text: Pullulan has many other applications. Pullulan can be used as a scaffold material for stem cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells. Pullulan can be conjugated with photosensitive molecules in order to be used with photodynamic therapy. Pullulan can be modified to be a contrast agent for MRI in multiple ways such as oxidation, iron-oxide conjugates, and cation conjugates. Pullulan has been thiolated in order to generate mucoadhesive properties. This mucoadhesive system has been further modified by polyaminating pullulan to provide sustained drug release. A study developed a transdermal pullulan system that is capable of delivering rivastigmine tartarate in response to external electrical stimuli. Pullulan systems can be loaded with a plethora of different drugs including anti-inflammatory, antilipidemic, and antiglycemic drugs. Pullulan systems can be used to treat heart conditions through the delivery of beta blockers and inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Pullulan can also be utilized in regards to bone disease as they can be used to deliver bisphosphonates and can help to image bone regeneration through MRI.