Access to some special educational resources and funding is contingent upon having a diagnosis of dyslexia. As a result, when Staffordshire and Warwickshire proposed in 2018 to teach reading to all children with reading difficulties, using techniques proven to be successful for most children with a diagnosis of dyslexia, without first requiring the families to obtain an official diagnosis, dyslexia advocates and parents of children with dyslexia were fearful that they were losing a privileged status. Stigma and Success
The stigma surrounding dyslexia is just beginning to be understood.As awareness increases, it is informative to observe the long list of notable people who struggled with dyslexia but ended up with successful careers, among them Whoopi Goldberg, who said:

When I was a kid they didn’t call it dyslexia. They called it you know, you were slow, or you were retarded, or whatever. What you can never change is the effect that the words ‘dumb’ and ‘stupid’ have on young people. I knew I wasn’t stupid, and I knew I wasn’t dumb. Their success was not without struggle. Henry Winker said:

You want so badly to be able to do it and you cant. And no matter how hard you try, its not working...I would study my words. I would know them cold. I would know them backwards and forwards. I would go to class. I would pray that I had retained them. Then I would get the test and spend a lot of time thinking about where the hell those words went. I knew them.
Costello syndrome is caused by mutations in HRAS. Mutations that cause Noonan syndrome have been found in PTPN11 and SOS1.The relative severity of CFC when compared to Noonan syndrome may reflect the position in the biochemical pathway occupied by the affected genes. Shp2, the protein product of the PTPN11 gene, appears to regulate the MAP kinase pathway at or above the level of SOS1. SOS1 in turn regulates the activities of RAS, RAF, MEK, ERK, and p90RSK. SOS1 has been demonstrated to be a target of negative feedback by ERK and p90RSK.Thus, any activating mutation downstream of SOS1 may be subject to less regulation that might mitigate the consequence of such mutations, giving rise to the phenotypic differences seen between these syndromes. Diagnosis
Management
References
External links

CFC Syndrome at Genetics Home Reference
GeneReview/UW/NIH entry on CFC