Lawma: The Power of Specialization for Legal Annotation
Ricardo Dominguez-Olmedo Vedant Nanda Rediet Abebe Stefan Bechtold Christoph Engel Jens Frankenreiter Krishna P. Gummadi Moritz Hardt Michael Livermore
Annotation and classification of legal text are central components of empirical legal research. Traditionally, these tasks are often delegated to trained research assistants. Motivated by the advances in language modeling, empirical legal scholars are increasingly turning to commercial models, hoping that it will alleviate the significant cost of human annotation. In this work, we present a comprehensive analysis of large language models' current abilities to perform legal annotation tasks. To do so, we construct CaselawQA, a benchmark comprising 260 legal text classification tasks, nearly all new to the machine learning community. Starting from GPT-4 as a baseline, we show that it has non-trivial but highly varied accuracy, often exhibiting performance that may be insufficient for legal work. We then demonstrate that a lightly fine-tuned Llama 3 8B model vastly outperforms GPT-4 on almost all tasks, typically by double-digit percentage points. A few tens to hundreds of examples suffice to achieve high classification accuracy. Our work points to a viable alternative to the predominant practice of prompting commercial models. For concrete legal tasks with some available labeled data, researchers are better off using a specialized open-source model.
large language models, legal classification tasks, benchmarks
A lightly finetuned Llama-3 model outperforms GPT-4 on 260 new legal classification tasks