This may put infants at risk for other dangerous conditions such as necrotizing enterocolitis. Also, because their intestines are exposed, infants with gastroschisis are at increased risk for infection, and must be closely monitored.After surgery a child with gastroschisis will have some degree of intestinal malrotation. About 1% of children will experience a midgut volvulus after surgery. Epidemiology
As of 2015 the worldwide incidence was about 2 to 5 per 10 000 live births, and this number seemed to be increasing.As of 2017 the CDC estimates that about 1,871 babies are born each year in the United States with gastroschisis. See also
Smoking and pregnancy

References


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Treatment
If only small amounts of torsion are present, cyclotropia may be without symptoms entirely and may not need correction, as the visual system can compensate small degrees of torsion and still achieve binocular vision (see also: cyclodisparity, cyclovergence). The compensation can be a motor response (visually evoked cyclovergence) or can take place during signal processing in the brain. In patients with cyclotropia of vascular origin, the condition often improves spontaneously.Cyclotropia cannot be corrected with prism spectacles in the way other eye position disorders are corrected. (Nonetheless two Dove prisms can be employed to rotate the visual field in experimental settings.) For cyclodeviations above 5 degrees, surgery has normally been recommended. Depending on the symptoms, the surgical correction of cyclotropia may involve a correction of an associated vertical deviation (hyper- or hypotropia), or a Harada–Ito procedure or another procedure to rotate the eye inwards, or yet another procedure to rotate it outwards. A cyclodeviation may thus be corrected at the same time with a correction of a vertical deviation (hyper- or hypotropia); cyclodeviations without any vertical deviation can be difficult to manage surgically, as the correction of the cyclodeviation may introduce a vertical deviation. References
Further reading
Lemos, João; Eggenberger, Eric: Clinical utility and assessment of cyclodeviation, Current Opinion in Ophthalmology, November 2013, Volume 24, Issue 6, pp. 558–565 doi:10.1097/ICU.0000000000000003


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