text: For faster reactions, the time required to mix the reactants and bring them to a specified temperature may be comparable or longer than the half-life of the reaction. Special methods to start fast reactions without slow mixing step include
  * Stopped flow methods, which can reduce the mixing time to the order of a millisecond The stopped flow methods have limitation, for example, we need to consider the time it takes to mix gases or solutions and are not suitable if the half-life is less than about a hundredth of a second.
  * Chemical relaxation methods such as temperature jump and pressure jump, in which a pre-mixed system initially at equilibrium is perturbed by rapid heating or depressurization so that it is no longer at equilibrium, and the relaxation back to equilibrium is observed. For example, this method has been used to study the neutralization HO + OH with a half-life of 1 μs or less under ordinary conditions.
  * Flash photolysis, in which a laser pulse produces highly excited species such as free radicals, whose reactions are then studied.