Types of parasitic helminths
Of all the known helminth species, the most important helminths with respect to understanding their transmission pathways, their control, inactivation and enumeration in samples of human excreta from dried feces, faecal sludge, wastewater, and sewage sludge are:
soil-transmitted helminths, including Ascaris lumbricoides (the most common worldwide), Trichuris trichiura, Necator americanus, Strongyloides stercoralis and Ancylostoma duodenale
Hymenolepis nana
Taenia saginata
Enterobius
Fasciola hepatica
Schistosoma mansoni
Toxocara canis
Toxocara catiHelminthiases are classified as follows (the disease names end with "-sis" and the causative worms are in brackets):

Roundworm infection (nematodiasis)
Filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi infection)
Onchocerciasis (Onchocerca volvulus infection)
Soil-transmitted helminthiasis – this includes ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides infection), trichuriasis (Trichuris infection), and hookworm infection (includes necatoriasis and Ancylostoma duodenale infection)
Trichostrongyliasis (Trichostrongylus spp. infection)
Dracunculiasis (guinea worm infection)
Baylisascaris (raccoon roundworm, may be transmitted to pets, livestock, and humans)

Tapeworm infection (cestodiasis)
Echinococcosis (Echinococcus infection)
Hymenolepiasis (Hymenolepis infection)
Taeniasis/cysticercosis (Taenia infection)
Coenurosis (T. multiceps, T. serialis, T. glomerata, and T. brauni infection)

Trematode infection (trematodiasis)
Amphistomiasis (amphistomes infection)
Clonorchiasis (Clonorchis sinensis infection)
Fascioliasis (Fasciola infection)
Fasciolopsiasis (Fasciolopsis buski infection)
Opisthorchiasis (Opisthorchis infection)
Paragonimiasis (Paragonimus infection)
Schistosomiasis/bilharziasis (Schistosoma infection)

Acanthocephala infection
Moniliformis infection

Transmission
Helminths are transmitted to the final host in several ways. The most common infection is through ingestion of contaminated vegetables, drinking water, and raw or undercooked meat. Contaminated food may contain eggs of nematodes such as Ascaris, Enterobius, and Trichuris; cestodes such as Taenia, Hymenolepis, and Echinococcus; and trematodes such as Fasciola. Raw or undercooked meats are the major sources of Taenia (pork, beef and venison), Trichinella (pork and bear), Diphyllobothrium (fish), Clonorchis (fish), and Paragonimus (crustaceans).
Therapeutic use
In people with kidney failure, requiring dialysis, a cimino fistula is often deliberately created in the arm by means of a short day surgery in order to permit easier withdrawal of blood for hemodialysis.As a radical treatment for portal hypertension, surgical creation of a portacaval fistula produces an anastomosis between the hepatic portal vein and the inferior vena cava across the omental foramen (of Winslow). This spares the portal venous system from high pressure which can cause esophageal varices, caput medusae, and hemorrhoids. Epidemiology
Globally, every year between 50,000 and 100,000 women are affected by fistula relating to childbirth. Botany
In botany, the term is most common in its adjectival forms, where it is used in binomial names to refer to species that are distinguished by hollow or tubular structures. Monarda fistulosa, for example, has tubular flowers; Eutrochium fistulosum has a tubular stem; Allium fistulosum has hollow or tubular leaves, and Acacia seyal subsp. fistula is the subspecies with hollow spines. Society and culture
The term was first used in the 14th century. See also
Obstetric fistula
Alexis St. Martin
Stoma (medicine)

References


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