Accurate dosing was a particular problem, although people showed no significant weight gain or pulmonary function decline over the length of the trial, when compared to the baseline.Following its commercial launch in 2005 in the United Kingdom, it was not (as of July 2006) recommended by National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence for routine use, except in cases where there is "proven injection phobia diagnosed by a psychiatrist or psychologist".In January 2008, the worlds largest insulin manufacturer, Novo Nordisk, also announced that the company was discontinuing all further development of the companys own version of inhalable insulin, known as the AERx iDMS inhaled insulin system. Similarly, Eli Lilly and Company ended its efforts to develop its inhaled Air Insulin in March 2008. However, MannKind Corp. (majority owner, Alfred E. Mann) remains optimistic about the concept. Transdermal
There are several methods for transdermal delivery of insulin. Pulsatile insulin uses microjets to pulse insulin into the person, mimicking the physiological secretions of insulin by the pancreas. Jet injection had different insulin delivery peaks and durations as compared to needle injection. Some diabetics may prefer jet injectors to hypodermic injection.Both electricity using iontophoresis and ultrasound have been found to make the skin temporarily porous. The insulin administration aspect remains experimental, but the blood glucose test aspect of "wrist appliances" is commercially available. Researchers have produced a watch-like device that tests for blood glucose levels through the skin and administers corrective doses of insulin through pores in the skin.
For more details on the discovery, extraction, purification, clinical use, and synthesis of insulin, see Insulin

1921 Research on the role of pancreas in the nutritive assimilation
1922 Frederick Banting, Charles Best and James Collip use bovine insulin extract in humans at Connaught Laboratories in Toronto, Canada. 1922 Leonard Thompson becomes the first human to be treated with insulin. 1922 James D. Havens, son of former congressman James S. Havens, becomes the first American to be treated with insulin. 1922 Elizabeth Hughes Gossett, daughter of the U.S. Secretary of State, becomes the first American to be (officially) treated in Toronto. 1923 Eli Lilly produces commercial quantities of much purer bovine insulin than Banting et al.