There are two primary manifestations of catatonic behavior. The classic presentation is a person who does not move or interact with the world in any way while awake. This type of catatonia presents with waxy flexibility. Waxy flexibility is when someone physically moves part of a catatonic persons body and the person stays in the position even if it is bizarre and otherwise nonfunctional (such as moving a persons arm straight up in the air and the arm staying there). The other type of catatonia is more of an outward presentation of the profoundly agitated state described above. It involves excessive and purposeless motor behaviour, as well as an extreme mental preoccupation that prevents an intact experience of reality. An example is someone walking very fast in circles to the exclusion of anything else with a level of mental preoccupation (meaning not focused on anything relevant to the situation) that was not typical of the person prior to the symptom onset. In both types of catatonia, there is generally no reaction to anything that happens outside of them. It is important to distinguish catatonic agitation from severe bipolar mania, although someone could have both. Negative symptoms
Negative symptoms include reduced emotional expression (flat affect), decreased motivation (avolition), and reduced spontaneous speech (poverty of speech, alogia). Individuals with this condition lack interest and spontaneity, and have the inability to feel pleasure (anhedonia). Psychosis in adolescents
Psychosis is rare in adolescents.
EIS are specifically intended to fulfill the needs of patients with early-phase psychosis. In addition, one meta-analysis that consisted of four randomized clinical trials has examined the efficacy of EIS to Therapy as Usual (TAU) for early-phase psychosis, revealing that EIS techniques are superior to TAU.A study suggests that combining cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with SlowMo, an app that helps notice their "unhelpful fast-thinking" might be more effective for treating paranoia in people with psychosis than CBT alone. See also
Open Dialogue
Metacognitive training

References
Bibliography
Badcock JC, Paulik G, eds. (2019). A Clinical Introduction to Psychosis: Foundations for Clinical Psychologists and Neuropsychologists (1st ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press, imprint of Elsevier. doi:10.1016/C2017-0-01829-3. ISBN 978-0-12-815012-2. S2CID 243510002. Lewandowski KE, Moustafa A, eds. (2019). Social Cognition in Psychosis (1st ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press, imprint of Elsevier. doi:10.1016/C2017-0-03061-6. ISBN 978-0-12-815315-4. S2CID 239126550. Semple D, Smyth R (2019). "Schizophrenia and related psychoses". In Semple D, Smyth R (eds.). Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 179–240. doi:10.1093/med/9780198795551.003.0005. ISBN 978-0-19-879555-1. Tamminga CA, van Os J, Reininghaus U, Ivleva E, eds. (2020). Psychotic Disorders: Comprehensive Conceptualization and Treatments (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/med/9780190653279.001.0001 (inactive 31 July 2022). ISBN 978-0-19-065327-9. {{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2022 (link)
Thompson AD, Broome MR, eds. (2020). Risk Factors for Psychosis: Paradigms, Mechanisms, and Prevention (1st ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press, imprint of Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-813201-2.00001-6. ISBN 978-0-12-813201-2. S2CID 213499429. Further reading
Personal accounts

External links

National Institute of Mental Health