Neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells produce this lipase, which inactivates LPS by removing the two secondary acyl chains from lipid A to produce tetraacyl LPS. If mice are given LPS parenterally, those that lack AOAH develop high titers of non-specific antibodies, develop prolonged hepatomegaly, and experience prolonged endotoxin tolerance. LPS inactivation may be required for animals to restore homeostasis after parenteral LPS exposure. Although mice have many other mechanisms for inhibiting LPS signaling, none is able to prevent these changes in animals that lack AOAH. Dephosphorylation of LPS by intestinal alkaline phosphatase can reduce the severity of Salmonella tryphimurium and Clostridioides difficile infection restoring normal gut microbiota. Alkaline phosphatase prevents intestinal inflammation (and
"leaky gut") from bacteria by dephosphorylating the Lipid A portion of LPS. Biosynthesis and transport
Biological effects on hosts infected with Gram-negative bacteria
Immune response
LPS acts as the prototypical endotoxin because it binds the CD14/TLR4/MD2 receptor complex in many cell types, but especially in monocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells, which promotes the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, and eicosanoids. Bruce Beutler was awarded a portion of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work demonstrating that TLR4 is the LPS receptor.As part of the cellular stress response, superoxide is one of the major reactive oxygen species induced by LPS in various cell types that express TLR (toll-like receptor). LPS is also an exogenous pyrogen (fever-inducing substance).LPS function has been under experimental research for several years due to its role in activating many transcription factors.
Intraocular hemorrhage is bleeding (hemorrhage) inside the eye (oculus in Latin) . It may be the result of physical trauma (direct injury to the eye) or other diseases, injuries or disorders (such as diabetes, hypertension, or shaken baby syndrome). Severe bleeding may cause high pressures inside the eye, leading to blindness. Types
The types of ocular hemorrhages are classified based on where the bleeding is occurring:

Subconjunctival hemorrhage (bleeding just underneath the conjunctiva)
Intraocular hemorrhages:
Hyphema (in the anterior chamber)
In the posterior segment of eyeball:
Vitreous hemorrhage (into the vitreous)
Subretinal hemorrhage (under the retina)
Submacular hemorrhage (under the macula)

Causes
Different causes may cause bleeding in different locations. Tersons syndrome (as a result of subarachnoid hemorrhage)
Hemophilia (a severe bleeding disorder, usually hereditary)
Anticoagulants and thrombolysis (medication to reduce blood clotting tendency or to disperse blood clots, respectively)The major causes of bleeding are injury diabetes mellitus hypertension. Diagnosis
Intraocular hemorrhage is typically diagnosed with slit lamp examination. Treatment
References


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