Associated conditions
Brain injury caused by trauma
Bleeding into the brain (intracerebral hemorrhage)
Bleeding into the space around the brain (subarachnoid hemorrhage)
Blood clot inside the skull causing pressure on brain (subdural hematoma)
Concussion
Breathing conditions
Low oxygen in the body (hypoxia)
High carbon dioxide levels in the body (hypercapnia)
Cardiovascular disorders
Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmias)
Brain injury due to high blood pressure (hypertensive brain injury)
Dementia due to many strokes (multi-infarct dementia)
Heart infections (endocarditis, myocarditis)
Stroke
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Degenerative disorders
Alzheimers disease (also called senile dementia, Alzheimers type)
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
Diffuse Lewy Body disease
Huntingtons disease
Multiple sclerosis
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Parkinsons disease
Picks disease
Dementia due to metabolic causes
Drug and alcohol-related conditions
Alcohol withdrawal state
Intoxication from drug or alcohol use
Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome (a long-term effect of excessive alcohol consumption or malnutrition)
Withdrawal from drugs (especially sedative-hypnotics and corticosteroids)
Infections
Any sudden onset (acute) or long-term (chronic) infection
Blood poisoning (sepsis)
Brain infection (encephalitis)
Meningitis (infection of the lining of the brain and spinal cord)
Prion infections such as mad cow disease
Late-stage syphilis (general paresis)
Other medical disorders
Cancer
Kidney disease
Liver disease
Thyroid disease (high or low)
Vitamin deficiency (B1, B12, or folate)
Lithium toxicity can cause permanent organic brain damage
Accumulation of metals in the brains
Aluminum
Mercury poisoning

References
External links
AllRefer Health.com. 13 December 2006.
A specific test for parathyroid adenoma is sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy, the sestamibi scan. This nuclear imaging technique reveals the presence and location of pathological parathyroid tissue.4DCT is used as second line investigation to diagnose parathyroid adenoma. In addition to the three dimensional imaging of a conventional CT scan, 4DCT provides imaging on the changes of iodinated contrast enhancement overtime and present them in a video format (from plain imaging to arterial to venous and delay phases). Parathyroid adenoma would show low density on non contrast image, with peak enhancement during the arterial phase, then slowly fade away until the delay phase. Treatment
Surgery is the only cure for parathyroid adenomas. It is successful about 95% of the time. Parathyroidectomy is the removal of the affected gland(s). The standard of treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism was formerly a surgical technique called bilateral neck exploration, in which the neck was opened on both sides, the parathyroids were identified, and the affected tissue was removed. By the 1980s, unilateral exploration became more common. Parathyroidectomy can now be performed in a minimally invasive fashion, mainly because imaging techniques can pinpoint the location of the tissue. Minimally invasive techniques include smaller open procedures, radio-guided and video-assisted procedures, and totally endoscopic surgery.Before surgery is attempted, the affected glandular tissue must be located. Though the parathyroid glands are usually located on the back of the thyroid, their position is variable. Some people have one or more parathyroid glands elsewhere in the neck anatomy or in the chest.