[H2CO3] is the molar concentration of carbonic acid in the extracellular fluid.However, since the carbonic acid concentration is directly proportional to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (
  
    
      
        
          P
          
            
              
                
                  C
                  O
                
              
              
                2
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle P_{{\mathrm {CO} }_{2}}}
  ) in the extracellular fluid, the equation can be rewritten as follows:
  
    
      
        
          p
          H
        
        =
        6.1
        +
        
          log
          
            10
          
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                [
                
                  
                    H
                    C
                    O
                  
                  
                    3
                  
                  
                    −
                  
                
                ]
              
              
                0.0307
                ×
                
                  P
                  
                    
                      
                        C
                        O
                      
                      
                        2
                      
                    
                  
                
              
            
          
          )
        
        ,
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathrm {pH} =6.1+\log _{10}\left({\frac {[\mathrm {HCO} _{3}^{-}]}{0.0307\times P_{\mathrm {CO} _{2}}}}\right),}
  
where:

pH is the negative logarithm of molar concentration of hydrogen ions in the extracellular fluid.
Damaged ligaments, including labral tears, occurring as a result of posterior dislocations may be treated arthroscopically.There remains those situations characterized by multidirectional instability, which have failed to respond satisfactorily to rehabilitation, falling under the AMBRI classification previously noted. This is usually due to an overstretched and redundant capsule which no longer offers stability or support. Traditionally, this has responded well to a reefing procedure known as an open inferior capsular shift. More recently, the procedure has been carried out as an arthroscopic procedure, rather than open surgery, again with comparable results. Most recently, the procedure has been carried out using radio frequency technology to shrink the redundant shoulder capsule (thermal capsular shrinkage); while long-term results of this development are currently unproven, recent studies show thermal capsular shrinkage have higher failure rates with the highest number of cases of instability recurrence and re-operation. Prognosis
After an anterior shoulder dislocation, the risk of a future dislocation is about 20%. This risk is greater in males than females. See also
Shoulder problems

References


== External links ==