Find all pairs of positive integers $(a,b)$ such that there exists a finite set $S$ satisfying that any positive integer can be written in the form $$n = x^a + y^b + s$$where $x,y$ are nonnegative integers and $s \in S$

[i]CSJL[/i]
1. **Consider the asymptotic density \( d(A) \) of numbers that can be written as \( x^a + y^b \):**
   - For \( x^a + y^b \leq N \), we have \( 0 \leq x \leq N^{\frac{1}{a}} \) and \( 0 \leq y \leq N^{\frac{1}{b}} \).
   - Therefore, the number of such pairs \((x, y)\) is at most \( O(N^{\frac{1}{a} + \frac{1}{b}}) \).

2. **Analyze the density condition:**
   - If \( \frac{1}{a} + \frac{1}{b} < 1 \), then the density of numbers that can be written as \( x^a + y^b \) is 0.
   - This implies that \( d(A + S) = d(\bigcup_{s \in S} (A + s)) \leq \sum_{s \in S} d(A + s) = \sum_{s \in S} d(A) = |S| \cdot 0 = 0 \), leading to a contradiction.

3. **Consider the case \( \frac{1}{a} + \frac{1}{b} \geq 1 \):**
   - If \( a, b > 1 \), then \( \frac{1}{a} + \frac{1}{b} \leq \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} = 1 \), with equality if \( a = b = 2 \).

4. **Examine the case \( a = b = 2 \):**
   - Since \( S \) is finite, it suffices to show that there are arbitrarily long sequences of consecutive numbers that are not sums of two squares.
   - Consider \( m \) primes \( p_1, p_2, \ldots, p_m \) all congruent to \( 3 \pmod{4} \) (existence guaranteed by Dirichlet's theorem).
   - Choose \( N \) such that \( N + i \equiv p_i \pmod{p_i^2} \) for all \( i = 1, \ldots, m \).
   - These numbers \( N + i \) cannot be written as sums of two squares because they have a prime \( \equiv 3 \pmod{4} \) with an odd \( p \)-adic valuation.

5. **Conclude that \( (a, b) \) is not a solution for \( a, b > 1 \):**
   - The only remaining cases are \( a = 1 \) or \( b = 1 \).

6. **Verify the cases \( a = 1 \) or \( b = 1 \):**
   - If \( a = 1 \), then \( x^1 + y^b + s \) can cover all nonnegative integers by choosing appropriate \( x \) and \( s \).
   - Similarly, if \( b = 1 \), then \( x^a + y^1 + s \) can cover all nonnegative integers by choosing appropriate \( y \) and \( s \).

The final answer is \( \boxed{ (a, 1) } \) and \((1, b)\) for any \( a, b \).