Ecotourism can help bring in revenue for indigenous peoples.However, there needs to be a proper business plan and organizational structure, which helps to ensure that the generated money from ecotourism indeed flows towards the Indigenous peoples themselves, and the protection of the Indigenous territory. Debates around ecotourism focus on how profits off of Indigenous lands are enjoyed by international tourist companies, who do not share back with the people to whom those lands belong. Ecotourism offers a tourist-appealing experience of the landscape and environment, one that is different from the experience of the residents; it commodifies the lives of Indigenous people and their land which is not fair to its inhabitants.Indigenous territories are managed by governmental services (i.e. FUNAI in Brazil, ...) and these governmental services can thus decide whether or not to implement ecotourism in these Indigenous territories. Ecotourism can also bring in employment to the local people (which may be Indigenous people). Protected areas for instance require park rangers, and staff to maintain and operate the ecolodges and accommodation used by tourists. Also the traditional culture can act as a tourist attraction, and can create a source of revenue by asking payment for the showing of performances (i.e. traditional dance, ...) Ecotourism can also help mitigate deforestation that happens when local residents, under economic stress, clear lands and create smallholder plots to grow cash crops. Such land clearing hurts the environment. Ecotourism can be a sustainable and job-creating alternative for local populations.
Crizanlizumab, sold under the brand name Adakveo & Ryverna both by Novartis, is a monoclonal antibody medication that binds to P-selectin. It is a drug used to reduce the frequency of vaso-occlusive crisis in people aged 16 years and older who have sickle cell anemia. Vaso-occlusive crisis is a common and painful complication of sickle cell disease that occurs when blood circulation is obstructed by sickled red blood cells (red cells are usually round and flexible, but sometimes many red cells in a person with sickle cell anemia will become rigid and crescent-shaped due to polymerization of hemoglobin).The result of the Phase II SUSTAIN clinical trial was published in December 2016, and in November 2019, crizanlizumab-tmca was approved in the United States. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication. Pathophysiology
P-selectin molecules are present on the surface of activated platelets and vascular endothelial cells and have been linked to sickle cell vaso-occlusive crises. History
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved crizanlizumab based on evidence from one clinical trial (Trial 1/NCT01895361) of 132 patients with sickle cell diseases who had a history of vaso-occlusive crisis. The trial was conducted at 60 sites in the United States, Brazil and Jamaica.The FDA granted the application for crizanlizumab-tmca priority review, breakthrough therapy designation, and orphan drug designation. The FDA granted approval of Adakveo to Novartis. References
External links
"Crizanlizumab". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.