If standard dosing is ineffective, increasing dosages up to fourfold is recommended to control symptoms.The second-generation H1-antihistamine rupatadine was found to significantly reduce the development of chronic cold urticaria symptom without an increase in adverse effects at doses of 200 mg and 40 mg.Allergy medications containing antihistamines such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl), cetirizine (Zyrtec), loratadine (Claritin), cyproheptadine (Periactin), and fexofenadine (Allegra) may be taken orally to prevent and relieve some of the hives. For those who have severe anaphylactic reactions, a prescribed medicine such as doxepin, taken daily, should help to prevent and/or lessen the likelihood of a reaction and thus, anaphylaxis. The effectiveness of topical antihistamine creams against hives induced by cold temperature has not been evaluated.Cold hives can result in a potentially serious or even fatal systemic reaction (anaphylactic shock). People with cold hives may have to carry an injectable form of epinephrine (like Epi-pen or Twinject) for use in the event of a serious reaction.Studies have found that omalizumab (Xolair) may be an effective and safe treatment for cold urticaria in patients who do not sufficiently respond to standard treatments.Ebastine has been proposed as an approach to prevent acquired cold urticaria. See also
Amyloidosis
Cholinergic urticaria, a similar hives reaction in response to heat
Aquagenic urticaria
Diascopy
Erythema
Goose bumps, an unrelated, normal response to cold temperatures
List of cutaneous conditions
Skin lesion
Plaid syndrome

References


== External links ==
He developed multiple tumors of malignant cell nests within his body that had originated from a tapeworm in his intestines. Causes
Hymenolepis worms live in the intestines of rats and are common in warm climates, and are generally found in the feces of rats, which are consumed by their secondary hosts—beetles. The worms mature into a life form referred to as a "cysticercoid" in the insect;  in H. nana, the insect is always a beetle. Humans and other animals become infected when they intentionally or unintentionally eat material contaminated by insects. In an infected person, it is possible for the worms entire lifecycle to be completed in the bowel, so infection can persist for years if left untreated. H. nana infections are much more common than H. diminuta infections in humans because, in addition to being spread by insects, the disease can be spread directly from person to person by eggs in feces. When this happens, H. nana oncosphere larvae encyst in the intestinal wall and develop into cysticercoids and then adults. These infections were previously common in the southeastern USA, and have been described in crowded environments and individuals confined to institutions. However, the disease occurs throughout the world. H. nana infections can grow worse over time because, unlike in most tapeworms, H. nana eggs can hatch and develop without ever leaving the definitive host. H. diminuta
The risk of human infection from H. diminuta is very low, since its main host is the rat.