proliferation) and survival of cells and is abnormally activated in, and appears to contribute to the development and or progression of, a wide range of tumors. While further studies are needed, these findings suggest that the cited mutations lead to stimulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and thereby promote the development and/or progression of anogenital papillary hidradenoma in the majority of cases. These abnormalities have not yet been reported in ectopic papillary hidradenomas. Diagnosis
The diagnosis of anogenital papillary hidradenoma lesions, while often suggested based on their clinical presentations, must be differentiated from a wide range of other similarly presenting anogenital lesions such as hemorrhoidal disease, anorectal abscesses, virus-related wart-like lesions, sebaceous cysts, mucous cysts, lipomas, neurofibromas, metastatic carcinomas with papillary histopathology, syringocystoadenocarcinoma papilliferum (i.e. malignant syringocystadenoma papilliferum), syringocystadenoma papilliferum, melanomas, eccrine porocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, nodular lesions in extramammary Paget disease, dermatofibroma, focal areas of mucinosis, colloid milium, and sebaceous adenomas. This differentiation is made by finding that a lesion has the histopathological features typical of papillary hidradenomas. However, some cases diagnosed as ectopic papillary hidradenomas, particularly those occurring in men, have subsequently been found to be syringocystadenoma papilliferums or trichoepitheliomas. Further studies are required to better define the criteria for ectopic papillary hidradenomas. Treatment and prognosis
The treatment of choice for anogenital and ectopic papillary hidradenomas, regardless of their locations, is similar: resection of the tumor while preserving the surrounding structures. Recurrence of these tumors is rare and usually due to incomplete removal of the primary lesion.
The resulting shape can best be assessed from a top view again, which will reveal a somewhat triangular form of the head. Trigonocephaly is also a Greek-derived word, which can be translated as triangular-shaped head. A facial feature of metopic synostosis is hypotelorism; in the frontal view, it can be seen that the width between the eyes is smaller than usual. Plagiocephaly
The Greek word πλάγιος plágios means "skew". Plagiocephaly can be subclassified as anterior plagiocephaly or posterior plagiocephaly. Anterior plagiocephaly
Anterior plagiocephaly is a clinical description of unilateral coronal synostosis. Children born with unilateral coronal synostosis develop due to compensatory mechanisms a skew head; a plagiocephaly.The sagittal suture divides the coronal suture in two halves; unilateral meaning that either the right side or the left side to the sagittal suture is fused. This fact immediately raises an important point. Unlike closure of the sagittal or the metopic suture, right and left are not the same in unilateral coronal synostosis. This asymmetry shows in the skull deformity, as well as in the facial deformity and the complications.This time, the skull deformity can only partly be predicted using Virchows law. Growth is arrested in the plane perpendicular to the fused suture and the forehead is flattened, but only at the ipsilateral side of the head. Ipsilateral indicates the same side of the head as where the suture is closed. Compensatory growth occurs in a parallel plane, as well as in a perpendicular plane.