Peginterferon beta-1a, sold under the brand name Plegridy, is medication used to treat multiple sclerosis. The most common side effects include headache, muscle pain, joint pain, influenza (flu)-like symptoms, pyrexia (fever), chills, asthenia (weakness), and erythema (reddening of the skin), pain or pruritus (itching) at the injection site.Peginterferon beta-1a was approved for medical use in the United States and in the European Union in 2014. Medical uses
In the United States peginterferon beta-1a is indicated for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS), to include clinically isolated syndrome, relapsing-remitting disease, and active secondary progressive disease, in adults.In the European Union peginterferon beta-1a is indicated for the treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis in adults. References
External links
"Peginterferon beta-1a". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Plegridy at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Duodenal lymphocytosis, sometimes called lymphocytic duodenitis, lymphocytic duodenosis, or duodenal intraepithelial lymphocytosis, is a condition where an increased number of intra-epithelial lymphocytes is seen in biopsies of the duodenal mucosa when these are examined microscopically. This form of lymphocytosis is often a feature of coeliac disease but may be found in other disorders. Presentation
The condition is characterised by an increased proportion of lymphocytes in the epithelium of the duodenum, usually when this is greater than 20-25 per 100 enterocytes. Intra-epithelial lymphocyte (IEL) are normally present in intestine and numbers are normally greater in the crypts and in the jejunum; these are distinct from those found in the lamina propria of the intestinal mucosa. IELs are mostly T cells. Increased numbers of IELs are reported in around 3% of in duodenal biopsies, depending on case mix, but may be increasingly being found, in up to 7%. Causes
The list of possible causes is wide, including coeliac disease, environmental enteropathy (tropical sprue), autoimmune enteropathy, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, NSAID damage, Helicobacter pylori, other infections and Crohns disease. Diagnosis
Diagnosis is made by accurate counting of intraepithelial lymphocytes during histological examination of the duodenum. The definition of the condition includes the requirement that the duodenal histological appearances are otherwise unremarkable, specifically with normal villous architecture.In coeliac disease (also known as gluten-sensitive enteropathy), duodenal lymphocytosis is found in untreated or partially treated cases. This is the least severe type of change, known as the Marsh I stage, in the classification of histological changes in coeliac disease.