Common tests would include ethyl chloride test or electric pulp test. Other examples of tests would be laser doppler flowmetry (LDF), pulse oximetry etc. Tender to TouchThe tooth is extremely tender to touch, and it may be high on occlusion as it may be extruded from the socket. MobileMobility may be observed. Radiographic Features
Radiographically, there will be a periapical lesion associated with the tooth. This lesion is normally existent prior to this episode. Widened periodontal ligament (PDL) space is visible. Treatment
For most situations urgent treatment is required to eliminate the pain and swelling. 1) Further Endodontic Treatment
Further root canal treatment is often the best option. Firstly, the tooth should be accessed and thoroughly irrigated using sodium hypochlorite. Following this the canals should be dried using paper points. The tooth should then be debrided, and drainage established. 2) Medications
i) Antibiotics
In certain circumstances it may be necessary to provide an antibiotic. These circumstances include the presence of a diffuse swelling or cellulitis, when immediate drainage cannot be achieved, or the patient has systemic involvement. ii) Analgesics
Analgesics may also be advised for pain control. 3) Extraction
If the tooth is unrestorable then extraction may also be an option. 4) Bite Adjustment
Adjusting the bite may provide some relief but this will not be a permanent solution to the problem. == References ==
The prominent knobs of bone at the costochondral joints of rickets patients are known as a rachitic rosary or beading of the ribs. The knobs create the appearance of large beads under the skin of the rib cage, hence the name by analogy with the beads of a Catholic Christian rosary. Causes
Causes include:
Rickets : Nodularity at costochondral junction (rachitic rosary). Scurvy : More angular costochondral junction with a sharper step-off (scorbutic rosary) and depressed sternum. Chondrodystrophy

Pathophysiology
Rachitic rosary is due to a deficiency of calcium resulting in lack of mineralization and an overgrowth of costochondral joint cartilage. The calcium deficiency may be caused by rickets or other causes of calcium deficiency such as hypoparathyroidism. Diagnosis
Management


== References ==