Pharmacology
Mechanism of action
Ferric maltol acts as a source of iron, which is essential for oxygen transport in the blood and other processes in the human body. Pharmacokinetics
The substance is a complex of iron with maltol, which is absorbed from the gut and then dissociates, releasing iron and maltol separately into the bloodstream. Iron is bound to transferrin and reaches its highest concentrations in the blood plasma one to three hours after ingestion. It is also bound to ferritin for storage. Maltol reaches its highest plasma concentrations after 1 to 1.5 hours. It is quickly metabolized to the glucuronide by UGT1A6 and eliminated via the urine with a biological half-life of 0.7 hours. 40–60% are excreted in the glucuronidized form. History
Ferric maltol was approved for medical use in the European Union in February 2016.Ferric maltol was approved for medical use in the United States in July 2019, based on evidence from three clinical trials (trial 1, trial 2, and trial 3). All 295 participants had low iron stores in the body and consequent iron deficiency anemia. In the first two trials low iron was caused by participants inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and in the last trial, by long standing (chronic) kidney disease.Trials were conducted at 79 sites in Europe and the United States. References
External links
"Ferric maltol". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).
Filtration is probably the most practical method for recovery from drinking water and liquid foods. E. histolytica cysts must be distinguished from cysts of other parasitic (but nonpathogenic) protozoa and from cysts of free-living protozoa as discussed above. Recovery procedures are not very accurate; cysts are easily lost or damaged beyond recognition, which leads to many falsely negative results in recovery tests. Treatment
E. histolytica infections occur in both the intestine and (in people with symptoms) in tissue of the intestine and/or liver. Those with symptoms require treatment with two medications, an amoebicidal tissue-active agent and a luminal cysticidal agent. Individuals that are asymptomatic only need a luminal cysticidal agent. Prognosis
In the majority of cases, amoebas remain in the gastrointestinal tract of the hosts. Severe ulceration of the gastrointestinal mucosal surfaces occurs in less than 16% of cases. In fewer cases, the parasite invades the soft tissues, most commonly the liver. Only rarely are masses formed (amoebomas) that lead to intestinal obstruction. (Mistaken for Ca caecum and appendicular mass) Other local complications include bloody diarrhea, pericolic and pericaecal abscess.Complications of hepatic amoebiasis includes subdiaphragmatic abscess, perforation of diaphragm to pericardium and pleural cavity, perforation to abdominal cavital (amoebic peritonitis) and perforation of skin (amoebiasis cutis).Pulmonary amoebiasis can occur from liver lesions by spread through the blood or by perforation of pleural cavity and lung. It can cause lung abscess, pulmono pleural fistula, empyema lung and broncho pleural fistula. It can also reach the brain through blood vessels and cause amoebic brain abscess and amoebic meningoencephalitis.