The cataracts are further classified based on severity on a scale from 1 to 5. The LOCS III system is highly reproducible. Prevention
Risk factors such as UVB exposure and smoking can be addressed. Although no means of preventing cataracts has been scientifically proven, wearing sunglasses that counteract ultraviolet light may slow their development. While adequate intake of vitamins A, C, and E may protect against the risk of cataracts, clinical trials have shown no benefit from supplements, although the evidence is mixed, but weakly positive, for a potential protective effect of the carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin. Treatment
Surgical
The appropriateness of surgery depends on a persons particular functional and visual needs and other risk factors. Cataract removal can be performed at any stage and no longer requires ripening of the lens. Surgery is usually "outpatient" and usually performed using local anesthesia. About 9 of 10 patients can achieve a corrected vision of 20/40 or better after surgery.Several recent evaluations found that cataract surgery can meet expectations only when significant functional impairment due to cataracts exists before surgery. Visual function estimates such as VF-14 have been found to give more realistic estimates than visual acuity testing alone. In some developed countries, a trend to overuse cataract surgery has been noted, which may lead to disappointing results.Phacoemulsification is the most widely used cataract surgery in the developed world. This procedure uses ultrasonic energy to emulsify the cataract lens.
A chest injury, also known as chest trauma, is any form of physical injury to the chest including the ribs, heart and lungs. Chest injuries account for 25% of all deaths from traumatic injury. Typically chest injuries are caused by blunt mechanisms such as direct, indirect, compression, contusion, deceleration, or blasts- caused by motor vehicle collisions or penetrating mechanisms such as stabbings. Classification
Chest injuries can be classified as blunt or penetrating. Blunt and penetrating injuries have different pathophysiologies and clinical courses. Specific types of injuries include:

Injuries to the chest wall
Chest wall contusions or hematomas. Rib fractures
Flail chest
Sternal fractures
Fractures of the shoulder girdle
Pulmonary injury (injury to the lung) and injuries involving the pleural space
Pulmonary contusion
Pulmonary laceration
Pneumothorax
Hemothorax
Hemopneumothorax
Injury to the airways
Tracheobronchial tear
Cardiac injury
Pericardial tamponade
Myocardial contusion
Traumatic arrest
Hemopericardium
Blood vessel injuries
Traumatic aortic rupture
Thoracic aorta injury
Aortic dissection
And injuries to other structures within the torso
Esophageal injury (Boerhaave syndrome)
Diaphragm injury

Diagnosis
Most blunt injuries are managed with relatively simple interventions like tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation and chest tube insertion. Diagnosis of blunt injuries may be more difficult and require additional investigations such as CT scanning. Penetrating injuries often require surgery, and complex investigations are usually not needed to come to a diagnosis. Patients with penetrating trauma may deteriorate rapidly, but may also recover much faster than patients with blunt injury. See also
Transmediastinal gunshot wound
Commotio thoracis

References


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