text: The introduction of lasers in atomic manipulation experiments was the precursor to the laser cooling proposals in the mid 1970s. Laser cooling was proposed separately in 1975 by two different research groups: Hänsch and Schawlow,
   and Wineland and Dehmelt. Both proposals outlined the simplest laser cooling process, known as Doppler cooling, where laser light below an atom's resonant frequency is repeatedly absorbed and the velocity distribution of the atoms is reduced. 
  In 1977  Ashkin submitted a paper which describes how Doppler cooling could be used to provide the necessary damping to load atoms into an optical trap.  In this work he emphasized how this process could allow for long spectroscopic measurements without the atoms escaping the trap and proposed the overlapping of optical traps in order to study interactions between different atoms.