Developmental dysfluency, or "normal dysfluency", is a lack of language fluency that occurs during early childhood development. It is commonly observed in children ages 2 to 4 years old. This typically occurs as they begin to learn language and communication skills. Developmental dysfluency refers to speech that is continually interrupted rather than flowing naturally. Developmental dysfluency is most commonly expressed through inconsistencies in speech such as stuttering, repetition, lengthening of sounds and syllables, mistiming, and poor inflection.Speech is a complicated skill involving a series of cognitive and linguistic processes that are both sensorimotor and auditory. As children grow, their language and vocabulary grow exponentially. Dysfluencies in early speech are typical as their speech skills develop. The most common form of dysfluency in children younger than three years is the repetition of one-syllable words or parts of words. Words or syllables are often repeated in the beginning of their sentences as they try to process how to form the rest of the sentence. Language dysfluency may be common in children as they learn basic language skills throughout the crucial development stages in early childhood. Developmental dysfluency is normal in children as they work to acquire language skills and semantic/syntactic processing. About twenty-five percent of children experience some loss in fluency in their linguistic abilities. Some children between the ages of 2 and 6 encounter some obstacles in the path to fluent speech. Fluency in a normal child will typically improve around the age of 4. When attempting to master spoken language, children gradually develop fluent speech.
Monofixation syndrome (MFS) (also: microtropia or microstrabismus) is an eye condition defined by less-than-perfect binocular vision. It is defined by a small angle deviation with suppression of the deviated eye and the presence of binocular peripheral fusion. That is, MFS implies peripheral fusion without central fusion. Aside the manifest small-angle deviation ("tropia"), subjects with MFS often also have a large-angle latent deviation (phoria). Their stereoacuity is often in the range of 3000 to 70 arcsecond, and a small central suppression scotoma of 2 to 5 deg.A rare condition, MFS is estimated to affect only 1% of the general population. There are three distinguishable forms of this condition:  primary constant, primary decompensating and consecutive MFS. It is believed that primary MFS is a result of a primary sensorial defect, predisposing to anomalous retinal correspondence.Secondary MFS is a frequent outcome of surgical treatment of congenital esotropia. A study of 1981 showed MFS to result in the vast majority of cases if surgical alignment is reached before the age of 24 months and only in a minority of cases if it is reached later.MFS was first described by Marshall Parks. References


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