Stapled trans-anal rectal resection (STARR)
This operation aims to "remove the anorectal mucosa circumferential and reinforce the anterior anorectal junction wall with the use of a circular stapler". In contrast to other methods, STARR does not correct the descent of the rectum, it removes the redundant tissue. The technique was developed from a similar stapling procedure for prolapsing hemorrhoids. Since, specialized circular staplers have been developed for use in external rectal prolapse and internal rectal intussusception.Complications, sometimes serious, have been reported following STARR,  but the procedure is now considered safe and effective. STARR is  contraindicated in patients with weak sphincters (fecal incontinence and urgency are a possible complication) and with anismus (paradoxical contraction of the pelvic floor during attempted defecation). The operation has been shown to improve rectal sensitivity and decrease rectal volume, the reason thought to create urgency. 90% of patients do not report urgency 12 months after the operation. The anal sphincter may also be stretched during the operation. STARR was compared with biofeedback and found to be more effective at reducing symptoms and improving quality of life. Mucosal prolapse
Rectal mucosal prolapse (mucosal prolapse, anal mucosal prolapse) is a sub-type of rectal prolapse, and refers to abnormal descent of the rectal mucosa through the anus.
Platybasia is a spinal disease of a malformed relationship between the occipital bone and cervical spine. It may be caused by Pagets disease. Platybasia is also a feature of Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, commonly known as basal cell nevus syndrome. It may be developmental in origin or due to softening of the skull base bone, allowing it to be pushed upward. The developmental variant is the result of a wider angle between the skull base of the frontal or anterior fossa and the clivus, which defines the anterior wall of the posterior fossa. It is sometimes associated with other congenital abnormalities of the bone structure, such as fusion of the first cervical vertebrae to the skull atlas assimilation. Further reading
Pearce JM (2007). "Platybasia and basilar invagination". Eur. Neurol. 58 (1): 62–4. doi:10.1159/000102172. PMID 17483591. == External links ==