text: Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a kinase that (similar to mTOR) can phosphorylate KAP1 resulting in the switch from viral latency to the lytic cycle.  Chloroquine (an ATM) activator has been shown to result in increases in transcription of the HCMV genome.  This effect is augmented by the use of tumor necrosis factor    It has been proposed that this treatment (accompanied by antiretroviral treatment) has the potential to purge the virus from infected individuals.