This treatment increases the risk of neurodevelopmental sequelae (cerebral palsy) and gastrointestinal perforation.For babies 7 days old and older, "late systemic postnatal corticosteroid treatment" may reduce the risk of death and of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. There is some evidence that this treatment does not increase the risk of cerebral palsy, however, long-term studies considering the neurodevelopmental outcomes is needed to further understand the risk of this treatment option. Late systemic postnatal corticosteroid treatment is therefore only recommended for babies 7 days old or older who cannot be taken off of a ventilator. The benefit and risks of systemic corticosteroid treatment in older babies who are not intubated (on a ventilator) is not known. Vitamin A
Vitamin A treatment in low birth weight babies may improve the 36-week mortality risk, decrease the days of mechanical ventilation, and decrease the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Other
Oxygen therapy at home is recommended in those with significant low oxygen levels.Hypercarbia (too much carbon dioxide in the blood) may contribute to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Monitoring the level of carbon dioxide in neonatal infants to ensure that the level is not too high or too low (hypocarbia) is important for improving outcomes for neonates in intensive care. Carbon dioxide can be monitored by taking a blood sample (arterial blood gas), through the breath (exhalation), and it can be measured continuously through the skin by using a minimally invasive transcutaneous device. The most effective and safest approach for measuring carbon dioxide in newborn infants is not clear.
Type I: Most common variety (80-90%) involving saccular or fusiform dilatation of a portion or entire common bile duct (CBD) with normal intrahepatic duct. Type II: These cysts are present as an isolated diverticulum protruding from the CBD. Type III or Choledochocele: Arise from dilatation of duodenal portion of CBD or where pancreatic duct meets. Type IVa: Characterized by multiple dilatations of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary tree. Type IVb:  Multiple dilatations involving only the extrahepatic bile ducts. Type V: Cystic dilatation of intrahepatic biliary ducts without extrahepatic duct disease. The presence of multiple saccular or cystic dilations of the intrahepatic ducts is known as Carolis disease. Type VI: An isolated cyst of the cystic duct is an extremely rare lesion. Only single case reports are documented in the literature. The most accepted classification system of biliary cysts, the Todani classification, does not include this lesion. Cholecystectomy with cystic duct ligation near the common bile duct is curative. Treatment
Choledochal cysts are treated by surgical excision of the cyst with the formation of a roux-en-Y anastomosis hepaticojejunostomy/ choledochojejunostomy to the biliary duct. Future complications include cholangitis and a 2% risk of malignancy, which may develop in any part of the biliary tree. A recent article published in the Journal of Surgery suggested that choledochal cysts could also be treated with single-incision laparoscopic hepaticojejunostomy with comparable results and less scarring.