It can cause frequent blockage of the ureter leading to serious kidney damage. In other cases, a small, upper portion of the kidney is congenitally non-functional. Though often benign, this problem can necessitate the removal of non-functioning parts. Causes
Definitive causes of ureterocele have not been found. While the abnormal growth occurs within the uterus, it has not been substantiated that genetics are to blame. Congenital abnormalities of the mesonephric duct in males can lead to the formation of a ureterocele, which often coincide with ipsilateral agenesis of the kidney (atrophic kidney) and seminal vesicle cysts, this is known as Zinner Syndrome. Diagnosis
IVU-shows Adder head appearance or Cobra head appearance. Cystoscopy-shows translucent cyst which is thin walled surrounding ureteric orifice

Treatment
Single-system ureterocele: initial management is usually endoscopic incision of the ureterocele, which can be followed by surgical ureteric re-implantation to preserve renal function and prevent reflux. Duplex-system ureterocele: treatment options vary with the individual and include: endoscopic incision of the corresponding ureteric orifice in case of ureteric meatal stricture; upper pole nephrectomy for a poorly functioning unit with ureterectomy or, where there is useful renal function, ureteropyelostomy. References
Further reading


== External links ==
Cenegermin, sold under the brand name Oxervate, also known as recombinant human nerve growth factor (rhNGF), is a recombinant form of human nerve growth factor (NGF). In July 2017, it was approved in the European Union as an eye drop formulation for the treatment of moderate or severe neurotrophic keratitis in adults.As a recombinant form of NGF, cenegermin is a peripherally selective agonist of the TrkA and LNGFR (p75NTR) which must be administered parenterally.The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication. History
It was developed by Anabasis Pharma, Dompé Farmaceutici, and Ospedale San Raffaele. Research
In addition to neurotrophic keratitis, cenegermin is also under development for the treatment of dry eyes, retinitis pigmentosa, and glaucoma. References
Further reading
Sheha H, Tighe S, Hashem O, Hayashida Y (October 2019). "Update On Cenegermin Eye Drops In The Treatment Of Neurotrophic Keratitis". Clin Ophthalmol. 13: 1973–1980. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S185184. PMC 6789413. PMID 31631965. External links
"Cenegermin". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.