The decision to open a colostomy is usually taken within the first 24 hours of birth.Sonography can be used to determine the type of imperforate anus. Treatment
Imperforate anus usually requires immediate surgery to open a passage for feces unless a fistula can be relied on until corrective surgery takes place. Depending on the severity of the imperforate, it is treated either with a perineal anoplasty or with a colostomy. While many surgical techniques to definitively repair anorectal malformations have been described, the posterior sagittal approach (PSARP) has become the most popular. It involves dissection of the perineum without entry into the abdomen and 90% of defects in boys can be repaired this way. Prognosis
With a high lesion, many children have problems controlling bowel function and most also become constipated. With a low lesion, children generally have good bowel control, but they may still become constipated. For children who have a poor outcome for continence and constipation from the initial surgery, further surgery to better establish the angle between the anus and the rectum may improve continence and, for those with a large rectum, surgery to remove that dilated segment may significantly improve the bowel control for the patient. An antegrade enema mechanism can be established by joining the appendix to the skin (Malone stoma); however, establishing more normal anatomy is the priority. Epidemiology
Imperforate anus has an estimated incidence of 1 in 5000 births. It affects boys and girls with similar frequency.
If excess fluid is found between the ventricle spaces in the brain then surgery will be needed. Associated syndromes
Below is a list of syndromes associated with macrocephaly that are noted in Signs and Symptoms of Genetic Conditions: A Handbook. Include multiple major and or minor anomalies
Acrocallosal syndrome
Apert syndrome
Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome
Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome
Chromosome 14 - maternal disomy
Chromosome 22qter deletion
Cleidocranial dysostosis
Costello syndrome
Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis
FG syndrome
Hallermann–Streiff syndrome
Hydrolethalus syndrome
Hypomelanosis syndrome
Hypomelanosis of Ito
Kelvin Peter anomaly plus syndrome
Lujan–Fryns syndrome
Macrocephaly-CM (MCAP)
Marshall–Smith syndrome
Neuhauser megalocornea/MR syndrome
Neurofibromatosis type I
Nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome
Noonan syndrome
Ocular-ectodermal syndrome
Osteopathia striata - cranial sclerosis
Perlman syndrome
Robinow syndrome
Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome
Sotos syndrome
Sturge–Weber syndrome
Weaver syndrome
Wiedemann–Rautenstrauch syndrome
3C syndrome

Secondary to a metabolic disorder
Glutaric aciduria type II
GM1 gangliosidosis
Hunter syndrome
Hurler syndrome
MPS VII
Sanfilippo syndrome
Zellweger syndrome

Associated with a skeletal dysplasia
Achondroplasia
Campomelic dysplasia
Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia
Craniometaphyseal dysplasia
Hypochondrogenesis
Hypochondroplasia
Kenny-Caffey syndrome
Kniest dysplasia
Lenz–Majewski syndrome
Osteogenesis imperfecta III
Osteopetrosis, autosomal recessive form
Schneckenbecken dysplasia
Sclerosteosis
Short rib syndrome, beemer-langer type
Short rib-polydactyly 2 (majewski type)
Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita
Thanatophoric dysplasia

With no obvious physical findings
Alexander disease
Canavan disease
Cobalamin deficiency (combined methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria)
Dandy–Walker malformation
Glutaric aciduria type 1
L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria
Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts
Osteogenesis imperfecta IV
Osteopathia striata-cranial sclerosis
Periventricular heterotopia
Sandhoff disease
Tay–Sachs disease

See also
Microcephaly
Megalencephaly
Hydrocephalus

References
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome (PHTS)
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on 9q22.3 Microdeletion