Genome-wide copy number and LOH status can be assessed with virtual karyotyping of tumor cells (fresh or paraffin-embedded).Statistics may sometimes show more favorable outcomes for more aggressive stages than for less aggressive stages, which may be caused by more aggressive treatment and/or random variability in the study groups. Also, a stage V tumor is not necessarily worse than a stage IV tumor. In case of relapse of Wilms tumor, the 4-year survival rate for children with a standard-risk has been estimated to be 80%. Epidemiology
Wilms tumor is the most common malignant renal tumor in children. There are a number of rare genetic syndromes that have been linked to an increased risk of developing Wilms Tumor. Screening guidelines vary between countries; however health care professionals are recommending regular ultrasound screening for people with associated genetic syndromes.Wilms tumor affects approximately one person per 10,000 worldwide before the age of 15 years. People of African descent may have slightly higher rates of Wilms tumor. The peak age of Wilms tumor is 3 to 4 years and most cases occur before the age of 10 years. A genetic predisposition to Wilms tumor in individuals with aniridia has been established, due to deletions in the p13 band on chromosome 11. History
Dr. Sidney Farber, founder of Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, and his colleagues achieved the first remissions in Wilms tumor in the 1950s.
Wilms tumor or Wilms tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is a cancer of the kidneys that typically occurs in children, rarely in adults. ; and occurs most commonly as a renal tumor in child patients. It is named after Max Wilms, the German surgeon (1867–1918) who first described it.Approximately 650 cases are diagnosed in the U.S. annually. The majority of cases occur in children with no associated genetic syndromes; however, a minority of children with Wilms tumor have a congenital abnormality. It is highly responsive to treatment, with about 90 percent of children being cured. Signs and symptoms
Typical signs and symptoms of Wilms tumor include the following:
a painless, palpable abdominal mass
loss of appetite
abdominal pain
fever
nausea and vomiting
blood in the urine (in about 20% of cases)
high blood pressure in some cases (especially if synchronous or metachronous bilateral kidney involvement)
Rarely as varicocele

Pathogenesis
Wilms tumor has many causes, which can broadly be categorized as syndromic and non-syndromic. Syndromic causes of Wilms tumor occur as a result of alterations to genes such as the Wilms Tumor 1 (WT1) or Wilms Tumor 2 (WT2) genes, and the tumor presents with a group of other signs and symptoms. Non-syndromic Wilms tumor is not associated with other symptoms or pathologies. Many, but not all, cases of Wilms tumor develop from nephrogenic rests, which are fragments of tissue in or around the kidney that develop before birth and become cancerous after birth.