Sexual orgasm is achieved without pain or humiliation. Class III: Masochists with minimal to no sadistic tendencies. Preference for pain or humiliation (which facilitates orgasm), but not necessary to orgasm. Capable of romantic attachment. Class IV: Exclusive masochists (i.e. cannot form typical romantic relationships, cannot achieve orgasm without pain or humiliation).Sexual sadists:

Class I: Bothered by sexual fantasies but do not act on them. Class II: Act on sadistic urges with consenting sexual partners (masochists or otherwise). Categorization as leptosadism is outdated. Class III: Act on sadistic urges with non-consenting victims, but do not seriously injure or kill. May coincide with sadistic rapists. Class IV: Only act with non-consenting victims and will seriously injure or kill them.The difference between I–II and III–IV is consent. BDSM
The term BDSM is commonly used to describe consensual activities that contain sadistic and masochistic elements. Masochists tend to be very specific about the types of pain they enjoy, preferring some and disliking others. Many behaviors such as spanking, tickling, and love-bites contain elements of sadomasochism. Even if both parties legally consent to such acts this may not be accepted as a defense against criminal charges. Very few jurisdictions will permit consent as a legitimate defense if serious bodily injuries are caused. It has been argued that in many countries, the law disregards the sexual nature of sadomasochism - or the fact that participants enter these relationships voluntarily because they enjoy the experience. Instead, the criminal justice system focuses on what it views as dangerous or violent behavior.
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD; part of the spectrum of chronic lung disease of infancy) is a chronic lung disease in which premature infants, usually those who were treated with supplemental oxygen, require long-term oxygen. The alveoli that are present tend to not be mature enough to function normally. It is more common in infants with low birth weight (LBW) and those who receive prolonged mechanical ventilation to treat respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). It results in significant morbidity and mortality. The definition of BPD has continued to evolve primarily due to changes in the population, such as more survivors at earlier gestational ages, and improved neonatal management including surfactant, antenatal glucocorticoid therapy, and less aggressive mechanical ventilation.Currently the description of BPD includes the grading of its severity into mild, moderate and severe. This correlates with the infants maturity, growth and overall severity of illness. The new system offers a better description of underlying pulmonary disease and its severity. Presentation
Complications
Feeding problems are common in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, often due to prolonged intubation. Such infants often display oral-tactile hypersensitivity (also known as oral aversion). Physical findings:
hypoxemia;
hypercapnia;
crackles, wheezing, & decreased breath sounds;
increased bronchial secretions;
hyperinflation;
frequent lower respiratory infections;
delayed growth & development;
cor pulmonale;
CXR shows with hyperinflation, low diaphragm, atelectasis, cystic changes. Cause
Prolonged high oxygen delivery in premature infants causes necrotizing bronchiolitis and alveolar septal injury, with inflammation and scarring. This results in hypoxemia. Today, with the advent of surfactant therapy and high frequency ventilation and oxygen supplementation, infants with BPD experience much milder injury without necrotizing bronchiolitis or alveolar septal fibrosis.