Prolactin also influences the menstrual cycle as it suppresses the release of LH and FSH form the pituitary. Similarly, thyroid hormone also affects the menstrual cycle. Low levels of thyroid hormone stimulate the release of TRH from the hypothalamus, which in turn increases both TSH and prolactin release. This increase in prolactin suppresses the release of LH and FSH through a negative feedback mechanism. Amenorrhea can be caused by any mechanism that disrupts this hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, whether that it be by hormonal imbalance or by disruption of feedback mechanisms. Classification
Amenorrhea is classified as either primary or secondary. Primary Amenorrhea
Primary amenorrhoea is the absence of menstruation in a woman by the age of 16. Females who have not reached menarche at 14 and who have no signs of secondary sexual characteristics (thelarche or pubarche) are also considered to have primary amenorrhea. Examples of amenorrhea include constitutional delay of puberty, Turner syndrome, and Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser (MRKH) syndrome. Secondary Amenorrhea
Secondary amenorrhoea is defined as the absence of menstruation for three months in a woman with a history of regular cyclic bleeding or six months in a woman with a history of irregular menstrual periods. Examples of secondary amenorrhea include hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hyperprolactinemia, polycystic ovarian syndrome, primary ovarian insufficiency, and functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Causes
Primary amenorrhea
Turner syndrome
Turner syndrome, monosomy 45XO, is a genetic disorder characterized by a missing, or partially missing, X chromosome. Turner syndrome is associated with a wide spectrum of features that vary with each case. However, one common feature of this syndrome is ovarian insufficiency due to gonadal dysgenesis.
Research
Mogamulizumab is being explored as a treatment for HTLV-1–Associated Myelopathy. An early Phase 1-2a study showed decreased in proviral loads, as well as inflammatory markers in the CSF. 79% of the patients showed reduction in spasticity and 32% showed decrease in motor disability. References
External links
"Mogamulizumab". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Mogamulizumab-kpkc". National Cancer Institute. 30 August 2018. "Mogamulizumab-kpkc". NCI Drug Dictionary. National Cancer Institute.