Nosebleeds
The use of tranexamic acid, applied directly to the area that is bleeding or taken by mouth, appears useful to treat nose bleeding compared to packing the nose with cotton pledgets alone. It decreases the risk of rebleeding within 10 days. Other uses
Tentative evidence supports the use of tranexamic acid in hemoptysis. In hereditary angioedema
In hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia - Tranexamic acid has been shown to reduce frequency of epistaxis in patients with severe and frequent nosebleed episodes from hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. In melasma - tranexamic acid is sometimes used in skin whitening as a topical agent, injected into a lesion, or taken by mouth, both alone and as an adjunct to laser therapy; as of 2017 its safety seemed reasonable but its efficacy for this purpose was uncertain because there had been no large scale randomized controlled studies nor long term follow-up studies. It is allowed as a quasi-drug for skin whitening in Japan. In hyphema - Tranexamic acid has been shown to be effective in reducing risk of secondary hemorrhage outcomes in people with traumatic hyphema. Experimental uses
Tranexamic acid might alleviate neuroinflammation in some experimental settings.Tranexamic acid can be used in case of postpartum hemorrhage; it can decrease the risk of death due to bleeding by one third according to the WHO. Contraindications
Allergic to tranexamic acid
History of seizures
History of venous or arterial thromboembolism or active thromboembolic disease
Severe kidney impairment due to accumulation of the medication, dose adjustment is required in mild or moderate kidney impairment

Adverse effects
Side effects are rare.
Upington disease is an extremely rare autosomal dominant malformation disorder. It has only one published source claiming its existence in three generations of one family from South Africa. Presentation
The disease is characterized by Perthes-like pelvic anomalies (premature closure of the capital femoral epiphyses and widened femoral necks with flattened femoral heads), enchondromata and ecchondromata. Genetics
Upington disease is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. This means the defective gene is located on an autosome, and one copy of the defective gene is sufficient to cause the disorder, when inherited from a parent who has the disorder. Management
Eponym
The name Upington refers to the city in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa, from where the family originates. References


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