Pharmacological agents may also be required in cases where deficiency is more severe, in cases where iron loss exceeds dietary intake, and in individuals who follow a plant-based diet as non-heme sources often have lower bioavailability. When oral iron supplements are used, they should be taken on an empty stomach to increase absorption This might increase the risk of side effects however, such as nausea and epigastric pain. Anemia of Chronic Disease
Anemia of chronic disease (ACD) is the second most common cause of anemia after IDA. It usually occurs in individuals that have chronic inflammation due to a medical condition. Both diagnosis and treatment can be difficult as there may be an overlap with iron deficiency and thus it is a diagnosis of exclusion. Since ACD is caused by an underlying disorder, complete resolution of the condition is unlikely and we focus on controlling the inflammatory disorder rather than treating the ACD itself. Potential inflammatory conditions that can cause ACD are pulmonary tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and malignancies among many others. Thalassemia
Thalassemia is an inherited condition that has variants in alpha or beta globin genes that result in lower levels of globin chains required to make hemoglobin, resulting in alpha thalassemia or beta thalassemia, respectively. Diagnosis is made by DNA analysis for alpha thalassemia and hemoglobin analysis for beta thalassemia. Management of thalassemia involves chronic transfusions that maintain a hemoglobin level that reduces symptoms of anemia as well as suppresses extramedullary hematopoiesis which can lead to multiple morbidities.
);
tumor (e.g., laryngeal papillomatosis, squamous cell carcinoma of larynx, trachea or esophagus);
ALL (T-cell ALL can present with mediastinal mass that compresses the trachea and causes inspiratory stridor)

Diagnosis
Stridor is mainly diagnosed on the basis of history and physical examination, with a view to revealing the underlying problem or condition. Chest and neck x-rays, bronchoscopy, CT-scans, and/or MRIs may reveal structural pathology. Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy can also be very helpful, especially in assessing vocal cord function or in looking for signs of compression or infection. Treatments
The first issue of clinical concern in the setting of stridor is whether or not tracheal intubation or tracheostomy is immediately necessary. A reduction in oxygen saturation is considered a late sign of airway obstruction, particularly in a child with healthy lungs and normal gas exchange. Some patients will need immediate tracheal intubation. If intubation can be delayed for a period, a number of other potential options can be considered, depending on the severity of the situation and other clinical details. These include:

Expectant management with full monitoring, oxygen by face mask, and positioning the head on the bed for optimum conditions (e.g., 45 - 90 degrees). Use of nebulized racemic adrenaline epinephrine (0.5 to 0.75 ml of 2.25% racemic epinephrine added to 2.5 to 3 ml of normal saline) in cases where airway edema may be the cause of the stridor. (Nebulized Codeine in a dose not exceeding 3 mg/kg may also be used, but not together with racemic adrenaline [because of the risk of ventricular arrhythmias].)