A cleft lip is an opening of the upper lip mainly due to the failure of fusion of the medial nasal processes with the palatal processes, a cleft palate is the opening of the soft and hard palate in the mouth which is due to the failure of the palatal shelves to fuse together.The palates main function is to demarcate the nasal and oral cavity, without which the patient will have problems with swallowing, eating and speech. Thus affecting the quality of life and in some cases certain functions.Some examples include food going up into the nasal cavity during swallowing as the soft palate is not present to close the cavity during the process. Speech is also affected as the nasal cavity is a source of resonance during speech and failure to manipulate spaces in the cavities will result in the lack of ability to produce certain consonants in audible language. Macroglossia
Is a rare condition, categorised by tongue enlargement which will eventually create a crenated border in relation to the embrasures between the teeth. Hereditary Cause
Vascular malformations
Down syndrome
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Neurofibromatosis type Is

Acquired Causes
Carcinoma 
Lingual Thyroid 
Myxedema
Amyloidosis

Consequences
Noisy breaths, obstructs airway if severe
Drooling
Difficult in eating
Lisping speech
Open-bite
Protruding tongue, may ulcerate and undergo necrosis

Treatments
For mild cases, surgical treatment is not mandatory but if speech is affected, speech therapy may be useful. Reduction glossectomy may be required for severe cases. Ankyloglossia
Stafne defect
Torus palatinus
Torus mandibularis
Eagle syndrome,
Is a condition where there is an abnormal ossification of the stylohyoid ligament.
This leads to an increase in the thickness and the length of the stylohyoid process and the ligament. Pain is felt due to the pressure applied to the internal jugular vein. Eagle syndrome occurs due to elongation of the styloid process or calcification of the stylohyoid ligament. However, the cause of the elongation has not been known clearly. It could occur spontaneously or could arise since birth. Usually normal stylohyoid process is 2.5–3 cm in length, if the length is longer than 3 cm, it is classified as an elongated stylohyoid process. Acquired
Vascular
Infective
Bacterial

(Plaque-induced) gingivitis—A common periodontal (gum) disease is Gingivitis. Periodontal refers to the area the infection affects, which include the teeth, gums, and tissues surrounding the teeth. Bacteria cause inflammation of the gums which become red, swollen and can bleed easily. The bacteria along with mucus form a sticky colorless substance called plaque which harbours the bacteria. Plaque that is not removed by brushing and flossing hardens to form tartar that brushing doesnt clean. Smoking is a major risk factor. Treatment of gingivitis is dependent on how severe and how far the disease has progressed. If the disease is not too severe it is possible to treat it with chlorhexidine rinse and brushing with fluoride toothpaste to kill the bacteria and remove the plaque, but once the infection has progressed antibiotics may be needed to kill the bacteria. Periodontitis—When gingivitis is not treated it can advance to periodontitis, when the gums pull away from the teeth and form pockets that harbor the bacteria.