However, those whose symptoms had remitted were significantly more likely to have good relationships with a romantic partner and at least one parent, good performance at work and school, a sustained work and school history, and good psychosocial functioning overall. Epidemiology
The prevalence of BPD was estimated in the mid-2000s to be 1–2% of the general population and to occur three times more often in women than in men. However, the lifetime prevalence of BPD, as defined in the DSM-IV, in a 2008 study was found to be 5.9% of the American population, occurring in 5.6% of men and 6.2% of women. The difference in rates between men and women in this study was not found to be statistically significant.Borderline personality disorder is estimated to contribute to 20% of psychiatric hospitalizations and to occur among 10% of outpatients.29.5% of new inmates in the U.S. state of Iowa fit a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder in 2007, and the overall prevalence of BPD in the U.S. prison population is thought to be 17%. These high numbers may be related to the high frequency of substance use and substance use disorders among people with BPD, which is estimated at 38%. History
The coexistence of intense, divergent moods within an individual was recognized by Homer, Hippocrates, and Aretaeus, the latter describing the vacillating presence of impulsive anger, melancholia, and mania within a single person.
The type of surgery performed is specific to the type of dystonia that the patient has. A systematic review found that some patients benefit from deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery, but the studies may have been subject to financial bias. Prevalence
The disease is more commonly found amongst Ashkenazi Jews. The occurrence of torsion dystonia in the Ashkenazi Jewish population as stated by the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health of Yale University School of Medicine in New Haven, Connecticut; "Reports dating to the beginning of this century describe Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) families with multiple cases of ITD either in siblings (Schwalbe 1908; Bernstein 1912; Abrahamson 1920) or in parents and offspring (Wechsler and Brock 1922; Mankowsky and Czerny 1929; Regensberg 1930). The first comprehensive evaluation of the mode of inheritance of ITD in Jewish and non-Jewish families was described by Zeman and Dyken (1967), who concluded that the disorder was inherited as an autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance in both populations. Although they concluded that the gene frequency was higher in the AJ population than in non-Jews, no difference in mode of inheritance or disease mechanism was construed." Research
A 1969 study of torsion dystonia patients found an average IQ 10 points higher than controls matched for age, sex and ethnic background. References
Further reading
https://web.archive.org/web/20060903085219/http://www.biochem.arizona.edu/classes/bioc461/Biochem499/AngelaPulsifer/dystonia1.htm
Risch, N. J.; Bressman, S. B.; Deleon, D; Brin, M. F.; Burke, R. E.; Greene, P. E.; Shale, H; Claus, E. B.; Cupples, L. A.; Fahn, S (1990). "Segregation analysis of idiopathic torsion dystonia in Ashkenazi Jews suggests autosomal dominant inheritance".