The meatus may be normal at tip of glans, hypospadiac, or epispadiac; the scrotum may be normal or bifid. True diphallia is more likely accompanied with associated anomalies and malformations compared with bifid phallus. Infants born with diphallia have higher death rate due to infections associated with anomalies. Complete true diphallia with associated anomalies
A two-day-old male newborn, associated with complex genitourinary and ano-rectal malformation. He had imperforated anus, hypospadias, bifid scrotum, meatuses on both glandes, two bladders and two colons, and had normal testes, kidneys and ureters. Partial true diphallia or pseudodiphallia, without associated anomalies
Partial true diphallia corresponds to pseudodiphallia. Pseudodiphallia is formed from erectile tissue only, undifferentiated and non-functional. It is independent of the normal penis  and can be removed surgically without problem. This rare case was reported, based on the age of the 83-year-old man when diphallia was only detected then when he was hospitalised, and also because of the absence of other anatomical malformations. The small, immature and nonfunctional penis protruded on one side of the large, normal penis. The secondary penis had glans but without urinary meatus. Complete bifid diphallia with associated anomalies
A 12-year-old boy, associated with bifid scrotum, epispadia and pubic symphysis diastasis. He had two separate penises, similar in size and shape, each penis had an epispadia urethral meatus. He had bifid scrotum, one testicle on each side of the scrotum. A bowel loop-like structure was over the pubis region. This structure had no communication with any other structures. He had a single normal bladder and ureter.
Velopharyngeal incompetency occurs when the soft palate and the lateral/posterior pharyngeal walls fail to separate the oral cavity from the nasal cavity during speech. Although the definitions are similar, the etiologies correlated with each term differ slightly. However, in the field of medical professionals these terms are typically used interchangeably. References
Conley SF, Gosain AK, Marks SM, Larson DL (1997). "Identification and assessment of velopharyngeal inadequacy". Am J Otolaryngol. 18 (1): 38–46. doi:10.1016/S0196-0709(97)90047-8. PMID 9006676. Johns DF, Rohrich RJ, Awada M (2003). "Velopharyngeal incompetence: a guide for clinical evaluation". Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 112 (7): 1890–7, quiz 1898, 1982. doi:10.1097/01.PRS.0000091245.32905.D5. PMID 14663236. McWilliams, Betty Jane; Peterson-Falzone, Sally J.; Hardin-Jones, Mary A.; Karnell, Michael P. (2001). Cleft palate speech. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 0-8151-3153-4. Hardin-Jones, Mary A.; Peterson-Falzone, Sally J.; Judith Trost-Cardamone; Karnell, Michael P. (2005). The Clinicians Guide to Treating Cleft Palate Speech. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book. ISBN 0-323-02526-9. Willging JP (1999). "Velopharyngeal insufficiency". Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 49 Suppl 1: S307–9. doi:10.1016/S0165-5876(99)00182-2. PMID 10577827. == External links ==