Side effects
The main side effect of thiotepa is bone marrow suppression resulting in leukopenia, thrombocytopenia and anemia. Liver and lung toxicity may also occur. History
Thiotepa was developed by the American Cyanamid company in the early 1950s and reported to media outlets in 1953. In 1959, thiotepa was registered with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a drug therapy for several solid cancers.On January 29, 2007, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) designated thiotepa as an orphan drug. On April 2, 2007, the United States FDA designated thiotepa as a conditioning treatment for use prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Adienne Pharma & Biotech (Italy), the owner of thiotepa (Tepadina) applied for these designations. References
External links
"Thiotepa". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) are events resembling an epileptic seizure, but without the characteristic electrical discharges associated with epilepsy. PNES fall under the category of disorders known as functional neurological disorders (FND), also known as conversion disorders. A more recent term to describe these events is dissociative non-epileptic seizures. These are typically treated by psychologists or psychiatrists. PNES has previously been called pseudoseizures, psychogenic seizures, and hysterical seizures, but these terms have fallen out of favor. Incidence
The number of people with PNES ranges from 2 to 33 per 100,000. PNES are most common in young adults, particularly women. The prevalence for PNES is estimated to make up 5–20% of outpatient epilepsy clinics; 75–80% of these diagnoses are given to female patients and 83% are to individuals between 15 and 35 years old. Children
PNES are seen in children after the age of eight, and occur equally among boys and girls before puberty. Diagnostic and treatment principles are similar to those for adults, except that in children there is a broader differential diagnosis of seizures so that other possible diagnoses specific to children may be considered. Signs and symptoms
Individuals with PNES present with episodes that resemble epileptic seizures, and most have received a diagnosis of epilepsy and treatment for it. PNES episodes are nearly indistinguishable from epileptic seizures. The main differences between a PNES episode and an epileptic seizure is the duration of episodes. Epileptic seizures typically last between 30 and 120 seconds depending on the type, while PNES episodes typically last for two to five minutes.