In autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) also autoimmunity and infections coexist: organ-specific autoimmune manifestations (e.g., hypoparathyroidism and adrenocortical failure) and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Finally, IgA deficiency is also sometimes associated with the development of autoimmune and atopic phenomena. Causes
The cause of immunodeficiency varies depending on the nature of the disorder. The cause can be either genetic or acquired by malnutrition and poor sanitary conditions. Only for some genetic causes, the exact genes are known. Treatment
Available treatment falls into two modalities: treating infections and boosting the immune system. Prevention of Pneumocystis pneumonia using trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is useful in those who are immunocompromised. In the early 1950s Immunoglobulin(Ig) was used by doctors to treat patients with primary immunodeficiency through intramuscular injection. Ig replacement therapy are infusions that can be either subcutaneous or intravenously administrated, resulting in higher Ig levels for about three to four weeks, although this varies with each patient. Prognosis
Prognosis depends greatly on the nature and severity of the condition. Some deficiencies cause early mortality (before age one), others with or even without treatment are lifelong conditions that cause little mortality or morbidity. Newer stem cell transplant technologies may lead to gene based treatments of
debilitating and fatal genetic immune deficiencies. Prognosis of acquired immune deficiencies depends on avoiding or treating the causative agent or
condition (like AIDS). See also
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Immune disorder
Autoimmune disease, immune response to self-proteins
Allergy, immune response to harmless non-self proteins
Histamine
Immunosenescence, age-associated immune deficiency
Steroids, commonly administered drugs like prednisone that suppress the immune system
Human genetic enhancement
Immune system
Immunology

References
External links

Immune Deficiency Foundation
The European Society of Immunodeficiencies
In rare cases hibernoma may arise in bone tissue, however it is an incidental finding. Additional images
See also
Lipoma
Skin lesion
List of cutaneous conditions

References
Further reading
Lester D. R. Thompson; Bruce M. Wenig (2011). Diagnostic Pathology: Head and Neck: Published by Amirsys. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 8:42–43. ISBN 978-1-931884-61-7. == External links ==