dysarthria easier include speech synthesis and text-based telephones. These allow people who are unintelligible, or may be in the later stages of a progressive illness, to continue to be able to communicate without the need for fully intelligible speech. See also
Lists of language disorders

References
Further reading
External links

Online Speech and Voice Disorder Support (VoiceMatters.net)
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
News About Dysarthria