Protocols for avoidance of the effects of hyperoxia exist in fields where oxygen is breathed at higher-than-normal partial pressures, including underwater diving using compressed breathing gases, hyperbaric medicine, neonatal care and human spaceflight. These protocols have resulted in the increasing rarity of seizures due to oxygen toxicity, with pulmonary and ocular damage being mainly confined to the problems of managing premature infants. In recent years, oxygen has become available for recreational use in oxygen bars. The US Food and Drug Administration has warned those who have conditions such as heart or lung disease not to use oxygen bars. Scuba divers use breathing gases containing up to 100% oxygen, and should have specific training in using such gases. Classification
The effects of oxygen toxicity may be classified by the organs affected, producing three principal forms:
Central nervous system, characterised by convulsions followed by unconsciousness, occurring under hyperbaric conditions;
Pulmonary (lungs), characterised by difficulty in breathing and pain within the chest, occurring when breathing increased pressures of oxygen for extended periods;
Ocular (retinopathic conditions), characterised by alterations to the eyes, occurring when breathing increased pressures of oxygen for extended periods.Central nervous system oxygen toxicity can cause seizures, brief periods of rigidity followed by convulsions and unconsciousness, and is of concern to divers who encounter greater than atmospheric pressures. Pulmonary oxygen toxicity results in damage to the lungs, causing pain and difficulty in breathing. Oxidative damage to the eye may lead to myopia or partial detachment of the retina.
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Donald, Kenneth W (1992). Oxygen and the diver. UK: Harley Swan, 237 pages. ISBN 1-85421-176-5. OCLC 26894235. Hamilton, Robert W; Thalmann, Edward D (2003). "Decompression practice". In Brubakk, Alf O; Neuman, Tom S (eds.). Bennett and Elliotts physiology and medicine of diving (5th ed.). United States: Saunders. pp. 475–79. ISBN 978-0-7020-2571-6. OCLC 51607923. Lang, Michael A, ed. (2001). DAN nitrox workshop proceedings. Durham, NC: Divers Alert Network, 197 pages. Archived from the original on 16 September 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2008. Regillo, Carl D; Brown, Gary C; Flynn, Harry W (1998). Vitreoretinal Disease: The Essentials. New York: Thieme, 693 pages. ISBN 978-0-86577-761-3. OCLC 39170393. U.S. Navy Supervisor of Diving (2011). U.S. Navy Diving Manual (PDF). SS521-AG-PRO-010 0910-LP-106-0957, revision 6 with Change A entered. U.S. Naval Sea Systems Command. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015. Further reading
Lamb, John S. (1999).