Watchful waiting with serial imaging may be appropriate in rare circumstances. Follow-up
If no improvement is made in one to two days post therapy, inpatients should repeat an urine analysis and imaging. Outpatients should check again with their doctor. Epidemiology
There are roughly 12–13 cases annually per 10,000 population in women receiving outpatient treatment and 3–4 cases requiring admission. In men, 2–3 cases per 10,000 are treated as outpatients and 1– cases/10,000 require admission. Young women are most often affected. Infants and the elderly are also at increased risk, reflecting anatomical changes and hormonal status. Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is most common in middle-aged women. It can present somewhat differently in children, in whom it may be mistaken for Wilms tumor. Research
According to a 2015 meta analysis, vitamin A has been shown to alleviate renal damage and/or prevent renal scarring. Terminology
The term is from Greek πύελο|ς pýelo|s, "basin" + νεφρ|ός nepʰrós, "kidney" + suffix -itis suggesting "inflammation".A similar term is "pyelitis", which means inflammation of the renal pelvis and calyces. In other words, pyelitis together with nephritis is collectively known as pyelonephritis. Etymology
The word pyelonephritis is formed by the Greek roots pyelo- from πύελος (púelos) renal pelvis and nephro- from νεφρός (nephrós) kidney together with the suffix -itis from -ῖτις (-itis) used in medicine to indicate diseases or inflammations. See also
Interstitial nephritis
Malakoplakia

References
External links

NIDDK
Atlas of Pathology
7p22.1 microduplication syndrome (also called Trisomy 7p22.1) is a newly discovered genetic disorder which is characterized by cranial and facial dysmorphisms, intellectual disability, and motor-speech delays. It is caused by a duplication of the p22.1 region of chromosome 7. Signs and symptoms
The symptoms of this syndrome are (but are not limited to) cranio-facial dysmorphisms such as macrocephaly, frontal bossing, low-set ears, hypertelorism, etc., intellectual disabilities, speech and motor delays, and heart, ocular, renal and skeletal defects (such as patent foramen ovale {heart} or brachydactyly type D {skeletal} ). Causes
This condition (as the name implies) is caused by a 430 kB duplication of the p22.1 region of chromosome 7. This mutation is autosomal recessive , meaning that a baby would need 1 copy of a mutated gene from both parents in order to show symptoms of the disorder. Epidemiology
Only 60 cases of 7q22.1 microduplication syndrome have been recorded in medical literature


== References ==