Trospium chloride is used to treat overactive bladder.It has side effects typical of drugs like it, namely dry mouth, stomach upset, and constipation; these side effects cause problems with people taking their medicine as directed. However it doesnt cause central nervous system side effects like other drugs of its class. It is pregnancy category C and is excreted somewhat in breast milk.Chemically it is a quaternary ammonium cation which causes it to stay in periphery rather than crossing the blood-brain barrier. It works by causing the smooth muscle in the bladder to relax.It was patented in 1966 and approved for medical use in 1974. It was first approved in the US in 2004, and an extended release version with once-daily dosing was brought to market in 2007. It became generic in Europe in 2009 and in the US the first extended-release generic was approved in 2012.
Measurement challenges
Although prone "functional leg length" is a widely used chiropractic tool in their Activator technique, it is not a recognized anthropometric technique, since legs are usually of unequal length, and measurements in the prone position are not entirely valid estimates of standing X-ray differences. Measurements in the standing position are far more reliable. Another confounding factor is that simply moving the two legs held together and leaning them imperceptibly to one side or the other produces different results.Clinical measurement of leg length conventionally uses the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the medial malleolus. Projectional radiographic measurements of leg length have two main variants:
Teleroentgenogram, which projects the entirety of both legs at the same time. Orthoroentgenogram, which takes separate images of the hip, knee and ankle.On X-rays, the length of the lower limb can be measured from the proximal end of femoral head to the center of the plafond of the distal tibia. See also
Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co., lawsuit over alleged job discrimination over LLI that reached the U.S. Supreme Court

References

Rothbart BA 2006. Relationship of Functional Leg-Length Discrepancy to Abnormal Pronation. Journal American Podiatric Medical Association;96(6):499-507


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