42 year old Anne Stone of Birmingham, England, and 27 year old Michael Brennan of Phoenix, Arizona, were independently diagnosed with bilateral attenuated patella alta. Insall Ratio: This ratio is calculated with the knee flexed to 30 degrees. It is the ratio of the length of the patella to the length of the patellar tendon. Typically, this ratio is 1:1 but 20% variation represents patella alta or patella infera. Actually, the Insall-Salvati ratio can be measured at any degree of flexion, which is one reason for its popularity. See also
Patella


== References ==
Diaphragmatic hernia is a defect or hole in the diaphragm that allows the abdominal contents to move into the chest cavity. Treatment is usually surgical. Types
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Morgagnis hernia
Bochdalek hernia
Hiatal hernia
Iatrogenic diaphragmatic hernia
Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia

Signs and symptoms
A scaphoid abdomen (sucked inwards) may be the presenting symptom in a newborn. Diagnosis
Diagnosis can be made by either CT or X-ray. Treatment
Treatment for a diaphragmatic hernia usually involves surgery, with acute injuries often repaired with monofilament permanent sutures. Other animals
Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia is a type of hernia more common in other mammals. This is usually treated with surgery. References
Bibliography
Eren S, Ciris F (2005). "Diaphragmatic hernia: diagnostic approaches with review of the literature". Eur J Radiol. 54 (3): 448–59. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2004.09.008. PMID 15899350. == External links ==