The more extreme symptoms such as severe intellectual disability, blindness and deafness occur more often when warfarin is used throughout all three trimesters. Growth
Babies born with fetal warfarin syndrome may have a below-average birth weight and do continue to grow at a reduced rate. Facial features
Children with fetal warfarin syndrome show many otolaryngological abnormalities consistent with abnormal bone and cartilage growth. Children may present with hypoplasia of the nasal ridge and a deep groove at the midline of the nose, thinned or absent nasal septum, choanal atresia; a narrowing the airway at the posterior nasal cavity, cleft lip and laryngomalacia; large soft protrusions into the larynx. These facial defects and narrowing of the airways often lead to respiratory distress, noisy breathing and later; speech defects. Narrow airways often widen with age and allow for easier breathing. Dental problems are also seen with abnormally large dental buds and late eruption of deciduous teeth.Development of the eyes is also affected by warfarin. Microphthalmia; abnormally small eyes, telecanthus; abnormally far apart eyes and strabismus; misaligned or crossed eyes are common signs of fetal warfarin syndrome. The appearance of an ectopic lacrimal duct, where the tear duct protrudes laterally onto the eye has also been noted. Bodily features
Whole body skeletal abnormalities are common in fetal warfarin syndrome. A generalized reduction in bone size causes rhizomelia; disproportionally short limbs, brachydactyly; short fingers and toes, a shorter neck, short trunk, scoliosis; abnormal curvature of the spine and stippled epiphyses; malformation of joints.
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a neurocognitive disorder which involves cognitive impairments beyond those expected based on an individuals age and education but which are not significant enough to interfere with instrumental activities of daily living. MCI may occur as a transitional stage between normal aging and dementia, especially Alzheimers disease. It includes both memory and non-memory impairments. The cause of the disorder remains unclear, as well as both its prevention and treatment, with some 50 percent of people diagnosed with it going on to develop Alzheimers disease within five years. The diagnosis can also serve as an early indicator for other types of dementia, although MCI may remain stable or even remit.Mild cognitive impairment has been relisted as mild neurocognitive disorder in DSM-5, and in ICD-11, the latter effective on the 1st of January 2022. Classification
MCI can present with a variety of symptoms, but is divided generally into two types.Amnestic MCI (aMCI) is mild cognitive impairment with memory loss as the predominant symptom; aMCI is frequently seen as a prodromal stage of Alzheimers disease. Studies suggest that these individuals tend to progress to probable Alzheimers disease at a rate of approximately 10% to 15% per year. It is possible that being diagnosed with cognitive decline may serve as an indicator of MCI.Nonamnestic MCI (naMCI) is mild cognitive impairment in which impairments in domains other than memory (for example, language, visuospatial, executive) are more prominent.