text: Preclinical safety pharmacology integrates in silico, in vitro, and in vivo approaches. In vitro safety pharmacology studies are focused on early hazard identification and subsequent compound profiling in order to guide preclinical in vivo  safety and toxicity studies. Early compound profiling can flag for receptor-, enzyme-, transporter-, and ion channel-related liabilities of NCEs (e.g., inhibition of the human ether-a-go-go related gene protein (hERG)). Classically, in vivo investigations comprise the use of young adult conscious animals.