Thyroid and parathyroid
Incidental thyroid masses may be found in 9% of patients undergoing bilateral carotid duplex ultrasonography.Some experts recommend that nodules > 1 cm (unless the TSH is suppressed) or those with ultrasonographic features of malignancy should be biopsied by fine needle aspiration. Computed tomography  is inferior to ultrasound for evaluating thyroid nodules. Ultrasonographic markers of malignancy are:
solid hypoechoic appearance
irregular or blurred margins
intranodular vascular spots or pattern
microcalcificationsIncidental parathyroid masses may be found in 0.1% of patients undergoing bilateral carotid duplex ultrasonography.The American College of Radiology recommends the following workup for thyroid nodules as incidental imaging findings on CT, MRI or PET-CT:

Pulmonary
Studies of whole body screening computed tomography find abnormalities in the lungs of 14% of patients. Clinical practice guidelines by the American College of Chest Physicians advise on the evaluation of the solitary pulmonary nodule. Kidney
Most renal cell carcinomas are now found incidentally. Tumors less than 3 cm in diameter less frequently have aggressive histology.A CT scan is the first choice modality for workup of solid masses in the kidneys. Nevertheless, hemorrhagic cysts can resemble renal cell carcinomas on CT, but they are easily distinguished with Doppler ultrasonography (Doppler US). In renal cell carcinomas, Doppler US often shows vessels with high velocities caused by neovascularization and arteriovenous shunting. Some renal cell carcinomas are hypovascular and not distinguishable with Doppler US.
Therefore, renal tumors without a Doppler signal, which are not obvious simple cysts on US and CT, should be further investigated with contrast-enhanced ultrasound, as this is more sensitive than both Doppler US and CT for the detection of hypovascular tumors. Spinal
The increasing use of MRI, often during diagnostic work-up for back or lower extremity pain, has led to a significant increase in the number of incidental findings that are most often clinically inconsequential. The most common include:
vertebral hemangioma
fibrolipoma (a lipoma with fibrous areas)
Tarlov cystSometimes normally asymptomatic findings can present with symptoms and these cases when identified cannot then be considered as incidentalomas. Criticism
The concept of the "incidentaloma" has been criticized, as such lesions do not have much in common other than the history of an incidental identification and the assumption that they are clinically inert. It has been proposed just to say that such lesions have been "incidentally found." The underlying pathology shows no unifying histological concept. == References ==