text: 1960s The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) provide numerous contributions to medicine. Examples not only included the observation and documentation of metabolic and physiological stress but inventions like telemetry, Teflon, titanium, freeze-drying, microwave, fiberoptics, advances in computerization etc. \n\n1960s Dr. Richard Dyer pioneers a renewed interest in intraoperative autotransfusion leading to the development of the first commercial auto-transfusion apparatus. \n\n1960s American physiologist Judith Pool discovered that slowly thawed frozen plasma yielded deposits high in Factor VIII. The deposits called cryoprecipitates are further refined. \n\n1960s Vaccine against hepatitis.1960s Issac Harary, UCLA laboratory biochemist discovered the "automaticity" of heart cells leading to investigations at the cellular level. \n\n1960 Medtronic develops the first fully implantable pacemaker. \n\n1960 Dr. Albert Starr, Oregon surgeon develops the Starr- Edwards heart valve. One of the most successful heart valves produced until the late 1970s. \n\n1961 Dr. R.L. Swank, University of Oregon Health Sciences Center observed that the microviscosity of stored blood was significantly greater than that of fresh blood leading to the discovery and filtration theory of microaggregates. \n\n1961 Callaghan, developed an artificial placenta for extracorporeal support of newborns with RDS. \n\n1962 Moulopoulos et. al. suggested the use of a single chambered intra-aortic balloon, positioned in the descending thoracic aorta, to accomplish the same hemodynamics as did arterial counterpulsation. \n\n1964 Dotter and Judkins used tapered Teflon dilating catheters during arteriography to dilate occluded peripheral arteries. \n\n1964 Bretschneider introduces cold cardioplegia. \n\n1965 Raskkind, developed a low volume disposable pumpless bubble oxygenator for use as a substitute lung on children with cystic fibrosis, RDS, and CHD. \n\n1966 Tchobroutsky, long term support of puppies and fetal lambs in a controlled environment using extracorporeal circulation. \n\n1967 Rene Favaloro, an Argentine surgeon working in the United States performs the first coronary bypass operation using the patient's native saphenous vein as an autograft. \n\n1967 December 3, South African heart surgeon Dr. Christian Neethling Barnard performs the first heart transplant at Groote Schur Hospital in Capetown. This was shortly after touring the United States and observing Dr. Norman Schumway's nine year study with animal heart transplantation and rejection methods. \n\n1968 Kantrowitz et. al., the first clinical trial in man of intra-aortic balloon pumping. \n\n1968 Kolobow and Zapol, partial extracorporeal gas-exchange in alert newborn lambs with a membrane artificial lung, perfused via an A-V shunt for periods up to 96 hours. \n\n1969 Dr. Denton Cooley, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas, implanted a total artificial heart designed by Domingo Liotta. The device served as a "bridge" for cardiac transplantation until a donor heart was found, 64 hours. The cardiac transplant functioned for an additional 32 hours until the patient died of pneumonia. \n\n1969 Zapol and Kolobow, "artificial placentation." Prematurely delivered fetal lambs connected to an extracorporeal membrane oxygenator by umbilical cord, and placed in a tank of artificial amniotic fluid. \n\n1969 Dorson, long-term partial bypass support of a 1.6 Kg. premature infant with RDS for 20 hours.