Sleep enuresis
Parasomnias due to medical disorder
Parasomnias due to medication or substance
Parasomnia, unspecific
Sleep drunkenness, also known as confusional arousal, is the feeling of confusion or sudden action upon waking up from deep sleep. Severe sleep inertia, one cause of oversleeping, is considered to develop sleep drunkenness. Isolated symptom/normal variant
Sleep talking (somniloquy)
According to ICSD-3 it is not defined a disorder in particular. It is rather an isolated symptom or normal variant and ranges from isolated speech to full conversations without recall. With a lifetime prevalence of 69% it is considered fairly common. Sleep talking is associated with REM-related parasomnias as well as with disorders or arousal. It occurs in all sleep states. As yet, there is no specific treatment for sleeptalking available. Diagnosis
Parasomnias are most commonly diagnosed by means of questionnaires. These questionnaires include a detailed analyses of the clinical history and contain questions to:

Rule out sleep deprivation
Rule out effects of intoxication or withdrawal
Rule out sleep disorders causing sleep instability
Rule out medical disorders or treatments associated with sleep instability
Confirm presence of NREM parasomnias in other family members and during the patients childhood
Determine the timing of the events
Determine the morphology of the events.Furthermore, a sleep diary is helpful to exclude that sleep deprivation could be a precipitating factor. An additional tool could be the partners log of the events. The following questions should therefore be considered:

Do you or your bed partner believe that you move your arms, legs, or body too much, or have unusual behaviors during sleep?
Palonosetron, sold under the brand name Aloxi, is used for the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). It is a 5-HT3 antagonist.Palonosetron is administered intravenously, or as a single oral capsule. It has a longer duration of action than  other 5-HT3 antagonists. The oral formulation was approved on August 22, 2008, for prevention of acute CINV alone, as a large clinical trial did not show oral administration to be as effective as intravenous use against delayed CINV. It is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines.The oral combination netupitant/palonosetron is approved for both acute and delayed CINV. Adverse effects
The most common adverse effects are headache, which occurs in 4–11% of patients, and constipation in up to 6% of patients. In less than 1% of patients, other gastrointestinal disorders occur, as well as sleeplessness, first- and second-degree atrioventricular block, muscle pain and shortness of breath. Palonosetron is similarly well tolerated as other 5-HT3 antagonists, and slightly less than placebo. Interactions
Palonosetron does not relevantly inhibit or induce cytochrome P450 liver enzymes. There are case reports about serotonin syndrome when the drug is combined with serotonergic substances such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), two common types of antidepressants. Pharmacology
Mechanism of action
Palonosetron is a 5-HT3 antagonist, commonly known as a setron. These drugs act by blocking serotonin from binding to the 5-HT3 receptor. Pharmacokinetics
Orally taken palonosetron is absorbed well from the gut and has a bioavailability of 97%.