Carl Lennhoff, who worked at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, believed many skin conditions were caused by spirochetes. In 1948, he used a special stain to microscopically observe what he believed were spirochetes in various types of skin lesions, including EM. Although his conclusions were later shown to be erroneous, interest in the study of spirochetes was sparked. In 1949, Nils Thyresson, who also worked at the Karolinska Institute, was the first to treat ACA with penicillin. In the 1950s, the relationship among tick bite, lymphocytoma, EM and Bannwarths syndrome was recognized throughout Europe leading to the widespread use of penicillin for treatment in Europe.In 1970, a dermatologist in Wisconsin named Rudolph Scrimenti recognized an EM lesion in a person after recalling a paper by Hellerström that had been reprinted in an American science journal in 1950. This was the first documented case of EM in the United States. Based on the European literature, he treated the person with penicillin.The full syndrome now known as Lyme disease was not recognized until a cluster of cases originally thought to be juvenile rheumatoid arthritis was identified in three towns in southeastern Connecticut in 1975, including the towns Lyme and Old Lyme, which gave the disease its popular name. This was investigated by physicians David Snydman and Allen Steere of the Epidemic Intelligence Service, and by others from Yale University, including Stephen Malawista, who is credited as a co-discover of the disease.
Cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder which is characterized by jaw/chin, palate and rib abnormalities. Signs and symptoms
The following list comprises the most common symptoms people with this disorder exhibit:
Severe micrognathia
Thorax in the shape of a bell
Cleft palate
Neonatal respiratory difficulties
Rib gapsCommon (but not the most) symptoms include:

External auditory canal atresia
Hearing loss
Failure to thrive
Glossoptosis
Intellectual disabilities
Fetal growth delays
Kyphosis
Short height
TracheomalaciaNot common but also not rare symptoms include:

Fifth finger clinodactyly
Cerebral calcification
Hydranencephaly
Meningocele
Microcephaly
Polycystic kidney dysplasia
Myelomeningocele
Porencephalic cyst
Short, hard palate
Spina bifida
Ventricular septal defect
Webbed neck

Causes
This disorder is caused by autosomal dominant mutations in the SNRPB gene, in chromosome 20. Epidemiology
Only 110 cases have been described in medical literature. == References ==