Congenital heart defects include patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, and tetralogy of Fallot. Congenital anomalies of the nervous system include neural tube defects such as spina bifida, encephalocele, and anencephaly. Other congenital anomalies of the nervous system include the Arnold–Chiari malformation, the Dandy–Walker malformation, hydrocephalus, microencephaly, megalencephaly, lissencephaly, polymicrogyria, holoprosencephaly, and agenesis of the corpus callosum. Congenital anomalies of the gastrointestinal system include numerous forms of stenosis and atresia, and perforation, such as gastroschisis. Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract include renal parenchyma, kidneys, and urinary collecting system.Defects can be bilateral or unilateral, and different defects often coexist in an individual child. Primarily metabolic
A congenital metabolic disease is also referred to as an inborn error of metabolism. Most of these are single-gene defects, usually heritable. Many affect the structure of body parts, but some simply affect the function. Other
Other well-defined genetic conditions may affect the production of hormones, receptors, structural proteins, and ion channels. Causes
Alcohol exposure
The mothers consumption of alcohol during pregnancy can cause a continuum of various permanent birth defects: craniofacial abnormalities, brain damage, intellectual disability, heart disease, kidney abnormality, skeletal anomalies, ocular abnormalities.The prevalence of children affected is estimated at least 1% in U.S. as well in Canada. Very few studies have investigated the links between paternal alcohol use and offspring health.However, recent animal research has shown a correlation between paternal alcohol exposure and decreased offspring birth weight.
Econazole is an antifungal medication of the imidazole class.It was patented in 1968, and approved for medical use in 1974. Medical uses
Econazole is used as a cream to treat skin infections such as athletes foot, tinea, pityriasis versicolor, ringworm, and jock itch. It is also sold in Canada under the brand name Ecostatin as vaginal ovules to treat vaginal thrush. Econazole nitrate exhibits strong anti-feeding properties against the keratin-digesting common clothes moth Tineola bisselliella. Adverse effects
About  3% of patients treated with econazole nitrate cream reported side effects. The most common symptoms were burning, itching, redness (erythema), and one outbreak of a pruritic rash. Synthesis
Imidazoles devoid of the nitro group no longer have any antiprotozoal activity, however, such drugs are effective antifungal agents. Alkylation of imidazole (2) with bromoketone (1) prepared from o,p-dichloroacetophenone affords the displacement product (3). Reduction of the ketone with sodium borohydride gives the corresponding alcohol (4). Alkylation of the alkoxide from that alcohol with p-chlorobenzyl chloride leads to econazole (5); alkylation with o,p-dichlorobenzyl chloride gives miconazole. Society and culture
Brand names
It is sold under the brand names Spectrazole (United States) and Ecostatin (Canada), among others. It is a component of Pevisone, Ecoderm-TA and ECOSONE (econazole/triamcinolone). References
External links
"Econazole". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.