These therapies are associated with dysfunction of the tight endothelial junctions of the blood-brain barrier, leading to vasogenic edema as described above. In addition to edema, these therapies are associated with microhemorrhages in the brain known as ARIA-H. Familiarity with ARIA can aid radiologists and clinicians in determining optimal management for those affected. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a rare clinical disease characterized by cerebral edema. The exact pathophysiology, or cause, of the syndrome is still debated but is hypothesized to be related to the disruption of the blood-brain barrier. The syndrome features acute neurological symptoms and reversible subcortical vasogenic edema predominantly involving the parieto-occipital areas on MR imaging. PRES in general has a benign course, but PRES-related intracranial hemorrhage has been associated with a poor prognosis. Idiopathic delayed-onset edema
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is effective treatment for several neurological and psychiatric disorders, most notably Parkinsons disease. DBS is not without risks and although rare, idiopathic delayed-onset edema (IDE) surrounding the DBS leads have been reported. Symptoms can be mild and nonspecific, including reduction of the stimulation effect, and can be confused for other causes of edema. Thus, imaging is recommended to rule out other causes. The condition is generally self-limiting and the exact mechanism of the cause is unexplained. Early identification can help persons affected avoid unnecessary surgical procedures or antibiotic treatments. Massive brain swelling after cranioplasty
Decompressive craniectomy is frequently performed in cases of resistant intracranial hypertension secondary to several neurological conditions and is commonly followed by cranioplasty.
Surgery through the vagina is successful  90% of the time. Surgical correction can be accomplished by abdominal surgery, by laparoscopic and robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery. The various treatments vary in frequency. The transvaginal approach is used 39% of the time,  transabdominal/transvesical approach is used 36% of the time, the laparoscopic/robotic approach is used to treat 15% of urogenital fistulas and a combination of transabdominal-transvaginal approach is used 3% of the time. Epidemiology
Globally, 75 percent of urogenital fistulas are obstructive labor fistulas. The average age of a woman who develops a fistula due to prolonged labor is 28 years old. The average age of a woman who develops a fistula from other causes is 42 years old. Women with a small pelvis are more likely to develop a fistula. Though rare, a fistula can form after the minimally invasive oocyte retrieval part of infertility treatment. Urogenital fistulas (vesicovaginal) caused by surgical complications occur at a frequency of 0.8 per 1000. Rectovaginal fistulas
Abnormal passage of stool through the vagina is caused by a rectovaginal fistula. Treatment is often surgical with the use of tissue grafts. The presence of bowel disease increases the risk of a rectovaginal fistula. An entero-vaginal fistula can form between the bowel and the vagina. Rectovaginal fistulae result from inflammatory bowel disease, Chrohns disease trauma, or iatrogenic injury and diversions to other organs. Episiotomies can cause the formation of a rectovaginal fistula. See also
Reproductive organs
Urinary system
Urogenital triangle
Vaginal cysts


== References ==