Some scientists believed that udder inflation could cause stimulation that then prevents calcium loss. Other scientists suggested that udder inflation prevented milk secretion, reducing calcium loss overall. This may prevent calcium being taken from the blood plasma. Later Theories
The true cause of milk fever was first suggested by Prof John Russell Greig and Henry Dryerre in March 1925, at the Moredun Research Institute in Scotland. This idea was later confirmed experimentally by Little and Wright in May 1925. By 1933, Pulles began treatments with magnesium chloride and calcium chloride, which is the basis for modern pharmaceutical treatments. References
External links
Prevention of Milk Fever, University of Kentucky
Parturient Paresis in Cows (Milk fever, Hypocalcemia), The Merck Veterinary Manual
Econazole is an antifungal medication of the imidazole class.It was patented in 1968, and approved for medical use in 1974. Medical uses
Econazole is used as a cream to treat skin infections such as athletes foot, tinea, pityriasis versicolor, ringworm, and jock itch. It is also sold in Canada under the brand name Ecostatin as vaginal ovules to treat vaginal thrush. Econazole nitrate exhibits strong anti-feeding properties against the keratin-digesting common clothes moth Tineola bisselliella. Adverse effects
About  3% of patients treated with econazole nitrate cream reported side effects. The most common symptoms were burning, itching, redness (erythema), and one outbreak of a pruritic rash. Synthesis
Imidazoles devoid of the nitro group no longer have any antiprotozoal activity, however, such drugs are effective antifungal agents. Alkylation of imidazole (2) with bromoketone (1) prepared from o,p-dichloroacetophenone affords the displacement product (3). Reduction of the ketone with sodium borohydride gives the corresponding alcohol (4). Alkylation of the alkoxide from that alcohol with p-chlorobenzyl chloride leads to econazole (5); alkylation with o,p-dichlorobenzyl chloride gives miconazole. Society and culture
Brand names
It is sold under the brand names Spectrazole (United States) and Ecostatin (Canada), among others. It is a component of Pevisone, Ecoderm-TA and ECOSONE (econazole/triamcinolone). References
External links
"Econazole". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.