Other sources include the leaves of yaupon holly, South American holly yerba mate, and Amazonian holly guayusa; and seeds from Amazonian maple guarana berries. Temperate climates around the world have produced unrelated caffeine-containing plants. Caffeine in plants acts as a natural pesticide: it can paralyze and kill predator insects feeding on the plant. High caffeine levels are found in coffee seedlings when they are developing foliage and lack mechanical protection. In addition, high caffeine levels are found in the surrounding soil of coffee seedlings, which inhibits seed germination of nearby coffee seedlings, thus giving seedlings with the highest caffeine levels fewer competitors for existing resources for survival. Caffeine is stored in tea leaves in two places. Firstly, in the cell vacuoles where it is complexed with polyphenols. This caffeine probably is released into the mouth parts of insects, to discourage herbivory. Secondly, around the vascular bundles, where it probably inhibits pathogenic fungi from entering and colonizing the vascular bundles. Caffeine in nectar may improve the reproductive success of the pollen producing plants by enhancing the reward memory of pollinators such as honey bees.The differing perceptions in the effects of ingesting beverages made from various plants containing caffeine could be explained by the fact that these beverages also contain varying mixtures of other methylxanthine alkaloids, including the cardiac stimulants theophylline and theobromine, and polyphenols that can form insoluble complexes with caffeine. Products
Products containing caffeine include coffee, tea, soft drinks ("colas"), energy drinks, other beverages, chocolate, caffeine tablets, other oral products, and inhalation products.
MORM syndrome is an autosomal recessive congenital disorder characterized by mental retardation, truncal obesity, retinal dystrophy, and micropenis". The disorder shares similar characteristics with Bardet–Biedl syndrome and Cohen syndrome, both of which are autosomal recessive genetic disorders. MORM syndrome can be distinguished from the above disorders because symptoms appear at a young age. The disorder is not dependent on sex of the offspring, both male and female offspring are equally likely to inherit the disorder. The syndrome is caused by a mutation in the INPP5E gene which can be located on chromosome 9 in humans. Further mapping resulted in the identification of a MORM syndrome locus on chromosome 9q34.3 between the genetic markers D9S158 and D9S905. Presentation
For individuals with MORM syndrome, symptoms do not appear until about one year of age. From conception to birth, individuals with MORM syndrome appear asymptotic, with no abnormal characteristics. Vision is negatively affected within the first year of life, particularly night vision. Individuals with MORM syndrome experience decreased visual acuity, meaning their ability to see distinct sharp lines decreases. Vision quality continues to deteriorate until age three. Any further reduction in vision acuity is not observed until the individual is between the ages thirty to forty. Delayed sentence processing and intellectual disability is associated with individuals with MORM syndrome, primarily observed at age four. Individuals continue to develop and grow until they are five to twelve years old.