General measures should be recommended for all patients, including moving to an air-conditioned environment if possible, avoiding sweat-provoking activities and occlusive clothing, and taking frequent, cool showers. The use of topical antibacterials (including antibacterial soaps) may shorten the duration of symptoms in miliaria rubra even in the absence of obvious superinfection. Other topical agents that may reduce the severity of symptoms include anti-itch preparations such as calamine or menthol- or camphor-based preparations, and topical steroid creams. Caution should be used, however, with oil-based preparations (ointments and oily creams as opposed to water-based or aqueous lotions) that may increase blockage of the sweat glands and prolong the duration of illness. Other agents have been investigated including supplemental vitamin A and C and vitamin A based medications, but little scientific evidence supports any of the above treatments in reducing the duration of symptoms or frequency of complications. In most tropical areas, the local dispensaries sell prickly heat powder, a talc admixture containing drying milk proteins (labilin) and Triclosan to fight bacterial infection. These include cooling menthol to help alleviate difficulty getting to sleep. This is an effective treatment; the powder stays on the skin longer and treats bacteria dispersed into bed linens, providing a reasonably dry refuge area for healing. Miliaria often covers large areas, and generous use of cortisone may be contraindicated for reasons stated on package warnings. Regular talcum powder does not reduce the rash, but can alleviate burning and itching.
Although most causes are relatively benign, Horners syndrome may reflect serious disease in the neck or chest (such as a Pancoast tumor (tumor in the apex of the lung) or thyrocervical venous dilatation).Causes can be divided according to the presence and location of anhidrosis:
Central (anhidrosis of face, arm and trunk)
Syringomyelia
Multiple sclerosis
Encephalitis
Brain tumors
Lateral medullary syndrome
Preganglionic (anhidrosis of face)
Cervical rib traction on stellate ganglion
Thyroid carcinoma
Thyroidectomy
Goiter
Bronchogenic carcinoma of the superior fissure (Pancoast tumor) on apex of lung
Klumpke paralysis
Trauma - base of neck, usually blunt trauma, sometimes surgery. As a complication of tube thoracostomy
Thoracic aortic aneurysm
Postganglionic (no anhidrosis)
Cluster headache - combination termed Hortons headache
An episode of Horners syndrome may occur during a migraine attack and be relieved afterwards
Carotid artery dissection/carotid artery aneurysm/trauma
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Middle ear infection
Sympathectomy
Nerve blocks, such as cervical plexus block, stellate ganglion or interscalene block

Pathophysiology
Horner syndrome is due to a deficiency of sympathetic activity. The site of lesion to the sympathetic outflow is on the ipsilateral side of the symptoms. The following are examples of conditions that cause the clinical appearance of Horners syndrome:
First-order neuron disorder: Central lesions that involve the hypothalamospinal tract (e.g. transection of the cervical spinal cord). Second-order neuron disorder: Preganglionic lesions (e.g. compression of the sympathetic chain by a lung tumor) that releases acetylcholine. Third-order neuron disorder: Postganglionic lesions at the level of the internal carotid artery (e.g. a tumor in the cavernous sinus or a carotid artery dissection) that releases norepinephrine.