Although it may not be as accurate in detecting any associated fractures, in one observational study ultrasonography identified 100% of shoulder dislocations, and was 100% sensitive in identifying successful reduction when compared to plain radiographs. Ultrasound may also have utility in diagnosing AC joint dislocations. In infants <6 months of age with suspected developmental dysplasia of the hip (congenital hip dislocation), ultrasound is the imaging study of choice as the proximal femoral epiphysis has not significantly ossified at this age. Cross-sectional imaging (CT or MRI)
Plain films are generally sufficient in making a joint dislocation diagnosis. However, cross-sectional imaging can subsequently be used to better define and evaluate abnormalities that may be missed or not clearly seen on plain X-rays. CT is useful in further analyzing any bony aberrations, and CT angiogram may be utilized if vascular injury is suspected. In addition to improved visualization of bony abnormalities, MRI permits for a more detailed inspection of the joint-supporting structures in order to assess for ligamentous and other soft tissue injury. Treatment
A dislocated joint usually can be successfully reduced into its normal position only by a trained medical professional. Trying to reduce a joint without any training could substantially worsen the injury.X-rays are usually taken to confirm a diagnosis and detect any fractures which may also have occurred at the time of dislocation. A dislocation is easily seen on an X-ray.Once a diagnosis is confirmed, the joint is usually manipulated back into position.
Atrophic rhinitis is also associated with similar atrophic changes in the pharynx or larynx, producing symptoms pertaining to these structures. Hearing impairment can occur due to Eustachian tube blockage causing middle ear effusion. Etiology
Causes can be remembered by the mnemonic HERNIA:

Hereditary factors: the disease runs in  families
Endocrine imbalance: the disease tends to start at puberty and mostly involves females
Racial factors: white people are more susceptible than natives of equatorial Africa
Nutritional deficiency: vitamins A or D, or iron
Infection: Klebsiella ozaenae, diphtheroids, Proteus vulgaris, E. coli, etc. Autoimmune factors: viral infection or some other unidentified insult may trigger antigenicity of the nasal mucosa. Secondary atrophic rhinitis
Specific infections, such as syphilis, leprosy and rhinoscleroma, may cause destruction of the nasal structures leading to atrophic changes. Atrophic rhinitis can also result from long-standing purulent sinusitis or radiotherapy of the nose, or as a complication of surgery of the turbinates. The United Kingdom National Health Service has stated that "Most cases of atrophic rhinitis in the UK occur when the turbinates are damaged or removed during surgery". Some authors refer to as Atrophic rhinitis secondary to sinus surgery as the empty nose syndrome. Unilateral atrophic rhinitis
Extreme deviation of nasal septum may be accompanied by atrophic rhinitis on the wider side. Pathology
The ciliated columnar epithelium of the nasal mucosa is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium. Atrophy of mucosa, turbinal bones and seromucinous glands tends to occur, due to obliterative endarteritis and periarteritis causing decreased blood supply, hence the supplying area atrophies. Arrested development of paranasal sinuses.