text: In their first paper, Guldberg and Waage suggested that in a reaction such as 
  the  "chemical affinity" or "reaction force" between A and B did not just depend on the chemical nature of the reactants, as had previously been supposed, but also depended on the amount of each reactant in a reaction mixture. Thus the law of mass action was first stated as follows:
  :When two reactants, A and B, react together at a given temperature in a "substitution reaction," the affinity, or chemical force between them, is proportional to the active masses, [A] and [B], each raised to a particular power
  In this context a substitution reaction was one such as . Active mass was defined in the 1879 paper as "the amount of substance in the sphere of action". For species in solution active mass is equal to concentration. For solids, active mass is taken as a constant. , a and b were regarded as empirical constants, to be determined by experiment.
  At equilibrium, the chemical force driving the forward reaction must be equal to the chemical force driving the reverse reaction. Writing the initial active masses of A,B, A and B as p, q, p and q and the dissociated active mass at equilibrium as , this equality is represented by
   represents the amount of reagents A and B that has been converted into A and B. Calculations based on this equation are reported in the second paper.