Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is listed in the DSM-5 under Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders and defined as "a pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness". This behavior is usually targeted toward peers, parents, teachers, and other authority figures. Unlike conduct disorder (CD), those with ODD do not show patterns of aggression towards people or animals, destruction of property, theft, or deceit. It has certain links to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and as many as one half of children with ODD also fulfill the diagnostic criteria for ADHD. History
Oppositional defiant disorder was first defined in the DSM-III (1980). Since the introduction of ODD as an independent disorder, the field trials to inform its definition have included predominantly male subjects. Some clinicians have debated whether the diagnostic criteria would be clinically relevant for use with females, and furthermore, some have questioned whether gender-specific criteria and thresholds should be included. Additionally, some clinicians have questioned the preclusion of ODD when conduct disorder is present. According to Dickstein, the DSM-5 attempts to: 

"redefine ODD by emphasizing a persistent pattern of angry and irritable mood along with vindictive behavior, rather than DSM-IVs focus exclusively on negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior. Although DSM-IV implied, but did not mention, irritability, DSM-5 now includes three symptom clusters, one of which is angry/irritable mood—defined as loses temper, is touchy/easily annoyed by others, and is angry/resentful. This suggests that the process of clinically relevant research driving nosology, and vice versa, has ensured that the future will bring greater understanding of ODD."
Factors increasing the need for hospitalization include:

Age greater than 65
Underlying chronic illnesses
Respiratory rate greater than 30 per minute
Systolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg
Heart rate greater than 125 per minute
Temperature below 35 or over 40 °C
Confusion
Evidence of infection outside the lungLaboratory results indicating hospitalization include:

Arterial oxygen tension less than 60 mm Hg
Carbon dioxide over 50 mmHg or pH under 7.35 while breathing room air
Hematocrit under 30 percent
Creatinine over 1.2 mg/dl or blood urea nitrogen over 20 mg/dl
White-blood-cell count under 4 × 10^9/L or over 30 × 10^9/L
Neutrophil count under 1 x 10^9/LX-ray findings indicating hospitalization include:

Involvement of more than one lobe of the lung
Presence of a cavity
Pleural effusion

Prognosis
The CAP outpatient mortality rate is less than one percent, with fever typically responding within the first two days of therapy, and other symptoms abating in the first week. However, X-rays may remain abnormal for at least a month. Hospitalized patients have an average mortality rate of 12 percent, with the rate rising to 40 percent for patients with bloodstream infections or those who require intensive care. Factors increasing mortality are identical to those indicating hospitalization. When CAP does not respond to treatment, this may indicate a previously unknown health problem, a treatment complication, inappropriate antibiotics for the causative organism, a previously unsuspected microorganism (such as tuberculosis) or a condition mimicking CAP (such as granuloma with polyangiitis). Additional tests include X-ray computed tomography, bronchoscopy or lung biopsy. Epidemiology
CAP is common worldwide, and is a major cause of death in all age groups.