The tumor can also compress the recurrent laryngeal nerve and from this a hoarse voice and "bovine" (non-explosive) cough may occur.In superior vena cava syndrome, obstruction of the superior vena cava by a tumor (mass effect) causes facial swelling cyanosis and dilatation of the veins of the head and neck.A Pancoast tumor is an apical tumor that is typically found in conjunction with a history of smoking tobacco. The clinical signs and symptoms may be mistaken for neurovascular compromise at the level of the superior thoracic aperture. The patients smoking history, rapid onset of clinical signs and symptoms, and pleuritic pain can suggest an apical tumor. A Pancoast tumor can give rise to both Pancoast syndrome and Horners syndrome. When the brachial plexus roots are involved, it will produce Pancoast syndrome; involvement of sympathetic fibers as they exit the cord at T1 and ascend to the superior cervical ganglion will produce Horners syndrome. Diagnosis
Diagnosis of Pancoast tumor is usually made after evaluating clinical symptoms and imaging. Chest X-ray is a good screening test even though a CT scan of the chest can provide a better resolution and extent to which internal organs are being compressed. Treatment
The treatment of a Pancoast lung cancer may differ from that of other types of non-small-cell lung cancer. Its position and close proximity to vital structures (such as nerves and the spine) may make surgical intervention difficult. As a result, and depending on the stage of the cancer, treatment may involve radiation therapy and chemotherapy given prior to surgery (neoadjuvant treatment).
Simeticone (INN), also known as simethicone (USAN), is an anti-foaming agent used to reduce bloating, discomfort or pain caused by excessive gas. Medical uses
Simeticone is used to relieve the symptoms of excessive gas in the gastrointestinal tract, namely bloating, burping, and flatulence. While there is a lack of conclusive evidence that simeticone is effective for this use, ⁣ studies have shown that it can relieve symptoms of functional dyspepsia and functional bloating.It has not been fully established that simeticone is useful to treat colic in babies, and it is not recommended for this purpose. A study in the United Kingdom reported that according to parental perception simeticone helped infant colic in some cases.Simeticone can also be used for suspected postoperative abdominal discomfort in infants. Side effects
Simeticone does not have any serious side effects. Two uncommon side effects (occurring in 1 in 100 to 1 in 1,000 patients) are constipation and nausea. Pharmacology
Simeticone is a non-systemic surfactant which decreases the surface tension of gas bubbles in the GI tract. This allows gas bubbles to leave the GI tract as flatulence or belching. Simeticone does not reduce or prevent the formation of gas. Its effectiveness has been shown in several in vitro studies. Chemistry
Simethicone is a mixture of dimethicone and silicon dioxide. Names
The INN name is "simeticone", which was added to the INN recommended list in 1999.Simeticone is marketed under many brand names and in many combination drugs; it is also marketed as a veterinary drug. == References ==