Patients in shock can appear cold, clammy, and cyanotic.Hypothermia increases the mortality rate of patients with hypovolemic shock. It is advised to keep the patient warm for the sake of maintaining the temperatures of all kinds of fluids inside the patient. Monitoring parameters
Oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry (SpO2). Respiratory rate. Pulse rate. Arterial blood pressure. Pulse pressure. Central venous pressure. Urine output. Base deficit and/or lactic acid. Temperature. Mental state. Changes in the electrocardiogram. Prognosis
If the vital organs are deprived of perfusion for more than just a short time, the prognosis is generally not good. Shock is still a medical emergency characterized by a high mortality rate. Early identification of patients who are likely to succumb to their illness is of utmost importance. Epidemiology
Blood loss
Trauma remains a leading cause of death worldwide with approximately half of these attributed to hemorrhage. In the United States in 2001, trauma was the third leading cause of death overall, and the leading cause of death in those aged 1 to 44 years. While trauma spans all demographics, it disproportionately affects the young with 40% of injuries occurring in ages 20 to 39 years by one countrys account. Of this 40%, the greatest incidence was in the 20 to 24-year-old range.The preponderance of hemorrhagic shock cases resulting from trauma is high. During one year, one trauma center reported 62.2% of massive transfusions occur in the setting of trauma.
Renovascular hypertension is a condition in which high blood pressure is caused by the kidneys hormonal response to narrowing of the arteries supplying the kidneys. When functioning properly this hormonal axis regulates blood pressure. Due to low local blood flow, the kidneys mistakenly increase blood pressure of the entire circulatory system. It is a form of secondary hypertension - a form of hypertension whose cause is identifiable. Signs and symptoms
Symptoms of renovascular hypertension include the following:
High blood pressure (early age)
Kidney dysfunction
Narrowing of arteries elsewhere in the body
Pulmonary edema

Cause
The cause of renovascular hypertension is consistent with any narrowing/blockage of blood supply to the renal organ (renal artery stenosis). As a consequence of this action the renal organs release hormones that indicate to the body to maintain a higher amount of sodium and water, which in turn causes blood pressure to rise. Factors that may contribute are: diabetes, high cholesterol and advanced age, also of importance is that a unilateral
condition is sufficient to cause renovascular hypertension. Pathogenesis
The pathogenesis of renovascular hypertension involves the narrowing of the arteries supplying the kidneys which causes a low perfusion pressure that is detected by the juxtaglomerular apparatus (via the macula densa cells, which act as baroreceptors; located on the afferent arteriole wall).