text: * Co-rotating twin screw extruders: The polymer solution is brought into a co-rotating twin screw extruders, where it is subjected to shear and mechanical energy input and where vapors are drawn off. This type of machine allows different pressures in different zones. An advantage is the self-cleaning action of those extruders. 
  * Single-screw extruders: In principle similar to co-rotating twin screw extruders, without the self-cleaning action. 
  * Wiped-film evaporators: Polymer solution is brought into a single large vessel, where a rotor agitates the product and creates surface renewal. Only a single pressure level is possible in these machines.
  * Large-volume kneaders: A polymer solution is brought into a large-volume kneader and subjected to shear at longer residence times than in an extruder.