Males: nearly 80% of drowning victims are male. Minorities: the fatal unintentional drowning rate for African Americans above the age of 29 between 1999 and 2010 was significantly higher than that of whites above the age of 29. The fatal drowning rate of African American children of ages from five to fourteen is almost three times that of white children in the same age range, and 5.5 times higher in swimming pools. These disparities might be associated with a lack of basic swimming skills in some minority populations. Free-diving
Some additional causes of drowning can also happen during freediving activities:

Ascent blackout, also called deep water blackout, is caused by hypoxia during ascent from depth. The partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs under pressure at the bottom of a deep free dive is adequate to support consciousness but drops below the blackout threshold as the water pressure decreases on the ascent. It usually strikes upon arriving near the surface as the pressure approaches normal atmospheric pressure. Shallow water blackout – caused by hyperventilation prior to swimming or diving. The primary urge to breathe is triggered by rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the bloodstream. The body detects CO2 levels very accurately and relies on this to control breathing. Hyperventilation reduces the carbon dioxide content of the blood but leaves the diver susceptible to a sudden loss of consciousness without warning from hypoxia.
In cases where a patient presents SIgAD and another condition which is treatable with IVIG, then a physician may treat the other condition with IVIG. The use of IVIG to treat SIgAD without first demonstrating an impairment of specific antibody formation is not recommended. Prognosis
Prognosis is excellent, although there is an association with autoimmune disease. Of note, selective IgA deficiency can complicate the diagnosis of one such condition, celiac disease, as the deficiency masks the high levels of certain IgA antibodies usually seen in celiac disease.As opposed to the related condition CVID, selective IgA deficiency is not associated with an increased risk of cancer.Patients with Selective IgA deficiency rarely have severe reactions to blood transfusions. Although Selective IgA deficiency is common, severe reactions to blood transfusions are very rare. People with selective IgA deficiency do not require special blood products unless they have a history of a severe allergic reaction to a blood transfusion. Epidemiology
Prevalence varies by population, but is on the order of 1 in 100 to 1 in 1000 people, making it relatively common for a genetic disease. SIgAD occurs in 1 in 39 to 1 in 57 people with celiac disease. This is much higher than the prevalence of selective IgA deficiency in the general population. It is also significantly more common in those with type 1 diabetes.It is more common in males than in females. See also
B cell deficiency

References


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