In May 2022, U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved dupilumab (Dupixent) to treat eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) in adults and pediatric patients 12 years and older weighing at least 40 kilograms (which is about 88 pounds) making it the first US FDA approved treatment for EoE. Endoscopic dilatation
In patients who present with food impaction, flexible upper endoscopy is recommended to remove impacted food. Dilation is deferred in EoE until patients are adequately treated with pharmacological or dietary therapy, and the result of a response to therapy is available. The goals of therapy for treating EoE is to improve the patients symptoms as well as to reduce the number of eosinophils on biopsy. This procedure is effective in 84% of people who require it.Esophageal strictures and rings can be safely dilated in EoE. It is recommended to use a graduated balloon catheter for gradual dilation. The patient should be informed that after dilation they might experience chest pain and in addition risk of esophageal perforation and bleeding. Prognosis
The long-term prognosis for patients with EoE is unknown. Some patients may follow a “waxing and waning” course characterized by symptomatic episodes followed by periods of remission. There have also been reports of apparent spontaneous disease remission in some patients; however, the risk of recurrence in these patients is unknown. It is possible that long-standing, untreated disease may result in esophageal remodeling, leading to strictures, Schatzki ring and, eventually, achalasia. Risk Factors
There are many environmental factors that can increase the risk of developing EoE along with genetic factors for the disorder.
Renal hypoplasia is an abnormality that a person is born with in which one or both of the kidneys are smaller than normal (hypoplastic) but with normal structure.It is defined as abnormally small kidneys, where the size is less than two standard deviations below the expected mean for the corresponding demographics, and the morphology is normal. Disease severity depends on whether hypoplasia is unilateral or bilateral, and the degree of reduction in the number of nephrons. Presentation
Hypoplastic kidneys are prone to infection and kidney stone formation, have a reduced nephron number,( normal corticomedullary differentiation)

Complications
Renal hypoplasia is a common cause of kidney failure in children and also of adult-onset disease. Diagnosis
Diagnosis is typically through ultrasonography. Prevalence
Epidemiologic studies point to an estimated incidence of 1 in 400 births. == References ==