Humans have had dracunculiasis since at least 1,000 BCE, and accounts consistent with dracunculiasis appear in surviving documents from physicians of antiquity. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, dracunculiasis was widespread across much of Africa and South Asia, affecting as many as 48 million people per year. The effort to eradicate dracunculiasis began in the 1980s following the successful eradication of smallpox. By 1995, every country with endemic dracunculiasis had established a national eradication program. In the ensuing years, dracunculiasis cases have dropped precipitously, and 15 previously endemic countries have been certified to have eradicated dracunculiasis, leaving the disease endemic in just four countries: Chad, Ethiopia, Mali, and South Sudan. A record low 15 cases of dracunculiasis were reported worldwide in 2021. If the eradication program succeeds, dracunculiasis will become the second human disease ever eradicated. Signs and symptoms
The first signs of dracunculiasis occur around a year after infection, as the full-grown female worm prepares to leave the infected persons body. As the worm migrates to its exit site – typically the lower leg, though they can emerge anywhere on the body – some people have allergic reactions, including hives, fever, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Upon reaching its destination, the worm forms a fluid-filled blister under the skin. Over 1–3 days, the blister grows larger, begins to cause severe burning pain, and eventually bursts leaving a small open wound.
Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis is an infection caused by inhalation of Coccidioides immitis. : 314   Once pulmonary symptoms subside, about 30% of women and 15% of men will have allergic skin manifestations in the form of erythema nodosum. : 314  A coccidioidoma is a benign localized residual granulomatous lesion or scar that can remain in the lungs tissues following primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. See also
Coccidioidomycosis
List of cutaneous conditions


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