Different types of cancers tend to metastasize to particular organs, but overall the most common places for metastases to occur are the lungs, liver, brain and the bones. Metabolism
Normal cells typically generate only about 30% of energy from glycolysis, whereas most cancers rely on glycolysis for energy production (Warburg effect). But a minority of cancer types rely on oxidative phosphorylation as the primary energy source, including lymphoma, leukemia, and endometrial cancer. Even in these cases, however, the use of glycolysis as an energy source rarely exceeds 60%. A few cancers use glutamine as the major energy source, partly because it provides nitrogen required for nucleotide (DNA, RNA) synthesis. Cancer stem cells often use oxidative phosphorylation or glutamine as a primary energy source.Several studies have indicated that the enzyme sirtuin 6 is selectively inactivated during oncogenesis in a variety of tumor types by inducing glycolysis. Another sirtuin, sirtuin 3 inhibits cancers that depend upon glycolysis, but promotes cancers that depend upon oxidative phosphorylation.A low-carbohydrate diet (ketogenic diet) has sometimes been recommended as a supportive therapy for cancer treatment. Diagnosis
Most cancers are initially recognized either because of the appearance of signs or symptoms or through screening. Neither of these leads to a definitive diagnosis, which requires the examination of a tissue sample by a pathologist. People with suspected cancer are investigated with medical tests. These commonly include blood tests, X-rays, (contrast) CT scans and endoscopy. The tissue diagnosis from the biopsy indicates the type of cell that is proliferating, its histological grade, genetic abnormalities and other features.
Pyonephrosis (Greek pyon "pus" + nephros "kidney") is an infection of the kidneys collecting system. Pus collects in the renal pelvis and causes distension of the kidney. It can cause kidney failure. Cause
Pyonephrosis is sometimes a complication of kidney stones, which can be a source of persisting infection. It may also occur spontaneously. It can occur as a complication of hydronephrosis or pyelonephritis. Diagnosis
CECT is investigation of choice. Treatment
This requires drainage, best performed by ureteral stent placement or nephrostomy. Surgery - Nephrectomy, if the ureter affects - Nephroureterectomy. If the second kidney is not healthy, only drainage of the kidney or puncture nephrostomy is performed. See also
Pyelonephritis
Nephrotic syndrome

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