Treatment
One form of LCA, in patients with LCA2 bearing a mutation in the RPE65 gene, has been successfully treated in clinical trials using gene therapy. The results of three early clinical trials were published in 2008 demonstrating the safety and efficacy of using adeno-associated virus to deliver gene therapy to restore vision in LCA patients. In all three clinical trials, patients recovered functional vision without apparent side effects. These studies, which used adeno-associated virus, have spawned a number of new studies investigating gene therapy for human retinal disease.The results of a phase 1 trial conducted by the University of Pennsylvania and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and published in 2009 showed sustained improvement in 12 subjects (ages 8 to 44) with RPE65-associated LCA after treatment with AAV2-hRPE65v2, a gene replacement therapy. Early intervention was associated with better results. In that study, patients were excluded based on the presence of particular antibodies to the vector AAV2 and treatment was only administered to one eye as a precaution. A 2010 study testing the effect of administration of AAV2-hRPE65v2 in both eyes in animals with antibodies present suggested that immune responses may not complicate use of the treatment in both eyes. On 19 December 2017, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved voretigene neparvovec-rzyl (Luxturna), an adeno-associated virus vector-based gene therapy for children and adults with biallelic RPE65 gene mutations responsible for retinal dystrophy, including Leber congenital amaurosis.
Given that antagonism of D2 receptors is more beneficial on the positive symptoms of schizophrenia and antagonism of 5-HT2 receptors on the negative symptoms, this characteristic underlies haloperidols greater effect on delusions, hallucinations and other manifestations of psychosis. Haloperidols negligible affinity for histamine H1 receptors and muscarinic M1 acetylcholine receptors yields an antipsychotic with a lower incidence of sedation, weight gain, and orthostatic hypotension though having higher rates of treatment emergent extrapyramidal symptoms. Haloperidol acts on these receptors: (Ki)

D1 (silent antagonist) – Unknown efficiency
D5 (silent antagonist) – Unknown efficiency
D2 (inverse agonist) – 0.7 nM
D3 (inverse agonist) – 0.2 nM
D4 (inverse agonist) – 5–9 nM
σ1 (irreversible inactivation by haloperidol metabolite HPP+) –  3 nM
σ2 (agonist): 54 nM
5HT1A receptor agonist –  1927 nM
5HT2A (silent antagonist) –  53 nM
5HT2C (silent antagonist) – 10,000 nM
5HT6 (silent antagonist) – 3666 nM
5HT7 (irreversible silent antagonist) – 377.2 nM
H1 (silent antagonist) – 1,800 nM
M1 (silent antagonist) – 10,000 nM
α1A (silent antagonist) – 12 nM
α2A (silent antagonist) – 1130 nM
α2B (silent antagonist) – 480 nM
α2C (silent antagonist) – 550 nM
NR1/NR2B subunit containing NMDA receptor (antagonist; ifenprodil site): IC50 – 2,000 nM

Pharmacokinetics
By mouth
The bioavailability of oral haloperidol ranges from 60 to 70%. However, there is a wide variance in reported mean Tmax and T1/2 in different studies, ranging from 1.7 to 6.1 hours and 14.5 to 36.7 hours respectively. Intramuscular injections
The drug is well and rapidly absorbed with a high bioavailability when injected intramuscularly. The Tmax is 20 minutes in healthy individuals and 33.8 minutes in patients with schizophrenia.