Causes
The underlying cause of the rapidly growing breast connective tissue, resulting in gigantic proportions, has not been well elucidated. However, proposed factors have included increased levels/expression of or heightened sensitivity to certain hormones (e.g., estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin) and/or growth factors (e.g., hepatocyte growth factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, and epidermal growth factor) in the breasts. Macromastic breasts are reported to be composed mainly of adipose and fibrous tissue, while glandular tissue remains essentially stable.Macromastia occurs in approximately half of women with aromatase excess syndrome (a condition of hyperestrogenism). Hyperprolactinemia has been reported as a cause of some cases of macromastia. Macromastia has also been associated with hypercalcemia (which is thought to be due to excessive production of parathyroid hormone-related protein) and, rarely, systemic lupus erythematosus and pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia. It is also notable that approximately two-thirds of women with macromastia are obese. Aside from aromatase (as in aromatase excess syndrome), at least two other genetic mutations (one in PTEN) have been implicated in causing macromastia.A handful of drugs have been associated with gigantomastia, including penicillamine, bucillamine, neothetazone, ciclosporin, indinavir, and prednisolone. Treatment
Medical treatment has not proven consistently effective. Medical regimens have included tamoxifen, progesterone, bromocriptine, the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist leuprorelin, and testosterone. Gestational macromastia has been treated with breast reduction drugs alone without surgery. Surgical therapy includes reduction mammaplasty and mastectomy. However, breast reduction is not clinically indicated unless at least 1.8 kg (4 lb) of tissue per breast needs to be removed.
Flushing may refer to:

Places
Flushing, Cornwall, a village in the United Kingdom
Flushing, Queens, New York City
Flushing Bay, a bay off the north shore of Queens
Flushing Chinatown (法拉盛華埠), a community in Queens
Flushing Meadows, a park in Queens which includes multiple venue, such as the location of the US Open tennis tournament
Flushing River, in Queens
Flushing, Michigan, a city in Genesee County
Flushing, Netherlands, an English name for the city of Vlissingen, Netherlands
Flushing, Ohio, a village in Belmont County
The Flushing, a building in Suffolk, England
Flushing Township, Belmont County, Ohio
Flushing Township, Michigan

Other uses
Flushing (military tactic), related to skirmishing
Flushing (physiology), the warm, red condition of human skin
Flushing dog, a hunting dog
Flushing hydrant, a device to flush water mains
Flushing Remonstrance, a demand for religious liberty made to Peter Stuyvesant, the Governor of the Dutch colony of New Netherland, in 1657

See also

Vlissingen (disambiguation), also called "Flushing"
All pages with titles beginning with Flushing 
All pages with titles containing Flushing
Flush (disambiguation)