Estradiol is highly selective for these ERs and mERs, and does not interact importantly with other steroid hormone receptors. It is far more potent as an estrogen than are other bioidentical estrogens like estrone and estriol. Given by subcutaneous injection in mice, estradiol is about 10-fold more potent than estrone and about 100-fold more potent than estriol.The ERs are expressed widely throughout the body, including in the breasts, uterus, vagina, fat, skin, bone, liver, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and other parts of the brain. In accordance, estradiol has numerous effects throughout the body. Among other effects, estradiol produces breast development, feminization, changes in the female reproductive system, changes in liver protein synthesis, and changes in brain function. The effects of estradiol can influence health in both positive and negative ways. In addition to the aforementioned effects, estradiol has antigonadotropic effects due to its estrogenic activity, and can inhibit ovulation and suppress gonadal sex hormone production. At sufficiently high dosages, estradiol is a powerful antigonadotropin, capable of suppressing testosterone levels into the castrate/female range in men.There are differences between estradiol and other estrogens, such as non-bioidentical estrogens like natural conjugated estrogens and synthetic estrogens like ethinylestradiol and diethylstilbestrol, with implications for pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics as well as efficacy, tolerability, and safety. Pharmacokinetics
Estradiol can be taken by a variety of different routes of administration. These include oral, buccal, sublingual, intranasal, transdermal (gels, creams, patches), vaginal (tablets, creams, rings, suppositories), rectal, by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection (in oil or aqueous), and as a subcutaneous implant.
Protrusio acetabuli is an uncommon defect of the acetabulum, the socket that receives the femoral head to make the hip joint. The hip bone of the pelvic bone/girdle is composed of three bones, the ilium, the ischium and the pubis. In protrusio deformity, there is medial displacement of the femoral head in that the medial aspect of the femoral cortex is medial to the ilioischial line. The socket is too deep and may protrude into the pelvis. Signs and symptoms
Protrusio acetabuli may be asymptomatic. Limitation of joint range of movement is the earliest sign, along with pain. Classification
Protrusio acetabuli is divided into two types, primary and secondary. Primary protrusio acetabuli are characterized by progressive protrusio in middle aged women, and may be associated with osteoarthritis. They may be familial. Secondary protrusio acetabulis causes include femoral head prosthesis, cup arthroplasty, septic arthritis, central fracture dislocation, or total hip replacement surgeryProtrusio acetabuli may also be thought of as unilateral or bilateral. Unilateral protrusio acetabuli may be caused by tuberculous arthritis, trauma, or fibrous dysplasia. Bilateral protrusio acetabuli may be caused by rheumatoid arthritis, Pagets disease, osteomalacia, Marfan syndrome, and ankylosing spondylitis. Prognosis
The protrusio may progress until the femoral neck impinges against the pelvis. Treatment
Arthroscopic surgery (or open joint surgery) is an effective treatment. Joint replacement surgery may be necessary in the case of severe pain or substantial joint restriction. References
External links

McBride MT, Muldoon MP, Santore RF, Trousdale RT, Wenger DR (2001). "Protrusio acetabuli: diagnosis and treatment". J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 9 (2): 79–88. doi:10.5435/00124635-200103000-00002. PMID 11281632.