Cholera pandemics in the 19th and 20th centuries led to the growth of epidemiology as a science and in recent years it has continued to press advances in the concepts of disease ecology, basic membrane biology, and transmembrane signaling and in the use of scientific information and treatment design. Notes
References
Further reading
Arnold, David (1986). "Cholera and Colonialism in British India". Past & Present. 113 (113): 118–151. doi:10.1093/past/113.1.118. JSTOR 650982. PMID 11617906. Azizi, MH; Azizi, F (January 2010). "History of Cholera Outbreaks in Iran during the 19th and 20th Centuries". Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases. 2 (1): 51–55. PMC 4154910. PMID 25197514. Bilson, Geoffrey. A Darkened House: Cholera in Nineteenth-Century Canada (U of Toronto Press, 1980). Cooper, Donald B. (1986). "The New Black Death: Cholera in Brazil, 1855-1856". Social Science History. 10 (4): 467–488. doi:10.2307/1171027. JSTOR 1171027. PMID 11618140. Echenberg, Myron (2011). Africa in the Time of Cholera: A History of Pandemics from 1817 to the Present. ISBN 978-0-521-18820-3. Evans, Richard J. (1988). "Epidemics and Revolutions: Cholera in Nineteenth-Century Europe". Past & Present. 120 (120): 123–146. doi:10.1093/past/120.1.123. JSTOR 650924. PMID 11617908. Evans, Richard J. (2005). Death in Hamburg: Society and Politics in the Cholera Years. ISBN 978-0-14-303636-4. Gilbert, Pamela K. Cholera and Nation: Doctoring the Social Body in Victorian England" (SUNY Press, 2008). Hamlin, Christopher (2009). Cholera: The Biography. Oxford University Press. Huber, Valeska (November 2020). "Pandemics and the politics of difference: rewriting the history of internationalism through nineteenth-century cholera". Journal of Global History. 15 (3): 394–407. doi:10.1017/S1740022820000236. S2CID 228940685. Huber, Valeska (June 2006).
Water purification: All water used for drinking, washing, or cooking should be sterilized by either boiling, chlorination, ozone water treatment, ultraviolet light sterilization (e.g., by solar water disinfection), or antimicrobial filtration in any area where cholera may be present. Chlorination and boiling are often the least expensive and most effective means of halting transmission. Cloth filters or sari filtration, though very basic, have significantly reduced the occurrence of cholera when used in poor villages in Bangladesh that rely on untreated surface water. Better antimicrobial filters, like those present in advanced individual water treatment hiking kits, are most effective. Public health education and adherence to appropriate sanitation practices are of primary importance to help prevent and control transmission of cholera and other diseases.Handwashing with soap or ash after using a toilet and before handling food or eating is also recommended for cholera prevention by WHO Africa. Surveillance
Surveillance and prompt reporting allow for containing cholera epidemics rapidly. Cholera exists as a seasonal disease in many endemic countries, occurring annually mostly during rainy seasons. Surveillance systems can provide early alerts to outbreaks, therefore leading to coordinated response and assist in preparation of preparedness plans. Efficient surveillance systems can also improve the risk assessment for potential cholera outbreaks. Understanding the seasonality and location of outbreaks provides guidance for improving cholera control activities for the most vulnerable. For prevention to be effective, it is important that cases be reported to national health authorities.