Increased levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) may also be involved, specifically in its anabolic effects. Studies of MGA in elderly patients who experience weight loss are limited and of poor quality with most showing minimal or no weight gain, with no nutritional or clinically significant beneficial outcomes observed. In patients who take MGA, one in 12 will have an increase in weight. Miscellaneous
Unlike the case of the AR, MGA has no significant affinity for the ER. As such, it does not possess the capacity to directly activate the ER. Furthermore, unlike antiandrogens such as spironolactone and bicalutamide but similarly to cyproterone acetate, there is relatively little risk of indirectly mediated estrogenic side effects (e.g., gynecomastia) with MGA. This is because MGA strongly suppresses both androgen and estrogen levels at the same time. Similarly to the case of the ER, MGA has negligible affinity for the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), and hence does not possess mineralocorticoid or antimineralocorticoid activity.MGA has been found to dose-dependently increase total and free IGF-1 levels up to a dosage of 120 mg/day. Total IGF-1 levels were described as "profoundly" increased, gradually increasing, significantly by 3 days of treatment, up to a maximum of 2.66-fold by 5 to 6 months of treatment. Free (readily dissociable) concentrations of IGF-1 were increased to a smaller extent, by 1.23–2.15-fold, and were described as increasing "moderately". It was suggested that the increase in IGF-1 levels with high-dosage MGA therapy may explain the anabolic effects of MGA in patients with cachexia.
Troy Bayliss, world superbike champion in 2001, 2006 and 2008. In 2007 he lost a testicle during a race at Donington Park. Brian Foster, American mixed martial artist. John Starks, American basketball player. Paul Wood, English rugby league player who sustained a ruptured testicle during a match and subsequently had it removed. Thurgood Marshall, United States Supreme Court Justice who injured a testicle during a fraternity event in university. Tom Lamping, United Kingdom, injured a testicle during a dog fight gone wrong. Due to cryptorchidism
Mao Zedong, founder of the Peoples Republic of China. Unknown
Possible monorchism of Adolf Hitler
Francisco Franco, caudillo of Spain. Monorchism in nonhuman animals
Although extremely rare, monorchism has been observed to be characteristic of some animal species, notably in beetles. See also
Anorchia
Cryptorchidism
Polyorchidism


== References ==