text: The theoretical model that was first conceived for superconductivity was completely classical: it is summarized by London constitutive equations. 
  It was put forward by the brothers Fritz and Heinz London in 1935, shortly after the discovery that magnetic fields are expelled from superconductors. A major triumph of the equations of this theory is their ability to explain the Meissner effect, wherein a material exponentially expels all internal magnetic fields as it crosses the superconducting threshold. By using the London equation, one can obtain the dependence of the magnetic field inside the superconductor on the distance to the surface.
  The two constitutive equations for a superconductor by London are:
  The first equation follows from Newton's second law for superconducting electrons.