Infection can be prevented with proper disposal of human faeces around pigs, cooking meat thoroughly and/or freezing the meat at −10 °C for 5 days. For human cysticercosis, contaminated hands are the primary cause, and especially concerning among food handlers.Proper cooking of meat is an effective prevention. For example, cooking (56 °C for 5 minutes) of beef viscera destroys cysticerci. Refrigeration, freezing (−10 °C for 9 days) or long periods of salting is also lethal to cysticerci. Treatment
Praziquantel is the treatment of choice. Usual treatments are with praziquantel (5–10 mg/kg, single-administration) or niclosamide (adults and children over 6 years: 2 g, single-administration after a light breakfast, followed after 2 hours by a laxative; children aged 2–6 years: 1 g; children under 2 years: 500 mg). One study showed albendazole is effective against animal beef tapeworm cysticercosis. Mepacrine is quite effective but has adverse effects in humans. Epidemiology
The total global infection is estimated to be between 40 and 60 million people. In the US, the incidence of infection is low, but 25% of cattle sold are still infected. Regions
Taeniasis is predominantly found in Asia, Africa, Latin America, particularly on farms in which pigs are exposed to human excrement. At a low level though, it occurs everywhere where beef and pork are eaten, even in countries with strict sanitation policies such as the United States. Taenia saginata is relatively common in Africa, some parts of Eastern Europe, the Philippines, and Latin America. It is most prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East.
Transplant glomerulopathy (TG) is a disease of the glomeruli in transplanted kidneys. It is a type of renal injury often associated with chronic antibody-mediated rejection. However, transplant glomerulopathy is not specific for chronic antibody-mediated rejection; it may be the result of a number of disease processes affecting the glomerular endothelium. Pathology
It is characterized by glomerular basement membrane thickening (referred to as tram-tracking of the basement membrane), increased mesangial matrix and segmental and global glomerulosclerosis.The differential diagnosis of tram-tracking includes membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (especially hepatitis C), and thrombotic microangiopathies. See also
Kidney transplant
Chronic rejection


== References ==