text: where
  *  is the number of constituent quarks, and
  *  is the number of constituent antiquarks.
  Beta decay just changes neutron to proton or, in the case of positive beta decay (electron capture) proton to neutron so the number of individual quarks doesn't change. It is only the baryon flavor that changes, here labelled as the isospin.
  Up and down quarks have total isospin  and isospin projections
  All other quarks have .
  In general