[i]20 problems for 25 minutes.[/i]


[b]p1.[/b] Given that $a + 19b = 3$ and $a + 1019b = 5$, what is $a + 2019b$?


[b]p2.[/b] How many multiples of $3$ are there between $2019$ and $2119$, inclusive?


[b]p3.[/b] What is the maximum number of quadrilaterals a $12$-sided regular polygon can be quadrangulated into? Here quadrangulate means to cut the polygon along lines from vertex to vertex, none of which intersect inside the polygon, to form pieces which all have exactly $4$ sides.


[b]p4.[/b] What is the value of $|2\pi - 7| + |2\pi -  6|$, rounded to the nearest hundredth?


[b]p5.[/b] In the town of EMCCxeter, there is a $30\%$ chance that it will snow on Saturday, and independently, a $40\%$ chance that it will snow on Sunday. What is the probability that it snows exactly once that weekend, as a percentage?


[b]p6.[/b] Define $n!$ to be the product of all integers between $1$ and $n$ inclusive. Compute $\frac{2019!}{2017!} \times \frac{2016!}{2018!}$ .


[b]p7.[/b] There are $2019$ people standing in a row, and they are given positions $1$, $2$, $3$, $...$, $2019$ from left to right. Next, everyone in an odd position simultaneously leaves the row, and the remaining people are assigned new positions from $1$ to $1009$, again from left to right. This process is then repeated until one person remains. What was this person's original position?


[b]p8.[/b] The product $1234\times 4321$ contains exactly one digit not in the set $\{1, 2, 3, 4\}$. What is this digit?


[b]p9.[/b] A quadrilateral with positive area has four integer side lengths, with shortest side $1$ and longest side $9$. How many possible perimeters can this quadrilateral have?


[b]p10.[/b] Define $s(n)$ to be the sum of the digits of $n$ when expressed in base $10$, and let $\gamma (n)$ be the sum of $s(d)$ over all natural number divisors $d$ of $n$. For instance, $n = 11$ has two divisors, $1$ and $11$, so $\gamma (11) = s(1) + s(11) = 1 + (1 + 1) = 3$. Find the value of $\gamma (2019)$.


[b]p11.[/b] How many five-digit positive integers are divisible by $9$ and have $3$ as the tens digit?


[b]p12.[/b] Adam owns a large rectangular block of cheese, that has a square base of side length $15$ inches, and a height of $4$ inches. He wants to remove a cylindrical cheese chunk of height $4$, by making a circular hole that goes through the top and bottom faces, but he wants the surface area of the leftover cheese block to be the same as before. What should the diameter of his hole be, in inches? 
[i]Αddendum  on 1/26/19: the hole must have non-zero diameter.
[/i]

[b]p13.[/b] Find the smallest prime that does not divide $20! + 19! + 2019!$.


[b]p14.[/b] Convex pentagon $ABCDE$ has angles $\angle ABC = \angle BCD = \angle DEA = \angle EAB$ and angle $\angle CDE = 60^o$. Given that $BC = 3$, $CD = 4$, and $DE = 5$, find $EA$.
[i]Addendum on 1/26/19: ABCDE is specified to be convex.
[/i]

[b]p15.[/b] Sophia has $3$ pairs of red socks, $4$ pairs of blue socks, and $5$ pairs of green socks. She picks out two individual socks at random: what is the probability she gets a pair with matching color? 


[b]p16.[/b] How many real roots does the function $f(x) = 2019^x - 2019x - 2019$ have?


[b]p17.[/b] A $30-60-90$ triangle is placed on a coordinate plane with its short leg of length $6$ along the $x$-axis, and its long leg along the $y$-axis. It is then rotated $90$ degrees counterclockwise, so that the short leg now lies along the $y$-axis and long leg along the $x$-axis. What is the total area swept out by the triangle during this rotation?


[b]p18.[/b] Find the number of ways to color the unit cells of a $2\times 4$ grid in four colors such that all four colors are used and every cell shares an edge with another cell of the same color.


[b]p19.[/b] Triangle $\vartriangle ABC$ has centroid $G$, and $X, Y,Z$ are the centroids of triangles $\vartriangle BCG$, $\vartriangle ACG$, and $\vartriangle ABG$, respectively. Furthermore, for some points $D,E, F$, vertices $A,B,C$ are themselves the centroids of triangles $\vartriangle DBC$, $\vartriangle ECA$, and $\vartriangle FAB$, respectively. If the area of $\vartriangle XY Z = 7$, what is the area of $\vartriangle DEF$?


[b]p20.[/b] Fhomas orders three $2$-gallon jugs of milk from EMCCBay for his breakfast omelette. However, every jug is actually shipped with a random amount of milk (not necessarily an integer), uniformly distributed between $0$ and $2$ gallons. If Fhomas needs $2$ gallons of milk for his breakfast omelette, what is the probability he will receive enough milk?


PS. You should use hide for answers. Collected [url=https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c5h2760506p24143309]here[/url].
1. Let \( x, y, z \) be the amount of milk in the three jugs. The event of Fhomas not having enough milk is represented by the volume of the solid bounded by \( x \ge 0, y \ge 0, z \ge 0 \), and \( x + y + z < 2 \).

2. This region is a triangular pyramid (tetrahedron) with vertices at \((0,0,0)\), \((2,0,0)\), \((0,2,0)\), and \((0,0,2)\).

3. The volume of this tetrahedron can be calculated using the formula for the volume of a tetrahedron with vertices at \((0,0,0)\), \((a,0,0)\), \((0,b,0)\), and \((0,0,c)\):
   \[
   V = \frac{1}{6} \times a \times b \times c
   \]
   Here, \(a = b = c = 2\), so:
   \[
   V = \frac{1}{6} \times 2 \times 2 \times 2 = \frac{8}{6} = \frac{4}{3}
   \]

4. The total volume of the cube in which all possible results are evenly distributed is:
   \[
   V_{\text{cube}} = 2 \times 2 \times 2 = 8
   \]

5. The probability that Fhomas does not have enough milk is the ratio of the volume of the tetrahedron to the volume of the cube:
   \[
   P(\text{not enough milk}) = \frac{\frac{4}{3}}{8} = \frac{4}{3} \times \frac{1}{8} = \frac{1}{6}
   \]

6. Therefore, the probability that Fhomas has enough milk is:
   \[
   P(\text{enough milk}) = 1 - \frac{1}{6} = \frac{5}{6}
   \]

The final answer is \(\boxed{\frac{5}{6}}\).