Society and culture
Commercialization
Naldemedine is manufactured by Shionogi Inc., a United States-based subsidiary of Shionogi & Co., Ltd. Shionogi & Co., Ltd. (SGIOF) is a pharmaceutical company founded in 1878 based in Osaka, Japan. Shionogi Inc. is fully funded by its parent company, Shionogi & Co., Ltd. The parent company specializes in pharmaceuticals, diagnostic reagents and medical devices in Japan and internationally. Naldemedine is their only gastroenterology product in the United States. In the US market, Shionogi Inc. has partnered with Purdue Pharma in a joint venture for US commercialization of Symproic. Purdue Pharma LP is a privately held pharmaceutical company based in the United States that specializes in chronic pain disorders.Purdue Pharma appealed to remove the Class II scheduling of Symproic as accordant to the Controlled Substances Act. The appeal was posted to the Federal Register on July 12, 2017. The Drug Enforcement Administration officially removed the Class II scheduling in September 2017. Manufacturer finances
Since 2015, Shionogi & Co., Ltd. has produced increasing net income. At the end of fiscal year 2016, Shionogi & Co., Ltd. had a net income of $66,687,000. At the end of fiscal year 2017, they increased their net income to $83,879,000. How much of this is attributed to sales of Symproic is unknown. Shionogi & Co., Ltd. ends their fiscal year on March 31 of each year. Considering the drug was only FDA approved on March 23 of 2017, the true valuation of the drug is yet to be seen.
In the lower doses used for water fluoridation, the only clear adverse effect is dental fluorosis, which can alter the appearance of childrens teeth during tooth development; this is mostly mild and is unlikely to represent any real effect on aesthetic appearance or on public health. A chronic fluoride ingestion of 1 ppm of fluoride in drinking water can cause mottling of the teeth (fluorosis) and an exposure of 1.7 ppm will produce mottling in 30%–50% of patients. Chemical structure
Sodium fluoride is an inorganic ionic compound, dissolving in water to give separated Na+ and F− ions. Like sodium chloride, it crystallizes in a cubic motif where both Na+ and F− occupy octahedral coordination sites; its lattice spacing, approximately 462 pm, is somewhat smaller than that of sodium chloride. Occurrence
The mineral form of NaF, villiaumite, is moderately rare. It is known from plutonic nepheline syenite rocks. Production
NaF is prepared by neutralizing hydrofluoric acid or hexafluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6), both byproducts of the reaction of fluorapatite (Ca5(PO4)3F) from phosphate rock during the production of superphosphate fertilizer. Neutralizing agents include sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate. Alcohols are sometimes used to precipitate the NaF:

HF  +  NaOH  →   NaF  +  H2OFrom solutions containing HF, sodium fluoride precipitates as the bifluoride salt sodium bifluoride (NaHF2). Heating the latter releases HF and gives NaF. HF  +  NaF  ⇌   NaHF2In a 1986 report, the annual worldwide consumption of NaF was estimated to be several million tonnes. See also
Cryolite
Fluoride therapy

References
External links
"Sodium fluoride".