The products of phreatomagmatic eruptions are believed to be more regular in shape and finer grained than the products of magmatic eruptions because of the differences in eruptive mechanisms.There is debate about the exact nature of phreatomagmatic eruptions, and some scientists believe that fuel-coolant reactions may be more critical to the explosive nature than thermal contraction. Fuel coolant reactions may fragment the volcanic material by propagating stress waves, widening cracks and increasing surface area that ultimately leads to rapid cooling and explosive contraction-driven eruptions. Surtseyan
A Surtseyan (or hydrovolcanic) eruption is a type of volcanic eruption characterized by shallow-water interactions between water and lava, named after its most famous example, the eruption and formation of the island of Surtsey off the coast of Iceland in 1963. Surtseyan eruptions are the "wet" equivalent of ground-based Strombolian eruptions, but because they take place in water they are much more explosive. As water is heated by lava, it flashes into steam and expands violently, fragmenting the magma it contacts into fine-grained ash. Surtseyan eruptions are typical of shallow-water volcanic oceanic islands, but they are not confined to seamounts. They can happen on land as well, where rising magma that comes into contact with an aquifer (water-bearing rock formation) at shallow levels under the volcano can cause them.
Atoltivimab/maftivimab/odesivimab was evaluated in 382 adult and pediatric participants with confirmed Zaire ebolavirus infection in one clinical trial (the PALM trial) and as part of an expanded access program conducted in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during an Ebola virus outbreak in 2018/2019. In the PALM trial, the safety and efficacy of atoltivimab/maftivimab/odesivimab was evaluated in a multi-center, open-label, randomized controlled trial, in which 154 participants received atoltivimab/maftivimab/odesivimab (50 mg of each monoclonal antibody) intravenously as a single infusion, and 168 participants received an investigational control. The trial enrolled pediatric and adult participants (including pregnant women) with Zaire ebolavirus infection. All participants received standard, supportive care for the disease. The participants and the health care providers knew which treatment was being given. The primary efficacy endpoint was 28-day mortality. The primary analysis population was all participants who were randomized and concurrently eligible to receive either atoltivimab/maftivimab/odesivimab or the investigational control during the same time period of the trial. Of the 154 participants who received atoltivimab/maftivimab/odesivimab, 33.8% died after 28 days, compared to 51% of the 153 participants who received a control. In the expanded access program, an additional 228 participants received atoltivimab/maftivimab/odesivimab. Regulatory status
The FDA granted the application of atoltivimab/maftivimab/odesivimab-ebgn orphan drug and breakthrough therapy designations. The FDA granted the approval of Inmazeb to Regeneron Pharmaceuticals with an indication for the treatment of infection caused by Zaire ebolavirus in October 2020.The drug has also received orphan drug designation from the European Medicines Agency. References
Further reading
External links
"Atoltivimab". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.