Trauma to the region may also cause the condition. Additionally, structural anomalies of genitourinary anatomy (e.g. vascular anomalies, polyps, urethral malformations, etc.) may result in haematospermia as symptom.Excessive sex or masturbation, prolonged sexual abstinence, interrupted sex, and certain sexual behaviours may also result in (mostly isolated events of) haematospermia. Unknown
The exact cause cannot be determined in up to 70% of patients. Diagnosis
The main focus of an evaluation should be to determine its cause (if possible) and rule out infection and malignancy. It is important to rule out pseudo-haematospermia where blood originates from the partner during intercourse. Epidemiology
Though the exact incidence is unknown, haematospermia has been reported in one per 5,000 patients in initial examinations at urological out-patient clinics. Most patients are between 30–40 years of age. It is thought to make up ~1% of all urological symptoms. History
Traditionally, the condition was thought to be a clinically insignificant consequence of prolonged sexual abstinence or intense sexual experiences. References


== External links ==
Infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (INCL) or Santavuori disease or Hagberg-Santavuori disease or Santavuori-Haltia disease or Infantile Finnish type neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis or Balkan disease is a form of NCL and inherited as a recessive autosomal genetic trait. The disorder is progressive, degenerative and fatal, extremely rare worldwide – with approximately 60 official cases reported by 1982, perhaps 100 with the condition in total today – but relatively common in Finland due to the local founder effect. Presentation
The development of children born with INCL is normal for the first 8–18 months, but will then flounder and start to regress both physically and mentally. Motor skills and speech are lost, and optic atrophy causes blindness. A variety of neurological symptoms, such as epilepsy and myoclonic seizures, appear. The senses of hearing and touch remain unaffected. The average lifespan of an INCL child is 9–11 years. Causes
It has been associated with palmitoyl-protein thioesterase. Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment is limited. Drugs can alleviate the symptoms, such as sleep difficulties and epilepsy. Physiotherapy helps affected children retain the ability to remain upright for as long as possible, and prevents some of the pain. Recent attempts to treat INCL with cystagon have been unsuccessful. See also
FAIDD (The Finnish Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities)

References
External links

GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinosis
An overview (in Finnish)
The INCL organization of Finland (in Finnish)