Although more studies are needed, so far, new techniques addressing underlying Eustachian tube dysfunction such as transtympanic dilatation of the Eustachian tube has not been shown to change outcomes of chronic ear surgery. Infections
Recent findings indicate that the keratinizing squamous epithelium of the middle ear could be subjected to human papillomavirus infection. Indeed, DNA belonging to oncogenic HPV16 has been detected in cholesteatoma tissues, thereby underlining that keratinizing squamous epithelia could potentially be a target tissue for HPV infection. Epidemiology
In one study, the number of new cases of cholesteatoma in Iowa was estimated in 1975–76 to be just under one new case per 10,000 citizens per year. Cholesteatoma affects all age groups, from infants through to the elderly. The peak incidence occurs in the second decade. See also
Chronic suppurative otitis media
Otic polyp
Endoscopic ear surgery

References
External links

Information on Cholesteatomas
Laser Cholesteatoma Surgery
If used by itself, it causes the worm to be passed out in the feces and may be used when worms have caused blockage of the intestine or the biliary duct.Corticosteroids can treat some of the symptoms, such as inflammation. Other medications
Hexylresorcinol effective in single dose. During the 1940s a crystoid form of this compound was the treatment of choice; patients were instructed not to chew the crystoids in order to prevent burns to the mucous membranes. A saline cathartic would be administered several hours later. Santonin, more toxic than hexylresorcinol and often only partly effective. Oil of chenopodium, more toxic than hexylresorcinol

Surgery
In some cases with severe infestation the worms may cause bowel obstruction, requiring emergency surgery. The bowel obstruction may be due to all the worms or twisting of the bowel. During the surgery the worms may be manually removed. Prognosis
It is rare for infections to be life-threatening. Epidemiology
Regions
Ascariasis is common in tropical regions as well as subtropical and regions that lack proper sanitation. It is rare to find traces of the infection in developed or urban regions. Infection estimates
Roughly 0.8–1.3 billion individuals are infected with this intestinal worm, primarily in Africa and Asia. About 120 to 220 million of these cases are symptomatic. Deaths
As of 2010, ascariasis caused about 2,700 directly attributable deaths, down from 3,400 in 1990. The indirectly attributable deaths due to the malnutrition link may be much higher. Research
There are two animal models, the mouse and pig, used in studying Ascaris infection.