In 1924, one of his followers, Wilhelm Stekel, read the case of a female kleptomaniac who was driven by suppressed sexual urges to take hold of "something forbidden, secretly". Stekel concluded that kleptomania was "suppressed and superseded sexual desire carried out through medium of a symbol or symbolic action. Every compulsion in psychic life is brought about by suppression". Second generation of psychoanalysis
Fritz Wittels argued that kleptomaniacs were sexually underdeveloped people who felt deprived of love and had little experience with human sexual relationships; stealing was their sex life, giving them thrills so powerful that they did not want to be cured. Male kleptomaniacs, in his view, were homosexual or invariably effeminate.A famous large-scale analysis of shoplifters in the United Kingdom ridiculed Stekels notion of sexual symbolism and claimed that one out of five apprehended shoplifters was a "psychiatric". New perspectives
Empirically based conceptual articles have argued that kleptomania is becoming more common than previously thought, and occurs more frequently among women than men. These ideas are new in recent history but echo those current in the mid to late nineteenth century. : 986–996

See also
Portrait of a Kleptomaniac
Kleptolagnia

References
External links

 Media related to Kleptomania at Wikimedia Commons
The positive response to this drug is, in fact, a fundamental sine qua non criterion used in differential diagnosis. Triptans and other abortive medications do not affect hemicrania continua. Classification
The International Headache Societys International Classification of Headache Disorders classifies hemicrania continua as a primary headache disorder. Treatment
Hemicrania continua generally responds only to indomethacin 25–300 mg daily, which must be continued long term. Unfortunately, gastrointestinal side effects are a common problem with indomethacin, which may require additional acid-suppression therapy to control.In patients who are unable to tolerate indomethacin, the use of celecoxib 400–800 mg per day (Celebrex) and rofecoxib 50 mg per day (Vioxx - no longer available) have both been shown to be effective and are likely to be associated with fewer GI side effects. There have also been reports of two patients who were successfully managed with topiramate 100–200 mg per day (Topamax) although side effects with this treatment can also prove problematic.Greater occipital nerve (GON) block comprising 40 mg Depomedrone and 10 mls of 1% Lignocaine injected into the affected nerve is effective, up to a period of approximately three months. Changing the cocktail to include (for example) 10 mls of .5% Marcaine and changing to 2% Lignocaine, whilst in theory should increase the longevity, renders the injection completely ineffective. See 4.2 Posology and method of administration (flocculation).Occipital nerve stimulation may be highly effective when other treatments fail to relieve the intractable pain. Epidemiology
Hemicrania was mentioned in 1881 in The Therapeutic Gazette Vol.