Silver nitrate, sometimes used for pain relief from aphthous ulceration, acts as a chemical cauterant and destroys nerve endings, but the mucosal damage is increased. Phenol is used during dental treatment as a cavity sterilizing agent and cauterizing material, and it is also present in some over-the-counter agents intended to treat aphthous ulcerations. Mucosal necrosis has been reported to occur with concentrations of 0.5%. Other materials used in endodontics are also caustic, which is part of the reason why use of a rubber dam is now recommended. Irradiation
As a result of radiotherapy to the mouth, radiation-induced stomatitis may develop, which can be associated with mucosal erosions and ulceration. If the salivary glands are irradiated, there may also be xerostomia (dry mouth), making the oral mucosa more vulnerable to frictional damage as the lubricating function of saliva is lost, and mucosal atrophy (thinning), which makes a breach of the epithelium more likely. Radiation to the bones of the jaws causes damage to osteocytes and impairs the blood supply. The affected hard tissues become hypovascular (reduced number of blood vessels), hypocellular (reduced number of cells), and hypoxic (low levels of oxygen). Osteoradionecrosis is the term for when such an area of irradiated bone does not heal from this damage. This usually occurs in the mandible, and causes chronic pain and surface ulceration, sometimes resulting in non-healing bone being exposed through a soft tissue defect. Prevention of osteradionecrosis is part of the reason why all teeth of questionable prognosis are removed before the start of a course of radiotherapy.
benzydamine mouthwash) to reduce pain
Topical (gels, creams or inhalers) or systemic steroids may be used to reduce inflammation
An antifungal drug may be used to prevent oral candidiasis developing in those who use prolonged steroids
People with mouth ulcers may prefer to avoid hot or spicy foods, which can increase the pain
Self-inflicted ulceration can be difficult to manage, and psychiatric input may be required in some people: 53 
For recurrent ulcers, vitamin B12 has been shown to be effective

Epidemiology
Oral ulceration is a common reason for people to seek medical or dental advice. : 52  A breach of the oral mucosa probably affects most people at various times during life. For a discussion of the epidemiology of aphthous stomatitis, see the epidemiology of aphthous stomatitis. See also
Sodium dodecyl sulfate

References
External links

 Learning materials related to Oral ulceration at Wikiversity
Mouth ulcer at Curlie