Participants of the Milk challenge typically end up vomiting most of the milk they consume, as proteins in the ingested milk (such as casein) rapidly denature and unravel on contact with gastric acid and protease enzymes, rapidly filling the stomach. Once the stomach becomes full, stretch receptors in the stomach wall trigger signals to vomit to expel any further liquid the participant ingests. People suffering from nausea may induce vomiting in hopes of feeling better. Miscellaneous
After surgery (postoperative nausea and vomiting)
Disagreeable sights or disgust, smells, sounds or thoughts (such as decayed matter, others vomit, thinking of vomiting), etc. Extreme pain, such as an intense headache or myocardial infarction (heart attack)
Extreme emotions
Cyclic vomiting syndrome (a poorly understood condition with attacks of vomiting)
Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (similar to cyclic vomiting syndrome, but has cannabis use as its underlying cause). High doses of ionizing radiation sometimes trigger a vomit reflex. Violent fits of coughing, hiccups, or asthma
Anxiety
Depression
Overexertion (doing too much strenuous exercise can lead to vomiting shortly afterwards). Rumination syndrome, an underdiagnosed and poorly understood disorder that causes patients to regurgitate food shortly after ingestion. Other types
Projectile vomiting is vomiting that ejects the gastric contents with great force. It is a classic symptom of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, in which it typically follows feeding and can be so forceful that some material exits through the nose. Treatment
An antiemetic is a drug that is effective against vomiting and nausea.
This is done by:
Promoting the rapid exchange of information during food safety events;
Sharing information on important food safety issues of global interest;
Promoting partnership and collaboration between countries; and
Helping countries strengthen their capacity to manage food safety risks.Membership to INFOSAN is voluntary, but is restricted to representatives from national and regional government authorities and requires an official letter of designation. INFOSAN seeks to reflect the multidisciplinary nature of food safety and promote intersectoral collaboration by requesting the designation of Focal Points in each of the respective national authorities with a stake in food safety, and a single Emergency Contact Point in the national authority with the responsibility for coordinating national food safety emergencies; countries choosing to be members of INFOSAN are committed to sharing information between their respective food safety authorities and other INFOSAN members. The operational definition of a food safety authority includes those authorities involved in: food policy; risk assessment; food control and management; food inspection services; foodborne disease surveillance and response; laboratory services for monitoring and surveillance of foods and foodborne diseases; and food safety information, education and communication across the farm-to-table continuum. Prioritisation of foodborne pathogens
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and The World Health Organization have published a global ranking of foodborne parasites using a multicriteria ranking tool concluding that Taenia solium was the most relevant, followed by Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, and Toxoplasma gondii.