Arnold has plates weighing $5$, $15$, $25$, $35$, or $45$ pounds. He lifts a barbell, which consists of a $45$-pound bar and any number of plates that he has. Vlad looks at Arnold's bar and is impressed to see him bench-press $600$ pounds. Unfortunately, Vlad mistook each plate on Arnold's bar for the plate one size heavier, and Arnold was actually lifting $470$ pounds. How many plates did Arnold have on the bar?

[i]2018 CCA Math Bonanza Team Round #2[/i]
1. **Identify the problem and given information:**
   - Arnold has plates weighing \(5\), \(15\), \(25\), \(35\), or \(45\) pounds.
   - The bar itself weighs \(45\) pounds.
   - Vlad mistakenly thought Arnold was lifting \(600\) pounds.
   - Arnold was actually lifting \(470\) pounds.
   - Vlad mistook each plate for one that is \(10\) pounds heavier.

2. **Calculate the difference in the total weight:**
   - The difference between the weight Vlad thought Arnold was lifting and the actual weight is:
     \[
     600 - 470 = 130 \text{ pounds}
     \]

3. **Determine the number of plates:**
   - Since each plate was mistaken for one that is \(10\) pounds heavier, the total difference in weight due to this mistake is:
     \[
     10 \text{ pounds per plate}
     \]
   - Therefore, the number of plates can be calculated by dividing the total difference by the difference per plate:
     \[
     \frac{130}{10} = 13
     \]

4. **Verify the calculation:**
   - If Arnold had \(13\) plates, and each plate was mistaken for one \(10\) pounds heavier, the total mistaken weight would be:
     \[
     13 \times 10 = 130 \text{ pounds}
     \]
   - Adding this to the actual weight lifted by Arnold:
     \[
     470 + 130 = 600 \text{ pounds}
     \]
   - This matches the weight Vlad thought Arnold was lifting, confirming our calculation.

\(\blacksquare\)

The final answer is \( \boxed{ 13 } \) plates.