If the person is on fire, he/she must be told to stop, drop and roll, or extinguish the fire by covering them with heavy blanket, wool, coat, or rug. Burning clothing should be removed as should all jewelry that could act as a tourniquet as swelling occurs, but burned clothing stuck to the skin must not be removed. Cooling the burn with cold running water has been shown to be beneficial if accomplished within 30 minutes of the injury. The pain or inflammation can then be effectively treated using acetaminophen (paracetamol), or ibuprofen. Ice, butter, cream and ointment cannot be used since they can worsen the burn.Severe burn patients are often treated through trauma resuscitation, airway management, fluid resuscitation, blood transfusion, wound management, and skin grafting, as well as the use of antibiotics. Outcome
95% of people hospitalized for thermal burns survive. Survival rates have increased steadily over the last half century due to advances in treatment and better burn centers. Patients with uncomplicated burns have a 99.7% survival rate. Three risk factors—patient age above 60, burns covering more than 40% of the body, and inhalation injury—greatly reduce the odds of survival, which decline to 97% with any one of these complications, to 67% with any two, and to only 10% in cases with all three. Epidemiology
In the United States, over two million people required medical attention for thermal burns every year.
Megavitamin-B6 syndrome has been reported in doses as low as 24 mg/day.Symptoms may also be dependent on the form of vitamin B6 taken in supplements. It has been proposed that vitamin B6 in supplements should be in pyridoxal or pyridoxal phosphate form rather than pyridoxine as these are thought to reduce the likelihood of toxicity. A tissue culture study, however, showed that all B6 vitamers that could be converted into active coenzymes (pyridoxal, pyridoxine and pyridoxamine) were neurotoxic at similar concentrations. It has been shown, in vivo, that supplementing with pyridoxal or pyridoxal phosphate increases pyridoxine concentrations in humans, meaning there are metabolic pathways from each vitamer of B6 to the all other forms. Consuming high amounts of vitamin B6 from food has not been reported to cause adverse effects.Early diagnosis and cessation of vitamin B6 supplementation can reduce the morbidity of the syndrome. Cause
While vitamin B6 is water-soluble, it has a half-life of 25–33 days and accumulates in the body where it is stored in muscle, plasma, the liver, red blood cells and bound to proteins in tissues. Potential mechanisms
The common supplemental form of vitamin B6, pyridoxine, is similar to pyridine which can be neurotoxic. Pyridoxine has limited transport across the blood–brain barrier explaining why the central nervous system is spared. Cell bodies of motor fibers are located within the spinal cord that is also restricted by the blood-brain barrier explaining why motor impairment is rare.