70% of cases are the nonbullous form and 30% are the bullous form. Other factors can increase the risk of contracting impetigo such as diabetes mellitus, dermatitis, immunodeficiency disorders, and other irritable skin disorders. Impetigo occurs more frequently among people who live in warm climates. Transmission
The infection is spread by direct contact with lesions or with nasal carriers. The incubation period is 1–3 days after exposure to Streptococcus and 4–10 days for Staphylococcus. Dried streptococci in the air are not infectious to intact skin. Scratching may spread the lesions. Diagnosis
Impetigo is usually diagnosed based on its appearance. It generally appears as honey-colored scabs formed from dried serum and is often found on the arms, legs, or face. If a visual diagnosis is unclear a culture may be done to test for resistant bacteria. Differential diagnosis
Other conditions that can result in symptoms similar to the common form include contact dermatitis, herpes simplex virus, discoid lupus, and scabies.Other conditions that can result in symptoms similar to the blistering form include other bullous skin diseases, burns, and necrotizing fasciitis. Prevention
To prevent the spread of impetigo the skin and any open wounds should be kept clean and covered. Care should be taken to keep fluids from an infected person away from the skin of a non-infected person. Washing hands, linens, and affected areas will lower the likelihood of contact with infected fluids. Scratching can spread the sores; keeping nails short will reduce the chances of spreading. Infected people should avoid contact with others and eliminate sharing of clothing or linens.
The affected children have deletions on chromosome 11 as well as some extra genetic material from another chromosome.Ring chromosome 11- in this case genetic material from both long and short arm of the chromosome get deleted, and the remaining part joins and forms a ring like structure. Here the affected person would have symptoms associated with both 11q and 11p deletion. Genetics
If de novo deletion occurs then both the parents have normal chromosomes, and chances that another child will have the deletion decline. Very few cases have been found in which the deletion has been present in mosaic form (where some of the cells have deletion on chromosome 11 and some do not, and the symptoms are less severe) in one of the parents, which increases the risk of having another child with Jacobsen syndrome. When the childs chromosomal abnormality occurs due to one of the parents balanced translocation, the chances of another child having the abnormality is high. Diagnosis
Diagnosing Jacobsen syndrome can be difficult in some cases because it is a rare chromosomal disorder. There are a variety of tests that can be carried out, like karyotypes, cardiac echocardiograms, a renal sonogram, a platelet count, blood counts, a brain imaging study. Genetic testing can be carried out for diagnosis. Here chromosomes are stained to give a barcode like appearance and studied under the microscope, which reveals the broken and deleted genes. The condition can also be diagnosed early in the prenatal stage if there are any abnormalities seen in the ultrasound.