We call a natural number venerable if the sum of all its divisors, including $1$, but not including the number itself, is $1$ less than this number. Find all the venerable numbers, some exact degree of which is also venerable.
1. **Define the function $\sigma'(m)$:**
   For any positive integer $m > 1$, let $\sigma'(m)$ denote the sum of positive divisors of $m$, excluding $m$ itself. We need to find all positive integers $n > 1$ such that $\sigma'(n) = n - 1$ and $\sigma'(n^m) = n^m - 1$ for some $m \in \mathbb{Z}_{>1}$.

2. **Express $\sigma'(n^m)$:**
   We have:
   \[
   \sigma'(n^m) = \sigma'(n) \times \left( n^{m-1} + n^{m-2} + \cdots + n + 1 \right)
   \]
   This is because for each positive divisor $d < n$ of $n$, $dn^i$ is a positive divisor of $n^m$ which is strictly less than $n^m$ for all $i \in \{0, 1, 2, \ldots, m-1\}$.

3. **Distinct divisors:**
   There do not exist pairs $(d_1, i_1) \neq $(d_2, i_2)$ where $d_1, d_2$ are positive divisors of $n$ and $i_1, i_2 \in \{0, 1, 2, \ldots, m-1\}$ such that $d_1 n^{i_1} = d_2 n^{i_2}$. By taking $v_n$ on both sides and noting that $d < n$, we get $i_1 = i_2$ and so $d_1 = d_2$.

4. **Sum of divisors:**
   This gives us $dn^i$ where $d < n$ is a positive divisor of $n$ and $i \in \{0, 1, 2, \ldots, m-1\}$ are pairwise distinct positive divisors of $n^m$ which are strictly less than $n^m$. Hence:
   \[
   \sigma'(n^m) \geq \sigma'(n) \times \left( n^{m-1} + n^{m-2} + \cdots + n + 1 \right)
   \]
   For the equality to hold, there must be no other divisor of $n^m$ which is strictly less than $n^m$ that is not in that form.

5. **Prime factor consideration:**
   If $n$ has at least two prime divisors, let one of them be $p$. We get that $p^{mv_p(n)} \neq n^m$ is a divisor of $n^m$. We have:
   \[
   p^{mv_p(n)} = dn^i
   \]
   for some divisor $d < n$ of $n$ and $i \in \{0, 1, 2, \ldots, m-1\}$. For any other prime divisor $q$ of $n$, we have:
   \[
   0 = v_q(p^{mv_p(n)}) = v_q(dn^i) = v_q(d) + iv_q(n) \Rightarrow i = 0
   \]
   Hence $d = p^{mv_p(n)} \mid n \Rightarrow mv_p(n) \leq v_p(n) \Rightarrow v_p(n) = 0$, which is a contradiction.

6. **Conclusion for $n$:**
   So, $n$ must be a prime power. Let $n = p^t$ for a prime number $p$ and positive integer $t$. We have:
   \[
   \sigma'(n) = \frac{p^t - 1}{p - 1} = n - 1 = p^t - 1 \Rightarrow p = 2
   \]
   It is easy to see that all powers of $2$ satisfy the condition. Hence, the answer is all powers of $2$.

The final answer is $\boxed{2^k \text{ for } k \in \mathbb{Z}_{>0}}$