Depression is a mental disorder characterized by prolonged unhappiness or irritability, accompanied by a constellation of somatic and cognitive signs and symptoms such as fatigue, apathy, sleep problems, loss of appetite, loss of engagement; low self-regard or worthlessness; difficulty concentrating or indecisiveness; or recurrent thoughts of death or suicide. Depression in childhood and adolescence is similar to adult major depressive disorder, although young sufferers may exhibit increased irritability or behavioral dyscontrol instead of the more common sad, empty, or hopeless feelings seen with adults. Children who are under stress, experiencing loss, or have other underlying disorders are at a higher risk for depression. Childhood depression is often comorbid with mental disorders outside of other mood disorders; most commonly anxiety disorder and conduct disorder. Depression also tends to run in families. In a 2016 Cochrane review cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), third wave CBT and interpersonal therapy demonstrated small positive benefits in the prevention of depression. Psychologists have developed different treatments to assist children and adolescents suffering from depression, though the legitimacy of the diagnosis of childhood depression as a psychiatric disorder, as well as the efficacy of various methods of assessment and treatment, remains controversial. Base rates and prevalence
About 8% of children and adolescents suffer from depression. In 2016, 51 percent of students (teens) who visited a counseling center reported having anxiety, followed by depression (41 percent), relationship concerns (34 percent) and suicidal ideation (20.5 percent). Many students reported experiencing multiple conditions at once.
She may need medical attention if she is using drugs non-medically, using drugs not prescribed to them, or using alcohol or tobacco.There are several strategies to prevent the incidence of NAS, those include:
Primary Preventions Follow guidance of 2016 CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain, which addresses the effectiveness of opioid dosing and treatment, the benefits and risks, and strategies to avoid opioid misuse
Utilize prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) to avoid overuse of opioids
Provision of treatment for opioid use disorder among pregnant women
Non-medicine strategies via minimizing environmental stimuliHowever, there are some barriers to prevention which includes lack of consensus to screening tools to identify substance use while pregnant, stigma, provider bias, and legal consequences. Treatment
Treatment depends on the drug involved, the infants overall health, abstinence scores (FNASS scoring system), and whether the infant was born full-term or premature. It is recommended to observe and provide supportive measure to infants who are at risk of neonatal abstinence syndrome in the hospital. Infants with severe symptoms may require both supportive measures and medicines. Treatment for NAS may require the infant to stay in the hospital for weeks or months after birth. The goal of treatment is to minimize negative outcomes and promote normal development. Infants may be prescribed a drug similar to the one the mother used during pregnancy, and slowly decrease the dose over time. This helps wean the infant off the drug and relieves some withdrawal symptoms. Non-medication treatment
First-line treatment should begin with non-medication interventions to support maturation of the neonate.