text: Various inputs into this pathway have been identified. Activators include ligands of a number of receptors. Because certain signal transduction pathways oppose the STAT3-Ser/Hes3 signaling axis, blockers (inhibitors) of these signal transduction pathways promote the STAT3-Ser/Hes3 signaling axis and, therefore, also act as activators:
  :* A non-canonical branch of the notch signaling pathway (activated by soluble forms of the notch ligands Delta4 and Jagged1). This has been shown in vitro and in vivo.
  :* Activation of the Tie2 receptor by the ligand Angiopoietin 2. This has been shown in vitro and in vivo.
  :* Activation of the insulin receptor by insulin. This has been shown in vitro and in vivo.
  :* Treatment with an inhibitor of the Janus kinase (JAK). This has been shown in vitro.
  :* Treatment with an inhibitor of the p38 MAP kinase kinase. This has been shown in vitro.
  :* Treatment with cholera toxin. This has been shown in vitro. This particular treatment may bypass the STAT3-Ser stage and act more specifically at the level of Hes3 because it has a powerful effect on inducing the nuclear translocation of Hes3.