Epidemiology
ODD is a pattern of negative, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior, and it is one of the most prevalent disorders from preschool age to adulthood. This can include frequent temper tantrums, excessive arguing with adults, refusing to follow rules, purposefully upsetting others, getting easily irked, having an angry attitude, and acting vindictive. Children with ODD usually begin showing symptoms around 6 to 8, although the disorder can emerge in younger children too. Symptoms can last throughout teenage years. The pooled prevalence is 3.6% up to age 18 (Ezpeleta, et al. 2019). While adults can be affected by ODD, they often go undiagnosed if they were not diagnosed as children. There has been research to support that ODD is more common in boys than girls with a 2:1 ratio.Oppositional defiant disorder has a prevalence of 1% to 11%. The average prevalence is approximately 3.3%. Gender and age play an important role in the rate of the disorder. ODD gradually develops and becomes apparent in preschool years, often before the age of eight years old. However, it is very unlikely to emerge following early adolescence. There is a difference in prevalence between boys and girls, with a ratio of 1.4 to 1 before adolescence. However, girls prevalence tends to increase after puberty. Researchers have found that the general prevalence of ODD throughout cultures remains constant. However, the difference in ODD prevalence between sexes is only significant in Western cultures.
Elephantiasis is the enlargement and hardening of limbs or body parts due to tissue swelling. It is characterised by edema, hypertrophy, and fibrosis of skin and subcutaneous tissues, due to obstruction of lymphatic vessels. It may affect the genitalia. The term elephantiasis is often used in reference to (symptoms caused by) parasitic worm infections, but may refer to a variety of diseases where parts of a persons body swell to massive proportions. Cause
Some conditions that present with elephantiasis include:

Elephantiasis nostras, due to longstanding chronic lymphangitis
Elephantiasis tropica (known as lymphatic filariasis), caused by a number of parasitic worms, particularly Wuchereria bancrofti. More than 120 million people, mostly in Africa and Southeast Asia, are affected. Nonfilarial elephantiasis (or podoconiosis), an immune disease affecting the lymph vessels
Leishmaniasis
Elephantiasis, Grade 3 lymphedema which may occur in people with breast cancer
Genital elephantiasis, result of lymphogranuloma venereum
Proteus syndrome, a genetic disorder best known as the condition possibly experienced by Joseph Merrick, the so-called "Elephant Man. "Other causes may include:

Repeated streptococcal infection
Lymphadenectomy
Hereditary birth defects
Pretibial myxedema

References
External links

"Lymphatic filariasis". World Health Organization. Retrieved 1 June 2018.