Laser hair removal
The 1064-nm wavelength laser for hair removal may aid in the treatment of HS. A randomized control study has shown improvement in HS lesions with the use of an Nd:YAG laser. Prognosis
In stage III disease, as classified by the Hurleys staging system, fistulae left undiscovered, undiagnosed, or untreated, can rarely lead to the development of squamous cell carcinoma in the anus or other affected areas. Other stage III chronic sequelae may also include anemia, multilocalized infections, amyloidosis, and arthropathy. Stage III complications have been known to lead to sepsis, but clinical data are still uncertain. Potential complications
Contractures and reduced mobility of the lower limbs and axillae due to fibrosis and scarring occur. Severe lymphedema may develop in the lower limbs. Local and systemic infections (meningitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, etc. ), are seen, which may even progress to sepsis. Interstitial keratitis
Anal, rectal, or urethral fistulae
Normochromic or hypochromic anemia
People with HS may be at increased risk for autoimmune disorders including ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriatic arthritis. Squamous cell carcinoma has been found on rare occasions in chronic hidradenitis suppurativa of the anogenital region. The mean time to the onset of this type of lesion is 10 years or more and the tumors are usually highly aggressive. Tumors of the lung and oral cavity, and liver cancer
Hypoproteinemia and amyloidosis, which can lead to kidney failure and death
Seronegative and usually asymmetric arthropathy: pauciarticular arthritis, polyarthritis/polyarthralgia syndrome

History
From 1833 to 1839, in a series of three publications, Velpeau identified and described a disease now known as hidradenitis suppurativa.
Betaxolol is a selective beta1 receptor blocker used in the treatment of hypertension and glaucoma. Being selective for beta1 receptors, it typically has fewer systemic side effects than non-selective beta-blockers, for example, not causing bronchospasm (mediated by beta2 receptors) as timolol may. Betaxolol also shows greater affinity for beta1 receptors than metoprolol. In addition to its effect on the heart, betaxolol reduces the pressure within the eye (intraocular pressure). This effect is thought to be caused by reducing the production of the liquid (which is called the aqueous humor) within the eye. The precise mechanism of this effect is not known. The reduction in intraocular pressure reduces the risk of damage to the optic nerve and loss of vision in patients with elevated intraocular pressure due to glaucoma. It was patented in 1975 and approved for medical use in 1983. Medical uses
Oral: for the management of hypertension
Ophthalmic: for the management of glaucoma
the drug seems to have an effect of neuroprotection in glaucoma treatment

Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the drug
Patients with sinus bradycardia, heart block greater than first degree, cardiogenic shock, and overt cardiac failure

Side effects
History
Betaxolol was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for ocular use as a 0.5% solution (Betoptic) in 1985 and as a 0.25% solution (Betoptic S) in 1989. Society and culture
Brand names
Brand names include Betoptic, Betoptic S, Lokren, Kerlone. See also
Levobetaxolol
Cicloprolol

References
External links
Kerlone prescribing information