Studies of this formulation have been published.E2/P4 with 5 mg E2 and 150 to 300 mg P4 encapsulated in microspheres in an aqueous suspension has been studied as a once-a-month combined injectable contraceptive but has not been further developed or introduced for medical use. E2/P4 with 5 mg E2 and 100 mg P4 in a macrocrystalline aqueous suspension has also been studied as a once-a-month combined injectable contraceptive, but likewise was not further developed.As of April 2022, a vaginal ring containing E2/P4 (developmental code names DARE-HRT1 and JNP-0201) is under development for use in menopausal hormone therapy. References
External links
"Estradiol mixture with progesterone". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Neonatal lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease in an infant born to a mother with anti-Ro/SSA and with or without anti-La/SSB antibodies. The disease most commonly presents with a rash resembling subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and can have systemic abnormalities such as complete heart block or hepatosplenomegaly. Neonatal lupus is usually benign and self-limited. Many of the clinical manifestations are transient, but certain heart problems can be permanent. Diagnosis is based on maternal antibodies and clinical manifestations. Treatment and management is mainly supportive and focused on preventing complete heart block if possible. Pathogenesis
Ro/SSA and La/SSB are proteins found inside cells. Anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB are antibodies that form against these proteins. These antibodies can be seen in autoimmune diseases, the most common being Lupus and Sjögrens. Mothers can have these antibodies circulating in their blood without having any signs or symptoms of an autoimmune disease. Babies born to mothers with these antibodies have a chance of developing neonatal lupus erythematosus. This occurs when maternal anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB antibodies enter fetal circulation and affect neonatal organs by crossing the placenta using FcRn receptors. The mechanism in which the antibodies affect organs is not yet completely understood. For the heart, it is thought that these antibodies bind to cells in the heart that go through physiologic cell death during embryogenesis. This leads to heart cell injury which causes secondary fibrosis in the conduction system, ultimately causing heart block. These antibodies can also affect calcium channels which are needed to initiate action potentials.