Find the least positive integer $k$ such that for any $a \in [0, 1]$ and any positive integer $n,$
\[a^k(1 - a)^n < \frac{1}{(n+1)^3}.\]
1. **Substitution and Inequality Transformation:**
   Let \( x = \frac{1}{a} \) so that \( x \geq 1 \). We rewrite the given inequality as:
   \[
   a^k (1 - a)^n < \frac{1}{(n+1)^3}
   \]
   Substituting \( a = \frac{1}{x} \), we get:
   \[
   \left( \frac{1}{x} \right)^k \left( 1 - \frac{1}{x} \right)^n < \frac{1}{(n+1)^3}
   \]
   Simplifying, we obtain:
   \[
   x^{-k} \left( \frac{x-1}{x} \right)^n < \frac{1}{(n+1)^3}
   \]
   Multiplying both sides by \( x^k \), we get:
   \[
   \left( \frac{x-1}{x} \right)^n < \frac{x^k}{(n+1)^3}
   \]
   Rearranging, we have:
   \[
   x^k > (n+1)^3 \left( \frac{x-1}{x} \right)^n
   \]

2. **Testing for Specific Values:**
   - For \( n = 1 \) and \( x = 2 \):
     \[
     2^k > 2^3 \left( \frac{2-1}{2} \right)^1 \implies 2^k > 8 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \implies 2^k > 4 \implies k \geq 3
     \]
   - For \( n = 2 \) and \( x = 2 \):
     \[
     2^k > 3^3 \left( \frac{2-1}{2} \right)^2 \implies 2^k > 27 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \implies 2^k > 6.75 \implies k \geq 3
     \]
   - For \( n = 3 \) and \( x = 2 \):
     \[
     2^k > 4^3 \left( \frac{2-1}{2} \right)^3 \implies 2^k > 64 \cdot \frac{1}{8} \implies 2^k > 8 \implies k \geq 4
     \]

3. **General Proof for \( k = 4 \):**
   Define the function:
   \[
   f(x) = x^4 - (n+1)^3 \left( \frac{x-1}{x} \right)^n
   \]
   We need to show that \( f(x) > 0 \) for all positive integers \( n \) and \( x \geq 1 \).

4. **Maximizing the Function:**
   The maximum of the function \( \frac{(x-1)^n}{x^{n+4}} \) occurs at \( x = \frac{n+4}{4} \). Evaluating at this point:
   \[
   \frac{(x-1)^n}{x^{n+4}} = \frac{\left( \frac{n+4}{4} - 1 \right)^n}{\left( \frac{n+4}{4} \right)^{n+4}} = \frac{\left( \frac{n}{4} \right)^n}{\left( \frac{n+4}{4} \right)^{n+4}} = \frac{4^4 n^n}{(n+4)^{n+4}}
   \]

5. **Comparing Terms:**
   We need to show:
   \[
   1 - (n+1)^3 \cdot \frac{4^4 n^n}{(n+4)^{n+4}} > 0
   \]
   Simplifying, we need:
   \[
   (n+4)^{n+4} > 4^4 \cdot n^n \cdot (n+1)^3
   \]
   This inequality holds for all positive integers \( n \).

6. **Conclusion:**
   Since \( k = 4 \) satisfies the inequality for all \( n \) and \( x \geq 1 \), we conclude that the least positive integer \( k \) is 4.

The final answer is \( \boxed{ k = 4 } \)