user
W Edwards Deming was an American statistician and management guru who used physical demonstrations to illuminate his teachings. In one demonstration Deming repeatedly dropped marbles through a funnel at a target, marking where they landed, and observing the resulting pattern. He applied a sequence of "rules" to try to improve performance. In each case the experiment begins with the funnel positioned directly over the target.

* **Rule 1**: The funnel remains directly above the target.
* **Rule 2**: Adjust the funnel position by shifting the target to compensate after each drop. E.g. If the last drop missed 1 cm east, move the funnel 1 cm to the west of its current position.
* **Rule 3**: As rule 2, but first move the funnel back over the target, before making the adjustment. E.g. If the funnel is 2 cm north, and the marble lands 3 cm north, move the funnel 3 cm south of the target.
* **Rule 4**: The funnel is moved directly over the last place a marble landed.

Apply the four rules to the set of 50 pseudorandom displacements provided (e.g in the Racket solution) for the dxs and dys. **Output**: calculate the mean and standard-deviations of the resulting x and y values for each rule.

Note that rules 2, 3, and 4 give successively worse results. Trying to deterministically compensate for a random process is counter-productive, but -- according to Deming -- quite a popular pastime: see the Further Information, below for examples.

**Stretch goal 1**: Generate fresh pseudorandom data. The radial displacement of the drop from the funnel position is given by a Gaussian distribution (standard deviation is 1.0) and the angle of displacement is uniformly distributed.

**Stretch goal 2**: Show scatter plots of all four results.

Further information

* Further explanation and interpretation
* Video demonstration of the funnel experiment at the Mayo Clinic.
assistant
(formerly Perl 6)

**Works with**: Rakudo version 2018.10

```
sub mean { @_ R/ [+] @_ }
sub stddev {
    # <(x - <x>)²> = <x²> - <x>²
    sqrt( mean(@_ »**» 2) - mean(@_)**2 )
}

constant @dz = <
    -0.533  0.270  0.859 -0.043 -0.205 -0.127 -0.071  0.275
     1.251 -0.231 -0.401  0.269  0.491  0.951  1.150  0.001
    -0.382  0.161  0.915  2.080 -2.337  0.034 -0.126  0.014
     0.709  0.129 -1.093 -0.483 -1.193  0.020 -0.051  0.047
    -0.095  0.695  0.340 -0.182  0.287  0.213 -0.423 -0.021
    -0.134  1.798  0.021 -1.099 -0.361  1.636 -1.134  1.315
     0.201  0.034  0.097 -0.170  0.054 -0.553 -0.024 -0.181
    -0.700 -0.361 -0.789  0.279 -0.174 -0.009 -0.323 -0.658
     0.348 -0.528  0.881  0.021 -0.853  0.157  0.648  1.774
    -1.043  0.051  0.021  0.247 -0.310  0.171  0.000  0.106
     0.024 -0.386  0.962  0.765 -0.125 -0.289  0.521  0.017
     0.281 -0.749 -0.149 -2.436 -0.909  0.394 -0.113 -0.598
     0.443 -0.521 -0.799  0.087
> Z+ (1i X* <
     0.136  0.717  0.459 -0.225  1.392  0.385  0.121 -0.395
     0.490 -0.682 -0.065  0.242 -0.288  0.658  0.459  0.000
     0.426  0.205 -0.765 -2.188 -0.742 -0.010  0.089  0.208
     0.585  0.633 -0.444 -0.351 -1.087  0.199  0.701  0.096
    -0.025 -0.868  1.051  0.157  0.216  0.162  0.249 -0.007
     0.009  0.508 -0.790  0.723  0.881 -0.508  0.393 -0.226
     0.710  0.038 -0.217  0.831  0.480  0.407  0.447 -0.295
     1.126  0.380  0.549 -0.445 -0.046  0.428 -0.074  0.217
    -0.822  0.491  1.347 -0.141  1.230 -0.044  0.079  0.219
     0.698  0.275  0.056  0.031  0.421  0.064  0.721  0.104
    -0.729  0.650 -1.103  0.154 -1.720  0.051 -0.385  0.477
     1.537 -0.901  0.939 -0.411  0.341 -0.411  0.106  0.224
    -0.947 -1.424 -0.542 -1.032
>);

constant @rule = 
-> \z, \dz { 0 },
-> \z, \dz { -dz },
-> \z, \dz { -z - dz },
-> \z, \dz {  z + dz },
;

for @rule {
    say "Rule $(++$):";
    my $target = 0i;
    my @z = gather for @dz -> $dz {
	take $target + $dz;
	$target = .($target, $dz)
    }
    printf "Mean    x, y   : %7.4f %7.4f\n",   mean(@z».re),   mean(@z».im);
    printf "Std dev x, y   : %7.4f %7.4f\n", stddev(@z».re), stddev(@z».im);
}

```

Output:

```
Rule 1:
Mean    x, y   :  0.0004  0.0702
Std dev x, y   :  0.7153  0.6462
Rule 2:
Mean    x, y   :  0.0009 -0.0103
Std dev x, y   :  1.0371  0.8999
Rule 3:
Mean    x, y   :  0.0439 -0.0063
Std dev x, y   :  7.9871  4.7784
Rule 4:
Mean    x, y   :  3.1341  5.4210
Std dev x, y   :  1.5874  3.9304
```