Black piedra usually affects scalp hair, whereas white piedra is more commonly found in pubic hair, axillary hair, beards, moustaches, and eyelashes. White piedra affects horses and monkeys, in addition to humans and the nodules are white and brown in colour and can be easily detached from the hair shaft. White piedra is treated by using topical and antifungal agents, but a more effective approach is to use itraconazole therapy. Recent studies have shown that the black, lichen-colonizing fungus, Xanthoriicola physciae, is closely related to P. hortae. See also
White piedra
Piedra

References


== External links ==
Jugular foramen syndrome, or Vernets syndrome, is characterized by paresis of the glossopharyngeal, vagal, and accessory (with or without the hypoglossal) nerves. Symptoms
Symptoms of this syndrome are consequences of this paresis. As such, an affected patient may show:
dysphonia/hoarseness
soft palate dropping
deviation of the uvula towards the normal side
dysphagia
loss of sensory function from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue (CN IX)
decrease in the parotid gland secretion (CN IX)
loss of gag reflex
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles paresis (CN XI)

Causes
Glomus tumors (most frequently)
Meningiomas
Schwannomas (Acoustic neuroma)
Metastatic tumors located at the cerebellopontine angle
Trauma
Fracture of occipital bone
Infections
Cholesteatoma (very rare)
Obstruction of the jugular foramen due to bone diseases
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma spreading into the parapharyngeal space involving the ninth, tenth, and eleventh cranial nerves

Diagnosis
Gadolinium enhanced mri for vestibular schwannoma
mri and biopsy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma
based on nerve palsies
NCCT for occipital bone fracture


== References ==