Cultural explorations
During the Renaissance, Edmund Spenser in The Faerie Queene endorsed sadness as a marker of spiritual commitment.In The Lord of the Rings, sadness is distinguished from unhappiness, to exemplify J. R. R. Tolkiens preference for a sad, but settled determination, as opposed to what he saw as the shallower temptations of either despair or hope.Julia Kristeva considered that "a diversification of moods, variety in sadness, refinement in sorrow or mourning are the imprint of a humanity that is surely not triumphant but subtle, ready to fight and creative". See also
Joie de vivre
Melancholia
Mood (psychology)

References


== Further reading ==
The use of corticosteroids during pregnancy in dogs and the ingestion of Veratrum californicum by pregnant sheep have also been associated with cleft formation.Difficulty with nursing is the most common problem associated with clefts, but aspiration pneumonia, regurgitation, and malnutrition are often seen with cleft palate and is a common cause of death. Providing nutrition through a feeding tube is often necessary, but corrective surgery in dogs can be done by the age of twelve weeks. For cleft palate, there is a high rate of surgical failure resulting in repeated surgeries. Surgical techniques for cleft palate in dogs include prosthesis, mucosal flaps, and microvascular free flaps. Affected animals should not be bred due to the hereditary nature of this condition. See also
Smile Pinki
Palatal obturator
Vomer flap surgery
Cleft lip and palate organisations
Face and neck development of the embryo

References
Notes

Further reading

FIGURE 1 | Development of the lip and palate and FIGURE 2 | Types of cleft in Dixon MJ, Marazita ML, Beaty TH, Murray JC (March 2011). "Cleft lip and palate: understanding genetic and environmental influences". Nature Reviews. Genetics. 12 (3): 167–78. doi:10.1038/nrg2933. PMC 3086810. PMID 21331089. Berkowitz S (February 26, 2013). Cleft Lip and Palate: Diagnosis and Management. Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-30770-6. External links

Cleft lip and cleft palate at Curlie