Let $n \geq 2$ be a given integer
$a)$ Prove that one can arrange all the subsets of the set $\{1,2... ,n\}$ as a sequence of subsets $A_{1}, A_{2},\cdots , A_{2^{n}}$, such that $|A_{i+1}| = |A_{i}| + 1$ or $|A_{i}| - 1$ where $i = 1,2,3,\cdots , 2^{n}$ and $A_{2^{n} + 1} = A_{1}$
$b)$ Determine all possible values of the sum $\sum \limits_{i = 1}^{2^n} (-1)^{i}S(A_{i})$ where $S(A_{i})$ denotes the sum of all elements in $A_{i}$ and $S(\emptyset) = 0$, for any subset sequence $A_{1},A_{2},\cdots ,A_{2^n}$ satisfying the condition in $a)$
### Part (a)

We need to prove that one can arrange all the subsets of the set $\{1, 2, \ldots, n\}$ as a sequence of subsets $A_1, A_2, \ldots, A_{2^n}$ such that $|A_{i+1}| = |A_i| + 1$ or $|A_i| - 1$ for $i = 1, 2, \ldots, 2^n$ and $A_{2^n + 1} = A_1$.

1. **Base Case:**
   For $n = 2$, the set $\{1, 2\}$ has the following subsets: $\emptyset, \{1\}, \{2\}, \{1, 2\}$. We can arrange them in the sequence $\emptyset, \{1\}, \{1, 2\}, \{2\}$, which satisfies the condition:
   \[
   |\emptyset| = 0, \quad |\{1\}| = 1, \quad |\{1, 2\}| = 2, \quad |\{2\}| = 1
   \]
   Here, $|A_{i+1}| = |A_i| + 1$ or $|A_i| - 1$ and $A_5 = A_1$.

2. **Inductive Step:**
   Assume that for a set $\{1, 2, \ldots, N\}$, there exists a sequence $(A_i)$ of subsets satisfying the condition. We need to show that for the set $\{1, 2, \ldots, N+1\}$, there exists a sequence $(B_i)$ of subsets satisfying the condition.

   - Consider the sequence $(A_i)$ for $\{1, 2, \ldots, N\}$ such that $A_{2^N} = \emptyset$.
   - Define the sequence $(B_i)$ for $\{1, 2, \ldots, N+1\}$ as follows:
     \[
     B_i = \begin{cases}
     A_i, & \text{if } 1 \leq i \leq 2^N \\
     A_{i-2^N} \cup \{N+1\}, & \text{if } 2^N + 1 \leq i \leq 2^{N+1}
     \end{cases}
     \]
   - This construction ensures that $|B_{i+1}| = |B_i| + 1$ or $|B_i| - 1$ and $B_{2^{N+1} + 1} = B_1$.

Thus, by induction, the statement is true for all $n \geq 2$.

### Part (b)

We need to determine the possible values of the sum $\sum_{i=1}^{2^n} (-1)^i S(A_i)$, where $S(A_i)$ denotes the sum of all elements in $A_i$ and $S(\emptyset) = 0$.

1. **Rearrange the Sequence:**
   Shift the sequence so that $|A_i| = 1$. This does not change the value of $\sum_{i=1}^{2^n} (-1)^i S(A_i)$.

2. **Parity of $|A_i|$:**
   Since $|A_i|$ has the same parity as $i$, we can write:
   \[
   \sum_{i=1}^{2^n} (-1)^i S(A_i) = \sum_{\substack{i=1 \\ |A_i| \text{ even}}}^{2^n} S(A_i) - \sum_{\substack{i=1 \\ |A_i| \text{ odd}}}^{2^n} S(A_i)
   \]

3. **Sum of Elements in Subsets:**
   Consider an integer $k$ where $1 \leq k \leq n$. The number of times an integer $m$ appears in the sets $A_i$ such that $|A_i| = k$ is $\binom{n-1}{k-1}$. Therefore,
   \[
   \sum_{\substack{|A_i| = k}} S(A_i) = \binom{n-1}{k-1} \sum_{m=1}^n m = \binom{n-1}{k-1} \frac{n(n+1)}{2}
   \]

4. **Combining the Sums:**
   \[
   \sum_{i=1}^{2^n} (-1)^i S(A_i) = \frac{n(n+1)}{2} \left( \sum_{i=1}^{\left\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \right\rfloor} \binom{n-1}{2i-1} - \sum_{i=1}^{\left\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \right\rfloor} \binom{n-1}{2i} \right)
   \]

5. **Binomial Expansion:**
   Using the binomial expansion, we know that:
   \[
   \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \binom{n-1}{i} (-1)^i = (1-1)^{n-1} = 0
   \]
   Therefore,
   \[
   \sum_{i=1}^{\left\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \right\rfloor} \binom{n-1}{2i-1} - \sum_{i=1}^{\left\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \right\rfloor} \binom{n-1}{2i} = 0
   \]

Thus, the sum $\sum_{i=1}^{2^n} (-1)^i S(A_i)$ is $0$.

The final answer is $\boxed{0}$