text: The vast majority of refined bitumen is used in construction: primarily as a constituent of products used in paving and roofing applications. According to the requirements of the end use, bitumen is produced to specification. This is achieved either by refining or blending. It is estimated that the current world use of bitumen is approximately 102 million tonnes per year. Approximately 85% of all the bitumen produced is used as the binder in asphalt concrete for roads. It is also used in other paved areas such as airport runways, car parks and footways. Typically, the production of asphalt concrete involves mixing fine and coarse aggregates such as sand, gravel and crushed rock with asphalt, which acts as the binding agent. Other materials, such as recycled polymers (e.g., rubber tyres), may be added to the bitumen to modify its properties according to the application for which the bitumen is ultimately intended.
  A further 10% of global bitumen production is used in roofing applications, where its waterproofing qualities are invaluable.
  The remaining 5% of bitumen is used mainly for sealing and insulating purposes in a variety of building materials, such as pipe coatings, carpet tile backing and paint. Bitumen is applied in the construction and maintenance of many structures, systems, and components, such as:
  * Highways
  * Airport runways
  * Footways and pedestrian ways
  * Car parks
  * Racetracks
  * Tennis courts
  * Roofing
  * Damp proofing
  * Dams
  * Reservoir and pool linings
  * Soundproofing
  * Pipe coatings
  * Cable coatings
  * Paints
  * Building water proofing
  * Tile underlying waterproofing
  * Newspaper ink production