Research
A 2014 meta-analysis of three small trials evaluating probiotics showed a slight improvement in management of chronic idiopathic constipation, but well-designed studies are necessary to know the true efficacy of probiotics in treating this condition.Children with functional constipation often claim to lack the sensation of the urge to defecate, and may be conditioned to avoid doing so due to a previous painful experience. One retrospective study showed that these children did indeed have the urge to defecate using colonic manometry, and suggested behavioral modification as a treatment for functional constipation. See also
Functional symptom
Sacral nerve stimulation


== References ==
Taliglucerase alfa, sold under the brand name Elelyso among others, is a biopharmaceutical medication developed by Protalix and Pfizer. The drug, a recombinant glucocerebrosidase used to treat Gauchers disease, is the first plant-made pharmaceutical to win approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Each vial has 200 units of taliglucerase alfa. Approval history
The U.S. FDA New Drug Application (NDA) was granted approval in May 2012, for use in adults. The U.S. FDA Supplemental New Drug Application (sNDA) for pediatric use was granted approved in August 2014. In Israel, the Israeli Ministry of Health granted approval in September 2012. In Brazil, the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) granted approval in March 2013. In Canada, Health Canada issued a Notice of Compliance in May 2014, for both adults and pediatric patients.Taliglucerase alfa is made by the Israeli biotherapeutics company Protalix and sold by the American pharmaceutical company Pfizer. Society and culture
Economics
For 2016, Elelyso was ranked third for pharmaceuticals with the highest cost-per-patient, with an average cost of $483,242 per year. References
External links
"Taliglucerase alfa". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.