text: As the fuel expands on heating, the core of the pellet expands more than the rim which may lead to cracking. Because of the thermal stress thus formed the fuel cracks, the cracks tend to go from the centre to the edge in a star shaped pattern.
  In order to better understand and control these changes in materials, these behaviors are studied.[https://web.archive.org/web/20040605180056/http://www.scn.ro/lepi.htm][https://web.archive.org/web/20070710110024/http://www.ornl.gov/~webworks/cppr/y2001/pres/114819.pdf] [http://www.rertr.anl.gov/Web2002/2003%20Web/Rugirello.html] [http://www.nea.fr/html/trw/docs/mol98/session3/SIIIpaper2.pdf]. Due to the intensely radioactive nature of the used fuel this is done in a hot cell. A combination of nondestructive and destructive methods of PIE are common.
  In addition to the effects of radiation and the fission products on materials, scientists also need to consider the temperature of materials in a reactor, and in particular, the fuel.  Too high fuel temperatures can compromise the fuel, and therefore it is important to control the temperature in order to control the fission chain reaction.
  The temperature of the fuel varies as a function of the distance from the centre to the rim. At distance x from the centre the temperature (T) is described by the equation where ρ is the power density (W m) and K is the thermal conductivity.
  :T = T + ρ (r - x) (4 K)
  To explain this for a series of fuel pellets being used with a rim temperature of 200 °C (typical for a BWR) with different diameters and power densities of 250 Wm have been modeled using the above equation. Note that these fuel pellets are rather large; it is normal to use oxide pellets which are about 10 mm in diameter.