text: The LIFT fast repetition rate (FRR) fluorescence technique is a method for measuring plant fluorescence. It uses a series of short bursts of blue light pulses from a LED to excite photosystem II in the plant. When the quinone acceptor A (Q) reaches its capacity for binding electrons, the system becomes saturated and consequently red fluorescence is emitted. This is regulated by a precise excitation protocol, which consists of a saturation sequence (SQA) and a relaxation sequence (RQA) with a set of short excitation flashes (1 μs).
  The fluorescence can then be measured with FRR fluorometry. For that purpose, the LIFT instrument has a built-in optical interference filter to separate the red chlorophyll fluorescence from reflected light, with a wavelength of 685 ± 10 nm.
  The fluorescence transient resulting from this excitation protocol shows the kinetics of the reduction of Q and its subsequent re-oxidation, and can be used to calculate various photosynthetic indicators. These indicators provide information on the level of photosynthetic activity, such as the efficiency of light utilization, the quantum yield of photochemical conversion, and the rate of electron transport.