Akhenaten and his relatives, including men and young girls, many of whom were the product of inbreeding, are described as having breasts and wide hips, and Akhenaten was described as having a "beautiful and feminine voice," unusual physical features that could be explained by AEXS or another form of hereditary hyperestrogenism. However, numerous other physical abnormalities were also present in the Akhenaten family, and a variety of other conditions have been proposed to explain the observations instead. Most recently, Loeys–Dietz syndrome was proposed as a probable cause, with gynecomastia and feminization possibly being caused by liver cirrhosis-induced hyperestrogenism. See also
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Aromatase deficiency
Congenital estrogen deficiency
Disorders of sex development
Estrogen insensitivity syndrome
Hyperestrogenism
Inborn errors of steroid metabolism
Intersex

References


== External links ==
Lactate accumulation reduces contractility and eventually necroses cardiomyocytes, releasing their troponin storage into the bloodstream. Serum troponin elevation is a characteristic biomarker of MI.Depending on the severity of ischemia, MIs are categorized as NSTEMI or STEMI. NSTEMI stands for Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction, referencing the lack of ST-segment elevation in ECG traces. This is because in NSTEMI, only part of the myocardial wall is infarcted, which does not diagnostically present with ST-elevation. NSTEMI becomes STEMI when the entire myocardial wall is infarcted. Diagnostically, STEMI displays prolonged ST-segment elevation in ECG traces, and is thus named ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Minutes after STEMI, fatal cardiac arrest could occur. STEMI is life-threatening if immediate reperfusion therapy is not initiated. Gangrene
Gangrene, specifically dry gangrene, is caused by an atherosclerotic or thromboembolic arterial occlusion. Gangrene is a complication of prolonged PAD, leading to shriveling, blackening, and infarction of peripheral tissue, commonly in the extremities. In severe cases, amputation of the affected limb is required. Ischemic Stroke
Ischemic stroke is a thrombotic, or rarely, thromboembolic or atherosclerotic complication of arteries supplying the brain. Occlusion of brain arteries leads to rapid ischemic death of neurons, both at the infarct core and ischemic penumbra. Similar to cardiomyocytes, neurons require constant perfusion for proper function. Any interruption of blood supply causes neurons to switch to anaerobic metabolism, exhausting intracellular ATP levels. ATP depletion causes an influx of calcium cations into neurons and efflux of excess glutamate, triggering the apoptosis and necroptosis of neurons.Neuronal necrosis precipitates irreversible brain damage.