There are a subset of patients with increased B cell activity and autoantibodies, possibly as a result of decreased NK cell regulation or viral mimicry. In 2015, a large German study found 29% of ME/CFS patients had elevated autoantibodies to M3 and M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors as well as to ß2 adrenergic receptors. A 2016 Australian study found that ME/CFS patients had significantly greater numbers of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with the gene encoding for M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Energy metabolism
Studies have observed mitochondrial abnormalities in cellular energy production, but recent focus has concentrated on secondary effects that may result in aberrant mitochondrial function because inherent problems with the mitochondria structure or genetics have not been replicated. Diagnosis
No characteristic laboratory abnormalities are approved to diagnose CFS; while physical abnormalities can be found, no single finding is considered sufficient for diagnosis. Blood, urine, and other tests are used to rule out other conditions that could be responsible for the symptoms. The CDC states that a medical history should be taken and a mental and physical examination should be done to aid diagnosis. Diagnostic tools
The CDC recommends considering the questionnaires and tools described in the 2015 Institute of Medicine report, which include:
The Chalder Fatigue Scale
Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory
Fisk Fatigue Impact Scale
The Krupp Fatigue Severity Scale
DePaul Symptom Questionnaire
CDC Symptom Inventory for CFS
Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS)
SF-36 / RAND-36: 270 A two-day cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is not necessary for diagnosis, although lower readings on the second day may be helpful in supporting a claim for social security disability.
Beractant, also known by the trade name of Survanta, is a modified bovine pulmonary surfactant containing bovine lung extract (phospholipids, neutral lipids,
fatty acids, and bovine surfactant proteins), to which synthetic DPPC, tripalmitin and palmitic acid are added. The composition provides 25 mg/mL phospholipids, 0.5 to 1.75 mg/mL triglycerides, 1.4 to 3.5 mg/mL free fatty acids, and <1.0 mg/mL total surfactant proteins. As an intratracheal suspension, it can be used for the prevention and treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Survanta is manufactured by Abbvie. Generic form
Beraksurf is generic form of Survanta (Beractant) which is manufacturing by Tekzima. References
External links
"Beractant". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.