Power to PGE consumers was cut off 18 times in 2000 and the State experienced over 30 "energy alerts", when demand was within 5 per cent of available capacity.k Since retail prices were frozen for a four-year transition period, the two largest incumbent utilities (PGE and SCE) were able to collect from consumers a decreasing proportion of the increasing price they had to pay to purchase electricity from the PX market.l Both companies were declared insolvent in early 2001.m Given the utilities’ increasing inability to pay for their purchases of electricity, most of the multinational energy groups that had come to dominate California’s generation subsector stopped selling power to them.
LA RÉFORME DE L’ÉLECTRICITÉ EN GRANDE-BRETAGNE La restructuration du secteur de l’électricité conduite en Grande-Bretagne à la fin des années 80 et au début des années 90 a été une des premières transformations jamais subies par une telle industrie, et aussi une des plus ambitieuses et des plus radicales.