The pharmacokinetics of bisoprolol are linear and independent of age.In patients with chronic heart failure (NYHA stage III), the plasma level of bisoprolol is higher and the half-life is longer than in healthy subjects. At a daily dose of 10 mg, the steady-state peak plasma concentration is 64±21 ng/mL and the half-life is 17±5 hours. History
Bisoprolol was patented in 1976 and approved for medical use in 1986. It was approved for medical use in the United States in 1992. Brand names
In India, it is sold under trade name Bisotab and is available in 2 strengths of 2.5 mg and 5 mg.In Italy, it is sold under trade name Congescor and is available in 6 strengths of 1.25 mg, 2.5 mg, 3.75 mg, 5 mg, 7.5 mg and 10 mg. In Germany and Eastern Europe bisoprolol is marketed as Bisoprolol-ratiopharm by Ratiopharm (Teva). References
External links
"Bisoprolol". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
A standard fatty meal (usually a high fat milk shake) is then given and more imaging is performed for another hour so that the response to the fatty meal by the gall bladder can be shown. The gall bladder should respond and begin emptying into the duodenum, the amount of bile ejected can then be calculated as an ejection fraction (EF). An EF < 35% is considered to be diagnostic of biliary dyskinesia and suitable for cholecystectomy to be considered. Treatment
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been used to treat the condition when due to dyskinesia of the gallbladder. Prognosis
Symptoms may persist after cholecystectomy, and have been linked to the use of proton pump inhibitors. See also
Bile acid malabsorption, an entry of the bile acid into a large intestine due to malabsorption the bile in the ileum, which may cause chronic  diarrhea. References


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