It produces particularly high rates of breast cancer among younger women with mutated genes, and despite being rare, 4% of women with breast cancer under age 30 have a mutation in this gene. PTEN:  Mutations cause Cowden syndrome, which produces hamartomas (benign polyps) in the colon, skin growths, and other clinical signs, as well as an increased risk for many cancers. CDH1:  Mutations are associated with lobular breast cancer and gastric cancer. STK11:  Mutations produce Peutz–Jeghers syndrome. It is extremely rare, and creates a predisposition to breast cancer, intestinal cancer, and pancreatic cancer. CHEK2:  Approximately one out of 40 northern Europeans have a mutation in this gene, making it a common mutation. It is also one of the most frequently mutated genes after BRCA among Hispanics in the United States. Considered a moderate-risk mutation, it may double or triple the carriers lifetime risk of breast cancer, and also increase the risk of colon cancer and prostate cancer. ATM:  Mutations cause ataxia telangectasia; female carriers have approximately double the normal risk of developing breast cancer. PALB2:  Studies vary in their estimate of the risk from mutations in this gene and the frequency of mutations in this gene may be different among different populations. It may be moderate risk, or as high as BRCA2.Approximately 45% of HBOC cases involve unidentified genes, or multiple genes. Prevention
People with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are recommended to have a transvaginal ultrasound 1-2 times per year. Screening with CA-125 is also recommended.
In the ICD-8 (1965), “sexual deviations” were categorized as homosexuality, fetishism, pedophilia, transvestism, exhibitionism, voyeurism, sadism and masochism. ICD-9
In the ICD-9 (1975), the category of sexual deviations and disorders was expanded to include transsexualism, sexual dysfunctions, and psychosexual identity disorders. The list contained homosexuality, bestiality, pedophilia, transvestism, exhibitionism, transexualism, Disorders of psychosexual identity, frigidity and impotence, Other sexual deviations and disorders (including fetishism, masochism, and sadism). ICD-10
In the ICD-10 (1990), the category "sexual deviations and disorders" was divided into several subcategories. Paraphilias were placed in subcategory of "sexual preference disorders". The list included fetishism, fetishistic transvestism, exhibitionism, voyeurism, pedophilia, sadomasochism and other disorders of sexual preference (including frotteurism, necrophilia, and zoophilia). Homosexuality was removed from the list, but ego-dystonic sexual orientation was still considered a deviation which was placed in subcategory "psychological and behavioural disorders associated with sexual development and orientation". ICD-11
In the ICD-11 (2022), "paraphilia" has been replaced with "paraphilic disorder". Any paraphilia and any other arousal pattern by itself no longer constitutes a disorder. To date, the diagnosis must meet criteria of paraphilia and one of the following:
1) a marked distress associated with arousal pattern (but not one that comes from rejection or fear of rejection);
2) the person has acted on the arousal pattern towards unwilling others or others considered as unable to give consent;
3) a serious risk of injury or death.