text: In 1967, the supertanker Torrey Canyon leaked oil onto the English coastline.  Alkylphenol surfactants were primarily used to break up the oil, but proved very toxic in the marine environment; all types of marine life were killed. This led to a reformulation of dispersants to be more environmentally sensitive. After the Torrey Canyon spill, new boat-spraying systems were developed. Later reformulations allowed more dispersant to be contained (at a higher concentration) to be aerosolized.