They have shown that approximately 1 in 3 cattle farms and 1 in 4 sheep or goat farms are infected. However, there are wide variations between studies and countries. In China, Iran, Great Britain, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Spain, the US, Belgium, Denmark, Croatia, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Serbia, Slovenia and Jordan, for example, it has been shown that more than 50% of cattle herds were infected with Q fever.Infected animals shed the bacteria by three routes: genital discharge, faeces and milk. Excretion is greatest at the time of parturition or abortion and placentas and aborted fetuses are the main sources of bacteria, particularly in goats. As Coxiella burnetii is small and resistant in the environment, it is easily airborne and can be transmitted from one farm to another, even if it is several kilometres away. Control
Biosecurity measures
Based on the epidemiological data, biosecurity measures can be derived:
The spread of manure from infected farm should be avoided in windy conditions
The level of hygiene must be very high during parturition and fetal annexes and fetuses must be collected and destroyed as soon as possible

Medical measures
A vaccine for cattle and goats exists. It reduces clinical expression such as abortions and decreases excretion of the bacteria by the animals leading to control of Q fever in herds.In addition, vaccination of herds against Q fever has been shown to reduce the risk of human infection. References
External links

Q fever at the CDC
Coxiella burnetii genomes and related information at PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID
The vaginal vault is the expanded region of the vaginal canal at the internal end of the vagina. Prolapse
The vaginal vault may prolapse after a hysterectomy, as there is no uterus supporting the interior end of the vagina. Colposacropexy is often used for treating vaginal vault prolapse. A Cochrane Collaboration review[needs update] found that limited data are available on optimal surgical approaches, including the use of transvaginal surgical mesh devices, in the form of a patch or sling, similar to its implementation for abdominal hernia. However, the use of a transvaginal mesh in treating vaginal prolapses is associated with side effects including pain, infection, and organ perforation. According to the FDA, serious complications are "not rare." A number of class action lawsuits have been filed and settled against several manufacturers of TVM devices. See also
Vagina
Hysterectomy

References
External links
Dictionary definition of "Vaginal vault" from TheFreeDictionary.com