text: Birds not usually considered predators of mice do take voles; examples include gulls (Larus sp.), northern shrikes (Larius borealis), black-billed magpies (Pica hudsonica), common ravens (Corvus corax), American crows (C. brachyrhynchos), great blue herons (Ardea herodias), and American bitterns (Botaurus lentiginosus).
  Major mammalian predators include the badger (Taxidea taxus), striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis), weasels (Mustela and Neogale sp.), martens (Martes americana and M. caurina), domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), domestic cats (Felis catus) and mountain lions (Puma concolor). Other animals reported to have ingested voles include trout (Salmo sp.), Pacific giant salamanders (Dicampton ensatus), garter snakes (Thamnophis sp.), yellow-bellied racers (Coluber constrictor flaviventris), gopher snakes (Pituophis melanoleucas), plains rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis), and rubber boas (Charina bottae).
  In northern prairie wetlands, meadow voles are a large portion of the diets of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), American mink (Neogale vison), short-eared owls (Asio flammeus), and northern harriers (Circus cyaneus). Voles are frequently taken by racers (Coluber sp.) since both often use the same burrows.