Complications
Locoregional complications include pancreatic pseudocyst (most common, occurring in up to 25% of all cases, typically after 4–6 weeks) and phlegmon/abscess formation, splenic artery pseudoaneurysms, hemorrhage from erosions into splenic artery and vein, thrombosis of the splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein and portal veins (in descending order of frequency), duodenal obstruction, common bile duct obstruction, progression to chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic ascites, pleural effusion, sterile/infected pancreatic necrosis.Systemic complications include ARDS, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, DIC, hypocalcemia (from fat saponification), hyperglycemia and insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (from pancreatic insulin-producing beta cell damage), malabsorption due to exocrine failure

MetabolicHypocalcemia, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemiaRespiratoryHypoxemia, atelectasis, Effusion, pneumonitis, Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)Renal
Renal artery or vein thrombosis
Kidney failure
Circulatory
Arrhythmias
Hypovolemia and shock
myocardial infarction
Pericardial effusion
vascular thrombosis
Gastrointestinal
Gastrointestinal hemorrhage from stress ulceration;
gastric varices (secondary to splenic vein thrombosis)
Gastrointestinal obstruction
 Hepatobiliary
Jaundice
Portal vein thrombosis
Neurologic
Psychosis or encephalopathy (confusion, delusion and coma)
Cerebral Embolism
Blindness (angiopathic retinopathy with hemorrhage)
Hematologic
Anemia
DIC
Leucocytosis
Dermatologic
Painful subcutaneous fat necrosis
Miscellaneous
Subcutaneous fat necrosis
Arthalgia

Causes
Most common
Biliary pancreatitis due to gallstones or constriction of ampulla of Vater in 40% of cases
Alcohol in 30% of cases
Idiopathic in 15-25% of cases
Metabolic disorders: hereditary pancreatitis, hypercalcemia, elevated triglycerides, malnutrition
Post-ERCP
Abdominal trauma
Penetrating ulcers
Carcinoma of the head of pancreas, and other cancer
Drugs: diuretics (e.g., thiazides, furosemide), gliptins (e.g., vildagliptin, sitagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin), tetracycline, sulfonamides, estrogens, azathioprine and mercaptopurine, pentamidine, salicylates, steroids, Depakote
Infections: mumps, viral hepatitis, coxsackie B virus, cytomegalovirus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Ascaris
Structural abnormalities: choledochocele, pancreas divisum
Radiotherapy
Autoimmune pancreatitis
Severe hypertriglyceridemia

Less common
Scorpion venom
Chinese liver fluke
Ischemia from bypass surgery
Heart valve surgery
Fat necrosis
Pregnancy
Infections other than mumps, including varicella zoster
Hyperparathyroidism
Valproic acid
Cystic fibrosis
Anorexia or bulimia
Codeine phosphate reaction

Pathology
Pathogenesis
Acute pancreatitis occurs when there is abnormal activation of digestive enzymes within the pancreas.
Some physicians favor administering the maximum safe dose (calculated based on a number of factors), while others favor administering smaller doses, which may still be effective in ablating all thyroid tissue. I-131 is used for ablation of the thyroid tissue. Minimally invasive thyroidectomy has been used in recent years in cases where the nodules are small. Finding disease recurrence
Some studies have shown that thyroglobulin (Tg) testing combined with neck ultrasound is more productive in finding disease recurrence than full- or whole-body scans (WBS) using radioactive iodine. However, current protocol (in the USA) suggests a small number of clean annual WBS are required before relying on Tg testing plus neck ultrasound. When needed, whole body scans consist of withdrawal from thyroxine medication and/or injection of recombinant human Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). In both cases, a low iodine diet regimen must also be followed to optimize the takeup of the radioactive iodine dose. Low dose radioiodine of a few millicuries is administered. Full body nuclear medicine scan follows using a gamma camera. Scan doses of radioactive iodine may be I131 or I123. Recombinant human TSH, commercial name Thyrogen, is produced in cell culture from genetically engineered hamster cells.