Those who quit smoking gain an average of 4.4 kilograms (9.7 lb) for men and 5.0 kilograms (11.0 lb) for women over ten years. However, changing rates of smoking have had little effect on the overall rates of obesity.In the United States, the number of children a person has is related to their risk of obesity. A womans risk increases by 7% per child, while a mans risk increases by 4% per child. This could be partly explained by the fact that having dependent children decreases physical activity in Western parents.In the developing world urbanization is playing a role in increasing rate of obesity. In China overall rates of obesity are below 5%; however, in some cities rates of obesity are greater than 20%. In part, this may be because of urban design issues (such as inadequate public spaces for physical activity). Time spent in motor vehicles, as opposed to active transportation options such as cycling or walking, is correlated with increased risk of obesity.Malnutrition in early life is believed to play a role in the rising rates of obesity in the developing world. Endocrine changes that occur during periods of malnutrition may promote the storage of fat once more food energy becomes available. Gut bacteria
The study of the effect of infectious agents on metabolism is still in its early stages. Gut flora has been shown to differ between lean and obese people. There is an indication that gut flora can affect the metabolic potential.
Other nephrotoxic drugs should be avoided. Nephrotoxicity is usually reversible and can be reduced by dosage adjustment and adequate hydration. Electrolyte disturbances — hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia can occur and regular monitoring of electrolytes is necessary to avoid clinical toxicity. Genital ulceration — a less common reported side effect which occurs more in men and usually during induction use of foscarnet. It is most likely a contact dermatitis due to high concentrations of foscarnet in urine. It usually resolves rapidly following discontinuation of the drug. CNS — less common side effects of perioral paresthesia, irritability and altered mental states. References
Sources
Dennis L. Kasper, Eugene Braunwald. "Harrisons Manual of Medicine", 16th Edition, Mcgraw-hill, (2005), p. 2244. External links
"Foscarnet". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Foscarnet sodium". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.