text: * Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar (1992) Liquid Crystals, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press  .
  * David Dunmur & Tim Sluckin (2011) Soap, Science, and Flat-screen TVs: a history of liquid crystals, Oxford University Press  .
  * J. Prost & C.E. Williams (1999) "Liquid Crystals: Between Order and Disorder", pp 289&ndash;315 in Soft Matter Physics, Mohamed Daoud & Claudine E. Williams, editors, translated by Stephen N. Lyle from La Just Argile (1995), Springer Verlag  .