In 1984 an international symposium agreed upon the following definition: "a whitish patch or plaque, which cannot be characterized clinically or pathologically as any other disease, and is not associated with any physical or chemical agent except the use of tobacco." There were, however, problems and confusion in applying this definition. At a second international symposium held in 1994, it was argued that whilst tobacco was a likely causative factor in the development of leukoplakia, some white patches could be linked directly to the local effects of tobacco by virtue of their disappearance following smoking cessation, suggesting that this kind of white patch represents a reactive lesion to local tissue irritation rather than a lesion caused by carcinogens in cigarette smoke, and could be better termed to reflect this etiology, e.g. smokers keratosis. The second international symposium, therefore, revised the definition of leukoplakia to: "a predominantly white lesion of the oral mucosa that cannot be characterized as any other definable lesion." In the mouth, the current definition of oral leukoplakia adopted by the World Health Organization is "white plaques of questionable risk having excluded (other) known diseases or disorders that carry no increased risk for cancer". However, this definition is inconsistently applied in the medical literature, and some refer to any oral white patch as "leukoplakia".The term has been incorrectly used for white patches of any cause (rather than specifically referring to idiopathic white patches) and also to refer only to white patches which have a risk of cancerous changes.
Radio-renal syndrome is a rare, presumably autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by underdevelopment of the digits as a result of the maldevelopment of either the radius, ulnae, or both, alongside renal ectopia, renal agenesis, mild malformations of the external ear, short stature. An increased frequency of lymphocyte chromosomal breaks has been reported. Only 4 cases have been described in the medical literature.It was described for the first time in the year 1980 by Siegler et al. == References ==