Tiotixene, or thiothixene, sold under the brand name Navane among others, is a typical antipsychotic of the thioxanthene class which is related to chlorprothixene and is used in the treatment of psychoses like schizophrenia and bipolar mania. It was introduced in the United States in 1967 by Pfizer.Tiotixene is also related to thioproperazine and pipotiazine, members of the phenothiazine class. Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Tiotixene acts primarily as a highly potent antagonist of the dopamine D2 and D3 receptors (subnanomolar affinity). It is also an antagonist of the histamine H1, α1-adrenergic, and serotonin 5-HT7 receptors (low nanomolar affinity), as well as of various other receptors to a much lesser extent (lower affinity). It does not have any anticholinergic activity. Antagonism of the D2 receptor is thought to be responsible for the antipsychotic effects of tiotixene. History
Tiotixene was introduced in 1967. Chemistry
Tiotixene is a member of the thioxanthene class of antipsychotics. Analogues include chlorprothixene, clopenthixol, flupentixol, and zuclopenthixol. == References ==
When circumstances cause overall body fat to diminish, the tissue surrounding the Eustachian tube shrinks and this function is disrupted.Activities and substances which dehydrate the body have the same effect and are also possible causes of patulous Eustachian tube. Examples are stimulants (including caffeine) and exercise. Exercise may have a more short-term effect than caffeine or weight loss in this regard. Pregnancy can also be a cause of patulous Eustachian tube due to the effects of pregnancy hormones on surface tension and mucus in the respiratory system.Granulomatosis with polyangiitis can also be a cause of this disorder. It is yet unknown why. PET can occur as a result of liquid residue in the Eustachian tube, after suffering a middle ear infection (otitis media). Radiation therapy
High levels of estrogen
Nasal decongestants
Stress
Sudden weight loss
Neurological disorders

Diagnosis
Upon examination of a suspected case of patulous Eustachian tube, a doctor can directly view the tympanic membrane with a light and observe that it vibrates with every breath taken by the patient. A tympanogram may also help with the diagnosis. Patulous Eustachian tube is likely if brisk inspiration causes a significant pressure shift. Patulous Eustachian tube is frequently misdiagnosed as standard congestion due to the similarity in symptoms and rarity of the disorder. Audiologists are more likely to recognize the disorder, usually with tympanometry or nasally delivered masking noise during a hearing assessment, which is highly sensitive to this condition.When misdiagnosis occurs, a decongestant medication is sometimes prescribed.