However, the effectiveness of passive immunization in comparison to active measles vaccine is not clear.The MMR vaccine is 95% effective for preventing measles after one dose if the vaccine is given to a child who is 12 months or older; if a second dose of the MMR vaccine is given, it will provide immunity in 99% of children.There is no evidence that the measles vaccine virus can be transmitted to other persons. Treatment
There is no specific antiviral treatment if measles develops. Instead the medications are generally aimed at treating superinfections, maintaining good hydration with adequate fluids, and pain relief. Some groups, like young children and the severely malnourished, are also given vitamin A, which acts as an immunomodulator that boosts the antibody responses to measles and decreases the risk of serious complications. Medications
Treatment is supportive, with ibuprofen or paracetamol (acetaminophen) to reduce fever and pain and, if required, a fast-acting medication to dilate the airways for cough. As for aspirin, some research has suggested a correlation between children who take aspirin and the development of Reye syndrome.The use of vitamin A during treatment is recommended to decrease the risk of blindness; however, it does not prevent or cure the disease. A systematic review of trials into its use found no reduction in overall mortality, but two doses (200 000 IU) of vitamin A was shown to reduce mortality for measles in children younger than two years of age.
There are types of dysfluencies that are normal developmental processes and others that are more abnormal and atypical. Stuttering
Stuttering is the most common dysfluency disorder. it is an interruption in the flow of speaking characterized by repetitions, sound prolongations, and blocks that change the rhythm of sleep. A disturbance in the normal fluency and time patterning of speech that is inappropriate for the age of the person. Stuttering typically has its origins in childhood. Most who stutter will begin to do so around 2.5 years of age. Approximately 95% of children who stutter will start to do so before the age of 5. Stuttering symptoms may include dysfluencies such as hesitations, word fillers, nonword fillers, silent pauses, and interjections. All very similar to developmental dysfluency symptoms. Less typical stuttering will include sound/syllable repetitions, prolongations, and blocks. Stuttering can also occur with other speech and sound disorders, and intellectual language disabilities. Stuttering can greatly interfere with school, work or social interactions. Children who stutter may also experience fear or anxiety about social settings or public speaking. Speech patterns and behaviors that might signal that a child is potentially going to develop a stuttering disorder can include within-word or part0word repetitions prolonged sounds, avoiding speaking situations, looking frustrated or upset and tense appearance in neck muscles.If stuttering is familial there is likely a genetic mutation that causes the disorder. Unlike the aforementioned typical dysfluencies, stuttering can be a result of genetics.