Idiopathic scrotal calcinosis  is a cutaneous condition characterized by calcification of the skin resulting from the deposition of calcium and phosphorus occurring on the scrotum. : 528  However, the levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood are normal. Idiopathic scrotal calcinosis typically affects young males, with an onset between adolescence and early adulthood. The scrotal calcinosis appears, without any symptoms, as yellowish nodules that range in size from 1 mm to several centimeters. Presentation
Single or multiple hard, marble-like nodules of varying size affecting scrotal skin. Nodules vary in size from a few millimeters to a few centimeters. Usually start to appear in childhood or early adult life
Over time, nodules increase in number and size
Nodules may break down and discharge chalky material
Rarely, lesions may be polypoid
Usually asymptomatic

Etiology
The cause is not well defined. Originally considered idiopathic condition. Now accepted that majority of cases develop from dystrophic calcification of cyst contents. Diagnostic
Clinically Relevant Pathologic FeaturesLesions slowly progress throughout life
They slowly increase in number and size
Nodules are mobile and do not attach to underlying structuresPathologic Interpretation Pearls

Globular and granular purple deposits within dermis surrounded by giant cell granulomatous reaction
Sometimes remnants of cystic lesion can be identified
Very distinctive appearance with almost no histologic differential diagnosis. Treatment
Treatment may involve surgery, which is currently the only recommended intervention. Surgery should include the removal of even small nodules, to prevent the recurrence of the scrotal calcinosis. Prognosis
Benign conditionSlow progression throughout lifeLesions remain discrete and do not become confluent

Epidemiology
Incidence: uncommon
Age: children and young adults

History
Scrotal calcinosis was first described in 1883 by Lewinski.
Epidemiology
The incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage is estimated at 24.6 cases per 100,000 person years with the incidence rate being similar in men and women. The incidence is much higher in the elderly, especially those who are 85 or older, who are 9.6 times more likely to have an intracerebral hemorrhage as compared to those of middle age. It accounts for 20% of all cases of cerebrovascular disease in the United States, behind cerebral thrombosis (40%) and cerebral embolism (30%). History
Intracerebral hemorrhage was first distinguished from strokes due to insufficient blood flow, so called "leaks and plugs", in 1823. Franklin D. Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States, died from a cerebral hemorrhage in 1945 and so did Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin in 1953. Research
The inflammatory response triggered by stroke has been viewed as harmful in the early stage, focusing on blood-borne leukocytes, neutrophils and macrophages, and resident microglia and astrocytes. A human postmortem study shows that inflammation occurs early and persists for several days after ICH. Modulating microglial activation and polarization might mitigate intracerebral hemorrhage-induced brain injury and improve brain repair. A new area of interest is the role of mast cells in ICH. References
Further reading
Hemphill JC, 3rd; Greenberg, SM; Anderson, CS; Becker, K; Bendok, BR; Cushman, M; Fung, GL; Goldstein, JN; Macdonald, RL; Mitchell, PH; Scott, PA; Selim, MH; Woo, D (28 May 2015). "Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association". Stroke: A Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 46 (7): 2032–60. doi:10.1161/STR.0000000000000069.