This is approximately 129,000 deaths in 2013.Geographically, a "stroke belt" in the US has long been known, similar to the "diabetes belt" which includes all of Mississippi and parts of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. References
Further reading
Chan, Pak H. (2002-03-28). Cerebrovascular Disease: 22nd Princeton Conference. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139439657. Mark, S. D; Wang, W; Fraumeni, J. F; Li, J.-Y; Taylor, P. R; Wang, G.-Q; Guo, W; Dawsey, S. M; Li, B; Blot, W. J (1996). "Lowered Risks of Hypertension and Cerebrovascular Disease after Vitamin/Mineral Supplementation: The Linxian Nutrition Intervention Trial". American Journal of Epidemiology. 143 (7): 658–664. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008798. PMID 8651227. Ning, Mingming; Lopez, Mary; Cao, Jing; Buonanno, Ferdinando S; Lo, Eng H (2012). "Application of proteomics to cerebrovascular disease". Electrophoresis. 33 (24): 3582–3597. doi:10.1002/elps.201200481. PMC 3712851. PMID 23161401. == External links ==
Three paths were found: from morphine to hydromorphone with dihydromorphine as the penultimate step, from morphine to hydromorphone with morphinone as the penultimate step, and from morphine to hydromorphinol to hydromorphone. History
Hydromorphone was patented in 1923. It was introduced to the mass market in 1926 under the brand name Dilaudid, indicating its derivation and degree of similarity to morphine (by way of laudanum). Society and culture
Names
Hydromorphone is known in various countries around the world by the brand names Hydal, Dimorphone, Exalgo, Sophidone LP, Dilaudid, Hydrostat, Hydromorfan, Hydromorphan, Hymorphan, Laudicon, Opidol, Palladone, Hydromorph Contin, and others. An extended-release version of hydromorphone, called Palladone, was available for a short time in the United States before being voluntarily withdrawn from the market after a July 2005 FDA advisory warned of a high overdose potential when taken with alcohol. As of March 2010, it is still available in Nepal under the brand name Opidol, in the United Kingdom under the brand name Palladone SR, and in most other European countries. There has also been a once-daily prolonged release version of hydromorphone available in Australia under the brand name Jurnista as of May 2009. Legal status
In the United States, the main drug control agency, the Drug Enforcement Administration, reports an increase in annual aggregate production quotas of hydromorphone from 766 kilograms (1,689 pounds) in 1998 to 3,300 kilograms (7,300 lb) in 2006, and an increase in prescriptions in this time of 289%, from about 470,000 to 1,830,000.