In humans, mebendazole (200–400 mg three times a day for three days) or albendazole (400 mg twice a day for 8–14 days) is given to treat trichinosis. These drugs prevent newly hatched larvae from developing, but should not be given to pregnant women or children under two years of age.Medical references from the 1940s described no specific treatment for trichinosis at the time, but intravenous injection of calcium salts was found to be useful in managing symptoms related to severe toxemia from the infection.. Secondary treatment
After infection, steroids, such as prednisone, may be used to relieve muscle pain associated with larval migration. Vaccine research
Researchers trying to develop a vaccine for Trichinella have tried using either "larval extracts, excretory–secretory antigen, DNA, or recombinant antigen protein." Currently, no marketable vaccine is available for trichinosis, but experimental mouse studies have suggested possibilities. In one study, microwaved Trichinella larvae were used to immunize mice (orally or intraperitoneally), which were subsequently infected. Depending on the dosage and frequency of immunization, results ranged from a decreased larval count to complete protection from trichinosis. Another study used extracts and excretory–secretory products from first-stage larvae to produce an oral vaccine. To prevent gastric acids from dissolving the antigens before reaching the small intestine, scientists encapsulated the antigens in microcapsules. This vaccine significantly increased CD4+ cell levels, and increased antigen-specific serum IgGq and IgA, resulting in a statistically significant reduction in the average number of adult worms in the small intestines of mice.
It has been shown to induce tumor cell death by apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation of primary malignant B cell lines. Regulatory history
Follicular lymphoma
For follicular lymphoma, the FDA awarded copanlisib orphan drug status in February 2015 and fast track designation in February 2016. The NDA for follicular lymphoma was granted priority review in May 2017.In September 2017, it received accelerated approval (FDA regulation 21 CFR Part 314 subpart H) for the treatment of adult patients experiencing relapsed follicular lymphoma who have received at least two prior systemic therapies. Further clinical trials are to be performed as a post-marketing requirement to verify the clinical benefit. Other
Copanlisib was granted orphan drug status for the treatment of splenic, nodal and extranodal subtypes of marginal zone lymphoma. Clinical trials
Phase II clinical trials are in progress for treatment of endometrial cancer, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Copanlisib in combination with R-CHOP or R-B (rituximab and bendamustine) is in a phase III trial for relapsed indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Two separate phase III trials are investigating the use of copanlisib in combination with rituximab for indolent NHL and the other using copanlisib alone in cases of rituximab-refractory indolent NHL.In a preclinical study, copanlisib was effective in inhibiting HER2+ breast cancer cells with acquired resistance to the HER2-inhibitors trastuzumab and/or lapatinib. This effect was increased when copanlisib was administered along with the aforementioned HER2-inhibitors. Consequently, treatments of copanlisib with trastuzumab are being clinically trialled in HER2-positive breast cancer patients. == References ==