A condition called "drug-induced ulcer of the lip" is described as being characterized by painful or tender, well-defined ulcerations of the lip without induration. It is the result of oral administration of drugs, and the condition resolves when the drugs are stopped. Exfoliative cheilitis
Also termed "cheilitis exfoliativa" or "tic de levres", is an uncommon inflammatory condition of the vermilion zone of the lips, which become painful and crusted. There  is continuous production and desquamation (shedding) of thick, brown scales of keratin. The keratin layer of the epidermis of the lips experiences a faster growth and death rate than normal and desquamates. When these scales are removed, a lip of normal appearance is revealed beneath, although  there may be associated erythema and edema. The condition has not yet been attributed to any particular cause. Rarely are infections to blame. In some individuals, there is an association with stress, anxiety, depression or personality disorders. In one report, 87% of individuals had some form of psychiatric disturbance, and 47% had thyroid dysfunction, which in turn can cause psychiatric conditions like depression.Some cases of exfoliative cheilitis are thought to represent factitious damage, termed "factitious cheilitis" or "artifactual cheilitis", and are related to repetitive lip picking or licking habits. This appears as crusting and ulceration caused by repetitive chewing and sucking of the lips. Some consider habitual lip licking or picking to be a form of nervous tic. This habit is sometimes termed perlèche (derived from the French word pourlècher meaning "to lick ones lips").
Double balloon dilation involves catheters inserted in the left and right femoral vessels placed parallel to stenotic lesions and inflated simultaneously. The two balloon technique creates a substantial decrease in pressure gradients by achieving greater dilation from the use of two smaller balloons as opposed to a single large balloon. Balloons are inflated and deflated repeatedly to reduce the resistance of the vessels to inflation. Once the balloons are removed an end-hole catheter is passed over the wires to ensure a moderate systemic pressure drop occurs and then a stent is placed. Substantial pressure drops are common following single balloon dilation procedures. Hydrophilic catheter treatments can also be used through placement of the catheter through the femoral veins to access the stenosis in the vena cava to measure haemodynamic and angiography. Angiography allows for visualisation of the stenosis in the vena cava and measurements of the pressures and length of narrowing can be obtained from the technique, including the narrowest diameter of the stenosis. Balloon angioplasties can also be performed in the narrowed vena cava using Sterling balloons. Dilations are also performed with higher pressure Dorado balloons, using the same wire as the Sterling balloon. Sustained results of increased flow and significant reduction in obstructions following stent implantation occurs from balloon angioplasty treatments. Epidemiology
Congenital stenosis of the vena cava is a rare congenital heart disease affecting 0.7 - 8.7% of the population. Vena cava anomalies are very rare and arise from incorrect development in the foetal heart.