text: Because there are a limited number of photosystems in the electron transport chain, organisms that are photosynthetic must find a way to combat excess light and prevent photo-oxidative stress, and likewise, photoinhibition, at all costs. In an effort to avoid damage to the D1 subunit of PSII and subsequent formation of ROS, the plant cell employs accessory proteins to carry the excess excitation energy from incoming sunlight; namely, the PsBs protein. Elicited by a relatively low luminal pH, plants have developed a rapid response to excess energy by which it is given off as heat and damage is reduced.
  The studies of Tibiletti et al. (2016) found that PsBs is the main protein involved in sensing the changes in the pH and can therefore rapidly accumulate in the presence of high light. This was determined by performing SDS-PAGE and immunoblot assays, locating PsBs itself in the green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Their data concluded that the PsBs protein belongs to a multigene family termed LhcSR proteins, including the proteins that catalyze the conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin, as previously mentioned. PsBs is involved in the changing the orientation of the photosystems at times of high light to prompt the arrangement of a quenching site in the light harvesting complex.
  Additionally, studies conducted by Glowacka et al. (2018) show that a higher concentration of PsBs is directly correlated to inhibiting stomatal aperture. But it does this without affecting COintake and it increases water use efficiency of the plant. This was determined by controlling the expression of PsBs in Nicotinana tabacum by imposing a series of genetic modifications to the plant in order to test for PsBs levels and activity including: DNA transformation and transcription followed by protein expression. Research shows that stomatal conductance is heavily dependent on the presence of the PsBs protein. Thus, when PsBs was overexpressed in a plant, water uptake efficiency was seen to significantly improve, resulting in new methods for prompting higher, more productive crop yields.
  These recent discoveries tie together two of the largest mechanisms in phytobiology; these are the influences that the light reactions have upon stomatal aperture via the Calvin Benson Cycle. To elaborate, the Calvin-Benson Cycle, occurring in the stroma of the chloroplast obtains its CO from the atmosphere which enters upon stomatal opening. The energy to drive the Calvin-Benson cycle is a product of the light reactions. Thus, the relationship has been discovered as such: when PsBs is silenced, as expected, the excitation pressure at PSII is increased. This in turn results in an activation of the redox state of Quinone A and there is no change in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the intracellular airspaces of the leaf; ultimately increasing stomatal conductance. The inverse relationship also holds true: when PsBs is over expressed, there is a decreased excitation pressure at PSII. Thus, the redox state of Quinone A is no longer active and there is, again, no change in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the intracellular airspaces of the leaf. All these factors work to have a net decrease of stomatal conductance.