Homozygous frameshift mutation in PTPRF may cause amastia, which suggests the causative relationship between PTPRF defect and syndromic amastia. Management
Since bilateral and unilateral amastia may be attributed to different pathologies, appropriate managements should be adopted accordingly. Bilateral amastia can occur in isolation or associated with other disorders. This case is less understood and difficult to treat. On the other hand, Polands syndrome is the most common cause of unilateral amastia. Managements such as muscle/breast reconstruction and nipple areola relocation should be provided to these patients. Breast reconstruction
Surgical treatment for breast defects such as mastectomy is also applicable to treat patients with amastia. Tissue expansion is the most common technique and can be done by using either autologous or prosthetic tissue. For autologous reconstruction, different tissues may be chosen according to patients’ physical condition or their preferences. Prosthetic reconstruction may follow the same principles. Flap reconstruction is another method to rebuild the breast surgically. There are various kinds of flaps to choose depending on different situation. Nipple areola relocation
Amastia is often associated with Polands syndrome, which requires appropriate reconstructive procedure to stabilize chest wall, transfer dynamic muscle and reposition nipple areola region. The treatment of nipple areola relocation provides space for secondary breast enlargement. In this treatment, the tissue expander can be inserted either beforehand or delayed. It can be placed in different parts of body depending on how many overlying soft tissues the patient has.
Rheumatoid vasculitis is skin condition that is a typical feature of rheumatoid arthritis, presenting as peripheral vascular lesions that are localized purpura, cutaneous ulceration, and gangrene of the distal parts of the extremities. See also
Rheumatoid nodulosis
List of cutaneous conditions

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