The standard workup in children is a thorough physical examination, including observing the child while walking and running. Also, at least in United States, standard workup in children also includes X-rays to quantify actual length of the bones of the legs.On X-rays, there is generally measurement of both the femur and the tibia, as well as both combined. Various measuring points for these have been suggested, but a functional method is to measure the distances between joint surfaces:
Femur length: The superior aspect of the femoral head and the distal portion of the medial femoral condyle. Tibial length: The medial tibial plateau and the tibial plafondA leg length difference can result from a pelvic torsion. Abnormal (gravity drive) pronation will drive the innominate bones forward (anteriorly). The forward rotation of the innominate will shorten the leg (See Rothbart 2006). The more pronated foot will have the more forwardly rotated innominate bone. And will be the side with the functionally short leg. In adults, leg length discrepancy is believed to cause low back pain as a result of increased pelvic obliquity and lumbar scoliosis. Treatment
The most common treatment for discrepancies in leg length is the use of a simple heel lift, which can be placed within the shoe. In cases where the length discrepancy is moderate, an external build up to the shoe is usually more comfortable. In severe cases, surgery can be used to make the longer leg shorter (or impede its growth), and/or make the shorter leg longer via limb lengthening.
Mount Erebus in Antarctica, the southernmost active volcano in the world, having been observed erupting since 1972. Eruptive activity at Erebus consists of frequent Strombolian activity. Mount Batutara, Indonesia, exhibited continuous Strombolian eruption since 2014. Stromboli itself. The namesake of the mild explosive activity that it possesses has been active throughout historical time; essentially continuous Strombolian eruptions, occasionally accompanied by lava flows, have been recorded at Stromboli for more than a millennium. Vulcanian
Vulcanian eruptions are a type of volcanic eruption named after the volcano Vulcano. It was named so following Giuseppe Mercallis observations of its 1888–1890 eruptions. In Vulcanian eruptions, intermediate viscous magma within the volcano make it difficult for vesiculate gases to escape. Similar to Strombolian eruptions, this leads to the buildup of high gas pressure, eventually popping the cap holding the magma down and resulting in an explosive eruption. However, unlike Strombolian eruptions, ejected lava fragments are not aerodynamic; this is due to the higher viscosity of Vulcanian magma and the greater incorporation of crystalline material broken off from the former cap. They are also more explosive than their Strombolian counterparts, with eruptive columns often reaching between 5 and 10 km (3 and 6 mi) high. Lastly, Vulcanian deposits are andesitic to dacitic rather than basaltic.Initial Vulcanian activity is characterized by a series of short-lived explosions, lasting a few minutes to a few hours and typified by the ejection of volcanic bombs and blocks.