Tolnaftate (INN) is a synthetic thiocarbamate used as an anti-fungal agent that may be sold  without medical prescription in most jurisdictions. It is supplied as a cream, powder, spray, liquid, and liquid aerosol. Tolnaftate is used to treat fungal conditions such as jock itch, athletes foot and ringworm. Mechanism
Although the exact mechanism of action is not entirely known, it is believed to inhibit squalene epoxidase, an important enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of ergosterol (a key component of the fungal cell membrane) in a similar way to terbinafine. Uses
Tolnaftate has been found to be generally slightly less effective than azoles when used to treat tinea pedis (athletes foot). It is, however, useful when dealing with ringworm, especially when passed from pets to humans. Side effects
Side effects that may occur include:
allergic reactions like:
skin rash
itching or hives
swelling of the face, lips, or tongue
inflammation, redness, or pain at the affected areaLess severe side effects include:
dry skin
mild skin irritation, burning, or itching at the affected area

See also
Liranaftate, a similar thiocarbamate antifungal

References
External links
Medlines entry for tolnaftate
Idarubicin  or 4-demethoxydaunorubicin is an anthracycline antileukemic drug. It inserts itself into DNA and prevents DNA unwinding by interfering with the enzyme topoisomerase II. It is an analog of daunorubicin, but the absence of a methoxy group increases its fat solubility and cellular uptake. Similar to other anthracyclines, it also induces histone eviction from chromatin.It belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics. It is currently combined with cytosine arabinoside as a first line treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. It is used for treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis.It is distributed under the trade names Zavedos (UK) and Idamycin (USA). Side effects
Diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea and vomiting are common among patients treated with idarubicin. References
External links
Idarubicin bound to proteins in the PDB