Partial, or incomplete, ureteral duplication is rarely clinically significant. Complete
In which the two ureters drain separately. Complete ureteral duplication may result in one ureter opening normally into the bladder, and the other being ectopic, ending in the vagina, the urethra or the vulval vestibule. These cases occur when the ureteric bud arises twice (rather than splitting). Prevalence
Duplicated ureter is the most common renal abnormality, occurring in approximately 1% of the population. It occurs in about 0.7% of healthy adults and in 2% to 4% of people with urinary tract issues. Race
Duplicated ureter is more common in White Americans than in African-Americans. Sex
Duplicated ureter is more common in females. However, this may be due to the higher frequency of urinary tract infections in females, leading to a higher rate of diagnosis of duplicated ureter. Complications
A duplicated ureter increased the risk of:
Hydronephrosis
Urinary tract infection (UTI)
Vesicoureteral reflux
Incontinence

See also
Ureterocele
Ectopic ureter
Kidney development


== References ==
Hypocalciuria is a low level of calcium in the urine. It is a significant risk factor for predicting eclampsia in pregnancy. The most common causes for hypocalciuria is either thiazide diuretics or reduced dietary intake of calcium. The other cause is Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH). Low dietary sodium causes hypocalciuria. It is also common in patients with Gitelman syndrome. == References ==