Saskatchewans pharmacy college is considering enacting a similar ban to Manitobas.On 9 May 2019, the Canadian Pharmacists Association wrote to Health Canada proposing regulations amending the NCR, the BOTSR, and the FDR - Part G, which included requiring that all products containing codeine be available by prescription only.New safety measures were issued by Health Canada on July 28, 2016; "codeine should no longer be used (contraindicated) in patients under 18 years of age to treat pain after surgery to remove tonsils or adenoids, as these patients are more susceptible to the risk of serious breathing problems. Codeine (prescription and non-prescription) is already not recommended for children under the age of 12, for any use." Denmark
In Denmark codeine is sold over the counter in dosages up to 9.6 mg (with aspirin, brand name Kodimagnyl); anything stronger requires a prescription. Estonia
In Estonia codeine is sold over the counter in dosages up to 8 mg (with paracetamol, brand name Co-Codamol). France
In France, most preparations containing codeine only began requiring a doctors prescription in 2017. Products containing codeine include Néocodion (codeine and camphor), Tussipax (ethylmorphine and codeine), Paderyl (codeine alone), Codoliprane (codeine with paracetamol), Prontalgine and Migralgine (codeine, paracetamol and caffeine). The 2017 law change made a prescription mandatory for all codeine products, along with those containing ethylmorphine and dextromethorphan. Germany, Switzerland and Austria
Codeine is listed under the Betäubungsmittelgesetz in Germany and the similarly named narcotics and controlled substances law in Switzerland.
Tourette syndrome is the more severe expression of a spectrum of tic disorders, which are thought to be due to the same genetic vulnerability. Nevertheless, most cases of Tourette syndrome are not severe. Although a significant amount of investigative work indicates genetic linkage of the various tic disorders, further study is needed to confirm the relationship. History
DSM-IV-TR
In the fourth revision of the DSM (DSM-IV-TR), tic disorders were classified  as follows:
Transient tic disorder consisted of multiple motor and/or phonic tics with duration of at least 4 weeks, but less than 12 months. Chronic tic disorder was either single or multiple motor or phonic tics, but not both, which were present for more than a year. Tourette syndrome was diagnosed when both motor and phonic tics were present for more than a year. Tic disorder NOS was diagnosed when tics were present, but did not meet the criteria for any specific tic disorder. From DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5
DSM-5 was published in 2013, updating DSM-IV-TR, which was published in 2000. The following changes were made:
The word stereotyped was removed from tic definition: stereotypies and stereotypic movement disorder are frequently misdiagnosed as tics or Tourette syndrome. The definition of tic was made consistent for all tic disorders, and the word stereotyped was removed to help distinguish between stereotypies (common in autism spectrum disorders) and tic disorders.