This results in the cells of interest being marked brightly in a dark background. See also
Extrachromosomal array
Heterochromia
Parasitic twin
Vanishing twin
X0/XY mosaic
Human somatic variation

References
Further reading
Zimmer, Carl (21 May 2018). "Every Cell in Your Body Has the Same DNA. Except It Doesnt". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 May 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018. "From Many, One -- Diverse mammals, including humans, have been found to carry distinct genomes in their cells. What does such genetic chimerism mean for health and disease?". The Scientist. Archived from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
A further important advance was made in the early 1960s by Doniach with the recognition that pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disease. Pernicious anemia is eventually treated with either injections or large oral doses of B12, typically between 1 and 4 mg daily. A medical author takes the view that Mary Todd Lincoln, the wife of American President Abraham Lincoln, had pernicious anemia for decades and died from it in 1882. Research
Permeation enhancers
Treatment using oral drugs is an easier option in management but the bioavailabity of B12 is low. This is due to low absorption in the intestine, and breakdown by enzyme activity. Research continues to focus on the use of permeation enhancers or permeation absorbers in combination with the treatment. One of the better performing enhancers studied is salcoprozate sodium (SNAC). SNAC is able to form a noncovalent complex with cobalamin while preserving its chemical integrity and protect B12 from gastric acidity. This complex is much more lipophilic than the water-soluble vitamin B12, so is able to pass through cellular membranes with greater ease. Molecular dynamics are used in experiments to gain an understanding of the molecular interactions involved in the different molecules used and the degree of ease achieved in absorption across the gastric epithelium. References
External links
Pernicious anemia at Curlie