Of those with uterine leiomyomas, 29% result in hospitalizations. One-third of patients with these fibroids experience life-threatening anemia, a condition where the body does not have enough oxygen due to lack of red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout the body. These tumors are mainly treated by performing hysterectomies, a procedure in which the uterus is removed, and account for approximately 40-60% of all performed hysterectomies. Symptoms are dependent on the location of the tumor, which may occur in the submucosal (under the mucous membranes and lines the inner part of some organs), intramural (within the walls of the organs), or subserosal areas (under the serosa and lines the outer part of some organs). Nipple-areolar
Nipple-Areolar leiomyoma is a rare type of genital leiomyoma. It presents as either unilateral or bilateral growth of benign tumor of the smooth muscle that can be painful, tender, and inflamed. They are typically less than 2 cm in length. Since this is an extremely rare tumor, with only 50 cases reported in literature, it often only reported to physicians due to chronic nipple pain. Vaginal
Vaginal paraurethral leiomyoma is another type of genital leiomyoma that is also less common compared to other types of leiomyoma. It presents as a benign tumor of the smooth muscle in the genitourinary tract, which includes urinary and genital organs, that can grow rapidly during pregnancy. On the other hand, the tumor tend to decrease in size upon menopause. This may be due to the growth of tumor that is dependent on hormones.
Farming and gardening correlate with an increased risk of HCL development in some studies which does not necessarily imply causation.A 2011 study identified somatic BRAF V600E mutations in all 47 HCL patients studied, and no such mutations in the 193 peripheral B-cell lymphomas/leukemias other than HCL.The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) found a correlation which permits an association between exposure to herbicides and later development of chronic B-cell leukemias and lymphomas in general. The IOM report emphasizes that neither animal nor human studies indicate an association of herbicides with HCL specifically. However, the IOM extrapolated data from chronic lymphocytic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma to conclude that HCL and other rare B-cell neoplasms may share this risk factor. As a result of the IOM report, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs considers HCL an illness presumed to be a service-related disabilityHuman T-lymphotropic virus 2 (HTLV-2) has been isolated in a small number of patients with the variant form of HCL. In the 1980s, HTLV-2 was identified in a patient with a T-cell lymphoproliferative disease; this patient later developed HCL, but HTLV-2 was not found in the hairy cell clones. There is no evidence that HTLV-II causes any sort of hematological malignancy, including HCL. Pathophysiology
Pancytopenia in HCL is caused primarily by marrow failure and splenomegaly. Bone-marrow failure is caused by the accumulation of hairy cells and reticulin fibrosis in the bone marrow, as well as by the detrimental effects of dysregulated cytokine production.