text: The nitrogen vacancy defect in diamond consists of a single substitutional nitrogen atom (replacing one carbon atom) and an adjacent gap, or vacancy, in the lattice where normally a carbon atom would be located.
  The nitrogen vacancy occurs in three possible charge states: positive (NV), neutral (NV) and negative (NV). As NV is the only one of these charge states which has shown to be ODMR active, it is often referred to simply as the NV.
  The energy level structure of the NV consists of a triplet ground state, a triplet excited state and two singlet states. Under resonant optical excitation, the NV may be raised from the triplet ground state to the triplet excited state. The centre may then return to the ground state via two routes; by the emission of a photon of 637 nm in the zero phonon line (ZPL) (or longer wavelength from the phonon sideband) or alternatively via the aforementioned singlet states through intersystem crossing and the emission of a 1042 nm photon. A return to the ground state via the latter route will preferentially result in the  state.
  Relaxation to the  state necessarily results in a decrease in visible wavelength fluorescence (as the emitted photon is in the infrared range). Microwave pumping at a resonant frequency of  places the centre in the degenerate  state. The application of a magnetic field lifts this degeneracy, causing Zeeman splitting and the decrease of fluorescence at two resonant frequencies, given by , where  is the Planck constant,  is the electron g-factor and  is the Bohr magneton. Sweeping the microwave field through these frequencies results in two characteristic dips in the observed fluorescence, the separation between which enables determination of the strength of the magnetic field .