text: A cumulative equilibrium constant, denoted by  is related to the product of stepwise constants, denoted by  For a dibasic acid the relationship between stepwise and overall constants is as follows
  Note that in the context of metal-ligand complex formation, the equilibrium constants for the formation of metal complexes are usually defined as association constants. In that case, the equilibrium constants for ligand protonation are also defined as association constants. The numbering of association constants is the reverse of the numbering of dissociation constants; in this example