Stockholm syndrome is a theorized condition in which hostages develop a psychological bond with their captors during captivity. It is supposed to result from a rather specific set of circumstances, namely the power imbalances contained in hostage-taking, kidnapping, and abusive relationships. Therefore, it is difficult to find a large number of people who experience Stockholm syndrome to conduct studies with any sort of power. This makes it hard to determine trends in the development and effects of the condition— and, in fact, it is a "contested illness" due to doubt about the legitimacy of the condition.Emotional bonds may be formed between captors and captives, during intimate time together, but these are generally considered irrational in light of the danger or risk endured by the victims. Stockholm syndrome has never been included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or DSM, the standard tool for diagnosis of psychiatric illnesses and disorders in the US, mainly due to the lack of a consistent body of academic research. The syndrome is rare: according to data from the FBI, about 8% of hostage victims show evidence of Stockholm syndrome.This term was first used by the media in 1973 when four hostages were taken during a bank robbery in Stockholm, Sweden. The hostages defended their captors after being released and would not agree to testify in court against them.
Diagnosis
Because the diagnosis of osteoporosis is made only after a pathologic fracture has occurred, it is best to take serial bone density (also known as bone mineral density or BMD) measurement scans for high risk individuals (elderly). The World Health Organization (WHO) has established a diagnostic criteria for osteoporosis using BMD T-scores which describes an individuals BMD in terms of the number of SDs by which is differs from the mean peak value in young, healthy persons of the same sex—currently more than 2.5 SDs below the mean as the criterion for osteoporosis. For osteopenia (low bone mass) the range is 1.0 SD to less than 2.5 SDs below the mean. However, T-scores were initially used as an estimation of the prevalence of osteoporosis across populations not to assess osteoporosis prevalence in specific individuals which lead to the National Osteoporosis Foundation and the International Society for Clinical Densitometry to consider using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the hip and/or spine as the preferred measurement diagnosis of osteoporosis. Prevention
Of the risks listed above, falls contribute most significantly to the incidence of osteoporotic fractures. Regular exercise has the strongest correlation in decreasing fall risk. Back and posture exercises such as tai chi as well as weight-bearing exercises such as walking can slow bone loss, improve balance, and strengthen muscles. There are also precautions that can be taken at home to reduce the risk of falling. These include anchoring rugs to the floor, minimizing clutter, improving overall lighting and visibility, and installing handrails in stairways and hallways.