Research suggests that compared to a placebo, the injection of a local anaesthetic and vasoconstrictor (medicine that causes blood vessels to narrow) into the cervix may lower blood loss and pain during colposcopy.HPV testing can identify most of the high-risk HPV types responsible for CIN. HPV screening happens either as a co-test with the Pap smear or can be done after a Pap smear showing abnormal cells, called reflex testing. Frequency of screening changes based on guidelines from the Society of Lower Genital Tract Disorders (ASCCP). The World Health Organization also has screening and treatment guidelines for precancerous cervical lesions and prevention of cervical cancer. Primary prevention
HPV vaccination is the approach to primary prevention of both CIN and cervical cancer. It is important to note that these vaccines do not protect against 100% of types of HPV known to cause cancer. Therefore, screening is still recommended in vaccinated individuals. Secondary prevention
Appropriate management with monitoring and treatment is the approach to secondary prevention of cervical cancer in cases of persons with CIN. Treatment
Treatment for CIN 1, mild dysplasia, is not recommended if it lasts fewer than two years. Usually, when a biopsy detects CIN 1, the woman has an HPV infection, which may clear on its own within 12 months. Therefore, it is instead followed for later testing rather than treated. In young women closely monitoring CIN 2 lesions also appears reasonable.Treatment for higher-grade CIN involves removal or destruction of the abnormal cervical cells by cryocautery, electrocautery, laser cautery, loop electrical excision procedure (LEEP), or cervical conization.
Nicardipine (Cardene) is a medication used to treat high blood pressure and angina. It belongs to the dihydropyridine class of calcium channel blockers. It is also used for Raynauds phenomenon. It is available in by mouth and intravenous formulations. It has been used in percutaneous coronary intervention. Nicardipine has been used as an alternative to sodium nitroprusside, especially because sodium nitroprusside is light sensitive and a fresh solution must be prepared. Its mechanism of action and clinical effects closely resemble those of nifedipine and the other dihydropyridines (amlodipine, felodipine), except that nicardipine is more selective for cerebral and coronary blood vessels. Nicardipine also has a longer half-life than nifedipine. Nicardipine was approved by the FDA in December 1988. The patent for both Cardene and Cardene SR expired in October 1995.It was patented in 1973 and approved for medical use in 1981. See also
Calcium channel blocker toxicity


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