Myopericarditis is a combination of both myocarditis and pericarditis appearing in a single individual, namely inflammation of both the pericardium and the heart muscle. It can involve the presence of fluid in the heart. Risk factors
The appearance of myopericarditis is associated with infections such as acute tonsillitis, pneumonia, and gastroenteritis.Smallpox vaccination has been a known risk factor for myocarditis and pericarditis since the 1950s. In 1983, an incidence of myocarditis of 1 per 10 000 was reported among Finnish military personnel. Among US military service members vaccinated between December 2002 and March 2003 with Dryvax smallpox vaccine 18 cases of probable myopericarditis were reported, which was an incidence of 7.8 per 100 000 over 30 days.A meta-review from 2022 shows that the overall risk for myopericarditis after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine is low. In addition, the incidence of myopericarditis is significantly higher with a smallpox vaccination in comparison with a COVID-19 vaccination. The ACAM2000 smallpox vaccine has been known to cause myopericarditis in some people. Etymology
When ventricular function is normal, the term myopericarditis is used. Cases with impaired function are labeled perimyocarditis, though the two terms are often used interchangeably. Both will be reflected on an ECG.In a different naming scheme, inflammation that is predominantly pericarditis with some myocardial involvement is called myopericarditis, while predominant myocarditis with some pericardial involvement is called perimyocarditis. == References ==
Causes
The specific causes of gender dysphoria remain unknown, and treatments targeting the etiology or pathogenesis of gender dysphoria do not exist. Evidence from studies of twins suggests that genetic factors play a role in the development of gender dysphoria. Gender identity is thought to likely reflect a complex interplay of biological, environmental, and cultural factors. Diagnosis
The American Psychiatric Association permits a diagnosis of gender dysphoria in adolescents or adults if two or more of the following criteria are experienced for at least six months duration:
A strong desire to be of a gender other than ones assigned gender
A strong desire to be treated as a gender other than ones assigned gender
A significant incongruence between ones experienced or expressed gender and ones sexual characteristics
A strong desire for the sexual characteristics of a gender other than ones assigned gender
A strong desire to be rid of ones sexual characteristics due to incongruence with ones experienced or expressed gender
A strong conviction that one has the typical reactions and feelings of a gender other than ones assigned genderIn addition, the condition must be associated with clinically significant distress or impairment.The DSM-5 moved this diagnosis out of the sexual disorders category and into a category of its own. The diagnosis was renamed from gender identity disorder to gender dysphoria, after criticisms that the former term was stigmatizing. Subtyping by sexual orientation was deleted. The diagnosis for children was separated from that for adults, as "gender dysphoria in children".