A variety of surgical procedures have been employed to remedy hereditary multiple exostoses such as osteochondroma excision, bone lengthening, corrective osteotomy and hemiepiphysiodesis. Sometimes a combination of the previous procedures is used. The indicators of surgical success in regard to disease and patient characteristics are greatly disputable. Because most studies of hereditary multiple exostoses are retrospective and of limited sample size with missing data, the best evidence for each of the currently practiced surgical procedures is lacking. Signs and symptoms
Limited normal functions and movements are caused by osteochondromas growing slowly and inwardly. The majority of osteochondromas are symptomless and are found incidentally. Each individual with osteochondroma may experience symptoms differently and most of the time individuals will experience no symptoms at all. Some of the most common symptoms are a hard immobile painless palpable mass, adjacent muscle soreness, and pressure or irritation with heavy exercising. Major symptoms arise when complications such as fractures, bone deformity or mechanical joint problems occur. If the occurrence of an osteochondroma is near a nerve or a blood vessel, the affected limb can experience numbness, weakness, loss of pulse or color change. Periodic changes in the blood flow can also take place. Approximately 20% of patients experiencing nerve compression commonly acknowledge vascular compression, arterial thrombosis, aneurysm, and pseudoaneurysm. Formation of pseudoaneurysm and venous thrombosis lead to claudication, pain, acute ischemia, and symptoms of phlebitis. If the tumor is found under a tendon, it can cause pain during movement causing restriction of joint motion.
Cardiospondylocarpofacial syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder which is characterized by cardiac, digital, osseous anomalies with facial dysmorphisms

Signs and symptoms
The following is a list of the symptoms most commonly exhibited:
Variable vertebral anomalies
Brachydactyly
Conductive hearing loss
High palate
Mitral regurgitation
Mitral valve prolapse
Short stature, nearing dwarfism
Short palms
Carpal bone synostosisLess common symptoms include:

Failure for permanent teeth to erupt
Teeth misalignment
Horseshoe kidney
Dentition anomalies
Ocular anomalies
Nostril anteversion
Epiphysis in the shape of a cone
Congenital hearing loss
Decresed testes size (males)
Skeletal maturation delay
Feeding difficulties
Freckles
Apple cheeks
Gastroesophageal reflux
Hypertelorism
Joint hypermobility
Long philtrum
Rotated ears
Pseudoepiphyses
High frequency of middle ear infections
Rib synostosis
Scoliosis
Small foot
Strabismus
Tarsal synostosis
Telecanthus
Upslanted parpebral fissures
Broad nasal bridge
Vesicoureteral reflux

Causes
It is caused by autosomal dominant mutations of the MAP3K7 gene in the long arm of chromosome 6. Epidemiology
Only 12 cases worldwide have been described in medical literature. == References ==