Histology
The criteria for the disease are established on the skin biopsy by the presence of the following:
Presence of cancer cells with twisted contours (cerebriform nuclei)
In the patch and plaque stages, the cancer cells are seen in the epidermis (the most superficial layer of skin). This is referred to as epidermotropism. Pautriers microabcesses, aggregates of four or more atypical lymphocytes arranged in the epidermis. Pautrier microabcesses are characteristic of mycosis fungoides but are generally absent. In the tumour stage, the cancer cells move into the dermis (the deeper layer of skin)
Large cell transformation, where clonally identical lymphocytes in the lesion exhibit hypertrophy. In transformed cells, presence of the CD30 receptor is associated with improved survivalTo stage the disease, various tests may be ordered, to assess nodes, blood and internal organs, but most patients present with disease apparently confined to the skin, as patches (flat spots) and plaques (slightly raised or wrinkled spots). Peripheral smear will often show buttock cells. Staging
Traditionally, mycosis fungoides has been divided into three stages: premycotic, mycotic and tumorous. The premycotic stage clinically presents as an erythematous (red), itchy, scaly lesion. Microscopic appearance is non-diagnostic and represented by chronic nonspecific dermatosis associated with psoriasiform changes in epidermis.In the mycotic stage, infiltrative plaques appear and biopsy shows a polymorphous inflammatory infiltrate in the dermis that contains small numbers of frankly atypical lymphoid cells. These cells may line up individually along the epidermal basal layer. The latter finding if unaccompanied by spongiosis is highly suggestive of mycosis fungoides.
Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) refer to a group of clinical symptoms involving the bladder, urinary sphincter, urethra and, in men, the prostate. The term is more commonly applied to men—over 40% of older men are afected—but lower urinary tract symptoms also affect women. The condition is also termed prostatism in men, but LUTS is preferred. Symptoms and signs
Symptoms can be categorised into:

Filling (storage) or irritative symptoms
Increased frequency of urination
Increased urgency of urination
Urge incontinence
Excessive passage of urine at night

Voiding or obstructive symptoms
Poor stream (unimproved by straining)
Hesitancy (worsened if bladder is very full)
Terminal dribbling
Incomplete voiding
Urinary retention
Overflow incontinence (occurs in chronic retention)
Episodes of near retentionAs the symptoms are common and non-specific, LUTS is not necessarily a reason to suspect prostate cancer. Large studies of patients have also failed to show any correlation between lower urinary tract symptoms and a specific diagnosis. Also, recently a report of lower urinary tract symptoms even with malignant features in the prostate failed to be associated with prostate cancer after further laboratory investigation of the biopsy. Causes
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Bladder stone
Cancer of the bladder and prostate
Detrusor muscle weakness and/or instability
Diabetes
Use of ketamine
Neurological conditions; for example multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, cauda equina syndrome
Prostatitis, including IgG4-related prostatitis
Urethral stricture
Urinary tract infections (UTIs)

Diagnosis
The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) can be used to gauge the symptoms, along with physician examination. Other primary and secondary tests are often carried out, such as a PSA (Prostate-specific antigen) test, urinalysis, ultrasound, urinary flow studies, imaging, temporary prostatic stent placement, prostate biopsy and/or cystoscopy.