Although claims have been made for chiropractic care, under the theory that treating subluxations in the spine may decrease symptoms, a 2006 systematic review found that overall no evidence suggests that spinal manipulation is effective for treatment of primary and secondary dysmenorrhea.Valerian, Humulus lupulus and Passiflora incarnata may be safe and effective in the treatment of dysmenorrhea. TENS
A 2011 review stated that high-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation may reduce pain compared with sham TENS, but seems to be less effective than ibuprofen. Surgery
One treatment of last resort is presacral neurectomy. Epidemiology
Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecological conditions, regardless of age or race. It is one of the most frequently identified etiology of pelvic pain in menstruating adults. The prevalence of dysmenorrhea can vary between 16% and 91% of surveyed individuals, with severe pain observed in 2% to 29% of menstruating individuals. Reports of dysmenorrhea are greatest among individuals in their late teens and 20s, with reports usually declining with age. The prevalence in adolescent females has been reported to be 67.2% by one study and 90% by another. It has been stated that there is no significant difference in prevalence or incidence between races, although one study of Hispanic adolescent females indicated an elevated prevalence and impact in this group. Another study indicated that dysmenorrhea was present in 36.4% of participants, and was significantly associated with lower age and lower parity. Childbearing is said to relieve dysmenorrhea, but this does not always occur.
Among the patients enrolled at the time of the data cutoff the overall response rate was 61% in the total patient population (42% complete response and 19% partial response) and in patients with relapsing or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) the overall response rate was 57% (43% complete response and 14% partial response). History
Loncastuximab tesirine was granted orphan drug designation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Society and culture
Legal status
On 15 September 2022, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Zynlonta, intended for the treatment of adults with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and high-grade B-cell lymphoma (HGBL). The applicant for this medicinal product is ADC Therapeutics (NL) B.V.

Research
Given its mechanism of action, loncastiximab tesirinine may be appealing in patients ineligible for CAR-T cell therapy. References
External links
"Loncastuximab tesirine". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Loncastuximab tesirine-lpyl". NCI Drug Dictionary. National Cancer Institute. "Loncastuximab tesirine-lpyl". National Cancer Institute. 21 May 2021. Clinical trial number NCT03589469 for "Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Loncastuximab Tesirine in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (LOTIS-2)" at ClinicalTrials.gov