Other rather conservative medical treatments for stable and asymptomatic cases include low sodium diet, diuretics, digoxin, calcium blockers and avoiding very strenuous activity.As of 2007, the American Heart Association no longer recommends antibiotics for endocarditis prophylaxis before certain procedures in patients with aortic regurgitation. Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent endocarditis before gastrointestinal or genitourinary procedures is no longer recommended for any patient with valvular disease. Cardiac stress test is useful in identifying individuals that may be best suited for surgical intervention. Radionuclide angiography is recommended and useful when the systolic wall stress is calculated and combined to the results. Surgery
A surgical treatment for AR is aortic valve replacement;  this is currently an open-heart procedure. In the case of severe acute aortic regurgitation, all individuals should undergo surgery, if there are no absolute contraindications (for surgery). Individuals with bacteremia with aortic valve endocarditis should not wait for treatment with antibiotics to take effect, given the high mortality associated with the acute AI. Replacement with an aortic valve homograft should be performed if feasible. Prognosis
The risk of death in individuals with aortic regurgitation, dilated ventricle, normal ejection fraction who are asymptomatic is about 0.2 percent per year. Risk increases if the ejection fraction decreases or if the individual develops symptoms.Individuals with  chronic (severe) aortic regurgitation follow a course that once symptoms appear, surgical intervention is needed. AI is fatal in 10 to 20% of individuals who do not undergo surgery for this condition.
Visual acuity and intraocular pressure assessments can also yield results that are diagnostic of sickle cell retinopathy. Differential diagnosis
Sickle cell retinopathy should be differentiated from other retinal conditions that arise due to similar pathologies. The following differentials are classified by those pathologies. Additional causes of macular ischemiaDiabetic retinopathy
Retinal embolization (talc retinopathy, internal carotid artery embolism)
Retinal vascular occlusion
Infectious retinopathyInflammatory diseases leading to ischemiaSarcoidosis
Retinal vasculitis
Intermediate uveitis
Acute retinal necrosisAlternative causes of ischemic vascular diseaseProliferative diabetic retinopathy
Central retinal vein occlusion
Branch retinal vein occlusion
Ocular ischemic syndromE
Radiation retinopathy
Retinopathy of prematurityUnclassified causesIncontinentia pigmenti
Autosomal dominant vitreoretinochoroidopathy
Chronic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
Scleral buckle
Retinitis pigmentosa

Prevention
Screening
Screening is an important pillar of prevention of sickle cell retinopathy as it provides the benefit of early detection and treatment thus reducing complications. Screening also provides an opportunity for education of families predisposed to retinopathy as a result of a family history of sickle cell disease. Screening can take the form of DNA screening at birth and Ophthalmology-related examinations later in life. DNA screening in newborns at risk of having sickle cell disease allows the early diagnosis of the disease. Families can then be educated on the possible effects of sickle cell disease at each stage of life. Ophthalmology-related examinations - dilated fundoscopic examination is recommended from the age of 10 and biannually thereafter in patients with no abnormal retinal findings. Fluorescein angiography and angioscopy is recommended for patients with abnormal findings that may be indicative of proliferative sickle cell retinopathy. The frequency of follow up appointments is determined by the ophthalmologist based on the severity of the findings.