However, their argument was based on paraphyletic Spiralia, assignments of sexual modes for the phylum level than the species level, and methods exclusively based on maximum parsimony.Hermaphroditism is polyphyletic in invertebrates where it evolved from gonochorism: 97  and gonochorism is also ancestral to hermaphroditic fishes. According to Nelson Çabej simultaneous hermaphroditism in animals most likely evolved due to a limited number of mating partners. In plants
It is widely accepted that the first vascular plants were outcrossing hermaphrodites. In flowering plants, hermaphroditism is ancestral to dioecy. Flowers in angiosperms evolved to attract insects as vectors for pollination.Hermaphroditism in plants may promote self fertilization in pioneer populations. However, plants have evolved multiple different mechanisms to avoid self-fertilization in hermaphrodites, including sequential hermaphroditism, molecular recognition systems and mechanical or morphological mechanisms such as heterostyly. : 73, 74

See also
Asexual reproduction
Trioecy
Androgyny
Gonochorism
Gynandromorph
Self-pollination
Self-fertilization
Futanari
Non-binary gender

References
Further reading
External links

Britannica Online Encyclopedia: hermaphroditism (biology)
Current Biology – Gender trading in a hermaphrodite
The Evolution of Self-Fertile Hermaphroditism: The Fog Is Clearing
"Born True Hermaphrodite – Pictorial Profile", about Lynn Edward Harris
History
Sandifer syndrome was first described in 1964 by Austrian neurologist Marcel Kinsbourne in The Lancet. Kinsbourne named the syndrome after his mentor, British neurologist Paul Sandifer, who had initially cared for the patients described in Kinsbournes case reports. See also
List of eponymously named diseases

References


== External links ==