GlcA = β-D-glucuronic acid, IdoA = α-L-iduronic acid, IdoA(2S) = 2-O-sulfo-α-L-iduronic acid, GlcNAc = 2-deoxy-2-acetamido-α-D-glucopyranosyl, GlcNS = 2-deoxy-2-sulfamido-α-D-glucopyranosyl, GlcNS(6S) = 2-deoxy-2-sulfamido-α-D-glucopyranosyl-6-O-sulfate
One unit of heparin (the "Howell unit") is an amount approximately equivalent to 0.002 mg of pure heparin, which is the quantity required to keep 1 ml of cats blood fluid for 24 hours at 0 °C. Three-dimensional structure
The three-dimensional structure of heparin is complicated because iduronic acid may be present in either of two low-energy conformations when internally positioned within an oligosaccharide. The conformational equilibrium is influenced by sulfation state of adjacent glucosamine sugars. Nevertheless, the solution structure of a heparin dodecasaccharide composed solely of six GlcNS(6S)-IdoA(2S) repeat units has been determined using a combination of NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling techniques. Two models were constructed, one in which all IdoA(2S) were in the 2S0 conformation (A and B below), and one in which they are in the 1C4 conformation (C and D below). However, no evidence suggests that changes between these conformations occur in a concerted fashion. These models correspond to the protein data bank code 1HPN. In the image above:

A = 1HPN (all IdoA(2S) residues in 2S0 conformation) Jmol viewer
B = van der Waals radius space filling model of A
C = 1HPN (all IdoA(2S) residues in 1C4 conformation) Jmol viewer
D = van der Waals radius space filling model of CIn these models, heparin adopts a helical conformation, the rotation of which places clusters of sulfate groups at regular intervals of about 17 angstroms (1.7 nm) on either side of the helical axis.
Myeloid leukemia is a type of leukemia affecting myeloid tissue. Types include:

Acute myeloid leukemia
Chronic myelogenous leukemia
Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia
Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm

See also
Hematological malignancies
Myeloblast
transient myeloproliferative disease


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