These seizures may present in several ways depending on the parts of the brain involved and the persons age. Seizures
The most common type (60%) of seizures are convulsive which involve involuntary muscle contractions. Of these, one-third begin as generalized seizures from the start, affecting both hemispheres of the brain and impairing consciousness. Two-thirds begin as focal seizures (which affect one hemisphere of the brain) which may progress to generalized seizures. The remaining 40% of seizures are non-convulsive. An example of this type is the absence seizure, which presents as a decreased level of consciousness and usually lasts about 10 seconds.Certain experiences, known as auras often precede focal seizures. The seizures can include sensory (visual, hearing, or smell), psychic, autonomic, and motor phenomena depending on which part of the brain is involved. Muscle jerks may start in a specific muscle group and spread to surrounding muscle groups in which case it is known as a Jacksonian march. Automatisms may occur, which are non-consciously generated activities and mostly simple repetitive movements like smacking the lips or more complex activities such as attempts to pick up something.There are six main types of generalized seizures: tonic-clonic, tonic, clonic, myoclonic, absence, and atonic seizures. They all involve loss of consciousness and typically happen without warning. Tonic-clonic seizures occur with a contraction of the limbs followed by their extension and arching of the back which lasts 10–30 seconds (the tonic phase).
Trospium chloride is used to treat overactive bladder.It has side effects typical of drugs like it, namely dry mouth, stomach upset, and constipation; these side effects cause problems with people taking their medicine as directed. However it doesnt cause central nervous system side effects like other drugs of its class. It is pregnancy category C and is excreted somewhat in breast milk.Chemically it is a quaternary ammonium cation which causes it to stay in periphery rather than crossing the blood-brain barrier. It works by causing the smooth muscle in the bladder to relax.It was patented in 1966 and approved for medical use in 1974. It was first approved in the US in 2004, and an extended release version with once-daily dosing was brought to market in 2007. It became generic in Europe in 2009 and in the US the first extended-release generic was approved in 2012.