"The ancestral shape hypothesis: An evolutionary explanation for the occurrence of intervertebral disc herniation in humans". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 15: 68. doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0336-y. PMC 4410577. PMID 25927934. McFadden, K D; Taylor, J R (1989). "End-Plate Lesions of the Lumbar Spine". Spine. 14 (8): 867–9. doi:10.1097/00007632-198908000-00017. PMID 2781398. S2CID 38418323. Peng, B.; Wu, W.; Hou, S.; Shang, W.; Wang, X.; Yang, Y. (August 2003). "The pathogenesis of Schmorls nodes". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 85-B (6): 879–882. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.85B6.13555. PMID 12931811. Takahashi, K.; Miyazaki, T.; Ohnari, H.; Takino, T.; Tomita, K. (1995). "Schmorls nodes and low-back pain". European Spine Journal. 4 (1): 56–9. doi:10.1007/bf00298420. PMID 7749909. S2CID 26284846. Sherrell, Zia (19 May 2022). "Schmorl nodes: Symptoms, causes, and treatment". Medical News Today. Kim, Hyeun Sung; Raorane, Harshavardhan Dilip; Sharma, Sagar Bhupendra; Wu, Pang Hung; Jang, Il-Tae (December 2020). "Infected Schmorls node: a case report". BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 21 (1): 280. doi:10.1186/s12891-020-03276-4. PMC 7196219. PMID 32359347. == External links ==
Signs and symptoms
Hives, or urticaria, is a form of skin rash with red, raised, itchy bumps. They may also burn or sting. Welts (raised areas surrounded by a red base) from hives can appear anywhere on the surface of the skin. Whether the trigger is allergic or not, a complex release of inflammatory mediators, including histamine from cutaneous mast cells, results in fluid leakage from superficial blood vessels. Welts may be pinpoint in size or several inches in diameter. Often the patches of rash move around.About 20% of people are affected. Cases of short duration occur equally in males and females, lasting a few days and without leaving any long-lasting skin changes. Cases of long duration are more common in females. Cases of short duration are more common among children while cases of long duration are more common among those who are middle aged. Fewer than 5% of cases last for more than six weeks. The condition frequently recurs. In half of cases of hives, the cause remains unknown.Angioedema is a related condition (also from allergic and nonallergic causes), though fluid leakage is from much deeper blood vessels in the subcutaneous or submucosal layers. Individual hives that are painful, last more than 24 hours, or leave a bruise as they heal are more likely to be a more serious condition called urticarial vasculitis. Hives caused by stroking the skin (often linear in appearance) are due to a benign condition called dermatographic urticaria. Cause
Hives can also be classified by the purported causative agent.