Radio-renal syndrome is a rare, presumably autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by underdevelopment of the digits as a result of the maldevelopment of either the radius, ulnae, or both, alongside renal ectopia, renal agenesis, mild malformations of the external ear, short stature. An increased frequency of lymphocyte chromosomal breaks has been reported. Only 4 cases have been described in the medical literature.It was described for the first time in the year 1980 by Siegler et al. == References ==
Therefore, there must be some autonomy of the adrenal medulla from the rest of the sympathetic system. Myocardial infarction is associated with high levels of circulating adrenaline and noradrenaline, particularly in cardiogenic shock.Benign familial tremor (BFT) is responsive to peripheral β adrenergic blockers, and β2-stimulation is known to cause tremor. Patients with BFT were found to have increased plasma adrenaline but not noradrenaline.Low or absent concentrations of adrenaline can be seen in autonomic neuropathy or following adrenalectomy. Failure of the adrenal cortex, as with Addisons disease, can suppress adrenaline secretion as the activity of the synthesizing enzyme, phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase, depends on the high concentration of cortisol that drains from the cortex to the medulla. Terminology
In 1901, Jōkichi Takamine patented a purified extract from the adrenal glands, which was trademarked by Parke, Davis & Co in the US. The British Approved Name and European Pharmacopoeia term for this drug is hence adrenaline.However, the pharmacologist John Abel had already prepared an extract from adrenal glands as early as 1897, and he coined the name epinephrine to describe it (from Ancient Greek ἐπῐ́ (epí), "upon", and νεφρός (nephrós), "kidney"). In the belief that Abels extract was the same as Takamines (a belief since disputed), epinephrine became the generic name in the US and remains the pharmaceuticals United States Adopted Name and International Nonproprietary Name (though the name adrenaline is frequently used). The terminology is now one of the few differences between the INN and BAN systems of names.