Agency staff
Freelancers, Consultants and Contractors
Zero-hour contracts

United States
For purposes of U.S. federal income tax withholding, 26 U.S.C. § 3401(c) provides a definition for the term "employee" specific to chapter 24 of the Internal Revenue Code:

"For purposes of this chapter, the term "employee" includes an officer, employee, or elected official of the United States, a State, or any political subdivision thereof, or the District of Columbia, or any agency or instrumentality of any one or more of the foregoing. The term "employee" also includes an officer of a corporation." This definition does not exclude all those who are commonly known as employees. "Similarly, Latham’s instruction which indicated that under 26 U.S.C. § 3401(c) the category of ‘employee’ does not include privately employed wage earners is a preposterous reading of the statute. It is obvious that within the context of both statutes the word ‘includes’ is a term of enlargement not of limitation, and the reference to certain entities or categories is not intended to exclude all others. "Employees are often contrasted with independent contractors, especially when there is dispute as to the workers entitlement to have matching taxes paid, workers compensation, and unemployment insurance benefits.
Pathogenicity
Liver fluke infections cause serious medical and veterinary diseases. Fasciolosis of sheep, goats and cattle, is the major cause of economic losses in dairy and meat industry. Fasciolosis of humans produces clinical symptoms such as fever, nausea, swollen liver, extreme abdominal pain, jaundice and anemia.Clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis (due to Opisthorchis viverrini) are particularly dangerous. They can survive for several decades in humans causing chronic inflammation of the bile ducts, epithelial hyperplasia, periductal fibrosis and bile duct dilatation. In many infections these symptoms cause further complications such as stone formation, recurrent pyogenic cholangitis and cancer (cholangiocarcinoma). Opisthorchiasis is particularly the leading cause of cholangiocarcinoma in Thailand and Laos. Both clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis are classified as Group 1 human biological agents (carcinogens) by International Agency of Research on Cancer (IARC). Species
Species of liver fluke include:
Clonorchis sinensis (the Chinese liver fluke, or the Oriental liver fluke)
Dicrocoelium dendriticum (the lancet liver fluke)
Dicrocoelium hospes
Fasciola hepatica (the sheep liver fluke)
Fascioloides magna (the giant liver fluke)
Fasciola gigantica
Fasciola jacksoni
Metorchis conjunctus
Metorchis albidus
Protofasciola robusta
Parafasciolopsis fasciomorphae
Opisthorchis viverrini (Southeast Asian liver fluke)
Opisthorchis felineus (Cat liver fluke)
Opisthorchis guayaquilensis

See also
The Integrated Opisthorchiasis Control Program


== References ==