The scavenger can be any reagent that will irreversibly react with water such as phthalic anhydride or titanium chloride. The temperature required for the reaction varies based upon choice of acid and water scavenger. The yield of this reaction is much higher: at least 55%. History
The pharmacological effects of the naturally-occurring analog aporphine in the blue lotus (Nymphaea caerulea) were known to the ancient Egyptians and Mayans, with the plant featuring in tomb frescoes and associated with entheogenic rites. It is also observed in Egyptian erotic cartoons, suggesting that they were aware of its erectogenic properties. The modern medical history of apomorphine begins with its synthesis by Arppe in 1845 from morphine and sulfuric acid, although it was named sulphomorphide at first. Matthiesen and Wright (1869) used hydrochloric acid instead of sulfuric acid in the process, naming the resulting compound apomorphine. Initial interest in the compound was as an emetic, tested and confirmed safe by London doctor Samuel Gee, and for the treatment of stereotypies in farmyard animals. Key to the use of apomorphine as a behavioural modifier was the research of Erich Harnack, whose experiments in rabbits (which do not vomit) demonstrated that apomorphine had powerful effects on the activity of rabbits, inducing licking, gnawing and in very high doses convulsions and death. Treatment of alcoholism
Apomorphine was one of the earliest used pharmacotherapies for alcoholism.
Emicizumab (trade name Hemlibra) is a humanized bispecific antibody for the treatment of haemophilia A, developed by Genentech and Chugai (a subsidiary of Roche). A Phase I clinical trial found that it was well tolerated by healthy subjects.In November 2017, it was approved in the United States for treatment of haemophilia A in those who had developed resistance to other treatments. It was subsequently approved by the US FDA in April 2018 under the breakthrough therapy designation for treatment of haemophila A in those who have not developed resistance to other treatments. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication. Mechanism of action
Emicizumab binds to both the activated coagulation factor IX and to factor X, mediating the activation of the latter. This is normally the function of coagulation factor VIII, which is missing in haemophilia A patients. References
External links
"Emicizumab". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.