The most common lissencephaly observed, consisting of frontotemporal pachygyria and posterior agyria, is Grade 3. Another malformation worth mentioning because of its connections to pachygyria is polymicrogyria. Polymicrogyria is characterized by many small gyri separated by shallow sulci, slightly thin cortex, neuronal heterotopia and enlarged ventricle and is often superimposed on pachygyria. Treatment
Because pachygyria is a structural defect no treatments are currently available other than symptomatic treatments, especially for associated seizures. Another common treatment is a gastrostomy (insertion of a feeding tube) to reduce possible poor nutrition and repeated aspiration pneumonia. Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism
Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism (MOPD) type II is an autosomal multisystem disorder including severe pre- and post-natal growth retardation, microcephaly with Seckel syndrome-like facial appearance, and distinctive skeletal alterations. Usually those affected have mild to moderate mental retardation. See also
Lissencephaly
Polymicrogyria

References
Phadke SR, Girisha KM, Phadke RV (2007). "A new autosomal recessive disorder of bilateral frontotemporal pachygyria without microcephaly: report of a case and review of literature". Neurol India. 55 (1): 57–60. doi:10.4103/0028-3886.30429. PMID 17272902. External links

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): 600176
Naftifine hydrochloride (brand names include Exoderil and Naftin) is an allylamine antifungal drug for the topical treatment of tinea pedis, tinea cruris, and tinea corporis (topical fungal infections). Naftifine has triple action: antifungal, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory. Its fungistatic activity is believed to be based on inhibition of the squalene-2,3-epoxidase enzyme, which in turn results in the shortage of ergosterol required for the formation of fungal cell membranes. With some fungal species, there is also fungicidal activity from a resulting accumulation of squalenes, leading to damage of the fungal cell membranes, including at the endoplasmatic reticulum. The half-life is approximately 2–3 days. The metabolites are excreted in the urine and feces.Naftifine was invented at the Sandoz Research Institute in Vienna, Austria. It was the first succesful antifungal medication of the allylamine class. Naftifine shows mostly fungicidal activity toward dematophytes and molds, and mostly fungistatic activity toward yeasts. It is also effective as an antibacterial agent in treating pyoderma. Naftifine is almost completely metabolized in the human body, with a half-life of 2–3 days. Its metabolytes do not have antifungal activity, and they are excreted with urine and bile. == References ==