Epidemiology
The incidence of urethral diverticulum has been increasing in the 2000s, likely due to increasing diagnosis and detection of the condition. It is estimated to be present in as low as 0.02% of all women and as high as 6% of all women, and 40% of women with lower urinary tract symptoms. Most symptomatic urethral diverticula are present in women from 30 to 60 years old.84% of periurethral masses are due to urethral diverticula. In men
Urethral diverticulum can occur in men, and can cause complications including kidney stones and urinary tract infections. == References ==
However, it is only able to do so at micromolar concentrations, which, similarly to the case of the L-VGCCs, are far greater than the low nanomolar concentrations of allopregnanolone estimated to be present in the brain. Biphasic actions at the GABAA receptor
Increased levels of allopregnanolone can produce paradoxical effects, including negative mood, anxiety, irritability, and aggression. This appears to be because allopregnanolone possesses biphasic, U-shaped actions at the GABAA receptor – moderate level increases (in the range of 1.5–2 nmol/L total allopregnanolone, which are approximately equivalent to luteal phase levels) inhibit the activity of the receptor, while lower and higher concentration increases stimulate it. This seems to be a common effect of many GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators. In accordance, acute administration of low doses of micronized progesterone (which reliably elevates allopregnanolone levels) has been found to have negative effects on mood, while higher doses have a neutral effect. Antidepressant effects
The mechanism by which neurosteroid GABAA receptor PAMs like brexanolone have antidepressant effects is unknown. Other GABAA receptor PAMs, such as benzodiazepines, are not thought of as antidepressants and have no proven efficacy, despite clinicians prescribing Alprazolam for depression in the past. Neurosteroid GABAA receptor PAMs are known to interact with GABAA receptors and sub-populations differently than benzodiazepines. As examples, GABAA receptor-potentiating neurosteroids may preferentially target δ subunit-containing GABAA receptors, and enhance both tonic and phasic inhibition mediated by GABAA receptors.