For example, the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center asks patients to rate the intensities of NaCl, sucrose, citric acid and quinine-HCl stimuli, and the loudness of 1000 Hz tones.Other tests include identification or discrimination of common taste substances. Topical anesthesia of the tongue has been reported to be of use in the diagnosis of dysgeusia as well, since it has been shown to relieve the symptoms of dysgeusia temporarily. In addition to techniques based on the administration of chemicals to the tongue, electrogustometry is frequently used. It is based on the induction of gustatory sensations by means of an anodal electrical direct current. Patients usually report sour or metallic sensations similar to those associated with touching both poles of a live battery to the tongue. Although electrogustometry is widely used, there seems to be a poor correlation between electrically and chemically induced sensations. Diagnostic tools
Certain diagnostic tools can also be used to help determine the extent of dysgeusia. Electrophysiological tests and simple reflex tests may be applied to identify abnormalities in the nerve-to-brainstem pathways. For example, the blink reflex may be used to evaluate the integrity of the trigeminal nerve–pontine brainstem–facial nerve pathway, which may play a role in gustatory function.Structural imaging is routinely used to investigate lesions in the taste pathway. Magnetic resonance imaging allows direct visualization of the cranial nerves. Furthermore, it provides significant information about the type and cause of a lesion.
Lefamulin, sold under the brand name Xenleta, is an antibiotic medication used it to treat adults with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. It is taken by mouth or by injection into a vein.Relatively common side effects include diarrhea, nausea, pain at the site of injection, and liver inflammation. It is a pleuromutilin antibiotic that inhibits the large subunit of bacterial ribosomes.Lefamulin was approved for medical use in the United States in August 2019, and in the European Union in July 2020. Medical uses
Lefamulin is used to treat adults with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. It was also investigated for treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections (ABSSSI). Spectrum of activity
Lefamulin has in vitro activity against Streptococcus viridans, Moraxella catarrhalis, Enterococcus faecium, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), among other bacteria. History
It was developed by Nabriva Therapeutics and approved in the United States in 2019. It was granted fast track status by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2014. Although pleuromutilin antibiotics were first developed in the 1950s, lefamulin is the first to be used for systemic treatment of bacterial infections in humans. Society and culture
Legal status
Lefamulin was approved for medical use in the United States in August 2019, and in the European Union in July 2020. References
External links
"Lefamulin". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.