It is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines.Inspired by the response to the 1997 outbreak in Nigeria, the WHO, Médecins Sans Frontières, and other groups created the International Coordinating Group on Vaccine Provision for Epidemic Meningitis Control, which manages global response strategy. ICGs have since been created for other epidemic diseases. Types
Neisseria meningitidis has 13 clinically significant serogroups, classified according to the antigenic structure of their polysaccharide capsule. Six serogroups, A, B, C, Y, W-135, and X, are responsible for virtually all cases of the disease in humans. Quadrivalent (Serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y)
There are three vaccines available in the United States to prevent meningococcal disease, all quadrivalent in nature, targeting serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y:

three conjugate vaccines (MCV-4), Menactra, Menveo and MenQuadfi. The pure polysaccharide vaccine Menomune, MPSV4, was discontinued in the United States in 2017.Menveo and MenQuadfi are approved for medical use in the European Union. Menactra and Menveo
The first meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV-4), Menactra, was licensed in the U.S. in 2005 by Sanofi Pasteur; Menveo was licensed in 2010 by Novartis. Both MCV-4 vaccines have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for people 2 through 55 years of age. Menactra received FDA approval for use in children as young as 9 months in April 2011 while Menveo received FDA approval for use in children as young as two months in August 2013. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has not made recommendations for or against its use in children less than two years.
The brachial plexus may be stretched and damaged during a difficult delivery. In minor cases, the nerves heal and full use of the hand and arm is recovered. In more severe cases, the child may sustain permanent nerve damage and may not have full use of the shoulder, arm, or hand. Brachial plexus injuries occur in 1-3 children per 1,000 live births.See Erbs palsy and Klumpkes palsy. Brain damage
Brain damage may be caused by a number of factors, including fetal malformation due to genetic mutation or exposure to toxins, intrauterine hypoxia, or physical trauma during delivery.Cerebral palsy is one example of brain damage incurred before or during delivery; about 10,000 children are diagnosed with cerebral palsy every year. Bruising
A difficult delivery may lead to bruising, especially on the head and face, from pressure against the mothers pelvis or pressure caused by forceps or a vacuum device (see ventouse) used in delivery. Bone fractures
Bone fractures can occur during a difficult delivery. Fracture of the clavicle is the most common birth injury. Meconium aspiration syndrome
Meconium is a sticky substance that usually makes up the childs first bowel movement. If the fetus is stressed before or during delivery, the meconium may be released and may mix with the amniotic fluid. If it gets into the childs airways or lungs, it can cause meconium aspiration syndrome. Serious cases may result in pneumonia or a collapsed lung. Legal issues
Birth injuries may be unavoidable or they may be attributable to medical malpractice.