In 2013, it caused about 3,200 deaths, up from 2,300 in 1990.In the United Kingdom, 196 per 100,000 males 20 to 24 years old and 133 per 100,000 females 16 to 19 years old were diagnosed in 2005. In 2013, the CDC estimated that more than 820,000 people in the United States get a new gonorrheal infection each year. Fewer than half of these infections are reported to CDC. In 2011, 321,849 cases of gonorrhea were reported to the CDC. After the implementation of a national gonorrhea control program in the mid-1970s, the national gonorrhea rate declined from 1975 to 1997. After a small increase in 1998, the gonorrhea rate has decreased slightly since 1999. In 2004, the rate of reported gonorrheal infections was 113. 5 per 100,000 persons.In the US, it is the second-most-common bacterial sexually transmitted infections; chlamydia remains first. According to the CDC African Americans are most affected by gonorrhea, accounting for 69% of all gonorrhea cases in 2010.The World Health Organization warned in 2017 of the spread of untreatable strains of gonorrhea, following analysis of at least three cases in Japan, France and Spain, which survived all antibiotic treatment. History
Some scholars translate the biblical terms zav (for a male) and zavah (for a female) as gonorrhea.It has been suggested that mercury was used as a treatment for gonorrhea. Surgeons tools on board the recovered English warship the Mary Rose included a syringe that, according to some, was used to inject the mercury via the urinary meatus into crewmen with gonorrhea.
HbC has been described as being more advantageous than HbS because, even in homozygous individuals, it is usually non-fatal. However, in contrast to HbS, it does not prevent malaria due to P. vivax, and is less effective in resistance to falciparum malaria in heterozygous conditions. Homozygous HbC is more resistant to heterozygous condition, or to thalassemias. But HbC mutation  does not prevent the infection. P. falciparum do not survive in red blood cells with homozygous hemoglobins, but can survive in the presence of heterozygous hemoglobins. HbC reduced the binding force (cytoadherence) of P. falciparum by reducing the activity of PfEMP1. Evidences indicate that HbC reduced the level of  PfEMP1, which is required for effective binding and invasion of RBC by the malarial parasite. It has been predicted that with the trend of HbC mutation and falciparum prevalence, HbC would replace HbS in central West Africa in the future. Diagnosis
Physical examination may show an enlarged spleen. Tests that may be done include: complete blood count (CBC), hemoglobin electrophoresis, and peripheral blood smear. Prevention
Genetic counseling may be appropriate for high-risk couples who wish to have a baby. Treatment
Usually no treatment is needed. Folic acid supplementation may help produce normal red blood cells and improve the symptoms of anemia

Prognosis
Overall, hemoglobin C disease is one of the more benign hemoglobinopathies. Mild-to-moderate reduction in RBC lifespan may accompany from mild hemolytic anemia. Individuals with hemoglobin C disease have sporadic episodes of musculoskeletal (joint) pain. People with hemoglobin C disease can expect to lead a normal life.