X-rays can determine the location and size of the narrowed airway portion. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can help observe the progression of the injury. Esophageal pH monitoring can help detect any acid reflux, which can worsen the condition. An endoscope can be inserted and used to see the vocal cords, airway, and esophagus. Spirometry is a useful way to measure respiratory function. People affected by subglottic stenosis have a FEV1 of over 10. Subglottic stenosis is graded according to the Cotton-Myer classification system from one to four based on the severity of the blockage. Grade 1  is up to 50% obstruction, Grade 2 is 50-70% obstruction, Grade 3 is 70-99% obstruction, and Grade 4 is with no visible lumen. Treatment
The goal of treatment is to relieve any breathing difficulty and to ensure that the airway remains open in the long term. In mild cases, the disease can be treated with endoscopic balloon dilation. In severe cases, open surgery is done. Owing to the risk of complications, tracheostomy is avoided if possible. Surgery
In severe cases, the condition frequently recurs after dilation, and the main treatment is open surgery. There are three main surgical procedures that are used when treating subglottic stenosis. These include endoscopy, open neck surgery, and tracheotomy. Endoscopic procedures include dilation via balloon or rigid, incision via laser, and stent placement. Other
In mild cases, such as cases with only granuloma or thin, web-like tissue, dilation is able to remove the lesion.
Some manifestations of unresolved grief include seeking visions of the spirits of deceased relatives, obsessive reminiscing about the deceased, longing for and believing in a reunion with the deceased, fantasies of reappearance of the deceased, and belief in ones ability to project oneself to the past or to the future. Cause
There are a variety of mainstream psychological theories about Ghost Sickness. Putsch states that "Spirits or ghosts may be viewed as being directly or indirectly linked to the cause of an event, accident, or illness". retrieved on May 22, 2008 Both Erikson and Macgregor report substantiating evidence of psychological trauma response in ghost sickness, with features including withdrawal and psychic numbing, anxiety and hypervigilance, guilt, identification with ancestral pain and death, and chronic sadness and depression. Treatment
Religious leaders within the Navajo tribe repeatedly perform ceremonies to eliminate the all-consuming thoughts of the dead. See also
Complicated grief disorder
Vengeful ghost


== References ==