Lipomas affect about 1% of the population, with no documented sex bias, and about 1 in every 1000 people will have a lipoma within their lifetime. The cause of lipomas is not well defined. Genetic or inherited causes of lipomas play a role in around 2-3% of patients. In individuals with inherited familial syndromes such as Proteus syndrome or Familial multiple lipomatosis, it is common to see multiple lipomas across the body. These syndromes are also associated with specific symptoms and sub-populations. Mutations in chromosome 12 have been identified in around 65% of lipoma cases. Lipomas have also been shown to be increased in those with obesity, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus.Lipomas are usually diagnosed clinically, although imaging (ultrasound, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging) may be utilized to assist with the diagnosis of lipomas in atypical locations. The main treatment for lipomas is surgical excision, after which the tumor is examined with histopathology to confirm the diagnosis. The prognosis for benign lipomas excellent and recurrence after excision is rare, but may occur if the removal was incomplete. Mechanism
Benign vs malignant
One of the most important factors in classifying a tumor as benign or malignant is its invasive potential. If a tumor lacks the ability to invade adjacent tissues or spread to distant sites by metastasizing then it is benign, whereas invasive or metastatic tumors are malignant. For this reason, benign tumors are not classed as cancer. Benign tumors will grow in a contained area usually encapsulated in a fibrous connective tissue capsule.
In anatomy, capsulitis is inflammation of a capsule.Types include:

Adhesive capsulitis of shoulder
Plica syndrome, which is an inflammation of the articular capsule of the knee joint

Adhesive capsulitis of shoulder
Adhesive capsulitis of shoulder, also known as frozen shoulder, commonly causes shoulder pain and stiffness. These sensations can be very painful and may last up to two or three years. Treatment
Manual therapy and exercise
Manual therapy involves the movement of joints and other structures by a healthcare professional such as a physiotherapist. Exercise is the movement of joints and purposeful muscle contraction. Both manual therapy and exercise are used to attempt to relieve pain and soreness and increase joint range and function. There is moderate quality evidence that manual therapy and exercise may help significantly decrease pain in patients with adhesive capsulitis of shoulder. However the study also indicates that glucocorticoid (a type of anti-inflammatory) injections were more effective. See also
Articular capsule


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