According to a 2011 literature review, caffeine use may induce anxiety and panic disorders in people with Parkinsons disease. At high doses, typically greater than 300 mg, caffeine can both cause and worsen anxiety. For some people, discontinuing caffeine use can significantly reduce anxiety.In moderate doses, caffeine has been associated with reduced symptoms of depression and lower suicide risk. Two reviews indicate that increased consumption of coffee and caffeine may reduce the risk of depression.Some textbooks state that caffeine is a mild euphoriant, while others state that it is not a euphoriant.Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder is a subclass of the DSM-5 diagnosis of substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder. Reinforcement disorders
Addiction
Whether caffeine can result in an addictive disorder depends on how addiction is defined. Compulsive caffeine consumption under any circumstances has not been observed, and caffeine is therefore not generally considered addictive. However, some diagnostic models, such as the ICDM-9 and ICD-10, include a classification of caffeine addiction under a broader diagnostic model. Some state that certain users can become addicted and therefore unable to decrease use even though they know there are negative health effects.Caffeine does not appear to be a reinforcing stimulus, and some degree of aversion may actually occur, with people preferring placebo over caffeine in a study on drug abuse liability published in an NIDA research monograph. Some state that research does not provide support for an underlying biochemical mechanism for caffeine addiction. Other research states it can affect the reward system. "Caffeine addiction" was added to the ICDM-9 and ICD-10.
The role of surgery in AIN syndrome remains controversial. Indications for considering surgery include a known space-occupying lesion that is compressing the nerve (a mass) or fascial compression, and persistent symptoms beyond 1 year of conservative treatment. Symptoms and signs
Patients may experience poorly localised, transient pain in the wrist, i.e. where the sensory branch of the AIN is mapped in the brain. The pain is sometimes referred into the cubital fossa and elbow pain has been reported as being a primary complaint.⁠
The characteristic severe impairment of the pincer movement of the thumb and index finger is most striking. Clinical signs
In a pure lesion of the anterior interosseous nerve there is weakness of the long flexor muscle of the thumb (Flexor pollicis longus), the deep flexor muscles of the index  and middle fingers (Flexor digitorum profundus I & II), and the pronator quadratus muscle.There is no sensory deficit since the anterior interosseous nerve has no cutaneous branch to skin, but there is a large sensory branch to the volar carpus, and transient wrist pain may be experienced.