text: Standard multiplication tables would cover up to 12x12.  That's for immediate recall.  However, the distributive property, which makes 23 x 412 quite a simple exercise, is part of the grade 5 curriculum.  I went to a math night for my kid when she was in grade 5 only to discover (a) kids were not being taught what they were supposed to be taught, and perhaps more alarming, (b) the majority of parents had expectations so low that living in a world where the most difficult math one might do in one's head should be limited to 12x12.    I taught my kid that night.  It took 10 minutes.   There is another point to be made, and that could be an article on its own, and that is that candidates for teacher's college not so long ago got in on the basis of their marks, and so young kids today are learning math from English and History majors who, for the most part, can't do grade 5 math.  Hence the problem.  There should be dedicated math teachers, just as there are language teachers.