For example, certain Nigerian populations do not show the relationship between dose of APOEε4 and incidence or age-of-onset for Alzheimers disease seen in other human populations.Alleles in the TREM2 gene have been associated with a 3 to 5 times higher risk of developing Alzheimers disease.A Japanese pedigree of familial Alzheimers disease was found to be associated with a deletion mutation of codon 693 of APP. This mutation and its association with Alzheimers disease was first reported in 2008, and is known as the Osaka mutation. Only homozygotes with this mutation have an increased risk of developing Alzheimers disease. This mutation accelerates Aβ oligomerization but the proteins do not form the amyloid fibrils that aggregate into amyloid plaques, suggesting that it is the Aβ oligomerization rather than the fibrils that may be the cause of this disease. Mice expressing this mutation have all the usual pathologies of Alzheimers disease. Other hypotheses
The tau hypothesis proposes that tau protein abnormalities initiate the disease cascade. In this model, hyperphosphorylated tau begins to pair with other threads of tau as paired helical filaments. Eventually, they form neurofibrillary tangles inside nerve cell bodies. When this occurs, the microtubules disintegrate, destroying the structure of the cells cytoskeleton which collapses the neurons transport system.A number of studies connect the misfolded amyloid beta and tau proteins associated with the pathology of Alzheimers disease, as bringing about oxidative stress that leads to chronic inflammation. Sustained inflammation (neuroinflammation) is also a feature of other neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinsons disease, and ALS.
Regarding economic problems, family caregivers often give up time from work to spend 47 hours per week on average with the person with Alzheimers disease, while the costs of caring for them are high. Direct and indirect costs of caring for somebody with Alzheimers  average between $18,000 and $77,500 per year in the United States, depending on the study.Cognitive behavioral therapy and the teaching of coping strategies either individually or in group have demonstrated their efficacy in improving caregivers psychological health. Media
Alzheimers disease has been portrayed in films such as: Iris (2001), based on John Bayleys memoir of his wife Iris Murdoch; The Notebook (2004), based on Nicholas Sparks 1996 novel of the same name; A Moment to Remember (2004); Thanmathra (2005); Memories of Tomorrow (Ashita no Kioku) (2006), based on Hiroshi Ogiwaras novel of the same name; Away from Her (2006), based on Alice Munros short story The Bear Came over the Mountain; Still Alice (2014), about a Columbia University professor who has early onset Alzheimers disease, based on Lisa Genovas 2007 novel of the same name and featuring Julianne Moore in the title role. Documentaries on Alzheimers disease include Malcolm and Barbara: A Love Story (1999) and Malcolm and Barbara: Loves Farewell (2007), both featuring Malcolm Pointon.Alzheimers disease has also been portrayed in music by English musician the Caretaker in releases such as Persistent Repetition of Phrases (2008), An Empty Bliss Beyond This World (2011), and Everywhere at the End of Time (2016–2019).