The drugs most likely to be causing the reaction should be tested as late as possible (and possibly need not be tested at all). This avoids rechallenging patients with a drug to which they have already had a (possibly) dangerous adverse reaction.A similar scheme may be used for other adverse effects (such as fever and rash), using similar principles. Dysbiosis caused by HRZE antibiotic treatment
Tuberculosis treatment results in changes to the structure of the gut microbiome both during and after treatment in mice and humans. It is currently unknown what the long term effects of this dysbiosis are on systemic immunity. Deviations from the standard regimen
There is evidence supporting some deviations from the standard regimen when treating pulmonary TB. Sputum culture-positive patients who are smear-negative at the start of treatment do well with only 4 months of treatment (this has not been validated for HIV-positive patients); sputum culture-negative patients do well on only 3 months of treatment (possibly because some of these patients never had TB at all). It is unwise to treat patients for only three or four months, but all TB physicians will have patients who stop their treatment early (for whatever reason), and it can be reassuring to know that sometimes retreatment is unnecessary. Elderly patients who are already taking a large number of tablets may be offered 9HR, omitting PZA which is the bulkiest part of the regimen. It may not always be necessary to treat with four drugs from the beginning.
Following extended sobriety, the volume of the lateral and third ventricles was decreased, and abstainers showed an improvement in working memory and balance. Finally, evidence for the recovery of brain volume with continued sobriety is supported by the improvement in neuropsychological performance. Compared to the control participants, abstinent alcoholic patients scored significantly better on tests measuring cognitive, sensory, and motor functions including abstract reasoning, memory, visuospatial ability, and gait and balance. That being said, while short-term abstinence suffices to produce structural and functional recovery, some alcohol-induced brain changes may persist even after long-term sobriety. See also
Cerebral atherosclerosis
Neurodegeneration
Traumatic brain injury
Neuroimmunology
Neuroendocrinology
Comorbidity
Migraine


== References ==