Recent publications show atropine to interfere with the protists CHRM1 receptor, causing cell death.Infection usually mimics that of bacterial leptomeningitis, tuberculous meningitis, or viral encephalitis. The misdiagnosis often leads to erroneous, ineffective treatment. In the case that the Acanthamoeba is diagnosed correctly, the current treatments, such as amphotericin B, rifampicin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ketoconazole, fluconazole, sulfadiazine, or albendazole, are only tentatively successful. Correct and timely diagnosis, as well as improved treatment methods and an understanding of the parasite, are important factors in improving the outcome of infection by Acanthamoeba. A paper published in 2013 has shown substantial effects of some FDA-approved drugs with an in vitro kill rate above 90%. These results were in vitro effects, but as the drugs are already approved, human infections can be targeted after dose calculations in clinical trials done with these diverse groups of drugs. Acanthamoebic keratitis
When present in the eye, Acanthamoeba strains can cause acanthamoebic keratitis, which may lead to corneal ulcers or even blindness. This condition occurs most often among contact lens wearers who do not properly disinfect their lenses, exacerbated by a failure to wash hands prior to handling the lenses. Multipurpose contact lens solutions are largely ineffective against Acanthamoeba, whereas hydrogen peroxide-based solutions have good disinfection characteristics.The first cure of a corneal infection was achieved in 1985 at Moorfields Eye Hospital.In May 2007, Advanced Medical Optics, manufacturer of Complete Moisture Plus Contact Lens Solution products, issued a voluntary recall of their Complete Moisture Plus solutions.
Bisoprolol, sold under the brand name Zebeta among others, is a beta blocker medication used for heart diseases. This includes high blood pressure, chest pain from not enough blood flow to the heart, and heart failure. It is taken by mouth.Common side effects include headache, feeling tired, diarrhea, and swelling in the legs. More severe side effects include worsening asthma, blocking the ability to recognize low blood sugar, and worsening heart failure. There are concerns that use during pregnancy may be harmful to the baby. Bisoprolol is in the beta blocker family of medications and is of the β1 selective type.Bisoprolol is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines. Bisoprolol is available as a generic medication. In 2019, it was the 249th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1 million prescriptions. Medical uses
Bisoprolol is currently used for prevention of cardiovascular events following a heart attack in patients with risk factors for disease progression, in the management of congestive heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, and as a second-line agent for hypertension.Bisoprolol may be beneficial in the treatment of high blood pressure, but it is not recommended as a first-line anti-hypertensive agent without an accompanying comorbid condition, for example, congestive heart failure.In cardiac ischemia, the drug is used to reduce the activity of the heart muscle, so reduced oxygen and nutrient demand, and reduced blood supply can still transport sufficient amounts of oxygen and nutrients. Side effects
An overdose of bisoprolol can lead to fatigue, hypotension, hypoglycemia, bronchospasms, and bradycardia.