It has been developed to guide decision-making in chronic venous insufficiency evaluation and treatment.The CEAP classification for CVI is as follows:
Clinical
C0: no obvious feature of venous disease
C1: the presence of reticular or spider veins
C2: Obvious varicose veins
C3: Presence of edema but no skin changes
C4: skin discoloration, pigmentation
C5: Ulcer that has healed
C6: Acute ulcer
Etiology
Primary
Secondary (trauma, birth control pill)
Congenital (Klipper trenaunay)
No cause is known
Anatomic
Superficial
Deep
Perforator
No obvious anatomic location
Pathophysiology
Obstruction, thrombosis
Reflux
Obstruction and reflux
No venous pathology

Management
Conservative
Conservative treatment of CVI in the leg involves symptomatic treatment and efforts to prevent the condition from getting worse instead of effecting a cure. This may include

Manual compression lymphatic massage therapy
Red vine leaf extract may have a therapeutic benefit. Sequential compression pump
Ankle pump
Compression stockings
Blood pressure medicine
Hydroxyethylrutoside medication
Frequent periods of rest elevating the legs above the heart level
Tilting the bed so that the feet are above the heart. This may be achieved by using a 20 cm (7-inch) bed wedge or sleeping in a 6 degree Trendelenburg position. Surgical
Surgical treatment of CVI attempts a cure by physically changing the veins with incompetent valves. Surgical treatments for CVI include the following:

Ligation. Tying off a vein to prevent blood flow
Vein stripping. Removal of the vein. Surgical repair. Endovenous Laser Ablation
Vein transplant. Subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery. Tying off the vein with an endoscope. Valve repair (experimental)
Valve transposition (experimental)
Hemodynamic surgeries.Venous insufficiency conservative, hemodynamic and ambulatory treatment (CHIVA method) is an ultrasound guided, minimally invasive surgery strategic for the treatment of varicose veins, performed under local anaesthetic. Prognosis
CVI is not a benign disorder and, with its progression, can lead to morbidity.
Psychologic
Sometimes stressful life events appear to precede the onset of AFP, such as bereavement or illness in a family member. Hypochondriasis, especially cancerophobia, is also often cited as being involved. Most people with AFP are "normal" people who have been under extreme stress, however other persons with AFP have neuroses or personality disorders, and a small minority have psychoses. Some have been separated from their parents as children.Depression, anxiety and altered behavior are strongly correlated with AFP. It is argued whether this is a sole or contributing cause of AFP, or the emotional consequences of suffering with chronic, unrelieved pain. It has been suggested that over 50% of people with AFP have concomitant depression or hypochondria. Furthermore, about 80% of persons with psychogenic facial pain report other chronic pain conditions such as listed in the table. Diagnosis
Migraine
Dental diseases
Neoplasia
InfectionAFP and AO can be difficult to diagnose, and are often misdiagnosed with resultant inappropriate attempts of treatment, e.g. root canal therapy which may at best have only a temporary benefit, or at worst lead to an increase in the pain. Excluding an organic cause for the pain is the most important part of the diagnosis. Odontogenic pain should especially be ruled out, since this accounts for over 95% of cases of orofacial pain.There is considerable symptom overlap between atypical facial pain and temporomandibular joint dysfunction.The diagnosis of facial pain generally is often multidisciplinary. Classification
AFP has also been described as a medically unexplained symptom, which are thought by some to be largely psychogenic in nature.