The regions of the brain responsible for gustatory hallucination in this case are the insula and the superior bank of the sylvian fissure. General somatic sensations
General somatic sensations of a hallucinatory nature are experienced when an individual feels that their body is being mutilated, i.e. twisted, torn, or disemboweled. Other reported cases are invasion by animals in the persons internal organs, such as snakes in the stomach or frogs in the rectum. The general feeling that ones flesh is decomposing is also classified under this type of this hallucination. Multimodal
A hallucination involving sensory modalities is called multimodal, analogous to unimodal hallucinations which have only one sensory modality. The multiple sensory modalities can occur at the same time (simultaneously) or with a delay (serial), be related or unrelated to each other, and be consistent with reality (congruent) or not (incongruent). For example, a person talking in a hallucination would be congruent with reality, but a cat talking would not be. Multimodal hallucinations are correlated to poorer mental health outcomes, and are often experienced as feeling more real. Cause
Hallucinations can be caused by a number of factors. Hypnagogic hallucination
These hallucinations occur just before falling asleep and affect a high proportion of the population: in one survey 37% of the respondents experienced them twice a week. The hallucinations can last from seconds to minutes; all the while, the subject usually remains aware of the true nature of the images. These may be associated with narcolepsy. Hypnagogic hallucinations are sometimes associated with brainstem abnormalities, but this is rare.
This can be a limiting factor in the use of maintenance metronidazole to suppress chronic pouchitis.Other therapies which have been shown to be effective include probiotics for pouchitis, the application of which usually begins as soon as any antibiotic course is completed so as to re-populate the pouch with beneficial bacteria. The most clinically researched multi-strain probiotic for pouchitis is the De Simone Formulation (formulation name) invented by medical doctor Professor Claudio De Simone. It is currently sold under a variety of brand names globally including Visbiome in the U.S. and Canada, Vivomixx in Europe, and Innovall CU in Germany.Biologics, such as anti-tumor necrosis factor antibodies, may also be useful but the evidence for their use is largely anecdotal. Research
A pilot study on the effect of reducing dietary FODMAP intake on bowel function in people without a colon indicates there might be a relation between pouchitis and FODMAP diets.Alicaforsen (an antisense inhibitor which targets the messenger RNA for the production of human ICAM-1 protein) was evaluated in a Phase 3 clinical trial, which did not meet the co-primary endpoints in the primary analysis (an adaptation of the Mayo Score of improvement in endoscopic remission and bowel frequency). References


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