text: Mill scale is a complex oxide that contains around 70% iron with traces of nonferrous metals and alkaline compounds. Reduced iron powder may be obtained by conversion of mill scale into a single highest oxide i.e. hematite () followed by reduction with hydrogen. Shahid and Choi reported the reverse co-precipitation method for the synthesis of magnetite () from mill scale and used for multiple environmental applications such as nutrient recovery, ballasted coagulation in activated sludge process, and heavy metal remediation in an aqueous environment.