text: First-generation Glycoazodyes are synthesized using glucose, galactose or lactose as the sugar group. The point of esterification is controlled by selectively protecting alcohol groups on the sugar, or by choosing an azo dye with a different alcohol group position. Either the dye or the sugar group can be succinylated by reacting a free alcohol group with succinic anhydride. The resulting hemisuccinate then reacts with a free alcohol group on either the dye or the sugar. The condensation product is then deprotected.