text: This process consists of depositing a solid culture substrate, such as rice or wheat bran, on flatbeds after seeding it with microorganisms; the substrate is then left in a temperature-controlled room for several days.
  Liquid state fermentation is performed in tanks, which can reach  at an industrial scale. Liquid culture is ideal for the growing of unicellular organisms such as bacteria or yeasts.
  To achieve liquid aerobic fermentation, it is necessary to constantly supply the microorganism with oxygen, which is generally done via stirring the fermentation media. Accurately managing the synthesis of the desired metabolites requires regulating temperature, soluble oxygen, ionic strength, pH and control nutrients.
  Applying this growing technique to filamentous fungi leads to difficulties. The fungus develops in its vegetative form, generating hyphae or multicellular ramous filaments, while a septum separates the cells. As this mycelium develops in a liquid environment, it generates abundant viscosity in the growing medium, reducing oxygen solubility, while stirring disrupts the cell network increasing cell mortality.
  In nature, filamentous fungi grow on the ground, decomposing vegetal compounds under naturally ventilated conditions. Therefore, solid state fermentation enables the optimal development of filamentous fungi, allowing the mycelium to spread on the surface of solid compounds among which air can flow.
  Solid state fermentation uses culture substrates with low water levels (reduced water activity), which is particularly appropriate for mould. The methods used to grow filamentous fungi using solid state fermentation allow the best reproduction of their natural environment. The medium is saturated with water but little of it is free-flowing. The solid medium comprises both the substrate and the solid support on which the fermentation takes place. The substrate used is generally composed of vegetal byproducts such as beet pulp or wheat bran.
  At the beginning of the growth process, the substrates and solid culture compounds are non-soluble compounds composed of very large, biochemically complex molecules that the fungus will cut off to get essential C and N nutrients. To develop its natural substrate, the fungal organism sets forth its entire genetic potential to produce the metabolites necessary for its growth. The composition of the growth medium guides the microorganism's metabolism towards the production of enzymes that release bio-available single molecules such as sugars or amino acids by carving out macromolecules. Therefore, when selecting the components of the growth medium it is possible to guide the cells towards the production of the desired metabolite(s), mainly enzymes that transform polymers (cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, proteins) into single moieties in a very efficient and cost-effective manner.
  Compared to submerged fermentation processes, solid state fermentation is more cost-effective: smaller vessels, lower water consumption, reduced wastewater treatment costs and lower energy consumption (no need to heat up water, poor mechanical energy input due to smooth stirring).
  Cultivating on heterogeneous substrates requires expertise to maintain optimal growth conditions. Air flow monitoring is key because it impacts temperature, oxygen supply and moisture. In order to maintain sufficient moisture content for the growth of filamentous fungus, waterlogged air is used and may require further addition of water. In most cases, solid state fermentation does not require a completely sterile environment as the initial sterilization of the fermentation substrate associated with the rapid colonization of the substrate by the fungous microorganism limits the development of the autochthonous flora.