History
While various nonverbal learning difficulties were recognized since early studies in child neurology, there is ongoing debate as to whether/or the extent to which existing conceptions of NVLD provide a valid diagnostic framework.As presented in 1967, "nonverbal disabilities" (p. 44) or "disorders of nonverbal learning" was a category encompassing non-linguistic learning problems. "Nonverbal learning disabilities" were further discussed by Myklebust in 1975 as representing a subtype of learning "disability" with a range of presentations involving "mainly visual cognitive processing," social imperception, a gap between higher verbal ability and lower nonverbal processing, as well as difficulty with handwriting. Later neuropsychologist Byron Rourke sought to develop consistent criteria with a theory and model of brain functioning that would establish NVLD as a distinct syndrome (1989).Questions remain about how best to frame the perceptual, cognitive and motor issues associated with NVLD. See also
Alexithymia – difficulty with understanding emotions
Childrens Nonverbal Learning Disabilities Scale
Deficits in attention, motor control and perception

References
Further reading
Books
Thompson, Sue (1997). The Source for Nonverbal Learning Disorders. East Moline, IL: LinguiSystems. ISBN 978-0760601631. Palombo, Joseph (2006). Nonverbal Learning Disabilities: A Clinical Perspective. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 9780393704785. Broitman, Jessica; Davis, John M. (2013). Treating NVLD in Children Professional Collaborations for Positive Outcomes. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-1461461791. By Authors with NVLD
Murphy, Michael Brian (2016). NLD from the Inside Out: Talking to Parents, Teachers, and Teens about Growing Up with Nonverbal Learning Disabilities (Third ed.). Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Fast, Yvona (2004). Employment for Individuals with Asperger Syndrome or Non-Verbal Learning Disability: Stories and Strategies. with other writers.
Free long-chain fatty acids or those that are joined with carnitine can affect the electrical properties of cardiac cells causing an irregular heart beat (arrhythmia, which can lead to cardiac arrest). Fatty acids may also build up in tissues and can damage the heart, liver, and muscles, and cause more serious complications.This condition has an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, which means the defective gene is located on an autosome, and two copies of the gene - one from each parent - must be inherited to be affected by the disorder. The parents of a child with an autosomal recessive disorder are carriers of one copy of the defective gene, but are usually not affected by the disorder. Diagnosis
Treatment
See also
Primary carnitine deficiency
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency

References

This article incorporates public domain text from The U.S. National Library of Medicine


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