Activity in the ventral striatum, hippocampus, and ACC are related to the lucidity of hallucinations, and indicate that activation or involvement of emotional circuitry are key to the impact of abnormal activity in sensory cortices. Together, these findings indicate abnormal processing of internally generated sensory experiences, coupled with abnormal emotional processing, results in hallucinations. One proposed model involves a failure of feedforward networks from sensory cortices to the inferior frontal cortex, which normally cancel out sensory cortex activity during internally generated speech. The resulting disruption in expected and perceived speech is thought to produce lucid hallucinatory experiences. Delusions
The two-factor model of delusions posits that dysfunction in both belief formation systems and belief evaluation systems are necessary for delusions. Dysfunction in evaluations systems localized to the right lateral prefrontal cortex, regardless of delusion content, is supported by neuroimaging studies and is congruent with its role in conflict monitoring in healthy persons. Abnormal activation and reduced volume is seen in people with delusions, as well as in disorders associated with delusions such as frontotemporal dementia, psychosis and Lewy body dementia. Furthermore, lesions to this region are associated with "jumping to conclusions", damage to this region is associated with post-stroke delusions, and hypometabolism this region associated with caudate strokes presenting with delusions. The aberrant salience model suggests that delusions are a result of people assigning excessive importance to irrelevant stimuli.
Glucose/fructose/phosphoric acid (trade name Emetrol) is an over-the-counter antiemetic taken to relieve nausea and vomiting. Made by WellSpring Pharmaceutical Corporation, it was formerly distributed by McNeil Consumer Healthcare. History
Emetrol was created by Kinney and Company of Columbus, Indiana and was first used in 1949.It is a phosphorated carbohydrate solution, and comes in syrup form. Contraindications
Since Emetrol contains fructose it is contraindicated for people with hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI). In diabetes patients, it can cause potentially harmful hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar). References
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