Some, such as the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends renal ultrasound and voiding cystourethrogram (watching a persons urethra and urinary bladder with real time x-rays while they urinate) in all children less than two years old who have had a urinary tract infection. However, because there is a lack of effective treatment if problems are found, others such as the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence only recommends routine imaging in those less than six months old or who have unusual findings. Differential diagnosis
In women with cervicitis (inflammation of the cervix) or vaginitis (inflammation of the vagina) and in young men with UTI symptoms, a Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection may be the cause. These infections are typically classified as a urethritis rather than a urinary tract infection. Vaginitis may also be due to a yeast infection. Interstitial cystitis (chronic pain in the bladder) may be considered for people who experience multiple episodes of UTI symptoms but urine cultures remain negative and not improved with antibiotics. Prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate) may also be considered in the differential diagnosis.Hemorrhagic cystitis, characterized by blood in the urine, can occur secondary to a number of causes including: infections, radiation therapy, underlying cancer, medications and toxins. Medications that commonly cause this problem include the chemotherapeutic agent cyclophosphamide with rates of 2 to 40%. Eosinophilic cystitis is a rare condition where eosinophiles are present in the bladder wall. Signs and symptoms are similar to a bladder infection.
Malignant triton tumor (MTT) is a relatively rare, aggressive tumor made up of both malignant schwannoma cells and malignant rhabdomyoblasts. It is classified as a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation.The unusual name "triton" was first used in reference to observation of supernumerary limbs containing bone and muscle growing on the backs of triton salamanders after the implantation of sciatic nerve tissue. Diagnosis
There are three diagnostic criteria proposed:
The tumor arises along a peripheral nerve, or in a ganglioneuroma, or in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), or has a metastatic character. The growth characteristics of the tumor is typical for a Schwann cell tumor. Rhabdomyoblasts arise within the body of the tumor. Treatment
References
Bibliography
Stasik CJ, Tawfik; Tawfik, O (2006). "Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation (malignant triton tumor)". Arch Pathol Lab Med. 130 (12): 1878–81. doi:10.5858/2006-130-1878-MPNSTW. PMID 17149968.