text: In the course of evolution, leaves have adapted to different environments in the following ways:
  * Waxy micro- and nanostructures on the surface reduce wetting by rain and adhesion of contamination (See Lotus effect).
  * Divided and compound leaves reduce wind resistance and promote cooling.
  * Hairs on the leaf surface trap humidity in dry climates and create a boundary layer reducing water loss.
  * Waxy plant cuticles reduce water loss.
  * Large surface area provides a large area for capture of sunlight.
  * In harmful levels of sunlight, specialized leaves, opaque or partly buried, admit light through a translucent leaf window for photosynthesis at inner leaf surfaces (e.g. Fenestraria).
  * Kranz leaf anatomy in plants which perform  carbon fixation
  * Succulent leaves store water and organic acids for use in CAM photosynthesis.
  * Aromatic oils, poisons or pheromones produced by leaf borne glands deter herbivores (e.g. eucalypts).
  * Inclusions of crystalline minerals deter herbivores (e.g. silica phytoliths in grasses, raphides in Araceae).
  * Petals attract pollinators.
  * Spines protect the plants from herbivores (e.g. cacti).
  * Stinging hairs to protect against herbivory, e.g. in Urtica dioica and Dendrocnide moroides (Urticaceae).
  * Special leaves on carnivorous plants are adapted for trapping food, mainly invertebrate prey, though some species trap small vertebrates as well (see carnivorous plants).
  * Bulbs store food and water (e.g. onions).
  * Tendrils allow the plant to climb (e.g. peas).
  * Bracts and pseudanthia (false flowers) replace normal flower structures when the true flowers are greatly reduced (e.g. spurges, spathes in the Araceae and floral heads in the Asteraceae).