text: the present invention is directed toward liquid crystal device consisting of ferro - particles suspended in a liquid crystal ( lc ) material . the liquid crystal device can be used for information displays , electro - optical devices , telecommunication systems and optical processing . to stabilize the suspension , a polymer network may be included in the suspension . the ferroelectric lc suspensions possess advanced electro - optic characteristics in comparison to traditional materials and devices . in this specification and the appended claims , the singular forms “ a ,” “ an ,” and “ the ” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise . unless defined otherwise , all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains . in the present invention , ultra - fine ferroelectric particles are added to a lc material to improve and control the electro - optical characteristics . optimally , the ferroelectric particles are smaller than the limits of unaided human vision , thereby providing increased speed and sensitivity to an electric field without harming the appearance of a lcd . the particle should also be small enough to incorporate into the lc matrix without disturbing the orientation of the lc . typically , the particles are , on average , smaller than 1 μm in any dimension , preferably 0 . 5 μm or less . in one particular example , the particles have an average diameter of about 200 nm or less . in another example , the particles have an average diameter of about 20 nm or less . in still another example , the particles have an average diameter of about 10 nm . ferroelectric particles possess an extra high dielectric anisotropy , δ ∈ ferro , and have a spontaneous polarization , p , at temperatures less than the curie temperature ( t curie ), the temperature at which the spontaneous polarization of ferroelectric material disappears . the curie temperature will vary with the ferroelectric material . for example , t curie for batio 3 is about 108 ° c ., while for sn 2 p 2 s 6 , t curie ≈ 66 ° c . owing to their anisotropic properties , ferro - particles are orientationally ordered in the anisotropic lc matrix . although not wishing to condition patentability on any particular theory , it is believed that interaction between the particles &# 39 ; surface and the director of the lc causes a collective response of the suspension to an applied electric field . the effective value of the dielectric anisotropy of the suspension can be roughly estimated as δ ∈ eff susp ≈ δ ∈+ c · δ ∈ ferro , where c is the volume ratio of ferro - particles to lc matrix . since the value δ ∈ ferro can be of the order of 10 3 - 10 4 and the value δ ∈ is of the order of 10 , one can produce δ ∈ eff susp of a value up to about 100 for c = 10 − 1 - 10 − 2 . the added particles therefore decrease the operating voltage of lc devices and increase the switching speed of the lc suspension . application of an electric field may align the suspension of ferro - particles in the nematic lc due to dipole ordering of the ferro - particles . in this case , in addition to the dielectric quadratic response proportional to δ ∈ susp e 2 , a linear electric response proportional to p · e appears . it results in a faster response and lower driving voltage of the suspension . the basic procedure of producing a suspension of ferroelectric particles in a lc may include the following steps : 1 . milling of the ferroelectric material . grains of ferroelectric powder are mixed with a slow evaporating liquid carrier ( e . g . heptane , kerosene etc ) and a surfactant agent . the mixture is milled until an ultra - fine size of the particles covered with the surfactant molecules is obtained . 2 . fractionalation of the suspension in a liquid carrier . after milling the mixtures largest particles were removed by sedimentation . the homogeneous fraction of the resulting suspension is segregated in a column where particles of different size are separated by gravity forces . 3 . producing of the suspension in a liquid crystal . the suspension in a liquid carrier is mixed with a liquid crystal ( it could be any kind of thermotropic lc which is miscible with the carrier ) followed by evaporating of the carrier . 4 . additional stabilization of the suspension . including a polymer network may additionally stabilize the resulting suspension . for example , a photopolymerizable material is added to the suspension and an lc cell filled with the suspension is irradiated with uv light . in another example , a polymerizable material is added to the suspension and phase separation of the polymerizable material is induced , such as by cooling , with subsequent or concurrent polymerization of the polymerizable material . the procedure can be varied in details . for example , the grain of ferro - particles can be mixed with a surfactant without liquid carrier , and a lc matrix itself can serve as a liquid carrier . any type of lc material may be used in the suspension of this invention . although examples are presented using nematic liquid crystal material , the invention is not limited thereto . accordingly , the lc may be selected from other types of liquid crystal material including nematic , chiral nematic , and smectic liquid crystal materials , among others . as mentioned above , ferroelectric particles are particles which have a spontaneous electric polarization that is reversible by an electric field . any particle that has this property may be utilized in the present invention . suitable ferroelectric particles include particles of linbo 3 , pbtio 3 , batio 3 , and sn 2 p 2 s 6 . other particles may also be used provided that they exhibit a spontaneous electric polarization . the ferroelectric particles may be present in the suspension in an amount which permits the ferroelectric particles to be suspended without significant aggregation of the particles . this will , at least in part , depend on the surfactant or other material used to prevent aggregation . in one example , the ferroelectric particles are suspended in the liquid crystal material at a percentage of about 4 percent by weight or less compared to the liquid crystal material . in another example , the ferroelectric particles are suspended in the liquid crystal material at a percentage of about 1 percent by weight or less compared to the liquid crystal material . in still another example , the ferroelectric particles are suspended in the liquid crystal material at a percentage of about 0 . 5 percent by weight or less compared to the liquid crystal material . the suspension of ferroelectric particles in a liquid crystal material may additionally comprise a polymerizable material . the polymerizable material may be polymerized within the cell . when a polymerizable material is present , the method of the present invention additionally comprises the step of inducing polymerization of the polymerizable material . the method may additionally comprise the step of inducing phase separation of the polymer and liquid crystal material , for example , by cooling the mixture . in creating a liquid crystal cell according to the present invention , the ferroelectric particle / lc suspension may be disposed between a pair of facing substrates , at least one of which is transparent . the cell may also contain an electrode disposed on the facing surface of each of the substrates to produce an electric field within the cell . the electrodes also may be transparent , such as those made of indium or indium tin oxide ( ito ). the electrodes can be continuous on the surface of the substrate , or they may be interdigitated . the substrates may additionally comprise an alignment layer on the facing surface of the substrate . to demonstrate the effectiveness of the present invention , several ferroelectric particle suspensions in liquid crystal material were made as follows . the following examples should not be viewed as limiting the scope of the invention . the claims will serve to define the inventions . ferroelectric powder ctbs - 3 from physics - chemystry institute of donetsc ( national academy of sciences of ukraine ), having a characteristic grain size of 1 μm , and ∈≈ 2300 , was mixed with a solution of oleic acid as surfactant ( aldrich ) in heptane in a weight ratio of 1 : 2 : 10 . the mixture was dispersed in an ultrasonic dispergator ( uzdh - 2t ) at a frequency ( ν ) of 22 kh , and power ( p ) of 400 w for 2 minutes , followed by milling in a vibration mill ( fritsch pulaerisette ) for 100 hours . the resulting suspension was poured into a glass column and allowed to segregate for 1 day by size . the faction of the suspension containing particles less than about 0 . 5 μm was removed and mixed with the lc , 4 - 4 ′- pentylcyanobiphenyl ( available as k15 from em industries ), at a weight proportion of 1 : 100 . this mixture was dispersed in an ultrasonic dispergator for 5 minutes followed by evaporation of the heptane with a forevacuum pump . the resulting suspension contained about 0 . 5 weight percent ferro - particles in the lc matrix . the resulting suspension was tested in a lc twist cell . the lc twist cell consisted of two glass substrates and the suspension disposed between the substrates . the facing surfaces of the substrates were covered with an indium tin oxide ( ito ) transparent electrode . the electrodes were covered with rubbed alignment layers consisting of nissan 7792 polyimide from nissan . a droplet of the suspension was put on one of the substrates and the second substrate was placed onto the first substrate . the substrates were separated by rigid 20 μm spacers and were oriented such that the rubbing directions of the polyimide layers were perpendicular to each other . the twist cell then was sealed with epoxy glue . the electro - optic characteristics of the twist cell were measured by a standard methods in the art ( see , for example , blinov and chigrinov , electrooptic effects in liquid crystal materials , springer - verlag , ny , 1994 ). these methods are integrated in electro - optic measurements ( eom ) software package developed in dr . phil bos &# 39 ; research group at the liquid crystal institute , kent state university . the cell was put between crossed polarizers , and the directions of rubbing of the aligning layers were either parallel or perpendicular to the polarizer axes ( normally black mode ). an electric field ( frequency , ν = 1 kh ) was applied to the ito - electrodes of the cell and the dependence of the transparency of the system , t , on the applied voltage , v , was measured . in addition , the change of the transmission after abrupt switching on and switching off of an electric field was measured . the results obtained for the ferroelectric particle / lc suspension and an identical cell filled with pure lc are presented in fig1 - 3 . fig1 - 3 show that doping the lc with ferro - particles lowers the driving voltage and reduces the response time of the lc cell . fig1 shows that the threshold of the friedericksz transition , v f , defined as the voltage required to achieve 10 % of the maximum transmittance ( t max ) from a dark state decreases from 2 . 9 v to 2 . 2 v . as shown in fig2 , the decay time , defined as the time necessary to relax from t max to 10 % of t max , decreased from 140 ms to 40 ms . fig3 shows that the rise time , that is , the time necessary to achieve 90 % of t max from a dark state , decreased from 9 . 5 ms to 5 . 5 ms . ferroelectric powder sn 2 p 2 s 6 ( characteristic grain size 1 μm , ∈≈ 400 was mixed with oleic acid surfactant ( aldrich ) in a weight ratio of 1 : 2 . the mixture was dispersed in an ultrasonic dispergator ( uzdh - 2t ) ( ν = 22 kh , p = 400 w ) for 2 minutes followed by milling in a vibration mill ( fritsch pulaerisette ) for 118 hours . the resulting powder of ferroelectric particles treated with oleic acid was mixed with the lc material zli 4801 - 000 , available from merck , in a weight proportion of 1 : 100 . this mixture was dispersed in the ultrasonic dispergator ( frequency ν = 22 kh , power p = 400 w ) for 5 minutes . the resulting suspension contained about 1 % weight percent of ferro - particles in lc matrix . the suspension was tested in a lc twist cell produced as described above . the dependence of the transparency of the system , t , on the applied voltage , v , is presented in fig4 . the characteristics obtained for the same cell filled with pure zli 4801 are also presented in the fig4 . as in the case of lc k15 , the doping of the lc with ferro - particles lowers the driving voltage and reduces the response time of the lc cell . the threshold of the freederiks transition , v f , decreases from 2 . 6 v to 2 v . in another example , we obtained small (˜ 10 nm ) ferro - electric sn 2 p 2 s 6 particles by milling larger particles ( about 1 mm size ). the larger ferro - electric particles were mixed with a solution of oleic acid ( surfactant ) in heptane in a weight ratio of 1 : 2 : 10 respectively , ultrasonically dispersed and ground in a vibration mill for 120 hours . the resulting ferro - electric particle suspension was mixed with the lc . the heptane was then evaporated and the mixture was ultrasonically dispersed for 5 min . the relative concentrations of components were adjusted to give a final suspension with about 0 . 3 % by volume of ferro - particles . planar cells were filled with the lc suspension or pure lc at a temperature ( t ) greater than the clearing temperature ( t c ). the clearing temperature is the temperature at or above which the liquid crystal material enters an isotropic liquid state and becomes transparent . the cells consisted of two ito coated glass substrates with a rubbed polyimide layer assembled for parallel alignment . calibrated , rod - like 5 μm polymer spacers controlled cell spacing . cells with the ferroelectric particle / lc suspension had identical alignment qualities as cells with pure lc . within experimental error , the measured value of the pretilt angle was the same for both cells ( 3 . 5 ± 0 . 5 ° c .). also , the clearing temperature points , t c , of the suspensions and the lcs were essentially the same , with the t c , for the pure lc ( t c , lc ) being 92 . 3 ° c ., while the t c , for the ferroelectric particle / lc suspension ( t c , susp ) being 92 . 6 ° c . the increase in the dielectric anisotropy of the suspension was verified by comparing the electro - optical response of the planar cell filled with the pure lc zli - 4801 and a ferroelectric particle suspension with the same lc . the dependence of the effective dielectric constant ∈ eff of the lc on the applied field is shown in fig5 a and 5b . fig5 a is a graph showing ∈ eff of a ferroelectric particle lc suspension and pure lc over an applied field range of up to about 3 v / μm . fig5 b shows ∈ eff up to about 0 . 5 v / μm . fig5 a and 5b show that the threshold voltage of the freedericksz transition for the suspension ( v th susp ) is about 0 . 91v , which is about half that for the pure lc ( v th lc ), 1 . 87v . sn 2 p 2 s 6 has a low curie temperature , t curie ≈ 66 ° c ., which is below the clearing temperature , t c , of many nematic liquid crystal mixtures . for example , the nematic lc mixture zli - 4801 ( merck ) has a t c = 93 ° c . the influence of the ferroelectric particles on the lc material is clearly revealed by the change in the electro - optic response with temperature . the pure lc threshold voltage gradually decreases with temperature because of the weak temperature dependence of k /∈ lc ·( t ). the threshold voltage for the suspension also decreases with temperature because of the weak temperature dependence of k /∈ lc ·( t ). however , the unique dielectric properties of the ferro - electric / lc suspensions become apparent at the curie temperature of the sn 2 p 2 s 6 , where the threshold voltage for the suspension changes abruptly , as shown in fig6 . this is believed to be the result of the critical behavior of the dielectric anisotropy at this temperature . an experimental value of the curie temperature determined from fig6 was about 66 ° c ., which is exactly the same as that determined for the bulk sn 2 p 2 s 6 crystals . while not wishing to condition patentability on any particular theory of operation of the present invention , one theory of operation is shown in fig7 a and 7b . the permanent dipoles in the lc / particle suspension are believed to be randomly aligned in a head to tail fashion ( fig7 a ). therefore , in order to realize the ferro - electric properties of the particles , we applied a large dc - electric field , sufficient to break the symmetry and align the particle dipoles along the field ( fig7 b ). a low frequency ac - field applied perpendicular to the dc field rotates the particles right or left depending on the sign of the applied field . the resulting linear component of the electro - optic response of the suspension will be proportional to both the polarizing , dc -, and the deflecting ac - fields . to demonstrate the unusual linear response of a nematic lc to an electric vector we studied the electro - optic response of a liquid - crystal cell composed of one substrate with a continuous ito conducting surface and one with interdigitated ito electrodes with a 1 millimeter ( mm ) distance between lines allowing application of an in - plane field . both substrates were identically treated for homeotropic alignment of 4 - 4 ′- pentylcyanobiphenyl ( 5cb ). an ac - field e ac ( 0 - 100v over a distance of 1 mm , 1 khz ) was applied in the plane of the cell and the dc - field e dc ( 0 - 30v over a distance of 10 μm ) was applied perpendicular to the plane of the cell ( along the director of the suspension ). the voltage of the ac - field was below the voltage of the freedericksz transition . a schematic representation of such a cell is shown in fig8 a . the ac - field is applied in the plane of the cell and the dc - field is applied perpendicular to the plane of the cell ( along the director of the suspension ). light from a he — ne laser was passed through a polarizer , the cell , a crossed analyzer and then into a photodiode detector . the beam was narrow enough to pass through the 1 mm inter - electrode gap in the cell . the cell was tilted at 45 ° with respect to the beam and the interdigitated electrodes are aligned 45 ° to the beam polarization direction . the detector output , proportional to the total light intensity ( i ), was fed into a lock - in amplifier referenced to the ac driving voltage u ac ( w ). the key to this experiment is the 45 ° angle of the cell relative to the beam , producing a different optical retardation for right or left rotation of the suspension resulting from opposite signs of the ac field . the dependence of the linear component of the electro - optic response of the suspension and the pure lc as a function of the applied ac - voltage ( n = 200 hz ) for different values of the polarizing dc - field is shown in fig8 b . the pure lc responds only to the magnitude and not the sign of the field for the whole dc field range and therefore shows no response in this arrangement . there was also no linear response of the suspension when no dc - field was applied . application of the dc - field resulted in appearance of the sign - sensitive component of the electro - optical response , which increased proportionally to both the magnitude of the dc - and the ac - field . switching off of the dc - field resulted in the fast disappearance of the linear response , and is believed to be caused by the disordering of the ferro - electric particles by thermal fluctuation . in this way , the present invention provides a liquid crystal suspension that responds not only to the direction of the field but to the sign of the field as well . it is envisioned that the present invention will be useful in bistable displays , wherein the display state of a cell may be switched rapidly from one state to another by changing the polarity of the applied field . the examples given above are intended to be illustrative only and the present invention was not limited to the conditions and materials noted therein . various modifications can be achieved within the technical scope of the present invention . for example , the ferroelectric lc suspensions are not limited to a nematic matrix . cholesteric lc &# 39 ; s and any kind of smectic lc can be a base of ferroelectric / lc suspensions . also , ferroelectric / lc suspensions can be used as a lc material in polymer dispersed liquid crystal devices .