Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) is a condition caused by over-expansion of the lungs by mechanical ventilation used when the body is unable to breathe for itself and is associated with relatively large tidal volumes and relatively high peak pressures. Barotrauma due to overexpansion of an internal gas-filled space may also be termed volutrauma. Bats can be killed by lung barotrauma when flying in low-pressure regions close to operating wind-turbine blades, and fish with sealed swim bladders experience barotrauma when pulled up from the depths. Presentation
Examples of organs or tissues easily damaged by barotrauma are:

Middle ear and inner ear (barotitis or aerotitis)
Paranasal sinuses (causing aerosinusitis)
Lungs
Eyes (the under-pressure air space is inside the diving mask)
Skin (when wearing a diving suit which creates an air space)
Brain and cranium (temporal lobe injury secondary to temporal bone rupture)
Teeth (causing barodontalgia, i.e., barometric pressure related dental pain, or dental fractures)
Genital squeeze and associated urinary complications of P-valve use. Causes
Any cause of sufficiently large and rapid environmental pressure change can potentially cause barotrauma. Several commonly recognised examples are listed below. Pressure differences while diving
When diving, the pressure differences which cause the barotrauma are changes in hydrostatic pressure:
There are two components to the surrounding pressure acting on the diver: the atmospheric pressure and the water pressure. A descent of 10 metres (33 feet) in water increases the ambient pressure by an amount approximately equal to the pressure of the atmosphere at sea level.
If the fish is brought upwards in the water column faster than the gas can be resorbed, the gas will expand until the bladder is stretched to its elastic limit, and may rupture. Barotrauma can be directly fatal or disable the fish rendering it vulnerable to predation, but rockfish are able to recover if they are returned to depths similar to those they were pulled up from, shortly after surfacing. Scientists at NOAA developed the Seaqualizer to quickly return rockfish to depth. The device could increase survival in caught-and-released rockfish. See also
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