The Columbian hypothesis is better supported by the evidence and findings from phylogenetic science suggest that it is, in fact, a New World disease.The timing of the arrival of syphilis in Europe certainly supports the above theory, Columbus having journeyed in 1492. The first written records of an outbreak of syphilis in Europe occurred in 1494 or 1495 in Naples, Italy, during a French invasion (Italian War of 1494–98). Since it was claimed to have been spread by French troops, it was initially called the "French disease" by the people of Naples. The disease reached London in 1497 and was recorded at St Batholomews Hospital as infected 10 out of the 20 patients. In 1530, the pastoral name "syphilis" (the name of a character) was first used by the Italian physician and poet Girolamo Fracastoro as the title of his Latin poem in dactylic hexameter Syphilis sive morbus gallicus (Syphilis or The French Disease) describing the ravages of the disease in Italy. In Great Britain it was also called the "Great Pox".In the 16th through 19th centuries, syphilis was one of the largest public health burdens in prevalence, symptoms, and disability,: 208–209  although records of its true prevalence were generally not kept because of the fearsome and sordid status of sexually transmitted infections in those centuries. : 208–209  According to a 2020 study, more than 20% of individuals in the age range 15–34 years in late 18th century London were treated for syphilis.
Ipratropium bromide/salbutamol, is sold under the brand name DuoNeb as a nebulized solution, is a combination medication used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It contains ipratropium (an anticholinergic) and salbutamol (albuterol, a β2-adrenergic agonist).Common side effects include sore throat, muscle cramps, and nausea. Other side effects may include bronchospasm, allergic reactions, and upper respiratory tract infections. Safety in pregnancy is unclear. Each medication typically decreases bronchospasm and does so via different mechanisms.The combination was approved for medical use in the United States in 1996. It is available as a generic medication. In 2019, it was the 151st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 4 million prescriptions. Society and culture
Since Combivent contains a chlorofluorocarbon-based propellant, its use was discontinued in 2013 in the United States and other countries. This was because Chloroflourocarbons (CFC) are attributed to depletion of the ozone layer. References
External links
DailyMed
Consumer Medication Information from PubMed Archived 2012-12-03 at the Wayback Machine
Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 2007.