Limited potential for binocular vision.The same condition had also previously been described by other ophthalmologists, notably Cianca (1962) who named it Ciancas Syndrome and noted the presence of manifest latent nystagmus, and Lang (1968) who called it Congenital Esotropia Syndrome and noted the presence of abnormal head postures. In both cases, however, the essential characteristics were the same, but with emphasis placed on different elements of the condition. Helveston  (1993) further clarified and expanded upon von Noordens work, and incorporated the work of both Lang and Cianca into his summary of the characteristics of the condition:

Esotropia between 10 and 90 dioptres in size
Either alternation or fixation preference may be present (if the latter then amblyopia may result). Neurologically normal. Hyperopic correction does not eliminate or significantly reduce the squint size. Frequent nystagmus (latent or manifest latent). The patient may or may not have any or all of the following associated conditions: Oblique muscle dysfunction, vertical incomitance, dissociated vertical deviation, asymmetric optokinetic nystagmus, torticollis. Presence will be confirmed by six months. Best treatment results in subnormal binocular vision.The expressions congenital esotropia, infantile esoptropia, idiopathic infantile esotropia and essential infantile esotropia are often used interchangeably. Cross-fixation
Cross-fixation congenital esotropia, also called Ciancis syndrome is a particular type of large-angle infantile esotropia associated with tight medius rectus muscles. With the tight muscles, which hinder adduction, there is a constant inward eye turn. The patient cross-fixates, that is, to fixate objects on the left, the patient looks across the nose with the right eye, and vice versa.
but do not comment on the number of operations undertaken. A recent study on 38 children concluded that surgery for infantile esotropia is most likely to result in measureable stereopsis if patient age at alignment is not more than 16 months. Another study found that for children with infantile esotropia early surgery decreases the risk of dissociated vertical deviation developing after surgery.Aside the strabismus itself, there are other aspects or conditions that appear to improve after surgery or botulinum toxin eye alignment. Study outcomes have indicated that after surgery the child catches up in development of fine-motor skills (such as grasping a toy and handling a bottle) and of large-muscle skills (such as sitting, standing, and walking) in case a developmental delay was present before. Evidence also indicates that as of the age of six, strabismic children become less accepted by their peers, leaving them potentially exposed to social exclusion starting at this age unless their eye positioning is corrected by this time (see also: Psychosocial effects of strabismus). References
External links

Infantile esotropia, Medscape, updated 30 May 2012