There is certainly overlap between Guillain–Barré syndrome, Miller Fisher syndrome and Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis, as well as other conditions associated with anti-ganglioside antibodies such as chronic ophthalmoplegia with anti-GQ1b antibody. and the pharyngo-cervico-brachial variant of GBS. Diagnosis
Anti-GQ1b antibodies have been found in two-thirds of patients with this condition. This antibody is also found in almost all cases of Miller Fisher syndrome. The EEG is often abnormal, but shows only slow wave activity, which also occurs in many other conditions, and so is of limited value in diagnosis. Similarly, raised CSF protein levels and pleocytosis are frequent but non-specific. It was originally thought that raised CSF protein without pleocytosis (albuminocytological dissociation) was a characteristic feature, as it is in Guillain–Barré syndrome, but this has not been supported in more recent work. In only 30% of cases is an MRI brain scan abnormal. Nerve conduction studies may show an axonal polyneuropathy. Treatment
Most patients reported in the literature have been given treatments suitable for autoimmune neurological diseases, such as, plasmapheresis and/or intravenous immunoglobulin, and most have made a good recovery. The condition is too rare for controlled trials to have been undertaken. References


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People who smoke tobacco have sleep apnea at three times the rate of people who have never done so.Central sleep apnea is more often associated with any of the following risk factors:

being male
an age above 65
having heart disorders such as atrial fibrillation or atrial septal defects such as PFO
strokeHigh blood pressure is very common in people with sleep apnea. Mechanism
When breathing is paused, carbon dioxide builds up in the bloodstream. Chemoreceptors in the bloodstream note the high carbon dioxide levels. The brain is signaled to awaken the person, which clears the airway and allows breathing to resume. Breathing normally will restore oxygen levels and the person will fall asleep again. This carbon dioxide build-up may be due to the decrease of output of the brainstem regulating the chest wall or pharyngeal muscles, which causes the pharynx to collapse. People with sleep apnea experience reduced or no slow-wave sleep and spend less time in REM sleep. Complication
It is considered that OSA is a serious medical condition. Daytime fatigue and sleepiness, cardiovascular problems and eye problems are also be considered as a potential complications of OSA. OSA may also be a risk factor of COVID-19. It is found that people with OSA have a higher risk of developing severe complications of COVID-19. Diagnosis
Despite this medical consensus, the variety of apneic events (e.g., hypopnea vs apnea, central vs obstructive), the variability of patients physiologies, and the inherent shortcomings and variability of equipment and methods, this field is subject to debate.