There is also evidence for the validity of a genetic component contributing to blood-injection-injury phobias and animal phobias, although this evidence did not support the idea that other specific phobias had genetic influence. Blood-injection-injury phobias are also believed to be the most heritable among specific phobias.The classical conditioning model of learning has also been used to suggest that a phobia will be learned when an event that causes a fear or anxiety reaction is paired with a neutral event. An example of this model is when being near a dog (neutral event) is paired with the emotional experience of being bitten by a dog, resulting in a chronic fear which is described as a specific phobia to dogs. An alternative proposed mechanism of association is through observational learning. According to this theory, a person may internalize another persons fears about a specific object or situation through observation of their reactions. Diagnosis
Diagnosis in the ICD or the DSM requires a marked fear, anxiety or avoidance that is long-lasting (greater than six months) and consistently occurs in the presence of the feared object or situation. The DSM-5 that the fears should be out of proportion to the danger posed, compared to the ICD-10 which specifies that the symptoms must be excessive or unreasonable. Minor differences have persisted between the ICD-11 and DSM-5.In the DSM-5, there are several types which specific phobia can be classified under:

Animal type – Including fear of spiders (arachnophobia), insects (entomophobia), or dogs (cynophobia).
A subconjunctival bleeding initially appears bright-red underneath the transparent conjunctiva. Later, the bleeding may spread and become green or yellow as the hemoglobin is metabolized. It usually disappears within 2 weeks. Causes
Mechanical
Increased venous pressure (e.g. extreme g-force, straining, vomiting, choking, coughing or strangling) or from straining due to constipation
External pressure changes:Atmospheric pressure changes due to aircraft altitude changes. Mask squeeze from diving without equalizing mask pressure during descent or from diving deeply in water
Eye injury
Head injury
Laser eye surgery or other eye surgery
Zygoma fracture (results in lateral subconjunctival bleeding)
Medical conditions that cause increased venous pressure:
Whooping cough or other extreme sneezing or coughing
Severe hypertension
Medical conditions that affect blood or blood vessels:
Certain infections of the outside of the eye (conjunctivitis) where a virus or a bacterium weaken the walls of small blood vessels under the conjunctiva
Coagulation disorder (congenital or acquired) including Ebola
Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (caused by Enterovirus 70 or Coxsackie A virus)
LeptospirosisSubconjunctival bleeding in infants may be associated with scurvy (a vitamin C deficiency),abuse or traumatic asphyxia syndrome. Diagnosis
Diagnosis is by visual inspection, by noting the typical finding of bright red discoloration confined to the white portion (sclera) of the eye. Management
A subconjunctival bleeding is typically a self-limiting condition that requires no treatment unless there is evidence of an eye infection or there has been significant eye trauma. Artificial tears may be applied four to six times a day if the eye feels dry or scratchy. The elective use of aspirin is typically discouraged. References


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