In some cases, the presence or absence of sperm granulomas may determine the success rate for vasectomy reversal. It is believed that sperm granulomas may be protective because they can prevent the obstruction of the testicles and epididymis. Sperm granulomas are believed to reduce the pressure thats generated after vasectomy and prevent blockages of sperm output into the vas fluid during ejaculation. Therefore, there are no changes in the amount of sperm that are produced into the vas fluid. Sperm granulomas in animals
Additionally, sperm granulomas can exist in non-human species such as rats, dogs, horses, fish, etc. Non-human species exhibit the same causes for sperm granulomas, including infection, injury, and trauma to the epididymal region. For example, vasectomized rats were seen to also have high prevalence of sperm granulomas post-operation while general populations of rats experienced much lower prevalence of sperm granulomas. In the case of sperm granulomas within dogs, their presence is common amongst poorly performed vasectomies. This is consistent with the idea that these lesions form at the site where there is trauma or a chance for the sperm to leak outside of the vasa deferentia or epididymis. In multiple species, sperm granulomas have also been linked to the success rate of certain procedures such as vasectomy reversals, or vasovasostomy. There is also an association between sperm granuloma and antibodies produced against sperm antigens.
Motor imagery for gait rehabilitation
The latest evidence supports the short-term benefits of motor imagery (MI) on walking speed in individuals who have had a stroke, in comparison to other therapies. MI does not improve motor function after stroke and does not seem to cause significant adverse events. The findings are based on low-quality evidence as further research is needed to estimate the effect of MI on walking endurance and the dependence on personal assistance. Physical and occupational therapy
Physical and occupational therapy have overlapping areas of expertise; however, physical therapy focuses on joint range of motion and strength by performing exercises and relearning functional tasks such as bed mobility, transferring, walking and other gross motor functions. Physiotherapists can also work with people who have had a stroke to improve awareness and use of the hemiplegic side. Rehabilitation involves working on the ability to produce strong movements or the ability to perform tasks using normal patterns. Emphasis is often concentrated on functional tasks and peoples goals. One example physiotherapists employ to promote motor learning involves constraint-induced movement therapy. Through continuous practice the person relearns to use and adapt the hemiplegic limb during functional activities to create lasting permanent changes. Physical therapy is effective for recovery of function and mobility after stroke. Occupational therapy is involved in training to help relearn everyday activities known as the activities of daily living (ADLs) such as eating, drinking, dressing, bathing, cooking, reading and writing, and toileting.