secondary to radiation therapy
infection
inflammation
ischemia
neoplasm – in such cases, the stenosis is often said to be "malignant" or "benign", although this attribute actually refers to the neoplasm itself. smoking
ureteral
urethral

Diagnosis
Stenoses of the vascular type are often associated with unusual blood sounds resulting from turbulent flow over the narrowed blood vessel. This sound can be made audible by a stethoscope, but diagnosis is generally made or confirmed with some form of medical imaging. See also
Atresia

References
External links
"Tracheal Stenosis Audio and Video". Archived from the original on 2007-01-12. "Symptoms of Urethral Stricture". 20 May 2011. Archived from the original on July 17, 2016.
Differential diagnosis
The differential diagnosis histologically includes rhabdomyosarcoma, granular cell tumor, alveolar soft part sarcoma, hibernoma, oncocytoma, and crystal storing histiocytosis, among others. Management
Surgical excision is the treatment of choice. Recurrences are reported, but this is usually due to incomplete removal initially. There is no role for chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Epidemiology
They present over a wide age range (birth to about 65 years), but within the head and neck region, about 50% of cases develop in patients younger than 15 years of age. Within the head and neck, males are affected about 2–3 times more often than females. == References ==