Mannitol can also be used to temporarily encapsulate a sharp object (such as a helix on a lead for an artificial pacemaker) while it passes through the venous system. Because the mannitol dissolves readily in blood, the sharp point becomes exposed at its destination. Mannitol is also the first drug of choice to treat acute glaucoma in veterinary medicine. It is administered as a 20% solution intravenously. It dehydrates the vitreous humor and, therefore, lowers the intraocular pressure. However, it requires an intact blood-ocular barrier to work. Food
Mannitol increases blood glucose to a lesser extent than sucrose (thus having a relatively low glycemic index) so is used as a sweetener for people with diabetes, and in chewing gums. Although mannitol has a higher heat of solution than most sugar alcohols, its comparatively low solubility reduces the cooling effect usually found in mint candies and gums. However, when mannitol is completely dissolved in a product, it induces a strong cooling effect. Also, it has a very low hygroscopicity – it does not pick up water from the air until the humidity level is 98%. This makes mannitol very useful as a coating for hard candies, dried fruits, and chewing gums, and it is often included as an ingredient in candies and chewing gum. The pleasant taste and mouthfeel of mannitol also makes it a popular excipient for chewable tablets. Analytical chemistry
Mannitol can be used to form a complex with boric acid.
Extravasation of urine refers to the condition where an interruption of the urethra leads to a collection of urine in other cavities, such as the scrotum or the penis in males. It can be associated with a calculus. Mechanism
An injury to the urethra leaving Bucks fascia intact results in a collection of urine (extravasation) limited to the penis, deep to Bucks fascia. However, if the injury to the bulb of the penis results in urethral injury accompanying a tear of the Bucks fascia, then extravasated blood and urine would accumulate in the superficial perineal space, passing into the penis (outer to Bucks fascia) as well as the scrotum and lower anterior abdominal wall. Extravasation of urine involving a compromised Bucks fascia can be appreciated clinically by blood collecting in the superficial pouch, resulting in a butterfly-shaped region around the penis. Urinoma
Long term complications of renal trauma, ureteral obstruction, or kidney transplant can lead to the formation of an urinoma encapsulating extravasated urine. References


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