Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) refers to pneumonia (any of several lung diseases) contracted by a person outside of the healthcare system. In contrast, hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is seen in patients who have recently visited a hospital or who live in long-term care facilities. CAP is common, affecting people of all ages, and its symptoms occur as a result of oxygen-absorbing areas of the lung (alveoli) filling with fluid. This inhibits lung function, causing dyspnea, fever, chest pains and cough. CAP, the most common type of pneumonia, is a leading cause of illness and death worldwide. Its causes include bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. CAP is diagnosed by assessing symptoms, performing a physical examination, by x-ray or by sputum examination. Patients with CAP sometimes require hospitalization, and it is treated primarily with antibiotics, antipyretics and cough medicine. Some forms of CAP can be prevented by vaccination and by abstaining from tobacco products. Signs and symptoms
Common symptoms
Coughing which produces greenish or yellow sputum
A high fever, accompanied by sweating, chills and shivering
Sharp, stabbing chest pains
Rapid, shallow, often painful breathing

Less-common symptoms
Coughing up blood (hemoptysis)
Headaches, including migraines
Loss of appetite
Excessive fatigue
Bluish skin (cyanosis)
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Joint pain (arthralgia)
Muscle aches (myalgia)
Rapid heartbeat
Dizziness or lightheadedness

In the elderly
New or worsening confusion
Hypothermia
Poor coordination, which may lead to falls

In infants
Unusual sleepiness
Yellowing of the skin (jaundice)
Difficulty feeding

Complications
Major complications of CAP include:

Sepsis - A life-threatening reaction to infection. A common cause of sepsis is bacterial pneumonia, frequently the result of infection with streptococcus pneumoniae. Patients with sepsis require intensive care with blood pressure monitoring and support against hypotension.
Treatment
Surgery has been the most common form of treatment for both localized: 101 : 361  and diffuse TGCT. : 103 : 361 : 1  After surgery, patients may receive physical therapy in order to help rehabilitate affected joints. However, recurrence of TGCT after surgery is common, with a higher rate of recurrence for diffuse TGCT than for localized TGCT. : 361  In cases of recurrent or resistant disease, multiple surgeries, total joint arthroplasties, or amputation may be required. : 1 A multidisciplinary approach, supplementing surgery with radiotherapy or other treatments, can also improve outcomes in cases of recurrent TGCT. In the late 2010s, treatment with CSF1R inhibitors emerged as an option that may help improve functionality for patients with recurrent TGCT or TGCT that is not easily managed by surgery. : 361

Epidemiology
A study conducted in the Netherlands estimated that the worldwide incidence of TGCT is 43 cases per million person-years. The majority – 39 cases per million person-years – were estimated to be localized TGCT; the remaining 4 cases per million person-years were estimated to be diffuse TGCT. TGCT can occur in patients of any age, but people with localized TGCT are typically between 30 and 50 years old,: 100–101  while diffuse TGCT tends to affect people under the age of 40.: 102–103

See also
Fibroma of tendon sheath
List of cutaneous conditions

References


== External links ==