Reactive arthritis is highly associated with HLA-B27. Conjunctivitis is associated with the autoimmune disease relapsing polychondritis. Diagnosis
Cultures are not often taken or needed as most cases resolve either with time or typical antibiotics. If bacterial conjunctivitis is suspected, but no response to topical antibiotics is seen, swabs for bacterial culture should be taken and tested. Viral culture may be appropriate in epidemic case clusters.A patch test is used to identify the causative allergen in allergic conjunctivitis.Although conjunctival scrapes for cytology can be useful in detecting chlamydial and fungal infections, allergy, and dysplasia, they are rarely done because of the cost and the general dearth of laboratory staff experienced in handling ocular specimens. Conjunctival incisional biopsy is occasionally done when granulomatous diseases (e.g., sarcoidosis) or dysplasia are suspected. Classification
Conjunctivitis may be classified either by cause or by extent of the inflamed area. Causes
Allergy
Bacteria
Viruses
Chemicals
AutoimmuneNeonatal conjunctivitis is often grouped separately from bacterial conjunctivitis because it is caused by different bacteria than the more common cases of bacterial conjunctivitis. By extent of involvement
Blepharoconjunctivitis is the dual combination of conjunctivitis with blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelids). Keratoconjunctivitis is the combination of conjunctivitis and keratitis (corneal inflammation). Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis is the combination of conjunctivitis with blepharitis and keratitis. It is clinically defined by changes of the lid margin, meibomian gland dysfunction, redness of the eye, conjunctival chemosis and inflammation of the cornea. Differential diagnosis
Some more serious conditions can present with a red eye, such as infectious keratitis, angle-closure glaucoma, or iritis. These conditions require the urgent attention of an ophthalmologist.
Brodalumab, sold under the brand name Siliq in the US and Kyntheum in the EU, is a human monoclonal antibody designed for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.In February 2017, it received US FDA approval to treat moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in people who have not improved with other treatments. Mechanism of action
Brodalumab binds to the interleukin-17 receptor and so prevents interleukin 17 (IL-17) from activating the receptor. This mechanism is similar to that of another anti-psoriasis antibody, ixekizumab, which however binds to IL-17 itself. History
Brodalumab was developed by Amgen, Inc. as AMG 827. In 2013, it was in two phase III clinical trials for the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis.In November 2014, Amgen and AstraZeneca reported encouraging results for the compound. The companies stated that the compound met the primary endpoint showing superior skin clearance in a Phase III trial when compared to ustekinumab and a placebo.However, in May 2015, Amgen announced that it was ending its participation in co-development of the compound because of reports of patients having "events of suicidal ideation and behavior". AstraZeneca will be solely responsible for any future development and marketing of brodalumab in all territories except for certain Asian territories such as Japan, where Kyowa Hakko Kirin has rights to brodalumab and continued as KHK4827. In September 2015, AstraZeneca announced a partnership with Valeant Pharmaceuticals in which Valeant took over exclusive rights to develop and commercialize brodalumab.