text: several of the embodiments of the present invention are hereunder described with reference to the accompanying drawings . fig6 through 19 show three embodiments of a projection type liquid - crystal video display device . all three embodiments consist of a source of illuminating light ( not shown but positioned on the left ), a nematic liquid - crystal display panel 1 for transmitting the illumination from the light source , a projection lens 2 for projecting the light transmitted through the display panel 1 onto a screen ( not shown but positioned on the right ). most importantly , an optical element 3 is disposed on the exit side of the display panel 1 . the optical element 3 has an optical effect by which the illuminating light through the display panel 1 is refracted from an inclined direction on the left of the display panel 1 to converge and be concentrated at a point perpendicular to the optical element in the vicinity of the entrance pupil of the projection lens 2 lying on the central axis of the refracted light . the illuminating light , having passed through the display panel 1 and having been focused , is allowed to fall on the pupil of the projection lens 2 . the entrance pupil is defined as the image of the aperture stop formed by the optical elements between the aperture stop and the object . it amounts to the image of the aperture stop as seen by the object . this well known term is more completely described in &# 34 ; fundamentals of optics &# 34 ; 4th ed . by jenkins and white ( mcgraw - hill , 1984 ). the aperture stop limits the field of view and may be a separate stop or the lateral extent of the lens 2 . in order to refract the illuminating light , which is transmitted substantially perpendicularly through the display panel 1 , to a common focus , the optical element 3 shown in fig6 has one of its surfaces facing the display panel side formed as a stepped prism surface which , as shown in fig7 has parallel grooves and acts as a prism . the illumination side of the optical element 3 comprises a plurality of small prisms having a saw - toothed cross section in order to allow the illuminating light transmitted through the display panel 1 to be concentrated at a point in the vicinity of the entrance pupil of the projection lens 2 . the other surface of the optical element 3 on the side of the projection lens is formed , as shown in fig8 as a circular fresnel lens surface which has concentric grooves and provides a converging effect by means of a plurality of circular , varying height prisms having an irregular saw - toothed diametric cross section . the optical element 3 having such surfaces can be mass produced by compression or injection molding of plastics with a mold cavity fabricated with a numerically controlled lathe . the stepped prism and the circular fresnel lens may be integral as shown in fig6 or they may be fabricated separately . whichever the case , the two components are preferably used in close proximity to the liquid - crystal display panel 1 . in the embodiment shown in fig6 a moire pattern will be formed as a result of close positioning of the stepped prism surface and the circular fresnel lens surface but this effect may be blurred by properly adjusting the depth of focus of the projection lens 2 . the circular fresnel lens surface , shown in fig8 is typically formed with a spherical curve being used as the base . by a spherical base is meant that the exposed surfaces of the fresnel lens are not planar but instead follow a spherical shape . the effect is a segmented spherical lens surface . however , in order to allow an image of the light source to fall on the entrance pupil of the projection lens 2 in an efficient manner with a minimum amount of aberration , a non - spherical curve is preferably used as the base . non - spherical , or more precisely aspherical , lens surfaces are well known for conventional smoothly varying lenses . the optical element 3 shown in fig9 and 10 is an orthogonal or crossed linear fresnel lens ( shown horizontally in fig9 and vertically in fig1 ). two linear fresnel lens surfaces are fabricated from two cylinder lenses . each cylinder lenses has straight parallel grooves and provides a unidirectional converging action by a plurality of small prisms having a saw - toothed cross section . the two cylinder lenses are disposed on opposite sides of the optical element in such a manner that grooved surfaces face outward and the grooves of one cylinder lens run perpendicularly to those of the other . in fig1 and 12 is shown an optical element 3 which has been modified so that the horizontal grooves are symmetrical about the center . however in the embodiment of fig9 and 10 , the horizontal grooves are non - symmetric . this offset center in the vertical direction , shown plainly in fig1 , allows the incident light that is oblique with respect to the optical axis of the projection lens 2 to be concentrated on the optical axis that is , fresnel lens surfaces having refractive power in the vertical direction with respect to the display panel 1 are employed as eccentric linear fresnel lenses surfaces . as a result , the light emerging from the display panel 1 in a direction parallel to the inclination of the reorientation of the long axes of liquid - crystal molecules is refracted in a direction perpendicular to the display panel 1 . as shown in fig1 and 15 , when illuminating light falls on the orthogonal or crossed linear fresnel lens obliquely in the vertical direction , the rays of light in the vertical direction are concentrated by the eccentric linear fresnel lens surface having a vertical refractive power whereas the rays of light in the horizontal direction are concentrated by the linear fresnel lens surface having a horizontal refractive power . as shown in fig1 , the illuminating light in the vertical direction is concentrated at an off - axis focus by the eccentric linear fresnel lens surface if the center of the display panel 1 is brought into alignment with the optical axis of the projection lens 2 ( the lens axis is the line perpendicular to the orthogonal linear fresnel lens as drawn from the off - axis focus position ), and if the display panel 1 is disposed perpendicularly with respect to the optical axis of the projection lens 2 , the light transmitted through the display panel 1 will be concentrated on the optical axis in the vicinity of the entrance pupil of the projection lens 2 . as a result , the luminous flux which covers the display panel 1 will suffice as the illuminating light . as in the case of the embodiment shown in fig6 the linear fresnel lens surface may be fabricated with either a spherical or nonspherical curve being used as the base . in the embodiment shown in fig9 through 15 , no moire pattern will be formed since the grooves on one fresnel surface intersect those on the other at right angles . the optical element 3 used in the embodiment shown in fig1 has on one side a circular fresnel lens of the same type as described in connection with the embodiment shown in fig6 and has a planar surface on the other side . the circular fresnel lens surface is formed of an eccentric circular fresnel lens ( fig1 ) by which the light emerging from the liquid - crystal display panel in a direction parallel to the inclination of the reorientation of the long axes of liquid - crystal molecules is refracted to a point perpendicular to the physical center of the optical element 3 . in accordance with this embodiment , illuminating light which falls on the eccentric circular fresnel lens obliquely as shown in fig1 and 19 is concentrated by the eccentric circular fresnel lens surface having refractive power in both vertical and horizontal directions . as shown in fig1 for the vertical direction , the light is concentrated on an off - axis focus . if the center of the display panel 1 is brought into alignment with the optical axis of the projection lens 2 which is the line perpendicular to the eccentric circular fresnel lens as drawn from the off - axis focus position , and if the display panel 1 is disposed perpendicularly with respect to the optical axis of the projection lens 2 , the light transmitted through the display panel 1 will be concentrated on the optical axis in the vicinity of the entrance pupil of the projection lens 2 . thus , a luminous flux which covers the display panel 1 will suffice as the illuminating light . as in the case of the embodiment shown in fig6 the fresnel lens surface of the eccentric circular fresnel lens may be fabricated with either a spherical or non - spherical curve being used as the base . the optical element 3 used in the embodiment described above has the advantage that it can be fabricated with great ease since grooves need to be formed on only one side . this embodiment has the additional advantage of forming an image with minimum blur since the fresnel surface can be placed parallel to the display panel 1 . according to the embodiments of the projection type liquid - crystal video display device shown in fig6 to 19 , the image formed by the illuminating light through the liquid - crystal display panel 1 is focused at a point in the vicinity of the entrance pupil of the projection lens 2 . therefore , if the effective aperture of the lens 2 is larger than the focused image , no &# 34 ; vignetting &# 34 ; of the illuminating light will occur and the formation of a bright image is ensured . in addition , the illuminating light transmitted through the display panel 1 is refracted toward a point perpendicular to the panel 1 . the projection lens 2 is disposed on the extension of the line of refracted light , whereby the center of the display panel 1 is brought into agreement with the optical axis of the projection lens 2 . therefore , it suffices for the image circle of the projection lens 2 to be large enough to cover the effective picture size of the display panel 1 . fig2 to 27 show embodiments of a projection type liquid - crystal video display device which is based on the device shown in fig6 to 19 and which has a second optical element 4 disposed on the incident side of the liquid - crystal display panel 1 for the purpose of allowing illumination from a light source to fall on the display panel 1 in a direction substantially parallel to the inclination of the reorientation of the long axes of liquid - crystal molecules . this arrangement will improve the efficiency of light transmission through the display panel 1 , thereby enabling a brighter image to be seen . the second optical element 4 shown in fig2 has a parallel , stepped prism surface and a circular fresnel lens surface on its opposite sides , similar to the one shown in fig6 . in fig2 , the circular fresnel lens surface is shown to be directed toward the light source 5 whereas the parallel , stepped prism surface is directed toward the display panel 1 . illumination from the light source 5 is made parallel by the circular fresnel lens surface and is refracted by the stepped prism surface in a direction substantially parallel to the inclination of the reorientation of the long axes of liquid - crystal molecules before falling upon the display panel 1 . the circular fresnel lens surface of fig2 is typically fabricated with a spherical curve being used as the base but , in order to obtain highly parallel rays from the illuminating light , the fresnel surface may be fabricated with a non - spherical curve being used as the base . fig2 and 22 show an embodiment wherein an orthogonal or crossed linear fresnel lens of the same type as shown in fig9 and 10 is used as the second optical element 4 . the side of this optical element which faces the source of illuminating light 5 is formed as a noneccentric linear fresnel lens surface as shown in fig2 while the side facing the liquid - crystal display panel 1 is formed as an eccentric linear fresnel lens surface which has refractive power in the vertical direction with respect to the display panel 1 as shown in fig2 . illumination from the light source 5 is made substantially parallel in the horizontal direction by the non - eccentric linear fresnel lens surface and falls upon the display panel 1 after being rendered substantially parallel in the vertical direction by the eccentric linear fresnel lens surface and being refracted by the eccentric lens surface such that it is substantially parallel to the inclination of the reorientation of the long axes of liquid - crystal molecules . as noted in connection with the embodiment shown in fig2 , the two fresnel lens surfaces of fig2 and 22 may be fabricated with either a cylindrical or a non - cylindrical curve being used as the base . fig2 shows an embodiment wherein an eccentric circular fresnel lens of the same type as shown in fig1 is used as the second optical element 4 , with the eccentric circular fresnel lens surface being directed toward the liquid - crystal display panel 1 . since the fresnel lens is eccentric , illumination from the light source 5 which is disposed at an off - axis focus position of the fresnel lens will fall upon the display panel 1 after being rendered substantially parallel by the eccentric circular fresnel lens surface and being refracted by the same lens surface such that it is substantially parallel to the inclination of the reorientation of the long axes of liquid - crystal molecules . as noted in connection with the embodiment shown in fig2 , the eccentric circular fresnel lens surface of fig2 may be fabricated with either a spherical or non - spherical curve being used as the base . in the embodiment shown in fig2 , a collimation lens is used as the second optical element 4 . the optical axis connecting the light source 5 and the center of the collimation lens 4 is shown to be substantially parallel to the inclination of the reorientation of the long axes of liquid - crystal molecules , so that illumination transmitted through the collimation lens will fall upon the display panel 1 in the form of rays that are substantially parallel to the inclination of the reorientation of the long axes of liquid - crystal molecules . the second optical element used in the embodiment shown in fig2 is composed of a collimation lens 4 and a wedge - shaped prism 4 &# 39 ;. the optical axis connecting the light source 5 and the center of the collimation lens 4 is shown to be perpendicular to the liquid - crystal display panel 1 but , because of the wedgeshaped prism 4 &# 39 ; which is disposed between the collimation lens 4 and the display panel 1 , illumination from the light source 5 is made parallel by the collimation lens 4 and the resulting parallel rays will fall upon the display panel 1 after being refracted by the wedge - shaped prism 4 &# 39 ; such that they are substantially parallel to the inclination of the reorientation of the long axes of liquid - crystal molecules . the second optical element used in the embodiment shown in fig2 is composed of a collimation lens 4 and a stepped prism 4 &# 39 ;. as in the embodiment shown in fig2 , the optical axis connecting the light source 5 and the center of the collimation lens 4 is shown to be perpendicular to the liquid - crystal display panel 1 . however , because of the stepped prism 4 &# 39 ; which is disposed between the collimation lens 4 and the display panel 1 , illumination from the light source 5 is made parallel by the collimation lens 4 . the resulting parallel rays will fall upon the display panel 1 after being refracted such that they are substantially parallel to the inclination of the reorientation of the long axes of liquid - crystal molecules . as described above , in each of the embodiments of a projection type liquid - crystal video display device shown in fig2 to 27 , a simple optical element is used to allow illuminating light to fall upon a liquid - crystal display panel at such an angle that it is substantially parallel to the long axes of the reoriented liquid - crystal molecules . the embodiments shown in fig1 to 21 , wherein a fresnel lens is used as the optical element on the illumination side , have the advantage that the overall size of the display device is reduced since the fresnel lens can be fabricated such as to have a very small thickness . in addition , an inexpensive display device can be manufactured by coupling the fresnel lens with the first optical element shown in each of fig6 to 19 . as described in the foregoing pages , the projection type liquid - crystal video display device of the present invention employs one or two easily manufacturable and inexpensive optical elements , so that it permits the use of a projection lens of a narrow view angle with an aperture size of f / 2 . 0 or f / 2 . 8 . this is accomplished by properly controlling the size of the light source which is used in combination with a liquid - crystal display panel or any other display elements through which light is transmitted in a viewing angle dependent manner . this enables the use of a compact projection lens system , which in turn leads to reductions in the size and cost of the overall display device the concept of the present invention may also be applied to a liquid - crystal color video display device using color filters although the optical elements are separated from the color filters by the thickness of transparent electrode plates , the dark projection lens with a focal depth defined by such a large aperture ratio like f / 2 . 0 or f / 2 . 8 rather than f / 1 . 0 and f / 1 . 3 as mentioned before produce a sharp image while minimizing the loss in the quantity of light so that the viewer can have very easy access to the display .