Causes
Orthopaedic injuries especially fractures of the long bones are the most common cause of fat embolism syndrome (FES). The rates of fat embolism in long bone fractures vary from 1% to 30%. The mortality rate of fat-embolism syndrome is approximately 10–20%. However, fat globules have been detected in 67% of those with orthopaedic trauma and can reach as high as 95% if the blood is sampled near the fracture site. As the early operative fixation of long bone fractures became a common practice, the incidence of FES has been reduced to between 0.9% and 11%. Other rare causes of fat embolism syndrome are:
Severe burns
Liver injury
Closed chest cardiac massage (during cardiopulmonary resuscitation)
Bone marrow transplantation
Liposuction
Parenteral lipid infusion
Decompression sickness
Extracorporeal circulation
Acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis
Alcoholic liver disease
Prolonged corticosteriod therapy
Sickle cell disease
Carbon tetrachloride poisoning
Osteomyelitis

Pathophysiology
Once fat emboli enter the blood circulation, they can lodge at various sites of the body, most commonly in the lungs (up to 75% of cases). However, it can also enter the brain, skin, eyes, kidneys, liver, and heart circulation, causing capillary damage, and subsequently cause organ damage in these areas. There are two theories that describe the formation of a fat embolus:
Mechanical theory - Following trauma, fat is released directly from the bone marrow into the circulation. This is because after trauma, an elevated pressure in the medullary cavity (central cavity of the bone where the bone marrow are stored) causes the release of fat globules into the venous system supplying the bone.
Specifically in the case of spinal stenosis, one option is laminectomy. Prognosis
Life expectancy for individuals with hypochondroplasia is normal;  height is about 132–147 centimetres (4 ft 4 in – 4 ft 10 in). See also
Achondroplasia
List of congenital disorders

References
Further reading
ed, Sally Radovick; MacGillivray, Margaret H. (2010). Pediatric Endocrinology a Practical Clinical Guide, Second Edition (2nd ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9781607613954. Retrieved 21 December 2016. Kelly, Evelyn B. (2013). Encyclopedia of human genetics and disease. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood. ISBN 9780313387142. Retrieved 21 December 2016. == External links ==