Sialadenitis (sialoadenitis) is inflammation of salivary glands, usually the major ones, the most common being the parotid gland, followed by submandibular and sublingual glands. It should not be confused with sialadenosis (sialosis) which is a non-inflammatory enlargement of the major salivary glands.Sialadenitis can be further classed as acute or chronic. Acute sialadenitis is an acute inflammation of a salivary gland which may present itself as a red, painful swelling that is tender to touch. Chronic sialadenitis is typically less painful but presents as recurrent swellings, usually after meals, without redness.Causes of sialadenitis are varied, including bacterial (most commonly Staphylococcus aureus), viral and autoimmune conditions. Types
Acute
Predisposing factorssialolithiasis
decreased flow (dehydration, post-operative, drugs)
poor oral hygiene
exacerbation of low grade chronic sialoadenitisClinical featurespainful swelling
reddened skin
edema of the cheek, periorbital region and neck
low grade fever
malaise
raised ESR, CRP, leucocytosis
purulent exudate from duct punctum

Chronic
Clinical featuresunilateral
mild pain / swelling
common after meals
duct orifice is reddened and flow decreases
may or may not have visible/palpable stone. Parotid gland
recurrent painful swellings
Submandibular gland
usually secondary to sialolithiasis or stricture

Signs and Symptoms
Sialadenitis is swelling and inflammation of the parotid, submandibular, or sublingual major salivary glands. It may be acute or chronic, infective or autoimmune. Acute
Acute sialadenitis secondary to obstruction (sialolithiasis) is characterised by increasingly, painful swelling of 24–72 hours, purulent discharge and systemic manifestations. Chronic
Chronic sialadenitis causes intermittent, recurrent periods of tender swellings. Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis is commonly unilateral and can mimic a tumour. Autoimmune
Autoimmune sialadenitis (i.e Sjogren’s syndrome) causes unilateral or bilateral painless swellings unless there is a secondary infection. Infection
The most common salivary gland infection is mumps.
Onychogryphosis  is a hypertrophy that may produce nails resembling claws or a rams horn. Causes
Onychogryphosis may be caused by trauma or peripheral vascular disease, but most often secondary to self-neglect and failure to cut the nails for extended periods of time. : 783–4  This condition is most commonly seen in the elderly. Diagnosis
Treatment
Some recommend avulsion of the nail plate with surgical destruction of the nail matrix with phenol or the carbon dioxide laser, if the blood supply is adequate. : 783–4 : 659

Epidemiology
Severe congenital onychogryphosis affecting all twenty nailbeds has been recorded in two families who exhibit the dominant allele for a certain gene. Congenital onychogryphosis of the fifth toe (the baby, little, pinky or small toe) is fairly common, but asymptomatic and seldom brought to the attention of medical professionals. Rather, it is brought to the attention of manicurists who routinely file the clawed toenail flat. See also
List of cutaneous conditions

References


== External links ==