One study found UARS or OSA present in up to 56% of children with ADHD. Studies show that symptoms of ADHD caused by UARS significantly improve or remit with treatment in surgically treated children. Management
Behavioral modification
Behavioral modifications include getting at least 7–8 hours of sleep and various lifestyle changes, such as positional therapy. Sleeping on ones side rather than in a supine position or using positional pillows can provide relief, but these modifications may not be sufficient to treat more severe cases. Avoiding sedatives including alcohol and narcotics can help prevent the relaxation of airway muscles, and thereby reduce the chance of their collapse. Avoiding sedatives may also help to reduce snoring. Medications
Nasal steroids may be prescribed in order to ease nasal allergies and other obstructive nasal conditions that could cause UARS. Positive airway pressure therapy
If left untreated, UARS can develop into obstructive sleep apnea. Treatments for OSA such as positive airway pressure therapy can be effective at stopping the progression of UARS.Positive airway pressure therapy is similar to that in obstructive sleep apnea and works by stenting the airway open with pressure, thus reducing the airway resistance. Use of a CPAP can help ease the symptoms of UARS. Therapeutic trials have shown that using a CPAP with pressure between four and eight centimeters of water can help to reduce the number of arousals and improve sleepiness. CPAPs are the most promising treatment for UARS, but effectiveness is reduced by low patient compliance.
Low-set ears are a clinical feature in which the ears are positioned lower on the head than usual. They are present in many congenital conditions. Low-set ears are defined as outer ears positioned two or more standard deviations lower than the population average. Clinically, if the point at which the helix of the outer ear meets the cranium is at or below the line connecting the inner canthi of eyes(bicanthal plane), the ears are considered low set.Low-set ears can be associated with conditions such as:

Down syndrome
Turner syndrome
Noonan syndrome
Patau syndrome
DiGeorge syndrome
Cri du chat syndrome
Edwards syndrome
Fragile X syndrome
Okamoto syndromeIt is usually bilateral, but it can be unilateral in Goldenhar syndrome. See also
LEOPARD syndrome

References


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