A review reporting the incidence of illnesses associated with Ludwig angina found that 18% of cases involved diabetes mellitus, 9% involved acquired immune deficiency syndrome, and another 5% were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive. Diagnosis
Infections originating in the roots of teeth can be identified with a dental X-ray. A CT scan of the neck with contrast material is used to identify deep neck space infections. If there is suspicion of the infection of the chest cavity, a chest scan is sometimes done.Angioneurotic oedema, lingual carcinoma and sublingual hematoma formation following anticoagulation should be ruled out as possible diagnoses. Microbiology
There are a few methods that can be used for determining the microbiology of Ludwigs angina. Traditionally, a culture sample is collected although it has some limitations, primarily being the time-consuming and sometimes unreliable results if the culture is not processed correctly. Ludwigs angina is most often found to be polymicrobial and anaerobic. Some of the commonly found microbes are Viridans Streptococci, Staphylococci, Peptostreptococci, Prevotella, Porphyromonas and Fusobacterium. Treatment
For each patient, the treatment plan should be consider the patients stage of infection, airway control, and comorbidities. Other things to consider include physician experience, available resources, and personnel are critical factors in formulation of a treatment plan. There are four principles that guide the treatment of Ludwigs Angina: Sufficient airway management, early and aggressive antibiotic therapy, incision and drainage for any who fail medical management or form localized abscesses, and adequate nutrition and hydration support.
Vasopressin also plays a role in autism, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. See also
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone secretion (SIADH)
Oxytocin
Vasopressin receptor
Vasopressin receptor antagonists
Copeptin
Anterior Pituitary
Hypothalamus

References


== Further reading ==