Taal Volcano, Philippines, 1965 2020
La Soufrière of Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles), 1975–1976 activity. Soufrière Hills volcano on Montserrat, West Indies, 1995–2012. Poás Volcano, has frequent geyser like phreatic eruptions from its crater lake. Mount Bulusan, well known for its sudden phreatic eruptions. Mount Ontake, all historical eruptions of this volcano have been phreatic including the deadly 2014 eruption. Mount Kerinci, Indonesia, produces almost annual phreatic eruptions. See also
List of volcanic eruptions in the 21st century
List of Quaternary volcanic eruptions
Prediction of volcanic activity – Research to predict volcanic activity
Timeline of volcanism on Earth

References


== Further reading ==
This evidence suggests that PION is a disease of multifactorial origin.Risks of perioperative PION can be divided into two categories, intraoperative ischemic pressures, and cardiovascular risk factors. Intraoperative ischemic pressures
Many causes of decreased blood flow during surgery are systemic, i.e. they decrease blood flow throughout the body. Studies have shown that nearly all perioperative PION patients had prolonged periods of low blood pressure during the operation and postoperative anemia. The average perioperative PION patient loses 4 liters of blood during surgery, and the majority receive blood transfusions. Massive blood loss is just one cause of low blood pressure. Medications used for general anesthesia can also lower blood pressure. The average surgery duration in PION cases is 7 to 9 hours, which increases the risk of prolonged low blood pressure.Other intraoperative ischemic pressures are local, i.e. they decrease blood flow to the affected area, the optic nerve. Facial swelling, periorbital swelling, direct orbital compression, facedown position during surgery, and a tilted operating table in feet-above-head position, have all been reported to be associated with perioperative PION. All of these factors are believed to increase tissue pressure and venous pressure around the optic nerve, thereby decreasing local blood flow and oxygen delivery.Surgeries with the highest estimated incidence of PION are surgeries with a higher risk of the aforementioned conditions. In spine surgery, patients are susceptible to significant blood loss, and they are positioned face down for long periods of time, which increases venous pressure, decreases arterial perfusion pressure, and often causes facial swelling (increased tissue pressure).