benzydamine mouthwash) to reduce pain
Topical (gels, creams or inhalers) or systemic steroids may be used to reduce inflammation
An antifungal drug may be used to prevent oral candidiasis developing in those who use prolonged steroids
People with mouth ulcers may prefer to avoid hot or spicy foods, which can increase the pain
Self-inflicted ulceration can be difficult to manage, and psychiatric input may be required in some people: 53 
For recurrent ulcers, vitamin B12 has been shown to be effective

Epidemiology
Oral ulceration is a common reason for people to seek medical or dental advice. : 52  A breach of the oral mucosa probably affects most people at various times during life. For a discussion of the epidemiology of aphthous stomatitis, see the epidemiology of aphthous stomatitis. See also
Sodium dodecyl sulfate

References
External links

 Learning materials related to Oral ulceration at Wikiversity
Mouth ulcer at Curlie
Aphonia is defined as the inability to produce voiced sound. Damage to the nerve may be the result of surgery (e.g., thyroidectomy) or a tumor.Aphonia means "no sound". In other words, a person with this disorder has lost their voice. Causes
Injuries are often the cause of aphonia. Minor injuries can affect the second and third dorsal area in such a manner that the lymph patches concerned with coordination become either atrophic or relatively nonfunctioning. Tracheotomy can also cause aphonia.Any injury or condition that prevents the vocal cords, the paired bands of muscle tissue positioned over the trachea, from coming together and vibrating will have the potential to make a person unable to speak. When a person prepares to speak, the vocal folds come together over the trachea and vibrate due to the airflow from the lungs. This mechanism produces the sound of the voice. If the vocal folds cannot meet together to vibrate, sound will not be produced. Aphonia can also be caused by and is often accompanied by fear. Psychogenic
Psychogenic aphonia is often seen in patients with underlying psychological problems. Laryngeal examination will usually show bowed vocal folds that fail to adduct to the midline during phonation. However, the vocal folds will adduct when the patient is asked to cough. Treatment should involve consultation and counseling with a speech pathologist and, if necessary, a psychologist.In this case, the patients history and the observed unilateral immobility rules out function aphonia. See also
Muteness
Lists of language disorders

References
External links

Muscle Tension Aphonia Video Example