text: in the following detailed description , reference is made to the accompanying drawings , which form a part hereof . in the drawings , similar symbols typically identify similar components , unless context dictates otherwise . the illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description , drawings , and claims are not meant to be limiting . other embodiments may be used , and other changes may be made , without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented herein . it will be readily understood that the aspects of the present disclosure , as generally described herein , and illustrated in the figures , can be arranged , substituted , combined , separated , and designed in a wide variety of different configurations , all of which are explicitly contemplated herein . this disclosure is generally drawn , among other things , to systems , methods , materials and apparatus related to preparing a flame retardant nylon . briefly stated , technologies are generally described for a system and method effective to make a flame retardant . in one example , a method may include copolymerizing a mixture of monomers . the mixture of monomers may include at least one dicarboxylic acid monomer , at least one diamine monomer , and at least one monomer having the formula ( i ); wherein r5 may be a flame retarding moiety comprising p , n , halogen , or b ; and it will also be understood that any compound , material or substance which is expressly or implicitly disclosed in the specification or recited in a claim as belonging to a group or structurally , compositionally or functionally related compounds , materials or substances , includes individual representatives of the group and all combinations thereof . fig1 illustrates an example system that may be used to prepare a flame retardant nylon in accordance with at least some embodiments described herein . an example system 100 effective to prepare a flame retardant nylon may include a first container 102 , a second container 104 , a third container 106 , a fourth container 108 , a fifth container 110 , a sixth container 112 , a seventh container 114 , and a heater 204 arranged in operative relationship . at least some of these elements may be arranged in communication with a processor 180 through a communication link 182 . in some examples , processor 180 may be adapted in communication with a memory 184 that may include instructions 186 stored therein . processor 180 may be configured , such as by instructions 186 , to control at least some of the operations / actions / functions described below . first container 102 may include a first reaction mixture 116 which includes a compound of the general formula ( a ); and , an alkanol of the general formula ( b ). first container 102 may in some examples further include reaction materials 200 . reaction materials 200 may include one or more of an aqueous base having a pka of at least about 11 , an organic solvent , and a phase transfer catalyst . first container 102 may be effective to receive and react , by hand or machine , the compound of the general formula ( a ) with an alkanol of the general formula ( b ) and reaction materials 200 to produce a compound of the general formula ( c ). a stirring device 202 may be used to stir the combination of first reaction mixture 116 with reaction materials 200 rapidly , so that the organic and aqueous layers are intimately mixed , for a time interval of about 4 hours to about 30 hours at a temperature of about 0 degrees celsius to about 50 degrees celsius . in some examples , compound of the general formula ( a ) may be such that q is 1 to about 20 , 1 to about 8 , 1 to about 4 , or 1 or 2 . in some examples , r in formula ( a ) may be an alkyl including from 1 to about 4 carbon atoms , and more specifically methyl , ethyl , propyl , isopropyl , or butyl . in some examples , an alkanol of the general formula ( b ) may be such that x is a halogen . x may be a leaving group suitable for displacement in an s n 2 reaction . in some further examples , alkanol of the general formula ( b ) may be such that y is a divalent alkylene group containing from 2 to about 24 carbon atoms , specifically from 2 to about 4 carbon atoms , most specifically , 3 carbon atoms , such as the non - limiting examples of ethylene and propylene . as such , in some examples , n may be 2 to about 24 , 2 to about 12 , 2 to about 6 , or 3 . in one non - limiting embodiment , alkanol ( b ) may be 3 - bromo - 1 - propanol . in an example , alkanol of the general formula ( b ) may be present in a molar ratio of at least 4 equivalents to one equivalent of compound of the general formula ( a ). in some examples , the amount of compound of general formula ( a ) to the amount of alkanol of general formula ( b ) may be about 1 : 2 to about 1 : 6 molar equivalents , or 1 equivalent of compound of general formula ( a ) to 4 equivalents of alkanol of general formula ( b ), i . e ., 1 : 4 . in some examples , an aqueous base in reaction materials 200 may include a pka of at least about 11 . the aqueous base may be at least one of naoh ( aq ), koh ( aq ), lioh ( aq ), k 2 co 3 , na 2 co 3 and the like . in some further examples , the organic solvent in reaction materials 200 may be at least one water - insoluble organic solvent such as the non - limiting examples of dichloromethane , tetrahydrofuran , dimethylformamide , dimethylsulfoxide , and isomers of dichlorobenzene , xylene , chlorobenzene and toluene . in some examples , the phase transfer catalyst in reaction materials 200 may be a quaternary ammonium salt , such as the non - limiting examples of benzyltrimethylammonium chloride tetraethylammoniumchloride , dibenzyldidodecylammonium chloride , toluoyltrimethylammonium chloride , or phenyltrioctyl ammonium chloride . in some examples , compound of the general formula ( c ) may be a reaction product of compound of the general formula ( a ), the alkanol of the general formula ( b ) and the organic solvent . as such , r and q in compound of the general formula ( c ) may have the same definition as provided above for formula ( a ). further , in some examples y and n may have the same value as indicated above for alkanol of the general formula ( b ). reaction materials 200 may include a solution including 5 wt . % to about 50 wt . % sodium hydroxide , potassium carbonate , or sodium carbonate reaction materials 200 may include about a solution including 5 wt . % to about 50 wt . % with a tetraethylammoniumchloride phase transfer catalyst . reaction materials 200 may include an organic solvent which may be at least one of dichloromethane or chlorobenzene . in some examples , second container 104 may be in operative relationship with first container 102 through , for example , a valve 150 . valve 150 may be configured , such as by control of processor 180 , to control a flow of the contents of first container 102 into second container 104 . compound of the general formula ( c ) may be provided to second container 104 . in some examples , second container 104 may include reaction materials 120 . reaction materials 120 may react with compound of the general formula ( c ) to produce a compound of the general formula ( d ) by , for example , an s n 2 reaction . compound of the general formula ( d ) may have the same definitions of r , y , n and q as defined above . reaction materials 120 may include pbr 3 or tosyl chloride . in some examples in second container 104 , pbr 3 may be present in ether . in some examples , in reaction materials 120 , tosyl chloride may be present in pyridine . other reactions may be implemented to transform terminal hydroxyls into leaving groups . second container 104 may be effective to receive and react by hand or machine compound of the general formula ( c ) and pbr 3 or tosyl chloride to produce compound of the general formula ( d ). in some examples , sufficient reaction conditions in second container 104 may include reflux when pbr 3 in ether is used . in some examples , sufficient reaction conditions may include a temperature of about 15 degrees celsius to about 25 degrees celsius when tosyl chloride is used . in some examples , the amount of compound of general formula ( c ) to tosyl chloride may be of from about 1 : 2 to about 1 : 6 molar equivalents , specifically 1 equivalent of compound of general formula ( c ) to 4 equivalents of tosyl chloride , i . e ., 1 : 4 . in some examples , third container 106 may be in operative relationship with second container 104 through , for example , a valve 152 . valve 152 may be configured , such as by control of processor 180 , to control a flow of the contents of second container 104 into third container 106 . in some examples , third container 106 may include reaction materials 124 . reaction materials 124 may include at least one of nan 3 or kn 3 . in some further examples , reaction materials 124 may include at least one of nan 3 or kn 3 which may be present in tetrahydrofuran ( thf ) or present in ether in water . in other examples , a group i metal azide may be used . third container 106 may be effective to receive and react by hand or machine , compound of the general formula ( d ) and reaction materials 124 to produce compound of the general formula ( e ). in some examples , compound of the general formula ( e ) may have the same definitions of r , y , n and q as defined above . in some examples , reaction of a compound of the general formula ( d ) with reaction materials 124 may be performed at a molar ratio of at least four equivalents of nan 3 or kn 3 to one equivalent of a compound of the general formula ( d ). in some examples , such reaction in third container 106 may be conducted under sufficient reaction conditions . in some examples , sufficient reaction conditions in third container 106 may include stirring reaction materials 124 with compound of the general formula ( d ) such as by using a stirring device 122 , in a temperature of about 0 degrees celsius to about 50 degrees celsius . in some examples , fourth container 108 may be in operative relationship with third container 106 through , for example , a valve 154 . valve 154 may be configured , such as by control of processor 180 , to control a flow of the contents of third container 106 into fourth container 108 . in some examples , fourth container 108 may include reaction materials 128 . reaction materials 128 may include a compound of the general formula ( f ). in some examples , reaction materials 128 may further include a copper salt catalyst . where z is an organic moiety including up to 30 carbon atoms and an alkynyl moiety . in some further examples the compound of the general formula ( f ) may be selected from the group consisting of : and , where r * is one of h , an alkyl of up to about 24 [ carbon atoms or an aryl of from about 6 to about 12 carbon atoms ; and , n is an integer of about 1 to about 5 . fourth container 108 may be effective to receive and react by hand or machine compound of the general formula ( e ) and reaction materials 128 to produce compound of the general formula ( g ). compound of the general formula ( g ) may have the same definitions of r , y , n and q as defined above . in some examples , reaction of the compound of the general formula ( e ) with reaction materials 128 further includes reaction of ( e ) with ( f ) at a molar ratio of at least four equivalents of compound of the general formula ( f ) to one equivalent of compound of general formula ( e ) and where the copper salt catalyst is a copper ii salt catalyst . in some examples , the copper salt catalyst may be a copper i sulfate , and reaction of the compound of the general formula ( e ) with reaction materials 128 may include reaction of ( e ) with ( f ) at a molar ratio of at least four equivalents of compound of the general formula ( f ) to one equivalent of compound of general formula ( e ); and , reaction of the copper ii sulfate with vitamin c to produce copper i sulfate . in some examples , sufficient reaction conditions in fourth container 108 may include stirring reaction materials 128 , such as with a stirring device 126 , to react with compound of the general formula ( e ) at a temperature of from about 20 ° c . to about 60 ° c . in some examples , fifth container 110 may be in operative relationship with fourth container 108 through , for example , a valve 156 . valve 156 may be configured , such as by control of processor 180 , to control a flow of the contents of fourth container 108 into fifth container 110 . in some examples , fifth container 110 may include reaction materials 132 . reaction materials 132 may include an aqueous alkaline solution . fifth container 110 may be effective to receive and react by hand or machine compound of the general formula ( g ) and reaction materials 132 to produce compound of the general formula ( i ). in some examples , compound of the general formula ( i ) may have the same definitions of y , n and q as defined above . further , r ′ in general formula ( i ) may be as defined above for compound of the general formula ( g ). in some examples , sufficient reaction conditions in fifth container 110 may include allowing reaction materials 128 to react with compound of the general formula ( g ) for a time interval of from about 1 hour to about 4 hours and at a temperature of about 50 ° c . to about reflux . in some examples , sixth container 112 may be in operative relationship with fifth container 110 through , for example , a valve 158 . valve 158 may be configured , such as by control of processor 180 , to control a flow of the contents of fifth container 110 into sixth container 112 . in some examples , sixth container 112 may include reaction materials 136 . reaction materials 136 may include at least one of thionyl chloride , oxalyl chloride or phosgene . sixth container 112 may be effective to receive and react by hand or machine compound of the general formula ( i ) and reaction materials 136 to produce flame retardant of the general formula ( fr ). in some examples , flame retardant of the general formula ( fr ), may have the same definitions of y , n and q as defined above . further , r ′ in flame retardant of the general formula ( fr ) may be as defined above for compound of the general formula ( g ). in some examples , sufficient reaction conditions in sixth container 112 may include allowing reaction materials 136 to react with compound of the general formula ( i ) for a time interval of from about 1 hour to about 4 hours and at a temperature of from about 18 ° c . to about reflux . in some examples , seventh container 114 may be in operative relationship with sixth container 112 through , for example , a valve 160 . valve 160 may be configured , such as by control of processor 180 , to control a flow of the contents of sixth container 112 into seventh container 114 . in some further examples , seventh container 114 may include reaction materials 140 . reaction materials 140 may include the materials of a polycondensation nylon synthesis reaction . seventh container 114 may be effective to receive and react by hand or machine , flame retardant of the general formula ( fr ) and , reaction materials 140 to produce a flame retarded nylon ( frn ). in some examples , reaction materials 140 may include an α , ω - alkanediamine , such as a 1 , 6 - hexanediamine . in some other examples , the materials of the polycondensation nylon synthesis reaction further include a dicarboxylic acid , such as the non - limiting examples of hexanediocic acid and other α , ω - alkanediacids . other groups such as aryls , cycloalkanes , and fused aryls of varying sizes and configurations may also be used with two terminal acid groups and two terminal amine groups . among other potential benefits , a system in accordance with the disclosure may be used to produce a flame retardant . the reaction may be relatively high yielding and may produce little by - products , making the process an attractive “ green ” process . the flame retardant may be multifunctional and so only a small amount is needed in order to provide excellent protection against fire / flame . the flame retardant may be innocuously “ locked ” onto / into the nylon polymer backbone , where the flame retardant may continue to provide flame retardancy over the lifetime of the material . the finished material may be difficult to break into smaller fragments during basic / acid hydrolysis . fig2 depicts a flow diagram for an example method to prepare a flame retardant and a flame retardant nylon in accordance with at least some embodiments described herein . the process in fig2 could be implemented using , for example , system 100 discussed above . an example process may include one or more operations , actions , or functions as illustrated by one or more of blocks s2 , s4 , s6 , or s8 . although illustrated as discrete blocks , various blocks may be divided into additional blocks , combined into fewer blocks , or eliminated , depending on the desired implementation . process 200 may begin at block s2 , “ react ( a ) and ( b ) in water insoluble organic solvent and a phase transfer catalyst to produce ( d ).” at block s2 , compound of the general formula ( a ) and alkanol of the general formula ( b ) may be placed in a container such as by hand or through a machine under control of a processor . the container may have aqueous base , organic solvent and phase transfer catalyst present . a compound of the general formula ( d ) may be produced . processing may continue from block s2 to block s4 , “ react ( d ) with at least one of nan 3 or kn 3 and with tetrahyrdofuran , or ether in water to produce ( e ).” at block s6 , the processor may be configured to control a flow of the compound of the general formula ( d ) and at least one of nan 3 or kn 3 to a container with thf or ether in water to produce ( e ). processing may continue from block s4 to block s6 , “ react ( e ) with ( f ) using click chemistry to produce ( g ).” at block s8 , a compound of the general formula ( e ) and compound of the general formula ( f ) in may be placed in contact with one another such as by hand or by machine under control of a processor to produce a compound of the general formula ( g ). processing may continue from block s6 to block s8 , “ react ( g ) in a base solution and with thionly chloride , oxalyl chloride or phosgene to produce ( fr ).” at block s8 , a compound of the general formula ( g ) and an aqueous alkaline solution and at least one of thionyl chloride , oxalyl chloride or phosgene may be placed in contact with one another such as by hand or by machine under control of a processor to produce a flame retardant ( fr ). in some examples , the compound of the general formula ( a ) may be the alkanol of the general formula ( b ) may be 3 - bromo - 1 - propanol . the aqueous base may be naoh ( aq ). the organic solvent may be ch 2 cl 2 , the phase transfer catalyst may be benzyltrimethylammonium chloride . the reaction of compound of general formula ( c ) may be performed with pbr 3 in ether at reflux . the reaction of the compound of the general formula ( d ) may be performed with nan 3 . the compound of the general formula ( f ) may be : the copper salt catalyst may be a copper ii sulfate which may be first reacted with vitamin c to produce a copper i sulfate as the copper catalyst which is present in the reaction of ( e ) and ( f ). the aqueous alkaline solution may be naoh ( aq ). in an example , a method of producing a flame retardant may include contacting a compound of the general formula ( a ) with an alkanol of the general formula ( b ) and with an aqueous base having a pka of at least about 11 , an organic solvent , and a phase transfer catalyst , to produce a compound of the general formula ( c ), where ( a ) is of the general formula : where r is an alkyl of from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms , a benzyl group of from 7 to about 12 carbon atoms , or an aryl group of from 6 to about 12 carbon atoms , and q is an integer number equal to at least 1 , wherein x is a leaving group suitable for displacement in an s n 2 reaction and y is either ch 2 or — oc 2 h 4 —, where n is an integer of from about 2 to about 24 and ( c ) is of the general formula : contacting a compound of the general formula ( c ) with a reactant which can transform the hydroxide of formula ( c ) into a leaving group x of formula ( d ), which x is as defined above , which reactant is present in an amine base to produce a compound of the general formula ( d ): contacting a compound of the general formula ( d ) with at least one of nan 3 or kn 3 , and with water and at least one cosolvent selected from the group consisting of : tetrahydrofuran , ether , an alkanol containing from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms , and the method further includes contacting a compound of the general formula ( e ) with a compound of the general formula ( f ) to produce a compound of the general formula ( g ) wherein ( f ) is of the general formula : wherein z is an organic moiety including up to 30 carbon atoms and an alkynyl moiety , and contacting of compound ( e ) and compound ( f ) is performed with a copper salt catalyst , and ( g ) is of the general formula : where each r ′ is a univalent moiety of the general formula ( h ): contacting a compound of the general formula ( g ) in an aqueous alkaline solution to produce a compound of the general formula ( h ): at least one of thionyl chloride , oxalyl chloride , phosgene , pcl 3 , pcl 5 , ccl 4 / pph 3 , cl 2 chome , and clch 2 ccl 2 oet to produce a flame retardant of the general formula ( fr ): in some examples , the method further includes contacting ( a ) and ( b ) with about a 5 wt . % to about 50 wt . % solution of at least one of sodium hydroxide , potassium carbonate , sodium carbonate , or sodium bicarbonate , and with a quaternary ammonium salt . the organic solvent may be at least one of dichloromethane , toluene , benzene , or chlorobenzene . the alkanol of the general formula ( b ) may be present in a molar ratio of at least 4 equivalents to one equivalent of a compound of the general formula ( a ). in some examples , contacting a compound of the general formula ( d ) with at least one of nan 3 or kn 3 , is performed at a molar ratio of at least four equivalents of nan 3 and / or kn 3 to one equivalent of a compound of the general formula ( d ). in some examples , the compound of the general formula ( f ) is selected from the group consisting of : r * is one of h , an alkyl of up to about 18 carbon atoms , or an aryl of from 6 to about 12 carbon atoms , r 1 is an alkyl of up to about 18 carbon atoms ; and in some examples , contacting the compound of the general formula ( e ) with the compound of the general formula ( f ) further comprises contacting ( e ) with ( f ) at a molar ratio of at least four equivalents of compound of the general formula ( f ) to one equivalent of compound of general formula ( e ). the copper salt catalyst may be a copper ii catalyst . contacting of ( e ) and ( f ) my further include a reducing agent . in some examples , the copper salt catalyst is a copper i sulfate . contacting the compound of the general formula ( e ) with the compound of the general formula ( f ) further comprises contacting ( e ) with ( f ) at a molar ratio of at least four equivalents of compound of the general formula ( f ) to one equivalent of compound of general formula ( e ). the method may further include contacting a copper ii sulfate with vitamin c to produce the copper i sulfate . in some examples , contacting the compound of the general formula ( e ) with the compound of the general formula ( f ) further comprises contacting ( e ) with ( f ) at a molar ratio of at least four equivalents of compound of the general formula ( f ) to one equivalent of compound of general formula ( e ). the copper salt catalyst may be a copper i sulfate . in some examples , contacting of the compound of the general formula ( c ) with a reactant can transform the hydroxide of formula ( c ) into a leaving group x of formula ( d ) is such that the reactant is tosyl chloride and the amine base is pyridine and the contacting is performed at a temperature of at least − 78 degrees celsius . in some examples , the phase transfer catalyst is a quaternary ammonium salt . the contacting of compound of general formula ( c ) with the reactant which can transform the hydroxide of formula ( c ) into a leaving group x of formula ( d ) is such that the reactant is pbr 3 in ether at reflux , the contacting of the compound of the general formula ( d ) is performed with nan 3 , where the copper salt catalyst is a copper ii sulfate which is first contacted with vitamin c to produce a copper i sulfate as the copper salt catalyst which is present in the contacting of ( e ) and ( f ), and the produced flame resistant nylon monomer may be mixed in a 6 , 6 nylon synthesis reaction with appropriate stoichiometry to produce a flame resistant ripstop nylon . fig3 illustrates a computer program product that can be used to implement the preparation of a flame retardant and a flame retardant nylon in accordance with at least some embodiments described herein . program product 300 may include a signal bearing medium 302 . signal bearing medium 302 may include one or more instructions 304 that , when executed by , for example , a processor , may provide the functionality described above with respect to fig1 - 2 . thus , for example , referring to system 100 , processor 180 may undertake one or more of the blocks shown in fig3 in response to instructions 304 conveyed to the system 100 by medium 302 . in some implementations , signal bearing medium 302 may encompass a computer - readable medium 306 , such as , but not limited to , a hard disk drive , a compact disc ( cd ), a digital video disk ( dvd ), a digital tape , memory , etc . in some implementations , signal bearing medium 302 may encompass a recordable medium 308 , such as , but not limited to , memory , read / write ( r / w ) cds , r / w dvds , etc . in some implementations , signal bearing medium 302 may encompass a communications medium 310 , such as , but not limited to , a digital and / or an analog communication medium ( e . g ., a fiber optic cable , a waveguide , a wired communications link , a wireless communication link , etc .). thus , for example , program product 300 may be conveyed to one or more modules of the system 100 by an rf signal bearing medium 302 , where the signal bearing medium 302 is conveyed by a wireless communications medium 310 ( e . g ., a wireless communications medium conforming with the ieee 802 . 11 standard ). fig4 is a block diagram illustrating an example computing device that is arranged to implement the preparation of a flame retardant and a flame retardant nylon according to at least some embodiments described herein . in a very basic configuration 402 , computing device 400 typically includes one or more processors 404 and a system memory 406 . a memory bus 408 may be used for communicating between processor 404 and system memory 406 . depending on the desired configuration , processor 404 may be of any type including but not limited to a microprocessor ( μp ), a microcontroller ( μc ), a digital signal processor ( dsp ), or any combination thereof . processor 404 may include one more levels of caching , such as a level one cache 410 and a level two cache 412 , a processor core 414 , and registers 416 . an example processor core 414 may include an arithmetic logic unit ( alu ), a floating point unit ( fpu ), a digital signal processing core ( dsp core ), or any combination thereof . an example memory controller 418 may also be used with processor 404 , or in some implementations memory controller 418 may be an internal part of processor 404 . depending on the desired configuration , system memory 406 may be of any type including but not limited to volatile memory ( such as ram ), non - volatile memory ( such as rom , flash memory , etc .) or any combination thereof . system memory 406 may include an operating system 420 , one or more applications 422 , and program data 424 . application 422 may include a flame retardant preparation algorithm 426 that is arranged to perform the various functions / actions / operations as described herein including at least those described with respect to system 100 of fig1 - 3 . program data 424 may include flame retardant preparation data 428 that may be useful for implementing preparation of a flame retardant nylon as is described herein . in some embodiments , application 422 may be arranged to operate with program data 424 on operating system 420 such that preparation of a flame retardant nylon may be provided . this described basic configuration 402 is illustrated in fig4 by those components within the inner dashed line . computing device 400 may have additional features or functionality , and additional interfaces to facilitate communications between basic configuration 402 and any required devices and interfaces . for example , a bus / interface controller 430 may be used to facilitate communications between basic configuration 402 and one or more data storage devices 432 via a storage interface bus 434 . data storage devices 432 may be removable storage devices 436 , non - removable storage devices 438 , or a combination thereof . examples of removable storage and non - removable storage devices include magnetic disk devices such as flexible disk drives and hard - disk drives ( hdd ), optical disk drives such as compact disk ( cd ) drives or digital versatile disk ( dvd ) drives , solid state drives ( ssd ), and tape drives to name a few . example computer storage media may include volatile and nonvolatile , removable and non - removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information , such as computer readable instructions , data structures , program modules , or other data . system memory 406 , removable storage devices 436 and non - removable storage devices 438 are examples of computer storage media . computer storage media includes , but is not limited to , ram , rom , eeprom , flash memory or other memory technology , cd - rom , digital versatile disks ( dvd ) or other optical storage , magnetic cassettes , magnetic tape , magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices , or any other medium which may be used to store the desired information and which may be accessed by computing device 400 . any such computer storage media may be part of computing device 400 . computing device 400 may also include an interface bus 440 for facilitating communication from various interface devices ( e . g ., output devices 442 , peripheral interfaces 444 , and communication devices 446 ) to basic configuration 402 via bus / interface controller 430 . example output devices 442 include a graphics processing unit 448 and an audio processing unit 450 , which may be configured to communicate to various external devices such as a display or speakers via one or more a / v ports 452 . example peripheral interfaces 444 include a serial interface controller 454 or a parallel interface controller 456 , which may be configured to communicate with external devices such as input devices ( e . g ., keyboard , mouse , pen , voice input device , touch input device , etc .) or other peripheral devices ( e . g ., printer , scanner , etc .) via one or more i / o ports 458 . an example communication device 446 includes a network controller 460 , which may be arranged to facilitate communications with one or more other computing devices 462 over a network communication link via one or more communication ports 464 . the network communication link may be one example of a communication media . communication media may typically be embodied by computer readable instructions , data structures , program modules , or other data in a modulated data signal , such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism , and may include any information delivery media . a “ modulated data signal ” may be a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal . by way of example , and not limitation , communication media may include wired media such as a wired network or direct - wired connection , and wireless media such as acoustic , radio frequency ( rf ), microwave , infrared ( ir ) and other wireless media . the term computer readable media as used herein may include both storage media and communication media . computing device 400 may be implemented as a portion of a small - form factor portable ( or mobile ) electronic device such as a cell phone , a personal data assistant ( pda ), a personal media player device , a wireless web - watch device , a personal headset device , an application specific device , or a hybrid device that include any of the above functions . computing device 400 may also be implemented as a personal computer including both laptop computer and non - laptop computer configurations . the present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the particular embodiments described in this application , which are intended as illustrations of various aspects . many modifications and variations can be made without departing from its spirit and scope , as will be apparent to those skilled in the art . functionally equivalent methods and apparatuses within the scope of the disclosure , in addition to those enumerated herein , will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing descriptions . such modifications and variations are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims . the present disclosure is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims , along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled . it is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to particular methods , reagents , compounds compositions or biological systems , which can , of course , vary . it is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only , and is not intended to be limiting . with respect to the use of substantially any plural and / or singular terms herein , those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and / or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and / or application . the various singular / plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity . it will be understood by those within the art that , in general , terms used herein , and especially in the appended claims ( e . g ., bodies of the appended claims ) are generally intended as “ open ” terms ( e . g ., the term “ including ” should be interpreted as “ including but not limited to ,” the term “ having ” should be interpreted as “ having at least ,” the term “ includes ” should be interpreted as “ includes but is not limited to ,” etc .). it will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended , such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim , and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present . for example , as an aid to understanding , the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “ at least one ” and “ one or more ” to introduce claim recitations . however , the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “ a ” or “ an ” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to embodiments containing only one such recitation , even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “ one or more ” or “ at least one ” and indefinite articles such as “ a ” or “ an ” ( e . g ., “ a ” and / or “ an ” should be interpreted to mean “ at least one ” or “ one or more ”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations . in addition , even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited , those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted to mean at least the recited number ( e . g ., the bare recitation of “ two recitations ,” without other modifiers , means at least two recitations , or two or more recitations ). furthermore , in those instances where a convention analogous to “ at least one of a , b , and c , etc .” is used , in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention ( e . g ., “ a system having at least one of a , b , and c ” would include but not be limited to systems that have a alone , b alone , c alone , a and b together , a and c together , b and c together , and / or a , b , and c together , etc .). in those instances where a convention analogous to “ at least one of a , b , or c , etc .” is used , in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention ( e . g ., “ a system having at least one of a , b , or c ” would include but not be limited to systems that have a alone , b alone , c alone , a and b together , a and c together , b and c together , and / or a , b , and c together , etc .). it will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and / or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms , whether in the description , claims , or drawings , should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms , either of the terms , or both terms . for example , the phrase “ a or b ” will be understood to include the possibilities of “ a ” or “ b ” or “ a and b .” in addition , where features or aspects of the disclosure are described in terms of markush groups , those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the markush group . as will be understood by one skilled in the art , for any and all purposes , such as in terms of providing a written description , all ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible subranges and combinations of subranges thereof . any listed range can be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling the same range being broken down into at least equal halves , thirds , quarters , fifths , tenths , etc . as a non - limiting example , each range discussed herein can be readily broken down into a lower third , middle third and upper third , etc . as will also be understood by one skilled in the art all language such as “ up to ,” “ at least ,” “ greater than ,” “ less than ,” and the like include the number recited and refer to ranges which can be subsequently broken down into subranges as discussed above . finally , as will be understood by one skilled in the art , a range includes each individual member . thus , for example , a group having 1 - 3 cells refers to groups having 1 , 2 , or 3 cells . similarly , a group having 1 - 5 cells refers to groups having 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , or 5 cells , and so forth . while various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein , other aspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art . the various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting , with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims .