scissor gait is caused by spasticity of the hip adductor muscles while tip-toeing gait is caused by spasticity of the gastrocnemius-soleus muscle complex or calf musculature. Also, following an upper motor neuron lesion, there may be multiple muscles affected, to varying degrees, depending on the location and severity of the upper motor neuron damage. The result for the affected individual, is that they may have any degree of impairment, ranging from a mild to a severe movement disorder. A relatively mild movement disorder may contribute to a loss of dexterity in an arm, or difficulty with high level mobility such as running or walking on stairs. A severe movement disorder may result in marked loss of function with minimal or no volitional muscle activation. There are several scales used to measure spasticity, such as the Kings hypertonicity scale, the Tardieu, and the modified Ashworth. Of these three, only the Kings hypertonicity scale measures a range of muscle changes from the UMN lesion, including active muscle performance as well as passive response to stretch.Assessment of a movement disorder featuring spasticity may involve several health professionals depending on the affected individuals situation, and the severity of their condition. This may include physical therapists, physicians (including neurologists and rehabilitation physicians), orthotists and occupational therapists. Assessment is needed of the affected individuals goals, their function, and any symptoms that may be related to the movement disorder, such as pain.
In a separate article analyzing 12 men who engaged in bestiality, an additional analysis of an 11-man subgroup revealed that six had engaged in coprophilic behavior, compared with only one in the matched control group consisting of 12 SM-oriented males who did not engage in bestiality. Society and culture
American musician Chuck Berry recorded videos of himself urinating on and engaging in coprophilia with women. In one video, a woman defecates on him after he says "Now its time for my breakfast." He was also sued for videotaping dozens of women in the restroom of a restaurant he owned, which has been identified as being motivated by his coprophilia fetish.The Cleveland steamer is a colloquial term for a form of coprophilia, where someone defecates on their partners chest. The term received news attention through its use in a U.S. Congress staff hoax email and being addressed by the United States Federal Communications Commission. Hot Karl (also Hot Sasser) is sexual slang referring to one of several purported acts involving feces. It variously means an act of defecating on ones sexual partner, defecating on someone who is asleep, or defecating on someones face while covered in plastic wrap. According to psychologist Anil Aggrawal, it is a synonym for a Cleveland steamer and is part of a coprophilia vocabulary that also includes the Dirty Sanchez. The term was adopted as a name by rapper Hot Karl. Dirty Sanchez is a purported sex act which consists of feces purposely being smeared onto a partners upper lip.