The frequency of schizophrenia varies across the world, within countries, and at the local and neighborhood level; this variation in prevalence between studies over time, across geographical locations, and by gender is as high as fivefold.Schizophrenia causes approximately one percent of worldwide disability adjusted life years and resulted in 17,000 deaths in 2015.In 2000, WHO found the percentage of people affected and the number of new cases that develop each year is roughly similar around the world, with age-standardized prevalence per 100,000 ranging from 343 in Africa to 544 in Japan and Oceania for men, and from 378 in Africa to 527 in Southeastern Europe for women. History
Conceptual development
Accounts of a schizophrenia-like syndrome are rare in records before the 19th century; the earliest case reports were in 1797 and 1809. Dementia praecox, meaning premature dementia, was used by German psychiatrist Heinrich Schüle in 1886, and then in 1891 by Arnold Pick in a case report of hebephrenia. In 1893 Emil Kraepelin used the term in making a distinction, known as the Kraepelinian dichotomy, between the two psychoses – dementia praecox, and manic depression (now called bipolar disorder).
Sonidegib (INN), sold under the brand name Odomzo, is a medication used to treat cancer.Sonidegib is Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor (via smoothened antagonism). Approvals and indications
It was approved for medical use in the United States and in the European Union in 2015It is indicated for the treatment of adults with locally advanced basal-cell carcinoma that has recurred following surgery or radiation therapy, or those who are not candidates for surgery or radiation therapy. Pharmacology
Sonidegib is administered by mouth. Common side effects include muscle spasms, hair loss, fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea, headache, and weight loss.Sonidegib binds to and inhibits smoothened to inhibit activation of the Hedgehog pathway. Sonidegib is primarily metabolized by CYP3A and is eliminated hepatically. Development
It has been investigated as a potential treatment for:

Pancreatic cancer
Breast cancer
Basal cell carcinoma of the skin
Small cell lung cancer
Medulloblastoma
Advanced solid tumors (including ovarian, breast, pancreatic, stomach, oesophageal cancers and glioblastoma multiforme)
Acute leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia
Myelofibrosis and essential thrombocythaemiaIt has demonstrated significant efficacy against melanoma in vitro and in vivo. It also demonstrated efficacy in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer. References
External links
"Sonidegib". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Sonidegib phosphate". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.