Restrictive lung diseases  are a category of extrapulmonary, pleural, or parenchymal respiratory diseases that restrict lung expansion, resulting in a decreased lung volume, an increased work of breathing, and inadequate ventilation and/or oxygenation. Pulmonary function test demonstrates a decrease in the forced vital capacity. Presentation
Due to the chronic nature of this disease, the leading symptom of restrictive lung disease is progressive exertional dyspnea. For acute on chronic cases, shortness of breath, cough, and respiratory failure are some of the more common signs. Causes
Restrictive lung diseases may be due to specific causes which can be intrinsic to the parenchyma of the lung, or extrinsic to it. Intrinsic
Pneumoconiosis caused by long-term exposure to dusts, especially in mining. For example, Asbestosis. Radiation fibrosis, usually from the radiation given for cancer treatment. Certain drugs such as amiodarone, bleomycin and methotrexate. As a consequence of another disease such as rheumatoid arthritis. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to an allergic reaction to inhaled particles. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a severe lung condition occurring in response to a critical illness or injury. Infant respiratory distress syndrome due to a deficiency of surfactant in the lungs of a baby born prematurely. TuberculosisMany cases of restrictive lung disease are idiopathic (have no known cause). Still, there is generally pulmonary fibrosis. Examples are:

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, of which there are several types
Sarcoidosis
Eosinophilic pneumonia
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosisConditions specifically affecting the interstitium are called interstitial lung diseases. Extrinsic
Nonmuscular diseases of the upper thorax such as kyphosis, pectus carinatum and pectus excavatum.
The rash may appear reddish, tan, or brown, with flaking, rippling, peeling, iridescence, or cracking skin.If the person is hairy, hair follicles can become inflamed resulting in some bumps (papules, nodules and pustules) within the plaque. The plaque may reach the scrotum in men and the labia majora and mons pubis in women. The penis is usually unaffected unless there is immunodeficiency or there has been use of steroids.Affected people usually experience intense itching in the groin which can extend to the anus. Causes
Tinea cruris is often associated with athletes foot and fungal nail infections. Rubbing from clothing, excessive sweating, diabetes and obesity are risk factors. It is contagious and can be transmitted person-to-person by skin-to-skin contact or by contact with contaminated sports clothing and sharing towels.The type of fungus involved may vary in different parts of the world; for example, Trichophyton rubrum and Epidermophyton floccosum are common in New Zealand. Less commonly Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton verrucosum are involved. Trichophyton interdigitale has also been implicated. Diagnosis
Tests are usually not needed to make a diagnosis, but if required, may include microscopy and culture of skin scrapings, a KOH examination to check for fungus or skin biopsy. Differential diagnosis
The symptoms of tinea cruris may be similar to other causes of itch in the groin. Its appearance may be similar to some other rashes that occur in skin folds including candidal intertrigo, erythrasma, inverse psoriasis and seborrhoeic dermatitis. Prevention
To prevent recurrences of tinea cruris, concurrent fungal infections such as athletes foot need to be treated.