In Costa Rica, a national public health organization announced towards the end of August that three children had been diagnosed with MIS-C. Cases of MIS-C had also been recorded in many other Latin American countries, including Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Uruguay, and Venezuela, as well as in Puerto Rico. News of a first confirmed case of PIMS-TS in Australia emerged (from Victoria) on 4 September, along with news of other suspected cases under review. In South Korea, news of two confirmed cases broke on 5 October (and the existence of a case dating back to the end of April was reported in November). A similar condition began to be recognized in some adults. In June, an adult case of a Kawasaki-like multisystem inflammatory syndrome following SARS-CoV-2 infection was described in a 54-year-old woman from Israel with no history of autoimmune disease, who experienced uveitis in both eyes. (A further suspected adult case was covered in the Israeli national press.) A case involving a 36-year-old Hispanic American woman with clinical features otherwise consistent with MIS-C was reported from New York. A diagnosis consistent with PMIS was also reported in a UK-born, 21-year-old man of Somali origin. A case report published in The Lancet regarding a 45-year-old Hispanic man who presented in New York with features strongly resembling MIS-C called for awareness of "a potential MIS-C-like condition in adults." Further reports of multisystem inflammatory syndrome linked to COVID-19 exposure emerged in adults.
Further, aluminum is also added to the vaccine serum because it is an adjuvant, meaning it further enhances the immune response.The vaccines polysaccharide sugars are grown separately in soy peptone broths. Through reductive amination, the sugars are directly conjugated to the protein carrier CRM197 to form the glycoconjugate. CRM197 is grown in C. diphtheriae strain C7 in a medium of casamino acids and yeast extracts.The Prevnar seven-valent formulation contained serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F, and resulted in a 98% probability of protection against these strains, which caused 80% of the pneumococcal disease in infants in the U.S. PCV7 is no longer produced.In 2010, Pfizer introduced Prevnar 13, which contains six additional strains (1, 3, 5, 6A, 19A and 7F), which protect against the majority of the remaining pneumococcal infections.In June 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Prevnar 20, an icosavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, which includes the serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 8, 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 18C, 19A, 19F, 22F, 23F, and 33F for adults 18 years of age and older. As of August 2022, seven serotypes remain experimental and were authorized only under "accelerated approval" by FDA, based on opsonophagocytic activity ("OPA") assay. Maintenance of this approval is ongoing and "may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in a confirmatory trial. "In February 2022, the European Medicines Agency Approves Pfizers Prevnar 20 (PVC20) under the brand name Apexxnar. Synflorix
Synflorix (PCV10) is produced by GlaxoSmithKline.