ToxT then directly activates expression of virulence genes that produce the toxins, causing diarrhea in the infected person and allowing the bacteria to colonize the intestine. Current research aims at discovering "the signal that makes the cholera bacteria stop swimming and start to colonize (that is, adhere to the cells of) the small intestine." Genetic structure
Amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting of the pandemic isolates of V. cholerae has revealed variation in the genetic structure. Two clusters have been identified: Cluster I and Cluster II. For the most part, Cluster I consists of strains from the 1960s and 1970s, while Cluster II largely contains strains from the 1980s and 1990s, based on the change in the clone structure. This grouping of strains is best seen in the strains from the African continent. Antibiotic resistance
In many areas of the world, antibiotic resistance is increasing within cholera bacteria. In Bangladesh, for example, most cases are resistant to tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and erythromycin. Rapid diagnostic assay methods are available for the identification of multi-drug resistant cases. New generation antimicrobials have been discovered which are effective against cholera bacteria in in vitro studies. Diagnosis
A rapid dipstick test is available to determine the presence of V. cholerae. In those samples that test positive, further testing should be done to determine antibiotic resistance. In epidemic situations, a clinical diagnosis may be made by taking a patient history and doing a brief examination.
Afrin may refer to:

Places
Afrin Canton, one of the cantons of the de facto autonomous Democratic Federation of Northern Syria
Afrin District, a district of Aleppo Governorate in northern Syria. The administrative centre is the city of Afrin
Afrin Subdistrict, a subdistrict of the Afrin District
Afrin Region, the westernmost of the three regions of the de facto autonomous Democratic Federation of Northern Syria
Afrin River, a river in Turkey and Syria
Afrin Dam, dam on the Afrin River in northwest Syria
Afrin, Syria, a city in northwestern Syria, administratively part of Aleppo Governorate

Institutions
Afrin SC, a football club based in Afrin, Syria
University of Afrin, an unrecognized university established in the city of Afrin by the Afrin Canton Board of Education

Products
Afrin (nasal spray), a nasal decongestant

People
Given name
Afrin Ali (born 1986), Indian politician

Surname
Jill Afrin (born 1962), psychiatrist
Nahid Afrin (born 2001), Indian playback singer
Narin Afrin, resistance leader