Weak psoas (short for iliopsoas-muscle that controls the hip flexor) force the dancer to lift from strength of their back instead of from the hip when lifting their leg into arabesque or attitude. This causes great stress and risk of injury, especially because the dancer will have to compensate to obtain the positions required. Muscles – One of the greatest contributors is uneven muscles. Because all muscles have a muscle that works in opposition to it, it is imperative that to keep all muscles protected, the opposite muscle is not stronger than the muscle at risk. In the situation of lumbar lordosis, abdominal muscles are weaker than the muscles in the lumbar spine and the hamstring muscles. The muscular imbalance results in pulling down the pelvis in the front of the body, creating the swayback in the spine. Growth spurt – Younger dancers are more at risk for development of lumbar hyperlordosis because the lumbar fascia and hamstrings tighten when a child starts to experience a growth spurt into adolescence.Technical factors

Improper lifts – When male dancers are performing dance lifts with another dancer they are extremely prone to lift in the incorrect posture, pushing their arms up to lift the other dancer, while letting their core and spine curve which is easy to then hyperlordosis in a dancers back. Overuse – Over 45% of anatomical sites of injury in dancers are in the lower back. This can be attributed to the strains of repetitive dance training which may lead to minor trauma.
Megalopapilla is a non-progressive human eye condition in which the optic nerve head (optic disc) has an enlarged diameter, exceeding 2.1 mm with no other morphological abnormalities. Clinical features
In megalopapilla the optic disc diameter exceeds 2.1 mm (or surface area more than 2.5 mm2) with an increased cup-to-disc ratio. Although the optic disc is looks abnormal, the disc colour, sharpness of disc margin, rim volume, configuration of blood vessels and intraocular pressure will be normal. Visual field is normal except for an enlarged blind spot. Visual acuity may be normal, or occasionally reduced. Types
There are two types of megalopapilla. Type 1, which is the most common, is bilateral with a normal configuration of the optic cup. Type 2 is unilateral with a superiorly displaced cup that eliminates the adjacent neuro-retinal rim. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis
Large disc size can be seen in fundus examination by ophthalmoscopy. Since OCT is not influenced by disc size, it can be used in differentiating normal and glaucomatous eyes with large discs.Since the clinical appearance of megalopapilla resembles that of glaucomatous optic disc, it should be differentiated from Normal tension glaucoma and other pseudo-glaucomatous diseases. Other conditions that resembles megalopapilla includes coloboma of optic disc and orbital optic disc glioma. History
Bock and Franceschetti were the first to use the term megalopapilla to describe larger-than-normal optic disks. == References ==