Premature separation of placenta
Placental insufficiency
Intra partum causes
Inadequate relaxation of uterus due to excess oxytocin
Prolonged delivery
Knotting of umbilical cord around the neck of infant

Risk factors
Elderly or young mothers
Prolonged rupture of membranes
Meconium-stained fluid
Multiple births
Lack of antenatal care
Low birth weight infants
Malpresentation
Augmentation of labour with oxytocin
Antepartum hemorrhage
Severe eclampsia and pre-eclampsia
Antepartum and intrapartum anemia

Treatment
A= Establish open airway: Suctioning, if necessary endotracheal intubation
B= Breathing: Through tactile stimulation, PPV, bag and mask, or through endotracheal tube
C= Circulation: Through chest compressions and medications if needed
D= Drugs: Adrenaline .01 of .1 solution
Hypothermia treatment to reduce the extent of brain injury
Epinephrine 1:10000 (0.1-0.3ml/kg) IV
Saline solution for hypovolemia

Epidemiology
A 2008 bulletin from the World Health Organization estimates that 900,000 total infants die each year from birth asphyxia, making it a leading cause of death for newborns.In the United States, intrauterine hypoxia and birth asphyxia was listed as the tenth leading cause of neonatal death. Medicolegal aspects
There is current controversy regarding the medicolegal definitions and impacts of birth asphyxia. Plaintiffs attorneys often take the position that birth asphyxia is often preventable, and is often due to substandard care and human error. They have utilized some studies in their favor that have demonstrated that, "... although other potential causes exist, asphyxia and hypoxic-ihy affect a substantial number of babies, and they are preventable causes of cerebral palsy." The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists disputes that conditions such as cerebral palsy are usually attributable to preventable causes, instead associating them with circumstances arising prior to birth and delivery. References


== External links ==
Tar melanosis is an occupational dermatosis that occurs among tar handlers after several years of exposure, characterized by a severe widespread itching that is soon followed by the appearance of reticular pigmentation, telangiectases, and a shiny appearance of the skin. : 858

See also
Skin lesion


== References ==