Unlike an overdose in humans, liver damage is rarely the cause of death; instead, methemoglobin formation and the production of Heinz bodies in red blood cells inhibit oxygen transport by the blood, causing asphyxiation (methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia). Treatment with N-acetylcysteine is recommended. Dogs
Paracetamol has been reported to be as effective as aspirin in the treatment of musculoskeletal pain in dogs. A paracetamol-codeine product (brand name Pardale-V) licensed for use in dogs is available for purchase under supervision of a vet, pharmacist or other qualified person. It should be administered to dogs only on veterinary advice and with extreme caution.The main effect of toxicity in dogs is liver damage, and GI ulceration has been reported. N-acetylcysteine treatment is efficacious in dogs when administered within two hours of paracetamol ingestion. Snakes
Paracetamol is lethal to snakes, and has been suggested as a chemical control program for the invasive brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) in Guam. Doses of 80 mg are inserted into dead mice that are scattered by helicopter, as lethal bait to be consumed by the snakes. Footnotes
References
External links

"Acetaminophen". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Acetaminophen: Avoiding Liver Injury". Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 24 June 2009. "Evidence for the efficacy of pain medications" (PDF). National Safety Council (NSC). 26 August 2020.
Malaise thumbing pain due to 
Inflammation within periodontal ligament

Chronic periapical periodontitis
Chronic (or asymptomatic) periapical periodontitis. Related lesions
In addition to periapical abscesses, periapical periodontitis can give rise to various related lesions, including periapical granulomas and cysts. A periapical granuloma (also referred to as an apical granuloma or radicular granuloma) is a mass of chronically inflamed granulation tissue that forms at the apex of the root of a nonvital (dead) tooth. (Although not a true granuloma, given the absence of granulomatous inflammation, the term periapical granuloma is widely accepted.) Treatment
Treatment options may include antibiotic therapy (in the short term, augmented by chewing gum), root canal therapy, or extraction. Epidemiology
Periapical periodontitis of some form is a very common condition. The prevalence of periapical periodontitis is generally reported to vary according to age group, e.g. 33% in those aged 20–30, 40% in 30- to 40-year-olds, 48% in 40- to 50-year-olds, 57% in 50- to 60-year-olds and 62% in those over the age of 60. Most epidemiologic data has been generated in European countries, especially Scandinavia. While millions of root canal treatments are carried out in the United States alone each year, total numbers of such cases do not provide reliable indicators of frequency, even for symptomatic periapical periodontitis (given that root canal treatment is not always indicated or complied with, and may also be performed in the absence of periapacial periodontitis). References


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