text: C and C plants have different signatures, allowing the abundance of C grasses to be detected through time in the δC record. Whereas  plants have a δC of −16 to −10‰,  plants have a δC of −33 to −24‰.
  Mass extinctions are often marked by a negative δC anomaly thought to represent a decrease in primary productivity and release of plant-based carbon.
  Positive δC excursions are interpreted as an increase in burial of organic carbon in sedimentary rocks following either a spike in primary productivity, a drop in decomposition under anoxic ocean conditions or both.
  The evolution of large land plants in the late Devonian led to increased organic carbon burial and consequently a rise in δC.
  Other important applications of δC involves understanding its signatures from soft sediments especially in lacustrine environments. This depends on the system from which it is extracted (open system, closed system, etc.). Temporal variations in δ13C in organic matter are influenced by diverse internal and external processes:
  # Changes in the Dominant Source of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon: In stratified lakes, the accumulation of 13C-depleted carbon in deep water is common as sinking and degrading phytoplankton cells contribute to this pool. Recirculating this water to the surface can lead to a significant decrease in δ13C. Prolonged stratification enriches the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) pool in the epilimnion with 13C. Long-term variations in factors affecting upwelling intensity or depth, such as windiness, water temperature, or salinity-related stratification, manifest as shifts between more negative and positive δ13C values.
  # Changes in Productivity/Eutrophication: Increased productivity accelerates the transfer of organic matter with negative δ13C values to the hypolimnion, affecting the δ13C of residual epilimnetic DIC. This impact, combined with mixing effects, results in variations in the δ13C signal.
  # Changes in Metabolic Pathways for Carbon Fixation: Major changes in lake alkalinity influence benthic and planktonic primary production. Shifts in the dominant source of DIC for photosynthesis, driven by pH changes, can lead to trends toward more positive δ13C, particularly in lakes dominated by autochthonous organic matter and exhibiting evidence of high alkalinity.
  # Changes in Availability of Dissolved CO2: Cool water can dissolve higher concentrations of CO2 than warmer water, affecting δ13C in organic matter during cooling events. Changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations also influence δ13C, with lower pCO2 during glacial periods causing isotopic discrimination in plants using dissolved CO2.
  # Changes in Dominant Vegetation Within the Watershed: Shifts in watershed vegetation, especially transitions between C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways, significantly alter the carbon isotopic composition in lake sediments. These changes can be indicative of broader paleoclimatic shifts.
  # Diagenetic Trends: Diagenetic processes, such as the loss of reactive components like amino acids, result in sustained shifts in δ13C in organic matter. Marsh sediments, rich in carbon, exhibit shifts towards more negative bulk organic matter. These diagenetic trends should be considered when interpreting isotopic changes accompanying major Total Organic Carbon (TOC) changes or methanogenesis.
  Understanding these processes is crucial for interpreting δ13C variations in lake sediments and reconstructing paleoenvironmental conditions.