The PCR assay utilizes primers based on the 16S rRNA gene base sequences of human and rodent strains of S. moniliformis (forward primer, 5′ GCT TAA CAC ATG CAA ATC TAT 3′ and reverse primer, 5′ AGT AAG GGC CGT ATC TCA 3′). These primers exhibit 100% complementarity to S. moniliformis ATCC 14674T and S. moniliformis ANL 370-1. The PCR assay generates a 296-bp product which upon treatment with BfaI restriction enzyme, leads to the generation of three distinct fragments (128, 92, and 76 bp), which are specific to S. moniliformis. Hence, this assay can be used to detect S. moniliformis with great accuracy. Prevention
Although rare, the disease is certainly seeing a spike in the number of incidences because of various reasons. The most important among them is the fact that rodents are increasingly finding their way into our homes either as a pet or as a pest. In fact, the number of children who are affected by rat bite fever has been specifically on the rise. Therefore, wild rats should not be brought home and if there is an infestation, appropriate measures for extermination must be undertaken to prevent the disease from spreading. Treatment
The bacteria are susceptible to a number of antibiotics. They are: cephalosporins, carbapenems, aztreonam, clindamycin, erythromycin, nitrofurantoin, bacitracin, doxycycline, tetracycline, teicoplanin, and vancomycin. However, the data suggests that treatment with erythromycin can be less efficient. Intravenous penicillin G (400000–600000 IU/day) should be administered for 7 days and then a dosage of oral penicillin must be prescribed.
Children should receive a much lesser dose: 20,000–50,000 IU, per kg of body weight per day. However, if somebody is allergic to penicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline can be administered as they have also been observed to provide efficacious results. In case of complications such as endocarditis, a combination therapy with both intravenous penicillin G and streptomycin or gentamicin is necessary. References


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