The study indicated that between 2000 and 2009, the number of pregnant people using opiates increased from 1.19 to 5.63 per 1,000 hospital births per year.In 2017 the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reported an increase of diagnosis of NAS to 7 cases every 1,000 births with indiscrimination to state or demographic group. Additionally, the CDC reported in 2019 that 7% of pregnant individuals self-reported use of opioids at some point in their pregnancy.A 2018 review of NAS reports that the epidemiology of NAS continues to change and evolve. Though opioids are still the most common drug reported in diagnosis of NAS, there are instances where opioids are not the only class of drug the infant is exposed to during pregnancy. Diagnosis of NAS continues and is substantially greater in rural areas compared to urban areas. As the epidemiology continues to change and evolve calls for the need for more research and standardization of treatment. Other
A 2020 literature review published by the Saskatchewan Prevention Institute reports that NAS has significantly increased in England, Western Australia, and Canada within the last decade, noting that current statistics may be underestimated as reluctance to report can be attributed to stigma associated with diagnosis or differing protocols amongst institutions. From 2016 to 2017 Canada overall reported 1,850 diagnosis of NAS. See also
Prenatal cocaine exposure
Neonatal opioid withdrawal

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Granular corneal dystrophy  is a slowly progressive corneal dystrophy that most often begins in early childhood. Granular corneal dystrophy has two types:

Granular corneal dystrophy type I, also corneal dystrophy Groenouw type I, is a rare form of human corneal dystrophy. It was first described by German ophthalmologist Arthur Groenouw in 1890. Granular corneal dystrophy type II, also called Avellino corneal dystrophy or combined granular-lattice corneal dystrophy is also a rare form of corneal dystrophy. The disorder was first described by Folberg et al. in 1988. The name Avellino corneal dystrophy comes from the first four patients in the original study each tracing their family origin to the Italian province of Avellino. Presentation
Granular corneal dystrophy is diagnosed during an eye examination by an ophthalmologist or optometrist. The lesions consist of central, fine, whitish granular lesions in the cornea. Visual acuity is slightly reduced. Genetics
Granular corneal dystrophy is caused by a mutation in the TGFBI gene, located on chromosome 5q31. The disorder is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. This indicates that the defective gene responsible for the disorder is located on an autosome (chromosome 5 is an autosome), and only one copy of the gene is sufficient to cause the disorder, when inherited from a parent who has the disorder. The gene TGFBI encodes the protein keratoepithelin. Diagnosis
Treatment
Corneal transplant is not needed except in very severe and late cases. Light sensitivity may be overcome by wearing tinted glasses. See also
Corneal dystrophy


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