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| This page uses content from **Wikipedia**. The original article was at Miller–Rabin primality test. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with Rosetta Code, the text of Wikipedia is available under the GNU FDL. (See links for details on variance) |

The Miller–Rabin primality test or Rabin–Miller primality test is a primality test: an algorithm which determines whether a given number is prime or not.

The algorithm, as modified by Michael O. Rabin to avoid the generalized Riemann hypothesis, is a probabilistic algorithm.

The pseudocode, from Wikipedia is:

```
Input: n > 2, an odd integer to be tested for primality;
       k, a parameter that determines the accuracy of the test
Output: composite if n is composite, otherwise probably prime
write n − 1 as 2s·d with d odd by factoring powers of 2 from n − 1
LOOP: repeat k times:
   pick a randomly in the range [2, n − 1]
   x ← ad mod n
   if x = 1 or x = n − 1 then do next LOOP
   repeat s − 1 times:
      x ← x2 mod n
      if x = 1 then return composite
      if x = n − 1 then do next LOOP
   return composite
return probably prime

```

* The nature of the test involves big numbers, so the use of "big numbers" libraries (or similar features of the language of your choice) are suggested, but **not** mandatory.
* Deterministic variants of the test exist and can be implemented as extra (not mandatory to complete the task)
assistant
(formerly Perl 6)

**Works with**: Rakudo version 2015-09-22

```
# the expmod-function from: http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Modular_exponentiation
sub expmod(Int $a is copy, Int $b is copy, $n) {
	my $c = 1;
	repeat while $b div= 2 {
		($c *= $a) %= $n if $b % 2;
		($a *= $a) %= $n;
	}
	$c;
}

subset PrimeCandidate of Int where { $_ > 2 and $_ % 2 };

my Bool multi sub is_prime(Int $n, Int $k)            { return False; }
my Bool multi sub is_prime(2, Int $k)                 { return True; }
my Bool multi sub is_prime(PrimeCandidate $n, Int $k) {
	my Int $d = $n - 1;
	my Int $s = 0;

	while $d %% 2 {
		$d div= 2;
		$s++;
	}

	for (2 ..^ $n).pick($k) -> $a {
		my $x = expmod($a, $d, $n);

		# one could just write "next if $x == 1 | $n - 1"
		# but this takes much more time in current rakudo/nom
		next if $x == 1 or $x == $n - 1;

		for 1 ..^ $s {
			$x = $x ** 2 mod $n;
			return False if $x == 1;
			last if $x == $n - 1;
		}
		return False if $x !== $n - 1;
	}

	return True;
}

say (1..1000).grep({ is_prime($_, 10) }).join(", ");

```