Wood frog
The Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Alberta performed a study to estimate deformity levels in wood frogs in areas of relatively low disturbance. After roughly 22,733 individuals were examined during field studies, it was found that only 49 wood frogs had the ectrodactyly deformity. Salamanders
In a study performed by the Department of Forestry and Natural Resources at Purdue University, approximately 2000 salamanders (687 adults and 1259 larvae) were captured from a large wetland complex and evaluated for malformations. Among the 687 adults, 54 (7.9%) were malformed. Of these 54 adults, 46 (85%) had missing (ectrodactyly), extra (polyphalangy) or dwarfed digits (brachydactyly). Among the 1259 larvae, 102 were malformed, with 94 (92%) of the malformations involving ectrodactyly, polyphalangy, and brachydactyly. Results showed few differences in the frequency of malformations among life-history changes, suggesting that malformed larvae do not have substantially higher mortality than their adult conspecifics. Cats and dogs
Davis and Barry 1977 tested allele frequencies in domestic cats. Among the 265 cats observed, there were 101 males and 164 females. Only one cat was recorded to have the ectrodactyly abnormality, illustrating this rare disease. According to M.P. Ferreira, a case of ectrodactyly was found in a two-month-old male mixed Terrier dog. In another study, Carrig and co-workers also reported a series of 14 dogs with this abnormality proving that although ectrodactyly is an uncommon occurrence for dogs, it is not entirely unheard of. See also
Oligodactyly
Sonic hedgehog, a main gene responsible for body symmetry during development.
Additionally, tumors and kidney stones can block the urethra. Spinal cord injuries or nervous system disorders are additional causes of overflow incontinence. In men, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) may also restrict the flow of urine. Overflow incontinence is rare in women, although sometimes it is caused by fibroid or ovarian tumors. Also overflow incontinence can be from increased outlet resistance from advanced vaginal prolapse causing a "kink" in the urethra or after an anti-incontinence procedure which has overcorrected the problem. Early symptoms include a hesitant or slow stream of urine during voluntary urination. Anticholinergic and NSAIDs medications may worsen overflow incontinence. Criticism
The concept of overflow incontinence has been criticised, because it is difficult to define and because the definitions that have been proposed have little clinical significance. The concept is a purely theoretical one that is not based on evidence. Overflow incontinence cannot be measured and can therefore not be reliably diagnosed. In the urological literature and in medical care the concept is therefore of little importance, with the related concept of chronic urinary retention being the much more relevant and useful one.In 2017 the Quality Improvement and Patient Safety (QIPS) committee of the American Urological Association (AUA) published a definition of nonneurogenic chronic urinary retention as a post-void residual of greater than 300 mL that was measured at least twice and extended over a period at least six months. Measurement of post-void residual by medical ultrasound is an easy procedure that is sufficient in most cases.