The way mothers speak to their children ("motherese") is better suited to support very young children in their efforts to understand speech (in context of the reference English) than fathers.Since the 1970s, in vitro fertilization has made pregnancy possible at ages well beyond "natural" limits, generating ethical controversy and forcing significant changes in the social meaning of motherhood. This is, however, a position highly biased by Western world locality: outside the Western world, in-vitro fertilization has far less prominence, importance or currency compared to primary, basic healthcare, womens basic health, reducing infant mortality and the prevention of life-threatening diseases such as polio, typhus and malaria. Traditionally, and still in most parts of the world today, a mother was expected to be a married woman, with birth outside of marriage carrying a strong social stigma. Historically, this stigma not only applied to the mother, but also to her child. This continues to be the case in many parts of the developing world today, but in many Western countries the situation has changed radically, with single motherhood being much more socially acceptable now. For more details on these subjects, see Legitimacy (family law) and single parent. The total fertility rate (TFR), that is, the number of children born per woman, differs greatly from country to country. The TFR in 2013 was estimated to be highest in Niger (7.03 children born per woman) and lowest in Singapore (0.79 children/woman).In the United States, the TFR was estimated for 2013 at 2.06 births per woman.
sidewise curvature of the spine), or other structural disfigurements that result from compensatory mechanisms. Presentation
FMC tumors most commonly present as slow-growing, firm, mobile, nontender, spindle-shaped masses in the lower two-thirds of the sternocleidomastoid muscle of infants within 8 weeks (average: 24 days) of delivery. At diagnosis, these infants heads may tilt toward the side with the mass while their chins tilt to the opposite, uninvolved side. This tilting is due to sternocleidomastoid muscle contracture. FMC tumors are more common in males and the right sternocleidomastoid muscle  although very rare cases present with bilateral tumors. Untreated, the masses may continue to grow for weeks after birth but then stabilize, start regressing after 4–8 months of life, and over the ensuing 1–2 years typically fully resolve. In three studies, >25%, >50% and >80% of these infants have had difficult deliveries such as a breech birth, delivery requiring forceps, primigravida birth (i.e. mothers first child), prolonged, difficult labor, or delivery by Caesarean section. From 6-20% of newborns with fibromatosis colli also present with other congenital lesions such as hip dysplasia or, less commonly, facial asymmetry. Pathology
Microscopic histopathological analyses of biopsied FMC tumor tissues typically find benign-appearing, spindle-shaped fibroblasts, decomposing skeletal muscle fibers, and, in some cases, regenerating skeletal muscle fibers in a collagen fiber-containing background. If necessary, these tumors are typically diagnosed by microscopic examination of fine-needle aspiration samples rather than the more invasive approach of tumor biopsy sampling. The asperates show scant to moderately cellular, scattered, oval-shaped to spindle-shaped fibroblasts, naked nuclei (i.e.