Disseminating information on the effectiveness of programmes and increasing the scale of proven effective programmes. Approaches to prevent violence, whether targeted at individuals or entire communities, must be properly evaluated for their effectiveness and the results shared. This step also includes adapting programmes to local contexts and subjecting them to rigorous re-evaluation to ensure their effectiveness in the new setting.In many countries, violence prevention is still a new or emerging field in public health. The public health community has started only recently to realize the contributions it can make to reducing violence and mitigating its consequences. In 1949, Gordon called for injury prevention efforts to be based on the understanding of causes, in a similar way to prevention efforts for communicable and other diseases. In 1962, Gomez, referring to the WHO definition of health, stated that it is obvious that violence does not contribute to "extending life" or to a "complete state of well-being". He defined violence as an issue that public health experts needed to address and stated that it should not be the primary domain of lawyers, military personnel, or politicians.However, it is only in the last 30 years that public health has begun to address violence, and only in the last fifteen has it done so at the global level. This is a much shorter period of time than public health has been tackling other health problems of comparable magnitude and with similarly severe lifelong consequences. The global public health response to interpersonal violence began in earnest in the mid-1990s.
In this variant of human foot anatomy, the second toe extends further out than the great toe. This can make it harder to find shoes with adequate space around the toes. Treatment
Subungual hematomas can resolve on their own, without treatment being necessary. If they are acutely painful, they may be drained.Subungual hematomas are treated by either making a hole through the nail into the hematoma (trephining) within 48 hours of injury, draining the blood and releasing the pressure, or, less conservatively,  by removing the entire nail.In hospital or medical setting, trephining is generally accomplished by using an electrocautery device or an 18-gauge needle. If neither of these is available a heated (red hot) paper clip can be used to drain the blood underneath of the nail. To do this the tip of a paper clip needs to be heated till its red hot and (the red hot) paper clip gently placed on the center of the hematoma (center of the black area underneath of the nail). A hole will appear in the nail and the blood will drain, relieving the pressure. The hole has to be covered with sterile dressing and the nail should be kept dry afterwards.Removal of the nail is typically done when the nail itself is disrupted, a large laceration requiring suturing is suspected, or a fracture of the tip of the finger occurs. Although general anesthesia is generally not required, a digital nerve block is recommended if the nail is to be removed.