Large bowel obstruction
Causes of large bowel obstruction include:
Neoplasms / cancer
Diverticulitis / Diverticulosis
Hernias
Inflammatory bowel disease
Colonic volvulus (sigmoid, caecal, transverse colon)
Adhesions
Constipation
Fecal impaction
Fecaloma
Colon atresia
Intestinal pseudoobstruction
Endometriosis
Narcotic induced (especially with the large doses given to cancer or palliative care patients)

Outlet obstruction
Outlet obstruction is a sub-type of large bowel obstruction and refers to conditions affecting the anorectal region that obstruct defecation, specifically conditions of the pelvic floor and anal sphincters. Outlet obstruction can be classified into four groups. Functional outlet obstruction
Inefficient inhibition of the internal anal sphincter
Short-segment Hirschsprungs disease
Chagas disease
Hereditary internal sphincter myopathy
Inefficient relaxation of the striated pelvic floor muscles
Anismus (pelvic floor dyssynergia)
Multiple sclerosis
Spinal cord lesions
Mechanical outlet obstruction
Internal intussusception
Enterocele
Dissipation of force vector
rectocele
Descending perineum
Rectal prolapse
Impaired rectal sensitivity
Megarectum
Rectal hyposensitivity

Diagnosis
The main diagnostic tools are blood tests, X-rays of the abdomen, CT scanning, and ultrasound. If a mass is identified, biopsy may determine the nature of the mass.Radiological signs of bowel obstruction include bowel distension and the presence of multiple (more than six) gas-fluid levels on supine and erect abdominal radiographs. Ultrasounds may be as useful as CT scanning to make the diagnosis.Contrast enema or small bowel series or CT scan can be used to define the level of obstruction, whether the obstruction is partial or complete, and to help define the cause of the obstruction.
Methylscopolamine or methscopolamine, usually provided as the bromide or nitrate salt, is an oral medication used along with other medications to treat peptic ulcers by reducing stomach acid secretion. Proton pump inhibitors and antihistamine medications have made this use obsolete. It can also be used for stomach or intestinal spasms, to reduce salivation, and to treat motion sickness. Methscopolamine is also commonly used as a drying agent, to dry up post-nasal drip, in cold, irritable bowel syndrome and allergy medicationsMethscopolamine, a methylated derivative of scopolamine, is a muscarinic antagonist structurally similar to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Its mechanism of action involves blocking the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. It was patented in 1902 and approved for medical use in 1947. Methscopolamine is an FDA-approved analog to hyoscine butylbromide. Brand names
Brand names include Extendryl, AlleRx, Rescon, Pamine. == References ==