Also, it is a public health concern that rates of post-treatment re-infection need to be determined and addressed to diminish the incidence of untreated re-infection. Lastly, with mass drug administration strategies and improved diagnosis and prompt treatment, detection of an emergence of antihelminthic drug resistance should be examined.Mass Drug Administration (preventative chemotherapy) has had a positive effect on the disease burden of trichuriasis in East and West Africa, especially among children, who are at highest risk for infection. Sanitation
Infection can be avoided by proper disposal of human feces, avoiding fecal contamination of food, not eating soil, and avoiding crops fertilized with untreated human feces. Simple and effective proper hygiene such as washing hands and food is recommended for control.Improved facilities for feces disposal have decreased the incidence of whipworm. Handwashing before food handling, and avoiding ingestion of soil by thorough washing of food that may have been contaminated with egg-containing soil are other preventive measures. In addition to washing, it is also advisable to peel and/or cook fruits and vegetables. Improvement of sanitation systems, as well as improved facilities for feces disposal, have helped to limit defecation onto soil and contain potentially infectious feces from bodily contact.A study in a Brazilian urban centre demonstrated a significant reduction in prevalence and incidence of soil-transmitted helminthiasis, including trichuriasis, following implementation of a citywide sanitation program.
Visual acuity usually recovers before color vision. Epidemiology
In industrialized nations, toxic and nutritional optic neuropathy is relatively uncommon and is primarily associated with specific medications, occupational exposures, or tobacco and alcohol use disorder. However, in developing nations, nutritional optic neuropathy is much more common, especially in regions afflicted by famine. All genders and all races are equally affected, and all ages are susceptible. References
Further reading
Glaser, JS (1999). "Nutritional and toxic optic neuropathies". In Glaser, JS (ed.). Neuro-ophthalmology (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 181–6. Lessell, S (2000). "Nutritional deficiency and toxic optic neuropathies". In Albert, DM; Jakobiec, FA (eds.). Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company. pp. 4169–76. Sadun, A. A (2002). "Mitochondrial optic neuropathies". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 72 (4): 423–5. doi:10.1136/jnnp.72.4.423. PMC 1737836. PMID 11909893. External links

eMedicine article