In severe cases of VBH, hypertrophy of the clitoris occurs.At the onset of puberty, some females with who have experienced little or no breast development can reportedly reach three or more cup sizes within a few days (see below).As of 1992, 70 cases of virginal breast hypertrophy had been reported. Gestational breast hypertrophy
This same effect can also occur at the onset of pregnancy or between the 16th to 20th week of gestation. When the swelling in the connective tissue occurs after birth, it can negatively impact long term milk supply. The swelling increases with each subsequent pregnancy. The extremely rapid growth of the breasts can result in intense heat. The womans breasts can generate extraordinary discomfort, turning feverish, red, itchy, and even causing the skin to peel. The swelling can suppress the milk supply, pinching off the milk ducts, and leading to mastitis.Gestational gigantomastia is estimated to in 1 out of every 28,000 to 100,000 pregnancies.Breast size in women with gestational breast hypertrophy typically reverts to approximately pre-pregnancy size or near it after pregnancy and cessation of breastfeeding. This is not always the case however and in some only partial reduction in breast size may occur, necessitating surgical breast reduction. Other types of breast hypertrophy
Only 15% of cases of breast hypertrophy are unrelated to puberty or pregnancy. Other types and causes of breast hypertrophy include idiopathic, drug-induced (e.g., penicillamine, cyclosporine, bucillamine), autoimmunity-associated, tumors, and syndromes. Two case reports of prepubertal breast hypertrophy, both in infants, have been reported.
Pellegrini–Stieda syndrome (also called Stieda disease and Köhler–Pellegrini–Stieda disease) refers to the ossification of the superior part of the medial collateral ligament of the knee. It is a common incidental finding on knee radiographs. It is named for the Italian surgeon A. Pellegrini (b. 1877) and the German surgeon A. Stieda (1869–1945). References
Further reading
Altschuler, Eric L.; Bryce, Thomas N. (December 2006). "Images in clinical medicine. Pellegrini-Stieda syndrome". The New England Journal of Medicine. 354 (1): e1. doi:10.1056/NEJMicm040406. PMID 16394294. Wang, JC; Shapiro, MS (1995). "Pellegrini-Stieda syndrome". American Journal of Orthopedics. 24 (6): 493–7. PMID 7670873. External links
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