If the tumour is deeper inside the mouth or throat, the biopsy may need to be performed in an operating room. General anaesthesia is administered to eliminate any pain.Exfoliative cytology: A suspected area is gently scraped to collect a sample of cells for examination. These cells are placed on a glass slide and stained with dye, so that they can be viewed under a microscope. If any cells appear abnormal, a deeper biopsy will be performed. Diseases
Oral and maxillofacial pathology can involve many different types of tissues of the head. Different disease processes affect different tissues within this region with various outcomes. A great many diseases involve the mouth, jaws and orofacial skin. The following list is a general outline of pathologies that can affect oral and maxillofacial region; some are more common than others. This list is by no means exhaustive. Congenital
Malocclusion
Cleft lip and palate
Cleft lip and palate is one of the most common occurring multi-factorial congenital disorder occurring in 1 in 500-1000 live births in several forms. The most common form is combined cleft lip and palate and it accounts for approximately 50% of the cases whereas isolated cleft lip concerns 20% of the patients.People with cleft, lip and palate malformation tend to be less social and report lower self-esteem, anxiety and depression related to their facial malformation. One of the major goals in the treatment of patients with cleft is to enhance social acceptance by surgical reconstruction.
Hydropneumothorax is defined as the presence of both air and fluid within the pleural space. An upright chest x-ray will show air fluid levels. The horizontal fluid level is usually well defined and extends across the whole length of one of the hemithorax. Signs and symptoms
This can be remembered by the 4 S:
straight line dullness,
shifting dullness,
splash,
sound of coin. Causes
Iatrogenic: Introduction of air during pleural fluid aspiration in effusion
Presence of a gas-forming organism
Thoracic trauma

Diagnosis
Diagnosis can be via CXR. CT is better to outline borders of air fluid levels, however, CT has a greater radiation exposure. Treatment
Treatment includes ICD (intercostal drainage) of fluid and air and treatment of underlying conditions. References


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