Hyperglycemia can also contribute to hyperkalemia by causing hyperosmolality in extracellular fluid, increasing water diffusion out of the cells and causes potassium to move alongside water out of the cells also. The co-existence of insulin deficiency, hyperglycemia, and hyperosmolality is often seen in those affected by diabetic ketoacidosis. Apart from diabetic ketoacidosis, there are other causes that reduce insulin levels such as the use of the medication octreotide, and fasting which can also cause hyperkalemia. Increased tissue breakdown such as rhabdomyolysis, burns, or any cause of rapid tissue necrosis, including tumor lysis syndrome can cause the release of intracellular potassium into blood, causing hyperkalemia.Beta2-adrenergic agonists act on beta-2 receptors to drive potassium into the cells. Therefore, beta blockers can raise potassium levels by blocking beta-2 receptors. However, the rise in potassium levels is not marked unless there are other co-morbidities present. Examples of drugs that can raise the serum potassium are non-selective beta-blockers such as propranolol and labetalol. Beta-1 selective blockers such as metoprolol do not increase serum potassium levels.Exercise can cause a release of potassium into bloodstream by increasing the number of potassium channels in the cell membrane. The degree of potassium elevation varies with the degree of exercise, which range from 0.3 meq/L in light exercise to 2 meq/L in heavy exercise, with or without accompanying ECG changes or lactic acidosis. However, peak potassium levels can be reduced by prior physical conditioning and potassium levels are usually reversed several minutes after exercise.
Callosities arise naturally and are present even in late-term whale fetuses, although the work of lice digging into the surface of the skin may make them more jagged and hard over time.Callosities are found on the upper surface of the whales head, above the eyes, on the jawline and chin and surrounding the blowholes. Callosities form a unique pattern on every right whale and though callosities which are overgrown break off, the patterns do not change over a lifetime. This makes them a very useful tool for the purposes of photo-identification and conservation.The evolutionary significance of callosities is unknown. Male right whales have a higher density of callosities than females. Males have been observed scratching one another with their callosities and it has been suggested by Payne & Dorsey (1983) that they are a sexually dimorphic feature, used for intra-specific sexual aggression. That explanation is not entirely satisfactory, because it does not account for the appearance of callosities in females. It has been proposed that the barnacles attached to callosities are important in helping fend off attacks by orcas. See also
Callus

Notes
References
Steudel, K (1981). "Functional Aspects of Primate Pelvic Structure: A Multivariate Approach" (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 55 (3): 399–410. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330550314. PMID 6791507. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-10. Retrieved 2009-07-19. Callosities by Mason T. Weinrich in the Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. ISBN 0-12-551340-2. A Dictionary of Zoology 1999, Oxford University Press 1999
"On Butts and Baboons". Artsibasheva, A.  http://monkeybuiznezz.wordpress.com/2012/09/27/on-butts-and-baboons/