text: 1. If the person was not competent to make the decision.\n\n2. If the decision had consequences for another person (fetus, dependent, relative, etc.) and the benefit to that person outweighed any risk to the person making the decision. This is probably more likely if the benefit is something the decider was required to confer or assure to the other. For example, a mother who for religious reasons refused to donate blood to save her child.