Blood Biomarkers: Many proteins and RNA biomarkers identified are connected to ischemic stroke pathophysiology includes
Central Nervous System Tissue Injury Biomarkers- S100B, Glial fibrillary acidic protein, enolase 2,Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Inflammatory Biomarkers - c-reactive protein, Interleukin 6, Tumor necrosis factor α,VCAM-1. Coagulation / Thrombosis Biomarkers - Fibrinogen, D-dimer,Von Willebrand factor
Other Biomarkers- PARK7, B-type neurotrophic growth factor. Treatment
Alteplase (t-PA) is an effective medication for acute ischemic stroke. When given within 3 hours, treatment with tpa significantly improves the probability of a favourable outcome versus treatment with placebo.The outcome of brain ischemia is influenced by the quality of subsequent supportive care. Systemic blood pressure (or slightly above) should be maintained so that cerebral blood flow is restored. Also, hypoxaemia and hypercapnia should be avoided. Seizures can induce more damage; accordingly, anticonvulsants should be prescribed and should a seizure occur, aggressive treatment should be undertaken. Hyperglycaemia should also be avoided during brain ischemia. Management
When someone presents with an ischemic event, treatment of the underlying cause is critical for prevention of further episodes.Anticoagulation with warfarin or heparin may be used if the patient has atrial fibrillation.Operative procedures such as carotid endarterectomy and carotid stenting may be performed if the patient has a significant amount of plaque in the carotid arteries associated with the local ischemic events. Research
Therapeutic hypothermia has been attempted to improve results post brain ischemia. This procedure was suggested to be beneficial based on its effects post cardiac arrest.
Brain ischemia is a condition in which there is insufficient bloodflow to the brain to meet metabolic demand. This leads to poor oxygen supply or cerebral hypoxia and thus leads to the death of brain tissue or cerebral infarction/ischemic stroke. It is a sub-type of stroke along with subarachnoid hemorrhage and  intracerebral hemorrhage.Ischemia leads to alterations in brain metabolism, reduction in metabolic rates, and energy crisis.There are two types of ischemia: focal ischemia, which is confined to a specific region of the brain; and global ischemia, which encompasses wide areas of brain tissue. The main symptoms of brain ischemia involve impairments in vision, body movement, and speaking. The causes of brain ischemia vary from sickle cell anemia to congenital heart defects. Symptoms of brain ischemia can include unconsciousness, blindness, problems with coordination, and weakness in the body. Other effects that may result from brain ischemia are stroke, cardiorespiratory arrest, and irreversible brain damage. An interruption of blood flow to the brain for more than 10 seconds causes unconsciousness, and an interruption in flow for more than a few minutes generally results in irreversible brain damage. In 1974, Hossmann and Zimmermann demonstrated that ischemia induced in mammalian brains for up to an hour can be at least partially recovered. Accordingly, this discovery raised the possibility of intervening after brain ischemia before the damage becomes irreversible. Symptoms and signs
The symptoms of brain ischemia reflect the anatomical region undergoing blood and oxygen deprivation.