Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on clinical history and examination. Examination is clinical, via anterior rhinoscopy and fibreoptic, using nasendoscopy. A CT scan can be used to confirm the diagnosis and review disease extent. Treatment
Treatment of atrophic rhinitis can be either medical or surgical. Medical measures include:

Nasal irrigation using normal saline
Nasal irrigation and removal of crusts using alkaline nasal solutions. 25% glucose in glycerine can be applied to the nasal mucosa to inhibit the growth of proteolytic organisms which produce foul smell. Local antibiotics, such as chloromycetine. Vitamin D2 . Estradiol spray for regeneration of seromucinous glands and vascularization of mucosa. Systemic streptomycin (1g/day) against Klebsiella organisms. Oral potassium iodide for liquefaction of secretion. Placental extract injected in the submucosa. Rifampicin 600 mg once daily for 12 weeks.Surgical interventions include:

Youngs operation. Modified Youngs operation. Narrowing of nasal cavities, submucosal injection of Teflon paste (Williams operation), section and medial displacement of the lateral wall of the nose. Transposition of parotid duct to maxillary sinus or nasal mucosa (Wittmacks operation)
Complete inversion of mucoperiosteum of maxillary antrum to create a neoturbinate (Raghav Sharans operation)
Repeated Stellate ganglion block (Sardanas operation)
Vestibuloplasty

History
This disorder was known since the time of ancient Egypt, almost 4,000 years ago, and descriptions of it are found in the historical medical papyri. In the Edwin Smith Papyrus (1700 BC) it was prescribed a treatment based on wine and breast milk to cure this disease. The ancient Greek and Indian civilizations were aware of atrophic rhinitis. See also
Empty nose syndrome

References


== External links ==
In the lower doses used for water fluoridation, the only clear adverse effect is dental fluorosis, which can alter the appearance of childrens teeth during tooth development; this is mostly mild and is unlikely to represent any real effect on aesthetic appearance or on public health. A chronic fluoride ingestion of 1 ppm of fluoride in drinking water can cause mottling of the teeth (fluorosis) and an exposure of 1.7 ppm will produce mottling in 30%–50% of patients. Chemical structure
Sodium fluoride is an inorganic ionic compound, dissolving in water to give separated Na+ and F− ions. Like sodium chloride, it crystallizes in a cubic motif where both Na+ and F− occupy octahedral coordination sites; its lattice spacing, approximately 462 pm, is somewhat smaller than that of sodium chloride. Occurrence
The mineral form of NaF, villiaumite, is moderately rare. It is known from plutonic nepheline syenite rocks. Production
NaF is prepared by neutralizing hydrofluoric acid or hexafluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6), both byproducts of the reaction of fluorapatite (Ca5(PO4)3F) from phosphate rock during the production of superphosphate fertilizer. Neutralizing agents include sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate. Alcohols are sometimes used to precipitate the NaF:

HF  +  NaOH  →   NaF  +  H2OFrom solutions containing HF, sodium fluoride precipitates as the bifluoride salt sodium bifluoride (NaHF2). Heating the latter releases HF and gives NaF. HF  +  NaF  ⇌   NaHF2In a 1986 report, the annual worldwide consumption of NaF was estimated to be several million tonnes. See also
Cryolite
Fluoride therapy

References
External links
"Sodium fluoride".