Disrupting cortical homeostatic processes after vision has been lost may prevent or setback the emergence of hallucinations. At varying stages of the cortical grading, acetylcholine (ACh) may impact the balance of thalamic and intracortical inputs as well as the balance in between bottom-up and top-down. Particularly in CBS, a shortage of acetylcholine at cortical locations should correspond to the onset of hallucinations.The syndrome can also develop after bilateral optic nerve damage due to methyl alcohol poisoning. Diagnosis
A variety of disciplines including optometry, ophthalmology, geriatric medicine, psychiatry, and neurology play a part in securing the diagnosis of CBS. Since CBS is not commonly recognized by all clinicians, it oftentimes goes misdiagnosed and identified as psychosis, delirium, or dementia. As a result of this, it is estimated that almost 60% of CBS patients hesitate to notify their physicians. By focusing on the specific type of visual hallucination, one may find an accurate diagnosis. If a patient presents symptoms indicative of Charles Bonnet syndrome, basic laboratory examinations like metabolic panel and blood count tests, as well as neuroimaging, may aid in an accurate diagnosis. Prognosis
There is no treatment of proven effectiveness for CBS. For those experiencing CBS, knowing that they are suffering from this syndrome and not a mental illness seems to be the most comforting treatment so far, as it improves their ability to cope with the hallucinations.
At the scale of the body, in the state of exception, a person is so removed from their rights by "juridical procedures and deployments of power" that "no act committed against them could appear any longer as a crime"; in other words, people become only homo sacer. Guantanamo Bay could also be said to represent the physicality of the state of exception in space, and can just as easily draw man as homo sacer. In the 1970s, genocides in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge and Pol Pot resulted in the deaths of over two million Cambodians (which was 25% of the Cambodian population), forming one of the many contemporary examples of state-sponsored violence. About fourteen thousand of these murders occurred at Choeung Ek, which is the best-known of the extermination camps referred to as the Killing Fields. The killings were arbitrary; for example, a person could be killed for wearing glasses, since that was seen as associating them with intellectuals and therefore as making them part of the enemy. People were murdered with impunity because it was no crime; Cambodians were made homo sacer in a condition of bare life. The Killing Fields—manifestations of Agambens concept of camps beyond the normal rule of law—featured the state of exception. As part of Pol Pots "ideological intent…to create a purely agrarian society or cooperative", he "dismantled the countrys existing economic infrastructure and depopulated every urban area". Forced movement, such as this forced movement applied by Pol Pot, is a clear display of structural violence.