Some significant risk factors are listed here:
Artificial heart valves
Intracardiac devices, such as implantable cardioverter-defibrillators
Unrepaired cyanotic congenital heart defects
History of infective endocarditis
Neoplastic disease
Chronic rheumatic heart disease, which is an autoimmune response to repeated Streptococcus pyogenes infection (mostly in the developing world)
Age-related degenerative valvular lesions
Congenital heart valve abnormalities
Hemodialysis, a medical procedure that filters the blood of individuals with kidney failure
Poor oral hygiene
Coexisting conditions, especially ones that suppress immunity. Diabetes mellitus, alcohol use disorder, chronic liver disease, HIV/AIDS, and intravenous drug use all fall in this categoryMore detailed descriptions of these and other risk factors are provided below. Other conditions that result in large numbers of bacteria entering into the bloodstream include colorectal cancer (mostly Streptococcus bovis), serious urinary tract infections (mostly enterococci), and drug injection (Staphylococcus aureus). With a large number of bacteria, even a normal heart valve may become infected. A more virulent organism (such as Staphylococcus aureus) can cause infective endocarditis by infecting even a normal heart valve.People who inject drugs tend to get their right-sided heart valves infected because the veins that are injected drain into the right side of the heart. In rheumatic heart disease, infection occurs on the aortic and the mitral valves on the left side of the heart.Other factors that increase the risk of developing infective endocarditis are low levels of white blood cells, immunodeficiency or immunosuppression, malignancy, diabetes mellitus, and excessive alcohol use.
Yamanouchi pharmaceuticals and Fujisawa Pharmaceuticlas merged and were renamed as Astellas’ in 2005. Astellas gained FDA approval for Conivaptan hydrochloride on 29 December 2005, and marked the drug under the brand name of Vaprisol in 2006.On 2 March 2007, vaprisol also gained FDA approval for the treatment of hypervolemia hyponatremia. On 22 October 2008, Vaprisol further gained approval as a 5% Dextrose premixed formulation for the treatment of hyponatremia. In 2014 Cumberland pharmaceuticals bought Vaprisol from Astellas and took full responsibility of all development and marketing of the drug.Cumberland Pharmaceuticals is a pharmaceutical company based in Nashville, Tennessee. In addition to Vaprisol, Cumberland produces Acetadote, Caldolor, Kristalose, Omeclamox, and Ethyol. Hepatoren, Boxban, Vasculan, and currently in phase II clinical trials. Protaban, Methotrexate, and Totect are waiting for pre-approval. References
External links
"Conivaptan". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.