text: The Seebeck effect refers to the development of an electromotive force across two points of an electrically conducting material when there is a temperature difference between those two points.
  Under open-circuit conditions where there is no internal current flow, the gradient of voltage () is directly proportional to the gradient in temperature ():
  where  is a temperature-dependent material property known as the Seebeck coefficient.
  The standard measurement configuration shown in the figure shows four temperature regions and thus four voltage contributions:
  # Change from  to , in the lower copper wire.
  # Change from  to , in the alumel wire.
  # Change from  to , in the chromel wire.
  # Change from  to , in the upper copper wire.
  The first and fourth contributions cancel out exactly, because these regions involve the same temperature change and an identical material.
  As a result,  does not influence the measured voltage.
  The second and third contributions do not cancel, as they involve different materials.
  The measured voltage turns out to be
  where  and  are the Seebeck coefficients of the conductors attached to the positive and negative terminals of the voltmeter, respectively (chromel and alumel in the figure).