Based on these similarities, researchers are investigating whether Duane-radial ray syndrome and acro-renal-ocular syndrome are separate disorders or part of a single syndrome with many possible signs and symptoms. The features of Duane-radial ray syndrome also overlap with those of a condition called Holt-Oram syndrome; however, these two disorders are caused by mutations in different genes. Evaluations after Initial Diagnosis
Evaluations by certain specialists should be performed following the initial diagnosis of Duane-radial ray syndrome. These evaluations will be used to determine the extent of the disease as well as the needs of the individual. Eyes - Complete eye exam by an optometrist or ophthalmologist especially focusing on the extraocular movements of the eye and the structural eye defects
Heart - evaluation by a cardiologist along with an echocardiogram and ECG
Kidneys - Laboratory tests to check kidney function and a renal ultrasound
Hearing
Endocrine - evaluation for growth hormone deficit if growth retardation present
Blood - CBC to check for thrombocytopenia and leukocytosis
Clinical genetics consultation

Testing
Since Duane-radial ray syndrome is a genetic disorder, a genetic test would be performed. One test that can be used is the SALL4 sequence analysis that is used to detect if SALL4 is present. If there is no pathogenic variant observed, a deletion/duplication analysis can be ordered following the SALL4 sequence analysis. As an alternative, another genetic test called a multi-gene panel can be ordered to detect SALL4 and any other genes of interest. The methods used for this panel vary depending on the laboratory.
Cases of cardiac arrest in which it is still recommended include high blood potassium, low blood calcium such as may occur following blood transfusions, and calcium channel blocker overdose. There is the potential that general use could worsen outcomes. If calcium is used, calcium chloride is generally the recommended form. Side effects
Calcium gluconate side effects include nausea, constipation, and upset stomach. Rapid intravenous injections of calcium gluconate may cause hypercalcaemia, which can result in vasodilation, cardiac arrhythmias, decreased blood pressure, and bradycardia. Extravasation of calcium gluconate can lead to cellulitis. Intramuscular injections may lead to local necrosis and abscess formation.It is also reported that this form of calcium increases renal plasma flow, urine production, sodium excretion, glomerular filtration rate, and prostaglandin E2 and F1-alpha levels. Society and culture
Shortages of medical calcium gluconate were reported in November 2012 and November 2015 in the United States. Historically, intravenous calcium gluconate was used as an antidote for black widow spider envenomation, often in conjunction with muscle relaxants. This therapy, however, has since been shown to be ineffective. See also
Calcium lactate gluconate

References
External links
"Calcium gluconate". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.