Diagnosis
Diagnosis can be characterized by typical facial and cranial deformities.Observatory signs of trigonocephaly are:

a triangular forehead seen from top view leading to a smaller anterior cranial fossa
a visible and palpable midline ridge
hypotelorism inducing ethmoidal hypoplasiaImaging techniques (3D-CT, Röntgenography, MRI) show:

epicanthal folds in limited cases
teardrop-shaped orbits angulated towards the midline of the forehead (surprised coon sign) in severe cases
a contrast difference between a röntgenograph of a normal and a trigonocephalic skull
anterior curving of the metopic suture seen from lateral view of the cranium on a röntgenograph
a normal cephalic index (maximum cranium width / maximum cranium length) however, there is bitemporal shortening and biparietal broadeningThe neuropsychological development is not always affected. These effects are only visible in a small percentage of children with trigonocephaly or other suture synostoses. Neuropsychological signs are:

problems in behaviour, speech and language
mental retardation
neurodevelopmental delays such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and conduct disorder (CD). Many of these delays become evident at school age. Treatment
Treatment is surgical with attention to form and volume. Surgery usually takes place before the age of one since it has been reported that the intellectual outcome is better. Fronto-supraorbital advancement and remodelling
A form of surgery is the so-called fronto-supraorbital advancement and remodelling. Firstly, the supraorbital bar is remodelled by a wired greenstick fracture to straighten it. Secondly, the supraorbital bar is moved 2 cm. forward and fixed only to the frontal process of the zygoma without fixation to the cranium.
Carbamate poisoning is poisoning due to exposure to carbamates. Carbamates are typically used as pesticides; however, some also have medical uses. Symptoms may be similar to organophosphate poisoning. == References ==