In the few cases where the father is the perpetrator, however, the victim is three times more likely to be male.One study in Italy found that 4 out of more than 700 children admitted to the hospital met the criteria (0.53%). In this study, stringent diagnostic criteria were used, which required at least one test outcome or event that could not possibly have occurred without deliberate intervention by the FDIA person. Society and culture
Terminology
The term "Munchausen syndrome by proxy", in the United States, has never officially been included as a discrete mental disorder by the American Psychiatric Association, which publishes the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), now in its fifth edition. Although the DSM-III (1980) and DSM-III-R (1987) included Munchausen syndrome, they did not include MSbP. DSM-IV (1994) and DSM-IV-TR (2000) added MSbP as a proposal only, and although it was finally recognized as a disorder in DSM-5 (2013), each of the last three editions of the DSM designated the disorder by a different name. FDIA has been given different names in different places and at different times.
Wear warm shoes, socks and gloves. Wear a hat and a scarf to protect the ears and the nose. Avoid tight fitting socks/shoes. Other
Exercise at least four times a week to improve circulation. Quit smoking, as it damages circulation. Treatment
Nifedipine and amlodipine, which are vasodilators in the class of drugs known as calcium channel blockers, may help in some cases. Vasodilation may reduce pain, facilitate healing, and prevent recurrences. It is typically available in an oral pill but can be compounded into a topical formula. Diltiazem, a vasodilator, may help. Apply a mixture of friars balsam and a weak iodine solution. History
The medieval Balds Leechbook recommended treating chilblains with a mixture of eggs, wine, and fennel root. A modern-day home remedy is to put garlic on the chilblains. Neither of these remedies has been supported by scientific research. COVID-19
Chilblain-like symptoms have also been linked to COVID-19. COVID toes, as they are commonly known, have mostly been reported in older children and adolescents, who often have not had other symptoms of COVID-19. The symptoms are usually mild and disappear without treatment. Their cause is debated: it is uncertain whether COVID toes are a delayed consequence of the viral infection itself or are, at least partially, connected to environmental factors during the COVID-19 pandemic. They may share some of the microscopic features of chilblains caused by lupus.