Elevated expression levels of CCL2/MCP-1, CCL5/RANTES and CCL17/TARC which result in chemoattracted CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations to the surrounding area may be responsible for exerting a downmodulatory effect on the AchE and CHRM3 expressions. Corticosteroid inhibits the expressions of CCL2/MCP-1, CCL5/RANTES and CCL17/TARC. This further support the notion that CCL2/MCP-1, CCL5/RANTES and CCL17/TARC play a crucial role. Treatment
First-line treatment:  H1RAs are first-line therapy for patients with CholU, but many patients show only a mild to moderate response to standard H1RA doses. The addition of an H2RA was reported to be effective in patients with refractory CholU that was unresponsive to up-dosing of an H1RA. Other studies have demonstrated the efficacy of scopolamine butylbromide (an anticholinergic agent); combinations of propranolol (a b2-adrenergic blocker), antihistamines, and montelukast; and treatment and injection with botulinum toxin. Non-pharmacological treatment: In the absence of sweat, cold-water sprays and wet towels can be used to increase the evaporative loss of heat from the skin. Shifting to a cooler or air-conditioned environments when necessary can also reduce discomfort. In the event of severe hyperthermia (body temperature >106 °F/41 °C), drastic measures such as immersion in ice-cold water are necessary to prevent irreversible brain damage. Idiopathic
Unknown or unclassified at this time. This represents those who do not fall under any of the above categories. Prevalence
Though overall research is limited, various studies indicate that CU is relatively common across populations with prevalence rates reportedly ranging from 5% to 20% (depending on locale, race, and age).
Smear may refer to:

A smear test, wherein a sample is smeared over a microscope slide to be studied for any pathology
A smear test usually refers to a pap test, that is, a cervical smear
Smear (card game)
Smear Lake, a lake in Wisconsin
Smear campaign, or smear job,  an attack on the reputation of an individual or group making use of disinformation tactics
Smear Campaign (album), an album by Napalm Death
Pat Smear, the guitarist and actor
Smear (optics), motion that degrades sharpness, which is generally linear over the integration time
Colloquial name for a glissando, a glide from one musical pitch to anotherSmearing may refer to:

Smearing of an image taken by an astronomical interferometer:
Bandwidth smearing, a chromatic aberration;
Time smearing, a consequence of Earth rotation during the observation;
Smearing (climbing), a technique of rock climbing
Electron smearing, a tool for improving convergence in DFT calculations

See also
Smeared, the debut studio album by Canadian rock band Sloan