Endoanal ultrasound is invented in 1991, which starts to demonstrate the high number of occult sphincter tears following vaginal deliveries. In 1994, the use of an endoanal coil during pelvic MRI shows greater detail of the anal canal than previously. During the last 20 years, dynamic graciliplasty, sacral nerve stimulation, injectable perianal bulking agents and radiofrequency ablation have been devised, mainly due to the relatively poor success rates and high morbidity associated with the earlier procedures. Society and culture
Persons with this symptom are frequently ridiculed and ostracized in public. It has been described as one of the most psychologically and socially debilitating conditions in an otherwise healthy individual. In older people, it is one of the most common reasons for admission into a care home. Persons who develop FI earlier in life are less likely to marry and obtain employment. Often, people will go to great lengths to keep their condition secret. It has been termed "the silent affliction" since many do not discuss the problem with their close family, employers or clinicians. They may be subject to gossip, hostility, and other forms of social exclusion. The economic cost has not received much attention. In the Netherlands, outpatients were reported to have total costs of €2169 annually, and over half of this was productivity loss in work. In the US, the average lifetime cost (treatment and follow-up) was $17,166 per person in 1996. The average hospital charges for sphincteroplasty was $8555 per procedure.
Damoctocog alfa pegol, sold under the brand name Jivi is a recombinant DNA-derived, Factor VIII concentrate medication used to treat hemophilia A.The most common side effects include headache, cough, nausea and fever.Damoctocog alfa pegol (antihemophilic factor- recombinant pegylated-aucl) was approved for medical use in the United States in August 2018, and in the European Union in November 2018. Medical uses
In the United States damoctocog alfa pegol is indicated for use in previously treated adults and adolescents (twelve years of age and older) with hemophilia A (congenital Factor VIII deficiency) for: (1) On-demand treatment and control of bleeding episodes ; (2) Perioperative management of bleeding; (3) Routine prophylaxis to reduce the frequency of bleeding episodes.In the European Union, damoctocog alfa pegol is indicated for the treatment and prophylaxis of bleeding in previously treated people twelve years of age and older with haemophilia A (congenital factor VIII deficiency). References
External links
"Damoctocog alfa pegol". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Clinical trial number NCT01184820 for "Trial to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics and Safety Profile of BAY94-9027 Following Single and Multiple Dose Administration" at ClinicalTrials.gov
Clinical trial number NCT01580293 for "A Trial Investigating Safety and Efficacy of Treatment With BAY94-9027 in Severe Hemophilia A (PROTECT-VIII)" at ClinicalTrials.gov
Clinical trial number NCT01775618 for "Safety and Efficacy of BAY94-9027 in Previously Treated Male Children With Haemophilia A" at ClinicalTrials.gov