Paroxysmal hypertension is episodic and volatile high blood pressure, which may be due to stress of any sort, or from a pheochromocytoma, a type of tumor involving the adrenal medulla.Patients with paroxysmal hypertension who test negative for pheochromocytoma are said to be suffering from a clinical entity called "pseudopheochromocytoma." This disorder is due to episodic dopamine discharge and has been observed predominantly in hypertensive women whose presentation mimicked pheochromocytoma, but with subsequent testing being negative for malignancy. In patients with pseudopheochromocytoma, dopamine was found to be significantly increased post-paroxysm. The paroxysm is said to be similar to the hypertensive episodes described by Page in 1935, and has been colloquially referred to as "Pages Syndrome". These episodes can occur after diencephalic stimulation.The exact cause of pseudopheochromocytoma is unknown, though it is thought to be related to episodic dopamine discharge. External stressors that may contribute include pain, anxiety, or emotional trauma. Therefore, treatment of pseudopheochromocytoma is aimed at psychological support and intervention with antidepressants, but also treatment with alpha and then beta blockers in resistant cases. References
Further reading
Kuchel O, Buu NT, Larochelle P, Hamet P, Genest J (1986). "Episodic dopamine discharge in paroxysmal hypertension. Pages syndrome revisited". Archives of Internal Medicine. 146 (7): 1315–20. doi:10.1001/archinte.1986.00360190079011. PMID 3718127. Seck SM, Ka EF, Niang A, Diouf B (2009). "Pseudopheochromocytoma: An uncommon cause of malignant hypertension". Indian Journal of Nephrology. 19 (3): 122–4. doi:10.4103/0971-4065.57111. PMC 2859479. PMID 20436734. Mann SJ (2008). "Severe paroxysmal hypertension (pseudopheochromocytoma)". Current Hypertension Reports. 10 (1): 12–8. doi:10.1007/s11906-008-0005-2. PMID 18367021. S2CID 36584198.
"In the American literature, the terms long-face syndrome and short-face syndrome are often used." To be sure, there are reported "long and short face anomalies" and open bite cases. However, in the opinion of Hugo Obwegeser, there is no medical justification for naming them as a "syndrome"—the signs and symptoms do not meet the definitional threshold. : 22 There is controversy concerning the use of the descriptor "long-face syndrome." While increased anterior "total and lower face height" in many ages, combined with vertical maxillary excess in adults has been observed, the causes are controversial. Specifically, there is disagreement about possible potential environmental influences on genetic components.Anecdotally, it was said to be a genetic condition, which could only be corrected with "massive amounts" of debilitating, frequent and long dental and facial reconstructive surgery.In children, there is a concern that mouth breathing can contribute to the development of long face syndrome. A recent study finds that it is a growing problem which should be treated as "it wont just go away." In addition to mouth breathing, it may be associated with sleep apnea.Because of long face syndromes sometime association with pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and allergic reactions, it is essential that treating physicians differentiate the conditions and the treatments; treating one may not cure the other. Notable people
Actor and screenwriter Craig Chester says he has had  the condition. See also
Adenoid facies
Facies (medical)
Dolichocephaly

Notes


== References ==