Occasionally, cells of the upper epidermis will undergo vacuolization, demonstrating an abundant and strongly eosinophilic cytoplasm. There may be a mild to moderate lymphohistiocytic infiltrate detected in the upper dermis. In situ disease
Bowens disease is essentially equivalent to and used interchangeably with SCC in situ, when not having invaded through the basement membrane. Depending on source, it is classified as precancerous or SCC in situ (technically cancerous but non-invasive). In SCC in situ (Bowens disease), atypical squamous cells proliferate through the whole thickness of the epidermis. The entire tumor is confined to the epidermis and does not invade into the dermis. The cells are often highly atypical under the microscope, and may in fact look more unusual than the cells of some invasive squamous cell carcinomas. Erythroplasia of Queyrat is a particular type of Bowens disease that can arise on the glans or prepuce in males,: 733 : 656  and the vulvae in females. It mainly occurs in uncircumcised males, over the age of 40. It is named for French dermatologist Louis Queyrat (1856–1933),  who was head of the dermatology service of lHôpital Ricord, a venereal hospital in Paris, now Hôpital Cochin. Invasive disease
In invasive SCC, tumor cells infiltrate through the basement membrane. The infiltrate can be somewhat difficult to detect in the early stages of invasion: however, additional indicators such as full thickness epidermal atypia and the involvement of hair follicles can be used to facilitate the diagnosis.
We select product candidates for diseases and conditions that represent a significant unmet medical need, have well-understood biology and provide an opportunity to be first-to-market or offer a significant benefit over existing products. Based on this business model, it is easy to understand why BioMarin would have targeted a disease like MPS I for treatment. It is, as described, an orphan condition with a well-defined mechanism. Furthermore, before the development of Aldurazyme, there were no drugs to treat MPS I, allowing BioMarin to be first-to-market with its new pharmaceutical. Since the release of Aldurazyme, one more drug has been released to treat MPS; Elaprase is a treatment for MPS II. In 2016, Aldurazyme had an average cost-per-patient of $355,816. Collaboration between BioMarin and Genzyme
BioMarin/Genzyme is a 50/50 Limited Liability Company which co-owns the intellectual rights to Aldurazyme and works collaboratively on research and development. BioMarin is responsible for the production of Aldurazyme. It sells the finished product to Genzyme, which is a fully owned subsidiary of Sanofi. Genzyme pays a 39.5% - 50% royalty quarterly on worldwide net product sales to BioMarin. A portion of this royalty is considered to be product transfer royalties, meaning that if any Aldurazyme goes unsold, BioMarin merely retains the product transfer royalty, while not receiving any further royalties. Only in the case of defective product  is Genzyme reimbursed for Aldurazyme product. References
Further reading
External links
"Mucopolysaccharidosis type I". MedlinePlus. NBK1162. "Laronidase". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Iduronidase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)