Hydralazine, sold under the brand name Apresoline among others, is a medication used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure. This includes high blood pressure in pregnancy and very high blood pressure resulting in symptoms. It has been found to be particularly useful in heart failure, together with isosorbide dinitrate, for treatment of people of African descent. It is given by mouth or by injection into a vein. Effects usually begin around 15 minutes and last up to six hours.Common side effects include headache and fast heart rate. It is not recommended in people with coronary artery disease or in those with rheumatic heart disease that affects the mitral valve. In those with kidney disease a low dose is recommended. Hydralazine is in the vasodilator family of medications, so it is believed to work by causing the dilation of blood vessels.Hydralazine was discovered while scientists at Ciba were looking for a treatment for malaria. It was patented in 1949. It is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines. In 2019, it was the 99th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 6 million prescriptions. Hydralazine has an adverse drug event of inducing drug-induced lupus and this drugs use is declining with more prescribers prescribing calcium channel blockers. Medical use
Hydralazine is not used as a primary drug for treating hypertension because it elicits a reflex sympathetic stimulation of the heart (the baroreceptor reflex).
The trait is now extinct and was never fully characterized.Diplopodia-3
This is an autosomal trait that may be the least severe of the five. Diplopodia-4
This sex-linked mutation is similar to the previous mutations, but causes the embryo to grow thicker wing bones.Diplopodia-5
This is an autosomal mutation that gives embryos webbing between the inner two front toes on each foot, in addition to the usual characteristics of diplopodia. Almost all of the embryos survive to the end of incubation, but they are unable to clear the fluid from their lungs or absorb the blood from their extraembryonic vessels. These problems always prevent them from hatching. Almost all diplopodia-5 embryos have only one or two extra toes on each foot, so this mutation causes the least extreme foot malformation. See also
Limb development
Congenital abnormality
Dysmelia
Sonic hedgehog
Polydactyly


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