Congenital stenosis of vena cava is a congenital anomaly in which the superior vena cava or inferior vena cava has an aberrant interruption or coarctation. In some cases, it can be asymptomatic, and in other cases it can lead to fluid accumulation and cardiopulmonary collapse. Symptoms and signs
Congenital heart defects may not show signs or symptoms until later stages of the childs life and have a delayed diagnosis. Congenital stenosis of the inferior vena cava is asymptomatic in many patients. Adolescent males with the condition have shown to presents with symptoms such as spontaneous lower extremity DVT, leg swelling, leg pain, varices in the lower extremities, hepatic thrombosis and hematochezia. Chylothorax has been observed rarely as a symptom of congenital stenosis of the superior vena cava in infant patients. Chylothorax results as a rare complication in which chyle leaks into the thoracic space following direct incidental damage and can also lead to increased thoracic duct pressure. Chylothorax leakage commonly occurs in patients with additional complex congenital heart lesions, increasing the risk of underlying vascular anomalies. Other symptoms which may become present later than adolescence includes venous hypertension, post necrotic hepatic cirrhosis and portal hypertension from the manifestation of the condition. Diagnosis
Congenital stenosis of the vena cava is a sub-classification of the overarching spectrum of congenital heart disease involving the vessels surrounding the heart resulting in disruption to normal cardiovascular blood flow. Diagnosis commonly occurs in early adolescence, expressed as symptoms such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occurring spontaneously.
T1A – One vocal cord
T1B – Both vocal cordsT2: Tumour meets at least one of the following criteria:

extends to supra- or sub-glottis
impairs vocal cord mobilityT3: Tumour meets at least one of the following criteria:

causes fixation of the vocal cords
invades the paraglottic space
involves the thyroid cartilage’s inner cortexT4: Same as “Supraglottis”

Subglottis
T1: Tumour is only in the subglottis
T2: Tumour involves both subglottis and vocal cords (regardless of cord mobility)
T3: Same as “Glottis”
T4: Same as “Supraglottis”

N
If Using Clinical (Non-Pathological) Diagnosis
NX: Unable to assess
N0: No involvement of neighbouring lymph nodes
N1: Tumour meets ALL of the following criteria:

involves single lymph node
involved lymph node on the same side of the body as tumour
involved lymph node less than 3 cm in “greatest dimension”
lacks extension beyond the lymph nodeN2: Tumour meets ANY of the following criteria

N2A – Same as N1, except size can be between 3–6 cm
N2B – Same as N2A, except lymph nodes can be  multiple, and there is no minimum size
N2C – Same as N2B, except lymph nodes can be on any side of the bodyN3: Tumour meets ANY of the following criteria:

N3A – Same as N1, except size is greater than 6 cm
N3B – Tumour obviously extends beyond the lymph node border (regardless of number, size, or location of lymph nodes)If Using Pathological Diagnosis
NX: Same as “Clinical Diagnosis – NX”
N0:  Same as “Clinical Diagnosis – N0”
N1:  Same as “Clinical Diagnosis – N1”
N2: Tumour meets ANY of the following criteria

N2A – Same as “Clinical Diagnosis – N2A”, except tumour can extend beyond the involved lymph node
N2B – Same as “Clinical Diagnosis – N2B”
N2C – Same as “Clinical Diagnosis – N2C”N3: Tumour meets ANY of the following criteria:

N3A – Same as “Clinical Diagnosis – N3A”
N3B – Any provable presence of tumour extension beyond the lymph node

M
M0: No evidence of distant metastasis
M1: Evidence of distant metastasis

Treatment
Specific treatment depends on the location, type, and stage of the tumour.