Treatment therapy
50% of patients respond to corticosteroid therapy alone in early phases
Methotrexate or Azathioprine are an alternative to corticosteroid immunosuppressants
There have been studies on Mycophenolate mofetil and anti-TNF therapies
In Takayasu’s arteritis it is vital to combine drug treatments often with low-dose aspirin or statin

Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)
Symptoms
Systemic illness with fever
General feeling of discomfort or uneasiness with cause difficult to identify
Weight loss
Arthritis
Black discoloration of skin primarily on the extremities
Severe inadequate blood supply to the extremities
Ischemic stroke, hemorrhages and a progressive encephalopathy with or without seizures may occur

Diagnostic Criteria
Three or more of the following ten criteria are required:

More than 4 kg (8.8 lb) weight loss
Lace-like purplish discoloration of the skin (livedo reticularis)
Testicular pain
Pain in a muscle or group of muscles (myalgias)
Damage to peripheral nerves
Elevation of blood pressure by more than 90 mmHg
Creatinine serum levels greater than 1,5 mg/dl
Hepatitis B or C virus antibodies
An aneurysm or occlusion as shown in a pathologic arteriography
Histology findings typical of PAN

Treatment therapy
In PAN not associated with a hepatitis virus: prednisone and cyclophosphamide therapy.
An estrogen patch (oestrogen patch) is a transdermal delivery system for estrogens such as estradiol and ethinylestradiol which can be used in menopausal hormone therapy, feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women, hormonal birth control, and other uses. Transdermal preparations of estrogen are metabolized differently than oral preparations. Transdermal estrogens avoid the first pass through the liver and thus potentially reduce the risk of blood clotting and stroke.An estrogen patch is applied directly to the skin, preferably near the lower abdomen, hips, or buttocks, and is usually changed once or twice per week. For women who have not undergone a hysterectomy, it is often suggested that they take progestogen in addition to an estrogen patch in order to protect the endometrium of the uterus. Transdermal estrogens are not recommended for all women; there are important precautions and side effects that should be considered before use. Medical uses
Menopause
An estrogen patch may be recommended for women experiencing moderate to severe symptoms of menopause, such as vasomotor symptoms and vaginal atrophy. During menopause, the ovaries stop producing estrogen which causes estrogen levels to fall. The sudden change in estrogen levels may cause vasomotor symptoms, such as hot flashes. Research suggests that the estrogen patch can relieve both the frequency and severity of vasomotor symptoms by increasing estrogen levels. An estrogen patch may also be used to treat vulvar and vaginal atrophy, another symptom of menopause associated with the sudden change in estrogen levels. Hypoestrogenism
Hypoestrogenism, or estrogen deficiency, may suggest menopause is approaching for middle aged women.