Intravenous vs oral administration
Vancomycin must be given intravenously (IV) for systemic therapy, since it is not absorbed from the intestine. It is a large hydrophilic molecule that partitions poorly across the gastrointestinal mucosa. Due to short half-life, it is often injected twice daily.The only approved indication for oral vancomycin therapy is in the treatment of pseudomembranous colitis, where it must be given orally to reach the site of infection in the colon. Following oral administration, the fecal concentration of vancomycin is around 500 µg/mL (sensitive strains of C. difficile have a mean inhibitory concentration of ≤2 µg/mL)
Inhaled vancomycin has also been used (off-label), via nebulizer, for treatment of various infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract. There is an ongoing debate as to whether vancomycin should be given through a central or peripheral line. According to a 2014 review, midline catheters are a safe option for administration. Vancomycin Flushing Reaction (aka "Red man syndrome")
Vancomycin is recommended to be administered in a dilute solution slowly, over at least 60 min (maximum rate of 10 mg/min for doses >500 mg) due to the high incidence of pain and thrombophlebitis and to avoid an infusion reaction known as vancomycin flushing reaction. This phenomenon has been often clinically referred to as "red man syndrome".
Micrognathism is a condition where the jaw is undersized. It is also sometimes called mandibular hypoplasia. It is common in infants, but is usually self-corrected during growth, due to the jaws increasing in size. It may be a cause of abnormal tooth alignment and in severe cases can hamper feeding. It can also, both in adults and children, make intubation difficult, either during anesthesia or in emergency situations. Causes
While not always pathological, it can present as a birth defect in multiple syndromes including:

Catel–Manzke syndrome
Bloom syndrome
Coffin–Lowry syndrome
Congenital rubella syndrome
Cri du chat syndrome
DiGeorge syndrome
Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Hallermann–Streiff syndrome
Hemifacial microsomia (as part of Goldenhar syndrome)
Incontinentia pigmenti
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Marfan syndrome
Möbius syndrome
Noonan syndrome
Pierre Robin syndrome
Prader–Willi syndrome
Progeria
Silver–Russell syndrome
Seckel syndrome
Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome
Stickler syndrome
Treacher Collins syndrome
Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome)
Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome)
Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)
Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome
X0 syndrome (Turner syndrome)

Diagnosis
It can be detected by the naked eye as well as dental or skull X-Ray testing. Treatments
Micrognathia can be treated by surgery, orthodontic braces, and modified eating methods. Early detection of the problem and monitoring as the problems grows can help understand it better and find the most effective treatment procedure. See also
Human mandible
Macrognathism
Retrognathism

References
External links

"Micrognathia". Medline Plus. 12 May 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2011.