Abdominal migraine is a variant type of migraine. It primarily affects children, and is rare in adults. It mainly causes episodes of abdominal pain without an accompanying headache. It is poorly understood. It is difficult to confirm the diagnosis, as periumbilical abdominal pain has an extensive differential diagnosis. It may be treated with analgesia in some patients, and other medications. Avoiding triggers can prevent an episode of abdominal migraine. Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms of abdominal migraine may include:

Abdominal pain
Nausea
Vomiting
Headache
Photosensitivity
Loss of appetite
PallorThese occur in distinct episodes. This can have a significant effect on day-to-day life. It usually does not occur with a headache. Body mass index is usually unaffected, and physical development is normal. Causes
Common migraine triggers may trigger abdominal migraines. Psychological stress (such as from school), a change in location (such as travel), changes to sleep, and exercise when this is not wanted, may all cause abdominal migraine. Pathophysiology
Abdominal migraine is poorly understood. Diagnosis
As with other types of migraines, there is no diagnostic test to identify abdominal migraines. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, a family history of migraines, and eliminations of other possible causes. It can take time before a diagnosis is made, as symptoms are not specific to abdominal migraine.Diagnostic criteria from the International Classification of Headache Disorders are:

A. At least 5 attacks fulfilling criteria B-D.
B.
In March 2016, a district court found that alirocumab infringed Amgens patents; Amgen then requested an injunction barring Regeneron and Sanofi from marketing alirocumab, which was granted in January 2017. The judge gave Regeneron and Sanofi 30 days to appeal before the injunction went into effect. In October, 2017 the US Court of Appeals reversed the ban and ordered a new trial after finding the jury was given improper instructions and evidence was withheld. Regeneron and Sanofi were allowed to continue marketing alirocumab during the appeals process.The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted approval of Praluent to Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Society and culture
In 2014 as PCSK9 inhibitors approached regulatory approval, market analysts estimated that the overall market for these drugs could be $10B per year, with each of alirocumab and Amgens competing drugs having sales of $3B per year, and other competitors dividing the remaining $4B, based on estimates of an annual price for alirocumab of $10,000 per year. At the same time, pharmacy benefit managers such as Express Scripts and CVS Caremark, while recognizing that the new drugs could help patients who were otherwise left with uncontrolled cholesterol levels, and recognizing that injectable biopharmaceuticals will always be more expensive than pills, and especially more expensive than generic pills, expressed concerns about the burden of the new costs on the health care system.When the drug was approved in July 2015, the announced price was higher than analysts had predicted: $14,600 a year.