text: A Chemical and Physical Foundations
  Thermodynamics and kinetics
  Redox states
  Water, pH, acid-base reactions and buffers
  Solutions and equilibria
  Solute-solvent interactions
  Chemical interactions and bonding
  Chemical reaction mechanisms
  B Structural Biology: Structure, Assembly, Organization and Dynamics
  Small molecules
  Macromolecules (e.g., nucleic acids, polysaccharides, proteins and complex lipids)
  Supramolecular complexes (e.g., membranes, ribosomes and multienzyme complexes)
  C Catalysis and Binding
  Enzyme reaction mechanisms and kinetics
  Ligand-protein interaction (e.g., hormone receptors, substrates and effectors, transport proteins and antigen-antibody interactions)
  D Major Metabolic Pathways
  Carbon, nitrogen and sulfur assimilation
  Anabolism
  Catabolism
  Synthesis and degradation of macromolecules
  E Bioenergetics (including respiration and photosynthesis)
  Energy transformations at the substrate level
  Electron transport
  Proton and chemical gradients
  Energy coupling (e.g., phosphorylation and transport)
  F Regulation and Integration of Metabolism
  Covalent modification of enzymes
  Allosteric regulation
  Compartmentalization
  Hormones
  G Methods
  Biophysical approaches (e.g., spectroscopy, x-ray, crystallography, mass spectroscopy)
  Isotopes
  Separation techniques (e.g., centrifugation, chromatography and electrophoresis)
  Immunotechniques