A 2016 textbook estimated about 0.5% of women are affected, while rates in Morocco and Sweden were estimated at 6%.Among those who attend clinics for sexual dysfunction, rates may be as high as 12 to 47%. See also
Hymen
Penis captivus
Vulvodynia

References
Further reading
Crowley T, Richardson D, Goldmeier D (January 2006). "Recommendations for the management of vaginismus: BASHH Special Interest Group for Sexual Dysfunction-free". Int J STD AIDS. 17 (1): 14–8. doi:10.1258/095646206775220586. PMID 16409672. S2CID 14152533.
Sudden deaths during physical exertion in African-American US army recruits, and athletes
Urinary tract infection

Suggested
Probable: complicated hyphema, venous thromboembolic events, fetal loss, neonatal deaths, and preeclampsia
Possible: acute chest syndrome, asymptomatic bacteriuria, and anemia in pregnancy
Insufficient evidence: retinopathy, cholelithiasis, priapism, leg ulcers, liver necrosis, avascular necrosis of the femoral head, and stroke. An association with complicated migraines has been suggested.There have been reports of pulmonary venous thromboembolism in pregnant women with sickle cell trait, or men during prolonged airflight, and mild strokes and abnormalities on PET scans in children with the trait.Sickle cell trait appears to worsen the complications seen in diabetes mellitus type 2 (retinopathy, nephropathy and proteinuria) and provoke hyperosmolar diabetic coma nephropathy, especially in male patients. Genetics
Normally, a person inherits two copies of the gene that produces beta-globin, a protein needed to produce normal hemoglobin (hemoglobin A, genotype AA). A person with sickle cell trait inherits one normal allele and one abnormal allele encoding hemoglobin S (hemoglobin genotype AS).The sickle cell trait can be used to demonstrate the concepts of co-dominance and incomplete dominance. An individual with the sickle cell trait shows incomplete dominance when the shape of the red blood cell is considered. This is because the sickling happens only at low oxygen concentrations. With regards to the actual concentration of hemoglobin in the circulating cells, the alleles demonstrate co-dominance as both normal and mutant forms co-exist in the bloodstream. Thus it is an ambiguous condition showing both incomplete dominance and co-dominance.Unlike the sickle-cell trait, sickle-cell disease is passed on in a recessive manner.