However, no one treatment is considered to be most efficacious and, in the United States, no medications have been approved for the treatment of pathological gambling by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Gamblers Anonymous (GA) is a commonly used treatment for gambling problems. Modeled after Alcoholics Anonymous, GA is a twelve-step program that emphasizes a mutual-support approach. There are three in-patient treatment centers in North America. One form of counseling, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to reduce symptoms and gambling-related urges. This type of therapy focuses on the identification of gambling-related thought processes, mood and cognitive distortions that increase ones vulnerability to out-of-control gambling. Additionally, CBT approaches frequently utilize skill-building techniques geared toward relapse prevention, assertiveness and gambling refusal, problem solving and reinforcement of gambling-inconsistent activities and interests.As to behavioral treatment, some recent research supports the use of both activity scheduling and desensitization in the treatment of gambling problems. In general, behavior analytic research in this area is growing There is evidence that the SSRI paroxetine is efficacious in the treatment of pathological gambling. Additionally, for patients with both pathological gambling and a comorbid bipolar spectrum condition, sustained-release lithium has shown efficacy in a preliminary trial. The opioid antagonist drug nalmefene has also been trialled quite successfully for the treatment of compulsive gambling. Group concepts based on CBT, such as the metacognitive training for problem gambling have also proven effective.
Aase syndrome or Aase–Smith syndrome is a rare inherited disorder characterized by anemia with some joint and skeletal deformities. Aase syndrome is thought to be an autosomal dominant inherited disorder. The genetic basis of the disease is not known. The anemia is caused by underdevelopment of the bone marrow, which is where blood cells are formed. It is named after the American paediatricians Jon Morton Aase and David Weyhe Smith, who characterized it in 1968. Signs and symptoms
Among the presentation are:
Mildly slowed growth
Pale skin
Delayed closure of fontanelles (soft spots)
Narrow shoulders
Triple jointed thumbs, absent or small knuckles, decreased skin creases at finger joints
Inability to fully extend the joints from birth (congenital contractures)
Cleft palate
Deformed ears
Droopy eyelids

Complications
Complications related to anemia include weakness, fatigue, and decreased oxygenation of the blood. Decreased white blood cells alter the bodys ability to fight infection. If a heart defect exists, it may cause multiple complications (depending on the specific defect). Severe cases have been associated with still birth or early death. Cause
Some cases of Aase syndrome (45%) have been shown to be inherited, and are due to a change in one gene which makes ribosomal proteins. However, many cases are not inherited and occur without a known cause. Diagnosis
A CBC (complete blood count) will show anemia and a decrease in the white blood cell count. An echocardiogram may reveal heart defects (ventricular septal defect is most common). X-rays will show skeletal abnormalities as described above. A bone marrow biopsy may be performed.