The menopausal transition is associated with an increase in fat mass (predominantly in visceral fat), an increase in insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, and endothelial dysfunction. Women with vasomotor symptoms during menopause seem to have an especially unfavorable cardiometabolic profile, as well as women with premature onset of menopause (before 45 years of age). These risks can be reduced by managing risk factors, such as tobacco smoking, hypertension, increased blood lipids and body weight. Bone health
The annual rates of bone mineral density loss are highest during one year before through two years after the final menstrual period. Thus, post menopausal women are at increased risk of osteopenia, osteoporosis and fractures. Causes
Menopause can be induced or occur naturally. Induced menopause occurs as a result of medical treatment such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, oophorectomy, or complications of tubal ligation, hysterectomy, unilateral or bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy or leuprorelin usage. Age
Menopause typically occurs between 47 and 54 years of age. According to various data, more than 85% of women have their last period between the ages of 47–54 (median 49–50). 2% of women under the age of 40, 5% between the ages of 40–45 and the same number between the ages of 55–58 have their last bleeding. The average age of the last period in the United States is 51 years, in Russia is 50 years, in Greece is 49 years, in Turkey is 47 years, in Egypt is 47 years and in India is 46 years.
Stridor (Latin for "creaking or grating noise") is a high-pitched extra-thoracic breath sound resulting from turbulent air flow in the larynx or lower in the bronchial tree. It is different from a stertor which is a noise originating in the pharynx. Stridor is a physical sign which is caused by a narrowed or obstructed airway. It can be inspiratory, expiratory or biphasic, although it is usually heard during inspiration. Inspiratory stridor often occurs in children with croup. It may be indicative of serious airway obstruction from severe conditions such as epiglottitis, a foreign body lodged in the airway, or a laryngeal tumor. Stridor should always command attention to establish its cause. Visualization of the airway by medical experts equipped to control the airway may be needed. Causes
Stridor may occur as a result of:

foreign bodies (e.g., aspirated foreign body, aspirated food bolus);
infections (e.g., epiglottitis, retropharyngeal abscess, croup);
subglottic stenosis (e.g., following prolonged intubation or congenital);
airway edema (e.g., following instrumentation of the airway, tracheal intubation, drug side effect, allergic reaction);
laryngospasm (from aspiration, GERD, or complication of anesthesia)
subglottic hemangioma (rare);
vascular rings compressing the trachea;
thyroiditis such as Riedels thyroiditis;
vocal cord palsy;
tracheomalacia or tracheobronchomalacia (e.g., collapsed trachea). congenital anomalies of the airway are present in 87% of all cases of stridor in infants and children. vasculitis. infectious mononucleosis
peritonsillar abscess
Laryngeal edema is a common cause of stridor post extubation (occurring from pressure of the endotracheal tube on the mucosa as a result of endotracheal tube that is too large (e.g. pediatrics), cuff over inflation, and prolonged intubation times.