text: Again, similar as for absolute permittivity, relative permittivity for lossy materials can be formulated as:
  in terms of a "dielectric conductivity" σ (units S/m, siemens per meter), which "sums over all the dissipative effects of the material; it may represent an actual [[Electrical conductivity|[electrical] conductivity]] caused by migrating charge carriers and it may also refer to an energy loss associated with the dispersion of ε′ [the real-valued permittivity]" ( p. 8). Expanding the angular frequency  and the electric constant , which reduces to:
  where λ is the wavelength, c is the speed of light in vacuum and  = 59.95849 Ω ≈ 60.0 Ω is a newly introduced constant (units ohms, or reciprocal siemens, such that σλκ = ε remains unitless).