In sickle-cell anemia, osteomyelitis due to Salmonella infection is much more common than in the general population. Though Salmonella infection is frequently the cause of osteomyelitis in people with sickle-cell, it is not the most common cause, which is Staphylococcus infection.Those infected may become asymptomatic carriers, but this is relatively uncommon, with shedding observed in only 0.2 to 0.6% of cases after a year. Causes
Contaminated food, often having no unusual look or smell
Poor kitchen hygiene, especially problematic in institutional kitchens and restaurants because this can lead to a significant outbreak
Excretions from either sick or infected but apparently clinically healthy people and animals (especially dangerous are caregivers and animals)
Polluted surface water and standing water (such as in shower hoses or unused water dispensers)
Unhygienically thawed poultry (the meltwater contains many bacteria)
An association with reptiles (pet tortoises, snakes, iguanas, and aquatic turtles) is well described. Amphibians such as frogsSalmonella bacteria can survive for some time without a host; they are frequently found in polluted water, with contamination from the excrement of carrier animals being particularly important.The European Food Safety Authority  highly recommends that when handling raw turkey meat, consumers and people involved in the food supply chain should pay attention to personal and food hygiene.An estimated 142,000 Americans are infected each year with Salmonella Enteritidis from chicken eggs, and about 30 die.
The U.S. government reported as many as 20% of all chickens were contaminated with Salmonella in the late 1990s, and 16.3% were contaminated in 2005.The United States has struggled to control salmonella infections, with the rate of infection rising from 2001 to 2011. In 1998, the USDA moved to close plants if salmonella was found in excess of 20 percent, which was the industrys average at the time, for three consecutive tests. Texas-based Supreme Beef Processors, Inc. sued on the argument that Salmonella is naturally occurring and ultimately prevailed when a federal appeals court affirmed a lower court. These issues were highlighted in a proposed Kevins Law (formally proposed as the Meat and Poultry Pathogen Reduction and Enforcement Act of 2003), of which components were included the Food Safety Modernization Act passed in 2011, but that law applies only to the FDA and not the USDA. The USDA proposed a regulatory initiative in 2011 to Office of Management and Budget.Salmonella is found in 8% of the chicken parts tested by the USDA and 25% of ground chicken. Europe
An outbreak of salmonellosis started in Northern Europe in July 2012, caused by Salmonella thompson. The infections were linked to smoked salmon from the manufacturer Foppen, where the contamination had occurred. Most infections were reported in the Netherlands; over 1060 infections with this subspecies and four fatalities were confirmed.A case of widespread infection was detected mid-2012 in seven EU countries.