In one study, 1.6% of patients diagnosed with these abnormalities eventually developed endometrial cancer. Atypical endometrial hyperplasia (simple or complex) - Simple or complex architectural changes, with worrisome (atypical) changes in gland cells, including cell stratification, tufting, loss of nuclear polarity, enlarged nuclei, and an increase in mitotic activity. These changes are similar to those seen in true cancer cells, but atypical hyperplasia does not show invasion into the connective tissues, the defining characteristic of cancer. The previously mentioned study found that 22% of patients with atypical hyperplasia eventually developed cancer. Diagnosis
Diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia can be made by endometrial biopsy, which is done in the office setting or through curettage of the uterine cavity to obtain endometrial tissue for histopathologic analysis. A workup for endometrial disease may be prompted by abnormal uterine bleeding, or the presence of atypical glandular cells on a pap smear. Prognosis
Many studies have shown that endometrial hyperplasia can progress to cancer, particularly when there are atypical cells. Nevertheless, such studies has typically dealt with atypical hyperplasia. A review of 65 articles on estimated risk of progression to cancer concludes that none of those studies reported estimates specifically for non-atypical hyperplasia patients.
The visual field data suggests that there is a higher incidence of end arteriolar distribution infarction and a higher incidence of permanent visual field defects in retinal migraine than in clinically manifest cerebral infarctions in migraine with aura. A 2005 study suggests that more than half of reported recurrent cases of retinal migraine subsequently experienced permanent visual loss in that eye from infarcts, but later studies suggest such loss is a relatively rare side effect. See also
Entoptic phenomenon
Scintillating scotoma

References


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