Find the largest positive integer $n$ such that $\sigma(n) = 28$, where $\sigma(n)$ is the sum of the divisors of $n$, including $n$.
1. **Understanding the problem**: We need to find the largest positive integer \( n \) such that the sum of its divisors, denoted by \( \sigma(n) \), equals 28. The function \( \sigma(n) \) is defined as the sum of all positive divisors of \( n \), including \( n \) itself.

2. **Exploring the properties of \( \sigma(n) \)**: The sum of divisors function \( \sigma(n) \) is multiplicative, meaning that if \( n = p_1^{e_1} p_2^{e_2} \cdots p_k^{e_k} \) is the prime factorization of \( n \), then:
   \[
   \sigma(n) = \sigma(p_1^{e_1}) \sigma(p_2^{e_2}) \cdots \sigma(p_k^{e_k})
   \]
   where \( \sigma(p^e) = 1 + p + p^2 + \cdots + p^e \).

3. **Finding candidates for \( n \)**: We need to find \( n \) such that \( \sigma(n) = 28 \). We will check the values of \( n \) starting from the largest possible values and moving downwards.

4. **Checking \( n = 27 \)**: The divisors of 27 are 1, 3, 9, and 27. Thus,
   \[
   \sigma(27) = 1 + 3 + 9 + 27 = 40 \neq 28
   \]
   So, \( n = 27 \) is not a solution.

5. **Checking \( n = 26 \)**: The divisors of 26 are 1, 2, 13, and 26. Thus,
   \[
   \sigma(26) = 1 + 2 + 13 + 26 = 42 \neq 28
   \]
   So, \( n = 26 \) is not a solution.

6. **Checking \( n = 25 \)**: The divisors of 25 are 1, 5, and 25. Thus,
   \[
   \sigma(25) = 1 + 5 + 25 = 31 \neq 28
   \]
   So, \( n = 25 \) is not a solution.

7. **Checking \( n = 24 \)**: The divisors of 24 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24. Thus,
   \[
   \sigma(24) = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 24 = 60 \neq 28
   \]
   So, \( n = 24 \) is not a solution.

8. **Checking \( n = 23 \)**: The divisors of 23 are 1 and 23. Thus,
   \[
   \sigma(23) = 1 + 23 = 24 \neq 28
   \]
   So, \( n = 23 \) is not a solution.

9. **Checking \( n = 22 \)**: The divisors of 22 are 1, 2, 11, and 22. Thus,
   \[
   \sigma(22) = 1 + 2 + 11 + 22 = 36 \neq 28
   \]
   So, \( n = 22 \) is not a solution.

10. **Checking \( n = 21 \)**: The divisors of 21 are 1, 3, 7, and 21. Thus,
    \[
    \sigma(21) = 1 + 3 + 7 + 21 = 32 \neq 28
    \]
    So, \( n = 21 \) is not a solution.

11. **Checking \( n = 20 \)**: The divisors of 20 are 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, and 20. Thus,
    \[
    \sigma(20) = 1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 10 + 20 = 42 \neq 28
    \]
    So, \( n = 20 \) is not a solution.

12. **Checking \( n = 19 \)**: The divisors of 19 are 1 and 19. Thus,
    \[
    \sigma(19) = 1 + 19 = 20 \neq 28
    \]
    So, \( n = 19 \) is not a solution.

13. **Checking \( n = 18 \)**: The divisors of 18 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 18. Thus,
    \[
    \sigma(18) = 1 + 2 + 3 + 6 + 9 + 18 = 39 \neq 28
    \]
    So, \( n = 18 \) is not a solution.

14. **Checking \( n = 17 \)**: The divisors of 17 are 1 and 17. Thus,
    \[
    \sigma(17) = 1 + 17 = 18 \neq 28
    \]
    So, \( n = 17 \) is not a solution.

15. **Checking \( n = 16 \)**: The divisors of 16 are 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16. Thus,
    \[
    \sigma(16) = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 = 31 \neq 28
    \]
    So, \( n = 16 \) is not a solution.

16. **Checking \( n = 15 \)**: The divisors of 15 are 1, 3, 5, and 15. Thus,
    \[
    \sigma(15) = 1 + 3 + 5 + 15 = 24 \neq 28
    \]
    So, \( n = 15 \) is not a solution.

17. **Checking \( n = 14 \)**: The divisors of 14 are 1, 2, 7, and 14. Thus,
    \[
    \sigma(14) = 1 + 2 + 7 + 14 = 24 \neq 28
    \]
    So, \( n = 14 \) is not a solution.

18. **Checking \( n = 13 \)**: The divisors of 13 are 1 and 13. Thus,
    \[
    \sigma(13) = 1 + 13 = 14 \neq 28
    \]
    So, \( n = 13 \) is not a solution.

19. **Checking \( n = 12 \)**: The divisors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12. Thus,
    \[
    \sigma(12) = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 + 12 = 28
    \]
    So, \( n = 12 \) is a solution.

20. **Conclusion**: Since we have checked all values from 27 down to 12 and found that \( n = 12 \) is the only value that satisfies \( \sigma(n) = 28 \), the largest positive integer \( n \) such that \( \sigma(n) = 28 \) is \( n = 12 \).

The final answer is \( \boxed{12} \).