Assessment tools
There are a variety of standardized assessment scales available to physiotherapists and other health care professionals for use in the ongoing evaluation of the status of a patients hemiplegia. The use of standardized assessment scales may help physiotherapists and other health care professionals during the course of their treatment plant to:
Prioritize treatment interventions based on specific identifiable motor and sensory deficits
Create appropriate short- and long-term goals for treatment based on the outcome of the scales, their professional expertise and the desires of the patient
Evaluate the potential burden of care and monitor any changes based on either improving or declining scoresSome of the most commonly used scales in the assessment of hemiplegia are:

The Fugl-Meyer Assessment of sensorimotor function (FMA)The FMA is often used as a measure of functional or physical impairment following a cerebrovascular accident (CVA). It measures sensory and motor impairment of the upper and lower extremities, balance in several positions, range of motion, and pain. This test is a reliable and valid measure in measuring post-stroke impairments related to stroke recovery. A lower score in each component of the test indicates higher impairment and a lower functional level for that area. The maximum score for each component is 66 for the upper extremities, 34 for the lower extremities, and 14 for balance. Administration of the FMA should be done after reviewing a training manual. The Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment (CMSA)This test is a reliable measure of two separate components evaluating both motor impairment and disability.
Use of safety measures for the patient and family by clearing the bedroom from obstacles, securing the windows, or installing locks or alarms. Medications are necessary if the patient is in danger from his or her behaviour. In this case, Imipramine or low-dose Clonazepam is beneficial. Epidemiology
The current prevalence of confusional arousals varies according to the year and the sample population and is approximately 4% (4.2% in 1999 in UK sample population, 6.1% (15–24 years old), 3.3% (25–34 y.o.) and 2% (35+ y.o.) in 2000 in UK, Germany and Italy sample population, 6.9% in 2010 in Norway sample population with a lifetime prevalence of 18.5%). The current prevalence of confusional arousals in children (3–13 y.o.) is higher and around 17.3%. Confusional arousals without a known cause or associated condition is uncommon (for about 1% of cases ).The contribution of genetics and family link is strong and episodes of confusional arousals can occur in several members of the same family. Risk factors
Some independent risk factors associated with confusional arousals have been identified. According to studies, they are shift work, hypnagogic hallucinations (also known as hypnagogia), excessive daytime sleepiness, insomnia and hypersomnia disorder, circadian rhythm sleep disorder, restless legs syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), bipolar disorder, daily smoking, and age of 15–24 years. These risk factors of confusional arousals are somehow related to mental disorders and medical conditions and affecting mostly younger subjects regardless of gender.