For an ${n\times n}$ matrix $A$, let $X_{i}$ be the set of entries in row $i$, and $Y_{j}$ the set of entries in column $j$, ${1\leq i,j\leq n}$. We say that $A$ is [i]golden[/i] if ${X_{1},\dots ,X_{n},Y_{1},\dots ,Y_{n}}$ are distinct sets. Find the least integer $n$ such that there exists a ${2004\times 2004}$ golden matrix with entries in the set ${\{1,2,\dots ,n\}}$.
1. **Define the problem and the goal:**
   We need to find the smallest integer \( n \) such that there exists a \( 2004 \times 2004 \) golden matrix with entries from the set \(\{1, 2, \ldots, n\}\). A matrix is golden if all its rows and columns are distinct sets.

2. **Introduce the concept of a \( k \)-golden matrix:**
   A \( k \)-golden matrix is a matrix with entries from \(\{1, 2, \ldots, k\}\) such that all rows and columns are distinct sets.

3. **Prove the existence of a \( 13 \)-golden matrix:**
   We will use the following claim to construct larger golden matrices from smaller ones.

   **Claim 1:** Let \( p \) and \( q \) be integers such that \( p < q \leq 2p \). Suppose there exists a \( p \times p \) \( k \)-golden matrix. Then, there exists a \( q \times q \) \( (k+1) \)-golden matrix.

   **Proof of Claim 1:**
   - Let \( A \) be the \( p \times p \) \( k \)-golden matrix.
   - Let \( q = p + m \) where \( m \leq p \).
   - Let \( B \) be the matrix formed by the first \( m \) columns of \( A \).
   - Let \( C \) be the matrix formed by the first \( m \) rows of \( A \).
   - Let \( D \) be the \( m \times m \) matrix with all entries being \( k+1 \).
   - Construct the block matrix:
     \[
     \begin{pmatrix}
     A & B \\
     C & D
     \end{pmatrix}
     \]
   - This matrix is a \( q \times q \) \( (k+1) \)-golden matrix because all rows and columns are distinct sets.

   \(\blacksquare\)

4. **Construct a sequence of golden matrices:**
   - Start with a \( 2 \times 2 \) \( 3 \)-golden matrix:
     \[
     \begin{pmatrix}
     1 & 2 \\
     3 & 1
     \end{pmatrix}
     \]
   - Consider the sequence:
     \[
     (a_1, \ldots, a_{11}) = (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 63, 126, 251, 501, 1002, 2004)
     \]
   - By Claim 1, there exists an \( a_i \times a_i \) \( (i+2) \)-golden matrix for each \( a_i \) in the sequence.
   - This proves the existence of a \( 2004 \times 2004 \) \( 13 \)-golden matrix.

5. **Prove the non-existence of a \( 2004 \times 2004 \) \( 12 \)-golden matrix:**
   - Suppose such a matrix exists with entries from \(\{1, 2, \ldots, 12\}\).
   - Let \( S = \{1, 2, \ldots, 12\} \).
   - Let \( S_i \) be the family of subsets of \( S \) with \( i \) elements.
   - Let \( X = X_1 \cup \ldots \cup X_{2004} \) and define \( Y \) similarly.
   - Let \( E = X \cup Y \).

   **Claim 2:**
   - (i) \( |F \cup S_0| = 1 \)
   - (ii) \( |F \cup S_1| \geq 11 \)
   - (iii) \( |F \cup S_2| \geq 36 \)

   **Proof of Claim 2:**
   - (i) is obvious since the only element in \( S_0 \) is the empty set, which does not belong to \( E \).
   - For (ii), assume \( |F \cup S_1| \geq 2 \). WLOG, assume \(\{1\}, \{2\} \in E\). They must both belong to either \( X \) or \( Y \). Suppose they belong to \( X \). Then there are only \( 2^{10} = 1024 \) elements in \( 2^S \) which are not disjoint with both of them, hence there are only \( 1024 \) possibilities for elements in \( Y \), contradicting the fact that \( |Y| = 2004 \). This proves (ii).
   - For (iii), assume \( |F \cup S_2| \leq 35 \). WLOG, assume \(\{1, 2\} \in X\). If none of the 2-element subsets of \(\{3, 4, \ldots, 12\}\) are in \( E \), then we are done. Hence, assume \(\{3, 4\} \in X\). If all of the 2-element subsets of \(\{5, 6, \ldots, 12\}\) are in \( F \), then we are done. Hence, assume \(\{5, 6\} \in X\). By the inclusion-exclusion principle, there are exactly:
     \[
     3 \times 2^{10} - 3 \times 2^8 + 2^6 = 2368
     \]
     elements of \( 2^S \) which are disjoint to at least one of \(\{1, 2\}, \{3, 4\}, \{5, 6\}\). Therefore, all of them can't be in \( Y \). Therefore, there are only \( 4096 - 2368 = 1728 \) possibilities for \( Y \), contradiction.

   \(\blacksquare\)

6. **Divide into two cases:**
   - **Case I:** \( S_2 \cup E \neq \emptyset \)
     - WLOG, assume \(\{1, 2\} \in X\).
     - **Claim 3:** For each \( i = 3, 4, 5, 6 \), we have \( S_i \cup Y = \emptyset \).
     - **Proof of Claim 3:**
       - Suppose there exists \( A \in S_3 \cup Y \). Since \( |A \cap \{1, 2\}| \geq 1 \), we have \( |A \cup \{1, 2\}| \leq 4 \). Hence, \( |S \setminus (A \cup \{1, 2\})| \geq 8 \). Let \( Z = S \setminus (A \cup \{1, 2\}) \). For each subset of \( Z \), it is disjoint to both \( A \) and \(\{1, 2\}\), hence it can't be in \( E \). Therefore, \( |F| \geq 256 \), \( |E| \leq 4096 - 256 < 2 \times 2004 \), contradiction. For similar reasoning, we have \( S_4 \cup Y = \emptyset \).
       - Now suppose \( A \in S_5 \cup Y \). Let \( B = S \setminus A \). Then consider all the 3 and 4 element subsets of \( B \). They do not belong to \( X \) since they are disjoint with \( A \). They also do not belong to \( Y \) since \( S_3 \cup Y = S_4 \cup Y = \emptyset \). Hence, they belong to \( F \). Therefore,
         \[
         |F| \geq 1 + 11 + 36 + \binom{7}{3} + \binom{7}{4} > 4096 - 2 \times 2004 = 88
         \]
         contradiction.
       - For \( i = 6 \), we can use similar reasoning to obtain:
         \[
         |F| \geq 1 + 11 + 36 + \binom{6}{3} + \binom{6}{4} + \binom{6}{5} = 89
         \]
         contradiction.

     \(\blacksquare\)

     Hence, there are at most \( 4096 - \sum_{i=3}^6 \binom{12}{i} = 1665 \) sets in \( Y \), contradiction.

   - **Case II:** \( S_2 \cup E = \emptyset \)
     - If \( S_3 \cup E = \emptyset \), then we are done. Now assume \(\{1, 2, 3\} \in X\). Using the same reasoning, we have \( S_3 \cup Y = \emptyset \).
     - If \( S_4 \cup Y = \emptyset \), then:
       \[
       |F| \geq 1 + 11 + \binom{12}{2} + \binom{8}{3} > 88
       \]
       contradiction.
     - Similarly, \( S_5 \cup Y = S_6 \cup Y = \emptyset \). Using the exact reasoning as in Case I, we obtain a contradiction.

This completes the proof.

The final answer is \( \boxed{ n = 13 } \).