text: The phase diagram shows the importance of the electrode gap distance to the performance of electrochemical reactions. For traditional macrosystems, where the electrode gap distance is much larger than the Debye-length, two half-reactions are decoupled and cannot influence each other. Normally the electrochemical current is limited by a slow diffusion step. When the gap distance is reduced to around the Debye-length, a large electric field can form between the two electrodes (due to double layers and the two regions overlapping with each other); this enhances the mass transport rate. In this region the electrolysis current is very sensitive to the gap distance and the reactions are migration-rate limited. When the gap distance is further reduced to the deep-sub-Debye-length region, the mass transport can be enhanced further to a level even faster than the electron-transfer step. In this region, even when we shrink the gap distance further, the current cannot be enlarged any more, meaning that the current has reached saturation. Here the two half-reactions are coupled together and the reactions are limited by the electron-transfer steps.
  Therefore, by just adjusting the gap distance, the fundamental performance of the electrochemical reactions can be significantly changed.