A systematic review of observational studies concluded that such exposure does not appear to increase the risk of major birth defects, miscarriages, stillbirths, premature births, or low birth weight. Similarly, in studies examining the effects of topical retinoids during pregnancy, fetal harm has not been seen in the second and third trimesters. Nevertheless, since rare harms from topical retinoids are not ruled out, they are not recommended for use during pregnancy due to persistent safety concerns. Retinoids contraindicated for use during pregnancy include the topical retinoid tazarotene, and oral retinoids isotretinoin and acitretin (all category X). Spironolactone is relatively contraindicated for use during pregnancy due to its antiandrogen effects. Finasteride is not recommended as it is highly teratogenic.Topical antibiotics deemed safe during pregnancy include clindamycin, erythromycin, and metronidazole (all category B), due to negligible systemic absorption. Nadifloxacin and dapsone (category C) are other topical antibiotics that may be used to treat acne in pregnant women but have received less study. No adverse fetal events have been reported from the topical use of dapsone. If retinoids are used there is a high risk of abnormalities occurring in the developing fetus; women of childbearing age are therefore required to use effective birth control if retinoids are used to treat acne. Oral antibiotics deemed safe for pregnancy (all category B) include azithromycin, cephalosporins, and penicillins. Tetracyclines (category D) are contraindicated during pregnancy as they are known to deposit in developing fetal teeth, resulting in yellow discoloration and thinned tooth enamel.
The disease patterns below identify the type of fungus that causes them only in the cases listed:

Dermatophytosis
Tinea pedis (athletes foot): fungal infection of the feet
Tinea unguium: fungal infection of the fingernails and toenails, and the nail bed
Tinea corporis: fungal infection of the arms, legs, and trunk
Tinea cruris (jock itch): fungal infection of the groin area
Tinea manuum: fungal infection of the hands and palm area
Tinea capitis: fungal infection of the scalp and hair
Tinea faciei (face fungus): fungal infection of the face
Tinea barbae: fungal infestation of facial hair
Other superficial mycoses (not classic ringworm, since not caused by dermatophytes)
Tinea versicolor: caused by Malassezia furfur
Tinea nigra: caused by Hortaea werneckii

Prevention
Advice often given includes:

Avoid sharing clothing, sports equipment, towels, or sheets. Wash clothes in hot water with fungicidal soap after suspected exposure to ringworm. Avoid walking barefoot; instead wear appropriate protective shoes in locker rooms and sandals at the beach. Avoid touching pets with bald spots, as they are often carriers of the fungus. Vaccination
As of 2016, no approved human vaccine exist against Dermatophytosis. For horses, dogs and cats there is available an approved inactivated vaccine called Insol Dermatophyton (Boehringer Ingelheim) which provides time-limited protection against several trichophyton and microsporum fungal strains. With cattle, systemic vaccination has achieved effective control of ringworm. Since 1979 a Russian live vaccine (LFT 130) and later on a Czechoslovakian live vaccine against bovine ringworm has been used. In Scandinavian countries vaccination programmes against ringworm are used as a preventive measure to improve the hide quality.