These are nearly always done in a single setting (or stage).In the penile urethra, anastomotic urethroplasties are rare because they can lead to chordee (penile curvature due to a shortened urethra). Instead, most penile urethroplasties are substitution procedures utilizing buccal mucosa graft, full-thickness skin graft, or split-thickness skin graft. These can be done in one or more settings, depending on stricture location, severity, cause and patient or surgeon preference. Urethral stent
A permanent urethral stent was approved for use in men with bulbar urethral strictures in 1996, but was recently removed from the market.A temporary thermoexpandable urethral stent (Memotherm) is available in Europe but is not currently approved for use in the United States. Emergency treatment
When in acute urinary retention, treatment of the urethral stricture or diversion is an emergency. Options include:

Urethral dilatation and catheter placement. This can be performed in the Emergency Department, a practitioners office or an operating room. The advantage of this approach is that the urethra may remain patent for a period of time after the dilation, though long-term success rates are low. Insertion of a suprapubic catheter with catheter drainage system. This procedure is performed in an Operating Room, Emergency Department or practitioners office. The advantage of this approach is that it does not disrupt the scar and interfere with future definitive surgery. Ongoing care
Following urethroplasty, patients should be monitored for a minimum of 1 year, since the vast majority of recurrences occur within 1 year.
These vessels are not programmed to exist beyond early fetal life, and eventually became narrowed. Treatment
The aim of treatment of the MAPCAs is to group them together and convert their supply to deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart. External links
Interactive videogame graphic showing repair of tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia - from Lucile Packard Childrens Hospital Stanford & Lighthaus Inc.
Management of Tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia - contains angiographic images of MAPCAs. == References ==