In contrast, hyperthermia involves body temperature rising above its set point due to outside factors. The high temperatures of hyperpyrexia are considered medical emergencies, as they may indicate a serious underlying condition or lead to severe morbidity (including permanent brain damage), or to death. A common cause of hyperpyrexia is an intracranial hemorrhage. Other causes in emergency room settings include sepsis, Kawasaki syndrome, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, drug overdose, serotonin syndrome, and thyroid storm. Differential diagnosis
Fever is a common symptom of many medical conditions:

Infectious disease, e.g., COVID-19, dengue, Ebola, gastroenteritis, HIV, influenza, Lyme disease, rocky mountain spotted fever, secondary syphilis, malaria, mononucleosis, as well as infections of the skin, e.g., abscesses and boils. Immunological diseases, e.g., relapsing polychondritis, autoimmune hepatitis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Horton disease, inflammatory bowel diseases, Kawasaki disease, lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, and Stills disease;
Tissue destruction, as a result of cerebral bleeding, crush syndrome, hemolysis, infarction, rhabdomyolysis, surgery, etc. ;
Cancers, particularly blood cancers such as leukemia and lymphomas;
Metabolic disorders, e.g., gout, and porphyria; and
Inherited metabolic disorder, e.g., Fabry disease.Adult and pediatric manifestations for the same disease may differ; for instance, in COVID-19, one metastudy describes 92.8% of adults versus 43.9% of children presenting with fever.In addition, fever can result from a reaction to an incompatible blood product.Teething is not a cause of fever. Function
Immune function
Fever is thought to contribute to host defense, as the reproduction of pathogens with strict temperature requirements can be hindered, and the rates of some important immunological reactions are increased by temperature.
Chronic radiation proctopathy is characterized by urgency, change in stool caliber and consistency and increased mucus. Severe cases may present with fistulas and strictures which are rare. Treatment
Several methods have been studied in attempts to lessen the effects of radiation proctitis. Acute radiation proctitis usually resolves without treatment after several months. When treatment is necessary, symptoms often improve with hydration, anti-diarrheal agents, and discontinuation of radiation. Butyrate enemas may also be effective.In contrast, RAVE and chronic radiation proctopathy usually is not self-limited and often requires additional therapies. These include sucralfate, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, corticosteroids, metronidazole, argon plasma coagulation, radiofrequency ablation and formalin irrigation. The average number of treatment sessions with argon plasma coagulation to achieve control of bleeding ranges from 1 to 2.7 sessions.In rare cases that do not respond to medical therapy and endoscopic treatment, surgery may be required. Overall, less than 10 percent of individuals with radiation proctopathy require surgery. In addition, complications such as obstruction and fistulae may require surgery. Epidemiology
Up to 30 percent of individuals who receive pelvic radiation therapy for cancer may develop radiation proctopathy. See also
Radiation enteropathy

References


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