KLS is classified as a sleep disorder, specifically one of recurrent hypersomnia. Before 2005, hyperphagia and hypersexuality were thought to occur in all cases. That was changed with the guidelines published that year, which noted that they did not always occur. References
Bibliography
Arnulf, Isabelle; Rico, Thomas; Mignot, Emmanuel (2012). "Diagnosis, Disease Course, and Management of Patients with Kleine-Levin Syndrome". The Lancet Neurology. 11 (10): 918–28. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70187-4. PMID 22995695. S2CID 7636103. Arnulf, Isabelle; Zeitzer, J. M.; Farber, N.; Mignot, Emmanuel (2005). "Kleine–Levin Syndrome: a Systematic Review of 186 Cases in the Literature". Brain. 128 (12): 2763–76. doi:10.1093/brain/awh620. PMID 16230322. Billiard, Michel; Jaussent, Isabelle; Dauvilliers, Yves; Besset, Alain (2011). "Recurrent Hypersomnia: a Review of 339 Cases". Sleep Medicine Reviews. 15 (4): 247–57. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2010.08.001. PMID 20970360. Frenette, Eric; Kushida, Clete (2009). "Primary Hypersomnias of Central Origin". Seminars in Neurology. 29 (4): 354–67. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1237114. PMID 19742411. Gupta, Ravi; Lahan, Vivekananda; Srivastava, Malini (2011). "Kleine-Levin Syndrome and Idiopathic Hypersomnia: Spectrum Disorders". Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine. 33 (2): 194–98. doi:10.4103/0253-7176.92048. PMC 3271500. PMID 22345850. Huang, Yu-Shu; Lakkis, Clair; Guilleminault, Christian (2010). "Kleine-Levin Syndrome: Current Status". Medical Clinics of North America. 94 (3): 557–62. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2010.02.011. PMID 20451032. Kodaira, Minori; Yamamoto, Kanji (2012). "First Attack of Kleine-Levin Syndrome Triggered by Influenza B Mimicking Influenza-associated Encephalopathy". Internal Medicine. 51 (12): 1605–8. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.51.7051. PMID 22728499. Mignot, Emmanuel (2012). "A Practical Guide to the Therapy of Narcolepsy and Hypersomnia Syndromes". Neurotherapeutics. 9 (4): 739–52. doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0150-9. PMC 3480574. PMID 23065655. Oliveira, Marcio; Conti, Cristiane; Prado, Gilmar (2016) [2013]. "Pharmacological Treatment for Kleine-Levin Syndrome". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
Pharmacology
Ketotifen is a selective antihistamine – that is, an inverse agonist of the histamine H1 receptor (Ki = 0.166 nM) – and mast cell stabilizer. In addition, ketotifen has weak anticholinergic (Ki = 204 nM for mACh) and antiserotonergic (Ki = 38.9 nM for 5-HT2A) activity. However, at the dosages in which it is typically used clinically, both the anticholinergic and antiserotonergic activity of ketotifen are said not to be appreciable. Society and culture
Brand names
Ketotifen is marketed under many brand names worldwide. References
External links
"Ketotifen". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.