Valvular heart disease is any cardiovascular disease process involving one or more of the four valves of the heart (the aortic and mitral valves on the left side of heart and the pulmonic and tricuspid valves on the right side of heart). These conditions occur largely as a consequence of aging, but may also be the result of congenital (inborn) abnormalities or specific disease or physiologic processes including rheumatic heart disease and pregnancy.Anatomically, the valves are part of the dense connective tissue of the heart known as the cardiac skeleton and are responsible for the regulation of blood flow through the heart and great vessels. Valve failure or dysfunction can result in diminished heart functionality, though the particular consequences are dependent on the type and severity of valvular disease. Treatment of damaged valves may involve medication alone, but often involves surgical valve repair or valve replacement. Classification
Stenosis and insufficiency/regurgitation represent the dominant functional and anatomic consequences associated with valvular heart disease. Irrespective of disease process, alterations to the valve occur that produce one or a combination of these conditions. Insufficiency and regurgitation are synonymous terms that describe an inability of the valve to prevent backflow of blood as leaflets of the valve fail to join (coapt) correctly. Stenosis is characterized by a narrowing of the valvular orifice that prevents adequate outflow of blood. Stenosis can also result in insufficiency if thickening of the annulus or leaflets results in inappropriate leaf closure.
Most children eventually start speaking, but in cases with severe intellectual disability language use is highly restricted.They have distinctive facial features like:

Small head (microcephaly)
Pointed forehead (trigonocephaly)
Small ears which are low-set
Widely-spaced eyes (hypertelorism)
Droopy eyelids (ptosis)
Broad nasal bridge
Abnormally thin upper lips
Downturned corners of the mouth
Excess skin covering in the inner corner of eyes (epicanthal folds)Some children also experience behavioural problems like distractibility, hyperactivity, impaired communication and social skills, which qualifies them for a diagnosis of ASD and ADHD. Heart defects are very common in children with Jacobsen syndrome. 88.5% of people with the disorder have Paris-Trousseau syndrome, which is a bleeding disorder and causes a lifelong risk of abnormal bleeding and bruising due to dysfunction in the platelets. Other symptoms may include eye problems, ear and sinus infections, hearing problems, bone deformities, growth hormone deficiency, gastrointestinal problems, kidney malfunctions, etc. Cause
Jacobsen syndrome is caused by deletion of genetic material from the long arm of chromosome 11. The size of deletion may vary across patients, but the deletion always occurs at the end terminal of the q arm of chromosome 11. There are three ways in which the deletion could occur:
de novo deletion- this is a random event that occurred during the formation of the sperm or the egg or during the cell division in the embryonic stage, where genes from chromosome 11 get deleted.Imbalanced translocation- in this case, a parent with balanced translocation or other types of chromosomal rearrangement can pass on these genes to their children which further results in an imbalanced translocation.