Idursulfase (brand name Elaprase), manufactured by Takeda, is a drug used to treat Hunter syndrome (also called MPS-II). It is a purified form of the lysosomal enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase and is produced by recombinant DNA technology in a human cell line. It is one of the most expensive drugs ever produced, costing US$567,412 per patient per year. References
External links
idursulfase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Kellys model
In psychological terms, George Kelly considered hostility as the attempt to extort validating evidence from the environment to confirm types of social prediction, constructs, that have failed. Instead of reconstructing their constructs to meet disconfirmations with better predictions, the hostile person attempts to force or coerce the world to fit their view, even if this is a forlorn hope, and even if it entails emotional expenditure and/or harm to self or others.In this sense hostility is a form of psychological extortion - an attempt to force reality to produce the desired feedback, even by acting out in bullying by individuals and groups in various social contexts, in order that preconceptions become ever more widely validated. Kellys theory of cognitive hostility thus forms a parallel to Leon Festingers view that there is an inherent impulse to reduce cognitive dissonance.While challenging reality can be a useful part of life, and persistence in the face of failure can be a valuable trait (for instance in invention or discovery), in the case of hostility it is argued that evidence is not being accurately assessed but rather forced into a Procrustean mould in order to maintain ones belief systems and avoid having ones identity challenged. Instead it is claimed that hostility shows evidence of suppression or denial, and is "deleted" from awareness -  unfavorable evidence which might suggest that a prior belief is flawed is to various degrees ignored and willfully avoided.