A comprehensive evaluation of the human metabolome in sleep deprivation in 2014 found that 27 metabolites are increased after 24 waking hours and suggested serotonin, tryptophan, and taurine may contribute to the antidepressive effect.The incidence of relapse can be decreased by combining sleep deprivation with medication or a combination of light therapy and phase advance (going to bed substantially earlier than ones normal time). Many tricyclic antidepressants suppress REM sleep, providing an additional evidence for a link between mood and sleep. Similarly, tranylcypromine has been shown to completely suppress REM sleep at adequate doses. Treating insomnia
Sleep deprivation can be implemented for a short period of time in the treatment of insomnia. Some common sleep disorders have been shown to respond to cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia is a multicomponent process that is composed of stimulus control therapy, sleep restriction therapy (SRT), and sleep hygiene therapy. One of the components is a controlled regime of "sleep restriction" in order to restore the homeostatic drive to sleep and encourage normal "sleep efficiency". Stimulus control therapy is intended to limit behaviors intended to condition the body to sleep while in bed. The main goal of stimulus control and sleep restriction therapy is to create an association between bed and sleep. Although sleep restriction therapy shows efficacy when applied as an element of cognitive-behavioral therapy, its efficacy is yet to be proven when used alone. Sleep Hygiene therapy is intended to help patients develop and maintain good sleeping habits.
Adolescents who experience less sleep show a decreased willingness to engage in sports activities that require effort through fine motor coordination and attention to detail.Great sleep deprivation mimics psychosis: distorted perceptions can lead to inappropriate emotional and behavioral responses.Astronauts have reported performance errors and decreased cognitive ability during periods of extended working hours and wakefulness as well as due to sleep loss caused by circadian rhythm disruption and environmental factors.One study has found that a single night of sleep deprivation may cause tachycardia, a condition in which the heartrate exceeds 100 beats per minute (in the following day).Generally, sleep deprivation may facilitate or intensify:
aching muscles
confusion, memory lapses or loss
depression
development of false memory
hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations during falling asleep and waking, which are entirely normal
hand tremor
headaches
malaise
stye
periorbital puffiness, commonly known as "bags under eyes" or eye bags
increased blood pressure
increased stress hormone levels
increased risk of Type 2 diabetes
lowering of immunity, increased susceptibility to illness
increased risk of fibromyalgia
irritability
nystagmus (rapid involuntary rhythmic eye movement)
obesity
seizures
temper tantrums in children
violent behavior
yawning
mania
Sleep inertia
symptoms similar to:
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
psychosis

Assessment
Patients with sleep deprivation may present with complaints of symptoms and signs of insufficient sleep such as fatigue, sleepiness, drowsy driving, and cognitive difficulties. Sleep insufficiency can easily go unrecognized and undiagnosed unless patients are specifically asked about it by their clinicians.Several questions are critical in evaluating sleep duration and quality, as well as the cause of sleep deprivation.