The last outbreak of brucellosis in Great Britain was in cattle in Cornwall in 2004. Northern Ireland was declared officially brucellosis-free in 2015. New Zealand
Brucellosis in New Zealand is limited to sheep (B. ovis). The country is free of all other species of Brucella. United States
Dairy herds in the U.S. are tested at least once a year to be certified brucellosis-free with the Brucella milk ring test. Cows confirmed to be infected are often killed. In the United States, veterinarians are required to vaccinate all young stock, to further reduce the chance of zoonotic transmission. This vaccination is usually referred to as a "calfhood" vaccination. Most cattle receive a tattoo in one of their ears, serving as proof of their vaccination status. This tattoo also includes the last digit of the year they were born.The first state–federal cooperative efforts towards eradication of brucellosis caused by B. abortus in the U.S. began in 1934.Brucellosis was originally imported to North America with non-native domestic cattle (Bos taurus), which transmitted the disease to wild bison (Bison bison) and elk (Cervus canadensis). No records exist of brucellosis in ungulates native to America until the early 19th century. History
Brucellosis first came to the attention of British medical officers in the 1850s in Malta during the Crimean War, and was referred to as Malta Fever. Jeffery Allen Marston (1831–1911) described his own case of the disease in 1861. The causal relationship between organism and disease was first established in 1887 by David Bruce.
Radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) is a clinical situation in which a person has white matter lesions suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS), as shown on an MRI scan that was done for reasons unrelated to MS symptoms. The nerve lesions in these people show dissemination in space with an otherwise normal neurological examination and without historical accounts of typical MS symptoms.MRI findings that are consistent with multiple sclerosis have been observed in healthy people who underwent MRI scanning, and 50% go on to develop symptomatic MS, sometimes with a primary progressive course. This condition was first characterized in 2009. Diagnosis
The criteria for an RIS diagnosis are as follows:
The presence of incidental MRI findings in the CNS white matter:
Ovoid and well-circumscribed homogeneous foci, with or without involvement of the corpus callosum
T2 hyperintensities larger than 3 mm in diameter, which fulfill at least 3 of the 4 Barkhof MRI criteria for DIS
The CNS abnormalities are not consistent with a vascular condition
No historical accounts of clinical symptoms consistent with neurological dysfunction. MRI anomalies do not account for apparent impairment in social, occupational, or generalized areas of functioning. MRI anomalies are not due to substance abuse, such as recreational drug use, toxic exposure, or a prior known medical condition. Exclusion of a differential diagnosis of leukoaraiosis, or extensive white matter pathology excluding the corpus callosum. MRI anomalies of the CNS are not accounted for by another disease. Discovery
RIS is discovered when an MRI scan is performed for other reasons.