Mechanism
Functional anatomy
The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint. The femur connects at the acetabulum of the pelvis and projects laterally before angling medially and inferiorly to form the knee. Although this joint has three degrees of freedom, it is still stable due to the interaction of ligaments and cartilage. The labrum lines the circumference of the acetabulum to provide stability and shock absorption. Articular cartilage covers the concave area of acetabulum, providing more stability and shock absorption. Surrounding the entire joint itself is a capsule secured by the tendon of the psoas muscle and three ligaments. The iliofemoral, or Y, ligament is located anteriorly and serves to prevent hip hyperextension. The pubofemoral ligament is located anteriorly just underneath the iliofemoral ligament and serves primarily to resist abduction, extension, and some external rotation. Finally the ischiofemoral ligament on the posterior side of the capsule resists extension, adduction, and internal rotation. When considering the biomechanics of hip fractures, it is important to examine the mechanical loads the hip experiences during low energy falls. Biomechanics
The hip joint is unique in that it experiences combined mechanical loads. An axial load along the shaft of the femur results in compressive stress. Bending load at the neck of the femur causes tensile stress along the upper part of the neck and compressive stress along the lower part of the neck. While osteoarthritis and osteoporosis are associated with bone fracture as we age, these diseases are not the cause of the fracture alone.
Tic disorders are defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) based on type (motor or phonic) and duration of tics (sudden, rapid, nonrhythmic movements). Tic disorders are defined similarly by the World Health Organization (ICD-10 codes). Classification
DSM-5
The fifth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published in May 2013, classifies Tourette syndrome and tic disorders as motor disorders listed in the neurodevelopmental disorder category.Tic disorders, in ascending order of severity, are:
307.20 Other specified tic disorder (specify reason)
307.20 Unspecified tic disorder
307.21 Provisional tic disorder
307.22 Persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder (specify motor or vocal)
307.23 Tourettes disorderDevelopmental coordination disorder and stereotypic movement disorder are also classified as motor disorders. ICD-10
ICD10 diagnosis codes are:
F95.0  Transient tic disorder
F95.1  Chronic motor or vocal tic disorder
F95.2  Combined vocal and multiple motor tic disorder [Gilles de la Tourette]
F95.8  Other tic disorders
F95.9  Tic disorder, unspecified

Diagnosis
Tics should be distinguished from other causes of tourettism, stereotypies, chorea, dyskinesias, myoclonus and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Treatment
Education, and a "watch and wait" strategy, are the only treatment needed for many, and the majority of individuals with tics do not seek treatment. When needed, management of tic disorders is similar to management of Tourette syndrome. Epidemiology
Tic disorders are more commonly diagnosed in males than females.At least one in five children experience some form of tic disorder, most frequently between the ages of seven and twelve.