Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) is a specific form of hearing loss defined by the presence of normal or near-normal otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) but the absence of normal middle ear reflexes and severely abnormal or completely absent auditory brainstem response (ABRs). Individuals presenting with this recently recognised hearing loss appear to display sporadic windows of hearing and not. Very few (1 in 14) will go on to develop normal speech and language but with poor speech perception in background noise and in others, no speech perception and therefore language development is possible. The condition was originally termed auditory neuropathy (AN)  and in 2001 as Auditory Neuropathy / Auditory Dys-synchrony (AN/AD)  (to include those cases where no true neuropathy was apparent). In 2008 at a meeting convened at Lake Como in Italy (Guidelines Development
Conference on the Identification and Management
of Infants with Auditory Neuropathy, International
Newborn Hearing Screening Conference, Como, Italy,
June 19–21, 2008), a group of leading authorities on the condition reached a consensus and renamed it as auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder. See also
Audiologist
Auditory brainstem response
Auditory neuropathy
Auditory processing disorder
Cochlear implant
Hearing aids
Otoacoustic emissions
Sensorineural hearing impairment

References
External links
Alices Story - A Blog Dedicated to a Beautiful Little Girl Who Has Ears That Need New Batteries
Isoprenaline can produce tachycardia (an elevated heart rate), which predisposes people who take it to cardiac arrhythmias. Pharmacodynamics
Isoprenaline is a β1 and β2 adrenoreceptor agonist and has almost no activity on alpha adrenergic receptors. Its agonist effects at TAAR1 provide it with pharmacodynamic effects that resemble those of the endogenous trace amines, like tyramine.Isoprenalines effects on the cardiovascular system (non-selective) relate to its actions on cardiac β1 receptors and β2 receptors on smooth muscle within the tunica media of arterioles. Isoprenaline has positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart. β2 adrenoceptor stimulation in arteriolar smooth muscle induces vasodilation. Its inotropic and chronotropic effects elevate systolic blood pressure, while its vasodilatory effects tend to lower diastolic blood pressure. The overall effect is to decrease mean arterial pressure due to the β2 receptors vasodilation.The isopropylamine group in isoprenaline makes it selective for β receptors. The free catechol hydroxyl groups keep it susceptible to enzymatic metabolism. Pharmacokinetics
The plasma half-life for isoprenaline is approximately two minutes. Chemistry
It is structurally related to epinephrine. History
It was first approved in the US in 1947. Between 1963 and 1968 in England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand there was an increase in deaths among people using isoprenaline to treat asthma. This was attributed to overdose: the inhalers produced in that area were dispensing five times the dosage dispensed by inhalers produced in the US and Canada, where the deaths were not observed.