text: Duplex stainless steel is widely used in industry because it possesses excellent oxidation resistance, but it can have limited toughness due to its large ferritic grain size and embrittlement tendencies at temperatures ranging from 280–500 °C, especially at 475 °C, where spinodal decomposition of the supersaturated solid ferrite solution into Fe-rich nanophase () and Cr-rich nanophase (), accompanied by G-phase precipitation, occurs, which makes the ferrite phase a preferential initiation site for micro-cracks.