Medical uses
DES has been used in the past for the following indications:
Recurrent miscarriage in pregnancy
Menopausal hormone therapy for the treatment of menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes and vaginal atrophy
Hormone therapy for hypoestrogenism (e.g., gonadal dysgenesis, premature ovarian failure, and after oophorectomy)
Postpartum lactation suppression to prevent or reverse breast engorgement
Gonorrheal vaginitis (discontinued following the introduction of the antibiotic penicillin)
Prostate cancer and breast cancer
Prevention of tall stature in tall adolescent girls
Treatment of acne in girls and women
As an emergency postcoital contraceptive
As a means of chemical castration for hypersexuality and paraphilias in men and sex offenders
Prevention of the testosterone flare at the start of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist) therapy
Feminizing hormone therapy for transgender womenDES was used at a dosage of 0.2 to 0.5 mg/day in menopausal hormone therapy.Interest in the use of DES to treat prostate cancer in men continues today. However, use of bioidentical parenteral estrogens like polyestradiol phosphate has been advocated in favor of oral synthetic estrogens like DES due to their much lower risk of cardiovascular toxicity. In addition to prostate cancer, some interest in the use of DES to treat breast cancer in women continues today as well.
The currently marketed quinolones have safety profiles similar to that of other antimicrobial classes.The serious events may occur with therapeutic or with acute overdose. At therapeutic doses they include: central nervous system toxicity, cardiovascular toxicity, tendon / articular toxicity, and rarely hepatic toxicity. Events that may occur in acute overdose are rare and include: renal failure and seizure. Children and the elderly are at greater risk. Tendon damage may manifest during, as well as up to a year after fluoroquinolone therapy.The FDA ordered a black box warnings on all fluoroquinolones advising consumers of the possible toxic effects of fluoroquinolones on tendons.On August 15, 2013 the FDA issued a Safety Announcement where they described that they are requiring the medication guides and drug labels for all fluoroquinolones to be updated and better describe the risk for peripheral neuropathy. The peripheral neuropathy may occur very quickly, and may be irreversible. This warning applies to fluoroquinolones taken by mouth and injection, but does not apply to fluoroquinolones taken topically. Current findings
One recent study showed that Gemifloxacin possess anti-metastatic activities against breast cancer in vitro and in vivo (in mice). See also
Fluoroquinolone


== References ==