For children less than three years of age, the normal range is broader, 2.9–5.5 g/dL.Low albumin (hypoalbuminemia) may be caused by liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, burns, protein-losing enteropathy, malabsorption, malnutrition, late pregnancy, artefact, genetic variations and malignancy.High albumin (hyperalbuminemia) is almost always caused by dehydration. In some cases of retinol (Vitamin A) deficiency, the albumin level can be elevated to high-normal values (e.g., 4.9 g/dL) because retinol causes cells to swell with water. (This is also the reason too much Vitamin A is toxic.) This swelling also likely occurs during treatment with 13-cis retinoic acid (isotretnoin), a pharmaceutical for treating severe acne, amongst other conditions. In lab experiments it has been shown that all-trans retinoic acid down regulates human albumin production. Pathology
Hypoalbuminemia
Hypoalbuminemia means low blood albumin levels. This can be caused by:

Liver disease; cirrhosis of the liver is most common
Excess excretion by the kidneys (as in nephrotic syndrome)
Excess loss in bowel (protein-losing enteropathy, e.g., Ménétriers disease)
Burns (plasma loss in the absence of skin barrier)
Redistribution (hemodilution [as in pregnancy], increased vascular permeability or decreased lymphatic clearance)
Acute disease states (referred to as a negative acute-phase protein)
Malnutrition and wasting
Mutation causing analbuminemia (very rare)
Anorexia nervosa (most common cause in adolescents)In clinical medicine, hypoalbuminemia significantly correlates with a higher mortality rates in several conditions such as heart failure, post-surgery, COVID-19. Hyperalbuminemia
Hyperalbuminemia is an increased concentration of albumin in the blood. Typically, this condition is due to dehydration. Hyperalbuminemia has also been associated with high protein diets. Medical use
Human albumin solution (HSA) is available for medical use, usually at concentrations of 5–25%.
The mother has approximately 10 minutes to get to a doctor before there is any harm done to the fetus. Monoamniotic twins – These twins share the same placenta and the same amniotic sac and therefore can interfere with each others umbilical cords. When entanglement of the cords is detected, it is highly recommended to deliver the fetuses as early as 31 weeks. Umbilical cord length - A short umbilical cord (<30 cm) can affect the fetus in that fetal movements can cause cord compression, constriction, and rupture. A long umbilical cord (>72 cm) can affect the fetus depending on the way the fetus interacts with the cord. Some fetuses grasp the umbilical cord but it is yet unknown as to whether a fetus is strong enough to compress and stop blood flow through the cord. Also, an active fetus, one that frequently repositions itself in the uterus can accidentally entangle itself with the cord. A hyperactive fetus should be evaluated with ultrasound to rule out cord entanglement. Cord entanglement - The umbilical cord can wrap around an extremity, the body or the neck of the fetus. When the cord is wrapped around the neck of the fetus, it is called a nuchal cord. These entanglements can cause constriction of blood flow to the fetus. These entanglements can be visualized with ultrasound. Torsion – This term refers to the twisting of the umbilical around itself.