Epoetin alfa is a human erythropoietin produced in cell culture using recombinant DNA technology. Authorised by the European Medicines Agency on 28 August 2007, it stimulates erythropoiesis (increasing red blood cell levels) and is used to treat anemia, commonly associated with chronic kidney failure and cancer chemotherapy. Epoetin is manufactured and marketed by Amgen under the brand name Epogen. Johnson & Johnson subsidiary Janssen Biotech (formerly Ortho Biotech Products, LP), sells the same drug under the name Procrit, pursuant to a product license agreement. The average cost per  patient in the U.S. was $8,447 in 2009. Darbepoetin alfa (rINN)  is a glycosylation analog of erythropoietin containing two additional N-linked carbohydrate chains, also manufactured and marketed by Amgen, with a brand name of Aranesp. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warnings and safety precautions for Procrit, Epogen and Aranesp are identical. For several years, epoetin alfa has accounted for the single greatest drug expenditure paid by the U.S. Medicare system; in 2010, the program paid $2 billion for the drug. Raising hemoglobin levels has been found in some studies to be associated with higher risks of thrombotic events, strokes and death.It is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines. Medical uses
Erythropoietin is available as a therapeutic agent produced by recombinant DNA technology in mammalian cell culture. It is used in treating anemia resulting from chronic kidney disease and myelodysplasia, from the treatment of cancer (chemotherapy and radiation).
Beaus lines are deep grooved lines that run from side to side on the fingernail or the toenail. They may look like indentations or ridges in the nail plate. : 657   This condition of the nail was named by a French physician, Joseph Honoré Simon Beau (1806–1865), who first described it in 1846. Signs and symptoms
Beaus lines are horizontal, going across the nailline, and should not be confused with vertical ridges going from the bottom (cuticle) of the nail out to the fingertip. These vertical lines are usually a natural consequence of aging and are harmless.Beaus lines should also be distinguished from Muehrckes lines of the fingernails. While Beaus lines are actual ridges and indentations in the nail plate, Muehrcke lines are areas of hypopigmentation without palpable ridges; they affect the underlying nail bed, and not the nail itself. Beaus lines should also be distinguished from Mees lines of the fingernails, which are areas of discoloration in the nail plate. As the nail grows out, the ridge in the nail can be seen to move upwards until it reaches the fingertip. When it reaches this point the fingertips can become sore for a few days due to the nail bed being exposed by the mis-shapen nail. Causes
There are several causes of Beaus lines. It is believed that there is a temporary cessation of cell division in the nail matrix.