Natural environment type – Including fear of water (aquaphobia), heights (acrophobia), lightning and thunderstorms (astraphobia), or aging (gerascophobia). Situational type – Including the fear of small confined spaces (claustrophobia), or the dark (nyctophobia). Blood/injection/injury type – Including fear of medical procedures, including needles and injections (trypanophobia), fear of blood (hemophobia) and fear of getting injured (traumatophobia). Other – Situations which can lead to choking or vomiting, and childrens fears of loud sounds or costumed characters.Although the avoidance resulting from specific phobia is comparable to other anxiety disorders, differential diagnosis is done through examining underlying causes for the behavior. Agoraphobia is also considered distinct from specific phobia, along with substance use disorders, and avoidant personality disorder. The occurrence of panic attacks is not itself a symptom of specific phobias and falls under the criteria of panic disorder. Treatment
There are a variety of treatment options available for specific phobias, most of which focus on psychosocial interventions. Different psychological treatments have varying levels of effects depending on the specific phobia being addressed. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
Cognitive behavioral therapy is a short term, skills-focused therapy that aims to help people diffuse unhelpful emotional responses by helping people consider them differently or change their behavior. CBT represents the gold standard and first line of therapy in specific phobias. CBT is effective in treating specific phobias primarily through exposure and cognitive strategies to overcome a persons anxiety. Computer-assisted treatment programs, self-help manuals, and delivery by a trained practitioner are all methods of accessing CBT.
Perihepatitis is inflammation of the serous or peritoneal coating of the liver. Perihepatitis is often caused by one of the inflammatory disorders of the female upper genital tract, known collectively as pelvic inflammatory disease. Some patients have sharp right upper abdominal quadrant pain. One of the complications of perihepatitis is Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome.Common bacterial causes for this disease are Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. == References ==