Ipratropium bromide/salbutamol, is sold under the brand name DuoNeb as a nebulized solution, is a combination medication used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It contains ipratropium (an anticholinergic) and salbutamol (albuterol, a β2-adrenergic agonist).Common side effects include sore throat, muscle cramps, and nausea. Other side effects may include bronchospasm, allergic reactions, and upper respiratory tract infections. Safety in pregnancy is unclear. Each medication typically decreases bronchospasm and does so via different mechanisms.The combination was approved for medical use in the United States in 1996. It is available as a generic medication. In 2019, it was the 151st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 4 million prescriptions. Society and culture
Since Combivent contains a chlorofluorocarbon-based propellant, its use was discontinued in 2013 in the United States and other countries. This was because Chloroflourocarbons (CFC) are attributed to depletion of the ozone layer. References
External links
DailyMed
Consumer Medication Information from PubMed Archived 2012-12-03 at the Wayback Machine
Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 2007.
Achondroplasia is a genetic disorder with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance whose primary feature is dwarfism. In those with the condition, the arms and legs are short, while the torso is typically of normal length. Those affected have an average adult height of 131 centimetres (4 ft 4 in) for males and 123 centimetres (4 ft) for females. Other features can include an enlarged head and prominent forehead. Complications can include sleep apnea or recurrent ear infections. Achondroplasia includes short-limb skeletal dysplasia with severe combined immunodeficiency. Achondroplasia is caused by a mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene that results in its protein being overactive. Achondroplasia results in impaired endochondral bone growth (bone growth within cartilage). The disorder has an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, meaning only one mutated copy of the gene is required for the condition to occur. About 80% of cases occur in children of parents of average stature and result from a new mutation, which most commonly originates as a spontaneous change during spermatogenesis. The rest are inherited from a parent with the condition. The risk of a new mutation increases with the age of the father. In families with two affected parents, children who inherit both affected genes typically die before birth or in early infancy from breathing difficulties. The condition is generally diagnosed based on the clinical features but may be confirmed by genetic testing.Treatments may include support groups and growth hormone therapy.