text: fig1 shows the layout of the quasi - optical crossbar mixer circuit 8 fabricated on a dielectric substrate 10 using photolithographic processing techniques . the pattern is characterized by a large metalized area 12 covering a high percentage of the top surface of the substrate and a number of cleared areas , i . e . areas where no metalization covers the substrate either because none was deposited or because the metalization has been removed . the clear areas and metalized area are configured to define various microwave integrated circuit components . these components include two coplanar waveguide sections 14 and 16 , a pair of slot antennas 18 and 20 separated along the waveguide by a distance d , and an intermediate frequency ( if ) low pass filter 22 . a crossbar member 24 extends the length of the planar waveguide sections 14 and 16 and has one end electrically and physically coupled to the low pass filter 22 and , has its other end projecting partway into slot antenna 18 . a pair of high cutoff gallium arsenide ( gaas ) beam lead schottky barrier diodes 26 and 28 couple the crossbar member 24 to the metalized area 12 as shown in greater detail in fig1 a . the local oscillator ( lo ) power is fed to the diodes 26 and 28 via a conventional waveguide section 30 placed directly behind ( and centered about ) the diodes and on the opposite side of the substrate 10 . the radio frequency ( rf ) signal is passed through an optical coupling means which may be a spherical dielectric lens 32 ( see fig2 ). lens 32 not only provides a gain for the rf signal but also serves to focus the incident rf power onto the slot antenna area of the microwave integrated circuit mixer . ideally , the lens would have a dielectric constant of about 3 . 50 . however , no such material is readily available with good performance at millimeter wavelengths . thus , a compromise dictates use of materials having a dielectric constant in the range of 2 . 0 to 2 . 5 . such materials include polytetrafluoroethylene , polystyrene and polyethylene . ideally , the lens would have an elliptical shape and could also be paraboloidal or even toroidal , with multiple mixers spaced on the radially inner surface of the toroid . however , a spherical lens is shown and is preferred in order to keep cost to a minimum . the rf signal received by the slot antennas is then coupled to the diodes 26 and 28 by the slot line - to - coplanar waveguide transition . in order for the mixer diodes 26 and 28 to efficiently perform their mixing function , the proper phase relationship must be maintained between the two rf signals coming from the two slot antennas 18 and 20 . the proper phase relationship is insured by positioning the diodes 26 and 28 off - center with respect to the two antennas 18 and 20 . the position of the diodes should be such that the electrical path length from the diodes to one slot antenna differs from the electrical path length to the other antenna by an odd multiple of one - half the wavelength of the rf signal . if the difference is a multiple greater than one , the rf bandwidth drops and more space is required , so one - half wavelength is preferred . after the diodes 26 and 28 perform their mixing function , the mixed electrical signal travels along crossbar member 24 to the if filter 22 . the if output signal is provided to a coaxial coupler 40 , the center conductor of which is electrically coupled to the output of the if filter 22 , and the outer conductor of which is electrically coupled to metalized area 12 . in actual performance evaluation tests the mixer circuit substrate 10 was mounted vertically in a metal block 31 as shown in fig2 . the lo power was provided to the backside metalized surface of substrate 10 by a conventional waveguide section 30 . the spherical dielectric lens 32 was mounted in a movable support structure 34 to permit focusing the rf beam onto the slot antennas 18 and 20 to optimize performance . thus lens 32 and support structure 34 can readily be moved nearer to , or farther from , the mixer circuit , as for example along tracks provided in base member 36 . by using planar photolithographic processes to fabricate the mixer circuit , low cost batch - processing can be used . the circuit is therefore accurately reproducible . in addition , the design is applicable to monolithic fabrication using gaas substrates . the primary advantage of using the optical coupling means , such as spherical lens 32 , to couple the rf signal to the mixer , is that the physical size limitations for the fabrication of conventional waveguide components at millimeter - wave lengths are totally avoided . two quasi - optical crossbar mixers , one d - band ( 123 to 130 ghz ) and one v - band ( 60 - 68 . 9 ghz ), were fabricated according to the present invention and tested . the v - band quasi - optical mixer was fabricated on a 0 . 030 inch thick duroid substrate , while the d - band mixer was fabricated on a 0 . 007 inch thick quartz substrate . duroid was found sufficiently low loss for the fabrication of the v - band mixer . no appreciable degradation was observed as compared to a v - band mixer fabricated on a quartz substrate . for v - band , lo power was at 59 . 75 ghz , and for d - band , lo power was at 141 ghz . conversion loss was measured over the respective if bands ( i . e . 0 . 25 ghz to 9 . 15 ghz and 11 . 1 ghz to 17 . 8 ghz ). the typical conversion loss for the v - band mixer was 9 db , and for the d - band the conversion loss was 7 db measured at 126 ghz . tests revealed that the performance of the mixer is very sensitive to the geometry of the circuit patterns , and particularly sensitive to the dimensions of the slot antennas and the slot separation d . tests were run for d = 0 . 047 inch and 0 . 065 inch . the smaller slot separation showed somewhat narrower bandwidth performance but lower conversion loss . the optimum length of the slot antenna was found to be approximately one - half wavelength at the center frequency . both the d - band and v - band mixers were fabricated using high cutoff frequency gaas beam lead diodes fabricated at hughes aircraft company &# 39 ; s electron dynamics division . the diodes have a typical zero bias junction capacitance of 30 ff ( one femtofarad equals 10 - 15 farads ) and a typical series resistance of 4 . 5 ohms , which corresponds to a cutoff frequency of 1178 ghz . while the invention has been described with reference to fig1 and 2 , these figures are intended merely for purposes of illustrating the principles of the invention . the invention should not be interpreted as limited to the specific circuit or structure shown in the figures . many changes in material and structure may be made by one of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims .