text: Kamal was born on 5 April 1959 in the Nile Delta city Zagazig. He attended Cairo University, faculty of engineering, and graduated from the chemical engineering department in 1982. Kamal began his career at the state-owned Engineering for Petroleum and Process Industries (Enppi) as an engineer. A few years later, Kamal switched to another public-sector energy company, known as Petrojet.