: 1253  In these milder cases, sufficient pancreatic exocrine function is still present so that enzyme supplementation is not required. : 1253  Usually, no other GI complications occur in pancreas-sufficient phenotypes, and in general, such individuals usually have excellent growth and development. : 1254  Despite this, idiopathic chronic pancreatitis can occur in a subset of pancreas-sufficient individuals with CF, and is associated with recurrent abdominal pain and life-threatening complications.Thickened secretions also may cause liver problems in patients with CF. Bile secreted by the liver to aid in digestion may block the bile ducts, leading to liver damage. Impaired digestion or absorption of lipids can result in steatorrhea. Over time, this can lead to scarring and nodularity (cirrhosis). The liver fails to rid the blood of toxins and does not make important proteins, such as those responsible for blood clotting. Liver disease is the third-most common cause of death associated with CF.Around 5–7% of people experience liver damage severe enough to cause symptoms: typically gallstones causing biliary colic. Endocrine
The pancreas contains the islets of Langerhans, which are responsible for making insulin, a hormone that helps regulate blood glucose. Damage to the pancreas can lead to loss of the islet cells, leading to a type of diabetes unique to those with the disease. This cystic fibrosis-related diabetes shares characteristics of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and is one of the principal nonpulmonary complications of CF.Vitamin D is involved in calcium and phosphate regulation.
While some issues, such as a recent history of exposure to substantive toxins, can foretell the diagnosis, for a patient with dyphagia the diagnosis may be less obvious, as the dyphagic patient may have caustic gastric contents damaging the lungs which may or may not have progressed to bacterial infection. The following tests help determine how severely the lungs are affected:

Blood gases (measurement of how much oxygen and carbon dioxide are in your blood)
CT scan of chest
Lung function studies (tests to measure breathing and how well the lungs are functioning)
X-ray of the chest
Swallowing studies to check if stomach acid is the cause of pneumonitis

Treatment
Treatment is focused on reversing the cause of inflammation and reducing symptoms. Corticosteroids may be given to reduce inflammation, often before long-term scarring occurs. Antibiotics are usually not helpful or needed, unless there is a secondary infection. Oxygen therapy may be helpful. References


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