Viruses such as rubella, parvovirus B19, chikungunya, and HIV infection can also cause septic arthritis. Prosthetic joint infection – Artificial joint infection are usually caused by coagulase negative Staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and gram negative bacilli. Concurrent infections by multiple organisms is also reported in 20% of the cases. The risk factors of prosthetic joint infections are:  previous fracture, seropositive rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, revision arthroplasty, and surgical site infections. List of organisms
Staphylococci (40%)Staphylococcus aureus – the most common cause in most age groups. Can be caused by skin infection, previously damaged joint, prosthetic joint or intravenous drug use. coagulase-negative staphylococci – usually due to prosthetic joint
Streptococci – the second-most common cause (28%)Streptococcus pyogenes – a common cause in children under 5
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Group B streptococci – a common cause in infants
Haemophilus influenzae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae – the most common cause of septic arthritis in young, sexually active adults. Multiple macules or vesicles seen over the trunk are a pathognomonic feature. Neisseria meningitidis
Escherichia coli – in the elderly, IV drug users and the seriously ill
Pseudomonas aeruginosa – IV drug users or penetrating trauma through the shoe
M. tuberculosis, Salmonella spp. and Brucella spp. – cause septic spinal arthritis
Eikenella corrodens – human bites
Pasteurella multocida, bartonella henselae, capnocytophaga – animal bites or scratches
Fungal species – immunocompromised state
Borrelia burgdorferi – ticks, causes lyme disease
Spirillum minus, Streptobacillus moniliformis– rat bites

Diagnosis
Septic arthritis should be considered whenever a person has rapid onset pain in a swollen joint, regardless of fever.
Pleural thickening is an increase in the bulkiness of one or both of the pulmonary pleurae. Causes
Pleural plaques
Pleural plaques are patchy collections of hyalinized collagen in the parietal pleura. They have a holly leaf appearance on X-ray. They are indicators of asbestos exposure, and the most common asbestos-induced lesion. They usually appear after 20 years or more of exposure and never degenerate into mesothelioma. They appear as fibrous plaques on the parietal pleura, usually on both sides, and at the posterior and inferior part of the chest wall as well as the diaphragm. See also
Pleural disease


== References ==