Availability
United States
As of November 2016, unmodified (non-esterified) testosterone is available in the United States in the following formulations:
Topical gels: AndroGel, Fortesta, Testim, Testosterone (generic)
Topical solutions: Axiron, Testosterone (generic)
Transdermal patches: Androderm, Testoderm (discontinued), Testoderm TTS (discontinued), Testosterone (generic)
Intranasal gels: Natesto
Buccal tablets: Striant
Pellet implants: TestopelAnd the following ester prodrugs of testosterone are available in the United States in oil solutions for intramuscular injection:
Testosterone cypionate: Depo-Testosterone, Testosterone Cypionate (generic)
Testosterone enanthate: Delatestryl, Xyosted (auto-injector), Testosterone Enanthate (generic)
Testosterone propionate: Testosterone Propionate (generic)
Testosterone undecanoate: AveedUnmodified testosterone was also formerly available for intramuscular injection but was discontinued.Testosterone cypionate and testosterone enanthate were formerly available in combination with estradiol cypionate and estradiol valerate, respectively, under the brand names Depo-Testadiol and Ditate-DS, respectively, as oil solutions for intramuscular injection, but these formulations have been discontinued.Unlike in Europe, Canada, and much of the rest of the world, oral testosterone undecanoate is not available in the United States. Canada
As of November 2016, testosterone is available in Canada in the form of topical gels (AndroGel, Testim), topical solutions (Axiron), transdermal patches (Androderm), and intranasal gels (Natesto). Testosterone cypionate (Depo-Testosterone, Testosterone Cypionate (generic)), testosterone enanthate (Delatestryl, PMS-Testosterone Enanthate), and testosterone propionate (Testosterone Propionate (generic)) are available as oil solutions for intramuscular injection and testosterone undecanoate (Andriol, PMS-Testosterone, Taro-Testosterone) is available in the form of oral capsules. Testosterone buccal tablets and pellet implants do not appear to be available in Canada. Other countries
Testosterone and/or its esters are widely available in countries throughout the world in a variety of formulations.
Clemastine does also act as FIASMA (functional inhibitor of acid sphingomyelinase).Clemastine is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and peak plasma concentrations are attained in 2–4 hours. Antihistamines are thought to be metabolized in the liver, mostly by mono-/didemethylation and glucuronide conjugation. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 CYP2D6 and may interfere with other drugs metabolized by this isozyme. Mechanism of action
Clemastine is a selective histamine H1 antagonist. It binds to the histamine H1 receptor, thus blocking the action of endogenous histamine, which leads to temporary relief of the negative symptoms caused by histamine. Society and culture
Clemastine is an OTC drug, and is available under many names and dosage forms worldwide. Most common brand name is Tavegyl. References
External links
NIH Medline Plus listing on Clemastine
The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of clemastine and phenylpropanolamine in single-component and combination formulations