text: In 1971, Ed Hohmann stated in his PhD that 'one can
  compute the least amount of hot and cold utilities required for a process
  without knowing the heat exchanger network that could accomplish it. One
  also can estimate the heat exchange area required'.
  In late 1977, Ph.D. student Bodo Linnhoff under the supervision of Dr John Flower at the University of Leeds  showed the existence in many processes of a heat integration bottleneck, ‘the pinch’, which laid the basis for the technique, known today as pinch-analysis. At that time he had joined Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) where he led practical applications and further method development.
  Bodo Linnhoff developed the Problem Table, an algorithm for calculating the energy targets and worked out the basis for a calculation of the surface area required, known as ‘the spaghetti network’. These algorithms enabled practical application of the technique.
  In 1982 he joined University of Manchester Institute of Technology  (UMIST, present day University of Manchester) to continue the work. In 1983 he set up a consultation firm known as Linnhoff March International later acquired by KBC Energy Services.
  Many refinements have been developed since and used in a wide range of industries, including extension to heat and power systems and
  non-process situations. The most detailed explanation of the techniques is by Linnhoff et al. (1982), Shenoy (1995), Kemp (2006) and Kemp and Lim (2020), while Smith (2005) includes several chapters on them. Both detailed and simplified (spreadsheet) programs are now available to calculate the energy targets. See Pinch Analysis Software below.
  In recent years, Pinch analysis has been extended beyond energy applications. It now includes:
  * Mass Exchange Networks (El-Halwagi and Manousiouthakis, 1989)
  * Water pinch (Yaping Wang and Robin Smith, 1994; Nick Hallale, 2002; Prakash and Shenoy, 2005)
  * Hydrogen pinch (Nick Hallale et al., 2003; Agrawal and Shenoy, 2006)
  * Carbon pinch (referenced in Kemp and Lim, 2020)