His hallucinations consisted of perceptions of men, women, birds, carriages, buildings, tapestries, physically impossible circumstances and scaffolding patterns. Even though his health was in good shape and he had an absence of any psychiatric disorders, the source of the hallucinations remained unknown. At forty years old, Charles Bonnet himself suffered from an unrevealed cause of severe vision loss and experienced the hallucinations.In 1936, Jean Lhermitte and Julian de Ajuriaguerra, concluded that visual hallucinations consist of thalamic lesions as well as ocular pathology.In 1967, French-Swiss neurologist, Georges de Morsier, coined the term Charles Bonnet Syndrome in Bonnets honor. De Morsier’s description of CBS implies a concentrated neurodegeneration, usually occurring in the elderly with typical cognition. In psychiatric literature, the most commonly accepted interpretation of CBS is that of Gold and Rabins’. In 1989, they detailed that the hallucinations associated with CBS are not affecting other sensory modalities. They believed that the visual hallucinations are oftentimes stereotyped, persistent, and/or repetitive in nature. Society and culture
The syndrome is discussed in:

Vilayanur S. Ramachandrans book Phantoms in the Brain. Ramachandran suggests that James Thurber, who was blinded in one eye as a child, may have derived his extraordinary imagination from the syndrome. Vikram Chandras book Sacred Games (2006)
David Eaglemans book Incognito: The Secret Lives of the Brain
Oliver Sacks 2012 book Hallucinations
The Indian movie Jawan of Vellimala, released in 2012, in which Mammootty is a victim of the syndrome
The Black Canvas (2014), a chamber opera by the Greek composer Spyros Syrmos, is about a celebrated painter whose visions are caused by CBS.
- Hyperthermia — elevated body temperature
- Autonomic instability (e.g. tachycardia, high blood pressure, diaphoresis, diarrhoea, etc. )Urinary retention — the inability to pass urine despite having urine to pass. Blood dyscrasias e.g. agranulocytosis (a potentially fatal drop in white blood cell count), leukopaenia (a drop in white blood cell counts but not to as extreme an extent as agranulocytosis), neutropaenia (a drop in neutrophil [the cells of the immune system that specifically destroy bacteria] count), thrombocytopaenia (a dangerous drop in platelet [a cell found in the blood that plays a crucial role in the blood clotting process] counts), purpura (the appearance of red or purple discolourations of the skin that do not blanch when pressure is applied), eosinophilia (raised eosinophil [the cells of the immune system that specifically fights off parasites] count)
Hepatitis — inflammation of the liver
Jaundice
Pigmentary retinopathy
Anaphylactoid reactions
Oedema — the abnormal buildup of fluids in the tissues
Asthma
Coma
Seizures
Confusional states
Disorientation
Incoordination
Ataxia
Tremors
Peripheral neuropathy — nerve damage
Numbness, tingling and paresthesias of the extremities
Dysarthria
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
Tinnitus — falsely hearing ringing in the ears. Alteration in EEG patterns
Paralytic ileus — cessation of the peristaltic waves that propel partially digested food through the digestive tract. Hyperpyrexia (elevated body temperature)
Disturbance of accommodation
Increased intraocular pressure
Mydriasis

Pharmacology
Binding affinities (Ki[nM]; for human cloned receptors when available)

See also
Flupentixol/melitracen
Olanzapine/fluoxetine
Tranylcypromine/trifluoperazine


== References ==