The accuracy of the CT scan depends on whether a small bowel obstruction (SBO) is present.SBO absent

prevalence of intestinal ischemia 23%
sensitivity 64%
specificity 92%
positive predictive value (at prevalence of 23%) 79%
negative predictive value (at prevalence of 23%) 95%SBO present

prevalence of intestinal ischemia 62%
sensitivity 83%
specificity 93%
positive predictive value (at prevalence of 62%) 93%
negative predictive value (at prevalence of 62%) 61%Early findings on CT scan include:

Intestinal mesenteric edema
Bowel dilatation
Bowel wall thickening
Intestinal mesenteric stranding
Evidence of adjacent solid organ infarctions to the kidney or spleen, consistent with a cardiac embolic shower phenomenonIn embolic acute intestinal ischemia, CT-Angiography can be of great value for diagnosis and treatment. It may reveal the emboli itself lodged in the superior mesenteric artery, as well as the presence or absence of distal mesenteric branches.Late findings, which indicate dead bowel, include:

Intramural bowel gas
Portal venous gas
Free abdominal air

Angiography
As the cause of the ischemia can be due to embolic or thrombotic occlusion of the mesenteric vessels or nonocclusive ischemia, the best way to differentiate between the etiologies is through the use of mesenteric angiography. Though it has serious risks, angiography provides the possibility of direct infusion of vasodilators in the setting of nonocclusive ischemia. Treatment
The treatment of intestinal ischemia depends on the cause and can be medical or surgical. However, if bowel has become necrotic, the only treatment is surgical removal of the dead segments of bowel.In non-occlusive disease, where there is no blockage of the arteries supplying the bowel, the treatment is medical rather than surgical.
$10.00 - $30.00 per unit) or by the area ($200–1000) and depends on expertise of a physician, clinic location, number of units, and treatment complexity.Insurance
Botox for medical purposes is usually covered by insurance if deemed medically necessary by your doctor and covers a plethora of medical problems including overactive bladder (OAB), urinary incontinence due to neurologic conditions, headaches and migraines, TMJ, spasticity in adult patients, cervical dystonia in adult patients, severe axillary hyperhidrosis (or other areas of the body), blepharospasm, upper or lower limb spasticity.Migraines
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