text: In NMR spectroscopy, the product operator formalism is a method used to determine the outcome of pulse sequences in a rigorous but straightforward way. With this method it is possible to predict how the bulk magnetization evolves with time under the action of pulses applied in different directions. It is a net improvement from the semi-classical vector model which is not able to predict many of the results in NMR spectroscopy and is a simplification of the complete density matrix formalism.
  In this model, for a single spin, four base operators exist: , ,  and  which represent respectively polarization (population difference between the two spin states), single quantum coherence (magnetization on the xy plane) and the unit operator. Many other, non-classical operators exist for coupled systems. Using this approach, the evolution of the magnetization under free precession is represented by  and corresponds to a rotation about the z-axis with a phase angle proportional to the chemical shift of the spin in question:
  Pulses about the x and y axis can be represented by  and  respectively; these allow to interconvert the magnetization between planes and ultimately to observe it at the end of a sequence. Since every spin will evolve differently depending on its shift, with this formalism it is possible to calculate exactly where the magnetization will end up and hence devise pulse sequences to measure the desired signal while excluding others.
  The product operator formalism is particularly useful in describing experiments in two-dimensions like COSY, HSQC and HMBC.