CMV and Zika travel from the maternal bloodstream via placental cells to the fetal bloodstream.Beginning as early as 13 weeks of gestation, and increasing linearly, with the largest transfer occurring in the third trimester, IgG antibodies can pass through the human placenta, providing protection to the fetus in utero. This passive immunity lingers for several months after birth, providing the newborn with a carbon copy of the mothers long-term humoral immunity to see the infant through the crucial first months of extrauterine life. IgM antibodies, because of their larger size, cannot cross the placenta, one reason why infections acquired during pregnancy can be particularly hazardous for the fetus. Endocrine function
The first hormone released by the placenta is called the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone. This is responsible for stopping the process at the end of menses when the corpus luteum ceases activity and atrophies. If hCG did not interrupt this process, it would lead to spontaneous abortion of the fetus. The corpus luteum also produces and releases progesterone and estrogen, and hCG stimulates it to increase the amount that it releases. hCG is the indicator of pregnancy that pregnancy tests look for. These tests will work when menses has not occurred or after implantation has happened on days seven to ten. hCG may also have an anti-antibody effect, protecting it from being rejected by the mothers body. hCG also assists the male fetus by stimulating the testes to produce testosterone, which is the hormone needed to allow the sex organs of the male to grow.
Transplant glomerulopathy (TG) is a disease of the glomeruli in transplanted kidneys. It is a type of renal injury often associated with chronic antibody-mediated rejection. However, transplant glomerulopathy is not specific for chronic antibody-mediated rejection; it may be the result of a number of disease processes affecting the glomerular endothelium. Pathology
It is characterized by glomerular basement membrane thickening (referred to as tram-tracking of the basement membrane), increased mesangial matrix and segmental and global glomerulosclerosis.The differential diagnosis of tram-tracking includes membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (especially hepatitis C), and thrombotic microangiopathies. See also
Kidney transplant
Chronic rejection


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