A nationwide survey in the Netherlands based on patients with genetic confirmation of the diagnosis estimates that the minimal incidence of CAIS is one in 99,000. The incidence of PAIS is estimated to be one in 130,000. Due to its subtle presentation, MAIS is not typically investigated except in the case of male infertility, thus its true prevalence is unknown. Controversy
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD or PIGD) refers to genetic profiling of embryos prior to implantation (as a form of embryo profiling), and sometimes even of oocytes prior to fertilization. When used to screen for a specific genetic sequence, its main advantage is that it avoids selective pregnancy termination, as the method makes it highly likely that a selected embryo will be free of the condition under consideration.In the UK, AIS appears on a list of serious genetic diseases that may be screened for via PGD. Some ethicists, clinicians, and intersex advocates have argued that screening embryos to specifically exclude intersex traits is based on social and cultural norms as opposed to medical necessity. History
Recorded descriptions of the effects of AIS date back hundreds of years, although significant understanding of its underlying histopathology did not occur until the 1950s. The taxonomy and nomenclature associated with androgen insensitivity went through a significant evolution that paralleled this understanding. Timeline of major milestones
1950: Lawson Wilkins administers daily methyltestosterone to a karyotype|46,XY female patient, who shows no signs of virilization. His experiment is the first documented demonstration of the pathophysiology of AIS.
Contraindications
It the European Union it must not be used in pregnant or breast-feeding women. Use during pregnancy is not recommended in the US. History
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) recommended approval of bempedoic acid/ezetimibe (Nustendi) in the EU in January 2020.Bempedoic acid/ezetimibe was approved in the United States in February 2020, and in the European Union in March 2020.Two studies showed that bempedoic acid and ezetimibe effectively reduced LDL cholesterol levels in participants with hypercholesterolemia and heart disease or who were at high risk of heart disease. High cholesterol is a risk factor for heart disease.The first study involved 382 participants also taking the maximum tolerated doses of statins. After three months, LDL cholesterol levels were reduced by 36% in participants taking bempedoic acid and ezetimibe compared with a reduction of 23% with ezetimibe alone, 17% with bempedoic acid alone and an increase of around 2% with placebo (a dummy treatment).The second study involved 269 participants with high cholesterol levels who were not able to take a statin or were taking a low dose of a statin. All the participants were also taking ezetimibe. After three months, LDL cholesterol levels were reduced by 23% in participants taking bempedoic acid in addition to ezetimibe compared with an increase of around 5% in participants taking placebo and ezetimibe. References
External links
"Bempedoic acid". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Ezetimibe". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.