Needle drivers(needle holders)
Tools used to hold suture needle while it is passed through tissue and to grasp suture while instrument knot tying. Retractors, used to spread open skin, ribs and other tissue
Tools for various purposes depending on the condition. Retractors can be used to expose incision openings, hold tissue back, or maintain operating areas. They can be categorized into either hand-held retractors or self-retaining ones (via a ratcheting mechanism) (e.g., Deaver retractor, Weitlaner retractor, Malleable Retractor). Distractors, positioners and stereotactic devices
Mechanical cutters (scalpels, lancets, trocars, Harmonic scalpel, rongeurs etc.) Dilators and specula, for access to narrow passages or incisions
Suction tips and tubes, for removal of bodily fluids
Tools used to remove secretion, debris, or any fluid in the surgical area. (e.g. Yankauer Suction Tube, Poole Suction Tube, Frazier Suction Tip)
Sealing devices, such as surgical staplers
Tools used for resection (Removing part of an organ), transaction (Cutting through and sealing organs and tissues), and anastomoses (Creating connections between structures). (e.g. linear stapler, linear cutter, clips)
Irrigation and injection needles, tips and tubes, for introducing fluid
Powered devices, such as cranial drills and dermatomes
Scopes and probes, including fiber optic endoscopes and tactile probes
Carriers and appliers for optical, electronic, and mechanical devices
Ultrasound tissue disruptors, cryotomes and cutting laser guides
Measurement devices, such as rulers and calipers
Energy systems tools are used to cut tissues or seal vesselsElectrosurgery is a modern technology that uses high frequency electrical current to cut or coagulate blood. Argon plasma coagulation involves the application of gas discharges in argon.
These differences may account for the differential actions of these drugs in both efficacy and side effects.Infliximab has high specificity for TNF-α, and does not neutralize TNF beta (TNFβ, also called lymphotoxin α), an unrelated cytokine that uses different receptors from TNF-α. Biological activities attributed to TNF-α include induction of proinflammatory cytokines (such as interleukins IL-1 and IL-6), enhancement of leukocyte movement or migration from the blood vessels into the tissues (by increasing the permeability of endothelial layer of blood vessels), and increasing the release of adhesion molecules. Infliximab prevents disease in transgenic mice (a special type of mice biologically engineered to produce a human form of TNF-α and which are used to test the results of these drugs that might be expected in humans). These experimental mice develop arthritis as a result of their production of human TNF-α, and when administered after disease onset, infliximab allows eroded joints to heal.Other monoclonal antibodies targeting TNF-α are golimumab, adalimumab, and certolizumab pegol. Etanercept also binds and inhibits the action of TNF-α, but is not a monoclonal antibody (it is instead a fusion of TNF-receptor and an antibody constant region).