Its risks are injury of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, hypoparathyroidism (due to removal of the parathyroid glands), hematoma (which can be life-threatening if it compresses the trachea), relapse following medical treatment, infections (less common), and scarring. The increase in the risk of nerve injury can be due to the increased vascularity of the thyroid parenchyma and the development of links between the thyroid capsule and the surrounding tissues. Reportedly, a 1% incidence exists of permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis after complete thyroidectomy. Risks related to anesthesia are many, thus coordination with the anesthesiologist and patient optimization for surgery preoperatively are essential. Removal of the gland enables complete biopsy to be performed to have definite evidence of cancer anywhere in the thyroid. (Needle biopsies are not so accurate at predicting a benign state of the thyroid). No further treatment of the thyroid is required, unless cancer is detected. Radioiodine uptake study may be done after surgery, to ensure  all remaining (potentially cancerous) thyroid cells (i.e., near the nerves to the vocal cords) are destroyed. Besides this, the only remaining treatment will be levothyroxine, or thyroid replacement pills to be taken for the rest of the patients life. A 2013 review article concludes that surgery appears to be the most successful in the management of Graves disease, with total thyroidectomy being the preferred surgical option. Eyes
Mild cases are treated with lubricant eye drops or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drops. Severe cases threatening vision (corneal exposure or optic nerve compression) are treated with steroids or orbital decompression.
20% of people with lupus will have a parent or sibling who already has lupus or may develop lupus. about 5% of the children born to individuals with lupus will develop the illness. United Kingdom
Females in the UK are seven times more likely to be diagnosed with SLE than males. The estimated number of females in the UK with SLE is 21,700, and the number of males is 3000 — a total of 24,700, or 0.041% of the population. SLE is more common amongst certain ethnic groups than others, especially those of African origin. United States
Lupus occurs from infancy to old age, with peak occurrence between ages 15 and 40. Lupus affects females in the US 6 to 10 times more often than males. Prevalence data are limited. Estimates vary and range from 1.8 to 7.6 cases per 100,000 persons per year in parts of the continental United States. Culture and society
In the early seasons of the television show House, members of the eponymous characters medical team often suggested lupus as a diagnosis for their patients, only to be rebuked. The rarity of legitimate lupus diagnoses in the show eventually became described as a running gag. See also
List of cutaneous conditions
List of target antigens in pemphigoid
List of immunofluorescence findings for autoimmune bullous conditions
List of human leukocyte antigen alleles associated with cutaneous conditions
List of people with lupus

References


== External links ==