Laudanum is a tincture of opium containing approximately 10% powdered opium by weight (the equivalent of 1% morphine). Laudanum is prepared by dissolving extracts from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum Linnaeus) in alcohol (ethanol). Reddish-brown in color and extremely bitter, laudanum contains several opium alkaloids, including morphine and codeine. Laudanum was historically used to treat a variety of conditions, but its principal use was as a pain medication and cough suppressant. Until the early 20th century, laudanum was sold without a prescription and was a constituent of many patent medicines. Today, laudanum is recognized as addictive and is strictly regulated and controlled as such throughout most of the world. The United States Controlled Substances Act, for one example, lists it on Schedule II, the second strictest category. Laudanum is known as a "whole opium" preparation since it historically contained all the alkaloids found in the opium poppy, which are extracted from the dried latex of ripe seed pods (Papaver somniferum L., succus siccum). Today, however, the drug is often processed to remove all or most of the noscapine (also called narcotine) present as this is a strong emetic and does not add appreciably to the analgesic or antipropulsive properties of opium; the resulting solution is called Denarcotized Tincture of Opium or Deodorized Tincture of Opium (DTO).
in multiple sclerosis
Livedo reticularis associated with rasagiline
Methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine-induced peripheral vasculopathy
Gefitinib
Obstruction of capillaries:
Cryoglobulinaemia – proteins in the blood that clump together in cold conditions
Antiphospholipid syndrome due to small blood clots
Hypercalcaemia (raised blood calcium levels which may be deposited in the capillaries)
Haematological disorders of polycythaemia rubra vera or thrombocytosis (excessive red cells or platelets)
Infections (infective endocarditis, syphilis, tuberculosis, Lyme disease)
Associated with acute kidney injury due to cholesterol emboli status after cardiac catheterization
Arteriosclerosis (cholesterol emboli) and homocystinuria (due to Chromosome 21 autosomal recessive Cystathionine beta synthase deficiency)
Intra-arterial injection (especially in drug addicts)
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome – connective tissue disorder, often with many secondary conditions, may be present in all types
Pheochromocytoma
Livedoid vasculopathy and its association with factor V Leiden mutation
FILS syndrome (polymerase ε1 mutation in a human syndrome with facial dysmorphism, immunodeficiency, livedo, and short stature)
Primary hyperoxaluria, oxalosis (oxalate vasculopathy)
Cytomegalovirus infection (very rare clinical form, presenting with persistent fever and livedo reticularis on the extremities and cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis of the toes)
Generalized livedo reticularis induced by silicone implants for soft tissue augmentation
As a rare skin finding in children with Down syndrome
Idiopathic livedo reticularis with polyclonal IgM hypergammopathy
CO2 angiography (rare, reported case)
A less common skin lesion of Churg–Strauss syndrome
Erythema nodosum-like cutaneous lesions of sarcoidosis showing livedoid changes in a patient with sarcoidosis and Sjögrens syndrome
Livedo vasculopathy associated with IgM antiphosphatidylserine-prothrombin complex antibody
Livedo vasculopathy associated with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter homozygosity and prothrombin G20210A heterozygosity
As a first sign of metastatic breast carcinoma (very rare)
Livedo reticularis associated with renal cell carcinoma (rare)
Buergers disease (as an initial symptom)
As a rare manifestation of Graves hyperthyroidism
Associated with pernicious anaemia
Moyamoya disease (a rare, chronic cerebrovascular occlusive disease of unknown cause, characterized by progressive stenosis of the arteries of the circle of Willis leading to an abnormal capillary network and resultant ischemic strokes or cerebral hemorrhages)
Associated with the use of a midline catheter
Familial primary cryofibrinogenemia.