text: In order to define a good DPN application, it is important to understand what DPN can do that other techniques cannot.  Direct-write techniques, like contact printing, can pattern multiple biological materials but it cannot create features with subcellular resolution.  Many high-resolution lithography methods can pattern at sub-micrometre resolution, but these require high-cost equipment that were not designed for biomolecule deposition and cell culture.  Microcontact printing can print biomolecules at ambient conditions, but it cannot pattern multiple materials with nanoscale registry.