Alternatives
Limitations of definition
Some critics believe that current methods of measuring unemployment are inaccurate in terms of the impact of unemployment on people as these methods do not take into account the 1.5% of the available working population incarcerated in US prisons (who may or may not be working while they are incarcerated); those who have lost their jobs and have become discouraged over time from actively looking for work; those who are self-employed or wish to become self-employed, such as tradesmen or building contractors or information technology consultants; those who have retired before the official retirement age but would still like to work (involuntary early retirees); those on disability pensions who do not possess full health but still wish to work in occupations that suitable for their medical conditions; or those who work for payment for as little as one hour per week but would like to work full time.The last people are "involuntary part-time" workers, those who are underemployed, such as a computer programmer who is working in a retail store until he can find a permanent job, involuntary stay-at-home mothers who would prefer to work, and graduate and professional school students who are unable to find worthwhile jobs after they graduated with their bachelors degrees. Internationally, some nations unemployment rates are sometimes muted or appear less severe because of the number of self-employed individuals working in agriculture. Small independent farmers are often considered self-employed and so cannot be unemployed.
Estradiol/progesterone (E2/P4), sold under the brand names Bijuva and Juvenum, is a combined estrogen and progestogen medication which is used in the treatment of menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women. It contains estradiol, an estrogen, and progesterone, a progestogen, and is available in both oral and intramuscular formulations. E2/P4 differs from other estrogen–progestogen formulations in that the sex-hormonal agents used are bioidentical. Bijuva (formerly TX-001HR/TX-12-001HR) is an oral combination of estradiol (E2), an estrogen, and progesterone (P4), a progestogen, which was developed by TherapeuticsMD and is approved in the United States for the treatment of menopausal symptoms in women. It is also under development for the treatment of endometrial hyperplasia in women. The medication contains 2 mg solubilized E2 and 200 mg P4 in each gelatin capsule. It is the first combination of E2 and P4 in oral capsule form that has been developed for clinical use. Bijuva is currently in phase III clinical trials for endometrial hyperplasia. The medication was approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of menopausal symptoms in October 2018.E2/P4 is available as an aqueous suspension of E2 and P4 encapsulated in microspheres for use by intramuscular injection once a month under the brand name Juvenum in Mexico. It was introduced for the treatment and prevention of menopausal symptoms like hot flashes, vulvovaginal symptoms, and osteoporosis in December 2014. The combination contains relatively low doses of E2 and P4 (1 mg and 20 mg, respectively) contained within microspheres that results in a slower release of the hormones.