The four diagnostic systems list various CNS domains that can qualify for functional impairment that can determine an FASD diagnosis:

Evidence of a complex pattern of behavior or cognitive abnormalities inconsistent with developmental level in the following CNS domains – Sufficient for a pFAS or ARND diagnosis using IOM guidelinesLearning disabilities, academic achievement, impulse control, social perception, communication, abstraction, math skills, memory, attention, judgment
Performance at two or more standard deviations on standardized testing in three or more of the following CNS domains – Sufficient for an FAS, pFAS or static encephalopathy diagnosis using 4-Digit Diagnostic CodeExecutive functioning, memory, cognition, social/adaptive skills, academic achievement, language, motor skills, attention, activity level
General cognitive deficits (e.g., IQ) at or below the 3rd percentile on standardized testing – Sufficient for an FAS diagnosis using CDC guidelines
Performance at or below the 16th percentile on standardized testing in three or more of the following CNS domains – Sufficient for an FAS diagnosis using CDC guidelinesCognition, executive functioning, motor functioning, attention and hyperactive problems, social skills, sensory processing disorder, social communication, memory, difficulties responding to common parenting practices
Performance at two or more standard deviations on standardized testing in three or more of the following CNS domains – Sufficient for an FAS diagnosis using Canadian guidelines
Cognition, communication, academic achievement, memory, executive functioning, adaptive behavior, motor skills, social skills, social communication

Related signs
Other conditions may commonly co-occur with FAS, stemming from prenatal alcohol exposure. However, these conditions are considered alcohol-related birth defects and not diagnostic criteria for FAS.
Other signs of a basilar skull fracture include CSF otorrhoea (drainage of CSF through the ear). It can have devastating complications in some patients, as the communication between the nasal cavity, the cerebrospinal fluid and the central nervous system can result in severe bacterial infections.CSF rhinorrhoea may be a complication of neurosurgery, such as functional endoscopic sinus surgery, and hypophysectomy (partial or complete removal of the pituitary gland). Non-traumatic
CSF rhinorrhoea may be caused by the growth of certain cancers (such as pituitary adenoma), congenital problems with bones of the skull, or inflammation that damages the bones of the skull. Diagnosis
Radiology
If a patient has clear, colourless liquid leaking from the nose, then radiographs or CT scans may be used to look for a basilar skull fracture. Biochemistry
Measures of CSF components, such as glucose, have been used in the past, but are neither sensitive nor specific. Beta-2 transferrin has a high positive predictive value of CSF rhinorrhoea. It has also been noted to be characterized by unilateral discharge. Treatment
Surgery
Neurosurgery is usually necessary to prevent the spread of infection to the meninges. Minimally invasive techniques tend to have fewer complications compared to open techniques. Conservative management
Conservative management includes watchful waiting, as some minor CSF leaks often stop spontaneously. See also
Beta-2 transferrin
Meningitis
Traumatic head injury

References


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