text: Bioeffectors have a direct or indirect effect on plant performance by influencing the functional implementation or activation of biological mechanisms, particularly those interfering with soil-plant-microbe interactions.
  In contrast to conventional fertilizers and pesticides, the effectiveness of bioeffectors is not based on a substantial direct input of mineral plant nutrients, either in inorganic or organic forms.
  *Products in use are:
  ** Microbial residues,
  ** Composting and fermentation products,
  ** Plant and algae extracts
  *Bioeffector-preparations (bio-agents) as ready-formulated products are applied:
  ** with the purpose of stimulating plant growth (bio-stimulants),
  ** to improve plant nutrient acquisition (bio-fertilizers),
  ** to protect plants from pathogens and pests (bio-control agents)
  ** or generally to advance cropping efficiency; they can contain one or more bio-effectors along with other substances”
  *Well established bioeffectors with documented positive results in the field level are:
  ** Rhizobia strains for soil or seed inoculation as a prerequisite for symbiotic N2-fixation when establishing new legume species or varieties.
  ** positive effects of mycorrhiza inoculation for soils with a (temporarily) low potential for natural root mycorrhization.
  ** sufficient mycorrhization enhances nutrient (P) and water uptake and increases resistance to pathogenic fungi.
  *Further mechanisms for the positive impact of bioeffectors on plant growth have postulated, promising a high potential for resource preservation due to reduction of fertiliser and pesticide use:
  ** Active nutrient mobilisation by exudation of acids and carboxylates (e.g. P-mobilisation),
  ** exudation of micro-nutrient mobilising siderophores/chelates (e.g. Fe),
  ** reduction of trace elements from less soluble oxidised to highly soluble reduced forms (e.g. Fe to Fe, Mn to Mn),
  ** associative/non-symbiotic N-fixation, protective antagonism to plant pathogens,
  ** enhancement of mycorrhizal infection and growth, and stimulating hormonal effects.