Vasodilation is another effect, notably in the skin, where feelings of unpleasant heat are reported, and in the brain, where blood flow can increase by 50% at a 
  
    
      
        
          
            P
            
              E
              
                T
                
                  C
                  
                    O
                    
                      2
                    
                  
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {P_{ET_{CO_{2}}}}}
   of 50 torrs (0.066 atm), Intracranial pressure may rise, with a throbbing headache.
Diagnosis
Definition
Intestinal failure is decreased intestinal function such that nutrients, water, and electrolytes are not sufficiently absorbed. Short bowel syndrome is when there is less than 2 m (6.6 ft) of working bowel and is the most common cause of intestinal failure. Treatments
Symptoms of short bowel syndrome are usually addressed with medication. These include:
Anti-diarrheal medicine (e.g. loperamide, codeine)
Vitamin, mineral supplements and L-glutamine powder mixed with water
H2 blocker and proton pump inhibitors to reduce stomach acid
Lactase supplement (to improve the bloating and diarrhea associated with lactose intolerance)In 2004, the USFDA approved a therapy that reduces the frequency and volume of total parenteral nutrition (TPN), comprising:  NutreStore (oral solution of glutamine) and Zorbtive (growth hormone, of recombinant DNA origin, for injection) together with a specialized oral diet. After 24 weeks of successful Phase III patient treatment trials, Teduglutide was shown to be relatively safe and effective with varying degrees of benefits and adverse effects per patient. Adequate safety evaluations prove to be difficult due to a limited sample size available for study, however. In 2012, an advisory panel to the USFDA voted unanimously to approve for treatment of SBS the agent teduglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-2 analog developed by NPS Pharmaceuticals, who intend to market the agent in the United States under the brandname Gattex.