text: In thermal convection problems, Richardson number represents the importance of natural convection relative to the forced convection. The Richardson number in this context is defined as
  where g is the gravitational acceleration,  is the thermal expansion coefficient, T is the hot wall temperature, T is the reference temperature, L is the characteristic length, and V is the characteristic velocity.
  The Richardson number can also be expressed by using a combination of the Grashof number and Reynolds number,
  Typically, the natural convection is negligible when Ri < 0.1, forced convection is negligible when Ri > 10, and neither is negligible when 0.1 < Ri < 10. It may be noted that usually the forced convection is large relative to natural convection except in the case of extremely low forced flow velocities. However, buoyancy often plays a significant role in defining the laminar–turbulent transition of a mixed convection flow. In the design of water filled thermal energy storage tanks, the Richardson number can be useful.