text: The Damköhler numbers (Da) are dimensionless numbers used in chemical engineering to relate the chemical reaction timescale (reaction rate) to the transport phenomena rate occurring in a system. It is named after German chemist Gerhard Damköhler, who worked in the fields of chemical engineering, thermodynamics, and fluid dynamics. 
  The Karlovitz number (Ka) is related to the Damköhler number by Da = 1/Ka.
  In its most commonly used form, the first Damköhler number (Da) relates the characteristic residence time scale of particles in a fluid region to the reaction timescale. The residence time scale can take the form of a convection time scale, such as volumetric flow rate through the reactor for continuous (plug flow or stirred tank) or semibatch chemical processes:
  In reacting systems that include interphase mass transport, the first Damköhler number can be written as the ratio of the chemical reaction rate to the mass transfer rate
  It is also defined as the ratio of the characteristic fluidic and chemical time scales:
  Since the reaction rate determines the reaction timescale, the exact formula for the Damköhler number varies according to the rate law equation. For a general chemical reaction A → B following the Power law kinetics of n-th order, the Damköhler number for a convective flow system is defined as:
  where:
  * k = kinetics reaction rate constant
  * C = initial concentration
  * n = reaction order
  *  = mean residence time or space-time
  On the other hand, the second Damköhler number (Da) is defined in general as:
  It compares the process energy of a thermochemical reaction (such as the energy involved in a nonequilibrium gas process) with a related enthalpy difference (driving force).
  In terms of reaction rates:
  where
  * k is the global mass transport coefficient
  * a is the interfacial area
  The value of Da provides a quick estimate of the degree of conversion that can be achieved. If Da goes to infinity, the residence time greatly exceeds the reaction time, such that nearly all chemical reactions have taken place during the period of residency. Otherwise if Da goes to 0, the residence time is much shorter than the reaction time, so that no chemical reaction has taken place during the brief period when the fluid particles occupy the reaction location. Similarly, Da goes to 0 implies that the energy of the chemical reaction is negligible compared to the energy of the flow. The limit of the Damköhler number going to infinity is called the Burke–Schumann limit. 
  As a rule of thumb, when Da is less than 0.1 a conversion of less than 10% is achieved, and when Da is greater than 10 a conversion of more than 90% is expected.