The thumb and index finger provide downward pressure on the mask while the remaining fingers maintain head tilt and jaw thrust. The free hand can then be used to provide ventilation via the bag. For children, pediatric bags can be used. Pediatric bags have a valve that limits peak airway pressures to around 35–40 cm of water. Practitioners must tweak valve settings to accurately determine each of their patients to avoid hypoventilation or hyperventilation. When applying ventilation with the bag valve mask, the provider should apply just enough pressure to bag to see a chest rise. Providing excessive bag pressure can actually impair the blood flow to the heart and brain, so during CPR extra caution should be taken to limit size of tidal volume. The rate of manual ventilation should not exceed 12 times per minute, or one ventilation every 5 seconds as to avoid hyperventilation. Airway patency devices
An oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway is used during bag-valve-mask ventilation to prevent soft tissues from blocking the airway. An oropharyngeal airway may cause gagging and vomiting. Therefore, an oropharyngeal airway must be sized appropriately. An airway that is incorrectly sized can worsen the airway obstruction. The distance measured should be from the corner of the patients mouth to the angle of the jaw or earlobe. Laryngeal mask airways
The laryngeal mask airway (LMA) is a tube with an inflatable cuff. A laryngeal mask airway can be positioned in the lower oropharynx to prevent airway obstruction by soft tissues and to create a safe channel for ventilation.
An arthropathy is a disease of a joint. Types
Arthritis is a form of arthropathy that involves inflammation of one or more joints, while the term arthropathy may be used regardless of whether there is inflammation or not. Joint diseases can be classified as follows:

ArthritisInfectious arthritisSeptic arthritis (infectious)
Tuberculosis arthritis
Reactive arthritis (indirectly)Noninfectious arthritisSeronegative spondyloarthropathy:Psoriatic arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitisRheumatoid arthritis:Feltys syndromeJuvenile idiopathic arthritis
Adult-onset Stills disease
Crystal arthropathyGout
ChondrocalcinosisOsteoarthritisHemarthrosis (joint bleeding)
Synovitis is the medical term for inflammation of the synovial membrane. Joint dislocation

With arthropathy in the name
Reactive arthropathy (M02-M03) is caused by an infection, but not a direct infection of the synovial space. (See also Reactive arthritis)
Enteropathic arthropathy (M07) is caused by colitis and related conditions. Crystal arthropathy (also known as crystal arthritis) (M10-M11) involves the deposition of crystals in the joint. In gout, the crystal is uric acid. In pseudogout/chondrocalcinosis/calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease, the crystal is calcium pyrophosphate. Diabetic arthropathy (M14.2, E10-E14) is caused by diabetes. Neuropathic arthropathy (M14.6) is associated with a loss of sensation.Spondylarthropathy is any form of arthropathy of the vertebral column. Signs and symptoms
Joint pain is a common but non-specific sign of joint disease. Signs will depend on the specific disease, and may even then vary. Common signs may include:
Decreased range of motion
Stiffness
Effusion
Pneumarthrosis, air in a joint (which is also a common normal finding). Bone erosion
Systemic signs of arthritis such as fatigue

Diagnosis
Diagnosis may be a combination of medical history, physical examination, blood tests and medical imaging (generally X-ray initially). Treatment
References


== External links ==