In recurrent cases a craniotomy may be performed to attempt to locate the location of the CSF Leak. In certain cases a shunt can be placed for additional drainage. Great caution is used when choosing to look for the CSF leak due to them generally being difficult to spot. References
Taveras, Juan M. et al., eds. Radiology: Diagnosis, Imaging, Intervention. 1994- ISBN 0-397-57115-1; ch. 37: 9-13. Brain Inj 1998 Jul;12(7):595-603. McCluney KW, Yeakley JW, Fenstermacher MJ, et al. «Subdural hygroma versus atrophy on MR brain scans: "the cortical vein sign"». AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1992;13: 1335–39. External links
https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/26/6/article-pE8.xml
In his article "Sleep-Related Eating Disorder and Night Eating Syndrome: Sleep Disorders, Eating Disorders, Or both", Winkelman said, "Both [disorders] involve nearly nightly binging at multiple nocturnal awakenings, defined as excess calorie intake or loss of control over consumption." He also reported that both disorders have a common occurrence of approximately one to five percent of adults, have been predominantly found in women, with a young adult onset, have a chronic course, have a primary morbidity of weight gain, sleep disruption, and shame over loss of control over food intake, have familial bases, and have been observed to have comorbid depression and daytime eating disorders. However, Winkelman said, "The most prominent cited distinction between NES and SRED is the level of consciousness during nighttime eating episodes." Therefore, these two disorders are extremely similar with only one distinction between them. Doctors and psychologists have difficulty differentiating between NES and NSRED, but the distinction of a persons level of consciousness is what doctors chiefly rely on to make a diagnosis. One mistake that is often made is the misdiagnosis of NSRED for NES. However, even though NSRED is not a commonly known and diagnosed disease, many people with it in differing ways while doctors work to find a treatment that works for everyone; several studies have been done on NSRED, such as the one conducted by Schenck and Mahowald. These studies, in turn, provide the basic information on this disorder including the symptoms, behaviors, and possible treatments that doctors are using today.