In advanced cystic kidney disease with renal failure, renal transplant or dialysis may ultimately be necessary. Prognosis
By late 70s, 50-75% of patients with CKD require renal replacement therapy, either dialysis or kidney transplant. The number and size of cysts and kidney volume are predictors for the progression of CKD and end-stage renal disease. PKD does not increase the risk for the development of renal cancer, but if such develops, it is more likely to be bilateral. The most probable cause of death is heart disease, ruptured cerebral aneurysm, or disseminated infection. Some factors that can affect life expectancy are mutated gene type, gender, the age of onset, high blood pressure, proteinuria, hematuria, UTI, hormones, pregnancies, and size of cysts. If risk factors are controlled and the disease is stabilized then the patients life expectancy can be prolonged greatly. References


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Crystal arthropathy is a class of joint disorder (called arthropathy) that is characterized by accumulation of tiny crystals in one or more joints. Polarizing microscopy and application of other crystallographic techniques have improved identification of different microcrystals including monosodium urate, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate, calcium hydroxyapatite, and calcium oxalate. Types
Causes
Deposition of crystals in joints
Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal formation:
Increased production of inorganic pyrophosphate
Decreased levels of pyrophosphatase in cartilage
Decreased levels of cartilage glycosaminoglycans
Hyperparathyroidism
Hemochromatosis
Hypophosphatasia
Hypomagnesemia
Hydroxyapatite deposition:
Tissue damage
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypercalcemia
Hyperphosphatemia
Calcium oxalate deposition:
Enhanced production of oxalic acid due to enzyme defect
Poor excretion of oxalic acid in kidney failure
Excessive ascorbic acid intake in kidney failure

Risk factors
Obesity
Kidney failure
Hyperphosphatemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypercalcemia
Tissue damage (dystrophic calcification)

Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Septic arthritis
Type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia
Amyloidosis
Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis
Hyperparathyroidism
Spondyloarthropathy
Rheumatoid arthritis
Fibromyalgia

Treatment
References


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