text: Islamicate scientists, particularly Abu Rayhan Biruni (973–1048) and later Al-Khazini (fl. 1115–1130), were the first to apply experimental scientific methods to fluid mechanics, especially in the field of fluid statics, such as for determining specific weights.  They applied the mathematical theories of ratios and infinitesimal techniques, and introduced algebraic and fine calculation techniques into the field of fluid statics.
  Biruni introduced the method of checking tests during experiments and measured the weights of various liquids. He also recorded the differences in weight between freshwater and saline water, and between hot water and cold water. During his experiments on fluid mechanics, Biruni invented the conical measure, in order to find the ratio between the weight of a substance in air and the weight of water displaced.
  Al-Khazini, in The Book of the Balance of Wisdom (1121), invented a hydrostatic balance.