A mix and variance of these symptoms are found in mixed spasmodic dysphonia.Symptoms of spasmodic dysphonia typically appear in middle aged people, but have also been seen in people in their twenties, with symptoms emerging as young as teenage years. Cause
Although the exact cause of spasmodic dysphonia is still unknown, epidemiological, genetic, and neurological pathogenic factors have been proposed in recent research.Risk factors include:
Being female
Being middle aged
Having a family history of neurological diseases (e.g., tremor, dystonia, meningitis, and other neurological diseases)
Stressful events
Upper respiratory tract infections
Sinus and throat illnesses
Heavy voice use
Cervical dystonia
Childhood measles or mumps
Pregnancy and parturitionIt has not been established whether these factors directly affect the development of spasmodic dysphonia (SD), however these factors could be used to identify possible and/or at-risk patients.Researchers have also explored the possibility of a genetic component to SD. Three genes have been identified that may be related to the development of focal or segmental dystonia: TUBB4A, THAP1 and TOR1A genes. However, a recent study that examined the mutation of these three genes in 86 SD patients found that only 2.3% of the patients had novel/rare variants in THAP1 but none in TUBB4A and TOR1A. Evidence of a genetic contribution for dystonia involving the larynx is still weak and more research is needed in order to establish a causal relationship between SD and specific genes.SD is a neurological disorder rather than a disorder of the larynx, and as in other forms of dystonia, interventions at the end organ (i.e., larynx) have not offered a definitive cure, only symptomatic relief.
In a video demonstrating the use of a panniculectomy in the repair of adult buried penis, Dr. Bryan Voelzke and his colleagues emphasized the need to tack the suprapubic fat pad to the periosteum of the symphysis pubis as well as the importance of not pulling down the peno-scrotal junction and peno-abdominal junction just in order to further expose the penis.King IC, Tahir A, Ramanathan C, and Siddiqui H developed a modified treatment algorithm employing a single surgical technique consisting primarily of scar release and the mobilization of the skin of the penis.An article published in August 2019 by Dr. James J. Elist reported that a procedure involving the insertion of a subcutaneous soft silicone penile implant was successful in reversing the condition of adult acquired buried penis. See also
Micropenis
Phalloplasty
Webbed penis

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