text: The sublimation sandwich method (also called the sublimation sandwich process and the sublimation sandwich technique) is a kind of physical vapor deposition used for creating man-made crystals.  Silicon carbide is the most common crystal grown this way, though others crystals may also be created with it (notably gallium nitride).  
  In this method, the environment around a single crystal or a polycrystalline plate is filled with vapor heated to between 1600°C and 2100°C-- changes to this environment can affect the gas phase stoichiometry.  The source-to-crystal distance is kept between 0.02-0.03mm (very low).  Parameters that can affect crystal growth include source-to-substrate distance, temperature gradient, and the presence of tantalum for gathering excess carbon.  High growth rates are the result of small source-to-seed distances combined with a large heat flux onto a small amount of source material with no more than a moderate temperature difference between the substrate and the source (0.5-10°C).  The growth of large boules, however, remains quite difficult using this method, and it is better suited to the creation of epitaxial films with uniform polytype structures.  Ultimately, samples with a thickness of up to 500µm can be produced using this method.