One of the studies identified three factors contributing to patients going abroad seeking treatment: a loss of faith in the Canadian health system when it did not provide access to CCSVI treatment in Canada, hope in the new treatment as a solution for their worsening health, and trust in the MS community and the organizations, clinics and doctors facilitating or providing the desired operation. Conversely, the other study concluded that sense of community and cooperation (from family, MS groups and the general population) was a key motivating factor. Other motivating factors included media reports, perception of approval from their health providers, the apparent low risk of the operation, or accessibility of the hospital that offered the procedure directly or through a medical tourism company. On the other hand, hesitating factors included the cost and effort required for the operation, the mistrust of foreign health systems, the underlying rationale for the operation, or advice against the procedure from trusted health providers.In 2013, a case-control study found evidence against the involvement of chronic cerebrospinal venous abnormalities in MS. Later in 2013 a study found that vein narrowing appears to be present equally in those with and without MS on ultrasound and catheter venography. The results of the study were described as a "death knell" for Zambonis theory. Another study released by the University of British Columbia in 2017 was described as a "definitive debunking" of liberation therapy.
DTaP-IPV vaccine is a combination vaccine whose full generic name is diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed and inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV).It is also known as DTaP/IPV, dTaP/IPV, DTPa-IPV, or DPT-IPV. It protects against the infectious diseases diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and poliomyelitis.Branded formulations marketed in the USA are Kinrix from GlaxoSmithKline and Quadracel from Sanofi Pasteur.Repevax is available in the UK.Within Japan, the formulation is called  四種混合（shishukongou - "mixture of 4"). Astellas markets it under the クアトロバック (Quattro-back) formulation, while another is available from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma named テトラビック (Tetrabic). A previous product by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company has been withdrawn by the company. == References ==