The term duplex refers to 2 modes of ultrasound scanning being conducted. The B-mode transducer allows for an image of the vessel to be obtained, providing visual cues on the extent of occlusion. Meanwhile, the doppler probe is used to acquire data on velocity and direction of blood flow. Multi-Detector Coronary Tomography (MDCT) Angiography
Traditionally, angiography is an invasive technique which involves inserting a flexible plastic catheter into the artery of interest. A radioactive contrast dye is then injected through the catheter and viewed on an X-ray. This contrast material does not permanently discolor any organs, but simply interacts with X-rays to produce a more precise diagnosis.Due to technological advances, clinicians have begun to use a less invasive approach called Multi-Detector Coronary Tomography (MDCT) angiography. Rather than inserting a large catheter into the artery, this technique requires a small injection of contrast dye using a standard intravenous catheter inserted into the arm, much like a regular injection. MDCT scanners then locate the contrast dye to show blockages within the arteries. MDCT angiography is more sensitive in detecting blockage and subsequent diseases such as CAD compared to invasive X-ray angiography. Treatment
Treatment for arterial occlusion varies depending on the extent of blockage. In severe cases, surgical intervention is needed to remove the blockage from the affected artery. Currently, there are 3 types of surgical approaches, including surgical bypass, endarterectomy, and embolectomy. If surgery is not required, blood-thinning medication may be prescribed. Surgical Bypass
A surgical bypass is a procedure performed to treat CAD.
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), also known as environmental mycobacteria, atypical mycobacteria and mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT), are mycobacteria which do not cause tuberculosis or leprosy (also known as Hansens disease). NTM do cause pulmonary diseases that resemble tuberculosis. Mycobacteriosis is any of these illnesses, usually meant to exclude tuberculosis. They occur in many animals, including humans and are commonly found in soil and water. Introduction
Mycobacteria are a family of small, rod-shaped bacilli that can be classified into three main groups for the purpose of diagnosis and treatment:

Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, which can cause tuberculosis: M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum, M. microti and M. canetti
M. leprae and M. lepromatosis,  which cause Hansens disease, also called leprosy
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are all the other mycobacteria that can cause pulmonary disease resembling tuberculosis, lymphadenitis, skin disease, or disseminated disease. Although over 150 different species of NTM have been described, pulmonary infections are most commonly due to Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), Mycobacterium kansasii, and Mycobacterium abscessus (see image). Taxonomy
In 1959, botanist Ernest Runyon put these human disease-associated bacteria into four groups (Runyon classification):
Photochromogens develop pigments in or after being exposed to light. Examples include M. kansasii, M. simiae, and M. marinum. Scotochromogens become pigmented in darkness. Examples include M. scrofulaceum and M. szulgai. Nonchromogens include a group of prevalent opportunistic pathogens called M. avium complex (MAC). Other examples are M. ulcerans, M. xenopi, M. malmoense, M. terrae, M. haemophilum, and M. genavense.