There is probably no single reference that lists all the pharmaceutical variations of laudanum that were created and used in different countries during centuries since it was initially formulated. The reasons are that in addition to official variations described in pharmacopeias, pharmacists and drug manufacturers were free to alter such formulas. The alcohol content of Laudanum probably varied substantially; on the labels of turn-of-the-century bottles of Laudanum, alcoholic content is stated as 48%. In contrast, the current version of Laudanum contains about 18% alcohol. The four variations of laudanum listed here were used in the United States during the late 19th century. The first, from an 1870 publication, is "Best Turkey opium 1 oz., slice, and pour upon it boiling water 1 gill, and work it in a bowl or mortar until it is dissolved; then pour it into the bottle, and with alcohol of 70 percent proof 1⁄2 pt., rinse the dish, adding the alcohol to the preparation, shaking well, and in 24 hours it will be ready for use. Dose—From 10 to 30 drops for adults, according to the strength of the patient, or severity of the pain. Thirty drops of this laudanum will be equal to one grain of opium. And this is a much better way to prepare it than putting the opium into alcohol, or any other spirits alone, for in that case much of the opium does not dissolve."
Dryness in aqueous tear deficiency dry eye patients tends to be worse as the day progresses due to progressive exposure. Frequent blinking exacerbates mechanical dry eye symptoms, while increasing blinking improves symptoms of aqueous tear deficiency dry eye. Diagnosis can be further made under a slit lamp upon the observation of redundant conjunctival folds. These folds can be made more apparent by staining with fluorescein dye and by applying gentle upward pressure with a finger to the eyeball through the lower lid. In pure aqueous tear deficiency dry eye patients, fluorescein stains in the interpalpebral exposure zone. In mechanical dry eye patients, fluorescein staining can be seen by pulling down the lower lid spread to the non-exposure zone. A tear-clearance test can also detect irregularities in the tear film.Diagnosis can also be made by measuring the replenishment of the tear meniscus. The test can be done as follows: Apply 5 μl of fluorescein to the base of the inferior fornix, maximally deplete the lower tear meniscus by a capillary tube or Weckcel sponge, and then monitor the recovery of the tear meniscus height with or without blinking. Patients with mechanical dry eye detectable within 3–8 seconds without blinking or within 0.5-1.5 seconds with blinking. Treatment
Mild Conjunctivochalasis can be asymptomatic and in such cases does not require treatment. Lubricating eye drops may be tried but are often ineffective.If discomfort persists after standard dry eye treatment and anti-inflammatory therapy, surgery may be undertaken to remove the conjunctival folds and restore a smooth tear film.