Inhibited fetal growth: Fetuses tend to develop more slowly when associated with a circumvallate placenta, largely due to the reduced supply of blood and nutrients from mother to fetus. Physicians will order tests to determine the cause of inhibited fetal growth when a developing fetus does not meet growth expectations during the course of the pregnancy. Premature rupture of membranes (PROM): PROM happens when the protective covering of the amniotic sac ruptures before the onset of labor and delivery. If PROM occurs within the first 37 weeks of pregnancy, it is termed preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). PROM itself has many causes and risk factors. When PROM occurs along with vaginal bleeding in the second trimester of pregnancy, it is suspected that a mother likely has a circumvallate placenta. Complications
Circumvallate placenta has also been associated with a higher incidence of complications including placental abruption, low birth weight, premature delivery, perinatal death, and fetal abnormalities. Low birth weight: Lack of proper nutrition and blood flow to the fetus during pregnancy often results in decreased weight of the baby at birth. Placenta abruption: Placenta abruption, in which the placenta divides from the wall of the uterus prior to birth, can have severe outcomes for a mother and her baby. Such consequences include vaginal bleeding, decreased birth weight, preterm delivery, and stillbirth. Significant vaginal bleeding can induce maternal anemia and dangerously low blood pressure. Oligohydramnios: Insufficiency of proper volumes of amniotic fluid, a condition called oligohydramnios, can also occur as a result of a circumvallate placenta.
Cerebrovascular disease includes a variety of medical conditions that affect the blood vessels of the brain and the cerebral circulation. Arteries supplying oxygen and nutrients to the brain are often damaged or deformed in these disorders. The most common presentation of cerebrovascular disease is an ischemic stroke or mini-stroke and sometimes a hemorrhagic stroke. Hypertension (high blood pressure) is the most important contributing risk factor for stroke and cerebrovascular diseases as it can change the structure of blood vessels and result in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis narrows blood vessels in the brain, resulting in decreased cerebral perfusion. Other risk factors that contribute to stroke include smoking and diabetes. Narrowed cerebral arteries can lead to ischemic stroke, but continually elevated blood pressure can also cause tearing of vessels, leading to a hemorrhagic stroke.A stroke usually presents with an abrupt onset of a neurologic deficit – such as hemiplegia (one-sided weakness), numbness, aphasia (language impairment), or ataxia (loss of coordination) – attributable to a focal vascular lesion. The neurologic symptoms manifest within seconds because neurons need a continual supply of nutrients, including glucose and oxygen, that are provided by the blood. Therefore, if blood supply to the brain is impeded, injury and energy failure is rapid.Besides hypertension, there are also many less common causes of cerebrovascular disease, including those that are congenital or idiopathic and include CADASIL, aneurysms, amyloid angiopathy, arteriovenous malformations, fistulas, and arterial dissections. Many of these diseases can be asymptomatic until an acute event, such as a stroke, occurs.