However, actual evidence suggests that organized, large-scale, militaristic, or regular human-on-human violence was absent for the vast majority of the human timeline, and is first documented to have started only relatively recently in the Holocene, an epoch that began about 11,700 years ago, probably with the advent of higher population densities due to sedentism. Social anthropologist Douglas P. Fry writes that scholars are divided on the origins of this greater degree of violence—in other words, war-like behavior: There are basically two schools of thought on this issue. One holds that warfare... goes back at least to the time of the first thoroughly modern humans and even before then to the primate ancestors of the hominid lineage. The second positions on the origins of warfare sees war as much less common in the cultural and biological evolution of humans. Here, warfare is a latecomer on the cultural horizon, only arising in very specific material circumstances and being quite rare in human history until the development of agriculture in the past 10,000 years. Jared Diamond in his books Guns, Germs and Steel and The Third Chimpanzee posits that the rise of large-scale warfare is the result of advances in technology and city-states. For instance, the rise of agriculture provided a significant increase in the number of individuals that a region could sustain over hunter-gatherer societies, allowing for development of specialized classes such as soldiers, or weapons manufacturers. In academia, the idea of the peaceful pre-history and non-violent tribal societies gained popularity with the post-colonial perspective.
Buschke–Ollendorff syndrome (BOS) is a rare genetic disorder associated with LEMD3. It is believed to be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. It is named for Abraham Buschke and Helene Ollendorff Curth, who described it in a 45-year-old woman. Its frequency is almost 1 case per every 20,000 people, and it is equally found in both males and females. Signs and symptoms
The signs and symptoms of this condition are consistent with the following (possible complications include aortic stenosis and hearing loss):

Osteopoikilosis
Bone pain
Connective tissue nevi
Metaphysis abnormality

Pathogenesis
Buschke–Ollendorff syndrome is caused by one important factor: mutations in the LEMD3 gene (12q14), located on chromosome 12.Among the important aspects of Buschke–Ollendorff syndrome condition, genetically speaking are:

LEMD3 (protein) referred also as MAN1, is an important protein in inner nuclear membrane. LEMD3 gene gives instructions for producing protein that controls signaling for transforming growth factor-beta. LEMD3 gene helps in the bone morphogenic protein pathway
Both of the above pathways help grow new bone cells
BMP and TGF-β pathways controls SMADs proteins, which then bind to DNA
LEMD3 once mutated, causes a reduction of the protein, which in turn causes excess of the above two pathways. Diagnosis
The diagnosis of this condition can be ascertained via several techniques one such method is genetic testing, as well as:
X-ray
Ultrasound
Histological test

Differential diagnosis
The differential diagnosis for an individual believed to have Buschke–Ollendorff syndrome is the following:
Melorheostosis
Sclerotic bone metastases. Treatment
In terms of the treatment of Buschke–Ollendorff syndrome, should the complication of aortic stenosis occur then surgery may be required.Treatment for hearing loss may also require surgical intervention.