Hydromorphone, also known as dihydromorphinone, and sold under the brand name Dilaudid among others, is an opioid used to treat moderate to severe pain. Typically, long-term use is only recommended for pain due to cancer. It may be used by mouth or by injection into a vein, muscle, or under the skin. Effects generally begin within half an hour and last for up to five hours.Common side effects include dizziness, sleepiness, nausea, itchiness, and constipation. Serious side effects may include abuse, low blood pressure, seizures, respiratory depression, and serotonin syndrome. Rapidly decreasing the dose may result in opioid withdrawal. Generally, use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is not recommended. Hydromorphone is believed to work by activating opioid receptors, mainly in the brain and spinal cord. Hydromorphone 2 mg IV is equivalent to approximately 10 mg morphine IV.Hydromorphone was patented in 1923. It is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2017, it was the 205th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than two million prescriptions. Hydromorphone is made from morphine. Medical use
Hydromorphone is used to treat moderate to severe pain. It may be used by mouth or by injection into a vein, muscle, or under the skin. Effects generally begin within half an hour and last for up to five hours. Typically, long-term use is only recommended for pain due to cancer. A 2016 Cochrane review found little difference in benefit between hydromorphone and other opioids for cancer pain.
Treatment
First aid
First aid for heat exhaustion includes:
Moving the person to a cool place
Having the patient take off extra layers of clothes
Cooling the patient down by fanning them and/or putting wet towels on their body
Having them lie down and put their feet up if they are feeling dizzy
Having them drink water or sports drinks unless they are unconscious, too disoriented to drink, or vomiting
Turning the patient on their side if they are vomiting

Emergency medical treatment
If an individual with heat exhaustion receives medical treatment, Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs), doctors, and/or nurses may also:
Provide supplemental oxygen
Administer intravenous fluids and electrolytes if they are too confused to drink and/or are vomiting

Prognosis
If left untreated, heat exhaustion may progress to heat stroke. See also
Occupational heat stress
Heat stroke


== References ==