Exostosis has been reported in dinosaur fossils from several species, including Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, Albertosaurus sarcophagus, Allosaurus fragilis, Gorgosaurus libratus, and Poekilopleuron bucklandii. Hereditary multiple exostoses
Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME), also called hereditary multiple osteochondromas (HMO), is a condition that is estimated to affect 1 in 50,000 individuals. Multiple benign or noncancerous bone tumors develop in the affected individuals. The number and location vary among affected patients. Most people seem unaffected at birth; however, by the age of 12 years, they develop multiple exostoses. Affected individuals commonly complain of palpable and recognizable lumps (exostoses) at about the knees and in the forearms. The condition characteristically occurs bilaterally. It may lead to mild degrees of growth retardation and limb asymmetry. Genu valgum (commonly known as "knock-knees"), ankle valgus, and bowing and shortening of one or both of the forearm bones are common manifestations. Types
Buccal exostosis
Footballers ankle (exotosis of the ankle bone)
Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME)
Subungual exostosis
Surfers ear (exostosis of the ear canal)
Torus mandibularis
Torus palatinus
Calcaneal spur (heel spur)

See also
Ganglion cyst
List of radiographic findings associated with cutaneous conditions
Osteoma
Osteosclerosis
Pachyosteosclerosis
Pachyostosis

References
External links

The Ear and Balance Center, The Sonos Group
MHE Research Foundation (Multiple Hereditary Exostoses)
Lipomatosis is believed to be an autosomal dominant condition in which multiple lipomas are present on the body. Many discrete, encapsulated lipomas form on the trunk and extremities, with relatively few on the head and shoulders. In 1993, a genetic polymorphism within lipomas was localized to chromosome 12q15, where the HMGIC gene encodes the high-mobility-group protein isoform I-C. This is one of the most commonly found mutations in solitary lipomatous tumors but lipomas often have multiple mutations. Reciprocal translocations involving chromosomes 12q13 and 12q14 have also been observed within.Although this condition is benign, it can sometimes be very painful depending on location of the lipomas. Some patients who are concerned with cosmetics seek removal of individual lipomas. Removal can include simple excision, endoscopic removal, or liposuction.Other entities which are accompanied by multiple lipomas include Proteus syndrome, Cowden syndrome and related disorders due to PTEN gene mutations, benign symmetric lipomatosis (Madelung disease), Dercums Disease, familial lipodystrophy, hibernomas, epidural steroid injections with epidural lipomatosis, and familial angiolipomatosis. See also
Pelvic lipomatosis    — A rare disease  most often seen in older obese black men with hypertension. Virchows metamorphosis — lipomatosis in the heart and salivary glands. Dercums — A rare condition characterized by generalized obesity and painful fatty tumors in the adipose tissue. References


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