text: The formal standard reduction potential  can be defined as the measured reduction potential  of the half-reaction at unity concentration ratio of the oxidized and reduced species (i.e.', when   1) under given conditions.
  Indeed:
  as, , when ,
  : , when ,
  because , and that the term  is included in .
  The formal reduction potential makes possible to more simply work with molar or molal concentrations in place of activities. Because molar and molal concentrations were once referred as formal concentrations, it could explain the origin of the adjective formal in the expression formal potential.
  The formal potential is thus the reversible potential of an electrode at equilibrium immersed in a solution where reactants and products are at unit concentration. If any small incremental change of potential causes a change in the direction of the reaction, i.e. from reduction to oxidation or vice versa, the system is close to equilibrium, reversible and is at its formal potential. When the formal potential is measured under standard conditions (i.e. the activity of each dissolved species is 1 mol/L, T = 298.15 K = 25 °C = 77 °F,  = 1 bar) it becomes de facto a standard potential. According to Brown and Swift (1949), "A formal potential is defined as the potential of a half-cell, measured against the standard hydrogen electrode, when the total concentration of each oxidation state is one formal".
  The activity coefficients  and  are included in the formal potential , and because they depend on experimental conditions such as temperature, ionic strength, and pH,  cannot be referred as an immuable standard potential but needs to be systematically determined for each specific set of experimental conditions.
  Formal reduction potentials are applied to simplify results interpretations and calculations of a considered system. Their relationship with the standard reduction potentials must be clearly expressed to avoid any confusion.