Equipment
Much equipment is required for a facility to perform the numerous possible procedures for cardiac catheterization. General:
Catheters
Film or Digital Camera
Electrocardiography monitors
External defibrillator
Fluoroscopy
Pressure transducers
SheathsPercutaneous coronary intervention:
Coronary stents: bare-metal stent (BMS) and drug-eluting stent (DES)
Angioplasty balloons
Atherectomy lasers and rotational devices
Left atrial appendage occlusion devicesElectrophysiology:
Ablation catheters: radiofrequency (RF) and cryo
Pacemakers
Defibrillators

History
The history of cardiac catheterization dates back to Stephen Hales (1677-1761) and Claude Bernard (1813-1878), who both used it on animal models. Clinical application of cardiac catheterization begins with Dr. Werner Forssmann in 1929, who inserted a catheter into the vein of his own forearm, guided it fluoroscopically into his right atrium, and took an X-ray picture of it. However, even after this achievement, hospital administrators removed Forssmann from his position owing to his unorthodox methods. During World War II, André Frédéric Cournand, a physician at NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia, then Columbia-Bellevue, opened the first catheterization lab. In 1956, Forssmann and Cournand were co-recipients of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the development of cardiac catheterization. Dr. Eugene A. Stead performed research in the 1940s, which paved the way for cardiac catheterization in the USA. References
External links
MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Cardiac catheterization
eMedicine: Cardiac Catheterization (Left Heart)
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