Grades
Grade 1: if there is no initial lesion on the area, no amputation or lasting effects are expected
Grade 2: if there is a lesion on the distal body part, tissue and fingernails can be destroyed
Grade 3: if there is a lesion on the intermediate or near body part, auto-amputation and loss of function can occur
Grade 4: if there is a lesion very near the body (such as the carpals of the hand), the limb can be lost. Sepsis and/or other systemic problems are expected.A number of long term sequelae can occur after frostbite. These include transient or permanent changes in sensation, paresthesia, increased sweating, cancers, and bone destruction/arthritis in the area affected. Epidemiology
There is a lack of comprehensive statistics about the epidemiology of frostbite. In the United States, frostbite is more common in northern states. In Finland, annual incidence was 2.5 per 100,000 among civilians, compared with 3.2 per 100,000 in Montreal. Research suggests that men aged 30–49 are at highest risk, possibly due to occupational or recreational exposures to cold. History
Frostbite has been described in military history for millennia. The Greeks encountered and discussed the problem of frostbite as early as 400 BCE. Researchers have found evidence of frostbite in humans dating back 5,000 years, in an Andean mummy. Napoleons Army was the first documented instance of mass cold injury in the early 1800s. According to Zafren, nearly 1 million combatants fell victim to frostbite in the First and Second World Wars, and the Korean War.
It is unclear if it is more or less effective than other agents such as droperidol, metoclopramide, or ondansetron. Gastroparesis
The granisetron patch (Sancuso) has been studied for use in gastroparesis, though it is not FDA approved for this indication. Other
Is a possible therapy for nausea and vomiting due to acute or chronic medical illness or acute gastroenteritis
Treatment of cyclic vomiting syndrome although there are no formal trials to confirm efficacy. Adverse effects
Granisetron is a well-tolerated drug with few side effects. Headache, dizziness, and constipation are the most commonly reported side effects associated with its use. There have been no significant drug interactions reported with this drugs use. It is broken down by the livers cytochrome P450 system and it has little effect on the metabolism of other drugs broken down by this system. Extended release
An extended release injectable version of granisetron, known as Sustol is also available in the United States as of 2016. The long acting form is used for the treatment of both acute and delayed CINV in moderately emetogenic chemotherapy and anthrocycline and/or cyclophosphamide (AC) highly emetogenic regimens. In its review, the FDA did not grant the broad HEC label to the drug citing the focus on AC regimens, primarily breast-cancer, and lack of data. References


== Further reading ==