A mammary tumor is a neoplasm originating in the mammary gland. It is a common finding in older female dogs and cats that are not spayed, but they are found in other animals as well. The mammary glands in dogs and cats are associated with their nipples and extend from the underside of the chest to the groin on both sides of the midline. There are many differences between mammary tumors in animals and breast cancer in humans, including tumor type, malignancy, and treatment options. The prevalence in dogs is about three times that of women. In dogs, mammary tumors are the second most common tumor (after skin tumors) over all and the most common tumor in female dogs with a reported incidence of 3.4%. Multiple studies have documented that spaying female dogs when young greatly decreases their risk of developing mammary neoplasia when aged. Compared with female dogs left intact, those spayed before puberty have 0.5% of the risk, those spayed after one estrous cycle have 8.0% of the risk, and dogs spayed after two estrous cycles have 26.0% of the risk of developing mammary neoplasia later in life. Overall, unspayed female dogs have a seven times greater risk of developing mammary neoplasia than do those that are spayed. While the benefit of spaying decreases with each estrous cycle, some benefit has been demonstrated in female dogs even up to 9 years of age.
Damoctocog alfa pegol, sold under the brand name Jivi is a recombinant DNA-derived, Factor VIII concentrate medication used to treat hemophilia A.The most common side effects include headache, cough, nausea and fever.Damoctocog alfa pegol (antihemophilic factor- recombinant pegylated-aucl) was approved for medical use in the United States in August 2018, and in the European Union in November 2018. Medical uses
In the United States damoctocog alfa pegol is indicated for use in previously treated adults and adolescents (twelve years of age and older) with hemophilia A (congenital Factor VIII deficiency) for: (1) On-demand treatment and control of bleeding episodes ; (2) Perioperative management of bleeding; (3) Routine prophylaxis to reduce the frequency of bleeding episodes.In the European Union, damoctocog alfa pegol is indicated for the treatment and prophylaxis of bleeding in previously treated people twelve years of age and older with haemophilia A (congenital factor VIII deficiency). References
External links
"Damoctocog alfa pegol". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Clinical trial number NCT01184820 for "Trial to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics and Safety Profile of BAY94-9027 Following Single and Multiple Dose Administration" at ClinicalTrials.gov
Clinical trial number NCT01580293 for "A Trial Investigating Safety and Efficacy of Treatment With BAY94-9027 in Severe Hemophilia A (PROTECT-VIII)" at ClinicalTrials.gov
Clinical trial number NCT01775618 for "Safety and Efficacy of BAY94-9027 in Previously Treated Male Children With Haemophilia A" at ClinicalTrials.gov