Simple hypoplasia
Kidneys that are small for age but still have normal renal architecture. This leads to a decrease in the number of nephrons, or functional units of the kidney. Dysplasia
Malformation of kidney or bladder architecture. A dysplastic kidney is typically small for age and may contain cysts. A multicystic dysplastic kidney is an extreme example of renal dysplasia. Isolated collecting duct dilation
Dilation of the renal pelvis, ureters, or both. Also called hydronephrosis. Anomalies of position
Kidneys and ureters located in incorrect position, including horseshoe kidney and ectopic ureters. See also
Overflow incontinence

References


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Ensure adequate tissue perfusion (maintain SvO2 >70 with use of blood or dobutamine)
Address the underlying problem (i.e., antibiotic for infection, stent or CABG (coronary artery bypass graft surgery) for infarction, steroids for adrenal insufficiency, etc...)The best way to determine if a person will benefit from fluids is by doing a passive leg raise followed by measuring the output from the heart. Medication
Chronic hypotension sometimes requires the use of medications. Some medications that are commonly used include Fludrocortisone, Erythropoietin, and Sympathomimetics such as Midodrine and Noradrenaline and precursor (L-DOPS). Fludrocortisone is the first-line therapy (in the absence of heart failure) for patients with chronic hypotension or resistant orthostatic hypotension. It works by increasing the intravascular volume. Midodrine is a therapy used for severe orthostatic hypotension, and works by increasing peripheral vascular resistance. Noradrenaline and its precursor L-DOPS are used for primary autonomic dysfunction by increasing vascular tone. Erythropoietin is given to patients with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension and it works through increasing vascular volume and viscosity. Pediatrics
The definition of hypotension changes in the pediatric population depending on the childs age as seen in the table below. The clinical history provided by the caretaker is the most important part in determining the cause of hypotension in pediatric patients. Symptoms for children with hypotension include increased sleepiness, not using the restroom as much (or at all), having difficulty breathing or breathing rapidly, or syncope. The treatment for hypotension in pediatric patients is similar to the treatment in adults by following the four first steps listed above (see Treatment).