), whereas in non-narcissistic self-esteem, positive views of the self compared with others are relatively modest and sample equally from the agentic and communal (morality, honesty, etc.) domains. Thus, while sharing positive self-regard as a main feature, and while narcissism is defined by high self-esteem, the two constructs are not interchangeable. Threatened egotism is characterized as a response to criticism that threatens the ego of narcissists; they often react in a hostile and aggressive manner. Low
Low self-esteem can result from various factors, including genetic factors, physical appearance or weight, mental health issues, socioeconomic status, significant emotional experiences, social stigma, peer pressure or bullying.A person with low self-esteem may show some of the following characteristics:
Heavy self-criticism and dissatisfaction. Hypersensitivity to criticism with resentment against critics and feelings of being attacked. Chronic indecision and an exaggerated fear of mistakes. Excessive will to please and unwillingness to displease any petitioner. Perfectionism, which can lead to frustration when perfection is not achieved. Neurotic guilt, dwelling on or exaggerating the magnitude of past mistakes. Floating hostility and general defensiveness and irritability without any proximate cause. Pessimism and a general negative outlook. Envy, invidiousness, or general resentment. Sees temporary setbacks as permanent, intolerable conditions.Individuals with low self-esteem tend to be critical of themselves. Some depend on the approval and praise of others when evaluating self-worth. Others may measure their likability in terms of successes: others will accept themselves if they succeed but will not if they fail.
There is evidence that routine childhood vaccination reduces the burden of pneumococcal disease in adults and especially high-risk adults, such as those living with HIV/AIDS.The vaccine is, however, primarily developed for the U.S. and European epidemiological situation, and therefore it has only a limited coverage of serotypes causing serious pneumococcal infections in most developing countries. Evidence supporting addition to routine vaccination schedules
After introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in 2000, several studies described a decrease in invasive pneumococcal disease in the United States. One year after its introduction, a group of investigators found a 69% drop in the rate of invasive disease in those of less than two years of age. By 2004, all-cause pneumonia admission rates had declined by 39% (95% CI 22–52) and rates of hospitalizations for pneumococcal meningitis decreased by 66% (95% CI 56.3-73.5) in children younger than 2.Rates of invasive pneumococcal disease among adults have also declined since the introduction of the vaccine. Vaccination in low-income countries
Pneumococcal disease is the leading vaccine-preventable killer of young children worldwide, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). It killed more than 500,000 children younger than five years of age in 2008 alone. Approximately ninety percent of these deaths occur in the developing world. Historically 15–20 years pass before a new vaccine reaches one quarter of the population of the developing world.Pneumococcal vaccines Accelerated Development and Introduction Plan (PneumoADIP) was a GAVI Alliance (GAVI) funded project to accelerate the introduction of pneumococcal vaccinations into low-income countries through partnerships between countries, donors, academia, international organizations and industry.