They often do not cause additional morbidity but may in up to one-half of patients. Neurocognitive impairment, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder,  autism spectrum disorder and behavioral disorders are also commonly seen in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1. Epilepsy is seen in 4-7% of patients.Musculoskeletal system manifestations can develop in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1. Common findings include sphenoid wing dysplasia, osteopenia, osteoporosis, anterior chest wall deformities as well as scoliosis. Patients are at a much greater risk for fractures than the general population.Vascular abnormalities are also frequently encountered in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1. These may include renal artery stenosis, pulmonary artery stenosis, cerebral artery stenosis and aneurysms. Complications may include myocardial infarction and stroke. Relative to the general population the risk for certain types of cancer is increased significantly. For instance, the risk for brain tumors and breast cancer is increased by 5 times. Neurofibromatosis Type II
Neurofibromatosis type 2 is an autosomal dominant condition that affects approximately 1 in 35,000-40,000 people. It is caused by mutations in the NF2 gene on chromosome 22 which has a high penetrance though most patients do not present with symptoms until adulthood. Approximately half of patients have de novo mutations and as many as 59.7% are mosaic. Patients who present in childhood tend to have a more severe phenotype.Bilateral vestibular schwannomas are the most characteristic finding and in the vast majority of cases are benign. However, they are responsible for significant morbidity and are responsible for the most common presenting symptom of hearing loss in adults.
Labetalol is a medication used to treat high blood pressure and in long term management of angina. This includes essential hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, and hypertension of pregnancy. In essential hypertension it is generally less preferred than a number of other blood pressure medications. It can be given by mouth or by injection into a vein.Common side effects include low blood pressure with standing, dizziness, feeling tired, and nausea. Serious side effects may include low blood pressure, liver problems, heart failure, and bronchospasm. Use appears safe in the latter part of pregnancy and it is not expected to cause problems during breastfeeding. It works by blocking the activation of β-receptors and α-receptors.Labetalol was patented in 1966 and came into medical use in 1977. It is available as a generic medication. In 2019, it was the 198th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2 million prescriptions. Medical uses
Labetalol is effective in the management of hypertensive emergencies, postoperative hypertension, pheochromocytoma-associated hypertension, and rebound hypertension from beta blocker withdrawal.It has a particular indication in the treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension which is commonly associated with pre-eclampsia.It is also used as an alternative in the treatment of severe hypertension. Special populations
Pregnancy: studies in lab animals showed no harm to the baby. However, a comparable well-controlled study has not been performed in pregnant women.Nursing: breast milk has been shown to contain small amounts of labetalol (0.004% original dose).