Low serum PTH levels also exclude primary hyperthyroidism. Phosphorus: low serum phosphorus levels due to low PTH. Creatinine and BUN: high levels can indicate severity of renal damage. Magnesium: serum magnesium levels are low as hypercalcemia inhibits mg^2+ reabsorption in the renal tubules. Vitamin D levels: low vitamin D levels are found. Normal vitamin D levels eliminate primary hypercalcemia. Electrocardiograms (ECG):
An ECG can also be used to diagnose MAS. The following findings related to hypercalcemia could appear on an ECG:
Short QT interval: most commonly seen as short OoT or OaT changes. Prolongation of PR and QRS intervals. Increased Amplitude of QRS complex. Osborn wave
Short ST segment.Radiology:
Chest x-rays can help exclude any malignancy or sarcoidosis when evaluating for hypercalcemia. Prevention
Increasing education in both people and clinicians surrounding milk-alkali syndrome can help prevent the disease. Over recent years, people have become more aware of the benefits of calcium and how to access it, leading to a consequential rise in cases of milk-alkali syndrome. It is crucial that people are educated by their healthcare provider(s) about how hypercalcemia can develop and the hallmark symptoms to monitor for. Often unknown to the person, calcium can come from many different dietary sources in addition to self- or prescribed-supplementation. Unfortunately, this can lead to the intake of amounts of calcium that exceeds recommended doses, causing harmful effects. Particularly in persons with any degree of renal disease, supplementation of calcium can more easily result in deadly hypercalcemia and alkalosis.
A Mongolian spot, also known as slate grey nevus or congenital dermal melanocytosis, is a benign, flat, congenital birthmark with wavy borders and an irregular shape. In 1883, it was described and named after Mongolians by Erwin Bälz, a German anthropologist based in Japan, who erroneously believed it to be most prevalent among his Mongolian patients. It normally disappears three to five years after birth and almost always by puberty. The most common color is blue, although they can be blue-gray, blue-black or deep brown. Cause
Mongolian spot is a congenital developmental condition—that is, one existing from birth—exclusively involving the skin. The blue colour is caused by melanocytes, melanin-containing cells, that are usually located in the surface of the skin (the epidermis), but are in the deeper region (the dermis) in the location of the spot. Usually, as multiple spots or one large patch, it covers one or more of the lumbosacral area (lower back), the buttocks, sides, and shoulders. It results from the entrapment of melanocytes in the lower half to two-thirds of the dermis during their migration from the neural crest to the epidermis during embryonic development.Male and female infants are equally predisposed to slate grey nevus. People who are not aware of the background of the slate grey nevus may mistake them for bruises, possibly resulting in mistaken concerns about abuse.