text: *Hermann Staudinger's research on macromolecular chemistry at the University of Freiburg between 1926 and 1956
  *Synthesis of physostigmine by Percy Lavon Julian at DePauw University in 1935, which made physostigmine readily available for the treatment of glaucoma
  *Work of Antoine Lavoisier to elucidate the principles of modern chemistry in the late 1700s
  *Synthesis of progesterone by Russell Marker at Pennsylvania State University in 1938 (a process now known as Marker degradation), and the development of the Mexican steroid hormone industry by Syntex S.A. in the 1940s
  *Separation of rare earth elements by Charles James at the University of New Hampshire in the early 1900s
  *Discovery of polypropylene and development of a new high-density polyethylene by J. Paul Hogan and Robert Banks at Phillips Petroleum Company in 1951
  *Discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming at St Mary's Hospital, London in 1928, and its large-scale development between 1939 and 1945 at the USDA Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Abbott Laboratories, Lederle Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Chas. Pfizer & Co., Inc., and E.R. Squibb & Sons