text: The Nyāya metaphysics recognizes sixteen padarthas or categories and includes all six (or seven) categories of the Vaisheshika in the second one of them, called prameya.
  These sixteen categories are:
  #pramāṇa (valid means of knowledge or knowledge sources),
  #prameya (objects of valid knowledge),
  #saṁśaya (doubt),
  #prayojana (aim),
  #dṛṣṭānta (example),
  #siddhānta (conclusion or accepted position),
  #avayava (members of syllogism or inferential components),
  #tarka (hypothetical/suppositional reasoning),
  #nirṇaya (settlement or certainty),
  #vāda (discussion or debate for truth),
  #jalpa (wrangling or disputation),
  #vitaṇḍā (cavilling or destructive debate),
  #hetvābhāsa (fallacy or pseudo-proovers),
  #chala (quibbling or equivocation),
  #jāti (sophisticated refutation or misleading/futile objections) and
  #nigrahasthāna (point of defeat or clinchers).
  According to Matthew Dasti and Stephen Phillips, it may be useful to interpret the word jnana as cognition rather than knowledge when studying the Nyāya system.