A mood disorder, also known as an affective disorder, is any of a group of conditions of mental and behavioral disorder where a disturbance in the persons mood is the main underlying feature. The classification is in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD). Mood disorders fall into seven groups, including; abnormally elevated mood, such as mania or hypomania; depressed mood, of which the best-known and most researched is major depressive disorder (MDD) (alternatively known as clinical depression, unipolar depression, or major depression); and moods which cycle between mania and depression, known as bipolar disorder (BD) (formerly known as manic depression). There are several sub-types of depressive disorders or psychiatric syndromes featuring less severe symptoms such as dysthymic disorder (similar to MDD, but longer lasting and more persistent, though often milder) and cyclothymic disorder (similar to but milder than BD).In some cases, more than one mood disorder can be present in an individual, like bipolar disorder and depressive disorder. If a mood disorder and schizophrenia are both present in an individual, this is known as schizoaffective disorder. Mood disorders may also be substance induced, or occur in response to a medical condition. English psychiatrist Henry Maudsley proposed an overarching category of affective disorder. The term was then replaced by mood disorder, as the latter term refers to the underlying or longitudinal emotional state, whereas the former refers to the external expression observed by others.
The mainstay diagnosis of the presenting DVT symptom is an ultrasound with venous Doppler. Ultrasound with venous Doppler rarely identifies the inferior vena cava anomalies present from birth. Difficulties in identifying the congenital stenosis of the vena cava makes diagnosis uncommon. Diagnosis of congenital stenosis of the inferior vena cava can be rarely discovered through abdominal CT examinations, and may present with an array of clinical findings dependent on the drainage patterns of the individuals. Further diagnostic tools such as a transthoracic echocardiogram can reveal the narrowing of the vena cava showing a low velocity of flow. Congenital stenosis of the vena cava can also present as acute respiratory failure and effusion of the right lung on chest X-rays. Treatments
Treatments may not be necessary for the congenital heart defect. If required, treatments can include medication, catheter procedures, corrective surgery and heart transplants dependent on the severity of the defect, age of the patient and patients general health. Symptomatic relief of venous hypertension, associated with the congenital heart defect, can be achieved through surgery as it reduces the likelihood of hepatic vein thrombosis. Intravascular stents are a treatment method for Congenital Stenosis of the Vena Cava. Expandable metallic stents have been used as part of a procedure to dilate and maintain stenotic vena cava. Experiments carried out on mongrel dogs resulted in some failures for dilation and early migration, and occlusion complications in patients. Immediate relief of persisting symptoms occurred in two patients. Double balloon dilation is another technique used to treat stenosis of the vena cava.