High-altitude cerebral edema
Granulomatosis with polyangiitisNeoplastic:

Leukemias
Meningioma, (of sphenoid wing)
Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
Hand–Schüller–Christian disease
Hemangioma, cavernousCystic:

Dermoid cystVascular:

Carotid-cavernous fistula
Aortic insufficiency: manifests as a pulsatile pseudoproptosis, described by British cardiothoracic surgeon Hutan Ashrafian in 2006Others:

Orbital fracture: apex, floor, medial wall, zygomatic
Retrobulbar hemorrhage: trauma to the orbit can lead to bleeding behind the eye. The hemorrhage has nowhere to escape and the increased pressure pushes the eye out of the socket, leading to proptosis and can also cause blindness if not treated promptly. Cushings syndrome (due to fat in the orbital cave)
Some forms of craniosynostosis:
Crouzon syndrome
Pfeiffer syndrome
Pansynostosis

Anatomy
Proptosis is the anterior displacement of the eye from the orbit. Since the orbit is closed off posteriorly, medially and laterally, any enlargement of structures located within will cause the anterior displacement of the eye. Swelling or enlargement of the lacrimal gland causes inferior medial and anterior dislocation of the eye. This is because the lacrimal glands are located superiorly and laterally in the orbit. Diagnosis
Measurement
Measurement of the degree of exophthalmos is performed using an exophthalmometer. Most sources define exophthalmos/proptosis as a protrusion of the globe greater than 18 mm.The term exophthalmos is often used when describing proptosis associated with Graves disease. Animals
Exophthalmos is commonly found in dogs. It is seen in brachycephalic (short-nosed) dog breeds because of the shallow orbit. It can lead to keratitis secondary to exposure of the cornea. Exophthalmos is commonly seen in the pug, Boston terrier, Pekingese, and shih tzu. It is a common result of head trauma and pressure exerted on the front of the neck too hard in dogs.
Sowda is a cutaneous condition, a localized type of onchocerciasis. : 440 
This is mostly seen in patients with the disease from Yemen, Saudi Arabia, East and West Africa

See also
Skin lesion


== References ==