Chordee is a condition in which the head of the penis curves downward or upward, at the junction of the head and shaft of the penis. The curvature is usually most obvious during erection, but resistance to straightening is often apparent in the flaccid state as well. In many cases but not all, chordee is associated with hypospadias. This is not the same condition as Peyronies disease, which involves curvature of the shaft of the penis most commonly due to injury during adult life. Signs and symptoms
It is usually considered a congenital malformation of unknown cause. Since at an early stage of fetal development the penis is curved downward, it has been proposed that chordee results from an arrest of penile development at that stage.The curvature of a chordee can involve
tethering of the skin with urethra and corpora of normal size;
curvature induced by fibrosis and contracture of the fascial tissue (Bucks fascia or dartos) surrounding the urethra;
disproportionately large corpora in relation to the urethral length without other demonstrable abnormality of either; or
a short, fibrotic urethra that tethers the penis downward (the least common type).Severe degrees of chordee are usually associated with hypospadias, but mild degrees of curvature may occur in many otherwise normal males. When the curved penis is small and accompanied by hypospadias, deficiency of prenatal androgen effect can be inferred.
Gastric atresia is a congenital defect with complete occlusion of the pyloric outlet of the stomach. Cause
Gastric atresia is a birth defect. It can be genetic, inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, and associated with conditions like Down syndrome and junctional epidermolysis bullosa (medicine). In about 60% of cases, the outlet of the stomach is covered by a membrane. In around 35% of cases, solid tissue blocks the outlet. In the remaining cases (less than 10%), there is a complete separation of the stomach and the small intestine. Diagnosis
Polyhydramnios is often seen during pregnancy, and prenatal diagnosis is common. Infants with gastric atresia will exhibit forceful vomiting upon the first feeding. Imaging is required for diagnosis. Treatment
Treatment is surgical and involves removing or bypassing the obstruction. Epidemiology
It is seen in approximately 1 in 100,000 live births. == References ==