After 10 years, Morgan Parker, an  engineer, developed and patented another type of disposable scalpel, consisting of an overlapping blade locked into a metal handle that allows for easily replacing dull and used blades with fresh sterile blades. Compared to the Gillette ones, this new blade provides stability whilst still being able to exchange blades between uses. Despite the knowledge that heat can control bleeding since the sixth-century BC, it was not until the 18th-century that people started to use electricity to generate heat for cautery. William Stewart Halsted was the pioneer of the technique, which later was called Diathermy. In 1900, physician Joseph Rivière used electrical current to treat a benign carcinomatous ulcer on the dorsum of his patients hand. Then in 1907, Physician Karl Franz Nagelschmidt used diathermy to treat lesions as well as the coagulation of vascular tumors and hemorrhoids. In the early 1900s, William T. Bovie proposed the use of different current (flow of electrical charge of the carrier) for cutting and coagulation. Bovie collaborated with Dr. Harvey Cushing, which led to the birth of “Bovie”, a diathermy apparatus. It allows for careful dissection of tissue while maintaining hemostasis. Retractors
During the Renaissance, retractors were lacking so the surgeons uses their fingers to supply the necessary retraction of tissue exploration. Albucasis, a pioneer of modern medicine, devised numerous hooks for surgical retraction including circumcisions, tracheostomies, hemorrhoidectomies, and central extractions in his famous book Al Tasreef Liman ‘Ajaz ‘Aan Al-Taleef around 1000 AD.
For safety and comfort concerns, the tools are made with as few pieces as possible.Hand surgery emerged as a specialty during World War II, and the tools used by early hand surgeons remain in common use today, and many are identified by the names of those who created them.Individual tools have diverse history development. Below is a brief history of the inventors and tools created for five commonly used surgical tools. Scissors
Mayo scissors, created by one of the mayo brothers, was one of the inventions of the Mayo clinic (established by Dr.William Worrall Mayo and his two sons, Dr. William James Mayo and Dr. Charles Horace Mayo in the 1880s). Mayo scissors have semi-blunt ends and they are either straight or curve-bladed. The straight blades are used for cutting tissue near wounds, and curves are used for cutting thick tissue. Metzenbaum scissors were invented by Myron Metzenbaum (1876-1944). This tool was widely used for tonsillectomy (the surgical removal of the tonsils). The lighter and longer handle allows it to be used in tighter operating fields. Knife to Scalpel to Electrocautery
Primitive knives were made of perishable materials such as sharp leaf margins or bamboo. After the Dark Ages, Muslims, and later European countries started to develop surgical instruments, scalpels, for cutting. In 1904, King Gillette developed a double-edged safety razor blade with a disposable blade.