text: TLRs are present in vertebrates as well as invertebrates.  Molecular building blocks of the TLRs are represented in bacteria and in plants, and plant pattern recognition receptors are well known to be required for host defence against infection.  The TLRs thus appear to be one of the most ancient, conserved components of the immune system.
  In recent years TLRs were identified also in the mammalian nervous system.  Members of the TLR family were detected on glia, neurons and on neural progenitor cells in which they regulate cell-fate decision.
  It has been estimated that most mammalian species have between ten and fifteen types of toll-like receptors.  Thirteen TLRs (named simply TLR1 to TLR13) have been identified in humans and mice together, and equivalent forms of many of these have been found in other mammalian species. However, equivalents of certain TLR found in humans are not present in all mammals.  For example, a gene coding for a protein analogous to TLR10 in humans is present in mice, but appears to have been damaged at some point in the past by a retrovirus.  On the other hand, mice express TLRs 11, 12, and 13, none of which is represented in humans.  Other mammals may express TLRs that are not found in humans.  Other non-mammalian species may have TLRs distinct from mammals, as demonstrated by the anti-cell-wall TLR14, which is found in the Takifugu pufferfish. This may complicate the process of using experimental animals as models of human innate immunity.
  Vertebrate TLRs are divided by similarity into the families of TLR 1/2/6/10/14/15, TLR 3, TLR 4, TLR 5, TLR 7/8/9, and TLR 11/12/13/16/21/22/23.