Breathlessness, cough, and the coughing up of blood-stained sputum are characteristic signs of pulmonary edema, the swelling of lung tissue due to left ventricular failure an inability of the left ventricle of the heart to adequately pump blood from the lungs into the arterial system. Rapid deterioration of kidney function (acute kidney injury) and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (destruction of blood cells) may also occur. In these situations, rapid reduction of the blood pressure is mandated to stop ongoing organ damage. In contrast there is no evidence that blood pressure needs to be lowered rapidly in hypertensive urgencies where there is no evidence of target organ damage and over aggressive reduction of blood pressure is not without risks. Use of oral medications to lower the BP gradually over 24 to 48h is advocated in hypertensive urgencies.There are several etiologies of a hypertensive crisis, including a tumor. A rare, neuroendocrine tumor called a pheochromocytoma can cause a hypertensive crisis due to elevated levels of catecholamines. == References ==
These include hyperglucagonemia, zinc deficiency, fatty acid deficiency, hypoaminoacidemia, and liver disease. Mechanism
The pathogenesis is also unknown. Diagnosis
Histology
The histopathologic features of NME are nonspecific and include:
epidermal necrosis
subcorneal pustules
confluent parakeratosis, epidermal hyperplasia, and marked papillary dermal hyperplasia in a psoriasiform pattern
angioplasia of papillary dermis
suppurative folliculitisThe vacuolated, pale, swollen epidermal cells and necrosis of the superficial epidermis are most characteristic. Immunofluorescence is usually negative. Management
Managing the original condition, glucagonoma, by octreotide or surgery. After resection, the rash typically resolves within days. See also
List of cutaneous conditions

References


== External links ==