In most cases, a circumvallate placenta is not discovered until physical examination of the placenta after delivery of the fetus. For this reason, circumvallate placenta is very difficult to diagnose during pregnancy. On ultrasound, a normal placenta should appear complete and uniform, with the fetal surface of the placenta appearing slightly shiny and translucent. The appearance of a circumvallate placenta on ultrasound may present with irregular edges, uplifted margins, or placental sheets. In a study conducted in 1994, 62 healthy pregnant women were examined with placental sonography for detection of circumvallate placenta. Of the five experienced sonologists who interpreted the placental ultrasounds, all were unable to properly detect and diagnose circumvallate placenta, revealing the difficult nature of circumvallate placenta recognition. Further, these findings indicate that prenatal sonographic criteria used for detection of circumvallate placenta are not reliable enough for screening purposes. Complete circumvallate placenta involves morphological abnormality of the entire dimension of the placenta, while partial circumvallate placenta does not involve the entire placenta but rather a portion of the placenta. Complete circumvallate placenta is very rare, occurring within about 1% of pregnancies, and has been noted to increase the risks of associated complications such as placental abruption, premature childbirth, premature rupture of membranes, perinatal death, and congenital abnormalities. Partial circumvallate placenta is more common but is not found to be as clinically significant as complete circumvallate placenta.The accurate diagnosis of circumvallate placenta during pregnancy can have significant implications in the recognition of patients who are at risk of complications.
BritLofex is only available by prescription. Lofexidine was first approved by the US FDA on May 16, 2018, under the brand name Lucemyra, produced by US WorldMeds. It was noted as the first, non-opioid drug approved in the US for the treatment of opioid withdrawal. See also
Methadone
Naltrexone
Clonidine


== References ==