Second line anti-epileptic medications include levetiracetam, benzodiazepines (such as clonazepam),  lamotrigine, carbamazepine, brivaracetam, ethosuximide, and topiramate.Photosensitive reflex epilepsy tends to decrease with age, especially in ones thirties. In 25-50% of people, seizures may spontaneously subside or disappear. Epidemiology
In 2015 epilepsy was present in about 1.3% of the population of the United States, approximately 3 million adults and 470,000 children. Reflex epilepsy is found in approximately 5% of people who have epilepsy. Photosensitive epilepsy is the most common type of reflex epilepsy, accounting for 75-80% of cases. In addition, reflex epilepsies may show preferential distribution between the two sexes or certain age groups. Photosensitive epilepsy, for example, is more common in females (60% of cases) and is also more common in younger people (7–19 years old). History
Triggering seizures in epilepsy has been a phenomenon that has been observed since ancient times. The Apologia records instances of a spinning potters wheel causing seizures in epileptic slaves. In 1850 Marshal Hall described the role of specific stimuli on causing seizures. Since then, many types of stimuli that can trigger seizures have been identified. The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) identified epilepsy caused by a specific stimuli in 1989 in their official definition of epilepsy and more recently, has updated this definition to recognize new types of focal and generalized seizures. Currently reflex epilepsies are classified as miscellaneous types of epilepsy and are identified by the type of triggering stimulus. References
External links
Reflex Epilepsy Overview Medscape Reference
A study regarding the efficacy of treatment with nitisinone and dietary restrictions found that 93% of people survived at two years, four years, and six years indicating the prognosis of stabilizing the HT1 disease state is positive. Epidemiology
Tyrosinemia type I affects males and females in equal numbers. Its prevalence has been estimated to be 1 in 100,000 to 120,000 births worldwide. HT1 is especially prevalent in the Saguenay-Lac Saint-Jean region of Quebec is one in 1,850 births. The elevated frequency of this disorder within individuals of French-Canadian ancestry in Quebec is believed to be due to reduced genetic heterogeneity within the original founder population for the Saguenay-Lac Saint-Jean region. The initial settlement of Saguenay Lac-Saint-Jean (SLSJ) occurred between 1838 and 1911. From a total of 28,656 settlers, 75 percent originated from the neighboring Charlevoix region. The settling of the Charlevoix region itself started in 1675 when 599 founders of mostly French descent moved to this region from the Quebec City area.Worldwide, type I tyrosinemia affects about 1 person in 100,000. This type of tyrosinemia is much more common in Quebec, Canada. The overall incidence in Quebec is about 1 in 16,000 individuals. In the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec, type 1 tyrosinemia affects 1 person in 1,846. The carrier rate has been estimated to be between 1 in 20 and 1 in 31. History
Nitisinone was first used to clinically treat tyrosinemia type I in 1991. Nitisinone was approved by the European Medicine Agency (EMA) under exceptional circumstances in 2005.