Transverse temporal gyri (Heschls gyri): found within the primary auditory cortex. Left temporal lobe: processes semantics in speech and vision, including primary auditory cortex. Brocas area: speech and language comprehension. Superior temporal gyrus: contains primary auditory cortex. Primary auditory cortex: processes hearing and speech perception. Globus pallidus: Regulation of voluntary movement. Treatments
Medication
The primary means of treating auditory hallucinations is antipsychotic medications which affect dopamine metabolism. If the primary diagnosis is a mood disorder (with psychotic features), adjunctive medications are often used (e.g., antidepressants or mood stabilizers). These medical approaches may allow the person to function normally but are not a cure as they do not eradicate the underlying thought disorder. Therapy
Cognitive behavioral therapy has been shown to help decrease the frequency and distressfulness of auditory hallucinations, particularly when other psychotic symptoms were presenting. Enhanced supportive therapy has been shown to reduce the frequency of auditory hallucinations, the violent resistance the patient displayed towards said hallucinations, and an overall decrease in the perceived malignancy of the hallucinations. Other cognitive and behavioural therapies have been used with mixed success.Another key to therapy is to help patients see that they do not need to obey the voices that they are hearing. It has been seen in patients with schizophrenia and auditory hallucinations that therapy might help confer insight into recognising and choosing to not obey the voices that they hear. Others
Between 25% and 30% of schizophrenia patients do not respond to antipsychotic medication which has led researchers to look for alternate sources to help them.
Acromicric dysplasia is an extremely rare inherited disorder characterized by abnormally short hands and feet, growth retardation and delayed bone maturation leading to short stature. Most cases have occurred randomly for no apparent reason (sporadically). However, autosomal dominant inheritance has not been ruled out. The disorder is different (but similar to) from other syndromic entities such as geleophysic dysplasia, Weill-Marchesani syndrome, and Myhre syndrome. Genetics
This condition has been associated with mutations in the Fibrillin 1 (FBN1) gene.Mutations in this gene have also been associated with stiff skin syndrome, Marfan syndrome and its variant Marfanoid–progeroid–lipodystrophy syndrome, autosomal dominant Weill-Marchesani syndrome, isolated ectopia lentis, MASS phenotype, and Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome. References
External links
GeneReview/NIH/UW entry on Geleophysic Dysplasia