Several factors including age, and poor exercise tolerance, using the BODE index need to be taken into account. A transplant is only considered where there are no serious comorbidites. A CT scan or a ventilation/perfusion scan may be useful in surgery considerations to evaluate cases for surgical interventions, and also to evaluate post-surgery responses. A bullectomy may be carried out when a giant bulla occupies more than a third of a hemithorax. History
The terms emphysema, and chronic bronchitis were formally defined in 1959 at the CIBA guest symposium, and in 1962 at the American Thoracic Society Committee meeting on Diagnostic Standards. The word emphysema is derived from Ancient Greek ἐμφύσημα inflation, swelling (referring to a lung inflated by air-filled spaces), itself from ἐμφυσάω emphysao to blow in, to inflate, composed of ἐν en, meaning "in", and φυσᾶ physa, meaning "wind, blast".René Laennec, the physician who invented the stethoscope, used the term emphysema in his book A Treatise on the Diseases of the Chest and of Mediate Auscultation (1837) to describe lungs that did not collapse when he opened the chest during an autopsy. He noted that they did not collapse as usual because they were full of air and the airways were filled with mucus. Early descriptions of probable emphysema include: in 1679 by T. Bonet of a condition of "voluminous lungs" and in 1769 by Giovanni Morgagni of lungs which were "turgid particularly from air". In 1721 the first drawings of emphysema were made by Ruysh.
Biphasic stridor (occurring during both the inspiratory and expiratory phases) indicates narrowing at the level of the glottis or subglottis, the point between the upper and lower airways. See also
Crackles (also called "crepitations" or "rales")
Rhonchi
Squawk (sound)

References
Further reading
Godfrey S, Uwyyed K, Springer C, Avital A (Mar 2004). "Is clinical wheezing reliable as the endpoint for bronchial challenges in preschool children?". Pediatric Pulmonology. 37 (3): 193–200. doi:10.1002/ppul.10434. PMID 14966812. S2CID 25264776. External links

Audio Breath Sounds - Multiple case studies with audio files of lung sounds. R.A.L.E. Repository - sound files of breath sounds