The FDA is also collaborating with international regulators to share testing results for metformin.In July 2020, Lupin Pharmaceuticals pulled all lots (batches) of metformin after discovering unacceptably high levels of NDMA in tested samples.In August 2020, Bayshore Pharmaceuticals recalled two lots of tablets. Research
Metformin has been studied for its effects on multiple other conditions, including:

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Premature puberty
Cancer
Cardiovascular disease in people with diabetes
AgingWhile metformin may reduce body weight in persons with fragile X syndrome,  whether it improves neurological or psychiatric symptoms is uncertain. Metformin has been studied in vivo (C. elegans and crickets) for effects on aging. A 2017 review found that people with diabetes who were taking metformin had lower all-cause mortality. They also had reduced cancer and cardiovascular disease compared with those on other therapies. References
Further reading
External links

"Metformin". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Metformin hydrochloride". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Testing for these anti-PLA2R has revolutionised diagnosis and treatment of this disease in antibody positive patients, and tracking titre level over time allows you to predict risk of disease progression and chance of spontaneous remissionIn 2014, a second autoantigen was discovered, the thrombospondin type 1 domain-containing 7A (THSD7A) system that might account for an additional 5-10% of membranous nephropathy cases, and appears to be associated with malignancies. New studies are identifying novel auto-antigens responsible for causing a membranous nephropathy pattern of injury continue to be published, with antibodies against NELL-1 and EXT1/EXT2 in 2019, Semaphorin3B and Protocadherin 7 (PCDH7) in 2020, and serine protease HTRA1 in 2021. Secondary
The remainder is secondary due to:

autoimmune conditions (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus). infections (e.g., syphilis, malaria, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV). drugs (e.g., captopril, NSAIDs, penicillamine, probenecid, Bucillamine, Anti-TNF therapy, Tiopronin). inorganic salts (e.g. gold, mercury). tumors, frequently solid tumors of the lung and colon; hematological malignancies such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia are less common. Pathogenesis
MGN is caused by immune complex formation in the glomerulus. The immune complexes are formed by binding of antibodies to antigens in the glomerular basement membrane. The antigens may be part of the basement membrane, or deposited from elsewhere by the systemic circulation.The immune complex serves as an activator that triggers a response from the C5b - C9 complements, which form a membrane attack complex (MAC) on the glomerular epithelial cells.