text: Testing and scientific certainty were desired at the end of the 1940s. To that end products meant to be used by humans were tested with model animals to speed trials. Eddy & McGregor 1949 and Wiesmann & Lotmar 1949 used mice, Wasicky et al. 1949 canaries and guinea pigs, Kasman et al. 1953 also guinea pigs, Starnes & Granett 1953 rabbits, and many used cattle.