In 2001, it was modified from 36 to 24 items by another group of field experts. This study has also been proven very effective by various studies. Treatment
Cognitive therapy
Cognitive therapy is a widely accepted form of treatment for most anxiety disorders. It is also thought to be particularly effective in combating disorders where the patient does not actually fear a situation but, rather, fears what could result from being in such a situation. The ultimate goal of cognitive therapy is to modify distorted thoughts or misconceptions associated with whatever is being feared; the theory is that modifying these thoughts will decrease anxiety and avoidance of certain situations. For example, cognitive therapy would attempt to convince a claustrophobic patient that elevators are not dangerous but are, in fact, very useful in getting you where you would like to go faster. A study conducted by S.J. Rachman shows that cognitive therapy decreased fear and negative thoughts/connotations by an average of around 30% in claustrophobic patients tested, proving it to be a reasonably effective method. In vivo exposure
This method forces patients to face their fears by complete exposure to whatever fear they are experiencing. This is usually done in a progressive manner starting with lesser exposures and moving upward towards severe exposures. For example, a claustrophobic patient would start by going into an elevator and work up to an MRI. Several studies have proven this to be an effective method in overcoming various phobias, claustrophobia included. S.J.
"305.00 Alcohol Abuse" or "305.60 Cocaine Abuse").The DSM-IV requires at least three of the following symptoms present during a 12-month period for a diagnoses of polysubstance dependence. Tolerance: Use of increasingly high amounts of a substance or they find the same amount less and less effective ( the amount has to be at least 50% more of the original amount needed.) Withdrawal: Either withdrawal symptoms when the substance stops being used or the substance is used to prevent withdrawal symptoms. Loss of control: Repeated use of more substance than was initially planned or use of the substances over longer periods of time than was planned. Inability to stop using: Either unsuccessfully attempted to cut down or stop using the substances or a persistent desire to stop using. Time: Spending a lot of time studying substances, obtaining substances, using substances, being under the influence of substances, and recovering from the effects of substances. Interference with activities: Give up or reduce the amount of time involved in recreational activities, social activities, and/or occupational activities because of the use of substances. Harm to self: Continuous use of substances despite having a physical or psychological problem caused by or made worse by the use of substances.DSM-5 eliminated polysubstance disorder; there the substances must be specified, among other related changes. Treatment
Treatment for polysubstance dependence has many critical aspects. Substance rehabilitation is a lengthy and difficult process.