text: Thermochemistry rests on two generalizations.  Stated in modern terms, they are as follows:
  #Lavoisier and Laplace's law (1780): The energy change accompanying any transformation is equal and opposite to energy change accompanying the reverse process.
  #Hess' law of constant heat summation (1840): The energy change accompanying any transformation is the same whether the process occurs in one step or many.
  These statements preceded the first law of thermodynamics (1845) and helped in its formulation.
  Thermochemistry also involves the measurement of the latent heat of phase transitions. Joseph Black had already introduced the concept of latent heat in 1761, based on the observation that heating ice at its melting point did not raise the temperature but instead caused some ice to melt.
  Gustav Kirchhoff showed in 1858 that the variation of the heat of reaction is given by the difference in heat capacity between products and reactants: dΔH / dT = ΔC. Integration of this equation permits the evaluation of the heat of reaction at one temperature from measurements at another temperature.