text: * Encyclopaedia of Islam
  * al-Muqtabis by Ibn Hayyan
  * The Muqaddima of Ibn Khaldoun, [http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter5/Ch_5_31.htm Chapter V, part 31, "The craft of singing."]
  * Ta'rikh fath al-Andalus by Ibn al-Qutiyya
  * al-Iqd al-farid by Ibn Abd Rabbih
  * Ta'rikh Baghdad by Ibn Tayfur
  * Kitab al-Aghani by Abu l-Faraj al-Isfahani
  * Tawq al-hamama by Ibn Hazm
  * Jawdhat al-Muqtabis by Al-Humaydī
  * Mughrib fi hula l-Maghrib by Ibn Sa'id