Plantar fasciitis or plantar heel pain (PHP) is a disorder of the plantar fascia, which is the connective tissue which supports the arch of the foot. It results in pain in the heel and bottom of the foot that is usually most severe with the first steps of the day or following a period of rest. Pain is also frequently brought on by bending the foot and toes up towards the shin. The pain typically comes on gradually, and it affects both feet in about one-third of cases.The cause of plantar fasciitis is not entirely clear. Risk factors include overuse, such as from long periods of standing, an increase in exercise, and obesity. It is also associated with inward rolling of the foot, a tight Achilles tendon, and a sedentary lifestyle. It is unclear if heel spurs have a role in causing plantar fasciitis even though they are commonly present in people who have the condition. Plantar fasciitis is a disorder of the insertion site of the ligament on the bone characterized by micro tears, breakdown of collagen, and scarring. Since inflammation plays either a lesser or no role, a review proposed it be renamed plantar fasciosis. The presentation of the symptoms is generally the basis for diagnosis; with ultrasound sometimes being useful if there is uncertainty. Other conditions with similar symptoms include osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, heel pad syndrome, and reactive arthritis.Most cases of plantar fasciitis resolve with time and conservative methods of treatment.
For children less than three years of age, the normal range is broader, 2.9–5.5 g/dL.Low albumin (hypoalbuminemia) may be caused by liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, burns, protein-losing enteropathy, malabsorption, malnutrition, late pregnancy, artefact, genetic variations and malignancy.High albumin (hyperalbuminemia) is almost always caused by dehydration. In some cases of retinol (Vitamin A) deficiency, the albumin level can be elevated to high-normal values (e.g., 4.9 g/dL) because retinol causes cells to swell with water. (This is also the reason too much Vitamin A is toxic.) This swelling also likely occurs during treatment with 13-cis retinoic acid (isotretnoin), a pharmaceutical for treating severe acne, amongst other conditions. In lab experiments it has been shown that all-trans retinoic acid down regulates human albumin production. Pathology
Hypoalbuminemia
Hypoalbuminemia means low blood albumin levels. This can be caused by:

Liver disease; cirrhosis of the liver is most common
Excess excretion by the kidneys (as in nephrotic syndrome)
Excess loss in bowel (protein-losing enteropathy, e.g., Ménétriers disease)
Burns (plasma loss in the absence of skin barrier)
Redistribution (hemodilution [as in pregnancy], increased vascular permeability or decreased lymphatic clearance)
Acute disease states (referred to as a negative acute-phase protein)
Malnutrition and wasting
Mutation causing analbuminemia (very rare)
Anorexia nervosa (most common cause in adolescents)In clinical medicine, hypoalbuminemia significantly correlates with a higher mortality rates in several conditions such as heart failure, post-surgery, COVID-19. Hyperalbuminemia
Hyperalbuminemia is an increased concentration of albumin in the blood. Typically, this condition is due to dehydration. Hyperalbuminemia has also been associated with high protein diets. Medical use
Human albumin solution (HSA) is available for medical use, usually at concentrations of 5–25%.