text: In homogeneous catalysis, C-symmetric ligands refer to ligands that lack mirror symmetry but have C symmetry (two-fold rotational symmetry). Such ligands are usually bidentate and are valuable in catalysis. The C symmetry of ligands limits the number of possible reaction pathways and thereby increases enantioselectivity, relative to asymmetrical analogues. C-symmetric ligands are a subset of chiral ligands. Chiral ligands, including C-symmetric ligands, combine with metals or other groups to form chiral catalysts. These catalysts engage in enantioselective chemical synthesis, in which chirality in the catalyst yields chirality in the reaction product.