The flap used is dependent on the size and position of the defect. Buccal advancement flap
The buccal advancement flap is the most commonly used due to its simplicity, reliability and versatility. It involves cutting a broad based trapezoid shaped mucoperiosteal flap with two vertical incisions. The flap is cut buccally, is three sided and extends to the full depth of the sulcus. Buccal fat pad flap
The buccal fat pad flap is also a popular option due to its high success rate. It is a simple procedure where the buccal extension of the anatomical fat pad is used for closure. These two flaps can be used in combination where the buccal fat pad covers the communication followed by a further covering via the buccal mucosal flap described above. This double layer flap has advantages over a single layer as it provides stable soft tissue covering, reduces the incidences of wound breakdown and defect recurrence as well as reducing the risk of postoperative infection.Sutures, either non-resorbing or slowly resorbing, are generally used in the surgical repairs of OAC. Non-surgical interventions
Ultimately, surgery is usually required to close an OAC/OAF. However, if surgery is not immediately available then non-surgical methods can be used to encourage the growth of oral mucosa between the oral cavity and the antrum. The aim of these methods is to protect the blood clot within the socket and help to prevent infection.
Arthropods
The bites of arthropods have some of the most serious health consequences known. Mosquito bites transmit serious disease and result in millions of deaths and illnesses in the world. Ticks also transmit many diseases such as Lyme disease. Spider bite
Insect bites and stings
Flea bites are responsible for the transmission of plague. Mosquito bites are responsible for the transmission of dengue fever and malaria. Leech bite

Mechanism
Trauma
A natural consequence of a bite is tissue trauma at the site. Trauma may consist of scratching, tearing, punture or laceration of the skin, hematoma (bruising), embedding of foreign objects, for example a tooth or hair, damage to or severing of underlying structures such as connective tissue or muscle, amputations, and the ripping off of skin and hair. If major blood vessels are damaged, severe blood loss can occur. Infection
Pathogen organisms can be introduced into the bite. Some of the pathogens can originate from the mouth of the biter, the substrate onto which the injured person or animal can fall or from the naturally occurring microorganisms that are present on the skin or hair of the animal. The advent of antibiotics improved the outcome of bite wound infections. Rabies
Animal bites where skin has been penetrated, most commonly by dogs and bats, transmit rabies to humans. Rabies from other animals is rare. If the animal is caught alive or dead with its head preserved, the head can be analyzed to detect the disease. Signs of rabies include foaming at the mouth, growling, self-mutilation, jerky behavior, red eyes, and hydrophobia.