text: referring to fig1 , an external view of a unified money item acceptor and hopper apparatus 1 according to the invention is illustrated . in this example , the housing of the apparatus 1 is substantially formed in the shape of an irregular pentagonal prism and has a number of external openings , including a money item entry opening 2 and a money item return opening 3 . the apparatus 1 has further openings 4 , 5 ( illustrated in fig2 ) through which money items can be ejected to one or more cashboxes ( not shown ) as well as an opening 6 ( fig2 ) into which external data lines can enter the apparatus 1 for connection to the apparatus 1 . the mechanism of the apparatus 1 is held within a central portion 7 having a first cover 8 and a second cover 9 . fig2 to 18 illustrate the unified money item acceptor and hopper apparatus 1 in more detail . the apparatus 1 illustrated in these figures is also a base component of a unified acceptor and twin hopper apparatus , the twin - hopper apparatus being further illustrated in fig2 to 23 . the single hopper apparatus 1 in the illustrated embodiment can be ‘ upgraded ’ to a twin hopper apparatus by the attachment of a single additional component to the single hopper apparatus 1 . however , a result is that some of the features of the single hopper apparatus 1 illustrated in fig2 to 18 are solely for use in the twin - hopper version and are therefore redundant in the single hopper version 1 . in embodiments of the invention wherein the single hopper apparatus 1 does not have the ‘ upgrade ’ feature , these redundant features can be omitted . this will be explained in more detail with reference to the particular features to which it applies . a side view of the central portion 7 of the unified money item acceptor and hopper apparatus 1 is illustrated in fig2 , the view taken from the direction of the arrow marked ‘ a ’ in fig1 . in this example , the central portion 7 includes an acceptor 10 , an accept gate 11 operable to direct a money item 12 to an accept path 13 or a return path 14 , a sorter 15 including a first sorter gate 16 and a second sorter gate 17 , first and second cash box chutes 18 , 19 , a printed circuit board 20 having a cover 21 and a connector port 22 and a hopper arrangement 23 ( shown in fig3 and 4 ). in use , a money item 12 enters the unified money item acceptor and hopper apparatus 1 via the money item entry opening 2 . once through the entry opening 2 the money item 12 enters the money item acceptor 10 . the money item acceptor 10 comprises a microcontroller which determines from the output of a plurality of sensors within the acceptor 10 whether the entered money item 12 is likely to be counterfeit . if so , a signal is provided to an accept gate solenoid driver to cause the accept gate 11 to direct the money item 12 via the return path 14 to the money item return opening 3 , following ejection of the money item 12 from the acceptor 10 . conversely , if the money item 12 is found to be genuine , a signal is provided to the accept gate solenoid driver to cause the accept gate 11 to direct the money item 12 via the accept path 13 into the sorter 15 . the unified money item acceptor and hopper apparatus 1 comprises processing means operable to determine whether the entered money item 12 is to be directed from the sorter 15 to the hopper arrangement 23 or to one of first and second cashboxes 24 , 25 ( illustrated in fig1 a and 18 b ), via the first or second cash box chutes 18 , 19 respectively . in this example , the processing means receives a signal from a sensor in the hopper arrangement 23 indicating the number of money items 12 in the hopper 23 . an inputted money item 12 is directed to one of the first and second cashboxes 24 , 25 in the case that the hopper arrangement 23 is full , but otherwise the money item 12 is directed to the hopper arrangement 23 . once the destination of the money item 12 has been determined , appropriate signals are provided to control the first and second sorter gates 16 , 17 such as to direct the money item 12 to one of the first and second cashboxes 24 , 25 via one of the first and second cashbox chutes 18 , 19 respectively , or to the hopper arrangement 23 . in this example , if it is determined that money items 12 should be directed to a cashbox , they are primarily directed to the first cashbox 24 . however , once a certain predetermined number of money items 12 have been directed to the first cashbox 24 following emptying of the first cashbox 24 , subsequent money items will be directed to the second cashbox 25 . fig3 is a cross sectional view of the central portion 7 of the unified money item acceptor and hopper apparatus 1 of fig1 , the view taken through line i - i of fig4 and the view being from the direction of the arrow marked ‘ b ’ in fig1 . this side of the central portion 7 comprises a hopper arrangement 23 including a hopper inlet 26 , a hopper store 27 , a conveyor 28 , a conveyor motor 29 having conveyor gearing means 30 and a money item outlet 31 . the hopper operates generally as that described in ep - a - 0080842 . an accepted money item 12 passes through the gate arrangements 16 , 17 shown in fig2 , and enters the hopper via the money item inlet 26 shown in fig3 . the money item 12 then drops into the hopper store 27 . the hopper store 27 has a base 32 that is downwardly inclined such that money items 12 in the hopper store 27 tend to move due to gravity towards inner side 33 of the conveyor 28 . the conveyor 28 is selectably driven in the direction ‘ q ’ by the conveyor motor 29 . the conveyor 28 comprises on its inner surface a plurality of lips 34 ( see fig4 ) which are arranged to form money item receptacles . if payout of one or more money items 12 is required , the conveyor 28 is driven . money items 12 move from the store 27 towards a portion of the inner side of the conveyor 28 , this being a money item receiving portion 33 of the conveyor 28 , and are held in receptacles formed by the lips 34 on the conveyor surface . a money item 12 to be paid to a user is therefore entrained towards the money item outlet 31 on the conveyor 28 and upon reaching the money item outlet 31 the money item 12 is ejected through the outlet 31 . referring again to fig2 , the money item 12 ejected from a receptacle of the conveyor 28 emerges through the hopper outlet 31 and joins the return path 14 leading to the money item return opening 3 and to a money item collection tray ( not shown ) for a user to collect . the operation of the unified acceptor and hopper apparatus 1 , following insertion of a coin 12 into the opening 2 , will now be described in detail with reference to fig1 to 19 . the coin 12 passes from the opening 2 to the money item acceptor 10 , which is illustrated in more detail in fig5 . the acceptor 10 comprises a generally plate - like main body 35 that is positioned adjacent to a surface 36 of the central portion 7 of the apparatus 1 . the main body 35 is connected to the surface 36 by hinging means 37 and is also held at a point on the main body 35 diagonally opposite the hinging means 37 by an arm 38 connected to an acceptor clearance solenoid ( not shown ). the main body 35 includes a shelf 39 that protrudes from the main body in the direction of the surface 36 such that it substantially abuts the surface 36 . this results in a gap between the main body 35 and the surface 36 and a money item run - down path 40 is formed along which money items 12 under test pass edgewise from an inlet 41 of the acceptor 10 along the shelf 39 which leads the coin through a money item sensing station 42 and then to an outlet 43 . the money item acceptor 10 is capable of validating a number of money items of different denominations , including bimet coins , for example the euro coin set and the uk coin set including the bimet £ 2 . 00 coin . a test is performed on each money item as it passes through the sensing station 42 . the money item sensing station 42 includes four money item sensing coil units s 1 , s 2 , s 3 and s 4 , which are energised in order to produce an inductive coupling with the coin 12 . fig6 is a schematic illustration of the circuitry of a unified money item acceptor and hopper apparatus 1 . the components circumscribed by a dotted box 44 are associated with the acceptor 10 . the coils s 1 to s 4 of the acceptor 10 are energised at different frequencies by a drive and interface circuit 45 . eddy currents are induced in the money item under test by the coil units . the different inductive couplings between the four coils s 1 to s 4 characterise the money item substantially uniquely . the drive and interface circuit 45 produces corresponding digital money item parameter data signals x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 , as a function of the different inductive couplings between the money item and the coil units s 1 , s 2 , s 3 and s 4 . the coil units s have a small diameter in relation to the diameter of money items under test in order to detect the inductive characteristics of individual chordal regions of the money item . improved discrimination can be achieved by making the area a of the coil unit s which faces the money item , such as the coil s 1 , smaller than 72 mm 2 , which permits the inductive characteristics of individual regions of the money item &# 39 ; s face to be sensed . however , the invention is not restricted to any particular coil size and larger coils may be used to couple with the entire surface of the money item . the sensor coil units s each include one or more inductor coils connected in an individual oscillatory circuit and the coil drive and interface circuit 45 includes a multiplexer ( not shown ) to scan outputs from the coil units sequentially , so as to provide data to an acceptor microcontroller 46 . each circuit typically oscillates at a frequency in a range of 50 - 150 khz and the circuit components are selected so that each sensor coil s 1 - s 4 has a different natural resonant frequency in order to avoid cross - coupling between them . as a money item under test passes the sensor coil unit s 1 , its impedance is altered by the presence of the coin over a period of ˜ 100 milliseconds . as a result , the amplitude of the oscillations through the coil is modified over the period that the coin passes and also the oscillation frequency is altered . the variation in amplitude and frequency resulting from the modulation produced by the coin is used to produce the money item parameter signals x 1 ,- x 4 representative of characteristics of the coin . in order to determine money item authenticity , the money item parameter signals produced by a money item under test are fed to the acceptor microcontroller 46 which is coupled to a memory 47 . the microcontroller 46 processes the money item parameter signals x 1 ,- x 4 derived from the money item under test and compares the outcome with corresponding stored values held in the memory 47 . according , if the coin 12 under test is indicated to be acceptable a signal is provided to an accept gate solenoid drive circuit 48 which operates the accept gate 11 shown in fig2 so as to allow the money item to pass to the accept path 13 . otherwise , the accept gate solenoid drive circuit 48 is provided with a signal causing the accept gate 11 to direct the coin 12 to the return path 14 . sensing means can be provided within the acceptor 10 to determine when a money item has jammed within the mechanism of the acceptor 10 . jamming may occur when a money item having an unwanted sticky coating on it , for instance beer , is inputted and sticks in the acceptor mechanism . the sensing means could comprise the coils s 1 to s 4 , their outputs being used to determine when a coin has become stationary and hence jammed in the acceptor 10 . alternatively , one or more sensors may be incorporated into the acceptor 10 for the purpose of detecting jammed money items . in the example illustrated in fig5 , sensors c 1 and c 2 coupled to the acceptor microcontroller 46 ( see fig6 ) are located at positions along the money item rundown path 40 and are used to sense money items entering and leaving the acceptor 10 so as to determine whether a money item has become jammed in the acceptor 10 . sensor c 1 detects money items entering the acceptor 10 . if sensor c 2 does not detect a money item leaving the acceptor 10 within a period of , for instance , 5 seconds from it being detected entering the acceptor 10 , an acceptor clearing procedure is activated . in this example , the acceptor clearing procedure involves the microcontroller 46 determining that the money item has not been sensed by coil c 2 , in which case the microcontroller 46 produces a jam clearance signal , which activates an acceptor clearance solenoid driver 49 ( see fig6 ). in response to the signal the solenoid driver 49 drives a servomotor 50 ( see fig3 ) to move the arm 38 to pivot the main body 35 of the acceptor 10 about the hinge 37 so as to widen the money item rundown path 40 . this is done to free the jammed money item from the acceptor so that it may fall out of the acceptor 10 and enter the money item return path 14 . referring again to fig2 , if the coin 12 becomes jammed in the acceptor 10 it is released automatically through initiation of the acceptance clearance procedure and is returned to the user via the money item return path 14 . alternatively , if the coin 12 does not jam in the acceptor 10 , it leaves the acceptor 10 via the acceptor outlet 43 and is directed by the accept gate 11 to the accept path 13 or return path 14 , in accordance with whether or not the coin 12 was found to be genuine by the acceptor microcontroller 46 . fig7 is an illustration of the accept gate 11 from the rear as compared with fig2 . the accept gate 11 comprises an accept gate solenoid 51 coupled via an acceptor gate arm 52 to a channelling member 53 including an accept channel 54 and a return channel 55 to be coupled to the accept path 14 and the reject path 13 respectively . the coin 12 passes down the coin rundown path 40 of the acceptor 10 and enters one of the accept channel 54 and return channel 55 . to determine which channel the coin 12 enters , the acceptor gate arm 52 is operable to move the channelling member 53 under the control of the accept gate solenoid 51 back and fourth in the direction of the dotted arrows 56 such as to align the accept channel 54 with the coin rundown path 40 in the case that the coin 12 is found to be genuine , or to align the return channel 55 with the coin rundown path 40 in the case that the coin 12 is found to be counterfeit . fig7 illustrates the acceptor gate arm 52 in its extended position which aligns the coin rundown path 40 with the return channel 55 and the coin 12 is channelled out of the channelling member 53 in the direction of the return path 14 from which it exits the unified money item acceptor and hopper apparatus 1 via the money item return opening 3 and is returned to a user via a return tray ( not shown ). fig8 illustrates the alternative situation in which the acceptor gate arm 52 is retracted and thus the accept channel 54 is aligned with the coin rundown path 40 and hence the coin 12 is channelled out of the channelling member 53 in the direction of the accept path 13 . referring to fig6 , in the situation in which the coin 12 is found to be genuine , the acceptor microcontroller 46 provides an appropriate signal to the accept gate solenoid driver 48 which drives the accept gate solenoid 51 to retract the acceptor gate arm 52 and hence move the channelling member 53 so as to direct the coin 12 via the accept path 13 to the sorter 15 . a first illustration of the first and second sorter gates 16 , 17 of the unified money item acceptor and hopper apparatus 1 is depicted in fig9 and comprises first and second sorter gate solenoids 57 , 58 connected to the first and second sorter gates 16 , 17 via first and second sorter arms 59 ( shown in fig1 ), 60 respectively . the first sorter gate 16 comprises a cashbox channel 61 and a hopper channel 62 . the second sorter gate 17 comprises a first channelling face 63 and a second channelling face 64 . a chuting member 65 comprises four sorter chutes , these being first and second hopper chutes 66 , 67 and first and second cashbox chutes 18 , 19 ( which may alternatively be a single cashbox chute ) into which money items may be directed depending on the position of the first and second sorter gates 16 , 17 . however , the unified money item acceptor and hopper apparatus 1 , having only one hopper arrangement 23 does not in this example make use of the second hopper chute 67 , which is for use in the twin hopper apparatus further illustrated in fig2 to 23 . the second hopper chute 67 may be omitted entirely . referring to fig6 , the apparatus 1 has a microprocessor 68 operable to determine to which sorter chute 66 , 67 , 18 , 19 the coin 12 should be directed . in this example , the microprocessor 68 receives a signal from a sensor 69 in the hopper store 27 providing an indication of the number of money items 12 in the hopper store 27 . the microprocessor 68 is operable to determine from the received signal whether or not the hopper store 27 is full and to provide appropriate signals to the first and second sorter gate solenoid drivers 70 , 71 to drive the first and second sorter gate solenoids 57 , 58 respectively in a manner to be described and to direct the coin 12 accordingly . if the hopper store 27 is full , the coin 12 is directed to the first or second cashbox chutes 18 , 19 . in the case that the hopper store 27 is not full , the coin 12 is directed to the first hopper chute 66 ( as depicted in fig1 ) leading to the hopper arrangement 23 . in an alternative embodiment the hopper arrangement 23 is used to receive , store and return two denominations of coins and the first and second cashbox chutes 18 , 19 are therefore used so that , when the hopper store 27 is full , entered coins may be directed via either of the first 18 and second 19 cashbox chutes to one of first and second cashboxes 24 , 25 respectively according to their denomination , which in this example is determined by the acceptor microcontroller 46 and indicated to the microprocessor 68 . in alternative embodiments both cashbox chutes 18 , 19 may lead to the same cashbox for receiving a single or multiple denominations of coin , or one or other of the first and second cashbox chutes 18 , 19 may be omitted entirely . referring to fig9 , the first sorter gate 16 is operable to move in the direction of the arrow 72 under the control of the first sorter gate solenoid 57 . the cashbox channel 61 is defined by a first shelf 73 protruding from the plane of the first sorter gate 16 on the side of the gate comprising the cashbox channel 61 , along which money items pass edgewise so as to bypass the first and second hopper chutes 66 , 67 . when coins reach the end of the shelf 73 they drop , in this example due to gravity , down one of the first and second cashbox chutes 18 , 19 depending on the position of the second sorter gate 17 . fig9 illustrates the sorter arrangement 15 wherein the first sorter gate solenoid 57 has been activated such that the first sorter arm 59 is retracted in order to cause the cashbox channel 61 of the first sorter gate 16 to be aligned with the accept path 13 from the accept gate 11 . the cashbox channel 61 directs money items to one of the first and second cashbox chutes 18 , 19 according to the position of the second sorter gate 17 . referring to fig1 , the second sorter gate 17 is formed by two substantially rectangular plates 74 , 75 aligned side - by - side , connected to and separated by a dividing plate 76 , the three plates being disposed in a cruciform arrangement . the second sorter gate 17 is pivoted about first and second lugs 77 , 78 , held in receiving sockets ( not shown ) in the apparatus 1 . referring to the expanded illustration of the circumscribed portion in fig1 , the second solenoid arm 60 is hingedly connected to a translational member 79 . the translational member 79 comprises a vertically pivoted shaft 80 , a flag portion 81 and an actuating lever 82 . the flag portion 81 is a rectangular plate connected along a first side to a portion of the length of the shaft 80 . the flag portion 81 extends in a direction perpendicular to the turning axis 83 of the shaft 80 and is hingedly connected at a second side opposite to the first side to the second solenoid arm 60 by a pin 84 . the actuating lever 82 also connects to the shaft 80 and extends in a direction perpendicular to the turning axis 83 of the shaft 80 and opposite to the direction in which the flag portion 81 extends . the actuating lever 82 engages with a hole 85 in the dividing plate 76 . the translational member 79 thus converts the movement of the second sorter arm 60 to a rotational movement about the turning axis 83 of the shaft 80 . this rotational movement is used , via the actuating lever 82 , to move the second sorter gate 17 to one of its two respective positions . the second sorter gate 17 is weighted such that it reverts to a position in which it directs money items to the first hopper chute 66 or first cashbox chute 18 in the case that the second sorter gate solenoid 58 fails . in the example of fig9 , the second sorter gate solenoid 58 is activated so that the second sorter arm 60 is extended in order to cause the first channelling face 63 of the second sorter gate 17 to be aligned with the cashbox channel 61 of the first sorter gate 16 and therefore with the accept path 13 . this causes the inserted coin 12 to be directed to the first cashbox chute 18 . an alternative situation is depicted in fig1 wherein the second sorter gate solenoid 58 is activated such that the second sorter arm 60 is retracted in order to cause the second channelling face 64 of the second sorter gate 17 to be aligned with the cashbox channel 61 of the first sorter gate 16 and therefore with the accept path 13 . this causes the inserted coin 12 to be directed to the second cashbox chute 19 . another alternative situation is depicted in fig1 wherein the first sorter gate solenoid 57 is activated such that the first sorter arm 59 is extended in order to cause the hopper channel 62 of the first sorter gate 16 to be aligned with the accept path 13 from the accept gate 11 . the hopper channel 62 is defined by a second shelf 86 protruding perpendicularly from the plane of the first sorter gate 16 on the side of the gate comprising the hopper channel 62 , to direct money items down to the first or second hopper chutes 66 , 67 according to the position of the second sorter gate 17 . the second shelf 86 in this example also provides means for connecting the first sorter arm 59 to the first sorter gate 16 ( as illustrated in fig2 ). in the example depicted in fig1 , the second sorter gate solenoid 58 is activated such that the second sorter arm 60 is extended in order to cause the first channelling face 63 of the second sorter gate 17 to be aligned with the hopper channel 62 of the first sorter gate 16 and therefore with the accept path 13 . this causes the inserted coin 12 to be directed via the first hopper chute 66 into the hopper arrangement 23 . in the hopper arrangement 23 ( depicted in fig3 ) the coin 12 enters the hopper store 27 and if payout of one or more money items is required , the conveyor 28 is driven in the direction ‘ q ’. the conveyor is driven by the conveyor motor 29 which is driven by a conveyor motor driver 87 controlled by the microprocessor 68 within the unified money item acceptor and hopper apparatus 1 ( see fig6 ). the coin 12 to be paid to a user is held in a receptacle formed by a lip 34 on the surface of the conveyor 28 and is entrained towards the money item outlet 31 on the conveyor 28 and ejected through the outlet 31 . the operation of the conveyor 28 will now be described in more detail with reference to fig1 to 15 . the conveyor 28 is formed by a plurality of hingedly connected segments 88 . referring firstly to fig1 , the segments 88 are connected together by means of pivot pins 89 and each comprises a money item pick - up lip 34 , which is arranged to form a receptacle to receive a money item and thus entrain the money item towards the hopper outlet 31 . each pick - up lip 34 extends obliquely across the width of the segment 88 from one corner thereof to a point approximately midway along the opposite side of the segment 88 . an upstanding projection 90 which acts , in use , as a stirrer in a manner to be described is formed at one end of each lip 34 and a recess 91 is formed in the upper surface of the conveyor segment 88 adjacent the lip 34 , a chamfered edge 92 being formed at the junction between the bottom of the recess 91 and the lip 34 . as can be seen from the drawings , the lips 34 extend parallel to each other . the underside of each conveyor segment 88 is formed with a plurality of downwardly projecting teeth 93 which mesh with a drive wheel driven by the motor . the conveyor segments 88 are connected together by means of the hinge pins 89 to form an endless loop . the pins are fitted in and slide along a track formed in a pair of spaced side plates , the conveyor being driven round said track by the engagement of the gear wheel with the teeth 93 on the outside of the loop conveyor . referring again to fig4 , the mouth of the hopper bottom 32 opens directly onto a money item receiving portion 33 of constant radius at the bottom of the conveyor loop so it can be seen that coins in the hopper store 27 will automatically fall under gravity down the inclined hopper bottom 32 and on to the inside surface of the conveyor 28 . the advantage of this arrangement , i . e . feeding to the inside of a closed loop conveyor 28 , is that all the area along - side the conveyor 28 and more importantly , most of the area inside it , can be utilised to house coins . thus a very large capacity coin store is provided in a very compact space . due to the distance between the conveyor lips 34 being less than the sum of the diameters of two coins and because of the stirrer 90 , even if 2 coins are resting on each other in the lower corner of a conveyor segment 88 as it starts its upward travel , within a very short space of time , the top coin is forced to roll sideways initially and thereafter slides off the lip 34 leaving only one coin thereon as desired . chamfered edge 92 is used to unstick any coins from the conveyor 28 should they have become attached thereto due to them being soaked in beer for instance . as the conveyor 28 starts to rise , a coin will tend to slide down onto the lip 34 and as it does so , it will be pushed outwardly by the chamfered edge 92 . this also serves to push outwardly any other coin resting on top of the coin to be paid out whereby it falls off the lip onto the next available lip beneath it . the action of the stirrers 90 is to prevent groups of random coins in the money item receiving portion 33 from forming into ‘ rolls ’ extending across the width of the conveyor 28 . this ‘ rolling ’ is a very common phenomenon in coin handling and it should be avoided because it means that the coins end up vertically aligned and therefore they tend to roll along the conveyor 28 instead of falling over and dropping into the spaces between the lips 34 . in the illustrated embodiment , all the corner radii of the conveyor track are the same which means that at no point on its path can the conveyor 28 grip and retain a coin between two adjacent lips 34 thereby forming a pinch point . if this were to happen , the conveyor 28 might jam and the motor 29 might burn out . whilst the avoidance of pinch points in the money item receiving portion 33 is of importance , it is also necessary that there is no risk of the conveyor 28 jamming on the uppermost part of its path after the coins have been fed off via exit 31 . if the upper radii were not appropriately dimensioned to avoid jamming , a sticky coin could attach itself to the conveyor 28 and therefore not be able to roll off into the exit 31 . it would then continue round with the conveyor 28 until it reached the first upper band and jamming would occur . with the illustrated arrangement , this is prevented since , as the conveyor goes round the upper bend , its segments articulate , thereby unsticking the coin which is free to drop back into the money item store 27 . the illustrated embodiment can handle tokens as well as single or multiple denomination coins . in other words , it can either pay out coins from the hopper which are all of the same denomination e . g . 10 p or it can handle multiple coins where 1 p , 5 p , 10 p and 50 p pieces are all mixed together in the hopper . with the former single coin handling , a simple hopper output sensor 94 ( see fig3 , 4 and 6 ), e . g . an electrical device such as a photoelectric detector or an inductive proximity device is fitted at the exit 31 and connected to the microprocessor 68 , operable so that when the desired number of coins have been dispensed , the motor 29 is switched off . preferably , the motor 29 is fitted with a brake to prevent inertia induced over - run so that extra coins cannot be paid out after the power supply to the motor 29 has been switched off . if a multi - coin payout is required , then a sophisticated first hopper output sensor 95 is needed operable for instance in conjunction with a solenoid actuated hopper output gate 96 . such an arrangement is illustrated in fig1 . the output sensor 95 in this case could be an array of photo - cells at different heights which identify the denomination and count the coins required for the payout until the last coin is due . if the last coin is of too high a denomination , the hopper output gate 96 will be actuated . the hopper output gate 96 is operable to move in the direction of the arrow 97 , driven by a motor shaft 98 connected to a hopper output gate solenoid ( not shown ) which is controlled by the microprocessor 68 . the microprocessor 68 provides an appropriate signal to a hopper output gate solenoid driver 99 ( see fig6 ) which drives the hopper output gate solenoid to move the hopper output gate 96 to block the outlet 31 . thus if a coin is not to be ejected , the hopper output gate 96 is driven to a position covering the hopper outlet 31 and the coin will be directed back into the hopper store 27 . this will continue until the correct coin , i . e . a coin of an appropriate denomination to complete the payout , arrives when the gate 96 will revert to its alternative position ( as shown in fig1 ) and the correct coin will be paid out and the conveyor motor 29 switched off . upon reaching the outlet 31 , the coin 12 is ejected through the outlet , in this example due to the force of gravity . however , fig1 illustrates a spring - loaded money item ejector 100 operable to provide an additional force to eject money items through the outlet 31 . the ejector 100 is positioned so that it is moved from a money item engaging position against the force of a spring 101 to a discharge position so as to eject the coin 12 through the outlet 31 and thence to the money item engaging position for the next approaching coin to be ejected . the ejector 100 is controlled by the microprocessor 68 such that it is operable to be activated when a money item ejection is required . in addition to the simple first hopper output sensor 94 or sophisticated first hopper output sensor 95 positioned at the hopper outlet 31 , a second hopper output sensor 102 ( illustrated schematically in fig6 ) may also be used , associated with the money item ejector 100 . this could be a device such as a mechanically activated or optical counter to act as a further security measure against the risk of the first sensor 94 or 95 being disabled by a fraudster . referring again to fig2 , the coin 12 , once ejected from a receptacle of the conveyor 28 , emerges through the hopper outlet 31 and joins the return path 14 leading to a money item collection tray ( not shown ) for a user to collect . in certain circumstances it is required to empty the hopper of all of its contents , for instance at the end of the day when staff are collecting takings . in this case , appropriate signals are provided by the microprocessor 68 to the conveyor motor driver 87 to drive the conveyor motor 29 to continually eject money items from the hopper outlet 31 . conventionally in this circumstance money items are ejected in the normal way from the hopper outlet 31 , via the return path 14 , to a money item return tray . however , a feature of the invention is that a purge chute cover 103 ( see fig2 ) may be opened to direct money items from the hopper outlet 31 , via first or second purge chutes 104 , 105 , to third or fourth cashboxes 106 , 107 . the cover 103 is substantially rectangular and pivoted along one side by a first pin 108 connected to and rotatably driven by a purge chute cover solenoid ( not shown ) driven by a purge chute cover solenoid driver 109 ( see fig6 ) controlled by appropriate signals provided by the microprocessor 68 . a purge chute gate 110 is also provided at the entrance to the first and second purge chutes 104 , 105 to direct coins from the outlet 31 to one of the third and fourth cashboxes 106 , 107 via one of first and second purge chutes 104 , 105 respectively . fig1 c is a cross - sectional view of the central portion 7 of the unified money item acceptor and hopper 1 taken from the direction of arrow ‘ e ’ in fig1 a . the purge chute gate 110 is pivoted about a second pin 111 connected via a driving shaft 112 to a purge chute gate solenoid 113 shown in fig2 , which controls the position of the gate 110 . the purge chute gate 110 is operable to rotate reciprocally as illustrated by the arrow in fig1 c to direct coins 12 to either the first 104 or second 105 purge chutes . the purge chute gate solenoid 113 is driven by a purge chute gate solenoid driver 114 controlled by the microprocessor 68 illustrated in fig6 . referring to fig1 a to 18 c , these illustrate the central portion 7 of the unified money item acceptor and hopper 1 , highlighting the first and second cashbox chutes 18 , 19 and the first and second purge chutes 104 , 105 . also illustrated are first , second , third and fourth cashboxes 24 , 25 , 106 , 107 for collecting money items from the first and second cashbox chutes 24 , 25 and the first and second purge chutes 104 , 105 respectively . fig1 b illustrates a cross - sectional view of the central portion 7 illustrated in fig1 a taken from the direction of arrow ‘ d ’ in fig1 a . fig1 c illustrates a cross - sectional view of the central portion 7 illustrated in fig1 a and 18 b taken from the direction of arrow ‘ e ’ in fig1 a . the cashboxes 24 , 25 , 106 , 107 may be completely independent boxes , may be housed within the same box with any number of first , second or third dividing portions 115 , 116 , 117 , or may be unified to form a single cashbox by the removal of the dividing portions 115 , 116 and 117 . the lower region of fig6 outside the dotted box 44 illustrates circuitry within a unified money item acceptor and hopper apparatus 1 other than that within the acceptor 10 . in addition to the components previously described this also comprises a memory device 118 associated with the microprocessor 68 , a power supply unit 119 and external connection means 120 . the microprocessor 68 may perform the functions that would otherwise be performed by the acceptor microcontroller 46 . in this case , the acceptor 10 would not comprise a microcontroller 46 itself and instead one single processor circumscribed by the dashed box 121 would be used in the apparatus 1 . furthermore , the memory 118 associated with the microprocessor 68 may store data that would otherwise be held in the acceptor memory 47 . the acceptor 10 would not then comprise an individual memory device 47 , but one single memory as circumscribed within the dashed box 122 would be used in the apparatus 1 . fig1 illustrates a unified rotary acceptor and hopper apparatus 123 according to the invention . this comprises an acceptor 124 , an accept gate 125 and a hopper arrangement 126 . a money item 127 enters the acceptor 124 via an input opening 128 . the acceptor 124 of the unified rotary acceptor and hopper apparatus 123 operates in a similar manner to the acceptor 10 of the unified money item acceptor and hopper apparatus 1 previously described . the acceptor 124 illustrated comprises a microcontroller operable to determine the authenticity of an inserted money item and to provide a corresponding signal to cause the accept gate 125 to channel the money item to an accept path 129 or a return path 130 . if the money item 127 is found to be unacceptable by the acceptor 124 , the money item 127 is directed via the return path 130 to a return tray ( not shown ) for a user to collect . alternatively , if found acceptable , the money item 127 is directed to the hopper arrangement 126 . the hopper arrangement 126 comprises a body member 131 , a hopper store 132 and a disc - like rotary member 133 mounted on the body member 131 . the rotary member 133 is rotated in the direction of arrows ‘ r ’ by an electric motor ( not shown ) mounted within the body member 131 , through a reduction gear train ( not shown ). in use , the hopper store 132 acts as a money item source and feeds money items into receptacles 134 formed by lips 135 on the surface of the rotary member 133 . a coin outlet 136 is provided in the side wall 137 adjacent to a money item ejector device 138 . a money item 127 fed into the hopper store 132 from the accept gate 125 is thus fed into a receptacle 134 and , as the rotary member 133 is rotated by the electric motor , it is transported in an annular path until it reaches a position in which it abuts the ejector device 138 . the ejector device 138 forces the money item 127 through the outlet 136 and the money item 127 is thus directed to a return tray for a user to collect . counting means ( not shown ) may be incorporated within the device 123 to count money items as they are ejected . a sorter arrangement similar to that depicted in fig9 , 10 and 11 incorporated in the unified money item acceptor and hopper apparatus 1 , may be incorporated in the apparatus 123 . this would be operable to selectably direct money items to one or more cashboxes via cashbox chutes similar to those described , according , for instance , to the money item denomination or the fill level of the hopper store 132 . the apparatus 123 can further comprise the money item purge gate and associated mechanisms and circuitry as described for the unified money item acceptor and hopper apparatus 1 . fig2 is a first external view of a unified acceptor and twin hopper apparatus 139 according to the invention , the apparatus comprising an acceptor unit and first and second hoppers . the unified acceptor and twin hopper apparatus 139 comprises a first central portion 140 and a second central portion 141 . in a similar manner to the unified money item acceptor and hopper apparatus 1 , first and second covers 142 , 143 are also provided . the first central portion 140 of the unified acceptor and twin - hopper apparatus 139 also comprises a money item entry opening 144 and a money item return opening 145 . further openings 146 , 147 for money items to exit to one or more cashboxes are also provided in the first central portion as illustrated in fig2 . furthermore , an opening 148 for external connections is provided as well as a printed circuit board cover 149 . the unified acceptor and twin hopper apparatus 139 is the same as the unified money item acceptor and hopper apparatus 1 shown in fig1 to 4 , but with the addition of the second central portion 141 , which contains the second hopper arrangement . referring to fig2 , this therefore illustrates a side view of the first central portion 140 of the unified acceptor and twin hopper apparatus 139 , the view taken from the direction of the arrow labelled ‘ f ’ in fig2 . the second hopper chute 67 leading to the second hopper , unused in the apparatus 1 , is used in the unified acceptor and twin hopper apparatus 139 to channel money items to the second hopper located in the second central portion 141 as described in more detail below . the operation of the unified acceptor and twin hopper apparatus 139 , following the insertion into the apparatus 139 of a coin 12 , will now be described in detail with reference to the figures . referring to fig2 , a coin 12 entering the unified acceptor and twin hopper apparatus 139 will enter the acceptor 10 and be analysed in a similar manner to that previously described with reference to the single hopper apparatus 1 . if the coin 12 becomes jammed in the acceptor 10 it is released automatically through initiation of an acceptance clearance procedure as previously described and is returned to the user via the money item return path 14 . alternatively , if the coin 12 does not jam in the acceptor 10 , it leaves the acceptor 10 via the acceptor outlet 43 and is directed by an accept gate 11 to an accept path 13 or return path 14 , in accordance with whether or not the coin was found to be genuine by the acceptor microcontroller 46 . in accordance with one embodiment of the invention the accept gate 11 of the unified acceptor and twin hopper apparatus 139 operates in the same manner as the accept gate 11 of the unified money item acceptor and hopper apparatus 1 illustrated in fig7 and 8 . the coin 12 is therefore directed to the exit opening 145 via the return path 14 or to the sorter 15 via the accept path 13 . an illustration of the sorter arrangement 15 of the unified acceptor and twin hopper 139 is depicted in fig2 and is the same as the sorter arrangement 15 described for the unified money item acceptor and hopper apparatus 1 with reference to fig9 to 11 . reference numerals depicted in fig2 follow the same numbering as used in fig9 to 11 . fig2 illustrates the sorter arrangement wherein the first sorter gate solenoid 57 is activated such that the first sorter arm 59 is extended in order to cause the hopper channel 62 of the first sorter gate 16 to be aligned with the accept path 13 from the accept gate 11 . the hopper channel 62 directs money items to one of the first and second hopper chutes 66 , 67 according to the position of the second sorter gate 17 . in this example the first hopper is used to receive , store and return a first denomination of coins and the second hopper is used to receive , store and return a second denomination of coins . in the example illustrated in fig2 , the second sorter gate solenoid 58 is activated such that the second sorter arm 60 is retracted in order to cause the second channelling face 64 of the second sorter gate 17 to be aligned with the hopper channel 62 of the first sorter gate 16 and therefore with the accept path 13 . this causes the inserted coin 12 to be directed to the second hopper chute 67 and into the second hopper . first and second cashbox chutes 18 , 19 may be used in the unified acceptor and twin hopper apparatus 139 so that , when either or both of the hoppers are full , entered coins may be directed to one of first and second cashboxes 24 , 25 ( see fig1 b ) according to their denomination . alternatively , both of the first and second cashbox chutes 18 , 19 may be used for the same denomination of coins or may lead to the same cashbox for receiving a single or multiple denominations of coin , or one or other of the first and second cashbox chutes 18 , 19 may be omitted entirely . the sorter arrangement is operable to direct an inserted coin to the first or to the second hopper arrangements as well as to one or more cashboxes . the first hopper within the twin hopper apparatus 139 is located in the first central portion 140 and according to one aspect of the invention is identical to the hopper of the unified acceptor and hopper 1 , which is illustrated in fig3 and 4 . fig3 accordingly illustrates a cross - sectional view of the first central portion 140 of a twin hopper apparatus according to the invention , the view taken from the direction of arrow ‘ g ’ in fig2 . fig3 is a side elevation of the mechanism of fig4 taken along the line i - i thereof . the first hopper works in a similar manner to that previously described with reference to the unified acceptor and hopper apparatus 1 . a sprung ejector 100 such as that illustrated in fig1 may be used to increase the payout speed of the first hopper . also , the sophisticated hopper output sensor 95 and hopper outlet gate 96 as illustrated in fig1 may be incorporated in the first hopper , for instance where the hopper is to be used for multi - denominations of coins . the second hopper of the twin hopper apparatus is located in the second central portion 141 . a cross sectional view of this portion 141 of the apparatus 139 is illustrated in fig2 . this , in a similar manner to the first hopper , comprises a hopper arrangement 150 including a hopper inlet 151 , a hopper store 152 , a conveyor 153 , a conveyor motor 154 having conveyor gearing means 155 and a money item outlet 156 . coins entering the second hopper do so via the money item inlet 151 , which is the end of the second hopper chute 67 as depicted in fig2 . inserted coins then drop into the second hopper store 152 . the store 152 has a base 157 that is downwardly inclined such that coins tend to move due to gravity towards the inner side 158 of the conveyor 153 . the conveyor 153 is selectably driven in the direction ‘ s ’ by the conveyor motor 154 to eject money items through the outlet 156 . a sprung ejector 100 such as that illustrated in fig1 may be used to enable the payout speed of the second hopper to be increased . also , the sophisticated hopper output sensor 95 and hopper outlet gate 96 as illustrated in fig1 may be incorporated in the second hopper , for instance where the second hopper arrangement 150 is to be used for multi - denominations of coins . from the hopper outlet 156 the coin 12 is ejected via the return path 14 to a tray for a user to collect . the unified acceptor and twin hopper apparatus 139 may further comprise the money item purge gate and associated mechanisms and circuitry as described for the unified money item acceptor and hopper apparatus 1 . fig1 a to 18 c , due to the similarities between the unified acceptor and hopper apparatus 1 and unified acceptor and twin hopper apparatus , illustrate equally the first central portion 140 of the unified acceptor and twin hopper apparatus 139 . fig1 c illustrates a cross - sectional view of the central portion 140 illustrated in fig1 a and 18 b taken from the direction of arrow ‘ e ’ in fig1 a . fig1 c illustrates the first and second purge chutes 104 , 105 leading to the third and fourth cashboxes 106 , 107 respectively . the second purge chute 105 was unused in the unified acceptor and hopper apparatus 1 , however , in the unified acceptor and twin hopper apparatus 139 the second purge chute 105 is used to direct money items from the second hopper to the fourth cashbox 107 . in this manner the first and second hoppers , if used for separate money item denominations or currencies , may have their contents emptied at the end of the day via the first and second purge chutes 104 , 105 respectively . alternatively , a single purge chute may be used to direct money items purged from both the first and second hopper arrangements to a single cashbox . in an alternative embodiment the acceptor 10 and accept gate 11 may be omitted from the unified acceptor and twin hopper apparatus 139 , which is otherwise as described , making the apparatus simply a twin hopper apparatus . referring to fig2 and using the reference numerals depicted there , the acceptor 10 and accept gate 11 may be replaced by a money item chute ( not shown ) extending from the money item input opening 2 to the money item sorter 15 and the electrical circuitry of the device would be adjusted accordingly . this may involve the addition of money item denomination sensing means located , for instance , in the money item chute , to determine the denomination of inputted money items and provide this information to the processor 68 . the vending or other machine in which the twin hopper apparatus is installed may also have installed within it an individual acceptor to accept money items inserted into the machine and to feed money items into the twin hopper apparatus entry opening 144 . the twin hopper apparatus may in this case receive signals from the individual acceptor indicating the denomination of an inputted money item . fig2 illustrates an embodiment in accordance with the invention of a loop conveyor 160 for a hopper according to the invention . the loop conveyor 160 illustrated is formed in a single moulding from plastic and comprises a plurality of rigid rectangular portions 161 interconnected by a plurality of flexible regions 162 formed by regions of plastic that are thinner than that of the rigid portions 161 . each rigid portion 161 comprises on its inner surface a raised portion forming a lip 163 that extends across the width of each rigid portion 161 . at one side of each lip is an upstanding projection 164 that acts as a stirrer as previously described when the loop conveyor 160 is in use . each rigid portion 161 further comprises first and second lugs 165 , 166 extending from the first and second longer edges 167 , 168 of the rigid portion 161 respectively . these lugs 165 , 166 , when in use , slide in a track ( not shown ) within a hopper . the track guides the loop conveyor 160 in an annular path . the rectangular rigid portions 161 also comprise a plurality of teeth 169 on their outer surfaces , which in use mesh with a drive wheel driven by a conveyor motor . the entire loop conveyor 161 may be formed in a single moulding or alternatively a single moulding could be used to form the basic frame of the loop conveyor 160 with features such as the lips 163 , runners 165 , 166 and teeth 169 being subsequently welded onto the basic frame of the loop conveyor 160 using a conventional technique . fig2 illustrates a hopper filling device 170 according to the invention . this comprises a body member 171 , a hopper store 172 and a disc - like rotary member 173 mounted on the body member 171 . the rotary member 173 is rotated in the direction of arrow ‘ t ’ by an electric motor ( not shown ) mounted within the body member 171 , through a reduction gear train ( not shown ). the filling device 170 generally operates in a similar fashion to a money item dispensing apparatus manufactured by money controls limited referred to as the compact hopper . reference is also directed to ep - a - 0266021 in relation to the operation of such devices . in use , coins are fed into the hopper 172 so that the hopper acts as a coin source and feeds coins into circular apertures 174 in the rotary member 173 . the coins slide on an inclined side wall 175 of the body member 171 which has an annular upper surface bounded by a circular side wall 176 around the circular edge of the rotary member 173 . a coin outlet 177 is provided in the side wall 176 , leading via a short coin chute to a coin exit opening 178 . a coin ejector device 179 in the form of a pivoted fork member has first and second coin engaging members protruding through openings in the inclined wall 175 of the body member 171 . the filling device 170 is located in a position associated with a coin dispensing device 180 to be filled such that a continuous money item path is created between the coin exit opening 178 and a coin input 181 of the dispensing device 180 . locating members 182 can be provided to aid the positioning of the filling device 170 . these can be located on a surface of the dispensing apparatus as illustrated or alternatively may be located on the filling device 170 . a money item fed into the hopper 172 is thus fed into a circular aperture 175 and , as the rotary member 173 is rotated by the electric motor , it is transported in an annular path until it reaches a position in which it abuts the ejector device 179 . the ejector device 179 ejects the money item through the outlet 177 and the money item is thus directed to the coin exit opening 178 . from this opening 178 , by virtue of the continuous money item path between the coin exit opening 178 and a coin input 181 of the dispensing apparatus 180 , the coin is directed into the dispensing apparatus 180 . counting means ( not shown ) may be incorporated within the filling device 170 to count money items as they are ejected . the number of money items ejected may be displayed on an lcd or other form of display ( not shown ) on the filling device 170 . the filling device may also comprise connecting means 183 that locate with connecting means associated with the dispensing apparatus 180 . in this way , one or more electrical connections 184 are made between the filling device 170 and the money item dispensing apparatus 180 . the filling device 170 may accordingly receive power and command signals from the money item dispensing apparatus . the filling device 170 may provide one or more signals to the dispensing apparatus 180 indicating , for instance , the number of coins that have been ejected from the filling device 170 . in the example illustrated , the fling device 170 is provided with a switch 185 for initiating and terminating operation of the device 170 . as used herein the term “ money item ” includes coins , tokens and other similar items having an attributable monetary value . the acceptors described herein do not necessarily have sensors formed by inductor coils . other sensing means such as optical sensors may alternatively be used in the acceptor . in this circumstance the acceptor circuitry would be adjusted accordingly , this , for instance , involving alterations to the coil drive and interface circuitry 45 and the operation of the acceptor microcontroller 46 .