However, large cysts can cause hydrocephalus. Genetic causes
There is a possible association between ultrasound-detected fetal CPCs and Trisomy 18. It is not correlated to the presence of Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome). Therefore, genetic counseling is often recommended to provide more information about fetal CPCs, to answer questions and concerns, and to outline available options such as amniocentesis or a blood test from the mother.Generally the risks are very low if there are no other risk factors. If no additional abnormalities are detected by a thorough "level II" ultrasound, the likelihood the fetus has trisomy 18 is very low.A meta-analysis of 8 studies between 1990 and 2000 with choroid plexus cysts that were identified in second-trimester (an incidence of 1.2%). The incidence of the cysts in women younger than 35 was 1% (n=1017). The study found no cases of trisomy 18 in fetuses with cysts whose mother was younger than 35. The study concluded that "there is no evidence that detection of isolated choroid plexus cyst in women who are <35 years of age increases the risk of trisomy 18".Other factors which may have a bearing on the babys chances of developing chromosome problems include:
mothers age at the expected date of delivery
the results of serum screening; XAFP triple testing or quad screening
evidence of other "fetal findings" seen at the time of the ultrasound that may suggest a chromosome problem

References
Further reading
Lun, Melody P.; Monuki, Edwin S.; Lehtinen, Maria K. (2015). "Development and functions of the choroid plexus–cerebrospinal fluid system". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 16 (8): 445–457. doi:10.1038/nrn3921. PMC 4629451.
A pulmonary consolidation is a region of normally compressible lung tissue that has filled with liquid instead of air. The condition is marked by induration (swelling or hardening of normally soft tissue) of a normally aerated lung. It is considered a radiologic sign. Consolidation occurs through accumulation of inflammatory cellular exudate in the alveoli and adjoining ducts. The liquid can be pulmonary edema, inflammatory exudate, pus, inhaled water, or blood (from bronchial tree or hemorrhage from a pulmonary artery). Consolidation must be present to diagnose pneumonia: the signs of lobar pneumonia are characteristic and clinically referred to as consolidation. Signs
Signs that consolidation may have occurred include:

Expansion of the thorax on inspiration is reduced on the affected side
Vocal fremitus is increased on the affected side
Percussion is dull in the affected area
Breath sounds are bronchial
Possible medium, late, or pan-inspiratory crackles
Vocal resonance is increased. Here, the patients voice (or whisper, as in whispered pectoriloquy) can be heard more clearly when there is consolidation, as opposed to the healthy lung where speech sounds muffled. A pleural rub may be present. A lower PAO2 than calculated in the alveolar gas equation

Diagnosis
Radiology
Typically, an area of white lung is seen on a standard X-ray. Consolidated tissue is more radio-opaque than normally aerated lung parenchyma, so that it is clearly demonstrable in radiography and on CT scans. Consolidation is often a middle-to-late stage feature/complication in pulmonary infections. See also
Pulmonary infiltrate

References


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