1907: Schwalbe and Gredig, pupils of German pathologist Julius Arnold, described four cases of meningomyelocele and alterations in the brainstem and cerebellum, and gave the name "Arnold-Chiari" to these malformations. 1932: Van Houweninge Graftdijk was the first to report the surgical treatment of Chiari malformations. All patients died from surgery or postoperative complications. 1935: Russell and Donald suggested that decompression of the spinal cord at the foramen magnum might facilitate the CSF circulation. 1940: Gustafson and Oldberg diagnosed Chiari malformation with syringomyelia. 1974: Bloch et al. described the tonsils position to be classified between 7 mm and 8 mm below cerebellum. 1985: Aboulezz used MRI for discovery of extension

Society and culture
The condition was brought to the mainstream on the series CSI: Crime Scene Investigation in the tenth-season episode "Internal Combustion" on February 4, 2010. Chiari malformation was briefly mentioned on the medical drama House M.D. in the fifth-season episode "House Divided",  It was the focus of the sixth-season episode "The Choice." It is also the focus of Private Practice Season 4 episode 4, where a pregnant woman is diagnosed with it. It was the a cause of death on the reality television series Dr. G: Medical Examiner in the sixth-season episode "Bruised and Battered". It was also mentioned in the medical drama A Gifted Man, in the first-season episode "In Case of Separation Anxiety". It is also featured in the 3rd and 4th episode of the 7th season of the series Rizzoli & Isles where Dr. Maura Isles is diagnosed with the condition.
Hyperpnea, on the other hand, is defined as breathing an increased volume of air, with or without an increase in respiration rate.Others give another classification: tachypnea is as any rapid breathing, hyperventilation is increased rate of breathing at rest, hyperpnea is an increase in breathing that is appropriately proportional to an increase in metabolic rate.A third paradigm is: tachypnea is abnormally rapid and shallow respiration (though some may argue this is inaccurate as breathing differs from respiration), hyperventilation is increased rate or depth of respiration to abnormal levels causing decreased levels of blood carbon dioxide and hyperpnea is any increase in breathing rate or depth that is not normal. Threshold definition
As normal respiratory rate varies with age, the definition of tachypnea also varies with age. Causes
Tachypnea may have physiological or pathological causes. Both of these categories would include large lists of individual causes. Physiological causes
Physiological causes of tachypnea include exercise. This type is usually not a cause of concern unless its excessive. Pathological causes
Pathological causes of tachypnea include sepsis, compensation for diabetic ketoacidosis or other metabolic acidosis, pneumonia, pleural effusion, carbon monoxide poisoning, pulmonary embolism, asthma, COPD, laryngospasm, allergic reaction causing airway edema, foreign body aspiration, tracheobronchomalacia, congestive heart failure, anxiety states, haemorrhage, or many other medical issues. Etymology and pronunciation
The word tachypnea () uses combining forms of tachy- + -pnea, yielding "fast breathing". See pronunciation information at dyspnea. See also
Control of respiration
Hypoventilation
List of terms of lung size and activity
Bradypnea

References
External links
 The dictionary definition of tachypnea at Wiktionary