While very few women with Turner syndrome menstruate spontaneously, estrogen therapy requires a regular shedding of the uterine lining ("withdrawal bleeding") to prevent its overgrowth. Withdrawal bleeding can be induced monthly, like menstruation, or less often, usually every three months, if the patient desires. Estrogen therapy does not make a woman with nonfunctional ovaries fertile, but it plays an important role in assisted reproduction; the health of the uterus must be maintained with estrogen if an eligible woman with Turner Syndrome wishes to use IVF (using donated oocytes).Especially in mosaic cases of Turner syndrome that contains Y-chromosome (e.g. 45,X/46,XY) due to the risk of development of ovarian malignancy (most common is gonadoblastoma) gonadectomy is recommended. Turner syndrome is characterized by primary amenorrhoea, premature ovarian failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism), streak gonads and infertility (however, technology (especially oocyte donation) provides the opportunity of pregnancy in these patients). Failure to develop secondary sex characteristics (sexual infantilism) is typical. Cognition
Neurodevelopmental
Individuals with Turner syndrome have normal intelligence. Verbal IQ is usually higher than performance IQ; one review of thirteen studies found an average verbal IQ of 101 compared to an average performance IQ of 89.People with Turner syndrome have normal intelligence, and demonstrate relative strengths in verbal skills, but may exhibit weaker nonverbal skills – particularly in arithmetic, select visuospatial skills, and processing speed. Turner syndrome does not typically cause intellectual disability or impair cognition. However, learning difficulties are common among women with Turner syndrome, particularly a specific difficulty in perceiving spatial relationships, such as nonverbal learning disorder.
Labour or labor may refer to:

Childbirth, the delivery of a baby
Labour (human activity), or work
Manual labour, physical work
Wage labour, a socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer
Organized labour and the labour movement, consisting principally of labour unions
The Labour Party (UK)

Literature
Labor (journal), an American quarterly on the history of the labor movement
Labour/Le Travail, an academic journal focusing on the Canadian labour movement
Labor (Tolstoy book) or The Triumph of the Farmer or Industry and Parasitism (1888)

Places
La Labor, Honduras
Labor, Koper, Slovenia

Other uses
Labor (album), a 2013 album by MEN
Labor (area), a Spanish customary unit
"Labor", an episode of TV series Superstore
Labour (constituency), a functional constituency in Hong Kong elections
Labors, fictional robots in Patlabor

People with the surname
Earle Labor (born 1928), professor of American literature
Jérémy Labor (born 1992), French footballer
Josef Labor (1842–1924), Austrian musician and composer

See also
Labor Day (disambiguation)
Labour law
Labour Party (disambiguation)
Work (disambiguation)
All pages with titles beginning with Labour
All pages with titles containing Labour
All pages with titles beginning with Labor
All pages with titles containing Labor