Some ways of distinguishing typical behavioral variations from autistic behaviors are the ability of the child to suppress these behaviors and the absence of these behaviors during sleep. Comorbidity
ASDs tend to be highly comorbid with other disorders. Comorbidity may increase with age and may worsen the course of youth with ASDs and make intervention and treatment more difficult. Distinguishing between ASDs and other diagnoses can be challenging because the traits of ASDs often overlap with symptoms of other disorders, and the characteristics of ASDs make traditional diagnostic procedures difficult. The most common medical condition occurring in individuals with ASDs is seizure disorder or epilepsy, which occurs in 11–39% of autistic individuals. The risk varies with age, cognitive level, and type of language disorder. Tuberous sclerosis, an autosomal dominant genetic condition in which non-malignant tumors grow in the brain and on other vital organs, is present in 1–4% of individuals with ASDs. Intellectual disabilities are some of the most common comorbid disorders with ASDs. Recent estimates suggest that 40–69% of autistic individuals have some degree of an intellectual disability, more likely to be severe for females. A number of genetic syndromes causing intellectual disability may also be comorbid with ASD, including fragile X, Down, Prader-Willi, Angelman, Williams syndrome and SYNGAP1-related intellectual disability. Learning disabilities are also highly comorbid in individuals with an ASD. Approximately 25–75% of individuals with an ASD also have some degree of a learning disability. Various anxiety disorders tend to co-occur with ASDs, with overall comorbidity rates of 7–84%.
Common tests would include ethyl chloride test or electric pulp test. Other examples of tests would be laser doppler flowmetry (LDF), pulse oximetry etc. Tender to TouchThe tooth is extremely tender to touch, and it may be high on occlusion as it may be extruded from the socket. MobileMobility may be observed. Radiographic Features
Radiographically, there will be a periapical lesion associated with the tooth. This lesion is normally existent prior to this episode. Widened periodontal ligament (PDL) space is visible. Treatment
For most situations urgent treatment is required to eliminate the pain and swelling. 1) Further Endodontic Treatment
Further root canal treatment is often the best option. Firstly, the tooth should be accessed and thoroughly irrigated using sodium hypochlorite. Following this the canals should be dried using paper points. The tooth should then be debrided, and drainage established. 2) Medications
i) Antibiotics
In certain circumstances it may be necessary to provide an antibiotic. These circumstances include the presence of a diffuse swelling or cellulitis, when immediate drainage cannot be achieved, or the patient has systemic involvement. ii) Analgesics
Analgesics may also be advised for pain control. 3) Extraction
If the tooth is unrestorable then extraction may also be an option. 4) Bite Adjustment
Adjusting the bite may provide some relief but this will not be a permanent solution to the problem. == References ==