Serologically detected thyroid-stimulating antibodies, radioactive iodine (RAI) uptake, or thyroid ultrasound with Doppler all can independently confirm a diagnosis of Graves disease. Biopsy to obtain histiological testing is not normally required, but may be obtained if thyroidectomy is performed. The goiter in Graves disease is often not nodular, but thyroid nodules are also common. Differentiating common forms of hyperthyroidism such as Graves disease, single thyroid adenoma, and toxic multinodular goiter is important to determine proper treatment. The differentiation among these entities has advanced, as imaging and biochemical tests have improved. Measuring TSH-receptor antibodies with the h-TBII assay has been proven efficient and was the most practical approach found in one study. Eye disease
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), or thyroid eye disease (TED), is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves disease. It is a form of idiopathic lymphocytic orbital inflammation, and although its pathogenesis is not completely understood, autoimmune activation of orbital fibroblasts, which in TAO express the TSH receptor, is thought to play a central role.Hypertrophy of the extraocular muscles, adipogenesis, and deposition of nonsulfated glycosaminoglycans and hyaluronate, causes expansion of the orbital fat and muscle compartments, which within the confines of the bony orbit may lead to dysthyroid optic neuropathy, increased intraocular pressures, proptosis, venous congestion leading to chemosis and periorbital edema, and progressive remodeling of the orbital walls.
Christina Rossetti, English Victorian-era poet
Dame Maggie Smith, British actress
Mary Webb, British novelist and poet
Wendy Williams, American TV show host
Act Yasukawa, Japanese Professional wrestler. Literature
In Italo Svevos novel Zenos Conscience, character Ada develops the disease. Ern Malley was an acclaimed Australian poet whose work was not published until after his death from Graves disease in 1943. However, Malleys existence and entire biography was actually later revealed to be a literary hoax. Research
Agents that act as antagonists at thyroid stimulating hormone receptors are currently under investigation as a possible treatment for Graves disease. References
External links
"Graves disease". Genetics Home Reference. U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/?term=graves about graves on ncbi