Therefore, neurosyphilis has once again been prevalent in societies with high HIV rates and limited access to penicillin. Diagnosis
To diagnose neurosyphilis, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is required. Lumbar puncture ("spinal tap") is used to acquire CSF. The Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test of the CSF is the preferred test for making a diagnosis of neurosyphilis. A positive test confirms neurosyphilis but a negative result does not rule out neurosyphilis. Due to the low sensitivity of the CSF VDRL, fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test (FTA-ABS) can be used to supplement VDRL. Reported sensitivity is variable. False-negative antibody test result occurring when antibody concentration is so high that agglutination reaction cannot occur, which is typically seen during secondary stage and can be overcome by diluting test sample 1:10. CSF white blood cell count is often elevated in the early stages of neurosyphilis, ranging from about 50 to 100 white blood cells/mcL with a lymphocyte predominance. Cell counts are typically lower in late syphilis. Regardless of syphilis disease stage, the absence of CSF white blood cells rules out neurosyphilis. Treatment
Penicillin is used to treat neurosyphilis. Two examples of penicillin therapies include:
Aqueous penicillin G 3–4 million units every four hours for 10 to 14 days. One daily intramuscular injection and oral probenecid four times daily, both for 10 to 14 days.Follow-up blood tests are generally performed at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months to make sure the infection is gone. Lumbar punctures for CSF fluid analysis are generally performed every 6 months until cell counts normalize.
In 2017, additional studies were performed to treat Usher syndrome and here, a recombinant adeno-associated virus seemed to outperform the older vectors. Audition
Besides research studies seeking to improve hearing, such as the ones listed above, research studies on the deaf have also been carried out in order to understand more about audition. Pijil and Shwarz (2005) conducted their study on the deaf who lost their hearing later in life and, hence, used cochlear implants to hear. They discovered further evidence for rate coding of pitch, a system that codes for information for frequencies by the rate that neurons fire in the auditory system, especially for lower frequencies as they are coded by the frequencies that neurons fire from the basilar membrane in a synchronous manner. Their results showed that the subjects could identify different pitches that were proportional to the frequency stimulated by a single electrode. The lower frequencies were detected when the basilar membrane was stimulated, providing even further evidence for rate coding. See also
Deaf hearing
H.870
Otologics
Safe listening
World Hearing Day

References
External links

Hearing loss at Curlie
National Institute for the Prevention of Deafness and other Communication Disorders
Global Costs of unaddressed hearing loss and cost-effectiveness of interventions World Health Organization. 2017. Internet archive on 12 May 2020. Deafness and Hearing Loss. World Health Organization. 2022. Internet archive on 9 June 2022 ISBN 978-92-4-151204-6. Occupational Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (6 February 2018).