In traumatic pneumothorax, larger tubes (28 F, 9.3 mm) are used. When chest tubes are placed due to either blunt or penetrating trauma, antibiotics decrease the risks of infectious complications.Chest tubes are required in PSPs that have not responded to needle aspiration, in large SSPs (>50%), and in cases of tension pneumothorax. They are connected to a one-way valve system that allows air to escape, but not to re-enter, the chest. This may include a bottle with water that functions like a water seal, or a Heimlich valve. They are not normally connected to a negative pressure circuit, as this would result in rapid re-expansion of the lung and a risk of pulmonary edema ("re-expansion pulmonary edema"). The tube is left in place until no air is seen to escape from it for a period of time, and X-rays confirm re-expansion of the lung.If after 2–4 days there is still evidence of an air leak, various options are available. Negative pressure suction (at low pressures of –10 to –20 cmH2O) at a high flow rate may be attempted, particularly in PSP; it is thought that this may accelerate the healing of the leak. Failing this, surgery may be required, especially in SSP.Chest tubes are used first-line when pneumothorax occurs in people with AIDS, usually due to underlying pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), as this condition is associated with prolonged air leakage.
Antibacterial activity
Nitrofurantoin has been shown to have good activity against:

E. coli
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Coagulase negative staphylococci
Enterococcus faecalis
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus agalactiae
Citrobacter species
Klebsiella species
Bacillus subtilis speciesIt is used in the treatment of infections caused by these organisms.Many or all strains of the following genera are resistant to nitrofurantoin:
Enterobacter
Proteus
PseudomonasAntibiotic susceptibility testing should always be performed to further elucidate the resistance profile of the particular strain of bacteria causing infection. Special populations
Pregnancy
Nitrofurantoin is pregnancy category B in the United States and pregnancy category A in Australia. It is one of the few drugs commonly used in pregnancy to treat UTIs. It however should not be used in late pregnancy due to the potential risk of hemolytic anemia in the newborn. Newborns of women given this drug late in pregnancy had a higher risk of developing neonatal jaundice.Evidence of safety in early pregnancy is mixed as of 2017. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists states that while they can be used in the first trimester other options may be preferred. They remain a first line treatment in the second trimester. A 2015 meta analysis found no increased risk from first trimester use in cohort studies that was a slight increase of malformations in case control studies. Available forms
There are two formulations of nitrofurantoin:

Macrocrystals - (Macrodantin, Furadantin) – 25, 50, or 100 mg capsules – taken once every 6 hours
Monohydrate/macrocrystals - (Macrobid) – 100 mg capsules – taken once every 12 hours or 2 times a day (written on prescriptions as BID, which is the last part of the trade name MacroBID).