Additional images
See also
Adeno associated virus and gene therapy of the human retina
Charles Schepens – "the father of modern retinal surgery"
Evolution of the eye
Duplex retina
Retinal scan
Retinal vein occlusion
List of xanthoma variants associated with hyperlipoproteinemia subtypes
Rhodopsin
Persistence of vision

References
Further reading
S. Ramón y Cajal, Histologie du Système Nerveux de lHomme et des Vertébrés, Maloine, Paris, 1911. Rodieck RW (1965). "Quantitative analysis of cat retinal ganglion cell response to visual stimuli". Vision Res. 5 (11): 583–601. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(65)90033-7. PMID 5862581. Wandell, Brian A. (1995). Foundations of vision. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0-87893-853-7. Wässle H, Boycott BB (1991). "Functional architecture of the mammalian retina". Physiol. Rev. 71 (2): 447–480. doi:10.1152/physrev.1991.71.2.447. PMID 2006220. Schulz HL, Goetz T, Kaschkoetoe J, Weber BH (2004). "The Retinome – Defining a reference transcriptome of the adult mammalian retina/retinal pigment epithelium". BMC Genomics (about a transcriptome for eye colour). 5 (1): 50. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-5-50. PMC 512282. PMID 15283859. Dowling, John (2007). "Retina". Scholarpedia. 2 (12): 3487. Bibcode:2007SchpJ...2.3487D. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.3487. External links
Histology of the Eye, edited by William Krause, Dept. Pathology and Anatomical science, University of Missouri School of Medicine
Eye, Brain, and Vision – online book – by David Hubel
Kolb, H., Fernandez, E., & Nelson, R. (2003). Webvision: The neural organization of the vertebrate retina. Salt Lake City, Utah: John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah. Retrieved 22 July 2014. Demo: Artificial Retina, MIT Technology Review, September 2004. Reports on implant research at Technology Review
Successful photoreceptor transplantation, MIT Technology Review, November 2006.
Despite occupying about 0.01% of the visual field (less than 2° of visual angle), about 10% of axons in the optic nerve are devoted to the fovea. The resolution limit of the fovea has been determined to be around 10,000 points. The information capacity is estimated at 500,000 bits per second (for more information on bits, see information theory) without colour or around 600,000 bits per second including colour. Spatial encoding
When the retina sends neural impulses representing an image to the brain, it spatially encodes (compresses) those impulses to fit the limited capacity of the optic nerve. Compression is necessary because there are 100 times more photoreceptor cells than ganglion cells. This is done by "decorrelation", which is carried out by the "centre–surround structures", which are implemented by the bipolar and ganglion cells. There are two types of centre–surround structures in the retina – on-centres and off-centres. On-centres have a positively weighted centre and a negatively weighted surround. Off-centres are just the opposite. Positive weighting is more commonly known as excitatory, and negative weighting as inhibitory. These centre–surround structures are not physical apparent, in the sense that one cannot see them by staining samples of tissue and examining the retinas anatomy. The centre–surround structures are logical (i.e., mathematically abstract) in the sense that they depend on the connection strengths between bipolar and ganglion cells. It is believed that the connection strength between cells is caused by the number and types of ion channels embedded in the synapses between the bipolar and ganglion cells.