Kyphoscoliosis is excluded by diagnostic imaging of the spine, wherein pectus excavatum the spine usually appears normal in structure. Treatment
Pectus excavatum requires no corrective procedures in mild cases. Treatment of severe cases can involve either invasive or non-invasive techniques or a combination of both. Before an operation proceeds several tests are usually performed. These include, but are not limited to, a CT scan, pulmonary function tests, and cardiology exams (such as auscultation and ECGs). After a CT scan is taken, the Haller index is measured. The patients Haller is calculated by obtaining the ratio of the transverse diameter (the horizontal distance of the inside of the ribcage) and the anteroposterior diameter (the shortest distance between the vertebrae and sternum). A Haller Index of greater than 3.25 is generally considered severe, while normal chest has an index of 2.5. The cardiopulmonary tests are used to determine the lung capacity and to check for heart murmurs. Conservative treatment
The chest wall is elastic, gradually stiffening with age. Non-surgical treatments have been developed that aim at gradually alleviating the pectus excavatum condition, making use of the elasticity of the chest wall, including the costal cartilages, in particular in young cases. Exercise
Physical exercise  has an important role in conservative pectus excavatum treatment though is not seen as a means to resolve the condition on its own.
He earned a gold medal in 2016. Actor Joel Kinnaman underwent surgery prior to the filming of Altered Carbon, inserting two metal bars to push the sternum outward in order to correct the deformity. English comedian and presenter Josh Widdicombe and YouTuber/streamer Ludwig Ahgren are known to have this condition. Zachary Woods is another popular American actor that has pectus excavatum, which is noticeable in his shirtless scene in an episode of The Office (Season 8, episode 12). In animals
Pectus excavatum is also known to occur in animals, e.g. the Munchkin breed of cat. Some procedures used to treat the condition in animals have not been used in human treatments, such as the use of a cast with sutures wrapped around the sternum and the use of internal and external splints. These techniques are generally used in immature animals with flexible cartilage. See also
Pectus carinatum

References
Further reading
Tocchioni F, Ghionzoli M, Messineo A, Romagnoli P (2013). "Pectus excavatum and heritable disorders of the connective tissue". Pediatric Reports (Review). 5 (3): e15. doi:10.4081/pr.2013.e15. PMC 3812532. PMID 24198927. Jaroszewski D, Notrica D, McMahon L, Steidley DE, Deschamps C (2010). "Current management of pectus excavatum: a review and update of therapy and treatment recommendations". Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine (Review). 23 (2): 230–9. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2010.02.090234. PMID 20207934.
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External links

Pectus excavatum at Curlie