Technetium-99 or MR scans are not required for diagnosis, but might be useful for prognostic purposes. Prevention
The Wilderness Medical Society recommends covering the skin and scalp, taking in adequate nutrition, avoiding constrictive footwear and clothing, and remaining active without causing exhaustion. Supplemental oxygen might also be of use at high elevations. Repeated exposure to cold water makes people more susceptible to frostbite. Additional measures to prevent frostbite include:
Avoiding temperatures below −23 °C (-9 °F)
Avoiding moisture, including in the form of sweat and/or skin emollients
Avoiding alcohol and drugs that impair circulation or natural protective responses
Layering clothing
Using chemical or electric warming devices
Recognizing early signs of frostnip and frostbite

Treatment
Individuals with frostbite or potential frostbite should go to a protected environment and get warm fluids. If there is no risk of re-freezing, the extremity can be exposed and warmed in the groin or underarm of a companion. If the area is allowed to refreeze, there can be worse tissue damage. If the area cannot be reliably kept warm, the person should be brought to a medical facility without rewarming the area. Rubbing the affected area can also increase tissue damage. Aspirin and ibuprofen can be given in the field to prevent clotting and inflammation. Ibuprofen is often preferred to aspirin because aspirin may block a subset of prostaglandins that are important in injury repair.The first priority in people with frostbite should be to assess for hypothermia and other life-threatening complications of cold exposure. Before treating frostbite, the core temperature should be raised above 35 °C.
Painful fat herniation is foot pain caused by the herniation of fat through the thin fascial layers of the weight-bearing parts of the heel. The herniation results in small bumps called piezogenic pedal papules or piezogenic papules. Though piezogenic papules are most commonly found on the heel, they can also be found on the wrist and palm.Piezogenic papules are relatively common; in one population-based study, the prevalence was found to be 76%. They occur more frequently in runners, triathletes, and individuals exposed to long periods of standing. They are also common in individuals with connective tissue disorders, especially Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. However, due to their preponderance in the general population, the presence of piezogenic papules alone does not automatically indicate the presence of Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. In most cases, piezogenic papules are of little clinical significance. See also
Skin lesion
Tennis toe
List of cutaneous conditions

References


== External links ==