In 2020, a Phase II human trial of the pill form of the vaccine showed that it was well tolerated and provided similar immunity to a licensed injectable vaccine. COVID-19
An influenza vaccine and a COVID-19 vaccine may be given safely at the same time. Preliminary research indicates that influenza vaccination does not prevent COVID-19, but may reduce the incidence and severity of COVID-19 infection. Criticism
Tom Jefferson, who has led Cochrane Collaboration reviews of flu vaccines, has called clinical evidence concerning flu vaccines "rubbish" and has therefore declared them to be ineffective; he has called for placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials, which most in the field hold as unethical. His views on the efficacy of flu vaccines are rejected by medical institutions including the CDC and the National Institutes of Health, and by key figures in the field like Anthony Fauci.Michael Osterholm, who led the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy 2012 review on flu vaccines, recommended getting the vaccine but criticized its promotion, saying, "We have overpromoted and overhyped this vaccine ... it does not protect as promoted. Its all a sales job: its all public relations." Veterinary use
Veterinary influenza vaccination aims to achieve the following four objectives:
Protection from clinical disease
Protection from infection with virulent virus
Protection from virus excretion
Serological differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (so-called DIVA principle). Horses
Horses with horse flu can run a fever, have a dry hacking cough, have a runny nose, and become depressed and reluctant to eat or drink for several days but usually recover in two to three weeks.
Gonadotropin deficiency will often cause amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, hot flashes, or decreased libido. Cessation of menses is an important indicator of Gonadotropin deficiency as a result of Sheehan’s syndrome. Growth hormone deficiency causes many vague symptoms including fatigue and decreased muscle mass.Growth-hormone deficiency is the most common symptom of hypopituitarism seen in Sheehan’s syndrome with a 90–100% occurrence seen in the Netherlands, Costa Rica, and Saudi Arabia. In these populations the occurrence of Cortisol, TSH, and gonadotropin deficiencies ranges from 50 to 100%. Hematological changes may occur due to a decrease in erythropoietin synthesis as a result of these cortisol and thyroid hormone decreases.Uncommonly, Sheehan syndrome may also appear acutely after delivery, mainly by hyponatremia. Electrolytic imbalances might result from the increased secretion of ADH, which may be caused by a decrease in blood pressure due to glucocorticoid deficiency. There are several possible mechanisms by which hypopituitarism can result in hyponatremia, including decreased free-water clearance by hypothyroidism, direct syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hypersecretion, decreased free-water clearance by glucocorticoid deficiency (independent of ADH). Serum potassium levels, however, will not change due to Sheehan’s syndrome. This is because potassium levels are primarily regulated independently from the pituitary gland (the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system begins in the kidney). Causes
In the developed world Sheehan’s Syndrome is a rare complication of pregnancy, usually manifesting after excessive blood loss after delivery. The presence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (i.e., in amniotic fluid embolism or HELLP syndrome) also appears to be a factor in its development.