All forms of renal osteodystrophy should also be distinguished from other bone diseases which may equally result in decreased bone density (related or unrelated to CKD):

osteoporosis
osteopenia
osteomalacia
brown tumor should be considered as the top-line diagnosis if a mass-forming lesion is present. Treatment
Treatment for renal osteodystrophy includes the following:
calcium and/or native vitamin D supplementation
restriction of dietary phosphate (especially inorganic phosphate contained in additives)
phosphate binders such as calcium carbonate, calcium acetate, sevelamer hydrochloride or carbonate, lanthanum carbonate, sucroferric oxyhydroxide, ferric citrate among others
active forms of vitamin D (calcitriol, alfacalcidol, paricalcitol, maxacalcitol, doxercalciferol, among others)
cinacalcet
renal transplantation
haemodialysis five times a week is thought to be of benefit
parathyroidectomy for symptomatic medication refractive end stage disease

Prognosis
Recovery from renal osteodystrophy has been observed following kidney transplantation. Renal osteodystrophy is a chronic condition with a conventional hemodialysis schedule. Nevertheless, it is important to consider that the broader concept of CKD-MBD, which includes renal osteodystrophy, is not only associated with bone disease and increased risk of fractures but also with cardiovascular calcification, poor quality of life and increased morbidity and mortality in CKD patients (the so-called bone-vascular axis). Actually, bone may now be considered a new endocrine organ at the heart of CKD-MBD. References
External links

Renal Osteodystrophy - NKUDIC, NIH
Epidemiology
The prevalence of biliary sludge is low in the general population. It has been reported that the prevalence ranges from 0-0.20% in men and 0.18-0.27% in women. However, in patients with certain conditions, the prevalence may be higher. See also
Biliary microlithiasis

References


== External links ==