The needle used in this procedure is slightly larger than the one used in a fine-needle biopsy because the procedure is intended to remove a small cylinder of tissue that will be sent to the laboratory for further examination. A newer type of breast biopsy technique is the stereotactic biopsy which relies on a three-dimensional X-ray to guide the needle of non-palpable mass. The biopsy is performed in a similar manner, by using a needle to remove tissue sample but locating the specific area of the breast is done by X-raying the breast in two different angles. Surgical biopsy is performed to remove the entire lump or a part of it. It may be painful and is done under local anesthesia. Treatment
Most women with fibrocystic changes who are asymptomatic do not need treatment, only a closer follow-up may be advised. Theres no widely accepted treatment or prevention strategy for this condition. When the patient is symptomatic treatment may be necessary, same guidelines as treatment for cyclical breast pain are followed. Theres still controversy whether benign breast conditions improve or worsen with the use of oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy.Small-scale studies have indicated that fibrocystic breast changes may improve by making dietary changes (especially by reducing caffeine intake and related methylxanthines found in chocolate or tea) and usage of vitamin supplements. Tentative evidence has shown beneficial effects of iodine supplementation in women with fibrocystic breast changes. Prognosis
There are usually no adverse side effects associated with this condition. In almost all cases it subsides after menopause.
Surgical intervention may also improve joint mobility and function. Other positive prognostic factors for independent walking are active hips and knees, hip flexion contractures of less than 20 degrees and knee flexion contractures of less than 15 degrees without severe scoliosis. Epidemiology
Arthrogryposis is a rare condition. Some authors say the overall prevalence is one in 3,000 and others say it is one in 11,000–12,000 among European live births. Congenital clubfoot is the most common single contracture and its prevalence is one in 500 live births. See also
X-linked spinal muscular atrophy type 2

References


== External links ==