Early intervention with surgery or radiation is recommended to prevent progressive hearing loss. Epidemiology
Figures for incidences of cancers of the brain show a significant difference between more- and less-developed countries (the less-developed countries have lower incidences of tumors of the brain). This could be explained by undiagnosed tumor-related deaths (patients in extremely poor situations do not get diagnosed, simply because they do not have access to the modern diagnostic facilities required to diagnose a brain tumor) and by deaths caused by other poverty-related causes that preempt a patients life before tumors develop or tumors become life-threatening. Nevertheless, statistics suggest that certain forms of primary brain tumors are more common among certain populations.The incidence of low-grade astrocytoma has not been shown to vary significantly with nationality. However, studies examining the incidence of malignant central nervous system (CNS) tumors have shown some variation with national origin. Since some high-grade lesions arise from low-grade tumors, these trends are worth mentioning. Specifically, the incidence of CNS tumors in the United States, Israel, and the Nordic countries is relatively high, while Japan and Asian countries have a lower incidence. These differences probably reflect some biological differences as well as differences in pathologic diagnosis and reporting. Worldwide data on incidence of cancer can be found at the WHO (World Health Organisation) and is handled by the IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) located in France. United States
In the United States in 2015, approximately 166,039 people were living with brain or other central nervous system tumors.
Lumasiran, sold under the brand name Oxlumo, is a medication for the treatment of primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1).The most common side effects include injection site reactions and abdominal pain.Lumasiran is a double-stranded small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) that reduces levels of glycolate oxidase (GO) enzyme by targeting the HAO1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in hepatocytes through RNA interference. Decreased GO enzyme levels reduce the amount of available glyoxylate, a substrate for oxalate production. This results in reduction of urinary and plasma oxalate levels, the underlying cause of disease manifestations in people with PH1. As the GO enzyme is upstream of the deficient alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT) enzyme that causes PH1, the mechanism of action of lumasiran is independent of the underlying AGXT gene mutation.Lumasiran was approved for medical use in the European Union and in the United States in November 2020. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication. Medical uses
Lumasiran is indicated for the treatment of primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) in adults and children of all ages.PH1 is a rare illness that causes the liver to produce an excessive amount of oxalate. Oxalate is removed by the kidneys and through the urine. In people with PH1, the extra oxalate can cause kidney stones and kidney failure. The extra oxalate can also build up, and damage other parts of the body, including eyes, heart, skin, and bone. This is called oxalosis.