Signs and symptoms
Of those fetuses that do survive to gestation and birth, common abnormalities may include:
Nervous system
Intellectual disability and motor disorder
Microcephaly
Holoprosencephaly (failure of the forebrain to divide properly) and associated facial deformities such as cyclopia
Structural eye defects, including microphthalmia, Peters anomaly, cataract, iris or fundus (coloboma), retinal dysplasia or retinal detachment, sensory nystagmus, cortical visual loss, and optic nerve hypoplasia
Meningomyelocele (a spinal defect)
Musculoskeletal and cutaneous
Polydactyly (extra digits)
Proboscis
Congenital trigger digits
Low-set ears
Prominent heel
Deformed feet known as rocker-bottom feet
Omphalocele (abdominal defect)
Abnormal palm pattern
Overlapping of fingers over thumb
Cutis aplasia (missing portion of the skin/hair)
Cleft palate
Urogenital
Abnormal genitalia
Kidney defects
Other
Heart defects (ventricular septal defect) (Patent Ductus Arteriosus)
Dextrocardia
Single umbilical artery

Causes
Patau syndrome is the result of trisomy 13, meaning each cell in the body has three copies of chromosome 13 instead of the usual two. A small percentage of cases occur when only some of the bodys cells have an extra copy; such cases are called mosaic trisomy 13.Patau syndrome can also occur when part of chromosome 13 becomes attached to another chromosome (translocated) before or at conception in a Robertsonian translocation. Affected people have two copies of chromosome 13, plus extra material from chromosome 13 attached to another chromosome. With a translocation, the person has a partial trisomy for chromosome 13 and often the physical signs of the syndrome differ from the typical Patau syndrome.Most cases of Patau syndrome are not inherited, but occur as random events during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs and sperm). An error in cell division called non-disjunction can result in reproductive cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes.
Estropipate, also known as piperazine estrone sulfate and sold under the brand names Harmogen, Improvera, Ogen, Ortho-Est, and Sulestrex among others, is an estrogen medication which is used mainly in menopausal hormone therapy in the treatment of menopausal symptoms. It is a salt of estrone sulfate and piperazine, and is transformed into estrone and estradiol in the body. It is taken by mouth. Medical uses
Estropipate is used to:
Alleviate symptoms of menopause as menopausal hormone therapy
Treat some types of infertility
Treat some conditions leading to underdevelopment of female sexual characteristics
Treat vaginal atrophy
Treat some types of breast cancer (particularly in men and postmenopausal women)
Treat prostate cancer
Prevent osteoporosis

Available forms
Estropipate is available in the form of 0.75, 1.5, 3, and 6 mg oral tablets. Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Estropipate is a prodrug of estrone and estradiol. Hence, it is an estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptors. Pharmacokinetics
Estropipate is hydrolyzed into estrone in the body. Estrone can then be transformed into estradiol by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Chemistry
History
Estropipate was introduced for medical use by Abbott in 1968. It was approved by the FDA in the United States in 1991. Society and culture
Generic names
Estropipate is the generic name of the drug and its INN, USAN, and BAN. Brand names
Estropipate is or has been marketed under the brand names Genoral, Harmogen, Improvera, Ogen, Ortho-Est, and Sulestrex among others. Availability
Estropipate appears to remain available only in the United States. In the past, estropipate has also been marketed in Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Switzerland, Australia, South Africa, Mexico, and Indonesia. == References ==