Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (PCH) is a disease affecting the blood vessels of the lungs, where abnormal capillary proliferation and venous fibrous intimal thickening result in progressive increase in vascular resistance. It is a rare cause of pulmonary hypertension, and occurs predominantly in young adults. Together with pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, PCH comprises WHO Group I causes for pulmonary hypertension. Indeed, there is some evidence to suggest that PCH and pulmonary veno-occlusive disease are different forms of a similar disease process. Presentation
These are non specific. Typical symptoms include dyspnea, cough, chest pain and fatigue. Genetics
At least some cases appear to be due to mutations in the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 4 (EIF2AK4) gene. Diagnosis
Lung biopsy is essential to make this diagnosis. This can be difficult if the pulmonary pressure is high. Investigations
Chest X ray may show enlargement of the heart and ill-defined patchy lesions in the lung fields. CT chest typically shows wide spread ill-defined centrilobular nodules of ground glass opacity. This is a nonspecific finding and may be seen in a number of pulmonary diseases. CT pulmonary angiography usually shows enlargement of the main pulmonary artery. When measured by echocardiography or pulmonary angiography, the pulmonary arterial pressure is typically elevated. Differential diagnosis
Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease

Associations
This condition has been reported in patients with Ehlers Danlos syndrome, CREST syndrome and scimitar syndrome. Treatment
The only definitive treatment for this condition currently is lung transplantation. Median survival without treatment is 3 years.Imatinib may be of use.Epoprostenol does not appear to be of use.
The initial diagnosis of dementia pugilistica was derived from the Latin word for boxer pugil (akin to pugnus  fist, pugnāre  to fight).Other terms for the condition have included chronic boxers encephalopathy, traumatic boxers encephalopathy, boxers dementia, pugilistic dementia, chronic traumatic brain injury associated with boxing (CTBI-B), and punch-drunk syndrome.The seminal work on the disease came from British neurologist Macdonald Critchley, who in 1949 wrote a paper titled "Punch-drunk syndromes: the chronic traumatic encephalopathy of boxers". CTE was first recognized as affecting individuals who took considerable blows to the head, but was believed to be confined to boxers and not other athletes. As evidence pertaining to the clinical and neuropathological consequences of repeated mild head trauma grew, it became clear that this pattern of neurodegeneration was not restricted to boxers, and the term chronic traumatic encephalopathy became most widely used.In 1990, a patient nicknamed Wilma was diagnosed postmortem with dementia pugilistica; she was the first woman diagnosed with dementia pugilistica from domestic violence.In 2002, American football player Mike Webster died following unusual and unexplained behavior. In 2005 Nigerian-American neuropathologist Bennet Omalu, along with colleagues in the Department of Pathology at the University of Pittsburgh, published their findings in a paper titled "Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in a National Football League Player", followed by a paper on a second case in 2006 describing similar pathology.In June 2007 professional wrestler Chris Benoit murdered his wife and son before committing suicide days after appearing on television.