This release in iris pigment occurs as a result of the interaction of a flaccid iris with the zonular fibres.Exfoliation syndrome: Exfoliation syndrome is a classic cause of secondary open-angle glaucoma, a common symptom of exfoliation syndrome is a cloudy layer on the anterior lens capsule.Aphakic and pseudophakic glaucoma: Aphakic glaucoma is a common side-effect of cataract surgery which causes an increase in IOP.Corticosteroid-induced glaucoma: Corticosteroids is a risk factor for the development of secondary glaucoma, as there had been increased IOP observed as a drug side-effect.Post-traumatic glaucoma: Trauma to the eye is often observed to cause secondary glaucoma. The incidence is notably higher in populations with increased levels of physical activity.Ghost-cell glaucoma: Ruptured red blood cells will release haemoglobin in the form of Heinz bodies, which are potent in increasing the IOP level.Inflammatory glaucoma: The inflammatory reaction will affect the drainage of aqueous humour in the eye, causing an increase in IOP.Glaucoma associated with ocular tumours: Although each tumour subtype has its own mechanism in causing secondary glaucoma, the general cause is the restriction of the meshwork resulting in the obstruction of aqueous humour flow.Increased episcleral venous pressure: According to the Goldmann equation, the relationship between episcleral venous pressure (EVP) is directly proportional to the IOP. Therefore, an increase in the EVP will result in an increase in IOP. Neovascular glaucoma: As a consequence of neovascularisation, or the formation of new blood vessels and supporting connective structures, there is blockage of the anterior chamber angle. This leads to elevation of IOP causing neovascular glaucoma.
Lymph nodes act as a filtering system outside the lung, collecting cancer cells that are beginning to migrate out of the lung. Distant: the cancer has spread (or metastasized) to other parts of the body (aka: extensive stage SCLC).At the time of diagnosis, 60–70% of people already have metastases.Small-cell carcinoma is an undifferentiated neoplasm composed of primitive-appearing cells. As the name implies, the cells in small-cell carcinomas are smaller than normal cells, and barely have room for any cytoplasm. Some researchers identify this as a failure in the mechanism that controls the size of the cells. Treatment
Small-cell lung cancer is most commonly treated with a combination of two drugs, which is more effective than one drug alone. Chemotherapy
Cisplatin and etoposide,
Carboplatin and etoposide. Cisplatin-resistance
The drug paclitaxel may be useful in the treatment of cisplatin-resistant cancer. About 68.1% of cisplatin-resistant cells
appear to be sensitive to paclitaxel and 66.7% of paclitaxel-resistant cells to
cisplatin. The mechanism for this activity is unknown. Paclitaxel-based chemotherapy showed modest activity in SCLC patients refractory to both etoposide- and camptothecin-based chemotherapy. The newer agent lurbinectedin is active in relapsed SCLC and was approved for medical use in the United States in June 2020. Immunotherapy
In 2018, the FDA approved two immunotherapies for small cell lung cancer:
1. Nivolumab (Opdivo), and
2. Atezolizumab (Tecentriq)

Funding controversy
Tecentriq treatment costs on average $13,200 per month, depending on the dosage schedule.