High-profile media coverage focuses on treatments that do not have established safety or efficacy, such as deep brain stimulation, and alternative therapies involving unstudied efficacy and side effects are pursued by many parents. Research directions
Research since 1999 has advanced knowledge of Tourettes in the areas of genetics, neuroimaging, neurophysiology, and neuropathology, but questions remain about how best to classify it and how closely it is related to other movement or psychiatric disorders. Modeled after genetic breakthroughs seen with large-scale efforts in other neurodevelopmental disorders, three groups are collaborating in research of the genetics of Tourettes:

The Tourette Syndrome Association International Consortium for Genetics (TSAICG)
Tourette International Collaborative Genetics Study (TIC Genetics)
European Multicentre Tics in Children Studies (EMTICS)Compared to the progress made in gene discovery in certain neurodevelopmental or mental health disorders—autism, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder—the scale of related TS research is lagging in the United States due to funding. Notes
References
Book sources
Further reading
External links

Tourette syndrome at Curlie
Uremic pruritus is caused by chronic kidney failure and is the most common internal systemic cause of itching. : 52–3 Nalfurafine, an orally-administered, centrally-acting κ-opioid receptor agonist, is approved to treat the condition in Japan. See also
Pruritus
List of cutaneous conditions

References


== External links ==