Stannic oxide (SnO2)
The primary uses for stannic oxide (SnO2) include polishing glass, marble, silver, and jewelry in addition to creating dyes for fabrics, paper, ceramic glazes, printing inks, coatings, and pigments in food polymers. Stannic oxide is also insoluble in water and dissociates in sulfuric acids and hydrochloric acid. Case studies
De-tinning plant
In 1679, a 26 year old tin miner who worked in a smelter was found to have odd lung physiology after a radiography. He was asymptomatic despite having profuse small, metallic nodules in the lungs. At the same plant, a 55 year old man who loaded scrap tin into smelting furnaces for 15 years was assessed. His radiography confirmed that his cough and crackle was due to metallic bilateral nodules on the lungs, or stannosis. The second males biopsy revealed macrophages overwhelmed with dust deposits that affected hist connective tissue in the lungs. The case study determined that two workers in a detinning mine, who handled molten tin, developed stannosis. According to the researchers of "Stannosis: A report of 2 cases", the two workers were subject to the dustiest job of packaging tin-oxide for transportation. Tin miners are typically researched when assessing for stannosis because their exposure to tin oxides is around 70-80% in comparison to other job tasks in a plant. Tinning milk reservoir tanks
After 17 years of painting tin hot tin powder into the inside of tanks, a 74 year old male patient developed a dry cough and progressive dyspnea.
Assuming no high-grade obstruction or associated infection is found in the urinary tract, and symptoms are relatively mild, various nonsurgical measures can be used to encourage the passage of a stone. Repeat stone formers benefit from more intense management, including proper fluid intake and use of certain medications, as well as careful monitoring. Pain management
Management of pain often requires intravenous administration of NSAIDs or opioids. NSAIDs appear somewhat better than opioids or paracetamol in those with normal kidney function. Medications by mouth are often effective for less severe discomfort. The use of antispasmodics does not have further benefit. Medical expulsive therapy
The use of medications to speed the spontaneous passage of stones in the ureter is referred to as medical expulsive therapy. Several agents, including alpha adrenergic blockers (such as tamsulosin) and calcium channel blockers (such as nifedipine), may be effective. Alpha-blockers likely result in more people passing their stones, and they may pass their stones in a shorter time. People taking alpha-blockers may also use less pain medication and may not need to visit the hospital. Alpha-blockers appear to be more effective for larger stones (over 5 mm in size) than smaller stones. However, use of alpha-blockers may be associated with a slight increase in serious, unwanted effects from this medication. A combination of tamsulosin and a corticosteroid may be better than tamsulosin alone. These treatments also appear to be useful in addition to lithotripsy. Lithotripsy
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is a noninvasive technique for the removal of kidney stones.