Venograms will have relatively normal contrast distribution, including to the apex and distal border of the coffin bone, and the coronary band, but "feathering" may be present at the lamellar "scar. "Uncompensated cases will develop a lamellar wedge (pathologic horn), leading to a poor bridge between P3 and the hoof capsule. This will lead to irregular horn growth and chronic lameness, and horses will suffer from laminitis "flares." Inappropriate hoof growth will occur: the dorsal horn will have a tendency to grow outward rather than down, the heels will grow faster than the toe, and the white line will widen, leading to a potential space for packing of debris. The solar dermis is often compressed enough to inhibit growth, leading to a soft, thin sole (<10 mm) that may develop seromas. In severe cases where collapse of the suspensory apparatus of P3 has occurred, the solar dermis or the tip of P3 may penetrate the sole. The horse will also be prone to recurrent abscessation within the hoof capsule. Venogram will show "feathering" into the vascular bed beneath the lamellae, and there will be decreased or absent contrast material in the area distal to the apex of the coffin bone. Causes
Laminitis has various causes, some of which commonly occur together. These include:

Vasoactive amines
The inflammatory molecule histamine has also been hypothesized as a causative agent of laminitis. However, contradictory evidence indicates the role of histamine in laminitis has not been conclusively established.
In fact, the visual distortions and diplopia created by cataracts may sometimes be confused with epiretinal membrane. Epidemiology
This ocular pathology was first described by Iwanoff in 1865, and it has been shown to occur in about 7% of the population. It can occur more frequently in the older population with postmortem studies showing it in 2% of those aged 50 years and 20% in those aged 75 years. Culture
In 1996, Spalding Gray (June 5, 1941 – ca. January 10, 2004), an American actor, screenwriter and playwright, released Grays Anatomy, a film monologue describing his experiences dealing with a macular pucker and his decision to undergo surgery. In the 2011 film Paul, Ruth had Epiretinal membrane complicated by macular edema in her left vitreous cavity. See also
Eye surgery

References
Additional references
de Wit GC (2007). "Retinally-induced aniseikonia". Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 22 (2): 96–101. PMID 17688418. Benson WE, Brown GC, Tasman W, McNamara JA (1988). "Complications of vitrectomy for non-clearing vitreous hemorrhage in diabetic patients". Ophthalmic Surg. 19 (12): 862–4. PMID 3231410. Suami M, Mizota A, Hotta Y, Tanaka M (2007). "Pattern VEPs before and after idiopathic epiretinal membrane removal". Doc Ophthalmol. 114 (2): 67–73. doi:10.1007/s10633-006-9039-4. PMID 17216518. S2CID 22039065. Dev S, Mieler WF, Pulido JS, Mittra RA (1999). "Visual outcomes after pars plana vitrectomy for epiretinal membranes associated with pars planitis". Ophthalmology. 106 (6): 1086–90. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(99)90247-6. PMID 10366075. Johnson MW (2005). "Perifoveal vitreous detachment and its macular complications". Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 103: 537–67. PMC 1447588. PMID 17057817. External links

Macular Pucker Resource Guide from the National Eye Institute (NEI).