Adversarial Search Engine Optimization for Large Language Models
Fredrik Nestaas Edoardo Debenedetti Florian Tramèr
Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in applications where the model selects from competing third-party content, such as in LLM-powered search engines or chatbot plugins.
In this paper, we introduce _Preference Manipulation Attacks_, a new class of attacks that manipulate an LLM's selections to favor the attacker. We demonstrate that carefully crafted website content or plugin documentations can trick an LLM to promote the attacker products and discredit competitors, thereby increasing user traffic and monetization (a form of adversarial Search Engine Optimization).
We show this can lead to a _prisoner's dilemma_, where all parties are incentivized to launch attacks, but this collectively  degrades the LLM's outputs for everyone. We demonstrate our attacks on production LLM search engines (Bing and Perplexity) and plugin APIs (for GPT-4 and Claude). As LLMs are increasingly used to rank third-party content, we expect Preference Manipulation Attacks to emerge as a significant threat.
large language models, security, prompt injection, search engine optimization, function calling
We show that web pages and plugins can manipulate LLM systems for economic gains.