Volvulus, a twisting of the small intestine often caused by intestinal malrotation that quickly cuts off blood supply and leads to tissue death
Tumors of the small intestine
Radiation enteropathy, radiation injury to the small intestine, due to radiation therapy for cancer
Injury or trauma to the small intestine
Necrotizing enterocolitis (premature newborn)
Bypass surgery to treat obesity
Surgery to remove diseases or damaged portion of the small intestineSome children are also born with an abnormally short small intestine, known as congenital short bowel.Surgical complications, requiring re-surgery, are a common cause of small bowel syndrome, contributing up to 50% of cases based on some estimates. These surgical complications include internal hernias, volvuli, ischemia or profound hypotension. Pathophysiology
The length of the small intestine can vary greatly, from as short as 2.75 m (9.0 ft) to as long as 10.49 m (34.4 ft). On average it is about 6.1 m (20 ft). Due to this variation it is recommended that following surgery the amount of bowel remaining be specified rather than the amount removed.Short bowel syndrome usually develops when there is less than 2 meters (6.6 feet) of the small intestine left to absorb sufficient nutrients.The resection of specific areas of the small bowel can lead to distinct symptoms in short bowel syndrome.
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis is an immune disorder of T cells. It is characterized by chronic infections with Candida that are limited to mucosal surfaces, skin, and nails. : 310  It can also be associated with other types of infections, such as human papilloma virus. An association with chromosome 2 has been identified. Signs and symptoms
The signs and symptoms of this condition are thickened skin, skin ulcer, dyspareunia, endocardium abnormality, vision problems, hepatitis, seizures, bloody urine, and meningitis. Associated Diseases or Conditions
There are a number of disorders associated with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis including endocrine dysfunctions, vitiligo, malabsorption syndromes, neoplasms, and others. In most patients, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis is correlated to abnormalities in cell-mediated immunity (T-lymphocyte mediated response). The T-lymphocytes fail to produce the necessary cytokines that are required for immunity against Candida. Current effective treatments include anti-fungal drugs and, for long-term remissions, restoration of cellular immunity.Patients with autosomal-dominant mucocutaneous candidiasis may be at risk for epidermoid esophageal cancer due to the nitrosamine compounds produced by chronic candida infections. Cause
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis can be inherited either autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. There are 9 types of this condition with the first CANDF1 being located at 2p22.3-p21 (cytogenetically). Mechanism
The mechanism the human immune system has is normally to fight an infection (like Candida). Initially, Th17 cells are made by the immune system, which in turn produces interleukin-17 (IL-17). This induces inflammation and white blood cells confront infection.Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis mutations affect IL-17 by inhibiting its pathway.