Enoxaparin sodium, sold under the brand name Lovenox among others, is an anticoagulant medication (blood thinner). It is used to treat and prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) including during pregnancy and following certain types of surgery. It is also used in those with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and heart attacks. It is given by injection just under the skin or into a vein. It is also used during hemodialysis.Common side effects include bleeding, fever, and swelling of the legs. Bleeding may be serious especially in those who are undergoing a spinal tap. Use during pregnancy appears to be safe for the baby. Enoxaparin is in the low molecular weight heparin family of medications.Enoxaparin was first made in 1981 and approved for medical use in 1993. It is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines. Enoxaparin is sold under several brand names and is available as a generic medication. Enoxaparin is made from heparin. In 2017, it was the 299th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than one million prescriptions. Medical uses
Treatment of unstable angina (UA) and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction (NQMI), administered concurrently with aspirin
DVT and pulmonary embolism prophylaxis in bed-ridden patients
DVT prophylaxis in knee replacement surgery
DVT prophylaxis in hip replacement surgery
DVT prophylaxis in abdominal surgery
Treatment of DVT with or without pulmonary embolism
Treatment of DVT inpatient, with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)
Bridging treatment for those with INR below therapeutic range

Monitoring
Enoxaparin has predictable absorption, bioavailability, and distribution therefore monitoring is not typically done.
Hyperventilation is irregular breathing that occurs when the rate or tidal volume of breathing eliminates more carbon dioxide than the body can produce. This leads to hypocapnia, a reduced concentration of carbon dioxide dissolved in the blood. The body normally attempts to compensate for this homeostatically, but if this fails or is overridden, the blood pH will rise, leading to respiratory alkalosis. The symptoms of respiratory alkalosis include: dizziness, tingling in the lips, hands or feet, headache, weakness, fainting, and seizures. In extreme cases it may cause carpopedal spasms, a flapping and contraction of the hands and feet.Factors that may induce or sustain hyperventilation include: physiological stress, anxiety or panic disorder, high altitude, head injury, stroke, respiratory disorders such as asthma, pneumonia, or hyperventilation syndrome, cardiovascular problems such as pulmonary embolisms, anemia, an incorrectly calibrated medical respirator, and adverse reactions to certain drugs. Hyperventilation can also be  induced intentionally to achieve an altered state of consciousness such as in the choking game, during breathwork, or in an attempt to extend a breath-hold dive. See also
List of terms of lung size and activity
Control of respiration
Choking game a game which may involve hyperventilation in order to induce temporary syncope and euphoria
Respiratory alkalosis
Kussmaul breathing
Shallow water blackout, the role of hyperventilation in some drowning incidents

References


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