It defines the condition as "An excessive reaction to stress caused by ones environment that may be characterized by feelings of emotional and physical exhaustion, coupled with a sense of frustration and failure. "SNOMED CT includes the term "burnout" as a synonym for its defined condition of "Physical AND emotional exhaustion state," which is a subtype of anxiety disorder. The Diseases Database defines the condition as "professional burnout." Instruments
In 1981, Maslach and Jackson developed the first widely used instrument for assessing burnout, the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). It remains by far the most commonly used instrument to assess the condition. Consistent with Maslachs conceptualization, the MBI operationalizes burnout as a three-dimensional syndrome consisting of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization (an unfeeling and impersonal response toward recipients of ones service, care, treatment, or instruction), and reduced personal accomplishment.The MBI originally focused on human service professionals (e.g., teachers, social workers). Since that time, the MBI has been used for a wider variety of workers (e.g., healthcare workers). The instrument or its variants are now employed with job incumbents working in many other occupations.There are other conceptualizations of burnout that differ from that suggested by Maslach and adopted by the WHO. In 1999, Demerouti and Bakker, with their Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI), conceptualized burnout in terms of exhaustion and disengagement, linking it to the job demands-resources model. This instrument is used mainly in the United States. Also that year, Wilmar Schaufeli and Arnold Bakker released the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES). It uses a similar conceptualisation to the MBI.
It was the first such instrument of its kind and the most widely used burnout instrument. The two researchers described burnout in terms of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization (feeling low-empathy towards other people in an occupational setting), and reduced feelings of work-related personal accomplishment.In 2010, the Swedish Board of Health and Welfare adopted a refined conceptualisation of severe burnout it described as "exhaustion disorder. "In 2015, The World Health Organization adopted a conceptualisation of burnout that is consistent with Maslachs. It adopted a modified version of this in 2022. However, "is not itself classified by the WHO as a medical condition or mental disorder. "As of 2017, nine European countries considered burnout as being a recognised medical disorder. Diagnosis
Classification
The two main classification systems of psychological disorders are the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM, used in North America and elsewhere) from the American Psychiatric Association (APA), and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD, used in Europe and elsewhere) from the World Health Organisation (WHO). Burnout is not recognized as a distinct mental disorder in the DSM-5 (published in 2013). Its definitions for Adjustment Disorders, and Unspecified Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorder in some cases reflect the condition. 2022s update, the DSM-5-TR, did not add a definition of burnout.As of 2017, nine European countries considered burnout as being a recognised medical disorder. These countries classify it under one or more codes of the ICD. The ICD-10 (current 1994–2021) classified "burn-out" as a type of non-medical life-management difficulty under code Z73.0.