However, it may be possible in the future to use cloned stem-cells to grow a new organ without creating a new human being. A relatively new field of transplantation has reinvigorated the debate. Xenotransplantation, or the transfer of animal (usually pig) organs into human bodies, promises to eliminate many of the ethical issues, while creating many of its own. While xenotransplantation promises to increase the supply of organs considerably, the threat of organ transplant rejection and the risk of xenozoonosis, coupled with general anathema to the idea, decreases the functionality of the technique. Some animal rights groups oppose the sacrifice of an animal for organ donation and have launched campaigns to ban them. Teleological
On teleological or utilitarian grounds, the moral status of "black market organ donation" relies upon the ends, rather than the means. In so far as those who donate organs are often impoverished and those who can afford black market organs are typically well-off, it would appear that there is an imbalance in the trade. In many cases, those in need of organs are put on waiting lists for legal organs for indeterminate lengths of time—many die while still on a waiting list. Organ donation is fast becoming an important bioethical issue from a social perspective as well. While most first-world nations have a legal system of oversight for organ transplantation, the fact remains that demand far outstrips supply. Consequently, there has arisen a black market trend often referred to as transplant tourism. The issues are weighty and controversial.
The National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence in the UK indicated that glycohemoglobin levels <6.1% are correlated with the lowest risk of malformations while the reproductive risks are higher in women above this threshold and prohibitive for glycohemoglobin levels >10%.Consumption of folic acid and antioxidant substances before fertilization result in a reduced rate of malformations in the offspring of mothers with diabetes. Antioxidants such as lipoic acid, vitamin C, and vitamin E, increase the probability of favorable prenatal outcomes in offspring of diabetic mothers because oxidative stress is a teratogenic mediator of hyperglycemia in mothers with diabetes. After fertilization
Optimal weight and glycemic management encourage good outcomes because diabetes has the potential to influence the mother and fetus during the entire pregnancy. The integrity of embryofetal development and placental function can be monitored by fetal echocardiography and ultrasound scanning. See also
Diabetic diet


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