Conventional angiography provides the conclusive diagnosis of moyamoya disease in most cases and should be performed before any surgical considerations.Darren B. Orbach explains how the disease progresses as well as the role angiography plays in detecting the progression of moyamoya in a short video. In 2019, author and artist Sarah Lippett published a graphic novel about her decade-long struggle to get a diagnosis and treatment for moyamoya disease, called A Puff of Smoke (published with Jonathan Cape). The book was praised in the newspaper The Guardian as a "wonderfully drawn memoir of a serious childhood illness." It was one of the papers "graphic novels of the year" in 2019 and The Observer newspapers graphic novel of the month in November 2019. Associated biomarkers
Smith (2015) conducted a study that looked into specific biological markers that correlate to moyamoya disease. Some of the categories of these biomarkers include phenotypes - conditions commonly related to moyamoya, radiographical markers for the diagnosis of moyamoya, and proteins as well as cellular changes that occur in cases of moyamoya.Similar to moyamoya disease, there are conditions that are closely associated with moyamoya disease. Some of the more common medical conditions that are closely associated with moyamoya disease include trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome), sickle cell disease, and neurofibromatosis type 1.
Drug induced pigmentation may take on many different appearances, one of the most common being a change in the color, or pigmentation, of the skin. Presentation
Cause
Drug-induced pigmentation of the skin may occur as a consequence of drug administration, and the mechanism may be postinflammatory hyperpigmentation in some cases, but frequently is related to actual deposition of the offending drug in the skin. : 125–6 The incidence of this change varies, and depends on the type of medication involved. Some of the most common drugs involved are NSAIDs, antimalarials, psychotropic drugs, Amiodarone, cytotoxic drugs, tetracyclines, and heavy metals such as silver and gold (which must be ingested, not just worn). Pathophysiology
There are 4 possible mechanisms to how this change may occur:
Accumulation of melanin, the skin pigment
Accumulation of drug or one of its products under any layer of the skin (usually the dermis or epidermis)
Accumulation of iron throughout the dermis from drug-induced post-inflammatory changes
The synthesis of special pigments, under direct influence of the drug

See also
Skin lesion

References


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