The first inactive tetanus toxoid was discovered and produced in 1924. A more effective adsorbed version of the vaccine, created in 1938, was proven to be successful when it was used to prevent tetanus in the military during World War II. DTP (which is the combined vaccine for diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis) was first used in 1948, and was continued until 1991, when it was replaced with an acellular form of the pertussis vaccine due to safety concerns. Half of those who received the DTP vaccine had redness, swelling, and pain around the injection site, which convinced researchers to find a replacement vaccine. Two new vaccines were launched in 1992. These combined tetanus and diphtheria with acellular pertussis (TDaP or DTaP), which could be given to adolescents and adults (as opposed to previously when the vaccine was only given to children). References
Further reading
Liang JL, Tiwari T, Moro P, Messonnier NE, Reingold A, Sawyer M, Clark TA (April 2018). "Prevention of Pertussis, Tetanus, and Diphtheria with Vaccines in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)" (PDF). MMWR Recomm Rep. 67 (2): 1–44. doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr6702a1. ISSN 1057-5987. PMC 5919600. PMID 29702631. Kahn KE, Black CL, Ding H, Williams WW, Lu PJ, Fiebelkorn AP, Havers F, DAngelo DV, Ball S, Fink RV, Devlin R (September 2018). "Influenza and Tdap Vaccination Coverage Among Pregnant Women - United States, April 2018" (PDF). MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 67 (38): 1055–1059. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6738a3. PMC 6188122. PMID 30260946. World Health Organization (2018).
However, Td has less of the diphtheria toxoid, which is why the "d" is lowercase and the "T" is capitalized.In 2020, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended that either tetanus and diphtheria toxoids (Td) vaccine or Tdap to be used for the decennial Td booster, tetanus prevention during wound management, and for additional required doses in the catch-up immunization schedule if a person has received at least one Tdap dose. Side effects
Common side effects of the tetanus vaccine include fever, redness, and swelling with soreness or tenderness around the injection site (one of five people have redness or swelling). Body aches and tiredness have been reported following Tdap. Td / Tdap can cause painful swelling of the entire arm in one of 500 people. Tetanus toxoid containing vaccines (DTaP, DTP, Tdap, Td, DT) may cause brachial neuritis at a rate of one out of every 100,000 to 200,000 doses. Mechanism of action
The type of vaccination for this disease is called artificial active immunity. This type of immunity is generated when a dead or weakened version of the disease enters the body, causing an immune response which includes the production of antibodies. This is beneficial because it means that if the disease is ever introduced into the body, the immune system will recognize the antigen and produce antibodies more rapidly. History
The first vaccine for passive immunology was discovered by a group of German scientists under the leadership of Emil von Behring in 1890.