They occur at the end of injured nerve fibres as a form of ineffective, unregulated nerve regeneration; it occurs most commonly near a scar, either superficially (skin, subcutaneous fat) or deep (e.g., after a cholecystectomy). They are often very painful. Synonyms include scar neuroma, amputation neuroma, or pseudoneuroma. Mortons neuroma (a mononeuropathy of the foot) is another example of the more general usage of the term neuroma. Some prefer the term "Mortons metatarsalgia", thus avoiding the term neuroma and its association with tumors. Etymology
The stem neuro- originates from the Greek word for nerve (νεῦρον), while the suffix -oma (-ωμα) denotes swelling. The stem does not imply that neuromas necessarily arise from neurons; neuromas generally arise from non-neuronal nerve tissues. The word was originally used to refer to any nerve tumor, but its meaning has evolved. == References ==
Vitamin and mineral supplementation
The age related eye disease studies 1 and 2 (AREDS) showed that those with bilateral early or intermediate AMD, or intermediate AMD in one eye and advanced AMD in the other eye may benefit from specific vitamin and mineral supplementation. The specific vitamins and minerals in AREDS-1 are vitamin C (500 mg), zinc (80 mg), vitamin E (400 IU), copper (2 mg) and beta-carotene (15 mg). In the AREDS-2 formulation, lutein (10 mg) and zeaxanthin (2 mg) replaced beta-carotene due to the risk of lung cancer in smokers taking beta-carotene. These specific micronutrient supplementations were associated with a lower risk of progression to more severe forms of AMD and greater visual acuity at 5 years. There is no evidence that micronutrient supplementation prevents AMD progression in those with severe disease or prevents disease onset in those without AMD. Dry AMD
There is no cure for dry AMD. While there is increasing academic and pharmaceutical interest in developing complement inhibitors to treat ophthalmic inflammation, with several clinical trials underway for dry AMD, the first such agent to complete Phase 3 trials in AMD (the anti-factor D agent, lampalizumab) did not significantly improve the rate of disease progression. Nevertheless, strategies targeting different aspects of the complement system are ongoing. Wet AMD
Ranibizumab, aflibercept, brolucizumab and faricimab are approved VEGF inhibitors for the treatment of CNV in wet AMD. All three drugs are administered via intravitreal injection, meaning they are injected directly into the eye.