In these patients although the left ventricle is able to supply some blood flow to the rest of the body the overall left ventricular systemic output remains inadequate.In all of these cases blood is unable to be pumped to the rest of the body by the left ventricle. The neonate is reliant on blood flowing through an atrial septal defect to mix oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, and on a patent ductus arteriosus to allow blood to reach the aorta and the systemic circulation via the right ventricle. This is what defines HLHS as a "single ventricle" defect.Due to the underdevelopment of the left side of the heart in utero, the increased afterload causes hypertension of the left atrium, pulmonary edema, and therefore lung damage to the fetus before birth. Diagnosis
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome can be diagnosed prenatally or after birth via echocardiography. Typical findings include a small left ventricle and aorta, abnormalities of the mitral and aortic valves, retrograde flow in the transverse arch of the aorta, and left-to-right flow between the atria. It is often recognized during the second trimester of pregnancy, between 18 and 24 weeks gestation. Management
Medical
Without life-prolonging interventions, HLHS is fatal, but with intervention, an infant may survive. A cardiothoracic surgeon may perform a series of operations or a full heart transplant.
Placentitis is an inflammation of the placenta. The main forms of placentitis are:

Villitis, inflammation of chorionic villi. Intervillositis, inflammation of the intervillous space.It may be caused by vertically transmitted infections. Because of the close proximity, placentitis often occurs simultaneously as funisitis (inflammation of the umbilical cord) and chorioamnionitis (inflammation of the fetal membranes). Chronic lymphocytic placental inflammation occurs in 5% to 15% of pregnancies, and are generally not associated with documented infection. Villitis of unknown etiology
Villitis of unknown etiology (VUE), also known as chronic villitis, is a placental injury. VUE is an inflammatory condition involving the chorionic villi (placental villi). VUE is a recurrent condition and can be associated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). IUGR involves the poor growth of the foetus, stillbirth, miscarriage, and premature delivery. VUE recurs in about 1/3 of subsequent pregnancies.VUE is a common lesion characterised by inflammation in the placental chorionic villi. VUE is also characterised by the transfer of maternal lymphocytes across the placenta.VUE is diagnosed in 7–10% placentas in pregnancies. Roughly 80% of the VUE cases are in term placentas (greater than 37 weeks of pregnancy). A case of VUE in a placenta less than 32 weeks old should be screened for infectious villitis. Chronic histiocytic intervillositis
Chronic Histiocytic Intervillositis (CHI or CHIV) also known as Chronic Intervillositis of Unknown (A)etiology (CIUE) and Massive Chronic Intervillositis (MCI) is defined as a diffuse infiltration of mononuclear cells (histiocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes) of maternal origin into the intervillous space within the placenta.