Prevalence rates vary from a few percent to as much as 90% in areas like Trinidad, Guyana and Colombia.Infection is more common and has a higher microfilarial dose with age, though studies have found microfilarial dose not to be correlated with symptoms. In parts of rural South America, men have been found more susceptible than women, possibly due to more outdoors work by males as children, and possibly due to cooking fires serving as deterrents to vectors for women who perform more domestic duties. One study in central Africa found M. perstans to be a much more common cause of filariasis symptoms compared to Loa loa and Wuchereria bancrofti.Since most Mansonelliasis is asymptomatic, it has been considered a relatively minor filarial disease, and has a very low, if any, mortality, though there is little data on which to base estimates. History
Mansonelliasis, in the form of M. ozzardi, was first documented in 1897. See also
Filariasis
Mansonella

References
Further reading
Marinkelle CJ, German E (March 1970). "Mansonelliasis in the Comisaría del Vaupes of Colombia". Tropical and Geographical Medicine. 22 (1): 101–11. PMID 5435931. Cohen JM, Ribeiro JA, Martins M (2008). "Acometimento ocular em pacientes com mansonelose" [Ocular manifestations in mansonelliasis]. Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia (in Portuguese). 71 (2): 167–71. doi:10.1590/S0004-27492008000200007. PMID 18516413. Linley JR, Hoch AL, Pinheiro FP (July 1983). "Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and human health" (PDF). Journal of Medical Entomology. 20 (4): 347–64. doi:10.1093/jmedent/20.4.347. PMID 6312046.
Breast hematoma  is a collection of blood within the breast. It arises from internal bleeding (hemorrhage) and may arise due to trauma (breast injury or surgery) or due to a non-traumatic cause. Symptoms
Symptoms may include visible discoloring (ecchymosis), breast pain, and swelling. The symptoms may be similar to those of fibrocystic breast changes. Causes
A breast hematoma may appear due to direct trauma to the breast, for example from a sports injury or a road accident, for example a vehicle collision in which a seat belt injury occurs. Hematoma can also be a consequence of breast surgery, usually due to post-operative bleeding. Bleeding may occur shortly after the intervention or a number of days later and can occur for cosmetic surgery (for example breast reduction or breast enhancement) and for non-cosmetic surgery (for example lymph node removal, lumpectomy, or mastectomy). More rarely, hematoma can result from breast biopsy. Rarely, a breast hematoma can also occur spontaneously due to a rupture of blood vessels in the breast, especially in persons with coagulopathy or after long-term use of blood-thinning drugs such as aspirin or ibuprofen. Pathophysiology
Small breast hematomas often resolve on their own within several days or weeks by means of reabsorption of the blood. Larger hematomas are more likely to lead to inflammation or fibrosis. Breast hematomas can sometimes lead to skin discoloration, inflammation, or fever. When a hematoma resolves, it may become fibrotic, leaving behind scar tissue. A resolving hematoma may liquify to form a seroma.