[u]Round 5[/u]


[b]p13.[/b] Find the number of six-digit positive integers that satisfy all of the following conditions:
(i) Each digit does not exceed $3$.
(ii) The number $1$ cannot appear in two consecutive digits.
(iii) The number $2$ cannot appear in two consecutive digits.


[b]p14.[/b] Find the sum of all distinct prime factors of $103040301$.


[b]p15.[/b] Let $ABCA'B'C'$ be a triangular prism with height $3$ where bases $ABC$ and $A'B'C'$ are equilateral triangles with side length $\sqrt6$. Points $P$ and $Q$ lie inside the prism so that $ABCP$ and $A'B'C'Q$ are regular tetrahedra. The volume of the intersection of these two tetrahedra can be expressed in the form $\frac{\sqrt{m}}{n}$ , where $m$ and $n$ are positive integers and $m$ is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find $m + n$.


[u]Round 6[/u]


[b]p16.[/b] Let $a_0, a_1, ...$ be an infinite sequence such that $a^2_n -a_{n-1}a_{n+1} = a_n -a_{n-1}$ for all positive integers $n$. Given that $a_0 = 1$ and $a_1 = 4$, compute the smallest positive integer $k$ such that $a_k$ is an integer multiple of $220$.


[b]p17.[/b]  Vincent the Bug is on an infinitely long number line. Every minute, he jumps either $2$ units to the right with probability $\frac23$ or $3$ units to the right with probability $\frac13$ . The probability that Vincent never lands exactly $15$ units from where he started can be expressed as $\frac{p}{q}$ where $p$ and $q$ are relatively prime positive integers. What is $p + q$?


[b]p18.[/b] Battler and Beatrice are playing the “Octopus Game.” There are $2022$ boxes lined up in a row, and inside one of the boxes is an octopus. Beatrice knows the location of the octopus, but Battler does not. Each turn, Battler guesses one of the boxes, and Beatrice reveals whether or not the octopus is contained in that box at that time. Between turns, the octopus teleports to an adjacent box and secretly communicates to Beatrice where it teleported to. Find the least positive integer $B$ such that Battler has a strategy to guarantee that he chooses the box containing the octopus in at most $B$ guesses.


[u]Round 7[/u]


[b]p19.[/b] Given that $f(x) = x^2-2$ the number $f(f(f(f(f(f(f(2.5)))))))$ can be expressed as $\frac{a}{b}$ for relatively prime positive integers $a$ and $b$. Find the greatest positive integer $n$ such that $2^n$ divides $ab+a+b-1$.


[b]p20.[/b] In triangle $ABC$, the shortest distance between a point on the $A$-excircle $\omega$ and a point on the $B$-excircle $\Omega$ is $2$. Given that $AB = 5$, the sum of the circumferences of $\omega$ and $\Omega$ can be written in the form $\frac{m}{n}\pi$, where $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime positive integers. What is $m+n$? (Note: The $A$-excircle is defined to be the circle outside triangle $ABC$ that is tangent to the rays $\overrightarrow{AB}$ and $\overrightarrow{AC}$ and to the side $ BC$. The $B$-excircle is defined similarly for vertex $B$.)


[b]p21.[/b] Let $a_0, a_1, ...$ be an infinite sequence such that $a_0 = 1$, $a_1 = 1$, and there exists two fixed integer constants $x$ and $y$ for which $a_{n+2}$ is the remainder when $xa_{n+1}+ya_n$ is divided by $15$ for all nonnegative integers $n$. Let $t$ be the least positive integer such that $a_t = 1$ and $a_{t+1} = 1$ if such an integer exists, and let $t = 0$ if such an integer does not exist. Find the maximal value of t over all possible ordered pairs $(x, y)$.


[u]Round 8[/u]


[b]p22.[/b] A mystic square is a $3$ by $3$ grid of distinct positive integers such that the least common multiples of the numbers in each row and column are the same. Let M be the least possible maximal element in a mystic square and let $N$ be the number of mystic squares with $M$ as their maximal element. Find $M + N$.


[b]p23.[/b] In triangle $ABC$, $AB = 27$, $BC = 23$, and $CA = 34$. Let $X$ and $Y$ be points on sides $ AB$ and $AC$, respectively, such that $BX = 16$ and $CY = 7$. Given that $O$ is the circumcenter of $BXY$ , the value of $CO^2$ can be written as $\frac{m}{n}$ , where $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime positive integers. Compute $m + n$.


[b]p24.[/b] Alan rolls ten standard fair six-sided dice, and multiplies together the ten numbers he obtains. Given that the probability that Alan’s result is a perfect square is $\frac{a}{b}$ , where $a$ and $b$ are relatively prime positive integers, compute $a$.


PS. You should use hide for answers. Rounds 1-4 have been posted [url=https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c3h2949416p26408251]here[/url]. Collected [url=https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c5h2760506p24143309]here[/url].
1. We start with the function \( f(x) = x^2 - 2 \) and need to compute \( f(f(f(f(f(f(f(2.5))))))) \).
2. First, compute \( f(2.5) \):
   \[
   f(2.5) = (2.5)^2 - 2 = 6.25 - 2 = 4.25
   \]
3. Notice that \( 2.5 = 2 + \frac{1}{2} \). We can generalize this form for further computations:
   \[
   2.5 = 2^1 + \frac{1}{2^1}
   \]
4. Compute \( f(2.5) \) in the generalized form:
   \[
   f\left(2 + \frac{1}{2}\right) = \left(2 + \frac{1}{2}\right)^2 - 2 = 4 + 1 + 2 \cdot 2 \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 2 = 4 + \frac{1}{4} = 4.25
   \]
   \[
   f(2.5) = 2^2 + \frac{1}{2^2}
   \]
5. Compute \( f(f(2.5)) \):
   \[
   f\left(2^2 + \frac{1}{2^2}\right) = \left(2^2 + \frac{1}{2^2}\right)^2 - 2 = 4^2 + \frac{1}{4^2} = 16 + \frac{1}{16} = 16.0625
   \]
   \[
   f(f(2.5)) = 2^4 + \frac{1}{2^4}
   \]
6. Continue this pattern:
   \[
   f(f(f(2.5))) = f\left(2^4 + \frac{1}{2^4}\right) = \left(2^4 + \frac{1}{2^4}\right)^2 - 2 = 2^8 + \frac{1}{2^8}
   \]
   \[
   f(f(f(f(2.5)))) = f\left(2^8 + \frac{1}{2^8}\right) = \left(2^8 + \frac{1}{2^8}\right)^2 - 2 = 2^{16} + \frac{1}{2^{16}}
   \]
   \[
   f(f(f(f(f(2.5))))) = f\left(2^{16} + \frac{1}{2^{16}}\right) = \left(2^{16} + \frac{1}{2^{16}}\right)^2 - 2 = 2^{32} + \frac{1}{2^{32}}
   \]
   \[
   f(f(f(f(f(f(2.5)))))) = f\left(2^{32} + \frac{1}{2^{32}}\right) = \left(2^{32} + \frac{1}{2^{32}}\right)^2 - 2 = 2^{64} + \frac{1}{2^{64}}
   \]
   \[
   f(f(f(f(f(f(f(2.5))))))) = f\left(2^{64} + \frac{1}{2^{64}}\right) = \left(2^{64} + \frac{1}{2^{64}}\right)^2 - 2 = 2^{128} + \frac{1}{2^{128}}
   \]
7. The final expression is:
   \[
   f(f(f(f(f(f(f(2.5))))))) = 2^{128} + \frac{1}{2^{128}} = \frac{2^{128} \cdot 2^{128} + 1}{2^{128}} = \frac{2^{256} + 1}{2^{128}}
   \]
   Thus, \( a = 2^{128} + 1 \) and \( b = 2^{128} \).

8. Compute \( ab + a + b - 1 \):
   \[
   ab = (2^{128} + 1) \cdot 2^{128} = 2^{256} + 2^{128}
   \]
   \[
   ab + a + b - 1 = 2^{256} + 2^{128} + (2^{128} + 1) + 2^{128} - 1 = 2^{256} + 3 \cdot 2^{128}
   \]
9. Factor out \( 2^{128} \):
   \[
   ab + a + b - 1 = 2^{128} (2^{128} + 3)
   \]
10. The greatest power of 2 that divides \( ab + a + b - 1 \) is \( 2^{128} \).

The final answer is \( \boxed{128} \)