Onychogryphosis  is a hypertrophy that may produce nails resembling claws or a rams horn. Causes
Onychogryphosis may be caused by trauma or peripheral vascular disease, but most often secondary to self-neglect and failure to cut the nails for extended periods of time. : 783–4  This condition is most commonly seen in the elderly. Diagnosis
Treatment
Some recommend avulsion of the nail plate with surgical destruction of the nail matrix with phenol or the carbon dioxide laser, if the blood supply is adequate. : 783–4 : 659

Epidemiology
Severe congenital onychogryphosis affecting all twenty nailbeds has been recorded in two families who exhibit the dominant allele for a certain gene. Congenital onychogryphosis of the fifth toe (the baby, little, pinky or small toe) is fairly common, but asymptomatic and seldom brought to the attention of medical professionals. Rather, it is brought to the attention of manicurists who routinely file the clawed toenail flat. See also
List of cutaneous conditions

References


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Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK, Théodores syndrome) is a disease of the eye characterized by episodes of recurrent inflammation of the superior cornea and limbus, as well as of the superior tarsal and bulbar conjunctiva. It was first described by F. H. Théodore in 1963. Symptoms and signs
Patients present with red eye, burning, tearing, foreign body sensation and mild photophobia. Upon examination, the conjunctiva appears inflamed and thickened, especially at the limbus. Pathophysiology
The development and pathophysiology of SLK is not well understood, but appears to involve microtrauma of keratoconjunctival surfaces. This mechanical hypothesis is supported by the increased lid apposition of exophthalmic thyroid patients, who are known to have an increased incidence of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis. Diagnosis
Treatment
First-line treatments include topical corticosteroids and artificial tears. For non-responsive cases, potential treatments include topical ciclosporin A, vitamin A, autologous serum and injections of triamcinolone. Surgical treatment options include thermocauterization of the bulbar conjunctiva and conjunctival resection, typically under rose bengal (RB) staining to visualize affected areas. Epidemiology
Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis tends to occur more often with dry eye syndrome (keratoconjunctivitis sicca), hyperthyroidism and hyperparathyroidism. It is also a rare complication associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Rarely, it may occur as a consequence of upper eyelid blepharoplasty surgery. References


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