Indian childhood cirrhosis is a form of neonatal cholestasis characterized by deposition of copper in the liver 
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency  is an autosomal co-dominant disorder of low levels of the enzyme alpha-1 antitrypsin
Cardiac cirrhosis is due to chronic right-sided heart failure, which leads to liver congestion 
Galactosemia
Glycogen storage disease type IV
Cystic fibrosis
Hepatotoxic drugs or toxins, such as acetaminophen (paracetamol), methotrexate, or amiodarone

Pathophysiology
The liver plays a vital role in the synthesis of proteins (for example, albumin, clotting factors and complement), detoxification, and storage (for example, of vitamin A and glycogen). In addition, it participates in the metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates.Cirrhosis is often preceded by hepatitis and fatty liver (steatosis), independent of the cause. If the cause is removed at this stage, the changes are fully reversible.The pathological hallmark of cirrhosis is the development of scar tissue that replaces normal tissue. This scar tissue blocks the portal flow of blood through the organ, raising the blood pressure and disturbing normal function. Research has shown the pivotal role of the stellate cell, that normally stores vitamin A, in the development of cirrhosis. Damage to the liver tissue from inflammation leads to the activation of stellate cells, which increases fibrosis through the production of myofibroblasts, and obstructs hepatic blood flow. In addition, stellate cells secrete TGF beta 1, which leads to a fibrotic response and proliferation of connective tissue. TGF-β1 have been implicated in the process of activating hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) with the magnitude of fibrosis being in proportion to increase in TGF β levels.
Urinary tract obstruction is a urologic disease consisting of a decrease in the free passage of urine through one or both ureters and/or the urethra. It is a cause of urinary retention. Complete obstruction of the urinary tract requires prompt treatment for renal preservation. Any sign of infection, such as fever and chills, in the context of obstruction to urine flow constitutes a urologic emergency. Causes
Causes of urinary tract obstruction include:

Bladder stone and renal stone
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Obstruction as a congenital disorder. Congenital urinary tract obstruction
Urinary tract obstruction as a congenital disorder results in oligohydramnios which in turn can lead to the Potter sequence of atypical physical appearance. Pulmonary hypoplasia is by far the main cause of death in the early neonatal period for children with congenital lower urinary tract obstruction.Fetal surgery of congenital lower urinary tract obstruction seems to improve survival, according to a randomized yet small study. Sitting voiding position
A meta-analysis on the influence of voiding position on urodynamics in healthy males and males with LUTS showed that in the sitting position, the residual urine in the bladder was significantly reduced. The other parameters, namely the maximum urinary flow and the voiding time were increased and decreased respectively. For healthy males, no influence was found on these parameters, meaning that they can urinate in either position. Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the obstruction and the severity of the symptoms. References


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