text: In multiphase reactors, the flow regime gives information about the behaviour of the gas phase and its interaction with the continuous liquid phase. The flow regime can vary significantly depending on several factors, including gas and liquid flow rates, geometric aspects of the column (column diameter, column height, sparger type, sparger holes diameter, and eventually, the size of the solid particles) and physical properties of the phases. 
  In the most general case, four flow regimes can be encountered in bubble column reactors: (1) homogeneous or bubbly flow regime, (2) slug flow regime, (3) churn or heterogeneous flow regime, and (4) annular flow regime.
  The homogeneous flow regime takes place at very low superficial gas velocity and can be divided into mono-dispersed and poly-dispersed homogeneous flow regimes. The former is characterized by a mono-dispersed bubble size distribution, the latter by a poly-dispersed one, according to the change in sign of the lift force. Small bubbles with a positive lift coefficient move towards the column wall, and large bubbles with a negative lift coefficient move towards the column center.  The heterogeneous flow regime occurs at very high gas velocity and represents a chaotic and unsteady flow pattern, with high liquid recirculation and vigorous mixing. A wide range of bubble sizes is experienced, and the average bubble size is governed by coalescence and breakup phenomena, which determine the flow properties, no longer influenced by the primary bubbles generated at the sparger.  
  The slug and the annular flow regimes are usually observed in small-diameter bubble columns with an inner diameter of less than 0.15 m.  The former is characterized by giant bubbles, named Taylor bubbles, that occupy the entire cross-sectional area of the column. The latter is characterized by a central core of gas surrounded by a thin liquid film. The annular flow regime exists only at very high gas velocity.   
  When dealing with industrial applications, larger-diameter bubble columns are typically employed so that the slug flow regime is not usually observed due to the so-called Rayleight-Taylor instabilities. The quantification of these instabilities at the reactor-scale is obtained by comparing the dimensionless bubble diameter, , with a critical diameter, :  
  Where  is the bubble column hydraulic diameter,  is the surface tension,  is the acceleration due to gravity,   is the liquid phase density, and  is the gas phase density.  
  For example, at ambient temperature and pressure and considering air and water as working fluids, a bubble column is classified as a large-diameter if it has a hydraulic diameter greater than 0.15 m.   
  Due to the very high gas velocity, the annular flow regime is not usually observed in industrial bubble columns. Consequently, in a large-scale bubble column, we may have only the bubbly (or homogeneous) and the churn (or heterogenous) flow regimes. Between these flow regimes, a transition region is usually observed, in which the flow field is not as distinct and well defined as in the bubbly-homogeneous and churn-heterogeneous flow regimes.  
  The boundaries between the flow regimes can be graphically observed in the flow regimes map.