It is also used to treat bone and joint infections, particularly those caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Topical application of clindamycin phosphate can be used to treat mild to moderate acne. Acne
For the treatment of acne, in the long term, the combined use of topical clindamycin and benzoyl peroxide was similar to salicylic acid plus benzoyl peroxide. Topical clindamycin plus topical benzoyl peroxide is more effective than topical clindamycin alone. Susceptible bacteria
It is most effective against infections involving the following types of organisms:

Aerobic Gram-positive cocci, including some members of the Staphylococcus and Streptococcus (e.g. pneumococcus) genera, but not enterococci. Anaerobic, Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, including some Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, and Prevotella, although resistance is increasing in Bacteroides fragilis.Most aerobic Gram-negative bacteria (such as Pseudomonas, Legionella, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella) are resistant to clindamycin, as are the facultative anaerobic Enterobacteriaceae. A notable exception is Capnocytophaga canimorsus, for which clindamycin is a first-line drug of choice.The following represents MIC susceptibility data for a few medically significant pathogens. Staphylococcus aureus: 0.016 μg/ml - >256 μg/ml
Streptococcus pneumoniae: 0.002 μg/ml - >256 μg/ml
Streptococcus pyogenes: <0.015 μg/ml - >64 μg/ml

D-test
When testing a gram-positive culture for sensitivity to clindamycin, it is common to perform a "D-test" to determine if there is a sub-population of bacteria present with the phenotype known as iMLSB. This phenotype of bacteria are resistant to the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B group of antibiotics, however, the resistance mechanism is only induced by the presence of 14-membered ring macrolides, such as erythromycin.
Other options, such as gene therapy, are still being developed.A study by Kreger et al combining a retrospective review of three cases of alpha thalassemia major and a literature review of 17 cases found that in utero transfusion can lead to favorable outcomes. Successful hematopoietic cell transplantation was eventually carried out in four patients. Epidemiology
Worldwide distribution of inherited alpha-thalassemia corresponds to areas of malaria exposure, suggesting a protective role. Thus, alpha-thalassemia is common in sub-Saharan Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, and generally tropical (and subtropical) regions. The epidemiology of alpha-thalassemia in the US reflects this global distribution pattern. More specifically,  HbH disease is seen in Southeast Asia and the Middle East, while Hb Bart hydrops fetalis is acknowledged in Southeast Asia only. The data indicate that 15% of the Greek and Turkish Cypriots are carriers of beta-thalassaemia genes, while 10% of the population carry alpha-thalassaemia genes. See also
Beta-thalassemia
Delta-thalassemia
Hemoglobinopathy

References
Further reading
Anie KA, Massaglia P (March 2014). "Psychological therapies for thalassaemia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD002890. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002890.pub2. PMC 7138048. PMID 24604627. Galanello R, Cao A (February 2011). "Gene test review. Alpha-thalassemia". Genetics in Medicine. 13 (2): 83–8. doi:10.1097/GIM.0b013e3181fcb468. PMID 21381239. External links
"What Are Thalassemias? - NHLBI, NIH". www.nhlbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 15 September 2016.