Cutaneous endometriosis is characterized by the appearance of papules at the umbilicus or in lower abdominal scars after gynecologic surgery in middle-aged women. : 628  The size averages to 2 cm in diameter. Its colour ranges from blue to violet, brown or skin-coloured.Rarely, endometriosis may present inside the muscles of the abdominal wall instead of the skin after caesarean section. See also
Endometriosis
Skin lesion


== References ==
Although different diagnostic criteria are published, a commonly used strategy to diagnose patients is to use all three of the following:

Symptoms consistent with chronic/recurrent mast cell release:  Recurrent abdominal pain, diarrhea, flushing, itching, nasal congestion, coughing, chest tightness, wheezing, lightheadedness (usually a combination of some of these symptoms is present)
Laboratory evidence of mast cell mediator (elevated serum tryptase, N-methyl histamine, prostaglandin D2 or 11-beta- prostaglandin F2 alpha, leukotriene E4 and others)
Improvement in symptoms with the use of medications that block or treat elevations in these mediators"The World Health Organization has not published diagnostic criteria. Treatment
Common pharmacological treatments include:

Mast cell stabilizers, including cromolyn sodium and natural stabilizers such as quercetin
H1-antihistamines, such as cetirizine or ketotifen or fexofenadine or loratadine
H2-antihistamines, such as ranitidine or famotidine
Antileukotrienes, such as montelukast or zileuton as well as natural products (e.g., curcumin or St. Johns wort extracts)
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including aspirin can be very helpful in reducing inflammation in some patients, while others can have dangerous reactions

Prognosis
The prognosis of MCAS is uncertain because of lack of studies. History
The condition was hypothesized by the pharmacologists John Oates and Jack Roberts of Vanderbilt University in 1991, and following a build-up of evidence featured in papers by Sonneck et al. and Akin et al., named in 2007.Diagnostic criteria were proposed in 2010 and revised in 2019. See also
FcεRI
Histamine intolerance
Immunoglobulin E

References


== External links ==