Minimally invasive:
Sialendoscopy
Surgical:
An ENT or oral/maxillofacial surgeon may cannulate the duct to remove the stone (sialectomy). A surgeon may make a small incision near the stone to remove it. In some cases when stones continually reoccur the offending salivary duct is removed. Supporting treatment:
To prevent infection while the stone is lodged in the duct, antibiotics are sometimes used. Epidemiology
The prevalence of salivary stones in the general population is about 1.2% according to post mortem studies, but the prevalence of salivary stones which cause symptoms is about 0.45% in the general population. Sialolithiasis accounts for about 50% of all disease occurring in major salivary glands, and for about 66% of all obstructive salivary gland diseases. Salivary gland stones are twice as common in males as in females. The most common age range in which they occur is between 30 and 60, and they are uncommon in children. References


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Tight hymenal ring is a disorder of the hymen, characterized by a rigid hymen and tight introitus, whether acquired or congenital. It excludes an imperforate hymen. The condition can be relieved by outpatient surgery or manual dilation. References


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