If surgery isnt performed in severe cases, the child can (and will) die, since the phenotype of pulmonary atresia is not compatible with life due to the pulmonary valve atresia resulting in reduced blood oxygenation.Life expectancy for untreated children with PAVSD is 10 years. Survival rates for untreated people with this defect have been reported to be 50% at the tenth decade and 10% at the twentieth decade, and out of these untreated patients, those who do not have major aortopulmonary arteries have a higher chance of living to their 30s than those who do have them, as the latter have a 40% chance of surviving to the tenth decade and a 20% chance of doing so to the thirtieth decade.Prognosis after surgical intervention is generally good. History
This combination of birth defects was first described in 1980 by DiChiara et al., their patients were a father and his son from the United States both of which had pulmonary atresia and a ventricular septal defect. Up until that point, there had been no familial cases of PA with a VSD. A multifactorial etiology (that is, a cause involving genetics and the environment) was suspected in these patients and they were offered medical counseling for the condition.As of 2011, the oldest patient with untreated PAVSD was a 59-year old woman from Japan. Her condition was discovered in childhood but she refused to get any surgery to treat it (including cardiac catheterization), she developed dyspnea during her teenage years.
Blepharochalasis is an inflammation of the eyelid that is characterized by exacerbations and remissions of eyelid edema, which results in a stretching and subsequent atrophy of the eyelid tissue, leading to the formation of redundant folds over the lid margins. It typically affects only the upper eyelids, and may be unilateral as well as bilateral. Signs and symptoms
Complications
Complications of blepharochalasis may include conjunctival hyperemia (excessive blood flow through the moist tissues of the orbit), chemosis, entropion, ectropion, and ptosis. Causes
Blepharochalasis is idiopathic in most cases, i.e., the cause is unknown. Systemic conditions linked to blepharochalasis are renal agenesis, vertebral abnormalities, and congenital heart disease. Pathophysiology
Blepharochalasis results from recurrent bouts of painless eyelid swelling, each lasting for several days. This is thought to be a form of localized angioedema, or rapid accumulation of fluid in the tissues. Recurrent episodes lead to thin and atrophic skin. Damage to the levator palpebrae superioris muscle causes ptosis, or drooping of the eyelid, when the muscle can no longer hold the eyelid up. Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Dermatochalasis is sometimes confused with blepharochalasis, but these are two different conditions. Treatment
The following procedures have been described for blepharochalasis:
External levator aponeurosis tuck
Blepharoplasty
Lateral canthoplasty
Dermis fat graftsThese are used to correct atrophic blepharochalasis after the syndrome has run its course. Epidemiology
It is encountered more commonly in younger rather than older individuals

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