This is made possible by the rapid reduction of nitrofurantoin inside the bacterial cell by flavoproteins (nitrofuran reductase) to multiple reactive intermediates that attack ribosomal proteins, DNA, respiration, pyruvate metabolism and other macromolecules within the cell. Nitrofurantoin exerts greater effects on bacterial cells than mammalian cells because bacterial cells activate the drug more rapidly. It is not known which of the actions of nitrofurantoin is primarily responsible for its bactericidal activity. The broad mechanism of action for this drug likely is responsible for the low development of resistance to its effects, as the drug affects many different processes important to the bacterial cell. History
Nitrofurantoin has been available for the treatment of lower urinary tract infections (UTIs) since 1953. Society and culture
Brand names
Nitrofurantoin is marketed under many names in countries worldwide. Animal feed
Residues from the breakdown of nitrofuran veterinary antibiotics, including nitrofurantoin, have been found in chicken in Vietnam, China, Brazil, and Thailand. The European Union banned the use of nitrofurans in food producing animals by classifying it in ANNEX IV (list of pharmacologically active substances for which no maximum residue limits can be fixed) of the Council Regulation 2377/90. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States has prohibited furaltadone since February 1985 and withdrew the approval for the other nitrofuran drugs (except some topical uses) in January 1992. The topical use of furazolidone and nitrofurazone was prohibited in 2002. Australia prohibited the use of nitrofurans in food production in 1992.
Triangular alopecia  is hair loss that may be congenital but usually appears in childhood as a focal patch of loss that may be complete or leaving fine vellus hairs behind. : 643  Affected individuals are typically entirely healthy. Hair restoration surgery using follicular unit transplantation has been a successful treatment modality for TTA

Presentation
Association with Other Conditions
TTA has been associated with several disorders, such as Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis. And a rare syndrome Setleis syndrome. It is inherited by the autosomal dominant trait and is characterized by cutis aplasia or atrophic skin at the temples, which is said to resemble forceps marks. There may also be a coarse facial appearance, anomalies of the eyelashes and eyebrows, and periorbital puffiness. Frequency
The suggested frequency for this condition in the general population is around 0.11%. The hair loss is non-progressive and does not expand beyond these areas. It is a non-inflammatory, non-scarring form of hair loss easily confused with alopecia areata. In one report, the condition was incorrectly believed by the parents to be induced by doctors inserting intravenous cannulas into scalp vessels during the neonatal period. The condition is permanent and the affected skin does not change later in life.Of the 53 reported cases of TTA, more than half (55.8%) were detected in childhood between the ages of 2 and 9 years, while 36.5% were detected at birth and only 3.8% (only two cases) in adulthood. See also
Alopecia
Skin lesion
List of cutaneous conditions


== References ==