Panophthalmitis is the inflammation of all coats of the animal eye including intraocular structures. It can be caused by infection, particularly from Pseudomonas species, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium species, Whipples disease, and also fungi. It can also be cause by other stress. References
Further reading
Font, R. L. (1967). "Endogenous Mycotic Panophthalmitis Caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis". Archives of Ophthalmology. 77 (2): 217–22. doi:10.1001/archopht.1967.00980020219012. ISSN 0003-9950. PMID 6019015. Chawla, Rohan, et al. "Case report of tuberculous panophthalmitis." Medical Science Monitor 10.10 (2004): CS57-CS59. == External links ==
Ospemifene might not have an adverse influence on coagulation, in contrast to estrogens and other SERMs like tamoxifen and raloxifene.A binding assay was also performed to measure the affinity of ospemifene for the estrogen receptor (ERα and ERβ). The study showed that ospemifene bound ERα and ERβ with similar affinity. Ospemifene bound the estrogen receptors with a lower affinity than estradiol. Ospemifene was shown to be an antagonist of "ERE-mediated transactivation on MCF-7 cells," which the authors concluded indicates "anti-estrogenic activity in breast cancer cells." Pharmacokinetics
The pharmacokinetics of ospemifene were dose-dependent over a dose range of 10 to 800 mg/day. History
Approval process
Hormos Medical Ltd., which is a part of QuatRx Pharmaceuticals, filed a patent on January 19, 2005, for a solid dosage form of ospemifene. In March 2010, QuatRX Pharmaceuticals licensed ospemifene to Shionogi & Co., Ltd. for clinical development and marketing. A New Drug Application (NDA) was submitted to the FDA on April 26, 2012. Amendments to the NDA were submitted in June, July, August, October, and November 2012, and January and February 2013. It was ultimately approved by the FDA on February 26, 2013. Ospemifene (under the brand name Senshio) was subsequently approved by the European Commission for marketing in the EU in January 2015. Preclinial and clinical trials
Preclinical trials were performed in ovariectomized rats to model menopause. Oral ospemifene was compared with raloxifene (another SERM), its metabolites 4-hydroxy ospemifene and 4-hydroxy ospemifene, estradiol, and ospemifene administered as an intravaginal suppository.