Diagnosis
The following tests have been promoted as supposedly diagnosing placental insufficiency, but all have been unsuccessful at predicting stillbirth due to placental insufficiency:
Placental grading
Amniotic fluid index
Fetal biophysical profile test scoring
Doppler velocimetry
Routine ultrasound scanning
Detection and management of maternal diabetes mellitus
Antenatal fetal heart rate monitoring using cardiotocography
Vibroacoustic stimulation, fetal movement counting
Home vs. hospital-based bed rest and monitoring in high-risk pregnancy
In-hospital fetal surveillance unit
Use of the partograph during labor
Cardiotocography during labor with or without pulse oximetry

See also
Small for gestational age

References


== External links ==
These implants must be designed and installed with care. Stress shielding occurs when plates or screws carry too large of a portion of the bones load, causing atrophy. This problem is reduced, but not eliminated, by the use of low-modulus materials, including titanium and its alloys. The heat generated by the friction of installing hardware can accumulate easily and damage bone tissue, reducing the strength of the connections. If dissimilar metals are installed in contact with one another (i.e., a titanium plate with cobalt-chromium alloy or stainless steel screws), galvanic corrosion will result. The metal ions produced can damage the bone locally and may cause systemic effects as well. Other
A Cochrane review of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound to speed healing in newly broken bones found insufficient evidence to justify routine use. Other reviews have found tentative evidence of benefit. It may be an alternative to surgery for established nonunions. Children
In children, whose bones are still developing, there are risks of either a growth plate injury or a greenstick fracture. A greenstick fracture occurs due to mechanical failure on the tension side. That is since the bone is not so brittle as it would be in an adult, it does not completely fracture, but rather exhibits bowing without complete disruption of the bones cortex in the surface opposite the applied force. Growth plate injuries, as in Salter-Harris fractures, require careful treatment and accurate reduction to make sure that the bone continues to grow normally.