The pages of a book are numbered 1 through $n$. When the page numbers of the book were added, one of the page numbers was mistakenly added twice, resulting in an incorrect sum of 1986. What was the number of the page that was added twice?
1. The sum of the first $n$ natural numbers is given by the formula:
   \[
   S = \frac{n(n+1)}{2}
   \]
   We are given that the incorrect sum is 1986, which means one of the page numbers was added twice.

2. To find the correct $n$, we need to find the largest $n$ such that:
   \[
   \frac{n(n+1)}{2} \leq 1986
   \]

3. We start by estimating $n$:
   \[
   \frac{n(n+1)}{2} \approx 1986
   \]
   Solving for $n$:
   \[
   n(n+1) \approx 2 \times 1986 = 3972
   \]
   \[
   n^2 + n - 3972 \approx 0
   \]
   Using the quadratic formula $n = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}$ with $a = 1$, $b = 1$, and $c = -3972$:
   \[
   n = \frac{-1 \pm \sqrt{1 + 4 \times 3972}}{2}
   \]
   \[
   n = \frac{-1 \pm \sqrt{1 + 15888}}{2}
   \]
   \[
   n = \frac{-1 \pm \sqrt{15889}}{2}
   \]
   Approximating $\sqrt{15889} \approx 126.1$:
   \[
   n = \frac{-1 \pm 126.1}{2}
   \]
   Taking the positive root:
   \[
   n \approx \frac{125.1}{2} \approx 62.55
   \]
   So, we try $n = 62$.

4. Calculate the sum of the first 62 natural numbers:
   \[
   S = \frac{62 \times 63}{2} = 1953
   \]

5. The incorrect sum is 1986, so the difference between the incorrect sum and the correct sum is:
   \[
   1986 - 1953 = 33
   \]

6. Therefore, the page number that was added twice is 33.

The final answer is $\boxed{33}$.