Japanese encephalitis vaccine is a vaccine that protects against Japanese encephalitis. The vaccines are more than 90% effective. The duration of protection with the vaccine is not clear but its effectiveness appears to decrease over time. Doses are given either by injection into a muscle or just under the skin.It is recommended as part of routine immunizations in countries where the disease is a problem. One or two doses are given depending on the version of the vaccine. Extra doses are not typically needed in areas where the disease is common. In those with HIV/AIDS or those who are pregnant an inactivated vaccine should be used. Immunization of travellers who plan to spend time outdoors in areas where the disease is common is recommended.The vaccines are relatively safe. Pain and redness may occur at the site of injection. As of 2015, 15 different vaccines are available: some are based on recombinant DNA techniques, others weakened virus, and others inactivated virus.The Japanese encephalitis vaccines first became available in the 1930s. It is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines. Efficacy
Randomized control trials on JE-VAX have shown that a two-dose schedule provides protection for one year. History
Japanese encephalitis vaccines first became available in the 1930s. One of them was an inactivated mouse brain-derived vaccine (the Nakayama and/or Beijing-1 strain), made by BIKEN and marketed by Sanofi Pasteur as JE-VAX, until production ceased in 2005. The other was an inactivated vaccine cultivated on primary hamster kidney cells (the Beijing-3 strain).
Factor I deficiency, also known as fibrinogen deficiency, is a rare inherited bleeding disorder related to fibrinogen function in the blood coagulation cascade. It is typically subclassified into four distinct fibrinogen disorders: afibrinogenemia, hypofibrinogenemia, dysfibrinogenemia, and hypodysfibrinogenemia. Afibrinogenemia is defined as a lack of fibrinogen in the blood, clinically <20 mg/deciliter of plasma. The frequency of this disorder is estimated at between 0.5 and 2 per million. Within the United States, afibrinogenemia accounts for 24% of all inherited abnormalities of fibrinogen, while hypofibrinogenemia and dysfibrinogenemia account for 38% each. Congenital hypofibrinogenemia is defined as a partial deficiency of fibrinogen, clinically 20–80/deciliter of plasma. Estimated frequency varies from <0.5 to 3 per million. Dysfibrinogenemia is defined as malfunctioning or non-functioning fibrinogen in the blood, albeit at normal concentrations: 200–400 mg/deciliter of plasma. Dysfibrinogenemia may be an inherited disease and therefore termed congenital dysfibrinogenemia or secondary to another disease and therefore termed acquired dysfibrinogenemia. The congenital disorder is estimated to a frequency varying between 1 and 3 per million. Hypodysfibrinogenemia is a partial deficiency of fibrinogen that is also malfunctioning. Hypodysfibrinogenemia is an extremely rare inherited disease.Clinically, these disorders are generally associated with an increased diathesis, i.e.