The link between SzPD and being underweight may also point to the involvement of biological factors.In general, prenatal caloric malnutrition, premature birth and a low birth weight are risk factors for having a mental disorder and may contribute to the development of SzPD as well. Those who have experienced traumatic brain injury may be also at risk of developing features reflective of SzPD.Other historical researchers had hypothesized excessively perfectionist, unloving or neglectful parenting could play a role. Diagnosis
DSM-5 criteria
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is a widely used manual for diagnosing mental disorders. DSM-5 includes SzPD with the same criteria as in DSM-IV. In the DSM-5, SzPD is described as a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal settings, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by at least four of the following:
Neither desires nor enjoys close relationships, including being part of a family. Almost always chooses solitary activities. Has little, if any, interest in having sexual experiences with another person. Takes pleasure in few, if any, activities. Lacks close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives. Appears indifferent to the praise or criticism of others. Shows emotional coldness, detachment, or flattened affectivity.According to the DSM, those with SzPD may often be unable to, or will rarely express aggressiveness or hostility, even when provoked directly. These individuals can seem vague or drifting about their goals and their lives may appear directionless.
Lethal arthrogryposis with anterior horn cell disease (LAAHD)  is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by reduced mobility of the foetus and early death. Presentation
LAAHD resembles LCCS1 disease but the phenotype is milder, with survival beyond 32nd gestational week. However, the foetuses are often stillborn or survive only few minutes. The movements of the foetus during pregnancy are scanty and stiff, often only in upper limbs. The malpositions are distal. The inwards spiral and especially the elbow contractures are less severe than in LCCS1 disease. Some patients have intrauterine long bone fractures. Skeletal muscles are affected and show neurogenic atrophy. The size and shape of spinal cord at different levels are normal but anterior horn motoneurons are diminished in number and degenerated. Molecular genetics
LAAHD disease results from compound heterozygosity of GLE1FinMajor and a missense point mutation in exon 13 (6 cases in 3 families) or a missense mutation in exon 16 ( seven cases in 3 families). One of the latter cases survived 12 weeks, mostly under artificial respiration. Diagnosis
Treatment
Epidemiology
LAAHD is one of approximately 40 Finnish heritage diseases. Families affected by these diseases come from different parts of Finland, and birthplaces of the ancestors of affected individuals do not show geographic clustering. References


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