Surgery related: Operative times longer than 2 hours may lead to an increased risk of postoperative urinary retention 3-fold. Postoperative pain. Chronic
Chronic urinary retention that is due to bladder blockage which can either be as a result of muscle damage or neurological damage. If the retention is due to neurological damage, there is a disconnect between the brain to muscle communication, which can make it impossible to completely empty the bladder. If the retention is due to muscle damage, it is likely that the muscles are not able to contract enough to completely empty the bladder.The most common cause of chronic urinary retention is BPH. BPH is a result of the ongoing process of testosterone being converted to dihydrotestosterone which stimulates prostate growth. Over a persons lifetime, the prostate experiences constant growth due to the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. This can cause the prostate to push on the urethra and block it, which can lead to urinary retention. Other
Tethered spinal cord syndrome. Psychogenic causes – psychosocial stresses, fear associated with urination, paruresis ("shy bladder syndrome") – in extreme cases, urinary retention can result. Consumption of some psychoactive substances, mainly stimulants, such as MDMA or amphetamine. Use of NSAIDs, or drugs with anticholinergic properties. Stones or metastases, which can theoretically appear anywhere along the urinary tract, but vary in frequency depending on anatomy. Muscarinic antagonists such as atropine and scopolamine. Malfunctioning artificial urinary sphincter. Diagnosis
Analysis of urine flow may aid in establishing the type of micturition (urination) abnormality.
Occlusal trauma is the damage to teeth when an excessive force is acted upon them and they do not align properly.When the jaws close, for instance during chewing or at rest, the relationship between the opposing teeth is referred to as occlusion. When trauma, disease or dental treatment alters occlusion by changing the biting surface of any of the teeth, the teeth will come together differently, and their occlusion will change. When that change has a negative effect on how the teeth occlude, this may cause tenderness, pain, and damage to or movement of the teeth. This is called traumatic occlusion.Traumatic occlusion may cause a thickening of the cervical margin of the alveolar bone and widening of the periodontal ligament, although the latter can also be caused by other processes. Signs and symptoms
Clinically, there is a number of physiological results that serve as evidence of occlusal trauma:,
Progressive Tooth mobility
Fremitus
Tooth migration
Pain
Thermal sensitivity
Pain on chewing or percussion
Wear facets

Diagnosis
Microscopically, there will be a number of features that accompany occlusal trauma:
Hemorrhage
Necrosis
Widening of the periodontal ligament, or PDL (also serves as a very common radiographic feature)
Bone resorption
Cementum loss and tearsIt was concluded that widening of the periodontal ligament was a "functional adaptation to changes in functional requirements". Primary vs. secondary
There are two types of occlusal trauma, primary and secondary.