Pregnancy loss refers to death of the fetus at any time during pregnancy. Pregnancy loss most commonly occurs during the first trimester, when it is referred to as early pregnancy loss. Placenta praevia or vasa praevia refers to the placenta or fetal blood vessels, respectively, covering or being located close to the opening of the uterus. More than half of patients affected by placenta praevia (51.6)% have bleeding before delivery. Vasa praevia occurs in about 0.6 per 1000 pregnancies. Placental abruption involves the separation of the placental lining from the uterus of the mother. It occurs most commonly around 25 weeks of pregnancy. Uterine rupture is when the muscular wall of the uterus tears during childbirth or, less commonly, during pregnancy. Nontubal ectopic pregnancy refers to an ectopic pregnancy that occurs in the ovary, cervix, or intra-abdominal cavity.Other causes of early pregnancy bleeding include the following:

Postcoital bleeding, which is vaginal bleeding after sexual intercourse that can be normal with pregnancy. Iatrogenic causes, or bleeding due to medical treatment or intervention, such as sex steroids, anticoagulants, or intrauterine contraceptive devices. Vaginal or cervical bleeding, which may arise from many causes including fibroids, polyps, warts, tumors, vaginitis, or trauma. Importantly, these causes may co-occur with other causes of early pregnancy bleeding. Lower genitourinary tract bleeding, which may result from a urinary tract infection (UTI), strenuous exercise, or bladder cancer. Pathophysiology
Early pregnancy bleeding is usually from a parental source rather than a fetal one.
"As the population ages and the burden of renal disease and cardiovascular disease continue to rise, efforts to better understand the complicated relationship between these two organ systems are greatly needed." In addition, many trials on HF excluded patients with advanced kidney dysfunction. Therefore, our understanding of CRS management is still limited to this date. One study showes how ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists have been found to prevent nephropathy in patients who have diabetes. Patients with kidney failure are less likely to get all guide-lined base therapies. Patients who have moderate to sever CKD was seen to have similar care when compared to those patients who had normal kidney function. This helps show how healthcare workers can do more to increase the outcome of those suffering. Diuretics
Used in the treatment of heart failure and CRS patients, however must be carefully dosed to prevent kidney injury. Diuretic resistance is frequently a challenge for physicians to overcome which they may tackle by changing the dosage, frequency, or adding a second drug.ACEI, ARB, renin inhibitors, aldosterone inhibitors
The use of ACE inhibitors have long term protective effect on kidney and heart tissue. However, they should be used with caution in patients with CRS and kidney failure. Although patients with kidney failure may experience slight deterioration of kidney function in the short term, the use of ACE inhibitors is shown to have prognostic benefit over the long term.