According to cancer researcher Robert A. Weinberg, "If we lived long enough, sooner or later we all would get cancer." Some of the association between aging and cancer is attributed to immunosenescence, errors accumulated in DNA over a lifetime and age-related changes in the endocrine system. Agings effect on cancer is complicated by factors such as DNA damage and inflammation promoting it and factors such as vascular aging and endocrine changes inhibiting it.Some slow-growing cancers are particularly common, but often are not fatal. Autopsy studies in Europe and Asia showed that up to 36% of people have undiagnosed and apparently harmless thyroid cancer at the time of their deaths and that 80% of men develop prostate cancer by age 80. As these cancers do not cause the patients death, identifying them would have represented overdiagnosis rather than useful medical care. The three most common childhood cancers are leukemia (34%), brain tumors (23%) and lymphomas (12%). In the United States cancer affects about 1 in 285 children. Rates of childhood cancer increased by 0.6% per year between 1975 and 2002 in the United States and by 1.1% per year between 1978 and 1997 in Europe. Death from childhood cancer decreased by half between 1975 and 2010 in the United States. History
Cancer has existed for all of human history. The earliest written record regarding cancer is from circa 1600 BC in the Egyptian Edwin Smith Papyrus and describes breast cancer.
Drugs and irritants
Chemical irritants, e.g., soaps, tampons, toilet papers
Drugs, e.g., Cyclophosphamide, Ketamine
Capsaicin consumption, e.g., habanero peppers

Genital
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (male)
Endometriosis (female)
Prostatic cancer (male)
Prostatitis (male)
Vaginitis (female)

Urinary tract
One of the most common causes of dysuria is urinary tract infection. Urinary tract infections are more common in females than males due to female anatomy, having a shorter and straight urethra compared to males who have a longer and curved urethra due to male anatomy. In females, bacteria can reach the bladder more easily due to shorter and straight urethra as they have less distance to travel. Because of these reasons, females tend to experience dysuria more frequently compared to males. Also, most urinary tract infections are uncomplicated. Chlamydia
Cystitis
Hemorrhagic cystitis
Kidney stones
Malignancy, i.e., bladder cancer, prostatic cancer, or urethral cancer
Prostatic enlargement, i.e., benign prostatic hyperplasia (male), prostatic cancer
Prostatitis (male)
Pyelonephritis
Sexually transmitted disease
Trichomoniasis
Urethral stricture
Urethritis
Urinary schistosomiasis
Urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by bacterial infection

Other
Diverticulitis
Hypotension
Mass in the abdomen
Reactive arthritis
Acute intermittent porphyria
Hereditary coproporphyria
Variegate porphyria

References


== External links ==