After delivery, plastic wraps or warm mattresses are useful to keep the infant warm on their way to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Treatments may include fluids and nutrition through intravenous catheters, oxygen supplementation, mechanical ventilation support, and medications. In developing countries where advanced equipment and even electricity may not be available or reliable, simple measures such as kangaroo care (skin to skin warming), encouraging breastfeeding, and basic infection control measures can significantly reduce preterm morbidity and mortality. Kangaroo mother care (KMC) can decrease the risk of neonatal sepsis, hypothermia, hypoglycemia and increase exclusive breastfeeding Bili lights may also be used to treat newborn jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia). Water can be carefully provided to prevent dehydration but not so much to increase risks of side effects. Breathing support
In terms of respiratory support, there may be little or no difference in the risk of death or chronic lung disease between high flow nasal cannulae (HFNC) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NPPV). For extremely preterm babies (born before 28 weeks gestation), targeting a higher versus a lower oxygen saturation range makes little or no difference overall to the risk of death or major disability. Babies born before 32 weeks probably have a lower risk of death from bronchopulmonary dysplasia if they have CPAP immediately after being born, compared to receiving either supportive care or assisted ventilation.There is insufficient evidence for or against placing preterm stable twins in the same cot or incubator (co-bedding).
High-altitude cerebral edema
Granulomatosis with polyangiitisNeoplastic:

Leukemias
Meningioma, (of sphenoid wing)
Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
Hand–Schüller–Christian disease
Hemangioma, cavernousCystic:

Dermoid cystVascular:

Carotid-cavernous fistula
Aortic insufficiency: manifests as a pulsatile pseudoproptosis, described by British cardiothoracic surgeon Hutan Ashrafian in 2006Others:

Orbital fracture: apex, floor, medial wall, zygomatic
Retrobulbar hemorrhage: trauma to the orbit can lead to bleeding behind the eye. The hemorrhage has nowhere to escape and the increased pressure pushes the eye out of the socket, leading to proptosis and can also cause blindness if not treated promptly. Cushings syndrome (due to fat in the orbital cave)
Some forms of craniosynostosis:
Crouzon syndrome
Pfeiffer syndrome
Pansynostosis

Anatomy
Proptosis is the anterior displacement of the eye from the orbit. Since the orbit is closed off posteriorly, medially and laterally, any enlargement of structures located within will cause the anterior displacement of the eye. Swelling or enlargement of the lacrimal gland causes inferior medial and anterior dislocation of the eye. This is because the lacrimal glands are located superiorly and laterally in the orbit. Diagnosis
Measurement
Measurement of the degree of exophthalmos is performed using an exophthalmometer. Most sources define exophthalmos/proptosis as a protrusion of the globe greater than 18 mm.The term exophthalmos is often used when describing proptosis associated with Graves disease. Animals
Exophthalmos is commonly found in dogs. It is seen in brachycephalic (short-nosed) dog breeds because of the shallow orbit. It can lead to keratitis secondary to exposure of the cornea. Exophthalmos is commonly seen in the pug, Boston terrier, Pekingese, and shih tzu. It is a common result of head trauma and pressure exerted on the front of the neck too hard in dogs.