text: The rate expressions given in Guldberg and Waage's 1864 paper could not be differentiated, so they were simplified as follows. The chemical force was assumed to be directly proportional to the product of the active masses of the reactants.
  This is equivalent to setting the exponents a and b of the earlier theory to one. The proportionality constant was called an affinity constant, k. The equilibrium condition for an "ideal" reaction was thus given the simplified form
  [A], [B] etc. are the active masses at equilibrium. In terms of the initial amounts reagents p,q etc. this becomes
  The ratio of the affinity coefficients, k'/k, can be recognized as an equilibrium constant. Turning to the kinetic aspect, it was suggested that the velocity of reaction, v, is proportional to the sum of chemical affinities (forces). In its simplest form this results in the expression
  where  is the proportionality constant. Actually, Guldberg and Waage used a more complicated expression which allowed for interaction between A and A', etc. By making certain simplifying approximations to those more complicated expressions, the rate equation could be integrated and hence the equilibrium quantity  could be calculated. The extensive calculations in the 1867 paper gave support to the simplified concept, namely,
  :The rate of a reaction is proportional to the product of the active masses of the reagents involved.
  This is an alternative statement of the law of mass action.