Though various websites on the internet report that acetazolamide can be used to treat dural ectasia in individuals with Marfan Syndrome, the only supporting evidence for this assertion exists from a small study of 14 patients which was not peer-reviewed or submitted for publication. Several published cases of intracranial hypotension related to Marfan syndrome would warrant caution in using acetazolamide in these patients unless there is a clear indication, as it could lower intracranial pressure further. A 2012 review and meta-analysis found that there was "limited supporting evidence" but that acetazolamide "may be considered" for the treatment of central (as opposed to obstructive) sleep apnea.It has also been used to prevent methotrexate-induced kidney damage by alkalinizing the urine, hence speeding up methotrexate excretion by increasing its solubility in urine. There is some evidence to support its use to prevent hemiplegic migraine. Open-Angle Glaucoma
Acetazolamide is used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma. The carbonic anhydrase inhibitor is able to decrease ocular fluid and osmolality of the fluid in the humor of the eye and decrease intraocular pressure in the eye. The medication comes in the form of an oral tablet used for this indication. High altitude sickness
Acetazolamide is also used for the treatment of acute mountain sickness. In the prevention or treatment of mountain sickness, acetazolamide inhibits the ability of the kidneys to reabsorb bicarbonate, the conjugate base of carbonic acid. Increasing the amount of bicarbonate excreted in the urine leads to acidification of the blood.
A valgus deformity is a condition in which the bone segment distal to a joint is angled outward, that is, angled laterally, away from the bodys midline. The opposite deformation, where the twist or angulation is directed medially, toward the center of the body, is called varus. Common causes of valgus knee (genu valgum or "knock-knee") in adults include arthritis of the knee and traumatic injuries. Knee arthritis with valgus knee
Rheumatoid knee commonly presents as valgus knee. Osteoarthritis knee may also sometimes present with valgus deformity though varus deformity is common. Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) to correct valgus deformity is surgically difficult and requires specialized implants called constrained condylar knees. Examples
Ankle: talipes valgus (from Latin talus = ankle and pes = foot) – outward turning of the heel, resulting in a flat foot presentation. Elbows: cubitus valgus (from Latin cubitus = elbow) – forearm is angled away from the body
Foot: pes valgus (from Latin pes = foot) – a medial deviation of the foot at subtalar joint. Hand: manus valgus (from Latin manus = hand)
Hip: coxa valga (from Latin coxa = hip) – the shaft of the femur is bent outward in respect to the neck of the femur. Coxa valga >125 degrees. Coxa vara <125 degrees. Knee: genu valgum (from Latin genu = knee) – the tibia is turned outward in relation to the femur, resulting in a knock-kneed appearance. Toe: hallux valgus (from Latin hallux = big toe) – outward deviation of the big toe toward the second toe, resulting in bunion.