Captive great apes show gross behavioral abnormalities such as stereotypy of movements, self-mutilation, disturbed emotional reactions (mainly fear or aggression) towards companions, lack of species-typical communications, and generalized learned helplessness. In some cases such behaviors are hypothesized to be equivalent to symptoms associated with psychiatric disorders in humans such as depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder. Concepts of antisocial, borderline and schizoid personality disorders have also been applied to non-human great apes.The risk of anthropomorphism is often raised concerning such comparisons, and assessment of non-human animals cannot incorporate evidence from linguistic communication. However, available evidence may range from nonverbal behaviors—including physiological responses and homologous facial displays and acoustic utterances—to neurochemical studies. It is pointed out that human psychiatric classification is often based on statistical description and judgment of behaviors (especially when speech or language is impaired) and that the use of verbal self-report is itself problematic and unreliable.Psychopathology has generally been traced, at least in captivity, to adverse rearing conditions such as early separation of infants from mothers; early sensory deprivation; and extended periods of social isolation. Studies have also indicated individual variation in temperament, such as sociability or impulsiveness. Particular causes of problems in captivity have included integration of strangers into existing groups and a lack of individual space, in which context some pathological behaviors have also been seen as coping mechanisms. Remedial interventions have included careful individually tailored re-socialization programs, behavior therapy, environment enrichment, and on rare occasions psychiatric drugs.
The knees should come in toward the chest while the person inhales, and exhale when the knees are lowered. This exercise can be done in 3 sets of 6–8 repetitions with a pause in between sets. The person should always make sure to maintain controlled breaths.Eventually, the person will be progressed to walking and posture correction while walking. Before the person is discharged from the hospital, the person should be able to perform mobility exercises to the core and should have attained good posture. Prognosis
The death rate of people with flail chest depends on the severity of their condition, ranging from 10 to 25%. A systematic review comparing the safety and effectiveness of surgical fixation versus non-surgical methods for the treatment of flail chest, reported that there was no statistically significant difference in the reported deaths between patients treated surgically and those treated non-surgically i.e. with conservative management methods. The results of the systematic review suggested that surgical intervention reduces the need for tracheostomy, reduces the time spent in the intensive care unit following a traumatic flail chest injury and could reduce the risk of acquiring pneumonia after such an event. Epidemiology
Approximately 1 out of 13 people admitted to the hospital with fractured ribs are found to have flail chest. References
External links
Rib Fractures & Flail Chest at Trauma.org – info, images, and video of paradoxical flail-segment motion