Torture as a means to punish the citizen has been reserved for offences posing severe threat to the social fabric (for example, treason).The administration of torture on bodies othered by the cultural narrative, those observed as not full members of society : 101–121[AD1]  met a resurgence in the 20th century, possibly due to the heightened warfare. : 101–121[AD2] Many cultures use painful ritual practices as a catalyst for psychological transformation. The use of pain to transition to a cleansed and purified state is seen in Catholic self-flagellation practices, or personal catharsis in neo-primitive body suspension experiences.Beliefs about pain play an important role in sporting cultures. Pain may be viewed positively, exemplified by the no pain, no gain attitude, with pain seen as an essential part of training. Sporting culture tends to normalise experiences of pain and injury and celebrate athletes who play hurt.Pain has psychological, social, and physical dimensions, and is greatly influenced by cultural factors. Non-humans
René Descartes argued that animals lack consciousness and therefore do not experience pain and suffering in the way that humans do. Bernard Rollin of Colorado State University, the principal author of two U.S. federal laws regulating pain relief for animals, wrote that researchers remained unsure into the 1980s as to whether animals experience pain, and that veterinarians trained in the U.S. before 1989 were simply taught to ignore animal pain. The ability of invertebrate species of animals, such as insects, to feel pain and suffering is unclear.Specialists believe that all vertebrates can feel pain, and that certain invertebrates, like the octopus, may also.
Angiomyxoma is a myxoid tumor involving the blood vessels. It can affect the vulva and other parts of the pelvis. The characteristic feature of this tumor is its frequent local recurrence and it is currently regarded as a non-metastasizing benign tumor. Genetics
HMGA2 rearrangement
by translocation t(12;21)(q15;q21.1)
by translocation t(11;12)(q23;q15)
by translocation t(8;12)(p12;q15)
t(5;8)(p15;q22)

Pathology
Microscopy
Vascular appearance of tumor
Hypocellular mesenchymal lesion
Spindled and stellate cells with an ill-defined cytoplasm
Cells loosely scattered in a myxoid stroma
No evidence of nuclear atypia and mitosis
Numerous, thin-to-thick wall vessels of different sizes
Myxoid, hypocellular background
Bland cytological appearance of spindle cells

Microscopical views
Immunochemistry
Immunohistochemical studies show strong staining for desmin, estrogen receptors, and progesterone receptors. Staining for actin, CD34 and smooth muscle actin are  intermediate. Staining for S-100 protein is negative. Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Myxoid tumors
Angiomyofibroblastoma

Treatment
Prognosis
Although it is a benign tumour and does not invade neighbouring tissues, it has a tendency to recur after surgical excision so it is termed  "aggressive". Recurrence can occur as early as six months from initial resection. Patients frequently present at tertiary medical centers with a history of labial mass (sometimes misdiagnosed as Gartners cyst), with multiple surgical excisions from several surgeons. There is no standard medical therapy; agents reported to be effective in case reports include systemic hormonal therapy with SERMs such as tamoxifen or LHRH agonists (leuprolide), and cytotoxic ("traditional") chemotherapy, as well as radiation therapy especially for recurrent disease. History
Aggressive angiomyxoma was originally described in 1983, but the term "angiomyxoma" dates back to at least 1952. See also
Myxoma
Cutaneous myxoma (Superficial angiomyxoma)

References


== External links ==