text: The Gilchrist–Thomas process or Thomas process is a historical process for refining pig iron, derived from the Bessemer converter. It is named after its inventors who patented it in 1877: Percy Carlyle Gilchrist and his cousin Sidney Gilchrist Thomas. By allowing the exploitation of phosphorous iron ore, the most abundant, this process allowed the rapid expansion of the steel industry outside the United Kingdom and the United States.
  The process differs essentially from the Bessemer process in the refractory lining of the converter. The latter, being made of dolomite fired with tar, is basic, whereas the Bessemer lining, made of packed sand, is acidic. Phosphorus, by migrating from iron to slag, allows both the production of a metal of satisfactory quality, and of phosphates sought after as fertilizer, known as "Thomas meal". The disadvantages of the basic process includes larger iron loss and more frequent relining.
  After having favored the spectacular growth of the Lorraine iron and steel industry, the process progressively faded away in front of the Siemens-Martin open hearth, which also used the benefit of basic refractory lining, before disappearing in the mid-1960s: with the development of gas liquefaction, the use of pure oxygen became economically viable. Even if modern pure oxygen converters all operate with a basic medium, their performance and operation have little to do with their ancestor.