Risk factors that increase the risk of constipation in this population include:
Damage to the levator ani muscles (pelvic floor muscles) during childbirth
Forceps-assisted delivery
Lengthy second stage of labor
Delivering a large child
HemorrhoidsHemorrhoids are common in pregnancy and also may get exacerbated when constipated. Anything that can cause pain with stooling (hemorrhoids, perineal tear, episiotomy) can lead to constipation because patients may withhold from having a bowel movement so as to avoid pain.The pelvic floor muscles play an important role in helping pass a bowel movement. Injury to those muscles by some of the above risk factors (examples- delivering a large child, lengthy second stage of labor, forceps delivery) can result in constipation. Enemas may be administered during labor and these can also alter bowel movements in the days after giving birth. However, there is insufficient evidence to make conclusions about the effectiveness and safety of laxatives in this group of people. See also
Obstructed defecation
Rectal tenesmus

References
External links

09-129b. at Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Home Edition
Constipation - Introduction (UK NHS site)
MedlinePlus Overview constipation
Constipation Guideline - the World Gastroenterology Organisation (WGO)
Monostotic fibrous dysplasia is a form of fibrous dysplasia where only one bone is involved. It comprises a majority of the cases of fibrous dysplasia (approximately 70–80%).It is a rare bone disease characterized by the replacement of normal elements of the bone by fibrous connective tissue, which can cause very painful swellings and bone deformities, and make bone abnormally fragile and prone to fracture.A congenital, noninherited, benign anomaly of bone development in a single bone, it consists of the replacement of normal marrow and cancellous bone by immature bone with fibrous stroma. Monostotic fibrous dysplasia occurs with equal frequency in both sexes and normally develops early in life, with lesions frequently identified late in the first and early second decades. Most patients are asymptomatic, with the diagnosis often established after an incidental finding or with pain, swelling, or fracture. Lesions usually enlarge in proportion to skeletal growth and the abnormal replacement remain active only until skeletal maturity.Monostotic fibrous dysplasia does not convert into the polyostotic type. When symptoms are present, they often are nonspecific, including pain, swelling, or pathologic fracture. It most often affects the ribs (28%), proximal femur (23%), tibia, craniofacial bones (10-25%) and humerus (10-25%). See also
Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia

References


== External links ==