It can help identify conductive hearing loss due to disease of the middle ear or eardrum from other kinds of hearing loss including SNHL. Audiometry
An audiogram is the result of a hearing test. The most common type of hearing test is pure tone audiometry (PTA). It charts the thresholds of hearing sensitivity at a selection of standard frequencies between 250 and 8000 Hz. There is also high frequency pure tone audiometry which tests frequencies from 8000-20,000 Hz. PTA can be used to differentiate between conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss and mixed hearing loss. A hearing loss can be described by its degree i.e. mild, moderate, severe or profound, or by its shape i.e. high frequency or sloping, low frequency or rising, notched, U-shaped or cookie-bite, peaked or flat. There are also other kinds of audiometry designed to test hearing acuity rather than sensitivity (speech audiometry), or to test
auditory neural pathway transmission (evoked response audiometry). Magnetic resonance imaging
MRI scans can be used to identify gross structural causes of hearing loss. They are used for congenital hearing loss when changes to the shape of the inner ear or nerve of hearing may help diagnosis of the cause of the hearing loss. They are also useful in cases where a tumour is suspected or to determine the degree of damage in a hearing loss caused by bacterial infection or auto-immune disease. Scanning is of no value in age-related deafness.
Efavirenz/lamivudine/tenofovir (EFV/3TC/TDF), sold under the brand name Symfi among others, is a fixed-dose combination antiretroviral medication for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. It combines efavirenz, lamivudine, and tenofovir disoproxil. As of 2019, it is listed by the World Health Organization as an alternative first line option to dolutegravir/lamivudine/tenofovir. It is taken by mouth.Side effects can include joint pain, sleepiness, headaches, depression, trouble sleeping, and itchiness. Severe side effects may include depression, psychosis, or osteonecrosis. In those with a history of epilepsy, it may increase the frequency of seizures. Greater care should also be taken in those with kidney problems. Its use during pregnancy appears to be unsafe.It is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines. The combination received tentative approval in the United States in 2014, and was granted approval in February 2018. Its availability and importance is supported by Medecins Sans Frontieres. It is available as a generic medication. References
External links
"Efavirenz". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Lamivudine". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Tenofovir disoproxil". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.