Spinal anesthesia was first used in 1885, but not introduced into clinical practice until 1899, when August Bier subjected himself to a clinical experiment in which he observed the anesthetic effect, but also the typical side effect of postpunctural headache. Within a few years, spinal anesthesia became widely used for surgical anesthesia and was accepted as a safe and effective technique. Although atraumatic (noncutting-tip) cannulae and modern drugs are used today, the technique has otherwise changed very little over many decades. Epidural anesthesia by a caudal approach had been known in the early 20th century, but a well-defined technique using lumbar injection was not developed until 1921, when Fidel Pagés published his article "Anestesia Metamérica". This technique was popularized in the 1930s and 1940s by Achile Mario Dogliotti. With the advent of thin, flexible catheters, continuous infusion and repeated injections have become possible, making epidural anesthesia still a highly successful technique. Besides its many uses for surgery, epidural anesthesia is particularly popular in obstetrics for the treatment of labor pain. See also
Amylocaine
Anesthetic
General anesthetic
List of cocaine analogues
List of local anesthetics

References
External links
The American Society of Regional Anesthesia
Regional Anesthesia and Pain & Medicine
Melanosis is a form of hyperpigmentation associated with increased melanin.It can also refer to:

Melanism
Ocular melanosis
Smokers melanosis
Oral melanosis
Riehl melanosis

See also
List of cutaneous conditions

References


== External links ==