A number of studies suggest vigorous eye rubbing contributes to the progression of keratoconus, and people should be discouraged from the practice. Keratoconus differs from ectasia, which is caused by LASIK eye surgery. Post-LASIK Ectasia has been associated with the excessive removal of the eyes stromal bed tissue during surgery. Diagnosis
Prior to any physical examination, the diagnosis of keratoconus frequently begins with an ophthalmologists or optometrists assessment of the persons medical history, particularly the chief complaint and other visual symptoms, the presence of any history of ocular disease or injury that might affect vision, and the presence of any family history of ocular disease. An eye chart, such as a standard Snellen chart of progressively smaller letters, is then used to determine the persons visual acuity. The eye examination may proceed to measurement of the localized curvature of the cornea with a manual keratometer, with detection of irregular astigmatism suggesting a possibility of keratoconus. Severe cases can exceed the instruments measuring ability. A further indication can be provided by retinoscopy, in which a light beam is focused on the persons retina and the reflection, or reflex, observed as the examiner tilts the light source back and forth. Keratoconus is amongst the ophthalmic conditions that exhibit a scissor reflex action of two bands moving toward and away from each other like the blades of a pair of scissors.If keratoconus is suspected, the ophthalmologist or optometrist will search for other characteristic findings of the disease by means of slit lamp examination of the cornea.
Patients with this condition presenting additionally with hydronephrosis, stage 3 chronic kidney disease, or recurrent urinary tract infection or urosepsis were considered as high risk groups. For these patients catheterization is often mandatory as an immediate short-term management of chronic urinary retention. See also
Bladder sphincter dyssynergia
Overactive bladder

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