It rarely involves the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and most publications are case reports.Synovial chondromatosis occurs twice as commonly in males as females and usually in their forties. However, online communities for synovial chondromatosis patients have yielded a stark contrast, with equal representation from both genders and members diagnosed as young as late teenage/early 20s. Familial synovial chondromatosis with dwarfism introduces characteristics of dwarfism. Cause
The exact underlying cause of synovial chondromatosis is unknown. Some evidence suggests trauma may play a role in its development as it mainly presents in weight-bearing joints. Infection has also been considered as a contributing factor. The condition is not inherited.Synovial chondromatosis can reportedly occur as either a primary or secondary form. Primary synovial chondromatosis, which is more rare, occurs spontaneously and does not appear to relate to any pre-existing conditions. Secondary synovial chondromatosis is the more common form and often occurs when there is pre-existent osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteonecrosis, osteochondritis dissecans, neuropathic osteoarthropathy (which often occurs in diabetic individuals), tuberculosis, or osteochondral fractures (torn cartilage covering the end of a bone in a joint) in the affected individual. Diagnosis
Diagnosis is by medical imaging; X-ray, CT scan and MRI. For diagnosis of the TMJ, Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) can also be useful. Treatment
Treatment is frequently by means of removal of the loose bodies and of a partial or full synovectomy (removal of the synovium)
Full synovectomy is a moderately major operation and involves completely exposing the joint and removing the affected tissue. Partial synovectomy is normally done arthroscopically.
Such failure is called biochemical failure and is defined as a PSA reading of 2.0 ng/mL above nadir (the lowest reading taken post primary treatment).As of August 2014, a clinical trial administering sipuleucel-T in conjunction with ipilimumab (Yervoy) was tracking subjects but no longer enrolling new subjects; the trial evaluates the clinical safety and anti-cancer effects (quantified in PSA, radiographic and T cell response) of the combination therapy in patients with advanced prostate cancer. References
This article incorporates public domain material from Dictionary of Cancer Terms. U.S. National Cancer Institute. Further reading
Huber ML, Haynes L, Parker C, Iversen P (February 2012). "Interdisciplinary critique of sipuleucel-T as immunotherapy in castration-resistant prostate cancer". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 104 (4): 273–9. doi:10.1093/jnci/djr514. PMC 3283534. PMID 22232132. "Sipuleucel-T: APC 8015, APC-8015, prostate cancer vaccine--Dendreon". Drugs in R&D. 7 (3): 197–201. 2006. doi:10.2165/00126839-200607030-00006. PMID 16752945. External links
"Sipuleucel-T". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.