text: This technique measures a concentration change of proteins in bulk solution before and after adsorption, Δc. Any protein concentration change is attributed to the adsorbed layer, Γ.
  Γ = Δc V/A
  where:
  *V = total volume of protein solution
  *A = Total area available for adsorption
  This method also requires a high surface area material such as particulate and beaded adsorbents.