text: The valley of stability can be helpful in interpreting and understanding properties of nuclear decay processes such as decay chains and nuclear fission.
  Radioactive decay often proceeds via a sequence of steps known as a decay chain. For example, U decays to Th which decays to Pa and so on, eventually reaching Pb:
  With each step of this sequence of reactions, energy is released and the decay products move further down the valley of stability towards the line of beta stability. Pb is stable and lies on the line of beta stability.
  The fission processes that occur within nuclear reactors are accompanied by the release of neutrons that sustain the chain reaction. Fission occurs when a heavy nuclide such as uranium-235 absorbs a neutron and breaks into nuclides of lighter elements such as barium or krypton, usually with the release of additional neutrons. Like all nuclides with a high atomic number, these uranium nuclei require many neutrons to bolster their stability, so they have a large neutron-proton ratio (N/Z). The nuclei resulting from a fission (fission products) inherit a similar N/Z, but have atomic numbers that are approximately half that of uranium. Isotopes with the atomic number of the fission products and an N/Z near that of uranium or other fissionable nuclei have too many neutrons to be stable; this neutron excess is why multiple free neutrons but no free protons are usually emitted in the fission process, and it is also why many fission product nuclei undergo a long chain of β decays, each of which converts a nucleus N/Z to (N − 1)/(Z + 1), where N and Z are, respectively, the numbers of neutrons and protons contained in the nucleus.
  When fission reactions are sustained at a given rate, such as in a liquid-cooled or solid fuel nuclear reactor, the nuclear fuel in the system produces many antineutrinos for each fission that has occurred. These antineutrinos come from the decay of fission products that, as their nuclei progress down a β decay chain toward the valley of stability, emit an antineutrino along with each β particle. In 1956, Reines and Cowan exploited the (anticipated) intense flux of antineutrinos from a nuclear reactor in the design of an experiment to detect and confirm the existence of these elusive particles.