The abnormal cells build up in the bone marrow and prevent the development of other healthy cells. This type of arrest is still under study but in most cases, a gene inactivation or activation has occurred due to chromosome translocations or inversion. AML-M4 with an inversion of chromosome 16 is caused by breakage and rearrangement within itself. Diagnosis
Criteria for AMML is confirmed if the myeloblasts and promonocytes in the bone marrow are greater than 20 percent. It can also be confirmed if the blood monocytes is 5x109/L or higher. Testing available to diagnosis AML includes a complete blood count which is characterized by blood that is taken from the vein in the arm to test for leukemia, a peripheral blood smear and a bone marrow test. During a peripheral blood smear, a sample of blood is checked for blast cells, white blood cell count and changes in shape of blood cells. During a bone marrow test, bone marrow is taken from the hip bone in a search for leukemia cells. Aspiration and biopsy are two types of testing that can be done in order to obtain bone marrow. Further classification can be done for the type of AML by examining the cells shape and size. Generally youll find immature cells which lack normal features of a cell. Treatment
AMML can be treated depending on the degree of disease, age of patient, and current patients health status. Treatment consists of a multi-drug chemotherapy regimen. Chemotherapy drugs often used to treat AML are cytarabine and an anthracycline drug.
In some cases, survival past birth may be extended if there is mixoploidy with both a diploid and a triploid cell population present. There has been one report of a child surviving to the age of seven months with complete triploidy syndrome. He failed to exhibit normal mental or physical neonatal development, and died from a Pneumocystis carinii infection, which indicates a weak immune system.Triploidy may be the result of either digyny (the extra haploid set is from the mother) or diandry (the extra haploid set is from the father). Diandry is mostly caused by reduplication of the paternal haploid set from a single sperm, but may also be the consequence of dispermic (two sperm) fertilization of the egg. Digyny is most commonly caused by either failure of one meiotic division during oogenesis leading to a diploid oocyte or failure to extrude one polar body from the oocyte. Diandry appears to predominate among early miscarriages, while digyny predominates among triploid zygotes that survive into the fetal period. However, among early miscarriages, digyny is also more common in those cases less than 8+1⁄2 weeks gestational age or those in which an embryo is present. There are also two distinct phenotypes in triploid placentas and fetuses that are dependent on the origin of the extra haploid set. In digyny, there is typically an asymmetric poorly grown fetus, with marked adrenal hypoplasia and a very small placenta. In diandry, a partial hydatidiform mole develops.