text: In nanogap cells the high electric field can distribute uniformly across the entire gap (see section "Electric field distribution"). This is different from ion transport in the macrosystem: now newly generated OH ions can immediately migrate from cathode to anode. In the case where the two electrodes are close enough, the mass transport rate can be even larger than the electron-transfer rate. This results in OH ions clustering for electron-transfer at the anode, rather than accumulating at the cathode. In this way the entire reaction can keep going and not self-limit.
  Notice that for pure water electrolysis in nanogap cells, the net OH ion accumulation near the anode not only increases the local reactant concentration but also decreases the overpotential requirement (as in the Frumkin effect). According to Butler–Volmer equation, such ion accumulation increases the electrolysis current, i.e. the water splitting throughput and efficiency.
  Thus even pure water can be efficiently electrolyzed, when the electrode gap is small enough.