Carnitine supplements do not improve oxygen consumption or metabolic functions when exercising, nor do they increase the amount of carnitine in muscle. There is no evidence that L-carnitine influences fat metabolism or aids in weight loss. Male fertility
The carnitine content of seminal fluid is directly related to sperm count and motility, suggesting that the compound might be of value in treating male infertility. Diseases
Carnitine has been studied in various cardiometabolic conditions, indicating it is under preliminary research for its potential as an adjunct in heart disease and diabetes, among numerous other disorders. Carnitine has no effect on preventing all-cause mortality associated with cardiovascular diseases, and has no significant effect on blood lipids.Although there is some evidence from meta-analyses that L-carnitine supplementation improved cardiac function in people with heart failure, there is insufficient research to determine its overall efficacy in lowering the risk or treating cardiovascular diseases.There is only preliminary clinical research to indicate the use of L-carnitine supplementation for improving symptoms of type 2 diabetes, such as improving glucose tolerance or lowering fasting levels of blood glucose.The kidneys contribute to overall homeostasis in the body, including carnitine levels. In the case of renal impairment, urinary elimination of carnitine increasing, endogenous synthesis decreasing, and poor nutrition as a result of disease-induced anorexia can result in carnitine deficiency. Carnitine has no effect on most parameters in end-stage kidney disease, although it may lower C-reactive protein, a biomarker for systemic inflammation.
Avacopan was approved for medical use in the European Union in January 2022. Names
Avacopan is the international nonproprietary name (INN). References
Further reading
Jayne DR, Bruchfeld AN, Harper L, Schaier M, Venning MC, Hamilton P,  et al. (September 2017). "Randomized Trial of C5a Receptor Inhibitor Avacopan in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis". J Am Soc Nephrol. 28 (9): 2756–2767. doi:10.1681/ASN.2016111179. PMC 5576933. PMID 28400446. Jayne DR, Merkel PA, Schall TJ, Bekker P (February 2021). "Avacopan for the Treatment of ANCA-Associated Vasculitis". N Engl J Med. 384 (7): 599–609. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2023386. PMID 33596356. Merkel PA, Jayne DR, Wang C, Hillson J, Bekker P (April 2020). "Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Avacopan, a C5a Receptor Inhibitor, in Patients With Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis Treated Concomitantly With Rituximab or Cyclophosphamide/Azathioprine: Protocol for a Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled, Phase 3 Trial". JMIR Res Protoc. 9 (4): e16664. doi:10.2196/16664. PMC 7175182. PMID 32088663. Merkel PA, Niles J, Jimenez R, Spiera RF, Rovin BH, Bomback A,  et al. (November 2020). "Adjunctive Treatment With Avacopan, an Oral C5a Receptor Inhibitor, in Patients With Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis". ACR Open Rheumatol. 2 (11): 662–671. doi:10.1002/acr2.11185. PMC 7672305. PMID 33128347. External links
"Avacopan". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Clinical trial number NCT02994927 for "A Phase 3 Clinical Trial of CCX168 (Avacopan) in Patients With ANCA-Associated Vasculitis (ADVOCATE)" at ClinicalTrials.gov