text: Even though the van der Waals interaction is attractive, as the adsorbed atom moves closer to the surface the wavefunction of electron starts to overlap with that of the surface atoms.  Further the energy of the system will increase due to the orthogonality of wavefunctions of the approaching atom and surface atoms.
  This Pauli exclusion and repulsion are particularly strong for atoms with closed valence shells that dominate the surface interaction.  As a result, the minimum energy of physisorption must be found by the balance between the long-range van der Waals attraction and short-range Pauli repulsion.  For instance, by separating the total interaction of physisorption into two contributions—a short-range term depicted by Hartree&ndash;Fock theory and a long-range van der Waals attraction—the equilibrium position of physisorption for rare gases adsorbed on jellium substrate can be determined.  Fig. 2 shows the physisorption potential energy of He adsorbed on Ag, Cu, and Au substrates which are described by the jellium model with different densities of smear-out background positive charges.  It can be found that the weak van der Waals interaction leads to shallow attractive energy wells (<10 meV).  One of the experimental methods for exploring physisorption potential energy is the scattering process, for instance, inert gas atoms scattered from metal surfaces.  Certain specific features of the interaction potential between scattered atoms and surface can be extracted by analyzing the experimentally determined angular distribution and cross sections of the scattered particles.