txt: ## dist_zef-tbrowder-Geo-Ellipsoid.md
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  # NAME
  
  Geo::Ellipsoid - Longitude and latitude calculations using an ellipsoid model.
  
  # SYNOPSIS
  
  ```
  use Geo::Ellipsoid;
  $geo = Geo::Ellipsoid.new(ellipsoid => 'NAD27', units => 'degrees');
  @origin = (37.619002, -122.374843);    # SFO
  @dest = (33.942536, -118.408074);      # LAX
  ($range, $bearing) = $geo.to(@origin, @dest);
  ($lat,$lon) = $geo.at(@origin, 2000, 45.0);
  ($x, $y) = $geo.displacement(@origin, $lat, $lon);
  @pos = $geo.location($lat, $lon, $x, $y);
  
  ```
  
  # DESCRIPTION
  
  Geo::Ellipsoid performs geometrical calculations on the surface of an ellipsoid. An ellipsoid is a three-dimensional object formed from the rotation of an ellipse about one of its axes. The approximate shape of the earth is an ellipsoid, so Geo::Ellipsoid can accurately calculate distance and bearing between two widely-separated locations on the earth's surface.
  
  The shape of an ellipsoid is defined by the lengths of its semi-major and semi-minor axes. The shape may also be specifed by the flattening ratio `f` as:
  
  ```
  f = (semi-major - semi-minor) / semi-major
  
  ```
  
  which, since f is a small number, is normally given as the reciprocal of the flattening `1/f`.
  
  The shape of the earth has been surveyed and estimated differently at different times over the years. The two most common sets of values used to describe the size and shape of the earth in the United States are 'NAD27', dating from 1927, and 'WGS84', from 1984. United States Geological Survey topographical maps, for example, use one or the other of these values, and commonly-available Global Positioning System (GPS) units can be set to use one or the other. See ["DEFINED ELLIPSOIDS"]("DEFINED ELLIPSOIDS") below for the ellipsoid survey values that may be selected for use by Geo::Ellipsoid.
  
  # CONSTRUCTOR
  
  ## new
  
  The new() constructor may be called with a hash list to set the value of the ellipsoid to be used, the value of the units to be used for angles and distances, and whether or not the output range of longitudes and bearing angles should be symmetric around zero or always greater than zero. The initial default constructor is equivalent to the following:
  
  ```
  my $geo = Geo::Ellipsoid.new(
    ellipsoid      => 'WGS84',
    units          => 'radians' ,
    distance_units => 'meter',
    longitude_sym  => False,
    bearing_sym    => False,
  
  );
  
  ```
  
  The constructor arguments may be of any case and, with the exception of the ellipsoid value, abbreviated to their first three characters. Thus, (UNI => 'DEG', DIS => 'FEE', Lon => 1, ell => 'NAD27', bEA => 0) is valid.
  
  # METHODS
  
  ## set\_units
  
  Set the angle units used by the Geo::Ellipsoid object. The units may also be set in the constructor of the object. The allowable values are 'degrees' or 'radians'. The default is 'radians'. The units value is not case sensitive and may be abbreviated to 3 letters. The units of angle apply to both input and output latitude, longitude, and bearing values.
  
  ```
  $geo.set_units('degrees');
  
  ```
  
  ## set\_distance\_unit
  
  Set the distance unit used by the Geo::Ellipsoid object. The unit of distance may also be set in the constructor of the object. The recognized values are 'meter', 'kilometer', 'mile', 'nm' (nautical mile), or 'foot'. The default is 'meter'. The value is not case sensitive and may be abbreviated to 3 letters.
  
  ```
  $geo.set_distance_unit('kilometer');
  
  ```
  
  For any other unit of distance not recogized by this method, pass a numerical argument representing the length of the distance unit in meters. For example, to use units of furlongs, call
  
  ```
  $geo.set_distance_unit(201.168);
  
  ```
  
  The distance conversion factors used by this module are as follows:
  
  ```
  Unit          Units per meter
  --------      ---------------
  foot             0.3048
  kilometer     1000.0
  mile          1609.344
  nm            1852.0
  
  ```
  
  ## set\_ellipsoid
  
  Set the ellipsoid to be used by the Geo::Ellipsoid object. See ["DEFINED ELLIPSOIDS"]("DEFINED ELLIPSOIDS") below for the allowable values. The value may also be set by the constructor. The default value is 'WGS84'.
  
  ```
  $geo.set_ellipsoid('NAD27');
  
  ```
  
  ## set\_custom\_ellipsoid
  
  Sets the ellipsoid parameters to the specified major semiaxis and reciprocal flattening. A zero value for the reciprocal flattening will result in a sphere for the ellipsoid, and a warning message will be issued.
  
  ```
  $geo.set_custom_ellipsoid('sphere', 6378137, 0);
  
  ```
  
  ## set\_longitude\_symmetric
  
  If called with no argument or a true argument, sets the range of output values for longitude to be in the range [-pi,+pi) radians. If called with a false or undefined argument, sets the output angle range to be [0,2\*pi) radians.
  
  ```
  $geo.set_longitude_symmetric(True);
  
  ```
  
  ## set\_bearing\_symmetric
  
  If called with no argument or a true argument, sets the range of output values for bearing to be in the range [-pi,+pi) radians. If called with a false or undefined argument, sets the output angle range to be [0,2\*pi) radians.
  
  ```
  $geo.set_bearing_symmetric(True);
  
  ```
  
  ## set\_defaults
  
  Sets the defaults for the new method. Call with key, value pairs similar to new.
  
  ```
  $Geo::Ellipsoid.set_defaults(
    units          => 'degrees',
    ellipsoid      => 'GRS80',
    distance_units => 'kilometer',
    longitude_sym  => True,
    bearing_sym    => False,
  
  );
  
  ```
  
  Keys and string values (except for the ellipsoid identifier) may be shortened to their first three letters and are case-insensitive:
  
  ```
  $Geo::Ellipsoid.set_defaults(
    uni => 'deg',
    ell => 'GRS80',
    dis => 'kil',
    lon => False,
    bea => False,
  
  );
  
  ```
  
  ## scales
  
  Returns a list consisting of the distance unit per angle of latitude and longitude (degrees or radians) at the specified latitude. These values may be used for fast approximations of distance calculations in the vicinity of some location.
  
  ```
  ($lat_scale, $lon_scale) = $geo.scales($lat0);
  $x = $lon_scale * ($lon - $lon0);
  $y = $lat_scale * ($lat - $lat0);
  
  ```
  
  ## range
  
  Returns the range in distance units between two specified locations given as latitude, longitude pairs.
  
  ```
  my $dist = $geo.range($lat1, $lon1, $lat2, $lon2);
  my $dist = $geo.range(|@origin, |@destination);
  
  ```
  
  ## bearing
  
  Returns the bearing in degrees or radians from the first location to the second. Zero bearing is true north.
  
  ```
  my $bearing = $geo.bearing($lat1, $lon1, $lat2, $lon2);
  
  ```
  
  ## at
  
  Returns the list (latitude,longitude) in degrees or radians that is a specified range and bearing from a given location.
  
  ```
  my ($lat2, $lon2) = $geo.at($lat1, $lon1, $range, $bearing);
  
  ```
  
  ## to
  
  Returns (range, bearing) between two specified locations.
  
  ```
  my ($dist, $theta) = $geo.to($lat1, $lon1, $lat2, $lon2);
  
  ```
  
  ## to\_range
  
  Returns range between two specified locations.
  
  ```
  my $dist = $geo.to-range($lat1, $lon1, $lat2, $lon2);
  
  ```
  
  ## displacement
  
  Returns the (x,y) displacement in distance units between the two specified locations.
  
  ```
  my ($x, $y) = $geo.displacement($lat1, $lon1, $lat2, $lon2);
  
  ```
  
  NOTE: The x and y displacements are only approximations and only valid between two locations that are fairly near to each other. Beyond 10 kilometers or more, the concept of X and Y on a curved surface loses its meaning.
  
  ## location
  
  Returns the list (latitude,longitude) of a location at a given (x,y) displacement from a given location.
  
  ```
  #my @loc = $geo.location($lat, $lon, $x, $y);
  my @loc = $geo.location($x, $y);
  
  ```
  
  # DEFINED ELLIPSOIDS
  
  The following ellipsoids are defined in Geo::Ellipsoid, with the semi-major axis in meters and the reciprocal flattening as shown. The default ellipsoid is WGS84.
  
  ```
  Ellipsoid        Semi-Major Axis (m.)     1/Flattening
  ---------        -------------------     ---------------
  AIRY                 6377563.396         299.3249646
  AIRY-MODIFIED        6377340.189         299.3249646
  AUSTRALIAN           6378160.0           298.25
  BESSEL-1841          6377397.155         299.1528128
  CLARKE-1880          6378249.145         293.465
  EVEREST-1830         6377276.345         290.8017
  EVEREST-MODIFIED     6377304.063         290.8017
  FISHER-1960          6378166.0           298.3
  FISHER-1968          6378150.0           298.3
  GRS80                6378137.0           298.25722210088
  HOUGH-1956           6378270.0           297.0
  HAYFORD              6378388.0           297.0
  IAU76                6378140.0           298.257
  KRASSOVSKY-1938      6378245.0           298.3
  NAD27                6378206.4           294.9786982138
  NWL-9D               6378145.0           298.25
  SOUTHAMERICAN-1969   6378160.0           298.25
  SOVIET-1985          6378136.0           298.257
  WGS72                6378135.0           298.26
  WGS84                6378137.0           298.257223563
  
  ```
  
  # LIMITATIONS
  
  The methods should not be used on points which are too near the poles (above or below 89 degrees), and should not be used on points which are antipodal, i.e., exactly on opposite sides of the ellipsoid. The methods will not return valid results in these cases.
  
  # ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
  
  The conversion algorithms used here are Perl translations of Fortran routines written by LCDR L. Pfeifer NGS Rockville MD that implement T. Vincenty's Modified Rainsford's method with Helmert's elliptical terms as published in "Direct and Inverse Solutions of Ellipsoid on the Ellipsoid with Application of Nested Equations", T. Vincenty, Survey Review, April 1975.
  
  The Fortran source code files inverse.for and forward.for may be obtained from
  
  ```
  ftp://ftp.ngs.noaa.gov/pub/pcsoft/for_inv.3d/source/
  
  ```
  
  # AUTHOR
  
  Jim Gibson, `<Jim@Gibson.org>` Tom Browder, `<tom.browder@gmail.com>`
  
  # BUGS
  
  See LIMITATIONS, above.
  
  Please enter any bugs or feature requests to the issues through the web interface at <https://github.com/tbrowder/Geo-Ellipsoid>.
  
  # COPYRIGHT & LICENSE
  
  Copyright (c) 2005-2008 Jim Gibson, all rights reserved. Copyright (c) 2015-2022 Tom Browder, all rights reserved.
  
  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Raku itself.
  
  # SEE ALSO
  
  Geo::Distance, Geo::Ellipsoids
  