text: Radiocarbon ages from hyraceum are not subject to reservoir effects or the inclusion of new carbon. This is primarily a function of middens being isolated systems, and that through respiration the hyraceum is brought into equilibrium with atmospheric C at the time of deposition. Published data show that hyrax middens can be of considerable antiquity, and middens from the Groenfontein site in the Cederberg Mountains of South Africa are considered to have begun accumulating ~70,000 years ago
  It has been commonly observed that many middens are no longer actively accumulating. Often this is controlled by the shelters in which they are found, with accumulation ceasing when the middens grow to such an extent that the hyraxes can no longer physically enter the shelters. Until recently, field sampling was limited to the collection of middens that were most accessible and easiest to sample. In many cases this meant that the individual sampled middens were relatively thin (<5 cm) with aggregate records subsequently constructed from fragments of as many as 25 separate middens. (Scott and Woodborne, 2007a, b). With recent developments in sampling tools and techniques, larger, more stratigraphically coherent middens are more regularly sampled, which better represent the full period of accumulation at a given site