the mutation of codon 129, CGA→TGA (UGA after transcription), replaces a normal codon for arginine with a termination codon. Type II antithrombin deficiency
Type II antithrombin deficiency is characterized by normal antithrombin levels but reduced antithrombin activity in the blood of affected individuals. It was originally proposed that type II deficiency be further divided into three subgroups (IIa, IIb, and IIc) depending on which antithrombin functional activity is reduced or retained. Subgroup IIa - Decreased thrombin inactivation, decreased factor Xa inactivation and decreased heparin affinity. Subgroup IIb - Decreased thrombin inactivation and normal heparin affinity. Subgroup IIc - Normal thrombin inactivation, normal factor Xa inactivation and decreased heparin affinity.In the revised system of classification again adopted by the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, type II antithrombin deficiency remains subdivided into three subgroups: the already mentioned type II PE, along with type II RS, where mutations effect the reactive site and type II HBS, where mutations effect the antithrombin heparin binding site. For the purposes of an antithrombin mutational database compiled by members of the Plasma Coagulation Inhibitors Subcommittee of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, type IIa cases are now classified as type II PE, type IIb cases as type II RS and type IIc cases as type II HBS. Toponyms
Presently it is relatively easy to characterise a specific antithrombin genetic mutation.
Mamá, mama, ma, and mami in Spanish
Mama in Polish, German, Dutch, Russian and Slovak
Māma (妈妈/媽媽) in Chinese
Máma in Czech and in Ukrainian
Maman in French and Persian
Ma, mama in Indonesian
Mamaí, mam in Irish
Mamma in Italian, Icelandic, Latvian and Swedish
Māman or mādar in Persian
Mamãe or mãe in Portuguese
Mā̃ (ਮਾਂ) in Punjabi
Mõujì  in Kashmiri
Maa(ମା), Bou/Bau(ବୋଉ/ବଉ) in Odia
Mama in Swahili
Em (אם) in Hebrew
Ama (ܐܡܐ) in Aramaic
Má or mẹ in Vietnamese
Mam in Welsh
Eomma (엄마, pronounced [ʌmma]) in Korean
Mma in Tyap
In many south Asian cultures and the Middle East, the mother is known as amma, oma, ammi or "ummi", or variations thereof. Many times, these terms denote affection or a maternal role in a childs life. Etymology
The modern English word is from Middle English moder, from Old English mōdor, from Proto-Germanic *mōdēr (cf. East Frisian muur, Dutch moeder, German Mutter), from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr (cf. Irish máthair, Tocharian A mācar, B mācer, Lithuanian mótė). Other cognates include Latin māter, Greek μήτηρ, Common Slavic *mati (thence Russian мать (mat’)), Persian مادر (madar), and Sanskrit मातृ (mātṛ). Notable mothers
Zoology
In zoology, particularly in mammals, a mother fills many similar biological functions as a human mother. Mammals
Many other mammal mothers also have numerous commonalities with humans. Primates
The behavior and role of mothers in non-human species is most similar in species most closely related to humans. This means great apes are most similar, then the broader superfamily of all apes, then all primates. See also
References
Further reading
External links
 Quotations related to Mother at Wikiquote
 Media related to Mothers at Wikimedia Commons
 The dictionary definition of mother at Wiktionary