This may be the case in the CREST syndrome, of which Raynauds is a part.Patients with secondary Raynauds can also have symptoms related to their underlying diseases. Raynauds phenomenon is the initial symptom that presents for 70% of patients with scleroderma, a skin and joint disease.When Raynauds phenomenon is limited to one hand or one foot, it is referred to as unilateral Raynauds. This is an uncommon form, and it is always secondary to local or regional vascular disease. It commonly progresses within several years to affect other limbs as the vascular disease progresses. Mechanism
Its pathophysiology includes hyperactivation of the sympathetic nervous system causing extreme vasoconstriction of the peripheral blood vessels, leading to tissue hypoxia. Diagnosis
Distinguishing Raynauds disease (primary Raynauds) from Raynauds phenomenon (secondary Raynauds) is important. Looking for signs of arthritis or vasculitis, as well as a number of laboratory tests, may separate them. Nail fold capillary examination or "capillaroscopy" is one of the most sensitive methods to diagnose RS with connective tissue disorders, i.e. distinguish a secondary from a primary form objectively.If suspected to be secondary to systemic sclerosis, one tool which may help aid in the prediction of systemic sclerosis is thermography.A careful medical history will seek to identify or exclude possible secondary causes. Digital artery pressures are measured in the arteries of the fingers before and after the hands have been cooled. A decrease of at least 15 mmHg is diagnostic (positive).
Ceftazidime, sold under the brand name Fortaz among others, is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. Specifically it is used for joint infections, meningitis, pneumonia, sepsis, urinary tract infections, malignant otitis externa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, and vibrio infection. It is given by injection into a vein, muscle, or eye.Common side effects include nausea, allergic reactions, and pain at the site of injection. Other side effects may include Clostridium difficile diarrhea. It is not recommended in people who have had previous anaphylaxis to a penicillin. Its use is relatively safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding. It is in the third-generation cephalosporin family of medications and works by interfering with the bacterias cell wall.Ceftazidime was patented in 1978 and came into commercial use in 1984. It is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines. Ceftazidime is available as a generic medication. Medical uses
Ceftazidime is used to treat lower respiratory tract, skin, urinary tract, blood-stream, joint, and abdominal infections, and meningitis.Ceftazidime is the first-line treatment for the tropical infection, melioidosis, an important cause of sepsis in Asia and Australia.Labeled indications include the treatment of patients with:

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections
other Gram-negative, aerobic infections
neutropenic feverAs a class, cephalosporins have activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The balance of activity tips toward Gram-positive organisms for earlier generations; later generations of cephalosporins have more Gram-negative coverage. Ceftazidime is one of the few in this class with activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is not active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.