text: fig1 illustrates a cross section of a screw extruder heat exchanger for high temperature steam generation ; fig1 a illustrates the same cross section as shown in fig1 , but includes a closed loop whereby a water - steam chamber can be flushed out and cleaned . fig2 illustrates the lower structure of the screw extruder steam generator shown in fig1 , and is a top plan and perspective view of a section along line 2 - 2 showing the arrangement of the screw discharger for the precipitates or slurry or both from the non - pure water , after the steam has been generated ; fig3 illustrates a front cross - sectional view of a pull / push plate in a molten salt heat exchanger for high temperature steam generation ; fig4 illustrates a front cross - sectional view of a two - stage heat exchanger steam generator for high temperature steam generation using impure water ; fig5 illustrates a schematic representation of a two - stage steam generation loop ; fig6 illustrates the energy requirement distribution of the cu — cl cycle ; and fig7 illustrates a simplified flow chart of a typical cu — cl thermochemical cycle for the production of hydrogen gas from the decomposition of water ; and fig8 is a schematic representation of the benefits of using the heat exchanger - steam generator apparatus and process described herein in petrochemical operations . one form of the apparatus of the present description is illustrated in fig1 and 2 of the accompanying drawings . a continuous production mode screw extruder - steam generator for steam generation of this invention is shown generally at 10 in fig1 , it consists of inner and outer annular tubes , 11 and 12 , respectively . the inner tube 11 contains a rotary screw 14 to agitate and push molten salt to move downward through a central or core chamber 13 , surrounded by an outer chamber 25 , both being formed by the outer tube 12 and inner tube 11 . the inner chamber has an inlet where a feed 15 of molten cucl at a temperature of from about 420 to about 900 ° c ., usually about 530 ° c . is provided to the inner chamber 13 . the base of the reactor has an outlet for removal of solidified cucl shown at 24 . non - pure water at a temperature ranging from about 0 to about 100 ° c ., and typically at 20 ° c . is fed at inlet 16 into the outer chamber or jacket 25 . the chamber 25 also includes an inlet 19 at which a continuous water stream at a temperature of about 0 to 100 ° c ., and typically from about 10 to about 40 ° c ., with 20 ° c . being typical is fed to chamber 25 . water is sprayed onto the outside wall of the inner tube 11 to form a water film . when the film is flowing downward , water accumulates , boils and vaporizes . the water can be introduced also by a continuous flow stream via inlet 19 . an outlet for the steam is provided at 20 from the outer chamber . the temperature of the steam generated is in the range of about 100 to about 500 ° c . and the optimum range is about 300 to about 400 ° c . the temperature of the molten salt entering the inside tube is in the range of about 420 to about 900 ° c . and the optimum range is about 450 to about 530 ° c . the steam pressure can be in the range of about 0 to about 250 bar ( gauge ) and the optimum range is about 0 to about 2 bar gauge so that high temperature steam can be generated . the diameter of inner tube 11 a is in the range of about 5 to about 100 cm and the optimum range is about 15 to about 45 cm . the space for the flights of the screw , b is in the range of about 1 to about 10 cm and the optimum range is about 2 to about 5 cm . the diameter of the screw root , c , is in the range of about 1 to about 50 cm , and the optimum range is about 5 to about 20 cm . it is noted that the outside tube could be other than cylindrical in shape , for example , rectangular or square . between the two inlets 16 and 19 , and between the inlet 16 and the outlet 20 , within the chamber 25 , the temperatures achieved provide boiling water and high temperature steam , respectively . the dimensions of the tubes 11 and 12 , and the whole unit are selected to ensure the most efficient heat transfer and the generation of high temperature steam . the molten salt can also be introduced from the top , by either continuous melt stream or pouring in this form of the apparatus . to avoid the attachment of the solidified salt onto the wall of the inner chamber 13 during the downward travel of the salt , a suitable lubricant such as grease ( silicone ) can be applied onto the wall . in operation , the process in this apparatus can be conducted on a continuous basis . the molten salt is introduced into the chamber 13 of the heat exchanger - steam generator and the water is introduced as a spray and as a continuous flow stream into the outer chamber 25 . as the molten salt is pushed downwardly through the central chamber via the turning of screw 14 , heat is transmitted to the water entering the outer chamber 25 and the height of the apparatus is selected to ensure sufficient heat transfer to generate high temperature steam from the water . boiling water hb is produced in a lower portion of chamber 25 which rises upwardly becoming high temperature steam hs , which is removed via outlet 20 . as steam is formed from the non - pure water , impurities and salts are deposited in the bottom of the chamber 25 . these may comprise a solid precipitate or slurry or both . removal of these materials is managed in a suitable manner known to those skilled in the art and recovery of any valuable products can be undertaken using known methods . an extruder 23 can be placed in the outlet from chamber 25 to assist in removal of the impurities / minerals etc . the molten cucl solidifies as the heat is transferred from it to the water . as the salt cools it solidifies . removal of the salt is undertaken in accordance with known methods for removing such solids from industrial equipment . in fig3 , there is illustrated an alternative structure for the heat exchanger - steam generator . the rotary screw of fig1 is replaced with a push - pull plate arrangement shown generally at 40 . a top plate 41 and a bottom plate 42 are provided in an inner salt chamber 43 . the plates 41 and 42 may have the same diameter x , which allows the plates to engage interior wall 45 of chamber 43 . the molten salt can be fed through a side inlet 15 and a top inlet 46 . removal of solid salt 21 can be achieved by removing the bottom plate 42 . outer chamber 44 has the same inlets and outlets found in the heat exchanger - steam generator shown in fig1 . however , in the arrangement shown here , the process is generally conducted as a batch or semi - batch process . fig4 illustrates a further alternative arrangement for the heat exchanger - steam generator which employs a casting with a mould : molten salt steam generator . the structure here is very similar to the annular tube arrangement shown in fig3 . the difference is that no device is used to assist passage of molten salt through the central chamber . all other aspects of the apparatus are the same as found in the apparatus of fig3 . to approach a continuous operation , a surface coating such as a lubricant , for example grease is usually needed to assist the cucl to move downwardly . when the molten cucl is poured into the heat exchanger , the lubricant , e . g . grease may be continuously applied , e . g . by spraying onto the surface of the inside wall of the inner tube 11 , as indicated by element 15 a in fig4 . any other known methods for distributing a lubricant such as grease onto the inside wall at appropriate locations are suitable for this purpose . fig5 shows an alternative arrangement that comprises a two - stage steam generation loop . instead of directly generating the steam by the heat of molten salt , secondary thermal fluids are utilized to extract the heat from the molten salt , and then the thermal fluid is allowed to transfer its heat to the non - pure water to generate steam in a second stage heat exchanger . a big advantage of using secondary thermal fluid is that the non - pure water can be introduced to the tube route rather than the shell path so the precipitates from the water can be more easily removed . another advantage is that any corrosion from the non - pure water on the outside wall of the pipe that confines the molten salt is eliminated . typical secondary fluids include thermal oil , high pressure gases such as nitrogen , helium , argon , and air . the illustrated apparatus of fig5 comprises two heat exchangers 60 and 70 , each having a shell 65 , 75 and tube 64 , 74 design . the heat exchangers 60 and 70 are connected so that the secondary thermal fluid circulates from shell 65 to shell 75 through conduits 50 , 51 and 52 . in the first stage heat exchanger 60 , molten salt enters tube 64 which may be provided with a rotating screw 61 for pushing the molten salt through the tube 64 . screw 61 can be replaced with an alternative device for pushing the molten salt or no device may be used . solidified salt exits at 24 and is removed in a suitable manner . heat from the molten salt is transferred to the thermal oil in shell 65 which circulates through conduit 5 to a second stage heat exchanger 70 into shell 75 . non - pure water is fed to the central tube 70 at inlet 16 and as it passes through the heat exchanger 70 , it picks up heat from the circulating high temperature thermal oil and turns to super heated steam , which is removed from outlet 20 . precipitates or slurry or both collects in tube 74 and can be removed by a suitable device , such as a rotating screw 71 , and any valuable material can be recovered in conventional ways . description of how the molten salt is handled in the heat exchanger a portion of a pilot plant was constructed incorporating the molten salt heat exchanger described herein . referring to fig1 , one can see how the heat exchanger 10 handles molten salt 15 a , which involves the salt being mixed and the dimensions of the tube 13 in the hear exchanger 10 being selected to ensure this mixing takes place . a feed of molten salt 15 is introduced to the tube 13 and is then pushed downwardly by the axial pushing force of the flights 13 b of the rotary screw 14 . during the downward moving of the molten salt 15 , the salt 15 close to the inside wall of chamber 13 is cooled to a lower temperature than the molten salt 15 close to the screw flights 13 b and root 13 a . at the same time , heat carried by the molten salt 15 is transferred through the wall 11 of chamber 13 to the water or steam contained in the annulus ( 25 ). due to the radial agitating force of the flights 13 b , the lower - temperature molten salt 15 close to the inside wall of chamber 13 is agitated until it is farther from the wall and closer to the screw root 13 a to mix with a portion of higher temperature molten salt 15 . at the same time , other portions of higher temperature molten salt 15 are agitated until closer to the inside wall of chamber 13 . some portions of molten salt 15 may solidify when the salt is agitated closer to the inside wall of chamber 13 and is then agitated back to closer to the root 13 a to solidify more salt or it is melted again . through the mixing generated by the screw flights 13 b , the heat in various locations of the molten salt stream is transferred to the wall of chamber 13 and hence to the water in the chamber 25 . during the downward movement of the molten salt 15 , the temperature of the salt becomes lower and lower . when the salt 15 moves near the bottom of chamber 13 , all salt 15 has been solidified . at this time , the rotary screw 14 also serves as a granulator to avoid forming big chunks of solidified salt . to achieve the functions as described above , e . g ., the good mixing and granulating , the dimensions of the screw 14 and chamber 13 and the rotary speed are selected and controlled to be in an optimal range , which can be determined through routine experimentation . the channel width b is usually in the range of 1 - 50 cm and the optimal width is 2 - 20 cm . the flight width ( a - 8 ) is in the range of 0 . 2 - 10 cm and the optimal range is 1 - 4 cm . the helix angle ha may be selected from those in the range of 5 - 85 degrees and the optimal range is 15 - 45 degrees . the rotary speed may be selected to be in the range of 0 . 5 - 5000 rpm and the optimal range is 1 - 100 rpm . these parameters are based on the pilot design and in practice can be readily adjusted to ensure maximum heat transfer and steam production . safe operation of the heat exchanger 10 is necessary to avoid cracking on the inside wall 17 of chamber 13 . cracking can be avoided by enhancing the thickness of the chamber wall 17 and by selecting suitable material for the inside wall of the tube 14 , along with regular checks and maintenance . when the water is evaporated on the outside wall of chamber 13 , impurities will be concentrated in the remaining unevaporated water which flows downward along the wall . during the downward movement on the wall , some impurities , such as salts , will precipitate . the precipitates are entrained by the concentrated water to accumulate in the chamber 25 . due to the density difference of water and the precipitates , the precipitates settle at the bottom of chamber 25 . when the quantity of precipitates exceeds the height of screw discharger 23 after some runtime , the screw discharger will operate and remove the precipitates to outside of chamber 25 . the runtime depends on the steam generation rate and scale , and the screw discharger 23 can then accordingly operate intermittently or continuously . to ensure the downward moving of the precipitated impurities with concentrated water , preferably 1 - 10 % of the water is not evaporated so that the precipitated impurities can be entrained by the downward flowing concentrated water on the outside wall of chamber 13 . multiple water level gauges can be set to monitor the evaporation extent . the water level gauges could be any known gauges . referring now to fig1 a , after some runtime , for example , 6 months , the outside wall of chamber 14 may be covered by a layer of precipitated impurities to foul the chamber and affect the efficient operation of the heat exchanger 10 . to remove the precipitates on the wall , the process is slowed or stopped , and simultaneously the water flow rate is increased at inlet 16 to a higher value than normal , and the chamber 13 is filled with water to reach the water level of inlet 16 , and then the water is pumped out through inlet 19 ( now serving as an outlet ) by pump 100 back to inlet 16 to form a closed liquid water loop to dissolve the precipitates and clean the outside wall of chamber 15 . the speed of the water flow is selected to be in the range of 5 - 30 m / s . after cleaning , the closed water loop formed by inlets 16 and 19 is disconnected , then the water flow rate of inlet 16 , is restarted or the molten salt processing is restarted or the molten salt processing is speeded up . the connection or disconnection of inlets 16 and 19 is controlled by valve 99 . some cleaning acids , such as , for example dilute hcl or hno 3 , can also be used as additives or agents , for the removal of water - insoluble impurities precipitated on the wall . the precipitates removed from chamber 25 may carry water or be an aqueous slurry . the slurry can be conveyed to a filtration system to extract water and the extracted water can be reused for steam generation . the filtration can be conducted using any known system . the impurities do not have to be precipitated , as they can also be produced in a highly concentrated aqueous solution which accumulates at the bottom of chamber 25 . the screw discharger 23 can remove the highly concentrated water , or the screw discharger can be replaced by a simple pipe wherein the concentrated water can be pumped out . in this case an extra loop may be required to recover the water from the highly concentrated aqueous solution or disposal of it may be needed . the equipment and technology described herein are compatible with most types of non - pure water and especially suitable for geographical areas where fresh and high quality water are not as plentiful as other areas , or where saline and brackish water are richer than fresh , high quality water , e . g ., industrial regions for oil sands extraction and upgrading where the use of fresh and high quality water is strictly limited and distributed . brackish water is water that has more salinity than fresh water , but not as much as seawater . it may result from mixing of seawater with fresh water , as in estuaries , or it may occur in brackish fossil aquifers . certain human activities can produce brackish water , in particular certain civil engineering projects such as dikes and the flooding of coastal marshland to produce brackish water pools for freshwater prawn farming . brackish water is also the primary waste product of the salinity gradient power process . because brackish water is hostile to the growth of most terrestrial plant species , without appropriate management it is damaging to the environment . technically , brackish water contains between 0 . 5 and 30 grams of salt per litre — more often expressed as 0 . 5 to 30 parts per thousand ( ppt or % o ). pure water is a non - conductive substance that is toxic to life , and corrosive of most metals . impure water is water that has impurities , such as salts , hardness , metal ions , and so on . there are benefits to using the present technology in conjunction with petrochemical processes and these are illustrated in fig8 . non - pure water , e . g . brackish water , can be used to produce hydrogen that can be used for operations , such as oil sands upgrading , refineries , enrichment of concentration of hydrogen in syngas , among others . also , oxygen can be used for gasification of upgrading residuals or coal , improving combustion , reducing the use of air heating , and lowering nox emissions . this technology is capable of using non - pure water to produce hydrogen and oxygen for upstream and downstream units of petrochemical plant operations . fig6 illustrates schematically the energy inputs and outputs for a typical cucl cycle derived from incorporating the present technology and equipment , which are considered to be significant . fig7 is a simplified representation of a prior art cu — cl cycle , which is described in more detail in the previously referenced us patent publication no . 2010 / 012987 . reference may be had to the specific parts of this patent application which describe the contents of fig7 in detail , where it appears as fig5 . in fig7 , an input of water is included . this represents an example of how the present technology could be combined with the cu — cl cycle . the materials used to construct the apparatus of the present technology may be selected in accordance with the operating parameters of the equipment . the selection is within the common knowledge of a person skilled in the art . the above description is meant to be exemplary only , and one skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made to the embodiments described without departing from the scope of the invention disclosed . modifications which fall within the scope of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art , in light of a review of this disclosure , and such modifications are intended to fall within the appended claims .