At 75% luminal narrowing, patients experience symptoms associated with limited perfusion of cardiomyocytes, especially under strenuous conditions. Under physical exertion, CAD induces chest pain, termed stable angina. Stable angina may deteriorate into unstable angina, marking the initiation of Acute Coronary Syndrome, which may further deteriorate into a myocardial infarction. Risk factors for CAD include smoking, high cholesterol, obesity, and family history of CAD. Primarily, the accumulation of cholesterol in the bloodstream from high-fat diets lead to atherosclerotic occlusion and its clinical consequences. Therefore, preventative measures for CAD mainly involve diet changes. A diet low in saturated and trans fats with an abundance of vegetables, fruits, and grains may lower the incidence of CAD. Peripheral Artery Disease
Peripheral artery disease (PAD), or limb ischemia, affects the femoral, popliteal, or iliac arteries. PAD is caused by atherosclerotic plaques that occlude blood flow to extremities. Once blood flow is impeded, ischemic muscle cells switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism to cope with oxygen scarcity. Anaerobic metabolism, however, is energy-inefficient, lowering the concentration of the intracellular energy molecule, ATP, within muscles. ATP depletion leads to a leakage of calcium into muscle cells, disrupting various muscular components and eventually causing muscle fiber necrosis.Risk factors for PAD include old age, smoking, hypertension, and high cholesterol, with smoking being the greatest contributing factor. This is because tobacco smoke contains potent chemicals that severely increase the occurrence of PAD. Thus, primary prevention of PAD is achieved with smoking cessation.
Acephalgic migraine (also called migraine aura without headache, amigrainous migraine, isolated visual migraine, and optical migraine) is a neurological syndrome. It is a relatively uncommon variant of migraine in which the patient may experience some migraine symptoms such as  aura, nausea, photophobia, and hemiparesis, but does not experience headache. It is generally classified as an event fulfilling the conditions of migraine with aura with no (or minimal) headache. It is sometimes distinguished from visual-only migraine aura without headache, also called ocular migraine. Symptoms and misdiagnosis
Acephalgic migraines can occur in individuals of any age. Some individuals, more commonly male, only experience acephalgic migraine, but frequently patients also experience migraine with headache. Generally, the condition is more than twice as likely to occur in females than males. Pediatric acephalgic migraines are listed along with other childhood periodic syndromes by W.A. Al-Twaijri and M.I. Shevell as "migraine equivalents" (although not listed as such in the International Classification of Headache Disorders), which can be good predictors of the future development of typical migraines. Individuals who experience acephalgic migraines in childhood are highly likely to develop typical migraines as they grow older. Among women, incidents of acephalgic migraine increase during perimenopause.Scintillating scotoma is the most common symptom which usually happens concurrently with Expanding Fortification Spectra. Also frequently reported is monocular blindness. Acephalgic migraines typically do not persist more than a few hours and may last for as little as 15 seconds.