Neurological abnormalities
Seventy to eighty percent of cases of the most severe forms of arthrogryposis are caused by neurological abnormalities, which can be either genetic or environmental.The underlying aetiology and pathogenesis of congenital contractures, particularly arthrogryposis and the mechanism of the mutations remains an active area of investigation, because identifying these factors could help to develop treatment and congenital finding of arthrogryposis. Diagnosis
Research on prenatal diagnosis has shown that a diagnosis can be made prenatally in approximately 50% of fetuses presenting arthrogryposis. It could be found during routine ultrasound scanning showing a lack of mobility and abnormal position of the foetus. There are other options for visualization of details and structures using techniques such as 4D ultrasound. In clinic a child can be diagnosed with arthrogryposis with physical examination, confirmed by ultrasound, MRI, or muscle biopsy. Classification
Some of the different types of AMC include:

Arthrogryposis multiplex due to muscular dystrophy. Arthrogryposis ectodermal dysplasia other anomalies, also known as Cote Adamopoulos Pantelakis syndrome, Trichooculodermovertebral syndrome, TODV syndrome and Alves syndrome. Arthrogryposis epileptic seizures migrational brain disorder. Arthrogryposis IUGR thoracic dystrophy, also known as Van Bervliet syndrome. Arthrogryposis-like disorder, also known as Kuskokwim disease. Arthrogryposis-like hand anomaly and sensorineural deafness. Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita CNS calcification. Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita distal (AMCD), also known as X-linked spinal muscular atrophy type 2. Gordon syndrome, also known as distal arthrogryposis type 3. Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, distal type 2A, also known as Freeman–Sheldon syndrome. Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, distal type 2B, also known as Sheldon–Hall syndrome. Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita neurogenic type (AMCN).
The Ponseti method can also be used as a first line treatment in older and more resistant cases. In such severe and neglected cases bony surgery in the form of foot osteotomies and arthrodesis is usually indicated. It is usually accompanied by soft tissue surgery in the form of release of contracted tendon and capsular structures. In older patients near skeletal maturity joint fusion or arthrodesis may be indicated as well. Less frequent patients with arthrogryposis may develop congenital vertical talus also known as rocker bottom foot. Similarly, congenital vertical talus is classically managed by serial casting according to the reversed Ponseti method. Resistant or recurrent cases may be offered an extensive soft tissue release. However this is fraught with risk of foot stiffness and pain in the long term. Talectomy or excision of the talus to give room for creation of plantigrade foot has been practiced. Naviculectomy or midtarsal resection arthroplasty represents a less invasive option with satisfactory short-term results. Prognosis
AMC is considered non-progressive, so with proper medical treatment things can improve. The joint contractures will not get worse than they are at the time of birth. There is no way to resolve or cure AMC completely but with proper treatment most children make significant improvements in their range of motion and ability to move their limbs, which enables them to carry out daily activities and live relatively normal lives.Therapeutic interventions that are cornerstones in the treatment of AMC include: stretching and range of motion exercises, physical, occupational and speech therapy, splinting and serial casting.