Brachycephaly (derived from the Ancient Greek βραχύς, short and κεφαλή, head) is the shape of a skull shorter than typical for its species. It is perceived as a desirable trait in some domesticated dog and cat breeds, notably the pug and Persian, and can be normal or abnormal in other animal species. In humans, the cephalic disorder is known as flat head syndrome, and results from premature fusion of the coronal sutures, or from external deformation. The coronal suture is the fibrous joint that unites the frontal bone with the two parietal bones of the skull. The parietal bones form the top and sides of the skull. This feature can be seen in Down syndrome. In anthropology, human populations have been characterized as either dolichocephalic (long-headed), mesaticephalic (moderate-headed), or brachycephalic (short-headed). The usefulness of the cephalic index was questioned by Giuseppe Sergi, who argued that cranial morphology provided a better means to model racial ancestry.There are also cases of brachycephaly associated with plagiocephaly. Brachycephaly with plagiocephaly is positional and has become more prevalent since the "Back to Sleep" campaign. The Back to Sleep campaign began in 1994 as a way to educate parents about ways to reduce the risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The campaign was named for its recommendation to place healthy babies on their backs to sleep. Placing babies on their backs to sleep reduces the risk for SIDS, also known as "cot death" or "crib death."
Pyonephrosis (Greek pyon "pus" + nephros "kidney") is an infection of the kidneys collecting system. Pus collects in the renal pelvis and causes distension of the kidney. It can cause kidney failure. Cause
Pyonephrosis is sometimes a complication of kidney stones, which can be a source of persisting infection. It may also occur spontaneously. It can occur as a complication of hydronephrosis or pyelonephritis. Diagnosis
CECT is investigation of choice. Treatment
This requires drainage, best performed by ureteral stent placement or nephrostomy. Surgery - Nephrectomy, if the ureter affects - Nephroureterectomy. If the second kidney is not healthy, only drainage of the kidney or puncture nephrostomy is performed. See also
Pyelonephritis
Nephrotic syndrome

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