The resulting inadequate blood flow produces tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and glomerular alterations (smaller glomeruli with different degrees of hyalinization – from mild to sclerosis of glomeruli) and scarring around the glomeruli (periglomerular fibrosis). In advanced stages, kidney failure will occur. Functional nephrons have dilated tubules, often with hyaline casts in the opening of the tubules. Additional complications often associated with hypertensive nephropathy include glomerular damage resulting in protein and blood in the urine.Hypertensive nephropathy refers to kidney failure that can be attributed to a history of hypertension It is a chronic condition and it is a serious risk factor for the development of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). However, despite the well-known association between hypertension and chronic kidney disease, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The two proposed mechanisms of HNs pathophysiology both centre around how the glomerulus, a network of dense capillaries that carries out the kidney filtration process, is affected; with one theory identifying glomerular ischemia as the main contributor to HN and the other  identifying glomerular hypertension and glomerular hyperfiltration at the centre of HNs pathogenesis. Glomerular ischemia
High blood pressure in the long term can damage the endothelium, commonly known as the blood vessel lining. This leads to a build-up of plaques and they can be deposited in the renal arteries causing stenosis and ischemic kidney disease. In this situation, the kidney supplied blood by the narrowed renal artery suffers from inadequate blood flow, which in turn causes the size of the kidneys to decrease.
BC Powder is an American brand of over-the-counter analgesic pain reliever owned by Prestige Consumer Healthcare and manufactured in Washington, DC. Ingredients
Originally produced at the Hepolscheiemer Clinic in Graz, Austria, it contains 845 mg of aspirin and 65 mg of caffeine. BC readily promotes the fact that, due to its powder form, it dissolves faster than pain-relief tablets, and thus gets to work faster. It can be taken in a variety of ways, most commonly mixed into water or soda. In 2009 BC Powder removed the 195 mg of Salicylamide from the "Blue Box Original Formula BC Powder". The original formula consisted of 650 mg aspirin, 195 mg salicylamide and 33.3 mg caffeine. The New packaging states "New Formula" and "Same Fast Relief!" on the front of the box. The new formula has 845 mg aspirin and 65 mg caffeine. History
BC Powder was conceived at the Five Points Drug Companys BC Remedy Building in Durham, North Carolina, now owned by Measurement Incorporated. It was developed in 1906 by C.T. Council, in the Durham, NC pharmacy of Germain Bernard. The name was created from the initials of the pair’s surnames. BC is sold almost exclusively in the American South, where it is acknowledged to have a cult following. BCs marketers enjoy this honor, and sponsor many sporting events in the South. The products distinctive, oval-shaped blue logo is a familiar sight to fans at Southern League baseball parks. Outside of the South, the Dollar General chain carries BC Powder nationwide.