Aceruloplasminemia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder in which the liver can not synthesize the protein ceruloplasmin properly, which is needed to transport copper around the blood. Copper deficiency in the brain results in neurological problems that generally appear in adulthood and worsen over time. .Aceruloplasminemia has been seen worldwide, but its overall prevalence is unknown. Studies in Japan have estimated that approximately 1 in 2 million adults in this population are affected.Aceruloplasminemia belongs to the group of genetic disorders called neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA). Signs and symptoms
Patients with aceruloplasminemia develop a variety of movement problems. They may experience dystonia of the head and neck, resulting in repetitive movements and contortions. Other involuntary movements may also occur, such as tremors, chorea, blepharospasms, and grimacing. Affected individuals may also experience ataxia, the lack of coordination of muscle movements. Some develop psychiatric problems and midlife dementia. The type of neurological disruption corresponds to associated regions of iron deposition in the brain and liver.In addition to neurological problems, affected individuals may have diabetes mellitus caused by iron damage to cells in the pancreas that make insulin. This impairs blood sugar regulation and leads to the signs and symptoms of diabetes.Iron accumulation in the tissues and organs results in a corresponding iron deficiency in the blood, leading to anemia. Anemia and diabetes usually occur by the time an affected person is in his or her twenties.Affected individuals also experience retinal degeneration caused by excess iron.
Modern flagellants
Christianity
Roman Catholicism
Modern processions of hooded Flagellants are still a feature of various Mediterranean Christian countries, mainly in Spain, Italy and some former colonies, usually every year during Lent. They also occur in the Philippines during Holy Week. For example, in the comune of Guardia Sanframondi in Campania, Italy, such parades are organized once every seven years. In Italy, members of the Flagellant movement were called disciplinati, while laudesi never practiced flagellation, but met together in their own chapel to sing laudi (canticles) in honour of the Blessed Virgin, but which gradually assumed a dramatic form and grew into a theatrical form known as rappresentazioni sacre. A play in the Roman dialect of the 14th century, edited by Vattasso (Studi e Testi, no. 4, p. 53), explicitly bears the title lauda. Some Roman Catholics in Philippines practice flagellation as a form of devout worship, sometimes in addition to self-crucifixion. Los hermanos penitentes
In English, "the penitent brothers." This is a semi-secret society of flagellants among the Hispanic Roman Catholics of Colorado and New Mexico. Other religions
Unrelated practices exist in non-Christian traditions, including actual flagellation amongst some Shiites (commemorating the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali AS). See also
Algolagnia
Ashura, Tatbir
Dancing mania
Flagellation
Monty Python and the Holy Grail, which includes a scene of monks striking themselves on the forehead repeatedly with boards while chanting the missal passage Pie Jesu. Khlysts (Imperial Russia)
Penitentes (New Mexico)
Self-harm
The Seventh Seal
Redemptive suffering
La Cercha
Nine Emperor Gods Festival.