The typical reaction will be a generalized tremor of the skeletal muscles, and sometimes cardiac arrhythmia. Defecation, urination and eructation are frequent during the treatment, due to pharmacological effect of calcium on the smooth muscles. Prognosis
The prognosis is generally good, even in advanced cases. However, some cows can relapse the following day, and even a third time the day after. Without treatment, between 60% and 80% of cows usually die, although death rates as high as 90% have been recorded. History
It is thought that milk fever has existed for a very long time in dairy cattle. The first reports in veterinary literature can be traced to around 1793. Early Theories
Early treatments involved venesection, but this proved ineffective. Potassium Iodide
In the late 1800s, Jurgens Schmidt proposed the use of an infused solution of potassium iodide for treatment. A follow-up study of this treatment by Danish veterinarians showed that 90% of cows recovered after use of the treatment, compared with only 20-40% survival without. A study in Iowa showed that 76.5% of cows recovered after use of the treatment. However, the premise of the Schmidt treatment was misleading, as later veterinarians used water alone to the same success rate. Udder Inflation
In 1901, Anderson and Evers trialled a treatment of udder inflation with air, which reduced mortality rates to just 1%. although with the added complication of mastitis. Although this was an effective treatment (and is still used as a backup today), it was not understood at the time why it worked, and remains the source of some debate.
Youngs syndrome, also known as azoospermia sinopulmonary infections, sinusitis-infertility syndrome and Barry-Perkins-Young syndrome, is a rare condition that encompasses a combination of syndromes such as bronchiectasis, rhinosinusitis and reduced male fertility. In individuals with this syndrome the functioning of the lungs is usually normal but the mucus is abnormally viscous. The reduced fertility (obstructive azoospermia) is due to functional obstruction of sperm transport down the genital tract at the epididymis, where the sperm is found in viscous, lipid-rich fluid. The syndrome was named after Donald Young, the urologist who first made observations of the clinical signs of the syndrome in 1972. Possible causes include genetics, and exposure to mercury during childhood, but the cause is unknown. Causes
Youngs syndrome is caused by helminthiasis where specific parasites are attacking the reproductive organs. See also
Infertility
Cystic fibrosis

References

Lau KY, Lieberman J (June 1986). "Youngs syndrome. An association between male sterility and bronchiectasis". West. J. Med. 144 (6): 744–6. PMC 1306774. PMID 3727536. == External links ==