For safety and comfort concerns, the tools are made with as few pieces as possible.Hand surgery emerged as a specialty during World War II, and the tools used by early hand surgeons remain in common use today, and many are identified by the names of those who created them.Individual tools have diverse history development. Below is a brief history of the inventors and tools created for five commonly used surgical tools. Scissors
Mayo scissors, created by one of the mayo brothers, was one of the inventions of the Mayo clinic (established by Dr.William Worrall Mayo and his two sons, Dr. William James Mayo and Dr. Charles Horace Mayo in the 1880s). Mayo scissors have semi-blunt ends and they are either straight or curve-bladed. The straight blades are used for cutting tissue near wounds, and curves are used for cutting thick tissue. Metzenbaum scissors were invented by Myron Metzenbaum (1876-1944). This tool was widely used for tonsillectomy (the surgical removal of the tonsils). The lighter and longer handle allows it to be used in tighter operating fields. Knife to Scalpel to Electrocautery
Primitive knives were made of perishable materials such as sharp leaf margins or bamboo. After the Dark Ages, Muslims, and later European countries started to develop surgical instruments, scalpels, for cutting. In 1904, King Gillette developed a double-edged safety razor blade with a disposable blade.
Hennekam syndrome also known as intestinal lymphagiectasia–lymphedema–mental retardation syndrome, is an autosomal recessive disorder consisting  of intestinal lymphangiectasia, facial anomalies, peripheral lymphedema, and mild to moderate levels of growth and intellectual disability.It is also known as "lymphedema-lymphangiectasia-mental retardation syndrome".Hennekam Syndrome is subdivided according to the causative genetic lesion, most (or all) of which are affecting the VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 signaling pathway:

Type 1 (mutations in CCBE1) 
Type 2 (mutations in FAT4)
Type 3 (mutations in ADAMTS3)The first recognition of a genetic association was with CCBE1, published by its namesake, Raoul Hennekam. The molecular mechanism of the lymphedema phenotype in CCBE1-associated cases was identified as a diminished ability of the mutated CCBE1 to accelerate and focus the activation of the primary lymphangiogenic growth factor VEGF-C. Mutations in the FAT4 gene had previously been only associated with van Maldergem syndrome, but the pathogenetic molecular mechanism and the function of FAT4 within lymphangiogenesis are still unknown. References


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