The federal judiciary of the United States is one of the three co-equal branches of the federal government of the United States 
What else could you tell me about it?
Article III of the Constitution requires the establishment of a Supreme Court and permits the Congress to create other federal courts
That is definitely something I did not know. 
Article III federal judges are appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate to serve until they resign
I am curious if this is stuff I should've learned in school because I know literally nothing about any of this.
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Courts.
The federal courts are composed of three levels of courts. They are listed below.
The United States district courts (one in each of the 94 federal judicial districts, as well three territorial courts) are general federal trial courts, although in certain cases Congress has diverted original jurisdiction to specialized courts, such as the Court of International Trade, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, the Alien Terrorist Removal Court, or to Article I or Article IV tribunals. The district courts usually have jurisdiction to hear
Federal judiciary of the United States
The federal judiciary of the United States is one of the three branches of the federal government of the United States organized under the United States Constitution and laws of the federal government. Article III of the Constitution requires the establishment of a Supreme Court and permits the Congress to create other federal courts, and place limitations on their jurisdiction. Article III federal judges are appointed by the president with the consent of the Senate to serve until they resign, are impeached and convicted, retire, or die