Other symptoms include change in voice (weak, hoarse, high-pitched), atrophy of gonads leading to reduced fertility, bilateral cataracts (clouding of lens), premature arteriosclerosis (thickening and loss of elasticity of arteries), calcinosis (calcium deposits in blood vessels), atherosclerosis (blockage of blood vessels), type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis (loss of bone mass), telangiectasia, and malignancies. The prevalence of rare cancers, such as meningiomas, are increased in individuals with Werner syndrome. Gene expression
Gene transcription changes found in WS cells are strikingly similar to those observed in normal aging. At the level of gene expression, WRN protein deficiency causes changes in the pattern of gene expression that markedly resemble those of normal old age. DNA methylation
The blood of WS patients exhibits accelerated DNA methylation changes that are similar to those observed in normal aging according to a molecular biomarker of aging known as epigenetic clock. Diagnosis and clinical symptoms
The mutation in the WRN gene that causes Werner syndrome is autosomal and recessive, meaning that sufferers must inherit a copy of the gene from each parent. Patients display rapid premature aging beginning in young adulthood, usually in their early twenties. Diagnosis is based on six cardinal symptoms: premature graying of the hair or hair loss, presence of bilateral cataracts, atrophied or tight skin, soft tissue calcification, sharp facial features, and an abnormal, high-pitched voice. Patients are generally short-statured due to absence of the adolescent growth spurt. Patients also display decreased fertility. The most common symptom of the six is premature graying and loss of hair.
Tolnaftate (INN) is a synthetic thiocarbamate used as an anti-fungal agent that may be sold  without medical prescription in most jurisdictions. It is supplied as a cream, powder, spray, liquid, and liquid aerosol. Tolnaftate is used to treat fungal conditions such as jock itch, athletes foot and ringworm. Mechanism
Although the exact mechanism of action is not entirely known, it is believed to inhibit squalene epoxidase, an important enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of ergosterol (a key component of the fungal cell membrane) in a similar way to terbinafine. Uses
Tolnaftate has been found to be generally slightly less effective than azoles when used to treat tinea pedis (athletes foot). It is, however, useful when dealing with ringworm, especially when passed from pets to humans. Side effects
Side effects that may occur include:
allergic reactions like:
skin rash
itching or hives
swelling of the face, lips, or tongue
inflammation, redness, or pain at the affected areaLess severe side effects include:
dry skin
mild skin irritation, burning, or itching at the affected area

See also
Liranaftate, a similar thiocarbamate antifungal

References
External links
Medlines entry for tolnaftate