Risks to the child later in life from nicotine exposure during pregnancy include type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, neurobehavioral defects, respiratory dysfunction, and infertility. Nicotine exposure during pregnancy can result in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disabilities in the child. It also puts the child at increased risk for nicotine addiction in the future.Pregnant women should consider behavioral therapy before NRT is considered. Youth
In people under the age of eighteen, a physician is often consulted before starting NRT. The evidence suggests that exposure to nicotine between the ages of 10 and 25 years causes lasting harm to the brain and cognitive ability. Evidence is unclear whether adolescents gain benefit from cognitive-behavioral therapy or smoking cessation over the long-term as of 2017. Most tobacco users are under-eighteens when they start, and almost no-one over the age of 25 starts using. Cardiovascular conditions
While there is no evidence that NRT can increase the risk of heart attacks, individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions or recent heart attacks should consult a physician before initiating NRT.Smoking is known to cause cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, heart attack, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. Cigarette smoking is the cause of 20% of all cardiovascular deaths in the United States, which is the leading cause of mortality.
Nicotine preloading, otherwise known as pre-cessation or pre-quitting NRT, has found that using the patch for a few weeks before the quit date produces significantly higher quit rates than if it was started on the quit day. The true pulmonary inhaler would deliver nicotine to the lungs in a manner that more resembles cigarette smoking, which would provide better relief of background cravings as well as acute cravings. Nicotine vaccines are under investigation as a method to treat tobacco dependence through priming the body to mount an immune response against nicotine. References
External links

"Nicotine". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. University of Wisconsin Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention
Recommendations for special populations
"Nicotine Lozenges". MedlinePlus. 2018-08-15. "Nicotine Nasal Spray". MedlinePlus. 2016-07-15. "Nicotine Oral Inhalation". MedlinePlus. 2016-07-15. "Nicotine Gum". MedlinePlus. 2017-10-15.