An example of this situation would be an individual who has a fear of mice but lives in an area without mice. Even though the concept of mice causes marked distress and impairment within the individual, because the individual does not usually encounter mice, no actual distress or impairment is ever experienced. It is recommended that proximity to, and ability to escape from, the stimulus also be considered. As the phobic person approaches a feared stimulus, anxiety levels increase, and the degree to which the person perceives they might escape from the stimulus affects the intensity of fear in instances such as riding an elevator (e.g. anxiety increases at the midway point between floors and decreases when the floor is reached and the doors open). The DSM-V has been updated to reflect that an individual may have changed their daily activities around the feared stimulus in such a way that they may avoid it altogether. The person may still meet criteria for the diagnosis if they continue to avoid or refuse to participate in activities they would involve possible exposure to the phobic stimulus. Specific phobias
A specific phobia is a marked and persistent fear of an object or situation. Specific phobias may also include fear of losing control, panicking, and fainting from an encounter with the phobia. Specific phobias are defined concerning objects or situations, whereas social phobias emphasize social fear and the evaluations that might accompany them. The DSM breaks specific phobias into five subtypes: animal, natural environment, blood-injection-injury, situational and other.
Proctocolitis is a general term for inflammation of the rectum and colon. Signs and symptoms
Cause
Proctocolitis has many possible causes. Common infectious causes of proctocolitis include Chlamydia trachomatis, LGV (Lymphogranuloma venereum), Neisseria gonorrhoeae, HSV, and Helicobacter species. It can also be idiopathic (see colitis), vascular (as in ischemic colitis), or autoimmune (as in inflammatory bowel disease). Diagnosis
Anoscopy can be used to diagnose the majority of cases of proctocolitis. Treatment
Antibiotics, such as ceftriaxone and doxycycline, if there is  infection

See also
Colitis
Proctitis

References


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