Due to dangers associated with using ESAs, their use should be limited to the clinic where anemic patients are boosted back to normal hemoglobin levels (as opposed to going above the normal levels for performance advantage, leading to an increased risk of death).Though EPO was believed to be widely used in the 1990s in certain sports, there was no way at the time to directly test for it, until in 2000, when a test developed by scientists at the French national antidoping laboratory (LNDD) and endorsed by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) was introduced to detect pharmaceutical EPO by distinguishing it from the nearly identical natural hormone normally present in an athletes urine. The first EPO-doping cases were found by the Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses.In 2002, at the Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City, Dr. Don Catlin, the founder and then-director of the UCLA Olympic Analytical Lab, reported finding darbepoetin alfa, a form of erythropoietin, in a test sample for the first time in sports. At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Alex Schwazer, the gold medalist in the 50-kilometer race walk in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, tested positive for EPO and was disqualified.Since 2002, EPO tests performed by US sports authorities have consisted of only a urine or "direct" test. From 2000 to 2006, EPO tests at the Olympics were conducted on both blood and urine. However, several compounds have been identified that can be taken orally to stimulate endogenous EPO production.
Phenylephrine/ketorolac, sold under the brand name Omidria, is a combination drug used during cataract surgery or intraocular lens replacement to prevent intraoperative miosis and to reduce postoperative pain. It contains phenylephrine and ketorolac.Phenylephrine/ketorolac was approved for medical use in the United States in May 2014, and in the European Union in July 2015. References
External links
"Ketorolac mixture with phenylephrine". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.