Doppler radar data, photogrammetry, and ground swirl patterns (trochoidal marks) may also be analyzed to determine intensity and assign a rating. Etymology
The word tornado comes from the Spanish word tornado (past participle of to turn, or to have turned, which comes from the Latin tonare to thunder. Tornadoes opposite phenomena are the widespread, straight-line derechoes (, from Spanish: derecho [deˈɾetʃo], straight). A tornado is also commonly referred to as a "twister" or the old-fashioned colloquial term cyclone. Definitions
A tornado is a violently rotating column of air, in contact with the ground, either pendant from a cumuliform cloud or underneath a cumuliform cloud, and often (but not always) visible as a funnel cloud. For a vortex to be classified as a tornado, it must be in contact with both the ground and the cloud base. The term is not precisely defined; for example, there is disagreement as to whether separate touchdowns of the same funnel constitute separate tornadoes. Tornado refers to the vortex of wind, not the condensation cloud. Funnel cloud
A tornado is not necessarily visible; however, the intense low pressure caused by the high wind speeds (as described by Bernoullis principle) and rapid rotation (due to cyclostrophic balance) usually cause water vapor in the air to condense into cloud droplets due to adiabatic cooling. This results in the formation of a visible funnel cloud or condensation funnel.There is some disagreement over the definition of a funnel cloud and a condensation funnel.
Pertuzumab received US FDA approval for the treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer later that year. Results of a Phase II trial in the neoadjuvant setting, NeoSphere, published in 2012, and results of a Phase II cardiac safety study in the same population, Tryphaena, published in 2013. The FDA approved the neoadjuvant indication in 2013. Pertuzumab was approved for medical use in the European Union in 2013. Society and culture
Economics
As of 2016, in the US each cycle of the three-drug combination given every three weeks costs around US$8,500, not including ancillary care costs.In the UK, a NICE evaluation in 2015, made a preliminary finding that the drug combination was not cost effective, and NICE rejected the drug in the neoadjuvant setting in May 2016, primarily because it was unknown if the drug combination provided a survival benefit. This decision was subsequently reversed six months later and pertuzumab became the first new breast cancer drug to be approved by NICE for routine NHS funding in almost a decade
after Roche pledged to provide the drug to the NHS at an undisclosed discount for patients in the neoadjuvant setting and to share the long–term financial risks. References
Further reading
Dean L (2015). "Pertuzumab Therapy and ERBB2 (HER2) Genotype". In Pratt VM, McLeod HL, Rubinstein WS,  et al. (eds.). Medical Genetics Summaries. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). PMID 28520364. Bookshelf ID: NBK315949. External links
"Pertuzumab". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.