The most frequent cause of seizures in children is febrile seizures, which happen in 2–5% of children between the ages of six months and five years. During childhood, well-defined epilepsy syndromes are generally seen. In adolescence and young adulthood, non-compliance with the medication regimen and sleep deprivation are potential triggers. Pregnancy and labor and childbirth, and the post-partum, or post-natal period (after birth) can be at-risk times, especially if there are certain complications like pre-eclampsia. During adulthood, the likely causes are alcohol related, strokes, trauma, CNS infections, and brain tumors. In older adults, cerebrovascular disease is a very common cause. Other causes are CNS tumors, head trauma, and other degenerative diseases that are common in the older age group, such as dementia. Metabolic
Dehydration can trigger epileptic seizures if it is severe enough. A number of disorders including: low blood sugar, low blood sodium, hyperosmolar nonketotic hyperglycemia, high blood sodium, low blood calcium and high blood urea levels may cause seizures. As may hepatic encephalopathy and the genetic disorder porphyria. Structural
Cavernoma or cavernous malformation is a treatable medical condition that can cause seizures, headaches, and brain hemorrhages. Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a treatable medical condition that can cause seizures, headaches, and brain hemorrhages. Space-occupying lesions in the brain (abscesses, tumours). In people with brain tumours, the frequency of epilepsy depends on the location of the tumor in the cortical region. Medications
Both medication and drug overdoses can result in seizures, as may certain medication and drug withdrawal.
During VL, interferon gamma is not produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). After treatment of VL, PBMCs start producing interferon gamma, which coincides with the appearance of PKDL lesions due to interferon-gamma-producing cells causing skin inflammation as a reaction to persisting parasites in the skin. Diagnosis
PKDL is difficult to diagnose.Diagnosis is mainly clinical, but parasites can be seen by microscopy in smears with limited sensitivity. PCR and monoclonal antibodies may detect parasites in more than 80% of cases. Serological tests and the leishmanin skin test are of limited value. Treatment
Treatment is always needed in Indian PKDL; in Sudan, most cases are self-limited but severe and chronic cases are treated. Sodium stibogluconate is given at 20 mg/kg for 2 months in Sudan and for 4 months in India. Liposomal amphotericine B seems effective. Although research has brought many new insights in pathogenesis and management of PKDL, several issues in particular in relation to control remain unsolved and deserve urgent attention.Miltefosine is the only available oral medication available for VL and PKDL. While the drug works for short-term treatment of VL, PKDL would require a longer treatment of more than 28 days with this drug. Miltefosine is not recommended for use as a monotherapy to treat PKDL. Society and culture
People with PKDL are a reservoir of leishmaniasis. To eliminate leishmaniasis from a population, people with PKDL must get treatment.The government of India has an kala-azar elimination program ongoing which entered a consolidation phase in 2017. See also
List of cutaneous conditions


== References ==