A bronchocele is a segment of bronchus that is filled with mucus and completely enclosed so the mucus cannot drain out. This segment is usually dilated. It is also called bronchial mucocele. If there is no obstruction to the flow of mucus, it is called mucoid impaction of bronchus. A bronchocele results from obstruction of the bronchus. Overproduction of mucus can also contribute. Obstruction may occur due to scarring, a tumor, or congenital atresia.
For the European subtype mortality rates are 0.5% to 2% for people who develop neurological disease.In dogs, the disease also manifests as a neurological disorder with signs varying from tremors to seizures and death.In ruminants, neurological disease is also present, and animals may refuse to eat, appear lethargic, and also develop respiratory signs. Cause
TBE is caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus, a member of the genus Flavivirus in the family Flaviviridae. It was first isolated in 1937. Three virus sub-types also exist: European or Western tick-borne encephalitis virus (transmitted by Ixodes ricinus), Siberian tick-borne encephalitis virus (transmitted by I. persulcatus), and Far-Eastern tick-borne encephalitis virus, formerly known as Russian spring summer encephalitis virus (transmitted by I. persulcatus).The former Soviet Union conducted research on tick-borne diseases, including the TBE viruses. Transmission
It is transmitted by the bite of several species of infected woodland ticks, including Ixodes scapularis, I. ricinus and I. persulcatus, or (rarely) through the non-pasteurized milk of infected cows.Infection acquired through goat milk consumed as raw milk or raw cheese (Frischkäse) has been documented in 2016 and 2017 in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. None of the infected had neurological disease. Diagnosis
Detection of specific IgM and IgG antibodies in patients sera combined with typical clinical signs, is the principal method for diagnosis. In more complicated situations, e.g. after vaccination, testing for presence of antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid may be necessary.