The thrombus then travels downstream to other blood vessels, where the blood clot may partially or completely block blood flow. If the blood flow is completely blocked, cell deaths occur due to the lack of oxygen supply to nearby cells, resulting in necrosis. The narrowing or obstruction of blood flow can occur in any artery within the body. Obstruction of arteries supplying the heart muscle results in a heart attack, while the obstruction of arteries supplying the brain results in an ischaemic stroke. Lumen stenosis that is greater than 75% was considered the hallmark of clinically significant disease in the past because recurring episodes of angina and abnormalities in stress tests are only detectable at that particular severity of stenosis. However, clinical trials have shown that only about 14% of clinically debilitating events occur at sites with more than 75% stenosis. The majority of cardiovascular events that involve sudden rupture of the atheroma plaque do not display any evident narrowing of the lumen. Thus, greater attention has been focused on "vulnerable plaque" from the late 1990s onwards.Besides the traditional diagnostic methods such as angiography and stress-testing, other detection techniques have been developed in the past decades for earlier detection of atherosclerotic disease. Some of the detection approaches include anatomical detection and physiologic measurement.Examples of anatomical detection methods include coronary calcium scoring by CT, carotid IMT (intimal media thickness) measurement by ultrasound, and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Examples of physiologic measurement methods include lipoprotein subclass analysis, HbA1c, hs-CRP, and homocysteine.
Vaginal adenosis is a benign  abnormality in the vagina, commonly thought to be caused by intrauterine and neonatal exposure of diethylstilbestrol and other progestogens and nonsteroidal estrogens, however it has also been observed in otherwise healthy women and has been considered at times idiopathic or congenital. Postpubertal lesions have also been observed to grow de novo. It has a rather common incidence, of about 10% of adult women. Causes
Vaginal adenosis is characterised by the presence of metaplastic cervical or endometrial epithelium within the vaginal wall, considered as derived from Müllerian epithelium islets in later life. In women who were exposed to certain chemicals, vaginal adenosis may arise in up to 90%. Since these contraceptives were discontinued, incidence has dropped dramatically. Risk is however still present in subsequent generations due to recent exposure.It is thought steroid hormones play a stimulatory growth in adenosis formation. Vaginal adenosis is also often observed in adenocarcinoma patients. Diagnosis
Colposcopically, it presents itself similarly to columnar epithelium on the cervix, assisted with lugols solution application for diagnosis. It can be discovered as nodules or cysts on the vaginal tube, with biopsy needed for further diagnosis. As seen cytologically, epithelial and stromal cells in vaginal adenosis show characteristic fusion through the basal lamina or with stromal fibroblasts. Adenosal cells can be distinguished as mucinous, tuboendometrial, and embryonic.