Ignatius of Constantinople (799–877): twice Patriarch of Constantinople during troubled political times (847–858 and 867–877). First absolutely unquestioned eunuch saint, recognized by both the Orthodox and Roman Churches. (There are a great many early saints who were probably eunuchs, though few either as influential nor unquestioned as to their castration.) Yazaman al-Khadim (died 891): Emir of Tarsus and successful commander in the wars against the Byzantine Empire. Munis al-Khadim (845/846–933/934): Commander-in-chief of the Abbasid armies between 908 and his death. Joseph Bringas (died 965): chief minister of the Byzantine Empire under Romanos II (959–963). Second millennium CE
Jia Xian (c. 1010–c. 1070): Chinese mathematician; invented the Jia Xian triangle for the calculation of square roots and cube roots. Ly Thuong Kiet (1019–1105): general during the Lý Dynasty in Vietnam. Penned what is considered the first Vietnamese declaration of independence. Regarded as a Vietnamese national hero. Pierre Abélard (1079–1142): French scholastic philosopher and theologian. Forcibly castrated by his girlfriends uncle while in bed. Lulu al-Yaya (died 1117): Regent of the Seljuk sultanate of Aleppo. Malik Kafur (fl. 1296–1316): a eunuch slave who became a general in the army of Alauddin Khalji, ruler of the Delhi sultanate. Zheng He (1371–1433): famous admiral who led huge Chinese fleets of exploration around the Indian Ocean. Yishiha (15th century): admiral in charge of expeditions down the Amur River under the Yongle and Xuande Emperors. Wu Rui (15th century): a Chinese eunuch in Lê Dynasty Annam (Vietnam).
History
Antiphospholipid syndrome was described in full in the 1980s, by E. Nigel Harris and Aziz Gharavi. They published the first papers in 1983. The syndrome was referred to as "Hughes syndrome" among colleagues after the rheumatologist Graham R.V. Hughes (St. Thomas Hospital, London, UK), who brought together the team. Research
APS ACTION (the AntiPhospholipid Syndrome Alliance for Clinical Trials and InternatiOnal Networking), is the first-ever international research network that has been created to design and conduct large-scale, multicenter clinical trials in persistently antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) positive patients. The network consists of a multidisciplinary group of physicians and investigators from around the world who are interested in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) research. The primary mission of APS ACTION is to prevent, treat, and cure antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) associated clinical manifestations through high quality, multicenter, and multidisciplinary clinical research. References
Bibliography
Triona Holden (2003). Positive Options for Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS): Self-Help and Treatment. Hunter House (CA). ISBN 978-0-89793-409-1. Kay Thackray (2003). Sticky Blood Explained. Braiswick. ISBN 978-1-898030-77-5. A personal account of dealing with the condition. Graham R V Hughes (2009). Understanding Hughes Syndrome: Case Studies for Patients. Springer. ISBN 978-1-84800-375-0. 50 case studies to help you work out whether you have it. External links
Antiphospholipid Syndrome Explained - Genome.gov