A non-empty set $ S$ of positive integers is said to be [i]good[/i] if there is a coloring with $ 2008$ colors of all positive integers so that no number in $ S$ is the sum of two different positive integers (not necessarily in $ S$) of the same color. Find the largest value $ t$ can take so that the set $ S\equal{}\{a\plus{}1,a\plus{}2,a\plus{}3,\ldots,a\plus{}t\}$ is good, for any positive integer $ a$.

[hide="P.S."]I have the feeling that I've seen this problem before, so if I'm right, maybe someone can post some links...[/hide]
To solve this problem, we need to find the largest value \( t \) such that the set \( S = \{a+1, a+2, \ldots, a+t\} \) is *good*. A set \( S \) is *good* if there exists a coloring with 2008 colors of all positive integers such that no number in \( S \) is the sum of two different positive integers of the same color.

1. **Understanding the Problem:**
   - We need to ensure that for any \( a \), the set \( S = \{a+1, a+2, \ldots, a+t\} \) does not contain any number that can be expressed as the sum of two different positive integers of the same color.
   - We are given 2008 colors to color all positive integers.

2. **Initial Consideration:**
   - Consider the set \( M = \left\{\frac{a}{2}, \frac{a}{2} + 1, \ldots, \frac{a}{2} + 2008\right\} \) for some even \( a \). This set contains 2009 elements.
   - By the pigeonhole principle, at least two of these elements must have the same color since there are only 2008 colors.

3. **Sum of Elements in \( M \):**
   - If \( b, c \in M \) with \( b \neq c \), then:
     \[
     a + 1 \leq b + c \leq a + 1 + 2 \cdot 2007
     \]
   - This implies that \( t \) must be less than \( 1 + 2 \cdot 2007 \) because there is no good set \( S = \{a+1, a+2, \ldots, a+2 \cdot 2007 + 1\} \) when \( a \) is even.

4. **Constructing the Coloring:**
   - When \( t = 2 \cdot 2007 \), we can color the numbers as follows:
     - Numbers \( 1, 2, \ldots, \left\lfloor \frac{a+1}{2} \right\rfloor \) have color 1.
     - The number \( \left\lfloor \frac{a+1}{2} \right\rfloor + 1 \) has color 2.
     - The number \( \left\lfloor \frac{a+1}{2} \right\rfloor + 2 \) has color 3.
     - Continue this pattern until \( \left\lfloor \frac{a+1}{2} \right\rfloor + 2006 \) which has color 2007.
     - Numbers from \( \left\lfloor \frac{a+1}{2} \right\rfloor + 2007 \) and greater have color 2008.

5. **Verification:**
   - If we pick two different numbers with the same color, their sum is either smaller than \( a + 1 \) or larger than \( a + 2 \cdot 2007 \).
   - This ensures that no number in \( S \) is the sum of two different positive integers of the same color.

Thus, the largest value \( t \) can take is \( 2 \cdot 2007 = 4014 \).

The final answer is \( \boxed{4014} \).