Let $p$ be a prime number and let $\mathbb{F}_p$ be the finite field with $p$ elements. Consider an automorphism $\tau$ of the polynomial ring $\mathbb{F}_p[x]$ given by
\[\tau(f)(x)=f(x+1).\]
Let $R$ denote the subring of $\mathbb{F}_p[x]$ consisting of those polynomials $f$ with $\tau(f)=f$. Find a polynomial $g \in \mathbb{F}_p[x]$ such that $\mathbb{F}_p[x]$ is a free module over $R$ with basis $g,\tau(g),\dots,\tau^{p-1}(g)$.
1. **Define the automorphism and subring:**
   Let \( \tau \) be an automorphism of the polynomial ring \( \mathbb{F}_p[x] \) defined by:
   \[
   \tau(f)(x) = f(x+1).
   \]
   Let \( R \) denote the subring of \( \mathbb{F}_p[x] \) consisting of those polynomials \( f \) with \( \tau(f) = f \).

2. **Identify a candidate polynomial \( g \):**
   Consider \( g := x^{p-1} \). We need to show that \( \mathbb{F}_p[x] \) is a free module over \( R \) with basis \( g, \tau(g), \dots, \tau^{p-1}(g) \).

3. **Generate the set \( S \):**
   Define the set \( S \) as:
   \[
   S := \{(x+i)^{p-1} : 0 \le i \le p-1\}.
   \]
   We need to show that \( S \) generates \( \mathbb{F}_p[x] \) as an \( R \)-module.

4. **Express monomials as \( R \)-linear combinations:**
   We need to show that the monomials \( x^n \) for \( n \ge 0 \) are \( R \)-linear combinations of the elements of \( S \). Since \( x^n = (x^p - x)x^{n-p} + x^{n-p+1} \) and \( x^p - x \in R \), it suffices to prove that the monomials \( x^n \) for \( 0 \le n \le p-1 \) are \( R \)-linear combinations of the elements of \( S \).

5. **Construct the polynomial \( p_n(x) \):**
   Consider the polynomial:
   \[
   p_n(x) := \sum_{i=0}^{p-1} a_i (x+i)^{p-1} - x^n,
   \]
   where we want to find \( a_i \in \mathbb{F}_p \) such that \( p_n(x) \) becomes the zero polynomial. Since \( \deg p_n(x) \le p-1 \), \( p_n(x) \) is identically zero if and only if \( p_n(x) = 0 \) for all \( x \in \mathbb{F}_p \).

6. **Solve for \( a_i \) when \( n = 0 \):**
   If \( n = 0 \), choose \( a_i = -1 \) for all \( i \). Then, since \( x^{p-1} \equiv 1 \mod p \) for all \( 0 \ne x \in \mathbb{F}_p \), we have for all \( x \in \mathbb{F}_p \):
   \[
   p_0(x) = -\sum_{i=0}^{p-1} (x+i)^{p-1} - 1 = -(p-1) - 1 = 0.
   \]

7. **Solve for \( a_i \) when \( n = p-1 \):**
   If \( n = p-1 \), choose \( a_0 = 1 \) and \( a_i = 0 \) for \( 1 \le i \le p-1 \).

8. **Solve for \( a_i \) when \( 1 \le n \le p-2 \):**
   For \( 1 \le n \le p-2 \), we want \( p_n(x) = 0 \) for \( x = 0, 1, \ldots, p-1 \). For \( x = k \), \( 0 \le k \le p-1 \), we have:
   \[
   0 = p_n(k) = \sum_{i=0}^{p-1} a_i (k+i)^{p-1} - k^n = \sum_{i=0}^{p-1} a_i - a_{p-k} - k^n,
   \]
   where we define \( a_p := a_0 \). Solving this system gives \( -a_0 = \sum_{k=0}^{p-1} k^n = 0 \) because \( 1 \le n \le p-2 \), and then we get \( a_i = (-1)^{n+1} i^n \) for all \( 0 \le i \le p-1 \).

9. **Show that \( S \) is a basis:**
   Suppose:
   \[
   \sum_{i=0}^{p-1} r_i(x) (x+i)^{p-1} = 0
   \]
   for some \( r_i(x) \in R \). We need to show that \( r_i(x) = 0 \) for all \( i \). For all \( 0 \le k \le p-1 \), we have:
   \[
   \sum_{i=0}^{p-1} r_i(x) \tau^k((x+i)^{p-1}) = 0,
   \]
   i.e.,
   \[
   \sum_{i=0}^{p-1} r_i(x) (x+i+k)^{p-1} = 0.
   \]

10. **Matrix representation and determinant:**
    In terms of matrices, we have \( AX = 0 \), where:
    \[
    A = \begin{pmatrix}
    (x+p-1)^{p-1} & (x+p-2)^{p-1} & \cdots & x^{p-1} \\
    x^{p-1} & (x+p-1)^{p-1} & \cdots & (x+1)^{p-1} \\
    \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
    (x+p-2)^{p-1} & (x+p-3)^{p-1} & \cdots & (x+p-1)^{p-1}
    \end{pmatrix}, \quad X = \begin{pmatrix}
    r_{p-1}(x) \\
    r_{p-2}(x) \\
    \vdots \\
    r_0(x)
    \end{pmatrix}.
    \]
    If we show that \( \det A \ne 0 \), then \( A \) would be invertible in \( \mathbb{F}_p(x) \) and \( AX = 0 \) implies \( X = 0 \).

11. **Contradiction if \( \det A = 0 \):**
    Suppose \( \det A = 0 \), i.e., the polynomial \( \det A \) is identically zero. Then \( \det A = 0 \) for \( x = 1 \), but for \( x = 1 \), the entries of \( A \) on the main diagonal are all zero and all the other entries of \( A \) are 1. Such a matrix has a non-zero determinant, leading to a contradiction.

Thus, \( S \) is a basis for \( \mathbb{F}_p[x] \) as an \( R \)-module.

The final answer is \( \boxed{ g = x^{p-1} } \).