In the United States the spread to two medical workers treating infected patients prompted criticism of inadequate training and procedures.Human-to-human transmission of EBOV through the air has not been reported to occur during EVD outbreaks, and airborne transmission has only been demonstrated in very strict laboratory conditions, and then only from pigs to primates, but not from primates to primates. Spread of EBOV by water, or food other than bushmeat, has not been observed. No spread by mosquitos or other insects has been reported. Other possible methods of transmission are being studied.Airborne transmission among humans is theoretically possible due to the presence of Ebola virus particles in saliva, which can be discharged into the air with a cough or sneeze, but observational data from previous epidemics suggests the actual risk of airborne transmission is low. A number of studies examining airborne transmission broadly concluded that transmission from pigs to primates could happen without direct contact because, unlike humans and primates, pigs with EVD get very high ebolavirus concentrations in their lungs, and not their bloodstream. Therefore, pigs with EVD can spread the disease through droplets in the air or on the ground when they sneeze or cough. By contrast, humans and other primates accumulate the virus throughout their body and specifically in their blood, but not very much in their lungs.
Foster Kennedy syndrome is a constellation of findings associated with tumors of the frontal lobe.Although Foster Kennedy syndrome is sometimes called "Kennedy syndrome", it should not be confused with Kennedy disease, or spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, which is named after William R. Kennedy. Pseudo-Foster Kennedy syndrome is defined as one-sided optic atrophy with papilledema in the other eye but with the absence of a mass. Presentation
The syndrome is defined as the following changes:
optic atrophy in the ipsilateral eye
disc edema in the contralateral eye
central scotoma (loss of vision in the middle of the visual fields) in the ipsilateral eye
anosmia (loss of smell) ipsilaterallyThis syndrome is due to optic nerve compression, olfactory nerve compression, and increased intracranial pressure (ICP) secondary to a mass (such as meningioma or plasmacytoma, usually an olfactory groove meningioma). There are other symptoms present in some cases such as nausea and vomiting, memory loss and emotional lability (i.e., frontal lobe signs). Diagnosis
Brain tumor can be visualized very well on CT scan, but MRI gives better detail and is the
preferred study. Clinical localization of brain tumors may be possible by virtue of specific neurologic deficits or
symptom patterns. Tumor at the base of the frontal lobe produces inappropriate behavior, optic nerve
atrophy on the side of the tumor, papilledema on the other side, and anosmia. Treatment
The treatment, and therefore prognosis, varies depending upon the underlying tumour. While awaiting surgical removal, treat any increased intracranial pressure
with high-dose steroids (i.e., dexamethasone).