text: Differently than low-temperature electrochemical technologies, rSOCs can process also carbon containing species with reduced risk of catalyst poisoning. Methane can be internally reformed on the Ni particles to produce hydrogen, similarly to what happens in steam reforming reactors. Subsequently, the produced hydrogen can undergo the electro-oxidation. Moreover, when working in SOEC modality, water and carbon dioxide can be co-electrolyzed to generate hydrogen and carbon monoxide to form syngas mixtures with various composition.
  The reactions taking place on the oxygen electrode are the same considered for the hydrogen/steam case. Even if characterized by much slower kinetics with respect to the one involving hydrogen and steam, the direct electro-oxidation of carbon monoxide (forward reaction) or the direct electro-reduction of carbon dioxide (backward reaction) can be considered as well:
  The thermoneutral voltage of the  electrolysis is equal to 1.48 V.
  One useful way to depict the cycling between SOFC and SOEC mode of the rSOC operation with carbonaceous reactants is the C-H-O ternary diagram. Each point in the diagram represents a gas mixture with a different number of carbon, hydrogen or oxygen atoms. When dealing with the operation on reversible solid oxide cells, three distinct regions can be distinguished in the graph. For different operating conditions (i.e., different temperature and pressure), distinct boundary lines between these regions can be drawn. The three regions are:
  * the carbon deposition region: gas mixtures lying in this region are characterized by compositions that are prone to carbon deposition on the fuel electrode;
  * the fully oxidized region: this region is characterized by gas mixtures that are fully oxidized, hence they cannot be used as fuels in the rSOC;
  * the operating region: this region is characterized by gas mixtures that are suitable for the rSOC operation. 
  In the operating region, the fuel mixture and the exhaust mixture can be depicted. These two points are connected by a line which runs through points characterized by a constant H/C ratio. In fact, during the rSOC operation in both modalities, the gases on the fuel electrode exchange with the oxygen electrode only oxygen atoms, while hydrogen and carbon are confined inside the fuel electrode. During the SOFC operation, the composition of the gas in the fuel electrode moves towards the boundary line of the fully oxidized region, increasing its oxygen content. During SOEC operation, on the other hand, the gas mixture evolves away from the fully oxidized region towards the carbon deposition region, while reducing its oxygen content.