Acanthosis nigricans—hyperpigmentation of intertriginous areas associated with insulin resistance. Melasma, also known as chloasma or the “mask of pregnancy,” when it occurs in pregnant women.— It is a common skin problem that causes dark discolored patchy hyperpigmentation. It typically occurs on the face and is symmetrical, with matching marks on both sides of the face. The condition is much more common in women than men, though men can get it too. According to the American Academy of Dermatology, 90 percent of people who develop melasma are women. Post-Acne marks from post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Linea nigra—a hyperpigmented line found on the abdomen during pregnancy. Peutz–Jeghers syndrome—an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by hyperpigmented macules on the lips and oral mucosa and gastrointestinal polyps. Exposure to certain chemicals such as salicylic acid, bleomycin, and cisplatin. Smokers melanosis
Coeliac disease
Cronkhite–Canada syndrome
Porphyria
Tinea fungal infections such as ringworm. Haemochromatosis—a common but debilitating genetic disorder characterized by the chronic accumulation of iron in the body. Mercury poisoning—particularly cases of cutaneous exposure resulting from the topical application of mercurial ointments or skin-whitening creams. Aromatase deficiency
Nelsons syndrome
Graves disease
Schimke immunoosseous dysplasia (SOID). As a result of tinea cruris. Due to B12 deficiency. Atopic dermatitis as a result of inflammation.Hyperpigmentation can sometimes be induced by dermatological laser procedures. Diagnosis
A physical examination including, Woods lamp examination and a detailed history, usually sufficient for diagnosis. Skin examination. Viewing medical history.
25% of hypertensive crises have been found to be hypertensive emergency versus urgency when presenting to the ER.Risk factors for hypertensive emergency include age, obesity, noncompliance to anti hypertensive medications, female sex, Caucasian race, preexisting diabetes or coronary artery disease, mental illness, and sedentary lifestyle. Several studies have concluded that African Americans have a greater incidence of hypertension and a greater morbidity and mortality from hypertensive disease than non-Hispanic whites, however hypertensive crises have a greater incidence in Caucasians. Although severe hypertension is more common in the elderly, it may occur in children (though very rarely), likely due to metabolic or hormonal dysfunction. In 2014, a systematic review identified women as having slightly higher increased risks of developing hypertensive crises than do men.With the usage of anti hypertensives, the rates of hypertensive emergencies has declined from 7% to 1% of patients with hypertensive urgency.16% of patients presenting with hypertensive emergency can have no known history of hypertension. See also
Hypertensive retinopathy
Hypertensive encephalopathy
Preeclampsia
Eclampsia
Aortic dissection
Intracranial hemorrhage

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