Unfortunately, posterior vaginal wall prolapse occurred in some patients even though the anterior repair was successful.In 1955, using mesh to support pelvic structures came into use. In 1970, tissue from pigs began to be used to strengthen the anterior vaginal wall in surgery. Beginning in 1976, improvement in suturing began along with the surgical removal of the vagina being used to treat prolapse of the bladder. In 1991, assumptions about the detailed anatomy of the pelvic support structures began to be questioned regarding the existence of some pelvic structures and the non-existence of others. More recently, the use of stem cells, robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery are being used to treat cystocele. See also
Hysterectomy
Fecal incontinence
Sigmoidocele
Urethropexy

References
Further reading
Using splinting to support and diminish pain while coughing, Craven and Hirnles Fundamentals of Nursing: Human Health and Function, 6th edition

External links
Cystocele, Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Theta toxin (Θ-toxin)Theta toxin is also employed by Clostridium perfingens as a virulence factor. Theta toxin also promotes vascular degradation as its counterpart alpha toxin. A platelet-activation factor is employed which triggers an acute inflammatory response in nearby tissues. This inflammatory response leads to constriction of surrounding arteries and promotes an anaerobic environment for Clostridium perfingens growth and pathophysiology. Beta toxin (β-toxin)Beta toxin is an integral virulence factor in promoting enterocolitics and enterotoxemia. This toxin uses pores in the cellular biolipid membrane to import a pathogenic factor into organisms. Pathophysiology
Gas gangrene is caused by exotoxin-producing Clostridium species (most often C. perfringens, and C. novyi, but less commonly C. septicum or C. ramnosum), which are mostly found in soil, but also found as normal gut flora, and other anaerobes (e.g., Bacteroides and anaerobic streptococci).Bacterium of the Clostridial species produce two toxins: alpha and theta toxins, which cause necrotizing damage to tissues.Other organisms may occasionally cause gas gangrene (for example, Klebsiella pneumoniae in the context of diabetes).A gas composition of 5.9% hydrogen, 3.4% carbon dioxide, 74.5% nitrogen, and 16.1% oxygen was reported in one clinical case.Myonecrosis differs slightly from other types of necrosis. While the underlying causes are almost identical, the type of affected tissue (in particular, muscle tissue) is significantly more important for the patients general health. Superficial necrosis is unsightly and can lead to unattractive scarring, but otherwise does not affect the patients likelihood of survival or physical capability to the same extent.