Retrieved 8 March 2017. Becker, Kenneth L. (2001-01-01). Principles and Practice of Endocrinology and Metabolism. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781717502. == External links ==
Attacks of abdominal pain lasting 1–72 hours (untreated or unsuccessfully treated)
C. Abdominal pain has all of the following characteristics:
1. midline location, periumbilical or poorly localized
2. dull or "just sore" quality
3. moderate or severe intensity
D. During abdominal pain at least 2 of the following:
1. loss of appetite
2. nausea
3. vomiting
4. pallor
E. Not attributed to another disorder

Differential diagnosis
Abdominal migraine must be distinguished from other causes of chronic or recurrent abdominal pain. These include irritable bowel syndrome, peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, mast cell activation syndrome, and celiac artery compression syndrome. It must also be distinguished from causes of acute abdominal pain, such as appendicitis, as wrong diagnosis may lead to unnecessary appendectomy. Treatment
Short term
Analgesia may be effective against abdominal migraine in some patients. Avoidance of intense light tends to have a short-term beneficial effect. Long term
Avoidance of triggers can be very helpful. Medications such as pizotifen, propanolol, and cyproheptadine may be used in rare circumstances. Prognosis
Abdominal migraine can have a significant impact on day-to-day life. Children may miss school or other activities. It resolves in many patients. Prognosis is generally good in children, but variable in adults. Epidemiology
Abdominal migraine primarily affects children, for whom it is a common cause of chronic abdominal pain. It may be as high as 9% or as low as 1% among children. It is rare in adults. However, children diagnosed with abdominal migraines may have migraine headaches as adults. The mean age of diagnosis is 7 years. It appears to be slightly more common in women.