text: In an X-ray tube, electrons are accelerated in a vacuum by an electric field towards a piece of metal called the "target". X-rays are emitted as the electrons slow down (decelerate) in the metal. The output spectrum consists of a continuous spectrum of X-rays, with additional sharp peaks at certain energies. The continuous spectrum is due to bremsstrahlung, while the sharp peaks are characteristic X-rays associated with the atoms in the target. For this reason, bremsstrahlung in this context is also called continuous X-rays.
  The shape of this continuum spectrum is approximately described by Kramers' law.
  The formula for Kramers' law is usually given as the distribution of intensity (photon count)  against the wavelength  of the emitted radiation:
  The constant  is proportional to the atomic number of the target element, and  is the minimum wavelength given by the Duane–Hunt law.
  The spectrum has a sharp cutoff at  which is due to the limited energy of the incoming electrons. For example, if an electron in the tube is accelerated through 60 kV, then it will acquire a kinetic energy of 60 keV, and when it strikes the target it can create X-rays with energy of at most 60 keV, by conservation of energy. (This upper limit corresponds to the electron coming to a stop by emitting just one X-ray photon. Usually the electron emits many photons, and each has an energy less than 60 keV.) A photon with energy of at most 60 keV has wavelength of at least 21 pm, so the continuous X-ray spectrum has exactly that cutoff, as seen in the graph. More generally the formula for the low-wavelength cutoff, the Duane–Hunt law, is:
  where  is Planck's constant,  is the speed of light,  is the voltage that the electrons are accelerated through,  is the elementary charge, and  is picometres.