text: an allelic ladder mixture illustrative of the present invention is provided for loci humtho1 , d21s11 , d8s1179 , humvwfa31 / a , humfibra / fga and amelogenin sex test . the loci nomenclature is standard , corresponding to that used in the genebank database . the ladder mixture includes a significant number of alleles for each locus so as to provide a base line for comparison across a wide range . the loci , allelic designation and base pair sizes for the mixture are shown in fig1 a and 1 b . the nomenclature for the loci is discussed in gill et al . 1996 int . journal leg . med . 109 14 - 22 . the allelic ladder mixture was presented in parr buffer ( containing tris and 1 . 5 mm mg ions at ph8 . 0 ) obtained from cambio , primers obtained from oswell and taq polymerase from perkin elmer . electrophoretograms for the allelic ladders are shown in fig2 a to 2 g with the allelic number designations shown . fig3 a to 3 f show the sequences for the alleles identified in fig2 a to 2 g . the allelic ladder mixture discussed above was produced according to the following techniques . buccal swabs and / or bloodstains were used as the sample sources . the genomic dna was extracted using the chelex procedure described by walsh et al . 1991 bio . techniques 1 91 - 98 . the recovered dna was quantified by dot hybridisation using a higher primate specific probe , as disclosed in walsh et al . 1992 nucleic acids res . 20 5061 - 5065 . each sample was then amplified according to the conditions set out below in table 1 with unlabelled oligonucleotide primers , the sequences for which are disclosed in urquhart et al . 1995 bio techniques 18 116 - 121 and oldroyd et al . 1995 electrophoresis 16 334 - 337 . individual alleles were then isolated and sequence analysis was carried out according to the methods of barber et al . 1996 int . journal leg . med . 108 180 - 185 and barber and parkin 1996 int . journal leg . med . 109 62 - 65 . both dna strands of each allele reported were sequenced and the sequences provided in fig3 a to 3 g are the consensus results for this . the illustrations of the alleles provided in fig3 a to 3 g follow the nomenclature recommended by the dna commission of the international society of forensic haemogenetics 1994 int . journal leg . med . 107 159 - 160 where the complete number of tandem repeats observed are designated by the digit . the longhand version of these sequences is provided at the end of the specific description . to prepare the ladder cocktail amplification of the alleles is necessary . this process was performed by amplifying the purified single alleles described above using a labelled primer in each case . for the locus humfibra / fga the ladder was produced from two separate mixes , discussed in more detail below . the primers used are disclosed in urquhart et al . 1995 bio techniques 18 116 - 121 and oldroyd et al . 1995 electrophoresis 16 334 - 337 and were employed according to the conditions set out above in table 1 . the singleplexs produced in this way were analysed on an applied biosystems 377 automated sequencer to confirm the sequences . the sequences obtained from the profiling system are one base longer than those determined form the dna sequencing technique initially discussed above . this is due to the ability of dna polymerase from thermus aquaticus to catalyse a non - template mediated addition of a deoxyribonucleotide to the 3 ′ hydroxyl of pcr products . this is generally known as the “ n + 1 ” product and can be generated in preference to the “ n ” product . the results reported here , however , refer to the “ n ” product rather than the “ n + 1 ” product for which the labelled primer pcr conditions have been optimised to produce . the products of the amplification process for each locus were then diluted , mixed with one another and reanalysed to produce a single ladder for each loci having even peak heights . an initial level of 1000 arbitary units , au , was increased to 1000 - 5000 au to give greater signal strength and volume for the ladder . the single ladders produced in this way were then mixed together to give the cocktail discussed above . the proportions of each ladder used are controlled to give balanced peak areas . the cocktail was then validated using applied biosystems 373a and applied biosystems 377 automated sequencers with genescan and genotyper software . allelic ladders according to the invention can be prepared by applying pcr amplification techniques to a pre - existing sample of the allelic ladder mixture . alternatively the allelic ladders can be constructed from the sequence information provided herein . the new ladders disclosed above significantly extends the range of alleles which can be identified in any dna profiling system . the allelic ladder mixture is used as a control sample alongside samples from known or unknown individuals which are then segregated according to size in a gel . alleles in the sample under test can be designated by the known alleles in the control if they are within 0 . 5 bases of one another . alleles falling outside this range are estimated based on their position relative to the ladder . using the standard nomenclature discussed above , the ladder range for each locus , defined by the extreme low molecular weight and extreme high molecular weight alleles are : the allelic ladders also enable the identification of certain rare and hence highly discriminatory alleles in dna profiling , thus increasing the profiling systems power . for the various locus certain alleles are of particular significance as follows : the primers used for this locus were labelled with 6 - fam . the polymorphic region of this locus is based around a tetranucleotide motif repeat , ( tcat ) n , where n = 4 to 13 . particular alleles provided by the present invention include 4 , 9 . 3 , 10 and 13 . 3 . the 9 . 3 and 13 . 3 alleles were found to have a deletion of a thiamine nucleotide at either the last base of the 4th repeat unit or the first base of the 5th repeat unit . the 13 . 3 allele notably possesses a non - consensus tetranucleotide ( tcgt ) at the 13th repeat . the primers for this locus were also labelled with 6 - fam . the allele range extends from 53 to 81 and significantly includes alleles 53 , 56 , 57 , 79 and 81 . the polymorphic region of the d21s11 alleles is relatively complex in structure and is based around the tetranucleotide tctr , where r is a or g ( following the ambiguity codes of the nomenclature committee of the international union of biochemistry ), as well as containing invariant hexa -, tri - and di - nucleotides . both allele 54 and allele 56 deviate from this general structure in that they possess a deletion of a 14 base pair ta ( tcta ) 3 ( seq id no : 37 ) unit immediately prior to the invariant tca tetranucleotide . again primers with a 6 - fam label were used . the ladder extends to 20 distinct alleles with particularly significant alleles at 8 , 9 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 and 27 . the polymorphic region is based around a simple tetranucleotide repeat motif ( agaa ) n ( seq id no : 38 ), where n is 8 to 27 . the primers used for this locus were labelled with tet . the ladder extends from alleles 7 to 19 , based on 13 separate alleles . significant alleles include 7 , 15 , 18 and 19 . different generalised structures were observed between the upper and lower molecular weight ends of the ladder . in the lower molecular weight area , 161 to 177 base pairs , a simple repeat region based on the tetranucleotide tcta exists . in the higher weight region , 181 to 201 base pairs , a compound repeat region composed of the tetranucleotide tctr was found . hex labelled primers were used for this locus . the ladder covers alleles between 10 and 21 , based on 12 alleles in total . noteworthy alleles 10 , 11 and 12 are included . the polymorphic unit is generally composed of a compound repeat following the pattern ( tctr ) n . for the 13 and 14 alleles a non - consensus tcca tetranucleotide at the 10th and 11th repeats was found . this locus also employed hex labelled primers . as mentioned above this ladder was constructed in two separate components . a low molecular weight and high molecular weight mix was used to produce the overall ladder . the low molecular weight mix ranges from allele 16 . 1 to 34 . 2 and the high molecular weight mix from allele 42 . 2 to 50 . 2 . the low mw mix includes significant alleles 16 . 1 , 28 , 30 , 30 . 2 , 31 . 2 , 32 . 2 , 33 . 2 and 34 . 2 . the high mw mix includes noteworthy alleles 42 . 2 , 43 . 2 , 44 . 2 , 45 . 2 , 47 . 2 , 48 . 2 and 50 . 2 . in general the humfibra / fga alleles have a polymorphic unit based around the compound repeat yyby , with the alleles in the upper part of the weight range being more complex in structure than those in the lower part . within the general framework , allele 16 . 1 has a t nucleotide addition in the repeat region and allele 27 has a c to t transition in the 19th repeat unit ( cttt to cctt ). the upper mw allele range includes a stutter peak which is 4 base pairs smaller than the 50 . 2 allele . this artifact corresponds to allele 49 . 2 which has not currently been determined . primers for this locus were once again labelled with 6 - fam . the sequence data revealed an x specific product of 105 base pairs and a y specific product of 111 base pairs . ( seq id no : 1 ) 10 tcta tctg tcta ( tctg ) 4 ( tcta ) 3 ( seq id no : 2 ) 12 tcta ( tctg ) 4 ( tcta ) 7 ( seq id no : 3 ) 13 ( tcta ) 2 ( tctg ) 4 ( tcta ) 3 tcca ( tcta ) 3 ( note also that the allele has an atypical 3 ′ flanking sequence . the usual sequence is tcca tcta t . in this allele the sequence is ( tcca ) 2 t . ( a ) name : griffiths , rebecca a . l . ( b ) street : c / o the forensic science service , priory house , gooch st . ( c ) city : birmingham ( d ) state : w midlands ( e ) country : united kingdom ( f ) postal code ( zip ): b5 6qq ( a ) name : barber , michael d . ( b ) street : c / o the forensic science service , priory house , gooch st . ( c ) city : birmingham ( d ) state : w midlands ( e ) country : united kingdom ( f ) postal code ( zip ): b5 6qq ( a ) name : johnson , peter e . ( b ) street : c / o the forensic science service , priory house , gooch st . ( c ) city : birmingham ( d ) state : w midlands ( e ) country : united kingdom ( f ) postal code ( zip ): b5 6qq ( a ) name : gillbard , sharon m . ( b ) street : c / o the forensic science service , priory house , gooch st . ( c ) city : birmingham ( d ) state : w midlands ( e ) country : united kingdom ( f ) postal code ( zip ): b5 6qq ( a ) name : haywood , marc d . ( b ) street : c / o the forensic science service , priory house , gooch st . ( c ) city : birmingham ( d ) state : w midlands ( e ) country : united kingdom ( f ) postal code ( zip ): b5 6qq ( a ) name : smith , carolyn d . ( b ) street : c / o the forensic science service , priory house , gooch st . ( c ) city : birmingham ( d ) state : w midlands ( e ) country : united kingdom ( f ) postal code ( zip ): b5 6qq ( a ) name : arnold , jennifer ( b ) street : c / o the forensic science service , priory house , gooch st . ( c ) city : birmingham ( d ) state : w midlands ( e ) country : united kingdom ( f ) postal code ( zip ): b5 6qq ( a ) name : burke , trudy ( b ) street : c / o the forensic science service , priory house , gooch st . ( c ) city : birmingham ( d ) state : w midlands ( e ) country : united kingdom ( f ) postal code ( zip ): b5 6qq ( a ) name : urquhart , andrew j . ( b ) street : c / o the forensic science service , priory house , gooch st . ( c ) city : birmingham ( d ) state : w midlands ( e ) country : united kingdom ( f ) postal code ( zip ): b5 6qq ( a ) name : gill , peter ( b ) street : c / o the forensic science service , priory house , gooch st . ( c ) city : birmingham ( d ) state : w midlands ( e ) country : united kingdom ( f ) postal code ( zip ): b5 6qq ( ii ) title of invention : improvements in and relating to forensic identification ( a ) medium type : floppy disk ( b ) computer : ibm pc compatible ( c ) operating system : pc - dos / ms - dos ( d ) software : patentin release # 1 . 0 , version # 1 . 30 ( epo ) ( a ) length : 40 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 48 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 52 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 55 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 32 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 76 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 65 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 108 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 120 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 126 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 130 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 134 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 170 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 174 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 178 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 182 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 190 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 194 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 113 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 115 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 119 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 121 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 125 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 129 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 133 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 137 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 141 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 143 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 147 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 151 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 155 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 157 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 161 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 165 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 169 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear ( a ) length : 32 base pairs ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics . the described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive . the scope of the invention is , therefore , indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description . all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope .