The proglottid can copulate with itself, with others in the strobilla, or with those in other worms. When the segment reaches the end of its strobila, it disintegrates en route, releasing eggs in a process called apolysis. Lifecycle
H. nana is the only cestode capable of completing its lifecycle without an intermediate host. It can, however, pass through an intermediate host, as well. The most common intermediate hosts for H. nana are arthropods (e.g. flour beetles). When an egg is ingested by the definitive host, it hatches and releases a six-hook larva called the oncosphere (hexacanth) which penetrates the villi of the small intestine and develops into a cysticercoid. Infection
Transmission of H.nana occurs by the fecal-oral route. It also occurs by accidental ingestion of an insect containing the cysticercoid. Screening for activity against H. nana
H. nana in mice is used because:
Human infection is easily maintained in mice. Its armed scolex is similar to other pathogenic tapeworms. It corresponds to other tapeworms in its sensitivity to standard anthelmintics,Method:
Mature worms are collected from infected mice. Terminal gravid proglottids are removed, crushed under coverslips, and eggs are removed. Eggs containing hooklets (mature) are counted. 0.2 ml stock soln. containing 1000 eggs/ml given to each mouse. Adult worms develop in 15–17 days. The test drug is given orally; mice are necropsied on the third day after treatment. A standard drug is given. The intestines are examined under a dissecting microscope for worms or scolices. The response is measured bt the number mice cleared.
Neonatal encephalopathy (NE), previously known as neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (neonatal HIE or NHIE), is defined as a encephalopathy syndrome with signs and symptoms of abnormal neurological function, in the first few days of life in an infant born after 35 weeks of gestation. In this condition there is difficulty initiating and maintaining respirations, a subnormal level of consciousness, and associated depression of tone, reflexes, and possibly seizures. Encephalopathy is a nonspecific response of the brain to injury which may occur via multiple methods, but is commonly caused by birth asphyxia, leading to cerebral hypoxia. Signs and symptoms
In neonates born at or beyond 35 weeks, neonatal encephalopathy may present itself as the following symptoms:
Reduced level of consciousness
Seizures (which peak at 48 hours)
Difficulty initiating and maintaining respiration
Depression of tone and reflexes

Diagnosis
Cord blood gas analysis can be used to determine if there is perinatal hypoxia/asphyxia, which are potential causes of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy or cerebral palsy, and give insight into causes of intrapartum fetal distress. Cord blood gas analysis is indicated for high-risk pregnancies, in cases where C-sections occurred due to fetal compromise, if there were abnormal fetal heart rate patterns, Apgar scores of 3 or lower, intrapartum fever, or multifetal gestation.Evidence of brain injury related to the hypoxic-ischemic events that cause neonatal encephalopathy can be seen with brain MRIs, CTs, magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging or ultrasounds. Neonatal encephalopathy may be assessed using Sarnat staging. Brain MRI is usually performed within eight days of life.