text: For black body emitters where photon recirculation is achieved via filters, Planck's law states that a black body emits light with a spectrum given by:
  where I′ is the light flux of a specific wavelength, λ, given in units of 1 m⋅s. h is the Planck constant, k is the Boltzmann constant, c is the speed of light, and T is the emitter temperature. Thus, the light flux with wavelengths in a specific range can be found by integrating over the range. The peak wavelength is determined by the temperature, T based on Wien's displacement law:
  where b is Wien's displacement constant. For most materials, the maximum temperature an emitter can stably operate at is about 1800 °C. This corresponds to an intensity that peaks at  or an energy of ~0.75 eV. For more reasonable operating temperatures of 1200 °C, this drops to ~0.5 eV. These energies dictate the range of bandgaps that are needed for practical TPV converters (though the peak spectral power is slightly higher). Traditional PV materials such as Si (1.1 eV) and GaAs (1.4 eV) are substantially less practical for TPV systems, as the intensity of the black body spectrum is low at these energies for emitters at realistic temperatures.