Since 2000, rates of syphilis have been increasing in the US, Canada, the UK, Australia and Europe, primarily among men who have sex with men. Rates of syphilis among US women have remained stable during this time, while rates among UK women have increased, but at a rate less than that of men. Increased rates among heterosexuals have occurred in China and Russia since the 1990s. This has been attributed to unsafe sexual practices, such as sexual promiscuity, prostitution, and decreasing use of barrier protection.Left untreated, it has a mortality rate of 8% to 58%, with a greater death rate among males. The symptoms of syphilis have become less severe over the 19th and 20th centuries, in part due to widespread availability of effective treatment, and partly due to virulence of the bacteria. With early treatment, few complications result. Syphilis increases the risk of HIV transmission by two to five times, and coinfection is common (30–60% in some urban centers). In 2015, Cuba became the first country to eliminate mother-to-child transmission of syphilis. History
The origin of syphilis is disputed. Syphilis was present in the Americas before European contact, and it may have been carried from the Americas to Europe by the returning crewmen from Christopher Columbuss voyage to the Americas, or it may have existed in Europe previously but gone unrecognized until shortly after Columbuss return. These are the Columbian and pre-Columbian hypotheses, respectively.
Hypercementosis is an idiopathic, non-neoplastic condition characterized by the excessive buildup of normal cementum (calcified tissue) on the roots of one or more teeth. A thicker layer of cementum can give the tooth an enlarged appearance, which mainly occurs at the apex or apices of the tooth. Signs and symptoms
It is experienced as an uncomfortable sensation in the tooth, followed by an aching pain.It may be shown on radiographs as a radiopaque (or lighter) mass at each root apex. Cause
Can be caused by many things. A way to remember the causes is "PIG ON TAP"Local factors- 

Occlusal Trauma
Trauma
Non-functional tooth
Unopposed tooth (and impacted teeth, embedded teeth, teeth without antagonists)Systemic factors-

Idiopathic
Pituitary Gigantism
Pagets Disease
Acromegaly
Periapical granuloma
Arthritis
Calcinosis
Rheumatic feverIt may be one of the complications of Pagets disease of bone in the form of generalized hypercementosis. It may also be a compensatory mechanism in response to attrition to increase occlusal tooth height. Complications
Such deposits form bulbous enlargements on the roots and may interfere with extractions, especially if adjacent teeth become fused (concrescence). It may also result in pulpal necrosis by blocking blood supply via the apical foramen. References


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