A cystocele, also known as a prolapsed bladder, is a medical condition in which a womans bladder bulges into her vagina. Some may have no symptoms. Others may have trouble starting urination, urinary incontinence, or frequent urination. Complications may include recurrent urinary tract infections and urinary retention. Cystocele and a prolapsed urethra often occur together and is called a cystourethrocele. Cystocele can negatively affect quality of life.Causes include childbirth, constipation, chronic cough, heavy lifting, hysterectomy, genetics, and being overweight. The underlying mechanism involves weakening of muscles and connective tissue between the bladder and vagina. Diagnosis is often based on symptoms and examination.If the cystocele causes few symptoms, avoiding heavy lifting or straining may be all that is recommended. In those with more significant symptoms a vaginal pessary, pelvic muscle exercises, or surgery may be recommended. The type of surgery typically done is known as a colporrhaphy. The condition becomes more common with age. About a third of women over the age of 50 are affected to some degree. Signs and symptoms
The symptoms of a cystocele may include:

a vaginal bulge
the feeling that something is falling out of the vagina
the sensation of pelvic heaviness or fullness
difficulty starting a urine stream
a feeling of incomplete urination
frequent or urgent urination
fecal incontinence
frequent urinary tract infections
back and pelvic pain
fatigue
painful sexual intercourse
bleedingA bladder that has dropped from its normal position and into the vagina can cause some forms of incontinence and incomplete emptying of the bladder. Complications
Complications may include urinary retention, recurring urinary tract infections and incontinence.
Hypoventilation (also known as respiratory depression) occurs when ventilation is inadequate (hypo meaning "below") to perform needed respiratory gas exchange. By definition it causes an increased concentration of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) and respiratory acidosis. Hypoventilation is not synonymous with respiratory arrest, in which breathing ceases entirely and death occurs within minutes due to hypoxia and leads rapidly into complete anoxia, although both are medical emergencies. Hypoventilation can be considered a precursor to hypoxia and its lethality is attributed to hypoxia with carbon dioxide toxicity. Causes
Hypoventilation may be caused by:

A medical condition such as stroke affecting the brainstem
Voluntary breath-holding or underbreathing, for example, hypoventilation training or the Buteyko method. Medication or drugs, typically when taken in accidental or intentional overdose. Opioids and benzodiazepines in particular are known to cause respiratory depression. Examples of opioids include pharmaceuticals such as oxycodone and hydromorphone and examples of benzodiazepines include lorazepam and alprazolam. Hypocapnia, which stimulates hypoventilation
Obesity; see Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
Chronic mountain sickness, a mechanism to conserve energy. Medications
As a side effect of medicines or recreational drugs, hypoventilation may become potentially life-threatening. Many different central nervous system (CNS) depressant drugs such as ethanol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, GHB, sedatives, and opioids produce respiratory depression when taken in large or excessive doses, or mixed with other depressants. Strong opiates (namely fentanyl, heroin, and morphine), barbiturates, and certain benzodiazepines (such as alprazolam) are known for depressing respiration. In an overdose, an individual may cease breathing entirely (go into respiratory arrest) which is rapidly fatal without treatment.