Bevacizumab is an anti-VEGF drug used in intravitreal injection that is known to cause reversal of sea fan lesions and reduce the duration of vitreous hemorrhage. Intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF drugs can also be used prior to surgery to aid separation of tissues involved in the sea fan lesion and to reduce intraoperative and postoperative hemorrhage. It is useful in combination with photocoagulation. Laser
Indications for laser photocoagulation include
Peripheral neovascularization of upwards of 60° circumference
Sickle cell retinopathy affecting both eyes
Large elevated sea fans
Rapid progression of neovascularizationThere are two methods of photocoagulation mainly used; feeder vessel coagulation and scatter laser coagulation. The first method closes the vessels that supply the neovascularized areas using laser burns. Both the xenon arc and argon laser can be used however, the argon laser carries a reduced risk of complications. In comparison, scatter laser coagulation has an indirect effect. Ischemic retina produces vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) which  promotes neovascularization. Scatter laser coagulation destroys this ischemic retina using laser burns thus preventing vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment and vision loss. Surgery
Surgical intervention is indicated for severely advanced disease that poses a threat to visual acuity. Indications include longstanding vitreous haemorrhage, vitreous haemorrhage in both eyes, vitreous haemorrhage in patients with only one eye, epiretinal membranes, macular holes and the various forms of retinal detachment. Scleral buckle was a previously popular surgical intervention however, its complications include anterior segment ischemia as a result of vascular occlusion. The vascular occlusion can in turn lead to phthisis bulbi.
Non-proliferative sickle cell retinopathy (NPSCR)
Non-proliferative sickle cell retinopathy (NPSCR) can feature the following retinal manifestations:

Venous tortuousity is commonly observed in patients with homozygous HbSS sickle cell disease. Numerous diseases that feature blood hyperviscosity similar to sickle cell disease can manifest as retinal venous tortuousity. Tortuosity is caused by arteriovenous shunting from the retinal periphery. It can feature small bleeds of the retina known as intra-retinal hemorrhages, due to blockage of blood vessels by the sickled blood cells, thus triggering vessel wall necrosis. The resulting hemorrhages are initially bright red and oval shaped. As the hemorrhage ages over a period of days to weeks, the color then changes to a salmon hue known as a salmon patch. They are usually seen adjacent to the retinal arteriole. Bleeding in the deeper layers of the retina leads to the appearance of dark lesions known as black sunburst spots. These oval or round shaped pigmented spots are formed due to RPE proliferation. As the haemoglobin within the hemorrhage breaks down over time, yellow spots known as iridescent bodies are formed within the layers of the sensory retina. Maculopathy occurs in a significant portion of patients affected by sickle cell retinopathy. It is more prevalent in homozygous HbSS type sickle cell disease. The fovea can be found within the macula and is known as the center of the visual field. Maculopathy in sickle cell retinopathy is due to long term changes of capillaries that interact at the fovea.