text: Pore formation following ultrasound application was first reported in 1999 in a study that observed cell membrane craters following ultrasound application at 255 kHz. Later, sonoporation mediated microinjection of dextran molecules showed that membrane permeability mechanisms differ depending on the size of dextran molecules. Microinjection of dextran molecules from 3 to 70 kDa was reported to have crossed the cellular membrane via transient pores. In contrast, dextran molecules of 155 and 500 kDa were predominantly found in vesicle-like structures, likely indicating the mechanism of endocytosis. This variability in membrane behavior has led to other studies investigating membrane rupture and resealing characteristics depending on ultrasound amplitude and duration.