Its unclear how the plant first arrived in Paris and the details of its origins in Madagascar beyond reports of its transport from Madagascar by early European explorers. Vincristine was initially distributed at cost to increase accessibility, though later switched to a for-profit model to recover the costs of production and development. According to Michael Brown, vincristine may not be a tidy example of pharmaceutical bioprospecting, but it demonstrates how pharmaceuticals with a history of use in folk medicine have intellectual property claims which are difficult to untangle.Since ethnobotanical studies and pharmaceutical bioprospecting depend on traditional knowledge from indigenous communities, the process of sourcing botanical and biological knowledge raises issues of the proper representation of the indigenous and local knowledge. Vincristine and confusion with other drugs in administration
Vincristine has been involved in a number of medical errors. If given into the spine (intrathecal) it causes paralysis and usually death. Multiple instances of it being given wrongly, having been confused with other drugs, have occurred. Research
In 2012, the FDA approved a liposomal formulation of vincristine branded as Marqibo. Marqibo was voluntarily withdrawn from the US market in November, 2021.A nano-particle bound version of vincristine was under development as of 2014. References
External links
"Vincristine". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Vincristine and vinblastine
Description and Natural History of the Periwinkle
The Boger Route to (−)-Vindoline
Diclofenac/misoprostol, sold under the brand name Arthrotec, is a fixed-dose combination medication that contains:

Diclofenac sodium: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic properties
Misoprostol: Gastrointestinal (GI) mucosal protective prostaglandin E1 analog.In the United Kingdom it is marketed by Pharmacia and it is indicated for prophylaxis against NSAID-induced gastroduodenal ulceration in people requiring diclofenac for rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis.The American College of Rheumatology and a Canadian consensus report both recommend GI-protective agents such as misoprostol be combined with long term NSAID therapy and a review concluded that diclofenac/misoprostol is a cost effective treatment in patients requiring long term NSAID therapy who are at increased risk of developing gastropathy. Contraindications
Arthrotec must not be taken during pregnancy, as it may deform or otherwise harm the fetus, or lead to miscarriage. This may be accompanied by potentially dangerous bleeding, possibly requiring surgery and potentially leading to infertility or death. References
External links
"Diclofenac mixture with misoprostol". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.