A cleft lip is an opening of the upper lip mainly due to the failure of fusion of the medial nasal processes with the palatal processes, a cleft palate is the opening of the soft and hard palate in the mouth which is due to the failure of the palatal shelves to fuse together.The palates main function is to demarcate the nasal and oral cavity, without which the patient will have problems with swallowing, eating and speech. Thus affecting the quality of life and in some cases certain functions.Some examples include food going up into the nasal cavity during swallowing as the soft palate is not present to close the cavity during the process. Speech is also affected as the nasal cavity is a source of resonance during speech and failure to manipulate spaces in the cavities will result in the lack of ability to produce certain consonants in audible language. Macroglossia
Is a rare condition, categorised by tongue enlargement which will eventually create a crenated border in relation to the embrasures between the teeth. Hereditary Cause
Vascular malformations
Down syndrome
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Neurofibromatosis type Is

Acquired Causes
Carcinoma 
Lingual Thyroid 
Myxedema
Amyloidosis

Consequences
Noisy breaths, obstructs airway if severe
Drooling
Difficult in eating
Lisping speech
Open-bite
Protruding tongue, may ulcerate and undergo necrosis

Treatments
For mild cases, surgical treatment is not mandatory but if speech is affected, speech therapy may be useful. Reduction glossectomy may be required for severe cases. Ankyloglossia
Stafne defect
Torus palatinus
Torus mandibularis
Eagle syndrome,
Is a condition where there is an abnormal ossification of the stylohyoid ligament.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control found a 9 percentage point increase in the prevalence of confirmed dental fluorosis in a 1999-2002 study of American children and adolescents than was found in a similar survey from 1986-1987 (from 22.8% in 1986-1987 to 32% in 1999-2002). In addition, the survey provides further evidence that African Americans suffer from higher rates of fluorosis than Caucasian Americans. The condition is more prevalent in rural areas where drinking water is derived from shallow wells or hand pumps. It is also more likely to occur in areas where the drinking water has a fluoride content greater than 1 ppm (part per million). If the water supply is fluoridated at the level of 1 ppm, one must consume one litre of water in order to take in 1 mg of fluoride. It is thus improbable a person will receive more than the tolerable upper limit from consuming optimally fluoridated water alone. Fluoride consumption can exceed the tolerable upper limit when someone drinks a lot of fluoride-containing water in combination with other fluoride sources, such as swallowing fluoridated toothpaste, consuming food with a high fluoride content, or consuming fluoride supplements. The use of fluoride supplements as a prevention for tooth decay is rare in areas with water fluoridation, but was recommended by many dentists in the UK until the early 1990s.