The risk of an associated infection can be decreased by catheterizing only when necessary, using aseptic technique for insertion, and maintaining unobstructed closed drainage of the catheter.Male scuba divers using condom catheters and female divers using external catching devices for their dry suits are also susceptible to urinary tract infections. Others
A predisposition for bladder infections may run in families. This is believed to be related to genetics. Other risk factors include diabetes, being uncircumcised, and having a large prostate. In children UTIs are associated with vesicoureteral reflux (an abnormal movement of urine from the bladder into ureters or kidneys) and constipation.Persons with spinal cord injury are at increased risk for urinary tract infection in part because of chronic use of catheter, and in part because of voiding dysfunction. It is the most common cause of infection in this population, as well as the most common cause of hospitalization. Pathogenesis
The bacteria that cause urinary tract infections typically enter the bladder via the urethra. However, infection may also occur via the blood or lymph. It is believed that the bacteria are usually transmitted to the urethra from the bowel, with females at greater risk due to their anatomy. After gaining entry to the bladder, E. Coli are able to attach to the bladder wall and form a biofilm that resists the bodys immune response.Escherichia coli is the single most common microorganism, followed by Klebsiella and Proteus spp., to cause urinary tract infection. Klebsiella and Proteus spp., are frequently associated with stone disease.
Nisoldipine is a pharmaceutical drug used for the treatment of chronic angina pectoris and hypertension. It is a calcium channel blocker of the dihydropyridine class. It is sold in the United States under the proprietary name Sular. Nisoldipine has tropism for cardiac blood vessels.It was patented in 1975 and approved for medical use in 1990. Contraindications
Nisoldipine is contraindicated in people with cardiogenic shock, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and during pregnancy and lactation. Adverse effects
Common side effects are headache, confusion, fast heartbeat, and edema. Hypersensitivity reactions are rare and include angioedema. Interactions
The substance is metabolized by the liver enzyme CYP3A4. Consequently, CYP3A4 inducers such as rifampicin or carbamazepine could reduce the effectiveness of nisoldipine, while CYP3A4 inhibitors such as ketoconazole increase the amount of nisoldipine in the body more than 20-fold. Grapefruit juice also increases nisoldipine concentrations by inhibiting CYP3A4. Pharmacology
Mechanism of action
Nisoldipine is a calcium channel blocker that selectively inhibits L-type calcium channels. References
External links
Diseases Database (DDB): 30009
Mielcarek J, Grobelny P, Szamburska O (2005). "The effect of beta-carotene on the photostability of nisoldipine". Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 27 (3): 167–71. doi:10.1358/mf.2005.27.3.890873. PMID 15834448. Missan S, Zhabyeyev P, Dyachok O, Jones SE, McDonald TF (November 2003). "Block of cardiac delayed-rectifier and inward-rectifier K+ currents by nisoldipine". Br. J. Pharmacol. 140 (5): 863–70. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705518. PMC 1574108. PMID 14530219. Hamilton S, Houle L, Thadani U (1999). "Rapid-release and coat-core formulations of nisoldipine in treatment of hypertension, angina, and heart failure". Heart Dis. 1 (5): 279–88. PMID 11720635.