Caffeine dependence is the condition of having a substance dependence on caffeine, a commonplace central nervous system stimulant drug which occurs in nature in coffee, tea, yerba mate, cocoa, and other plants. Caffeine is also an additive in many consumer products, including beverages such as caffeinated alcoholic beverages, energy drinks, and colas. Caffeines mechanism of action is somewhat different from that of cocaine and the substituted amphetamines; caffeine blocks adenosine receptors A1 and A2A. Adenosine is a by-product of cellular activity, and stimulation of adenosine receptors produces feelings of tiredness and the need to sleep. Caffeines ability to block these receptors means the levels of the bodys natural stimulants, dopamine and norepinephrine, continue at higher levels. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders describes four caffeine-related disorders including intoxication, withdrawal, anxiety, and sleep. Dependence
Mild physical dependence can result from long-term caffeine use. Caffeine addiction, or a pathological and compulsive form of use, has been documented in humans. Addiction vs. Dependence
Caffeine use is classified as a dependence, not an addiction. For a drug to be considered addictive, it must activate the brains reward circuit. Caffeine, like addictive drugs, enhances dopamine signaling in the brain (is eugeroic), but not enough to activate the brains reward circuit like addictive substances such as cocaine, morphine, and nicotine. Caffeine dependence forms due to caffeine antagonizing the adenosine A2A receptor, effectively blocking adenosine from the adenosine receptor site.
Åke Thörn, The Emergence and preservation of sick building syndrome, KI 1999. Charlotte Brauer, The sick building syndrome revisited, Copenhagen 2005. Michelle Murphy, Sick Building Syndrome and the Problem of Uncertainty, 2006. Johan Carlson, "Gemensam förklaringsmodell för sjukdomar kopplade till inomhusmiljön finns inte" [Unified explanation for diseases related to indoor environment not found]. Läkartidningen 2006/12. Research Committee Report on Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Caused by Exposure to the Interior Environment of Water-Damaged Buildings (PDF). Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov, Series I: Engineering Sciences • Vol. 5 (54) No. 1  2012 "Impact of Indoor Environment Quality on Sick Building Syndrome in Indian Leed Certified Buildings". by Jagannathan Mohan


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