text: When determining the stability constants of metal-ligand complexes, it is common practice to fix ligand protonation constants at values that have been determined using data obtained from metal-free solutions. Hydrolysis constants of metal ions are usually fixed at values which were obtained using ligand-free solutions. When determining the stability constants for ternary complexes, MAB it is common practice the fix the values for the corresponding binary complexes MA and MB, at values which have been determined in separate experiments. Use of such constraints reduces the number of parameters to be determined, but may result in the calculated errors on refined stability constant values being under-estimated.