Hydroxyzine, sold under the brand names Atarax, Vistaril and others, is an antihistamine medication. It is used in the treatment of itchiness, anxiety, and nausea, including that due to motion sickness. It is used either by mouth or injection into a muscle.Common side effects include sleepiness, headache, and a dry mouth. Serious side effects may include QT prolongation. It is unclear if use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe. Hydroxyzine works by blocking the effects of histamine. It is a first-generation antihistamine in the piperazine family of chemicals.It was first made by Union Chimique Belge in 1956 and was approved for sale by Pfizer in the United States later that year. In 2019, it was the 75th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 9 million prescriptions. Medical uses
Hydroxyzine is used in the treatment of itchiness, anxiety, and nausea due to motion sickness.A systematic review concluded that hydroxyzine outperforms placebo in treating generalized anxiety disorder. Insufficient data were available to compare the drug with benzodiazepines and buspirone.Hydroxyzine can also be used for the treatment of allergic conditions, such as chronic urticaria, atopic or contact dermatoses, and histamine-mediated pruritus.
The pain is worse during or after sexual intercourse, and can be worse just before the onset of the menstrual period.Women with pelvic congestion syndrome have a larger uterus and a thicker endometrium. 56% of women manifest cystic changes to the ovaries, and many report other symptoms, such as dysmenorrhea, back pain, vaginal discharge, abdominal bloating, mood swings or depression, and fatigue. Causes
Local pelvic hormonal milieu
Venous outflow obstruction, such as May-Thurner syndrome, Nutcracker syndrome, Budd-Chiari syndrome, or left renal vein thrombosis
External compression due to tumor (including fibroids, endometriosis), or scarring

Diagnosis
Diagnosis can be made using ultrasound or laparoscopy testing. The condition can also be diagnosed with a venogram, CT scan, or an MRI. Ultrasound is the diagnostic tool most commonly used. Some research has suggested that transvaginal duplex ultrasound is the best test for pelvic venous reflux. Treatment
Early treatment options include pain medication using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and suppression of ovarian function.More advanced treatment includes a minimally invasive procedure performed by an Interventional Radiologist. This minimally invasive procedure involves stopping blood within the pelvic varicose veins using a minimally invasive procedure called a catheter directed embolization. The procedure rarely requires an overnight stay in hospital and is usually performed as an outpatient procedure, and is done using local anesthetic and moderate sedation. Patients report an 80% success rate, as measured by the amount of pain reduction experienced. See also
Ovarian vein syndrome
Nutcracker syndrome

References


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