Beck CS, used a carotid conduit to connect descending aorta to coronary sinus -the biggest vein of the heart, while Arthur Vineberg used skeletonized LIMA, placing it in a small tunnel he created next to LAD (known "Vineberg Procedure"), with the hope of spontaneous collateral circulation would form, and it did in canine experiments but was not successful in humans. Goetz RH was the first to perform an anastomosis of the IMA to LAD in the 1960 utilizing a sutureless technique.The development of coronary angiography in 1962 by Mason Sones, helped medical doctors to identify both patients that are in need of operation, but also which native heart vessels should be bypassed. In 1964, Soviet cardiac surgeon, Vasilii Kolesov, performed the first successful internal mammary artery–coronary artery anastomosis, followed by Michael DeBakey in the USA. But it was René Favaloro that standarized the procedure. Their advances made CABG as the standard of care of CAD patients. The CABG era
The "modern" era of the CABG begun in 1964 when the Soviet cardiac surgeon Vasilii Kolesov performed the first successful internal mammary artery–coronary artery anastomosis in 1964, while Michael DeBakey used a saphenous vein to create an aorta-coronary artery bypass. The Argentinean surgeon Rene Favaloro advanced and standardized the CABG technique using the patients saphenous vein.Introduction of cardioplegia led to CABG becoming a much less risky operation. A major obstacle of CABG during those times were ischemia and infarction, occurring while the heart was stopped to allow surgeons to construct the distal anastomosis.
In the 1950s, Loewenfeld distinguished between the two types of pupils by carefully observing the exact way in which the pupils constrict with near vision. The near response in AR pupils is brisk and immediate. The near response in tonic pupils is slow and prolonged. See also
References
Further reading
Pearce JM (2004). "The Argyll Robertson pupil". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 75 (9): 1345. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2003.014225. PMC 1739227. PMID 15314131. == External links ==