Metamorphopsia is a type of distorted vision in which a grid of straight lines appears wavy and parts of the grid may appear blank. People can first notice they suffer with the condition when looking at mini-blinds in their home. For example, straight lines might be wavy or bendy. Things may appear closer or further than they are. Initially characterized in the 1800s, metamorphopsia was described as one of the primary and most notable indications of myopic and senile maculopathies. Metamorphopsia can present itself as unbalanced vision, resulting from small unintentional movements of the eye as it tries to stabilize the field of vision. Metamorphopsia can also lead to the misrepresentation of an object’s size or shape.It is mainly associated with macular degeneration, particularly age-related macular degeneration with choroidal neovascularization. Other conditions that can present with complaints of metamorphopsia include: pathological myopia, presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, choroidal rupture and multifocal choroiditis. Pathology
The mechanisms that result in the development of metamorphopsia involve structural changes in the retina of the eye (retinal mechanism) as well as processing changes in the cerebral cortex of the brain (cortical mechanism). The retinal mechanism involves the displacement of retinal layers which results in the mislocation of light on the retina. The cortical mechanism, which was discovered after the retinal mechanism, is affected by perceptual “filling-in” and visual crowding effects. The cortical mechanism was found to work in combination with the retinal mechanism to contribute to metamorphopsia in long-standing maculopathy or after the treatment of macular disorders.
Nephroptosis,  is rare and abnormal condition in which the kidney drops down into the pelvis when the patient stands up. It is more common in women than in men. It has been one of the most controversial conditions in terms of both its diagnosis and its treatments. Symptoms and signs
Nephroptosis is asymptomatic in most persons. However, nephroptosis can be characterized by violent attacks of colicky flank pain, nausea, chills, hypertension, hematuria and proteinuria. Persons with symptomatic nephroptosis often complain of sharp pains that radiate into the groin. Many persons also suggest a weighing feeling on the abdomen. Pain is typically relieved by lying down. It is believed that flank pain on standing that is relieved by lying down is due to movement of the kidney causing intermittent renal tract obstruction. The attack of colic pain is called Dietls crisis or renal paroxysm. Cause
It is believed to result from deficiency of supporting inferior pararenal fasciae. Diagnosis
Diagnosis is contemplated based upon patient symptoms. Diagnosis is confirmed during intravenous urography, by obtaining erect and supine films. The renal DMSA scan may show decreased counts in the sitting position compared with supine scan. Treatment
Nephropexy was performed in the past to stabilize the kidney, but presently surgery is not recommended in asymptomatic patients. A Nephropexy does not guarantee the symptoms will go away. Laparoscopic nephropexy has recently become available for selected symptomatic patients. References
Further reading
Barber N, Thompson P (2004). "Nephroptosis and nephropexy--hung up on the past?". Eur Urol. 46 (4): 428–33. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2004.03.023. PMID 15363554. == External links ==