Electromyography of the larynx muscles (larynx EMG), which measures the electrical activity of the larynx muscles via thin needle electrodes, allows better differentiation between a neural lesion and other causes of impaired mobility of the vocal fold and localization of the lesion along the nerve. The larynx EMG can, within limits, provide a prognosis of the development of a recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis. Patients with a poor chance of healing can be identified at an early stage. Unfortunately, this advanced examination technique is not available in all treatment centers. The treating physician must view all examination results combined and establish an individual diagnosis and treatment plan for each patient. Classification
Vocal fold paresis refers to a partial loss of input to the nerve of the vocal folds. This loss of neural input leads to reduced vocal fold mobility. It is a condition with a variable profile, as the severity of the paresis can range on a wide continuum from minor to major loss of vocal fold mobility. Vocal fold paralysis, distinguished from vocal paresis, is the total loss of vocal fold mobility due to a lack of neural input to the vocal folds. These conditions result from continuous damage to the laryngeal nerves and often lead to vocal disability. Recurrent laryngeal nerve damage is the most common cause of vocal fold paresis. The RLN is responsible for motor input to the vocal folds. Physicians may also use the term recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis. Additionally, superior laryngeal nerve damage (SLN) can also lead to vocal fold paresis.
A amoebic liver abscess is a type of liver abscess caused by amebiasis. It is the involvement of liver tissue by trophozoites of the organism Entamoeba histolytica and of its abscess due to necrosis. Presentation
Approximately 90% of patients with E histolytica are asymptomatic. The two most common manifestations of E histolytica include colitis (bloody stool with mucus, abdominal pain, and/or diarrhea), and discovery of a liver abscess on imaging. Liver abscess commonly present as right upper quadrant abdominal pain and fever, with worsening features associated with abscess rupture. Symptoms
Pain right hypochondrium referred to the right shoulder
Pyrexia (100.4 F)
Profuse sweating and rigors
Loss of weight
Earthy complexion

Signs
Pallor
Tenderness and rigidity in right hypochondrium
Palpable liver
Intercostal tenderness
Basal lung signs

Diagnosis
Diagnosis is primarily made by identifying stool ova and parasites on stool antigen testing in the presence of colitis, or E histolytica serology. Blood ceruloplasmin
Haemoglobin estimation
Stools examination (trophozoites and cysts)
Radiography
Aspiration exploratory
Medical ultrasonography and CT scanning
Sigmoidoscopy
Liver function tests
Serological tests

Rodent models
Due to the difficulty of exploring host and amebic factors involved in the pathogenesis of amebic liver abscess in humans, most studies have been conducted with animal models (e.g., mice, gerbils, and hamsters). Histopathological findings revealed that the chronic phase of amebic liver abscess in humans corresponds to lytic or liquefactive necrosis, whereas in rodent models there is granulomatous inflammation. However, the use of animal models has provided important information on molecules and mechanisms of the host/parasite interaction in amebic liver abscess. References


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