Wickerham DL, Costantino JP, Vogel VG, Cronin WM, Cecchini RS, Ford LG, Wolmark N (2009). "The use of tamoxifen and raloxifene for the prevention of breast cancer". Recent Results Cancer Res. Recent Results in Cancer Research. 181: 113–9. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69297-3_12. ISBN 978-3-540-69296-6. PMC 5110043. PMID 19213563. Vogel VG (2011). "Update on raloxifene: role in reducing the risk of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women". Breast Cancer: Targets and Therapy. 3: 127–37. doi:10.2147/BCTT.S11288. PMC 3846694. PMID 24367182. Yang ZD, Yu J, Zhang Q (2013). "Effects of raloxifene on cognition, mental health, sleep and sexual function in menopausal women: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials". Maturitas. 75 (4): 341–8. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.05.010. PMID 23764354. External links
"Raloxifene". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Raloxifene hydrochloride". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Palonosetron, sold under the brand name Aloxi, is used for the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). It is a 5-HT3 antagonist.Palonosetron is administered intravenously, or as a single oral capsule. It has a longer duration of action than  other 5-HT3 antagonists. The oral formulation was approved on August 22, 2008, for prevention of acute CINV alone, as a large clinical trial did not show oral administration to be as effective as intravenous use against delayed CINV. It is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines.The oral combination netupitant/palonosetron is approved for both acute and delayed CINV. Adverse effects
The most common adverse effects are headache, which occurs in 4–11% of patients, and constipation in up to 6% of patients. In less than 1% of patients, other gastrointestinal disorders occur, as well as sleeplessness, first- and second-degree atrioventricular block, muscle pain and shortness of breath. Palonosetron is similarly well tolerated as other 5-HT3 antagonists, and slightly less than placebo. Interactions
Palonosetron does not relevantly inhibit or induce cytochrome P450 liver enzymes. There are case reports about serotonin syndrome when the drug is combined with serotonergic substances such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), two common types of antidepressants. Pharmacology
Mechanism of action
Palonosetron is a 5-HT3 antagonist, commonly known as a setron. These drugs act by blocking serotonin from binding to the 5-HT3 receptor. Pharmacokinetics
Orally taken palonosetron is absorbed well from the gut and has a bioavailability of 97%.