While the imidazole antifungals are mainly used topically, fluconazole and certain other triazole antifungals are preferred when systemic treatment is required because of their improved safety and predictable absorption when administered orally.Fluconazoles spectrum of activity includes most Candida species (but not Candida krusei or Candida glabrata), Cryptococcus neoformans, some dimorphic fungi, and dermatophytes, among others. Common uses include:
The treatment of non-systemic Candida infections of the vagina ("yeast infections"), throat, and mouth. Certain systemic Candida infections in people with healthy immune systems, including infections of the bloodstream, kidney, or joints. Other antifungals are usually preferred when the infection is in the heart or central nervous system, and for the treatment of active infections in people with weak immune systems. The prevention of Candida infections in people with weak immune systems, such as those neutropenic due to cancer chemotherapy, those with advanced HIV infections, transplant patients, and premature infants. As a second-line agent for the treatment of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis, a fungal infection of the central nervous system. Resistance
Fungal resistance to drugs in the azole class tends to occur gradually over the course of prolonged drug therapy, resulting in clinical failure in immunocompromised patients (e.g., patients with advanced HIV receiving treatment for thrush or esophageal Candida infection).In C. albicans, resistance occurs by way of mutations in the ERG11 gene, which codes for 14α-demethylase. These mutations prevent the azole drug from binding, while still allowing binding of the enzymes natural substrate, lanosterol. Development of resistance to one azole in this way will confer resistance to all drugs in the class.
Attacks of abdominal pain lasting 1–72 hours (untreated or unsuccessfully treated)
C. Abdominal pain has all of the following characteristics:
1. midline location, periumbilical or poorly localized
2. dull or "just sore" quality
3. moderate or severe intensity
D. During abdominal pain at least 2 of the following:
1. loss of appetite
2. nausea
3. vomiting
4. pallor
E. Not attributed to another disorder

Differential diagnosis
Abdominal migraine must be distinguished from other causes of chronic or recurrent abdominal pain. These include irritable bowel syndrome, peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, mast cell activation syndrome, and celiac artery compression syndrome. It must also be distinguished from causes of acute abdominal pain, such as appendicitis, as wrong diagnosis may lead to unnecessary appendectomy. Treatment
Short term
Analgesia may be effective against abdominal migraine in some patients. Avoidance of intense light tends to have a short-term beneficial effect. Long term
Avoidance of triggers can be very helpful. Medications such as pizotifen, propanolol, and cyproheptadine may be used in rare circumstances. Prognosis
Abdominal migraine can have a significant impact on day-to-day life. Children may miss school or other activities. It resolves in many patients. Prognosis is generally good in children, but variable in adults. Epidemiology
Abdominal migraine primarily affects children, for whom it is a common cause of chronic abdominal pain. It may be as high as 9% or as low as 1% among children. It is rare in adults. However, children diagnosed with abdominal migraines may have migraine headaches as adults. The mean age of diagnosis is 7 years. It appears to be slightly more common in women.