A 2006 review reported an incidence of:

12% if a needle between 0.4128 mm (0.01625 in) and 0.5652 mm (0.02225 in) is used;
40% if a needle between 0.7176 mm (0.02825 in) and 0.9081 mm (0.03575 in) is used; and
70% if a needle between 1.067 mm (0.0420 in) and 1.651 mm (0.0650 in) is used.On the Birmingham gauge, these correspond to the values 27–24G, 22–20G and 19–16G.PDPH is roughly twice as common in lumbar puncture than spinal anaesthesia, almost certainly due to the atraumatic needles used in spinal anaesthesia. References


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The medical history of the patient (endurance sports) and physical examination (bradycardia, and maybe a third or fourth heart sound), can give important hints. ECG – typical findings in resting position are, for example, sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular block (primary and secondary) and incomplete (IRBBB) or complete right bundle branch block (RBBB) – all those findings normalize during exercise. Echocardiography – differentiation between physiological and pathological increases of the hearts size is possible, especially by estimating the mass of the wall (not over 130 g/m2) and its end diastolic diameter (not much less 60 mm) of the left ventricle. X-ray examination of the chest may show increased heart size (mimicking other possible causes of enlargement). Cardiac MRI - In athletes heart, there is balanced atrioventricular remodeling, reduced thickening of the heart after detraining, no late gadolinium enhancement, low to normal T1 signal, and normal extracellular volume.