Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus–Zaire Ebola virus (rVSV-ZEBOV), also known as Ebola Zaire vaccine live and sold under the brand name Ervebo, is an Ebola vaccine for adults that prevents Ebola caused by the Zaire ebolavirus. When used in ring vaccination, rVSV-ZEBOV has shown a high level of protection. Around half the people given the vaccine have mild to moderate adverse effects that include headache, fatigue, and muscle pain.rVSV-ZEBOV is a recombinant, replication-competent viral vector vaccine. It consists of rice-derived recombinant human serum albumin and live attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), which has been genetically engineered to express the main glycoprotein from the Zaire ebolavirus so as to provoke a neutralizing immune response to the Ebola virus.The vaccine was approved for medical use in the European Union and the United States in 2019. It was created by scientists at the National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, which is part of the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC). PHAC licensed it to a small company, Newlink Genetics, which started developing the vaccine; Newlink in turn licensed it to Merck in 2014. It was used in the DR Congo in a 2018 outbreak in Équateur province, and has since been used extensively in the 2018–20 Kivu Ebola outbreak, with over 90,000 people vaccinated. Medical use
Nearly 800 people were ring vaccinated on an emergency basis with VSV-EBOV when another Ebola outbreak occurred in Guinea in March 2016.
He described them using unusual daily examples, such as "whistling of little birds", "crackling of salt on a heated dish", "cooing of the woodpidgeon", etc., but he soon realized that he was unable to use the term in front of his patients because it conjured the association of le râle de la mort, which translates to " the death rattle", the noise that people who are about to die make when they can no longer clear secretions. Therefore, at the bedside, he used the Latin word rhonchus, which originally meant a snore. That was not clearly understood by his translator, John Forbes, and the terminology became very confusing after the publication in the 1830s of Forbess English translation of Laennecs De LAuscultation Mediate. The difficulty of translating râle itself had been remarked upon in a British review of Laennecs work in 1820.The terminology of "rales" and "rhonchi" in English remained variable until 1977, when a standardization was established by the American Thoracic Society and American College of Chest Physicians. As a result, the term râles was abandoned, and "crackles" became its recommended substitute. The term "rales" is still common in English-language medical literature, but cognizance of the ATS/CHEST guidelines calls for "crackles". In 2016, the European Respiratory Society reported on a study of various physicians listening to audiovisual recordings of auscultation findings and interobserver variation was analyzed. The study found that broad descriptions agreed better than detailed descriptions. Sound
Crackles are caused by explosive opening of small airways and are discontinuous, nonmusical, and brief.