Computer programming  is a process that leads from an original formulation of a computing problem to executable computer programs.
That sounds like a very complicated thing.
It is! it involves analysis, developing understanding, generating algorithms, verification of requirements of algorithms including their correctness and resources consumption, and implementation
How much schooling does it take to be a computer programmer? 
I dont know but it involes many diferent skills like testing, debugging, and maintaining the source code, implementation of the build system, and management of derived artifacts such as machine code of computer programs.
Is it a job that pays pretty well?
Yes it does depending on what language you code in because there are many.
How many languages are there and what are some of them?
find a sequence of instructions that will automate the performance of a task (which can be as complex as an operating system) on a computer, often for solving a given problem. The process of programming thus often requires expertise in several different subjects, including knowledge of the application domain, specialized algorithms, and formal logic.
Tasks accompanying and related to programming include: testing, debugging, source code maintenance, implementation of build systems, and management of derived artifacts, such as the machine code of computer programs. These
Outline of computer programming
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to computer programming:
Computer programming – process that leads from an original formulation of a computing problem to executable computer programs. Programming involves activities such as analysis, developing understanding, generating algorithms, verification of requirements of algorithms including their correctness and resources consumption, and implementation (commonly referred to as coding) of algorithms in a target programming language. Source code is written in one or more programming languages. The purpose of programming is to