Other autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, can also cause myositis-like symptoms. Diagnosis
There are various tools that can be used to help diagnose myositis. The most common ones are: physical exam, electromyography, magnetic resonance imaging, muscle biopsy, and blood tests. The first thing your doctor will likely do is perform a physical exam. They will look for various things such as muscle weakness and rashes. Another possible test is an electromyography (EMG). This is a test that inserts tiny needles into your muscles. This allows a physician to look at your muscles’ response to various electrical nerve signals and evaluate which muscles potentially have myositis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is also useful. This is a test that uses a big magnet to create images on a computer. This allows a physician to examine your muscles. It is painless. Muscle biopsies are the most reliable tests for diagnosing myositis. It will tell your doctor for certain if you have myositis or not. There are also a variety of blood tests available that help in the diagnoses of myositis. Your doctor may look for elevation of creatine kinase in blood, which is indicative of muscle inflammation. Certain autoantibodies (antibodies that target your muscle cells) can also be found in the blood that can indicate that myositis is caused by an autoimmune disease. Some specific examples of autoantibodies are Anti-Jo-1, Anti-HMGCR, Anti-TIF1, etc. Treatment
Treatment for myositis depends on the underlying cause. For myositis that is caused by a viral infection, no treatment is typically needed.
Chorioangioma, or chorangioma, is a benign tumor of placenta. It is a hamartoma-like growth in the placenta consisting of blood vessels, and is seen in approximately 0.5 to 1% pregnancies. It is mostly diagnosed ultrasonically in the second trimester of pregnancy. Large chorioangiomas are known to cause complications in pregnancy, while the smaller ones are asymptomatic. Presentation
Most chorangiomas are not clinically significant, i.e. they do not have an adverse effect on placental function. Complications
Large (greater than 4 or 5 cm.) or multiple chorioangiomas may lead to complication. The complications are polyhydramnios, preterm labour, hemolytic anemia, fetal cardiomegaly, fetal thrombocytopenia, intrauterine growth retardation, preeclampsia, abruption of placenta and congenital anomalies. Pathogenesis
The origin of chorioangioma is from primitive chorionic mesenchyme. It develops when the blood vessels and stroma undergo rapid proliferation independent of the surrounding tissue. Based on histological features, chorioangioma is classified by Marchetti into three types:
Cellular type : This type is immature and contains mostly cellular elements packed compactly. Angiomatous (vascular) type : This is the most common type of choriocarcinoma. It is distinguished by the presence of numerous small blood vessels. Degenerative type : This is the mature type with degenerative changes.Each type is believed to represent a phase of tumor development. Chorioangioma has no malignant potential. Diagnosis
Most chorioangiomas are asymptomatic. They are generally picked up in second trimester scan. Chorioangioma is seen as a hypo- or hyperechoic circumscribed mass that is distinct from the placenta at gray-scale US examination. Large lesions may contain fibrous septa.