In 2022, success of transplantation of a 3D bioprinted auricle made from the microtia patients own cells was reported, also achieving a first in 3D bioprinting for transplants. Related conditions
Aural atresia is the underdevelopment of the middle ear and canal and usually occurs in conjunction with microtia. Atresia occurs because patients with microtia may not have an external opening to the ear canal, though. However, the cochlea and other inner ear structures are usually present. The grade of microtia usually correlates to the degree of  development of the middle ear. Microtia is usually isolated, but may occur in conjunction with hemifacial microsomia, Goldenhar Syndrome or Treacher-Collins Syndrome. It is also occasionally associated with kidney abnormalities (rarely life-threatening), and jaw problems, and more rarely, heart defects and vertebral deformities. Notable cases
Paul Stanley, vocalist and rhythm guitarist of Kiss, was born with grade III microtia of his right ear. References
Further reading
Bennun RD, Mulliken JB, Kaban LB, Murray JE (December 1985). "Microtia: a microform of hemifacial microsomia". Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 76 (6): 859–65. doi:10.1097/00006534-198512000-00010. PMID 4070453. S2CID 25652076. Thorne, Charles (2013) " Ear Reconstruction: Microtia". Grabb & Smiths Plastic Surgery, 7th ed. Pages 283-294. == External links ==
This has ranged from display of unclothed African piebalds in "freak" shows and postcards of the early 20th century to the forcing of piebalds (as in the case of albinos) to work long hours exposed to the sun (producing high rates of lethal skin cancers), to the use of piebald humans, including children, in risky medical experiments. The National Organization of Albinism and Hypopigmentation, as well as organizations such as Under the Same Sun, work to promote awareness of all forms of cutaneous variation and their medical implications, and to highlight human rights issues, especially the plight of albinos subject to extreme persecution in parts of Africa. Etymology
The word "piebald" originates from a combination of "pie," from "magpie", and "bald", meaning "white patch" or spot. The reference is to the distinctive black-and-white plumage of the magpie. See also
References


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