text: One method to achieve inner sphere complexes is through wetting: a phenomenon where one fluid, known as a wetting agent, replaces another medium, like water or air, on a surface. In the case of a solid-water to a solid-liquid interface, the liquid spreads to increase the solid-liquid and liquid-gas interfacial area, and decreases the solid-gas interfacial and solid-water area as a result.
  The spreading coefficient of the liquid is described by the Gibb's Free Energy over the area
  The Gibbs Free Energy is spontaneous only when S' is positive or zero.
  Another method of wetting is adhesional wetting, where the liquid makes contact with the solid surface for the first time. However, this initial wetting decreases the liquid-gas interface that can be modeled by the Dupré equation
  Or by the revised Dupré-Young equation
  Immersional wetting that has a metal ion completely immersed in a liquid ligand solution does not have a change in liquid-gas interface. This reaction can be modeled by
  From these models, metal ions can be influenced by contact angle, and as a result, inner sphere complexes are influenced by wetting agents and wetting procedures.