Alternatively, an antigen of Opisthorchis viverrini can be detected by ELISA test. A polymerase chain reaction test that can be performed on faeces has been developed and evaluated in a rural community in central Thailand. Prevention
Cholangiocarcinoma is typically incurable at diagnosis. Because of this, intervention strategies are focused on the prevention or treatment of liver fluke infection. Prevention can be accomplished through education (by persuading people not to consume raw or undercooked fish), but the ancient cultural custom to consume raw, undercooked or freshly pickled fish persists in endemic areas. One community health program, known as the Integrated Opisthorchiasis Control Program, has achieved success in the Lawa Lakes region south of Khon Kaen.Cooking or deep-freezing (-20 °C for 7 days) of food made of fish is an effective method of prevention. Methods for prevention of Opisthorchis viverrini in aquaculture fish ponds have also been proposed. Treatment
Treatment of opisthorchiasis is usually accomplished with praziquantel. A single dose of praziquantel of 40 mg/kg is effective against opisthorchiasis (and also against schistosomiasis). Despite the efficacy of this compound, the lack of acquired immunity to infection predisposes humans to reinfection in endemic regions. In addition, under experimental conditions, the treatment of Opisthorchis viverrini-infected hamsters with praziquantel induced a dispersion of parasite antigens, resulting in adverse immunopathological changes following re-infection with Opisthorchis viverrini, a process which has been proposed to initiate and/or promote the development of cholangiocarcinoma in humans.
White superficial onychomycosis is an infection of the nail plate by fungus, primarily affecting the surface of the nail. : 305

See also
Onychomycosis
Skin lesion


== References ==