Zinc replaced by cadmium in DNA polymerase can be particularly damaging to the testes. DNA damage
Common inherited variants in genes that encode enzymes employed in DNA mismatch repair are associated with increased risk of sperm DNA damage and male infertility. As men age there is a consistent decline in semen quality, and this decline appears to be due to DNA damage. The damage manifests by DNA fragmentation and by the increased susceptibility to denaturation upon exposure to heat or acid, the features characteristic of apoptosis of somatic cells. These findings suggest that DNA damage is an important factor in male infertility. Epigenetic
An increasing amount of recent evidence has been recorded documenting abnormal sperm DNA methylation in association with abnormal semen parameters and male infertility. Until recently, scientists have thought that epigenetic markers only affect the individual and are not passed down due to not changing the DNA. New studies suggest that environmental factors that changed an individuals epigenetic markers can be seen in their grandchildren, one such study demonstrating this through rats and fertility disruptors. Another study bred rats exposed to an endocrine disruptor, observing effects up to generation F5 including decreased sperm motility and decreased sperm count. These studies suggest that environmental factors that influence fertility can be felt for generations even without changing the DNA.
The traditions last until post-marriage, when the family of the bride take part to check on consummation and the grooms sperm quality. Crisis
See also
Female infertility
Fertility preservation
Fertility testing
Infertility
Male accessory gland infection (MAGI)
Meiosis
Oncofertility
Paternal age effect
Spermatogenesis
Vasectomy

References


== External links ==