text: There are many ways to accurately manipulate single molecules. Prominent among these are optical or magnetic tweezers, atomic-force-microscope (AFM) cantilevers and acoustic force spectroscopy.  In all of these techniques, a biomolecule, such as protein or DNA, or some other biopolymer has one end bound to a surface or micrometre-sized bead and the other to a force sensor.  The force sensor is usually a micrometre-sized bead or a cantilever, whose displacement can be measured to determine the force.