text: Catalytic rate enhancement via dynamic perturbation of surface active sites has been demonstrated experimentally with dynamic electrocatalysis and dynamic photocatalysis. Those results may be explained in the framework of catalytic resonance theory but conclusive evidence is still lacking:
  * In 1978, the electro-oxidation of formic acid on a platinum electrode was studied under the application of constant potentials and square-wave pulsed potentials. The latter was found to enhance the current density (and thus catalytic activity) by up to 20 times compared to the potentiostatic conditions, with the optimal wave amplitude and frequency of 600 mV and 2000 Hz, respectively. In 1988, the oxidation of methanol on a platinum electrode was conducted under pulsed potentials between 0.4 and 1.18 V, resulting in an average current almost 100 times higher than the steady-state current at 0.4 V.
  * Using the formic acid electro-oxidation reaction, oscillation of the applied electrodynamic potential between 0 and 0.8 volts accelerated the formation rate of carbon dioxide more than an order of magnitude higher (20X) than what was achievable on platinum, the best existing catalyst.  The maximum catalytic rate was experimentally observed at a frequency of 100 Hz; slower catalytic rates were observed at higher and lower electrodynamic frequencies.  The resonant frequency was interpreted as the oscillation between conditions favorable to formic acid decomposition (0 V) and conditions favorable to form CO (0.8 V).
  *The concept of implementing periodic illumination to improve the quantum yield of a typical photocatalytic reaction was first introduced in 1964 by Miller et al. In this work, they showed enhanced photosynthetic efficiency in the conversion of CO to O when the algal culture was exposed to periodic illumination in a Taylor vortex reactor. Sczechowski et al. later implemented the same approach for heterogeneous photocatalysis in 1993, where they demonstrated 5-fold increment in photoefficiency of formate decomposition by cycling between light and dark conditions with periods of 72 ms and 1.45 s respectively. They hypothesized that upon illumination of the catalyst, there is a critical illumination time during which absorbed photons generate oxidizing species (h) on the surface of the catalyst. The generated species or their intermediates go on to react with substrates on the surface or in the bulk. During dark period, adsorption, desorption, and diffusion generally occurs in the absence of photons. After a critical recovery period in the dark, the photocatalyst can efficiently use photons again when photons are reintroduced. A summary of work involving “dynamic” photocatalysis was provided by Tokode et al. in 2016.
  * Dynamic promotion of methanol decomposition was demonstrated on 2 nm Pt nanoparticles using pulsed light.  The rate acceleration to form H relative to static illumination was attributed to the selective weakening of adsorbed carbon monoxide, thereby also increasing the quantum efficiency of applied light.
  *In 2021, Sordello et al. experimentally demonstrated a 50% increase of the quantum yield for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) over Pt/TiO nanoparticles via formic acid photoreforming under Controlled Period Illumination (CPI).
  Implementation of catalyst dynamics has been proposed to occur by additional methods using oscillating light, electric potential, and physical perturbation.