Suppose $P$ is a polynomial with integer coefficients such that for every positive integer $n$, the sum of the decimal digits of $|P(n)|$ is not a Fibonacci number. Must $P$ be constant?
(A [i]Fibonacci number[/i] is an element of the sequence $F_0, F_1, \dots$ defined recursively by $F_0=0, F_1=1,$ and $F_{k+2} = F_{k+1}+F_k$ for $k\ge 0$.)

[i]Nikolai Beluhov[/i]
To determine whether the polynomial \( P \) must be constant, we will use properties of Fibonacci numbers and polynomial behavior. Let's break down the solution step by step.

1. **Lemma 1: Fibonacci numbers are surjective modulo \( 9 \)**

   This means that for every integer \( k \) from \( 0 \) to \( 8 \), there exists a Fibonacci number \( F_i \) such that \( F_i \equiv k \pmod{9} \). This property is crucial because it implies that any residue class modulo \( 9 \) can be represented by some Fibonacci number.

2. **Lemma 2: Constructing a polynomial \( Q \) such that \( P(Q(x)) \) has \( x^{3n-1} \) as its only negative coefficient**

   Let \( n \) be the degree of \( P \). We need to construct a polynomial \( Q \) such that when composed with \( P \), the resulting polynomial \( P(Q(x)) \) has a specific form. Consider the polynomial \( Q(x) = x^3 + x + 1 \). For \( P(x) = x^n \), \( P(Q(x)) = (x^3 + x + 1)^n \). The term \( x^{3n-1} \) will have a coefficient that is not zero. By adjusting constants \( C \) and \( D \) in \( Q(x) = C(Dx^3 - x^2 + Dx + D) \), we can ensure that the \( x^{3n-1} \) term is isolated and significant.

3. **Analyzing the sum of decimal digits of \( |P(Q(10^k))| \)**

   For sufficiently large \( k \), consider \( P(Q(10^k)) \). The polynomial \( Q(10^k) \) will produce a large number, and the sum of its decimal digits will be influenced primarily by the term \( x^{3n-1} \). As \( k \) increases, the sum of the decimal digits of \( |P(Q(10^k))| \) will increase by \( 9 \) for each increment in \( k \). This means that the sum of the decimal digits can take on values of the form \( 9a + b \) for some fixed \( b \) and sufficiently large \( a \).

4. **Using the periodicity of Fibonacci numbers modulo \( 9 \)**

   Since Fibonacci numbers are surjective modulo \( 9 \), any residue class modulo \( 9 \) can be represented by a Fibonacci number. Therefore, if the sum of the decimal digits of \( |P(n)| \) is never a Fibonacci number, it implies that the polynomial \( P \) must be such that the sum of the decimal digits of \( |P(n)| \) avoids all residue classes modulo \( 9 \). This is impossible unless \( P \) is constant, as a non-constant polynomial would eventually produce sums of decimal digits that cover all residue classes modulo \( 9 \).

Conclusion:
Since the sum of the decimal digits of \( |P(n)| \) must avoid all Fibonacci numbers, and Fibonacci numbers cover all residue classes modulo \( 9 \), the polynomial \( P \) must be constant.

The final answer is \( \boxed{\text{yes}} \)