It can be caused by systemic diseases, pregnancy in some women, either directly or as a result of heart failure, or local conditions such as varicose veins, thrombophlebitis, insect bites, and dermatitis.Non-pitting edema is observed when the indentation does not persist. It is associated with such conditions as lymphedema, lipedema, and myxedema.Edema caused by malnutrition defines kwashiorkor, an acute form of childhood protein-energy malnutrition characterized by edema, irritability, anorexia, ulcerating dermatoses, and an enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates. Treatment
When possible, treatment involves resolving the underlying cause. Many cases of heart or kidney disease are treated with diuretics.Treatment may also involve positioning the affected body parts to improve drainage. For example, swelling in feet or ankles may be reduced by having the person lie down in bed or sit with the feet propped up on cushions. Intermittent pneumatic compression can be used to pressurize tissue in a limb, forcing fluids—both blood and lymph—to flow out of the compressed area. References


== External links ==
Although it has not been fully explored, one investigation of lower limb amputation observed that as stump length decreased, there was a greater incidence of moderate and severe phantom pain. See also
Phantom limb
Phantom eye syndrome

References
External links

MacLachlan, Malcolm; McDonald, Dympna; Waloch, Justine (2004), "Mirror Treatment of Lower Limb Phantom Pain: A Case Study", Disability and Rehabilitation, 26 (14/15): 901–904, doi:10.1080/09638280410001708913, PMID 15497919, S2CID 36325980Richardson, Cliff; Glenn, Sheila; Horgan, Maureen; Nurmikko, Turo (October 2007), "A Prospective Study of Factors Associated with the Presence of Phantom Limb Pain Six Months After Major Lower Limb Amputation in Patients with Peripheral Vascular Disease", The Journal of Pain, 8 (10): 793–801, doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2007.05.007, PMID 17631056Targeted Muscle Reinnervation