If a person has a previous diagnosis of epilepsy with previous imaging, repeating the imaging is usually not needed even if there are subsequent seizures.For adults, the testing of electrolyte, blood glucose and calcium levels is important to rule out problems with these as causes. An electrocardiogram can rule out problems with the rhythm of the heart. A lumbar puncture may be useful to diagnose a central nervous system infection but is not routinely needed. In children additional tests may be required such as urine biochemistry and blood testing looking for metabolic disorders. Together with EEG and neuroimaging, genetic testing is becoming one of the most important diagnostic technique for epilepsy, as a diagnosis might be achieved in a relevant proportion of cases with severe epilepsies, both in children and adults. For those with negative genetic testing, in some it might be important to repeat or re-analyze previous genetic studies after 2–3 years.A high blood prolactin level within the first 20 minutes following a seizure may be useful to help confirm an epileptic seizure as opposed to psychogenic non-epileptic seizure. Serum prolactin level is less useful for detecting focal seizures. If it is normal an epileptic seizure is still possible and a serum prolactin does not separate epileptic seizures from syncope. It is not recommended as a routine part of the diagnosis of epilepsy. Differential diagnosis
Diagnosis of epilepsy can be difficult.
The pharmacokinetics of bisoprolol are linear and independent of age.In patients with chronic heart failure (NYHA stage III), the plasma level of bisoprolol is higher and the half-life is longer than in healthy subjects. At a daily dose of 10 mg, the steady-state peak plasma concentration is 64±21 ng/mL and the half-life is 17±5 hours. History
Bisoprolol was patented in 1976 and approved for medical use in 1986. It was approved for medical use in the United States in 1992. Brand names
In India, it is sold under trade name Bisotab and is available in 2 strengths of 2.5 mg and 5 mg.In Italy, it is sold under trade name Congescor and is available in 6 strengths of 1.25 mg, 2.5 mg, 3.75 mg, 5 mg, 7.5 mg and 10 mg. In Germany and Eastern Europe bisoprolol is marketed as Bisoprolol-ratiopharm by Ratiopharm (Teva). References
External links
"Bisoprolol". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.