A Cochrane review has confirmed that the use of fluoride gels, normally applied by a dental professional from once to several times a year, assists in the prevention of tooth decay in children and adolescents, reiterating the importance of fluoride as the principal means of caries prevention. Another review concluded that the supervised regular use of a fluoride mouthwash greatly reduced the onset of decay in the permanent teeth of children.Professional hygiene care consists of regular dental examinations and professional prophylaxis (cleaning). Sometimes, complete plaque removal is difficult, and a dentist or dental hygienist may be needed. Along with oral hygiene, radiographs may be taken at dental visits to detect possible dental caries development in high-risk areas of the mouth (e.g. "bitewing" X-rays which visualize the crowns of the back teeth). Alternative methods of oral hygiene also exist around the world, such as the use of teeth cleaning twigs such as miswaks in some Middle Eastern and African cultures. There is some limited evidence demonstrating the efficacy of these alternative methods of oral hygiene. Dietary modification
People who eat more free sugars get more cavities, with cavities increasing exponentially with increasing sugar intake. Populations with less sugar intake have fewer cavities. In one population, in Nigeria, where sugar consumption was about 2g/day, only two percent of the population, of any age, had had a cavity.Chewy and sticky foods (such as candy, cookies, potato chips, and crackers) tend to adhere to teeth longer.
Syringobulbia is a medical condition in which syrinxes, or fluid-filled cavities, affect the brainstem (usually the lower brainstem). The exact cause is often unknown, but may be linked to a widening of the central canal of the spinal cord. This may affect one or more cranial nerves, resulting in various kinds of facial palsies. Sensory and motor nerve pathways may be affected by interruption or compression of nerves. This disorder is associated with syringomyelia, a syrinx limited to the spinal cord. It can be diagnosed using magnetic resonance imaging. Symptoms may be treated with tricyclic antidepressants. Signs and symptoms
Syringobulbia usually causes pain. It may also cause a loss of sense of temperature. Alveolar hypoventilation (insufficient breathing, a type of central hypoventilation syndrome) may occur, with hypercapnia (excess blood CO2), stridor (an unusual breathing sound), and irregular breathing. Cause
Syringobulbia may be caused by a birth defect, trauma or tumor growth. The exact trigger is unknown, but may be linked to a widening of the central canal of the spinal cord. Mechanism
Syringobulbia affects the lower part of the brainstem. The central canal of the spinal cord may be widened. A fluid-filled lesion forms, known as a syrinx. This can vary in size significantly between patients. Nerve fibres may be compressed where they cross the midline, or in other parts of the spinal cord. Cranial nerves may be affected.Syringobulbia may be associated with syringomyelia, a syrinx limited to the spinal cord. Diagnosis
Syringobulbia may be diagnosed using magnetic resonance imaging.