In more recent cases in Turkey and Minnesota, doctors advised that separation surgery would not be appropriate. Dicephalic twins who survived past infancy
Giacomo and Giovanni Battista Tocci (1877–1940), were Italian male dicephalus parapagus twins who survived to adulthood. Each had his own pair of arms. They had two legs all together, one of which was controlled by each twin. They were exhibited in freak shows as children and teenagers. The Toccis learned to speak several languages, but never learned to walk.Abby and Brittany Hensel, born in Minnesota in 1990, also are dicephalus parapagus twins. They were born with two functional arms, plus a vestigial third arm, which was surgically removed. Each twin has her own complete head, heart and spine, and controls one arm and one leg. They learned to walk around the same age as average children, went on to attend school, learn to drive, play sports, and completed courses at college. Twin girls were born in Turkey in 2000. They were conjoined like the Tocci brothers, with four arms and two legs all together. As with the Toccis and the Hensels, it was found that each twin controlled one leg. Because of the size of their upper body, the Turkish twins needed a special program of exercises before they could learn to walk. After that, they learned to run and climb stairs without further specialist help, and at age 11 they were going to school with other children.
A sneeze (also known as sternutation) is a semi-autonomous, convulsive expulsion of air from the lungs through the nose and mouth, usually caused by foreign particles irritating the nasal mucosa. A sneeze expels air forcibly from the mouth and nose in an explosive, spasmodic involuntary action. This action allows for mucus to escape through the nasal cavity. Sneezing is possibly linked to sudden exposure to bright light, sudden change (fall) in temperature, breeze of cold air, a particularly full stomach, exposure to allergens, or viral infection. Because sneezes can spread disease through infectious aerosol droplets, it is recommended to cover ones mouth and nose with the forearm, the inside of the elbow, a tissue or a handkerchief while sneezing. In addition to covering the mouth, looking down is also recommended in order to change the direction of the droplets spread and avoid high concentration in the human breathing heights. The function of sneezing is to expel mucus containing foreign particles or irritants and cleanse the nasal cavity. During a sneeze, the soft palate and palatine uvula depress while the back of the tongue elevates to partially close the passage to the mouth, creating a venturi (similar to a carburetor) due to Bernoullis principle so that air ejected from the lungs is accelerated through the mouth and thus creating a low pressure point at the back of the nose. This way air is forced in through the front of the nose and the expelled mucus and contaminants are launched out the mouth.