This activates the effectors that in turn cleave other proteins resulting in apoptotic initiation. Autophagic (type II)
Autophagy is a form of intracellular phagocytosis in which a cell actively consumes damaged organelles or misfolded proteins by encapsulating them into an autophagosome, which fuses with a lysosome to destroy the contents of the autophagosome. Because many neurodegenerative diseases show unusual protein aggregates, it is hypothesized that defects in autophagy could be a common mechanism of neurodegeneration. Cytoplasmic (type III)
PCD can also occur via non-apoptotic processes, also known as Type III or cytoplasmic cell death. For example, type III PCD might be caused by trophotoxicity, or hyperactivation of trophic factor receptors. Cytotoxins that induce PCD can cause necrosis at low concentrations, or aponecrosis (combination of apoptosis and necrosis) at higher concentrations. It is still unclear exactly what combination of apoptosis, non-apoptosis, and necrosis causes different kinds of aponecrosis. Transglutaminase
Transglutaminases are human enzymes ubiquitously present in the human body and in the brain in particular.The main function of transglutaminases is bind proteins and peptides intra- and intermolecularly, by a type of covalent bonds termed isopeptide bonds, in a reaction termed transamidation or crosslinking.Transglutaminase binding of these proteins and peptides make them clump together. The resulting structures are turned extremely resistant to chemical and mechanical disruption.Most relevant human neurodegenerative diseases share the property of having abnormal structures made up of proteins and peptides.Each of these neurodegenerative diseases have one (or several) specific main protein or peptide. In Alzheimers disease, these are amyloid-beta and tau. In Parkinsons disease, it is alpha-synuclein.
Enchondromatosis is a form of osteochondrodysplasia characterized by a proliferation of enchondromas. Ollier disease can be considered a synonym for enchondromatosis. Maffucci syndrome is enchondromatosis with hemangiomatosis. References


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