In a marathon, several percent of runners may be affected. Wearing footwear which fits helps prevent runners toe.If the shoe is too loose on the midfoot, the foot can slide forwards in the shoe, especially when going downhill. This may jam the toes into the end of the toebox. If the foot is sliding forwards because the shoe is too loose around the midfoot, it may be restrained by lacing the shoe carefully, or placing bulky padding between the tongue and the lacing, or by wrapping a strap in a figure-eight around the foot and ankle (image). : 86–87, 128, 142  Excessively tight or uneven fit around the midfoot may, however, cause tendon problems. : 125 Separately, if there is not enough space around the toes, the toes will also hit the toebox repeatedly. Feet become longer and wider when weight is put on them, because the arches flatten, and the toes also splay and bend. : p15, 18, 72–73  At the end of a long journey on foot, the arches flatten, the metatarsals spread, and the foot swells more than after a short one. : 52  The toes also need vertical space; a toe cap which is low enough to press on the top of the toe may also cause bruising under the nail, especially if the toe cap is stiff. If the toebox is pointed, the toes may be wedged forwards into the area with inadequate height. : 52–53, 135 Toenails which protrude unevenly may concentrate force on the toenail; properly-cut nails are therefore also important.Some susceptible runners may also have Mortons toe.
70% of cryptorchid testes can be felt and are unable to be pulled into the scrotum or retreats quickly after being pulled into a higher position. In 30% of cases the testes cannot be felt indicating an intra-abdominal location. The risk factors for Cryptorchidism are:

A family history of the condition
Low birth weight
Prematurity

Poor semen quality
Poor semen quality is measured not only by the number of sperm a man produces but also by how effective the sperm is at fertilising an egg. The motility and shape of the sperm are important for this role. A man with poor semen quality will often present with fertility problems which is defined as a couple trying to conceive for over 1 year with no success. Diagnosis can be made from semen analysis, taking a sample of the mans semen and running tests to count numbers and quality of the individual sperm. Testicular cancer
The most common presentation of testicular cancer is a hard, painless lump which can be felt on one of the testis. It is either noticed by a clinician during a routine examination, or the patient themselves. Risk factors for TC include:

Cryptorchidism
Family history
Previous testicular cancerThe diagnosis is confirmed in different ways. An ultrasound scan can be used to diagnose to a 90-95% accuracy. Bloods can also be taken to look for elevated tumour markers which is also used to analyse the patients response to treatment. 80% of testicular cancer cases are from the 20-34 year old age range


== References ==