Research
Gilead announced a Phase III clinical trial evaluating a single-tablet regimen combining tenofovir alafenamide with cobicistat, emtricitabine and elvitegravir and developed a coformulation of the drug with cobicistat, emtricitabine and the protease inhibitor darunavir. In a 48-week study comparing elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil (Stribild) to elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (Genvoya), the results showed the newer drugs effects to be non-inferior to the established agent, but at much lower dosages and with lower incidence of adverse side effects such as impaired kidney function. The FDA approved the TAF-based treatment regimen for treatment of HIV-1 in November 2015. Genvoya is the first TAF-based regimen to receive approval. References
External links
"Tenofovir alafenamide". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Tenofovir alafenamide fumarate". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Tolnaftate (INN) is a synthetic thiocarbamate used as an anti-fungal agent that may be sold  without medical prescription in most jurisdictions. It is supplied as a cream, powder, spray, liquid, and liquid aerosol. Tolnaftate is used to treat fungal conditions such as jock itch, athletes foot and ringworm. Mechanism
Although the exact mechanism of action is not entirely known, it is believed to inhibit squalene epoxidase, an important enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of ergosterol (a key component of the fungal cell membrane) in a similar way to terbinafine. Uses
Tolnaftate has been found to be generally slightly less effective than azoles when used to treat tinea pedis (athletes foot). It is, however, useful when dealing with ringworm, especially when passed from pets to humans. Side effects
Side effects that may occur include:
allergic reactions like:
skin rash
itching or hives
swelling of the face, lips, or tongue
inflammation, redness, or pain at the affected areaLess severe side effects include:
dry skin
mild skin irritation, burning, or itching at the affected area

See also
Liranaftate, a similar thiocarbamate antifungal

References
External links
Medlines entry for tolnaftate