RPA can also be linked to young children who do not have adequate dental care or brush their teeth properly. Diagnosis
A computed tomography (CT) scan is the definitive diagnostic imaging test.X-ray of the neck often (80% of the time) shows swelling of the retropharyngeal space in affected individuals. If the retropharyngeal space is more than half of the size of the C2 vertebra, it may indicate retropharyngeal abscess. Treatment
RPAs frequently require surgical intervention. A tonsillectomy approach is typically used to access/drain the abscess, and the outcome is usually positive. Surgery in adults may be done without general anesthesia because there is a risk of abscess rupture during tracheal intubation. This could result in pus from the abscess aspirated into the lungs. In complex cases, an emergency tracheotomy may be required to prevent upper airway obstruction caused by edema in the neck.High-dose intravenous antibiotics are required in order to control the infection and reduce the size of the abscess prior to surgery. Chronic retropharyngeal abscess is usually secondary to tuberculosis and the patient needs to be started on anti-tubercular therapy as soon as possible. References


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Orthostatic proteinuria (synonyms: orthostatic albuminuria, postural proteinuria)  is a benign condition. A change in renal hemodynamics, which in some otherwise normal individuals, causes protein (mostly albumin) to appear in urine when they are in the standing position. Urine formed when these individuals are lying down is protein-free.There is normal urinary protein excretion during the night but increased excretion during the day, associated with activity and upright posture. Total urinary protein excretion may be increased but levels above 1 g per 24 hours are more likely to be associated with underlying renal disease. The exact cause for orthostatic proteinuria is not known. == References ==