While stings from this species will rarely result in death, side effects can include numbness, tingling, convulsions, difficult breathing, and occasionally, paralysis. These side effects may last up to 72 hours after injection of the venom. It is also observed that penile erection may occur after being stung. The pain of a sting from the Arizona Bark Scorpion has been compared to being struck by a bolt of lightning or electrical current. These symptoms may become visible 4 to 7 minutes after envenomation. Envenomation of a human by a scorpion may affect the sympathetic or parasympathetic systems depending on the species of scorpion. Some of the more severe side effects include respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary edema, cardiac dysfunction, impaired hemostasis, pancreatitis, and multiple organ failure. Additionally, treatment of the sting depends on the severity of the incident, which is classified as  mild, moderate, or severe. This treatment is composed of three different aspects of the sting: symptomatic measures, vital functions support, and injection antivenom. Not all envenomations result in systemic complications; only a small proportion of stings have this effect on the victim. Mechanism
The composition of scorpion venom consists of different compounds of varying concentrations. The compounds consist of neurotoxins, cardiotoxin, nephrotoxin, hemolytic toxic, phosphodiesterases, phospholipase, histamine, serotonin, etc. Of these different toxins, the most important and most potent one is the neurotoxin concentration. This compound has neuromuscular and neuroautonomic effects, as well as damages the surrounding local tissue. Neurotoxins work to change voltage-dependent sodium channels, resulting in prolonged neuronal and neuromuscular activity.
Therefore, when amastia patients receive medical ultrasound examination, asymmetry or disproportioned mammary tissue may be found. Causes
Unilateral amastia is usually caused by Polands syndrome, which is characterized by one side absence of breast. The absence or dysfunction of pectoralis muscle and ribs are common case. It can also be part of other syndromes as described in the previous contents. Other causes may include intra-uterine exposure to teratogenic drugs such as dehydroipiandrosterone and methiamozole/carbimazole treatment during first trimester.For bilateral amastia, the cause has not been well understood so far. It may be related to gene mutation since often patients with bilateral amastia are diagnosed as autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance. Decreasing blood flow in the subclavian artery may also be a cause of amastia.Amastia can also be caused by injuries. These injuries may happen when patients receive surgery, such as thoracotomy, chest tube placement, or when they are treated by radiotherapy. Improper biopsy or severe burns of breast tissue may also result in amastia. Genetics
Congenital amastia can be associated with both autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance. However, in clinical research, autosomal recessive heritage amastia is uncommon.Mutation of genes may disrupt the normal process and results in abnormity of breast. The protein tyrosine receptor type F gene (PTPRF) is particularly important in nipple-areola region development. PTPRF encodes protein phosphatase which can localize at adherent junction. This phosphatase may also regulate epithelial cell to enable cell- cell interaction. PTPRF is also responsible for growth factor signalling and Wnt pathway.