When the condition is active, the basement membrane is dissolved by the antibodies produced, and areas of skin lift away at the base, causing hard blisters which scar if they burst. In other words, this is a desquamating/blistering disease in which the epithelium "unzips" from the underlying connective tissue, allowing fluid to gather that subsequently manifest as bullae, or blisters. Diagnosis
Diagnostic techniques:

antibodies (IgG) precipitate complement (C3) in the lamina lucida of the basement membrane. Circulating auto-antibodies to BP-1 antigen (located in hemidesmosome). 50% have BP-2. Positive Nikolsky sign. IgG, C3 deposition at BM creating smooth line in immunofluorescent analysis. Management
The management depends upon the severity of the condition. For example, where there are lesions in the mouth alone, systemic drugs are less likely to be used. Where the condition is not limited to the mouth, or where there is poor response to Topical treatments, systemic drugs are more likely to be used. Conservative
Simple measures that can be taken include avoidance of hard, sharp or rough foods, and taking care when eating. Good oral hygiene is also usually advised, and professional oral hygiene measures such as dental scaling. Medications
Topical and intralesional (injected into the affected areas) corticosteroid drugs may be used, such as fluocinonide, clobetasol propionate or triamcinolone acetonide. Oral candidiasis may develop with long term topical steroid use, and sometimes antimycotics such as miconazole gel or chlorhexidine mouthwash are used to prevent this. Topical ciclosporin is sometimes used. Dapsone is sometimes used as a steroid sparing agent.
Monorchism (also monorchidism) is the state of having only one testicle within the scrotum. Terminology
An individual having monorchism can be referred to as monorchid. Causes
This can be due to:

One testicle not descending into the scrotum during normal embryonic or fetal development (3–4% of normal live births), also known as undescended testis or cryptorchidism. In this case the testis is within the abdominal cavity, somewhere along the normal route of descent – most commonly, within the inguinal canal. Such a testis has an increased risk of malignancy. One testicle may disappear during development (the so-called vanishing testis) due to some intrauterine insult. This is thought to be most likely vascular, such as testicular torsion. One testicle may have been surgically removed through orchiectomy. One testicle may be injured. Notable cases
Due to testicular cancer
Lance Armstrong, American bicyclist. Ashley Gray, Ironman triathlete
Frank Church, late U.S. Senator and a presidential aspirant in 1976. His monorchism was revealed publicly during the 1976 presidential campaign. Tom Green, Canadian comedian-actor. Richard Herring, English comedian and writer
John Kruk, former baseball player
Mark Latham, former Australian politician. Geoff Horsfield, English footballer. Nenê, Brazilian basketball player. Kevin Curtis, American football player. Nigel Farage, former leader of the UK Independence Party. Bobby Moore, English footballer and World Cup winner. Jimmy White, English snooker player. Due to injury
Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas, magnate of the Kingdom of Scotland, and Peer of France. Lost in 1403, while fighting at the Battle of Shrewsbury (The previous year he had lost an eye at the Battle of Homildon Hill).