When gas gangrene occurs in such regions as the abdominal cavity, the patient can be treated in a hyperbaric chamber, which contains a pressurized oxygen-rich atmosphere. The oxygen saturates the infected tissues and thereby prevents the growth of the obligately anaerobic clostridia. The growth of C. perfringens is inhibited when the availability of oxygen is equivalent to a partial pressure of around 9–10 kPa (compare to 4–5 kPa in venous blood under normal conditions, with 11–13 kPa in arteries and 21 kPa in air at sea level), so if the treatment is started early, this condition can mostly be cured. Prognosis
Gas gangrene left untreated is a potentially fatal infection. Early diagnosis of the type of infection and species causing the infection will improve prognosis tremendously. Preventative measures are employed universally through medical facilities to stymie bacterial infections in patients. Reducing the susceptibility of infection will promote a better prognosis by practicing good hygiene and preventing the contraction of diseases which produce hypoxia or an immunocompromised state.Following resolution of myonecrosis, patients will often require further care following the deleterious effects caused by the infection. Skin grafts are often required following removal of necrotic tissues. Former patients will still require hyperbaric oxygen therapy to prevent a recurring infection. Epidemiology
Clostridium species are found in abundance in soil, especially soil used for animal husbandry. In medical facilities, it thrives when unhygienic circumstances prevail.
Osteosclerosis is a disorder that is characterized by abnormal hardening of bone and an elevation in bone density. It may predominantly affect the medullary portion and/or cortex of bone. Plain radiographs are a valuable tool for detecting and classifying osteosclerotic disorders. It can manifest in localized or generalized osteosclerosis. Localized osteosclerosis can be caused by Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease, sickle-cell disease and osteoarthritis among others. Osteosclerosis can be classified in accordance with the causative factor into acquired and hereditary. Types
Acquired osteosclerosis
Osteogenic bone metastasis caused by carcinoma of prostate and breast
Pagets disease of bone
Myelofibrosis (primary disorder or secondary to intoxication or malignancy)
Osteosclerosing types of chronic osteomyelitis
Hypervitaminosis D
hyperparathyroidism
Schnitzler syndrome
MastocytosisSkeletal fluorosis

Monoclonal IgM Kappa cryoglobulinemia
Hepatitis C.

Hereditary osteosclerosis
Malignant infantile osteopetrosis
Neuropathic infantile osteopetrosis
Infantile osteopetrosis with renal tubular acidosis
Infantile osteopetrosis with immunodeficiency
IO with leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome (LAD-III)
Intermediate osteopetrosis
Autosomal dominant osteopetrosis (Albers-Schonberg)
Pyknodysostosis (osteopetrosis acro-osteolytica)
Osteopoikilosis (Buschke–Ollendorff syndrome)
Osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis
Mixed sclerosing bone dysplasia
Progressive diaphyseal dysplasia (Camurati–Engelmann disease)
SOST-related sclerosing bone dysplasias

Diagnosis
Osteosclerosis can be detected with a simple radiography. There are white portions of the bone which appear due to the increased number of bone trabeculae. Animals
In the animal kingdom, there also exists a non-pathological form of osteosclerosis, resulting in unusually solid bone structure with little to no marrow. It is often seen in aquatic vertebrates, especially those living in shallow waters, providing ballast as an adaptation for an aquatic lifestyle. It makes bones heavier, but also more fragile. In those animal groups, osteosclerosis often occurs together with bone thickening (pachyostosis). This joint occurrence is called pachyosteosclerosis. See also
Pachyostosis
Pachyosteosclerosis
Heinrich Albers-Schönberg

References


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