text: Ceramic anode materials include Ni-Fe, Sn, and Ni-Li based oxides. These anodes show promise as they are extremely stable during the reduction process at normal operating temperatures (~1000 °C), ensuring that the Al is not contaminated. The stability of these anodes also allows them to be used with a range of electrolytes. However, ceramic anodes suffer from poor electrical conductivity and low mechanical strength.
  Alternatively metal anodes boast high mechanical strength and conductivity but tend to corrode easily during the reduction process. Some material systems that are used in inert metal anodes include Al-Cu, Ni-Cu, and Fe-Ni-Cu systems. Additional additives such as Sn, Ag, V, Nb, Ir, Ru can be included in these systems to form non reactive oxides on the anode surface, but this significantly increases the cost and embodied energy of the anode.
  Cermet anodes are the combination of a metal and ceramic anode, and aim to take advantage of the desirable properties of both; the electrical cpnductivity and toughness of the metal and stability of the ceramic. These anodes often consist of a combination of the above metal and ceramic materials. In industry, Alcoa and Rio Tinto have formed a joint venture, Elysis, to commercialize inert anode technology developed by Alcoa.  The inert anode is a cermet material, a metallic dispersion of copper alloy in a ceramic matrix of nickel ferrite. Unfortunately, as the number of anode components increases , the structure of the anode becomes more unstable. As a result. cermet anodes also suffer from corrosion issues during reduction.