Results are found through testing a small amount of blood gathered through a heel prick of the infant. As not all states require that this test be done, it is often skipped in those where such testing is not required. Biotinidase deficiency can also be found by sequencing the BTD gene, particularly in those with a family history or known familial gene mutation. Treatment
Treatment is possible but unless continued daily, problems may arise. Currently, this is done through supplementation of 5–10 mg of oral biotin a day. If symptoms have begun to show, standard treatments can take care of them, such as hearing aids for poor hearing. Epidemiology
Based on the results of worldwide screening of biotinidase deficiency in 1991, the incidence of the disorder is:
5 in 137,401 for profound biotinidase deficiency

One in 109,921 for partial biotinidase deficiency
One in 61,067 for the combined incidence of profound and partial biotinidase deficiency
Carrier frequency in the general population is approximately one in 120. See also
Biotin
Biotin deficiency
Multiple carboxylase deficiency
Holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency
3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency

References
Further reading
Dobrowolski, Steven F.; Angeletti, Janine; Banas, Richard A.; Naylor, Edwin W. (2003). "Real time PCR assays to detect common mutations in the biotinidase gene and application of mutational analysis to newborn screening for biotinidase deficiency". Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 78 (2): 100–7. doi:10.1016/S1096-7192(02)00231-7. PMID 12618081. McMahon, Robert J. (2002). "Biotin in metabolism and molecular biology". Annual Review of Nutrition. 22: 221–39. doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.22.121101.112819. PMID 12055344. C. Neto, E.; Schulte, J.; Rubim, R.; Lewis, E.; Demari, J.; Castilhos, C.; Brites, A.; Giugliani, R.;  et al. (2004).
It has not been shown to have a benefit on constipation, while potentially causing cardiac arrhythmias and deaths. Enemas
Enemas can be used to provide a form of mechanical stimulation. A large volume or high enema can be given to cleanse as much of the colon as possible of feces, and the solution administered commonly contains castile soap which irritates the colons lining resulting in increased urgency to defecate. However, a low enema is generally useful only for stool in the rectum, not in the intestinal tract. Physical intervention
Constipation that resists the above measures may require physical intervention such as manual disimpaction (the physical removal of impacted stool using the hands; see fecal impaction). Regular exercise
Regular exercise can help improve chronic constipation. Surgical intervention
In refractory cases, procedures can be performed to help relieve constipation. Sacral nerve stimulation has been demonstrated to be effective in a minority of cases. Colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis is another intervention performed only in patients known to have a slow colonic transit time and in whom a defecation disorder has either been treated or is not present. Because this is a major operation, side effects can include considerable abdominal pain, small bowel obstruction, and post-surgical infections. Furthermore, it has a very variable rate of success and is very case dependent. Prognosis
Complications that can arise from constipation include hemorrhoids, anal fissures, rectal prolapse, and fecal impaction. Straining to pass stool may lead to hemorrhoids. In later stages of constipation, the abdomen may become distended, hard and diffusely tender.