Choledochal cysts (a.k.a. bile duct cyst) are congenital conditions involving cystic dilatation of bile ducts. They are uncommon in western countries but not as rare in East Asian nations like Japan and China. Signs and symptoms
Most patients have symptoms in the first year of life. It is rare for symptoms to be undetected until adulthood, and usually adults have associated complications. The classic triad of intermittent abdominal pain, jaundice, and a right upper quadrant abdominal mass is found only in minority of patients.In infants, choledochal cysts usually lead to obstruction of the bile ducts and retention of bile. This leads to jaundice and an enlarged liver. If the obstruction is not relieved, permanent damage may occur to the liver - scarring and cirrhosis - with the signs of portal hypertension  (obstruction to the flow of blood through the liver) and ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdomen). There is an increased risk of cancer in the wall of the cyst.In older individuals, choledochal cysts are more likely to cause abdominal pain and intermittent episodes of jaundice and occasionally cholangitis (inflammation within the bile ducts caused by the spread of bacteria from the intestine into the bile ducts). Inflammation of the pancreas also may occur. The cause of these complications may be related to either abnormal flow of bile within the ducts or the presence of gallstones. Diagnosis
Direct hyperbilirubinemia

Types
They were classified into 5 types by Todani in 1977.Classification was based on site of the cyst or dilatation. Type I to IV has been subtyped.
Oxycephaly is a type of cephalic disorder where the top of the skull is pointed or conical due to premature closure of the coronal suture plus any other suture, like the lambdoid, or it may be used to describe the premature fusion of all sutures. It should be differentiated from Crouzon syndrome. Oxycephaly is the most severe of the craniosynostoses. Presentation
Common associations
It may be associated with:
8th cranial nerve lesion
Optic nerve compression
Intellectual disability
Syndactyly

Diagnosis
Treatment
See also
Acrocephalosyndactylia

References
Further reading

NINDS Overview
Ebenezer, Roy (1960). "Craniostenosis or oxycephaly". Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 8 (3): 77–80. ISSN 0301-4738. PMID 13819157. == External links ==