Costello syndrome, also called faciocutaneoskeletal syndrome or FCS syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder that affects many parts of the body. It is characterized by delayed development and intellectual disabilities, distinctive facial features, unusually flexible joints, and loose folds of extra skin, especially on the hands and feet. : 571  Heart abnormalities are common, including a very fast heartbeat (tachycardia), structural heart defects, and overgrowth of the heart muscle (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy). Infants with Costello syndrome may be large at birth, but grow more slowly than other children and have difficulty feeding. Later in life, people with this condition have relatively short stature and many have reduced levels of growth hormones. It is a RASopathy.Beginning in early childhood, people with specific mutations on the Costello syndrome gene variant have an increased risk of developing certain cancerous and noncancerous tumors. Small growths called papillomas are the most common noncancerous tumors seen with this condition. They usually develop around the nose and mouth. The most frequent cancerous tumor associated with Costello syndrome is a soft tissue tumor called a rhabdomyosarcoma. Other cancers also have been reported in children and adolescents with this disorder, including a tumor that arises in developing nerve cells (neuroblastoma) and a form of bladder cancer (transitional cell carcinoma). Costello syndrome was discovered by Jack Costello, a New Zealand paediatrician, in 1977. He is credited with first reporting the syndrome in the Australian Paediatric Journal, Volume 13, No.2 in 1977.
For those with severe stenosis that are at risk for impending stroke endovascular treatment is used. Depending on the individual and the location of the stenosis there are multiple treatments that can be undertaken. These include angioplasty, stent insertion, or bypass the blocked area. Related diseases
Diseases associated with cerebral atherosclerosis include:

Hypertensive arteriopathyThis pathological process involves the thickening and damage of arteriole walls. It mainly affects the ends of the arterioles which are located in the deep gray nuclei and deep white matter of the brain. It is thought that this is what causes cerebral microbleeds in deep brain regions. This small vessel damage can also reduce the clearance of amyloid-β, thereby increasing the likelihood of CAA.Diseases cerebral atherosclerosis and associated diseases can cause are:

Alzheimers diseaseAlzheimers disease is a form of dementia that entails brain atrophy. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is found in 90% of the cases at autopsy, with 25% being severe CAA. Cerebral microbleeds (CMB)Cerebral microbleeds have been observed during recent studies on people with dementia using MRI. StrokeStrokes occur from the sudden loss of blood flow to an area of the brain. The loss of flow is generally either from a blockage or hemorrhage. Studies of postmortem stroke cases have shown that intracranial atherosclerotic plaque build up occurred in over half of the individuals and over one third of the overall cases had stenotic build up. == References ==