These abnormalities are similar but not identical to those detected in sPCL while the abnormalities detected in sPCL more closely resemble those detected in multiple myeloma than do those of pPCL: the genetic data support the clinical data in suggesting that sPCL and pPCL are distinct diseases with sPCL among the two PCLs being more closely related to multiple myeloma. Examination of plasma cell immunophenotype by measuring certain of their cell surface antigens, particularly Cluster of differentiation. CD markers on plasma cells from patients with pPCL differ from those taken form multiple myeloma or sPCL patients. For example: pPCL plasma cells more often express CD20 antigen, which is considered important in anchoring plasma cells to the bone marrow stroma, than do those on plasma cells taken from myeloma patients (50% vs. 17%); pPCL plasma cells often lack CD56 antigen which is present on the majority of plasma cells taken form multiple myeloma patients; and pPCL plasma cells more frequently express CD28 than do sPCL plasma cells. Thus, immunophenotyping supports that notion that multiple myeloma, sPCL, and pPCL show critically important fundamental differences that may explain their different clinical presentations, courses, responses to therapy, and prognoses. Diagnosis
The International Myeloma Working Group has defined the diagnostic criteria for plasma cell leukemia as the presence in blood of >2x109 plasma cells per liter or, alternatively, >20% of nucleated blood cells being plasma cells.
For brain infection, radiological examinations including plain skull x-rays, brain CT, and MR scans are used. A rapid antibody detection kit, dot-immunogold filtration assay (DIGFA), was developed for P. Wertermani in China in 2005.Misdiagnosis is a serious issue in paragonimiasis. It is commonly misdiagnosed as tuberculosis because it presents similar symptoms. In China, there were between 69 and 89% of misdiagnostic cases in 10 ten years, from 2009 to 2019. It is also frequently misidentified as malignancy or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Treatment
The drug of choice to treat paragonimiasis is praziquantel, although bithionol may also be used. Triclabendazole is useful in P. uterobilateralis, P. mexicanus, and P. skrjabini infections but not in P. westermani infection. See also
Drunken shrimp
Eating live seafood
Odori ebi

References


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