Pressure is transmitted to solid boundaries or across arbitrary sections of fluid normal to these boundaries or sections at every point. Unlike stress, pressure is defined as a scalar quantity. The negative gradient of pressure is called the force density.Another example is a knife. If we try to cut with the flat edge, force is distributed over a larger surface area resulting in less pressure, and it will not cut. Whereas using the sharp edge, which has less surface area, results in greater pressure, and so the knife cuts smoothly. This is one example of a practical application of pressureFor gases, pressure is sometimes measured not as an absolute pressure, but relative to atmospheric pressure; such measurements are called gauge pressure. An example of this is the air pressure in an automobile tire, which might be said to be "220 kPa (32 psi)", but is actually 220 kPa (32 psi) above atmospheric pressure. Since atmospheric pressure at sea level is about 100 kPa (14.7 psi), the absolute pressure in the tire is therefore about 320 kPa (46 psi). In technical work, this is written "a gauge pressure of 220 kPa (32 psi)". Where space is limited, such as on pressure gauges, name plates, graph labels, and table headings, the use of a modifier in parentheses, such as "kPa (gauge)" or "kPa (absolute)", is permitted.
Multicentric carpotarsal osteolysis syndrome (MCTO) is a rare autosomal dominant condition. This condition is also known as idiopathic multicentric osteolysis with nephropathy. It is characterised by carpal-tarsal destruction and kidney failure. Signs and symptoms
The presentation is of gradual loss of the small bones in the carpus and tarsus. This may lead to joint subluxation and instability. The kidney failure, when present, usually presents as the presence of protein in the urine. In some cases, there may also be craniofacial abnormalities including
Triangular facies
Micrognathia
Maxillary hypoplasia
ExophthalmosHistology of renal biopsies show glomerulosclerosis and severe tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Intellectual disability may occur. Genetics
This condition is caused by mutations in the transcription factor MafB, or V-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog B (MAFB), gene. This gene encodes a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor. The gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 20 (20q11.2-q13.1). Pathogenesis
How this mutation causes the clinical picture is not currently clear. Diagnosis
The diagnosis may be suspected on the basis of the constellation of clinical features. It is made by sequencing the MAFB gene. Classification
This condition has been classified into five types. Type 1: hereditary multicentric osteolysis with dominant transmission
Type 2: hereditary multicentric osteolysis with recessive transmission
Type 3: nonhereditary multicentric osteolysis with nephropathy
Type 4: Gorham–Stout syndrome

Differential diagnosis
The condition should be differentially diagnosed from juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and other genetic skeletal dysplasias as  Multicentric Osteolysis, Nodulosis, and Arthropathy. Treatment
Optimal treatment for this condition is unclear. Bisphosphonates and denosumab may be of use for the bone lesions. Cyclosporine A may be of use for treating the nephropathy.