Normal serum levels may be found in cases of deficiency where myeloproliferative disorders, liver disease, transcobalamin II deficiency, or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth are present. Intrinsic factor and parietal cell antibodies – the blood is checked for antibodies against IF and parietal cells in the stomach. The presence of antibodies to gastric parietal cells and IF is common in PA. Parietal cell antibodies are found in other autoimmune disorders and also in up to 10% of healthy individuals. However, around 85% of PA patients have parietal cell antibodies, which means they are a sensitive marker for the disease. Intrinsic factor antibodies are much less sensitive than parietal cell antibodies, but they are much more specific. They are found in about half of PA patients and are very rarely found in other disorders. These antibody tests can distinguish between PA and food-B12 malabsorption. Methylmalonic acid and/or homocysteine  – vitamin B12 plays an important role in metabolic processes and cellular functions. Therefore, its deficiency leads to the accumulation of some metabolic products. Methylmalonic acid and/or homocysteine is one of the metabolic products that can be measured in the blood. as the increase in the levels of both helps differentiate between vitamin B12 deficiency and folic acid deficiency, because homocysteine alone increases in the latter.Elevated gastrin levels can be found in around 80–90% of PA cases, but they may also be found in other forms of gastritis.
An analogous male figure may also appear as a wicked uncle; like the stepmother, the fathers brother may covet the childs inheritance for his own children, and so maltreat his nephews or nieces. Modern films, however, seem to cast stepfathers in a somewhat kinder light, implying honorable men who marry divorced women or single mothers make good stepfathers. == References ==