Low-set ears are a clinical feature in which the ears are positioned lower on the head than usual. They are present in many congenital conditions. Low-set ears are defined as outer ears positioned two or more standard deviations lower than the population average. Clinically, if the point at which the helix of the outer ear meets the cranium is at or below the line connecting the inner canthi of eyes(bicanthal plane), the ears are considered low set.Low-set ears can be associated with conditions such as:

Down syndrome
Turner syndrome
Noonan syndrome
Patau syndrome
DiGeorge syndrome
Cri du chat syndrome
Edwards syndrome
Fragile X syndrome
Okamoto syndromeIt is usually bilateral, but it can be unilateral in Goldenhar syndrome. See also
LEOPARD syndrome

References


== External links ==
Drugs such as alprostadil, a PGE-1 analog, can be used to keep a PDA open until the primary defect is corrected surgically. Prognosis
If left untreated, the disease may progress from left-to-right shunt (acyanotic heart) to right-to-left shunt (cyanotic heart), called Eisenmengers syndrome. Pulmonary hypertension is a potential long-term outcome, which may require a heart and/or lung transplant. Another complication of PDA is intraventricular hemorrhage. History
Robert Edward Gross, MD performed the first successful ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus on a seven-year-old girl at Childrens Hospital Boston in 1938. Adult
Since PDA is usually identified in infants, it is less common in adults, but it can have serious consequences, and is usually corrected surgically upon diagnosis. See also
George Alexander Gibson

References
External links
Patent Ductus Arteriosus Causes from US Department of Health and Human Services
Patent Ductus Arteriosus from Merck
Patent ductus arteriosus information for parents.