Categories
Specialists separate autoimmune thyroiditis into two clinical categories. If goiters are present, it is understood as Hashimotos thyroiditis. If the thyroid is atrophic, and does not present goiters, it is called atrophic thyroiditis.Autoimmune thyroiditis can also refer to Graves disease, and various other forms of thyroid illnesses. If the symptoms of thyroiditis appear in women after giving birth, it is called postpartum thyroiditis. Diagnosis
Various tests can be chosen depending on the presenting symptoms. Doctors may search for Thyroid peroxidase Antibodies (TPOAb) when a person has symptoms of hypothyroidism, or when a person will be started on a drug therapy associated with risks of developing hypothyroidism, such as lithium or Interferon alfa. This antibody is related to Hashimotos thyroiditis and Graves disease. If the person presents symptoms of hyperthyroidism, doctors are more likely to test for Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor Antibodies (TRAb), and monitor the effects of anti-thyroid therapy, also associated with Graves disease.Doctors may check Thyroglobulin Antibodies (TgAb) also, whenever a thyroglobulin test is performed to see if the antibody is interfering. TgAb may also be ordered in regular intervals after a person has been diagnosed with thyroid cancer, and just like TPOAb, it can be associated with Hashimotos thyroiditis. Treatment
The usual therapy is Levothyroxine. References


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Causes
The causes of hypovolemia can be characterized into two categories:

Kidney
Loss of body sodium and consequent intravascular water (due to impaired reabsorption of salt and water in the tubules of the kidneys)
Osmotic diuresis: the increase in urine production due to an excess of osmotic (namely glucose and urea) load in the tubules of the kidneys
Overuse of pharmacologic diuretics
Impaired response to hormones controlling salt and water balance (see mineralocorticoids)
Impaired kidney function due to tubular injury or other diseases

Other
Loss of bodily fluids due to:Gastrointestinal losses; e.g. vomiting and diarrhea
Skin losses; e.g. excessive sweating and burns
Respiratory losses; e.g. hyperventilation (breathing fast)
Build up of fluid in empty spaces (third spaces) of the body due to:Acute pancreatitis
Intestinal obstruction
Increase in vascular permeability
Hypoalbuminemia
Loss of blood (external or internal bleeding or blood donation)

Pathophysiology
The signs and symptoms of hypovolemia are primarily due to the consequences of decreased circulating volume and a subsequent reduction in the amount of blood reaching the tissues of the body. In order to properly perform their functions, tissues require the oxygen transported in the blood. A decrease in circulating volume can lead to a decrease in bloodflow to the brain, resulting in headache and dizziness.Baroreceptors in the body (primarily those located in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch) sense the reduction of circulating fluid and send signals to the brain to increase sympathetic response (see also: baroreflex). This sympathetic response is to release epinephrine and norepinephrine, which results in peripheral vasoconstriction (reducing size of blood vessels) in order to conserve the circulating fluids for organs vital to survival (i.e. brain and heart).