Secondary Causes
Congenital infections: syphilis, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, rubella, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), malaria, hepatitis B
Immunologic: maternal systemic lupus erythematosus

Diagnosis
An examination reveals massive fluid retention and generalized swelling. Abnormal sounds are heard when listening to the heart and lungs with a stethoscope. Blood pressure may be high. The patient may have signs of malnutrition.A urinalysis reveals large amounts of protein and sometimes small amounts of blood in the urine. Kidney function may be normal in the first weeks or months of life. Laboratory studies show low serum levels of protein (albumin) and immunoglobulins, and elevated levels of triglycerides and cholesterol. Blood work may also show thyroid and vitamin D deficiency. Kidneys on ultrasound imaging may appear enlarged and brighter (hyperechoic). The disorder can be screened during pregnancy by finding elevated levels of alpha-fetoprotein on a routine sampling of amniotic fluid.Indication for kidney biopsy remains unclear as histologic findings do no reveal the cause of congenital nephrotic syndrome, but findings may help in developing treatment strategies. Findings on light microscopy can vary from minimal change nephropathy to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis or diffuse mesanigial sclerosis. Electron microscopy shows podocyte disruption (loss of foot processes or slit diaphragm).Genetic analysis and infectious workup are needed to determine the precise cause of congenital nephrotic syndrome. Understanding the underlying cause can assist in disease management, prognosis, and genetic counseling. Treatment
Genetic forms of nephrotic syndrome are typically resistant to steroid and other immunosuppressive treatment.
Site most often refers to:

Archaeological site
Campsite, a place used for overnight stay in an outdoor area
Construction site
Location, a point or an area on the Earths surface or elsewhere
Website, a set of related web pages, typically with a common domain nameIt may also refer to:

Site, a National Register of Historic Places property type
SITE (originally known as Sculpture in the Environment), an American architecture and design firm
Site (mathematics), a category C together with a Grothendieck topology on C
The Site, a 1990s TV series that aired on MSNBC
SITE Intelligence Group, a for-profit organization tracking jihadist and white supremacist organizations
SITE Institute, a terrorism-tracking organization, precursor to the SITE Intelligence Group
Sindh Industrial and Trading Estate, a company in Sindh, Pakistan
SITE Centers, American commercial real estate company
SITE Town, a densely populated town in Karachi, Pakistan
S.I.T.E Industrial Area, an area in Karachi, Pakistan
Satellite Instructional Television Experiment, an experimental satellite communications project launched in India in 1975
Google Sites, web based website editor

See also
Sites, California
All pages with titles beginning with Site
All pages with titles containing Site