Racial differences
Research on racial or cultural differences on the prevalence or presentation of conduct disorder is limited. However, according to studies on American youth, it appears that African-American youth are more often diagnosed with conduct disorder, while Asian-American youth are about one-third as likely to develop conduct disorder when compared to White American youth. It has been widely theorized for decades that this disparity is due to unconscious bias in those who give the diagnosis. References
Citations
Bibliography
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Decety J.; Moriguchi Y. (2007). "The empathic brain and its dysfunction in psychiatric populations: implications for intervention across different clinical conditions". BioPsychoSocial Medicine. 1: 22–65. doi:10.1186/1751-0759-1-22. PMC 2206036. PMID 18021398. Eddy, J. (2006). Conduct disorders: The latest assessment and treatment strategies (4th Edition). Kansas City, MO: Compact Clinicals. Eyberg S. M.; Nelson M. M.; Boggs S. R. (2008). "Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for child and adolescent with disruptive behavior". Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 37 (1): 215–237. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.595.3142. doi:10.1080/15374410701820117. PMID 18444059. S2CID 53345. Hughes, T. (2010). Identifying, Assessing, and Treating Conduct Disorder at School (Development and Psychopathology at School). New York: Springer. Lahey, B.B., Moffitt, T.E.,& Caspi, A. (eds.). Causes of conduct disorder and juvenile delinquency. New York: Guilford Press. Matthys, W. (2010). Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder in children. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. McIntosh, K., & Livingston, P. (2008). Youth with conduct disorder: In trouble with the world. New York: Mason Crest Publishers. Raine A (2002).
Since it is merely cutting a "Z" shape into the subscapularis muscle to provide stretch within the arm, it can be carried out at almost any age and can be carried out repeatedly on the same arm; however, this will compromise the integrity of the muscle.Latissimus dorsi tendon transfers involve cutting the latissimus dorsi in half horizontally in order to pull part of the muscle around and attach it to the outside of the biceps. This procedure provides external rotation with varying degrees of success. A side effect may be increased sensitivity of the part of the biceps where the muscle will now lie, since the latissimus dorsi has roughly twice the number of nerve endings per square inch of other muscles. History
The renowned British obstetrician William Smellie is credited with the first medical description of an obstetric brachial plexus palsy. In his 1768 treatise on midwifery, he reported a case of transient bilateral arm paralysis in a newborn after difficult labour. In 1861, Guillaume Benjamin Amand Duchenne coined the term "obstetric palsy of the brachial plexus" after analyzing four infants with paralysis of identical muscles in the arm and shoulder, after publishing his initial findings in 1855. In 1874, Wilhelm Heinrich Erb concluded in his thesis on adult brachial plexus injuries that associated palsies of the deltoid, biceps and subscapularis are derived from a radicular lesion at the level of C5 and C6 rather than isolated peripheral nerve lesions.