Signs and symptoms
Common symptoms include:
dyspnea (shortness of breath)Signs include:
tachycardia (a heart rate exceeding the normal resting rate)
continuous "machine-like" (also described as "rolling-thunder" and "to-and-fro") heart murmur (usually from aorta to pulmonary artery, with higher flow during systole and lower flow during diastole)
cardiomegaly (enlarged heart, reflecting ventricular dilation and volume overload)
left subclavicular thrill
bounding pulse
widened pulse pressure
increased cardiac output
increased systolic pressure
poor growth
differential cyanosis, i.e. cyanosis of the lower extremities but not of the upper body.People with patent ductus arteriosus typically present in good health, with normal respirations and heart rate. If the PDA is moderate or large, widened pulse pressure and bounding peripheral pulses are frequently present, reflecting increased left ventricular stroke volume and diastolic run-off of blood into the (initially lower-resistance) pulmonary vascular bed. Eisenmenger physiology is pulmonary hypertension due to a left-to-right shunt. Prominent suprasternal and carotid pulsations may be noted secondary to increased left ventricular stroke volume. Risk factors
Known risk factors include:
Preterm birth
Congenital rubella syndrome
Chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., Down syndrome)
Genetic conditions such as Loeys–Dietz syndrome (would also present with other heart defects), Wiedemann–Steiner syndrome, and CHARGE syndrome. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Diagnosis
PDA is usually diagnosed using noninvasive techniques. Echocardiography (in which sound waves are used to capture the motion of the heart) and associated Doppler studies are the primary methods of detecting PDA.
History
In December 2008, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved degarelix for the treatment of patients with advanced prostate cancer in the United States. It was subsequently approved by the European Commission at the recommendation of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in February 2009, for use in adult males with advanced, hormone-dependent prostate cancer. Ferring Pharmaceuticals markets the drug under the name Firmagon. Research
Degarelix is studied for use as a chemical castration agent on sex offenders in Sweden. A study published on April 29, 2020, in JAMA Psychiatry demonstrated a reduced the risk score for committing child sexual abuse in men with pedophilic disorder two weeks after initial injection. See also
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor § Antagonists

References
External links
"Degarelix". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.