Ethionamide is an antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis. Specifically it is used, along with other antituberculosis medications, to treat active multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. It is no longer recommended for leprosy. It is taken by mouth.Ethionamide has a high rate of side effects. Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and loss of appetite. Serious side effects may include liver inflammation and depression. It should not be used in people with significant liver problems. Use in pregnancy is not recommended as safety is unclear. Ethionamide is in the thioamides family of medications. It is believed to work by interfering with the use of mycolic acid.Ethionamide was discovered in 1956 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1965. It is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines. Medical uses
Ethionamide is used in combination with other antituberculosis agents as part of a second-line regimen for active tuberculosis.Ethionamide is well absorbed orally with or without food, but is often administered with food to improve tolerance. It crosses the blood brain barrier to achieve concentrations in the cerebral-spinal fluid equivalent to plasma.The antimicrobial spectrum of ethionamide includes M. tuberculosis, M. bovis and M. segmatis. It also is used rarely against infections with M. leprae and other nontuberculous mycobacteria such as M. avium and M. kansasii. While working in a similar manner to isoniazid, cross resistance is only seen in 13% of strains, since they are both prodrugs but activated by different pathways.
An enthesopathy refers to a disorder involving the attachment of a tendon or ligament to a bone. This site of attachment is known as the enthesis (pl. entheses). If the condition is known to be inflammatory, it can more precisely be called an enthesitis. Forms
Enthesopathy can occur at the shoulder, elbow, wrist, carpus, hip, knee, ankle, tarsus, or heel bone, among other regions. Enthesopathies may take the form of spondyloarthropathies (joint diseases of the spine) such as ankylosing spondylitis, plantar fasciitis, and Achilles tendinitis. Further examples include:
Adhesive capsulitis of shoulder
Rotator cuff syndrome of shoulder and allied disorders
Periarthritis of shoulder
Scapulohumeral fibrositis
Synovitis of hand or wrist
Periarthritis of wrist
Gluteal tendinitis
Iliac crest spur
Psoas tendinitis
Trochanteric tendinitis

Diagnosis
Mainly by clinical examination and provocative tests by counter acting the muscle action. Treatment
The natural history of the two most common enthesopathies (plantar fasciitis and lateral epicondylitis-both mislabeled as inflammatory) is resolution over a period of about 1 year without treatment. There are no known disease-modifying treatments for these enthesopathies. In other words, there is no experimental evidence that any treatment can alter the pathophysiology (mucoid degeneration) or the duration of symptoms. There is no evidence that activity modification alters the natural history of the disease. To date, all treatments are palliative. The evidence suggests that most treatments have non-specific effects (e.g. placebo effect, regression to the mean, self-limiting course of symptoms). Injection of corticosteroid, platelet-rich plasma, or stem cells are examples of treatments that are not supported by experimental evidence and remain open to debate. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy is also in that category.