Function of the primary cilium is impaired, resulting in disruption of a number of intracellular signaling cascades which produce differentiation of cystic epithelium, increased cell division, increased apoptosis, and loss of resorptive capacity. Diagnosis
Polycystic kidney disease can be ascertained via a CT scan of abdomen, as well as, an MRI and ultrasound of the same area. A physical exam/test can reveal enlarged liver, heart murmurs and elevated blood pressure

Natural history
Most cases progress to bilateral disease in adulthood. Treatment
In 2018, Jynarque (Tolvaptan) was introduced  as the first FDA-approved treatment for PKD. In a recent long-term study, patients using Tolvaptan had a 6.4% higher kidney function after 5 years compared to standard of care. In 2019, a team of researchers at UCSB found that a ketogenic diet might be able to halt, or even reverse progression in mice, and the results of a first human case series study are showing potential benefit. The results of a 3-month randomized, prospective dietary intervention clinical trial are pending. In addition, recent research indicates that mild to moderate calorie restriction or time-restricted feeding  slow the progression of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) in mice
Patient communities have been combining both ketogenic diets  and time-restricted feeding with a low-oxalate diet to prevent the formation of stones  and early reports show an average of 17% increase in kidney function after approximately one year on a ketogenic, time-restricted dietary regimen.
Most often, the obstruction is a blood clot that traveled from elsewhere in the body. Most commonly, this is from a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the legs or pelvis. Risk factors are conditions that increase the risk of clotting. This includes genetic (factor V Leiden) and acquired conditions (cancer). Trauma, surgery, and prolonged bed-rest are common risks. Covid-19 is a recent risk factor.This obstruction increases the pulmonary vascular resistance. If large enough, the clot increases the load on the right side of the heart. The right ventricle must work harder to pump blood to the lungs. With back-up of blood, the right ventricle can begin to dilate. Right heart failure can ensue, leading to shock and death.A PE is considered "massive" when it causes hypotension or shock. A submassive PE causes right heart dysfunction without hypotension. Cardiac tamponade
A pericardial effusion is fluid in the pericardial sac. When large enough, the pressure compresses the heart. This causes shock by preventing the heart from filling with blood. This is called cardiac tamponade. The chambers of the heart can collapse from this pressure. The right heart has thinner walls and collapses more easily. With less venous return, cardiac output decreases. The lack of blood flow to vital organs can cause death.Various conditions can cause a pericardial effusion. Inflammation of the pericardium is called pericarditis. This is caused by infection, renal failure or autoimmune disease. Trauma can cause blood to fill the pericardium. Cancer can also cause effusions.