Confirmation of infection can be done by examining serum taken during the early and late stages of infection. To quickly screen for the Y. pestis antigen in patients, rapid dipstick tests have been developed for field use. Samples taken for testing include:Buboes: Swollen lymph nodes (buboes) characteristic of bubonic plague, a fluid sample can be taken from them with a needle. Blood
Lungs

Prevention
Bubonic plague outbreaks are controlled by pest control and modern sanitation techniques. This disease uses fleas commonly found on rats as a vector to jump from animals to humans. The mortality rate hits its peak during the hot and humid months of June, July, and August. Furthermore, the plague most affected those of poor upbringing due to greater exposure, poor sanitation techniques and lack of a healthy immune system due to a poor diet. The successful control of rat populations in dense urban areas is essential to outbreak prevention. One example is the use of a machine called the Sulfurozador, used to deliver sulphur dioxide to eradicate the pest that spread the bubonic plague, in Buenos Aires, Argentina during the early 18th century. Targeted chemoprophylaxis, sanitation, and vector control also played a role in controlling the 2003 Oran outbreak of the bubonic plague. Another means of prevention in large European cities was a city-wide quarantine to not only limit interaction with people who were infected, but also to limit the interaction with the infected rats. Treatment
Several classes of antibiotics are effective in treating bubonic plague.
Side effects
Side effects of PPIs in general and lansoprazole in particular may include:
Common: diarrhea, abdominal pain
Infrequent: dry mouth, insomnia, drowsiness, blurred vision, rash, pruritus
Rarely and very rarely: taste disturbance, liver dysfunction, peripheral oedema, hypersensitivity reactions (including bronchospasm, urinary, angioedema, anaphylaxis), photosensitivity, fever, sweating, depression, interstitial nephritis, blood disorders (including leukopenia, leukocytosis, pancytopenia, thrombocytopenia), arthralgia, myalgia, skin reactions including (erythroderma, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, bullous eruption)PPIs may be associated with a greater risk of hip fractures and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. : 22

Interactions
Lansoprazole interacts with several other drugs, either due to its own nature or as a PPI. PPIs reduce absorption of antifungals (itraconazole and ketoconazole)  and possibly increase digoxin in plasma
Increases plasma concentrations of cilostazol (risk of toxicity)Lansoprazole possibly interacts with, among other drugs:

sucralfate
ampicillin
bisacodyl
clopidogrel
delavirdine
fluvoxamine
iron salts
voriconazole
aminophylline and theophylline
astemizole

Chemistry
It is a racemic 1:1 mixture of the enantiomers dexlansoprazole and levolansoprazole. Dexlansoprazole is an enantiomerically pure active ingredient of a commercial drug as a result of the enantiomeric shift. Lansoprazoles plasma elimination half-life (1.5 h) is not proportional to the duration of the drugs effects to the person (i.e. gastric acid suppression). History
Lansoprazole was originally synthesized at Takeda and was given the development name AG 1749. Takeda patented it in 1984 and the drug launched in 1991. In the United States, it was approved for medical use in 1995. Society and culture
Patents
The lansoprazole molecule is off-patent and so generic drugs are available under many brand names in many countries; there are patents covering some formulations in effect as of 2015. Patent protection expired on 10 November 2009.