text: Isaac Lewis Pulvermacher was a physicist and inventor originally concerned with the electric telegraph.  He first published details of his chain in August 1850 in German and in the winter of that same year came to Britain to demonstrate the machine to notable physicians.  He visited London and Edinburgh on this trip.  He gives his residence as Breslau, Kingdom of Prussia in his 1853 US patent.  Prior to this, however, he had arrived in Britain from Vienna and all the British sources of the time describe him as "of Vienna".