You are given a positive integer $k$ and not necessarily distinct positive integers $a_1, a_2 , a_3 , \ldots,
a_k$. It turned out that for any coloring of all positive integers from $1$ to $2021$ in one of the $k$ colors so that there are exactly $a_1$ numbers of the first color, $a_2$ numbers of the second color, $\ldots$, and $a_k$ numbers of the $k$-th color, there is always a number $x \in \{1, 2, \ldots, 2021\}$, such that the total number of numbers colored in the same color as $x$ is exactly $x$. What are the possible values of $k$?

[i]Proposed by Arsenii Nikolaiev[/i]
1. We are given a positive integer \( k \) and not necessarily distinct positive integers \( a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_k \). These integers represent the number of elements colored in each of the \( k \) colors.
2. We need to determine the possible values of \( k \) such that for any coloring of the integers from \( 1 \) to \( 2021 \) in \( k \) colors, there is always a number \( x \in \{1, 2, \ldots, 2021\} \) such that the total number of numbers colored in the same color as \( x \) is exactly \( x \).

To solve this, we need to consider the Pigeonhole Principle and the properties of the given problem.

3. Let's assume that \( k \) is the number of colors and \( a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_k \) are the counts of numbers colored in each color. We know that:
   \[
   a_1 + a_2 + \cdots + a_k = 2021
   \]
   This is because we are coloring all the numbers from \( 1 \) to \( 2021 \).

4. We need to show that for any such coloring, there exists a number \( x \) such that the number of elements colored in the same color as \( x \) is exactly \( x \).

5. Consider the function \( f(i) \) which represents the number of elements colored in the \( i \)-th color. We need to find \( x \) such that \( f(x) = x \).

6. By the Pigeonhole Principle, if \( k \) is too small, it is impossible to distribute the numbers \( 1 \) to \( 2021 \) in such a way that no number \( x \) satisfies \( f(x) = x \). 

7. To ensure that there is always such an \( x \), we need to have enough colors to cover all possible values of \( x \) from \( 1 \) to \( 2021 \). This means \( k \) must be at least \( 2021 \).

8. If \( k = 2021 \), we can assign each number \( 1 \) to \( 2021 \) a unique color. In this case, \( a_i = 1 \) for all \( i \), and it is clear that \( f(x) = 1 \) for all \( x \), which does not satisfy the condition \( f(x) = x \) for any \( x \neq 1 \).

9. Therefore, the minimum value of \( k \) that guarantees the existence of such an \( x \) is \( k = 2021 \).

The final answer is \( \boxed{2021} \).