Measures of flow rate
According to the kinetic theory of gases, the kinetic energy for a gas at a temperature 
  
    
      
        T
      
    
    {\displaystyle T}
   is

  
    
      
        
          
            1
            2
          
        
        m
        
          v
          
            
              r
              m
              s
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        
          
            3
            2
          
        
        
          k
          
            
              B
            
          
        
        T
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}mv_{\rm {rms}}^{2}={\frac {3}{2}}k_{\rm {B}}T}
  where 
  
    
      
        m
      
    
    {\displaystyle m}
   is the mass of one molecule, 
  
    
      
        
          v
          
            
              r
              m
              s
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle v_{\rm {rms}}}
   is the root-mean-square speed of the molecules, and 
  
    
      
        
          k
          
            
              B
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle k_{\rm {B}}}
   is the Boltzmann constant.
{\displaystyle \Phi _{N}={\frac {\Delta PAN_{A}}{\sqrt {2\pi MRT}}}.}