Brain donation
Donated brain tissue is a valuable resource for research into brain function, neurodiversity, neuropathology and possible treatments. Both divergent and healthy control brains are needed for comparison. Brain banks typically source tissue from donors that had directly registered with them before their passing, since organ donor registries focus on tissue meant for transplantation. In the United States the nonprofit Brain Donor Project facilitates this process. Legislation and global perspectives
The laws of different countries allow potential donors to permit or refuse donation, or give this choice to relatives. The frequency of donations varies among countries. Consent process
The term consent is typically defined as a subject adhering to an agreement of principles and regulations; however, the definition becomes difficult to execute concerning the topic of organ donation, mainly because the subject is incapable of consent due to death or mental impairment. There are two types of consent being reviewed; explicit consent and presumed consent. Explicit consent consists of the donor giving direct consent through proper registration depending on the country. The second consent process is presumed consent, which does not need direct consent from the donor or the next of kin. Presumed consent assumes that donation would have been permitted by the potential donor if permission was pursued. Of possible donors an estimated twenty-five percent of families refuse to donate a loved ones organs. Opt-in versus opt-out
As medical science advances, the number of people who could be helped by organ donors increases continuously.
A number of children diagnosed with the disorder have been born to parents who were first cousins. It can also be associated with uniparental isodisomy. Diagnosis
Treatment
Epidemiology
Fumarase deficiency is extremely rare - until around 1990 there had only been 13 diagnosed and identified cases worldwide.A cluster of 20 cases has since been documented in the twin towns of Colorado City, Arizona and Hildale, Utah, both of which were formerly known as "Short Creek" (or the Short Creek Community). The two towns combine to form a community of 10,000 members of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints who have a history of practicing successive endogamy, or marriage within their own communities. Nicknamed "Polygamists Downs", the syndrome has been blamed on cousin marriage, but in a larger sense is related to the reproductive isolation of a community among whom 85% are blood relatives of John Y. Barlow or Joseph Smith Jessop.Since the initial cluster from FLDS communities were reported, it is now estimated that there are 100 documented cases worldwide. See also
Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer
Founder effect

References
Further reading
Pithukpakorn, Manop; Toro, Jorge R. (November 2, 2010) [July 31, 2006]. "Hereditary Leiomyomatosis and Renal Cell Cancer". GeneReviews. Seattle WA: University of Washington. PMID 20301430. == External links ==