When predicting CKD progression, old age can be a contributor since there is an increase in renal injury and a  decrease in GFR in those over 30 years old. Also albuminuria, GFR, and lactic hydrogenase are used in determining CKD progression. The use of cystatin C may not be clear since while it increases when GFR declines, it has been shown that some people with SCN have similar levels to a healthy individual. Treatment
Lifestyle
Management of sickle nephropathy is not separate from that of overall patient management. Three-year graft and patient survival in kidney transplant recipients with sickle nephropathy is lower when compared to those with other causes of end-stage kidney disease.Certain medications should be avoided because of potential damage to the kidneys or can precipitate secondary complications. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, naproxen) should be avoided because of the decrease in renal blood flow causing a decrease in GFR as well as causing hemodynamic injury from glomerular hypertension.For hematuria, if mild then bed rest and hydration is sufficient to prevent the breakage of clots and to maintain a healthy blood volume, and possibly antibiotics or analgesics if necessary. If severe, then it is recommended to do an ultrasound to see if there is a complication such as renal infarcts or papillary necrosis.
Jones and D.W. Smith of the University of Washington Medical School in Seattle found a pattern of "craniofacial, limb, and cardiovascular defects associated with prenatal onset growth deficiency and developmental delay" in children of alcoholic mothers, now called fetal alcohol syndrome, It has significant symptom overlap with several other entirely unrelated neurodevelopmental disorders. Physical trauma
Brain trauma in the developing human is a common cause (over 400,000 injuries per year in the US alone, without clear information as to how many produce developmental sequellae) of neurodevelopmental syndromes. It may be subdivided into two major categories, congenital injury (including injury resulting from otherwise uncomplicated premature birth) and injury occurring in infancy or childhood. Common causes of congenital injury are asphyxia (obstruction of the trachea), hypoxia (lack of oxygen to the brain), and the mechanical trauma of the birth process itself. Placenta
Although it not clear yet as strong is the correlation between placenta and brain, a growing number of studies are linking placenta to fetal brain development. Diagnosis
Neurodevelopmental disorders are diagnosed by evaluating the presence of characteristic symptoms or behaviors in a child, typically after a parent, guardian, teacher, or other responsible adult has raised concerns to a doctor.Neurodevelopmental disorders may also be confirmed by genetic testing. Traditionally, disease related genetic and genomic factors are detected by karyotype analysis, which detects clinically significant genetic abnormalities for 5% of children with a diagnosed disorder.