text: fig1 is a diagram showing the arrangement of the components of the calibration system in a preferred embodiment . a reflection chamber 10 includes a wafer platform 12 upon which a wafer 14 is placed during a reflectivity test . a black body radiation source 16 provides infrared light to be reflected off of a backside 18 of wafer 14 . a first pyrometer 20 mounted adjacent to black body radiation source 16 detects the amount of light reflected off of backside 18 of wafer 14 . the calibration system contains a processing chamber 30 for processing wafers . a transfer arm 21 is used to swing wafer 14 from reflection chamber 10 to processing chamber 30 in a loading operation . a lamp 32 is situated inside chamber 30 and above wafer 14 . the wafer is seated on a wafer platform 34 , similar to wafer platform 12 in reflection chamber 10 . below wafer platform 34 is a second pyrometer 36 for detecting the amount of light emitted by wafer 14 during processing . first and second pyrometers 20 , 36 have output lines 40 , 42 connected to a computer 44 . in addition , an output 46 indicating the power level of a power supply 47 of processing chamber 30 is connected to computer 44 . each of these output lines 40 , 42 , 46 provide computer 44 with data for setting the processing chamber for the characteristics of a particular wafer . a computer output line 48 is connected to a control input for power supply 47 so that computer 44 may set lamp 32 at the proper level for processing . computer 44 is provided with a keyboard 50 and a display 52 so that a user may interact with the system to access and input data . the operation of the present invention will now be described with reference to fig1 . calibration of the processing system for processing semiconductor wafers is carried out in a series of three steps conducted on three different wafers . first , a thermocouple wafer 60 is placed on wafer platform 34 in processing chamber 30 . fig2 shows a thermocouple wafer 60 used for calibrating the system to a rough initial level . thermocouple wafer 60 includes an imbedded thermocouple 62 located at the core of thermocouple wafer 60 for detecting the core temperature of thermocouple wafer 60 as the temperature of processing chamber 30 is increased . a high melting temperature thermocouple ( such as type c * - tungsten - tungsten / rhenium ) is preferably electron beam welded directly into the silicon wafer ( rather than inserting a thermocouple into a hole in the wafer ). in this configuration , the wafer is mechanically very rugged and will survive many thermal cycles . the thermocouple junction is in intimate thermal contact with the wafer so the thermocouple temperature readout will be the same as the wafer temperature . another advantage of this system is the lack of any foreign material on the wafer surface which would modify the coupling of radiation into the wafer . finally , thermocouples can be added to any type of silicon wafer -- not just a bare one . this will be important in the overall calibration scheme . additionally , this calibration technique is applicable to materials other than silicon , e . g ., gaas , inp , insb , etc . a known power level is supplied to lamp 32 , thereby heating thermocouple wafer 60 to a certain temperature . that temperature is detected by thermocouple 62 . this data is then transmitted to computer 44 where the temperature is recorded in a first table in the memory of computer 44 . in addition , second pyrometer 36 detects the amount of light emitted by thermocouple wafer 60 at the known power level . this value is stored , along with the known power level and the corresponding temperature in the first table in the memory of computer 44 . the temperature of thermocouple wafer 60 is then increased a number of times . at each level , the temperature and the corresponding light emission value are recorded in the first table . this table represents an initial rough calibration scale for semiconductor devices of similar composition to thermocouple wafer 60 . refinement of the values in the first table are accomplished by conducting tests ( steps 2 and 3 described below ) on a batch wafer and then a particular wafer to be processed . the emissivity of silicon ( ignoring surface or spectral effects ) is relatively constant at temperatures above about 700 ° c ., so emissivity calibration as a function of temperature is not strictly required if all processes are to run in a restricted temperature range and small ( 10 - 20 ° c .) temperature errors can be tolerated . in practice , the system takes measurements at very small temperature increments at low temperatures where the emissivity is changing rapidly , and at larger steps at higher temperatures . fig3 is a chart of the calibration table values for the pyrometer output voltage versus temperature of a particular wafer measured by a preferred embodiment of the present invention . the vertical axis represents the pyrometer voltage level in millivolts . the horizontal axis represents the temperature in ° c . four curves are illustrated in fig3 . curve 92 represents the pyrometer voltage versus temperature function of thermocouple wafer 60 at the lower end of the temperature range , i . e . 350 - 600 ° c . curve 94 represents the pyrometer voltage versus temperature function of the same thermocouple wafer at a higher temperature range , i . e . 500 - 1275 ° c . the reason that two separate curves exist for the same wafer over the full range of temperatures between 350 ° and 1275 ° c . is that the pyrometer is switched to a higher gain at about 550 ° c . this causes a new curve to be started at a lower voltage level . curves 96 and 98 reflect the adjustments done for the sample batch wafer and a particular individual wafer , respectively , at the high gain setting , as discussed later , similar curves are produced for the lower voltage range , but are not shown . the second step , referred to as the rapid reference , consists of measuring characteristics of a batch wafer and creating an autocal calibration file for the pyrometer that is specific to those characteristics . a batch wafer is an arbitrary wafer selected from a batch of wafers of a particular lot which are to be processed . the autocal file is created by adjusting a file for the thermocouple wafers or another known good autocal file that is in the computer memory . the good autocal file is selected and is known as the source file . the batch wafer is placed on wafer platform 34 in processing chamber 30 . the lamp is powered to one of the known power levels used in the first step described above ( power level a ). then , second pyrometer 36 detects the light emitted by the batch wafer p ( mv ) and transmits it to computer 44 on second pyrometer output line 42 . the computer then determines a temperature from the source autocal file that corresponds to p ( mv ) and calculates the difference in temperature between the indicated and the rapid reference calibration temperature that was measured during the thermocouple wafer calibration . the computer also corrects for variations in the pyrometer gain from system to system by determining the correction coefficient , c i that corresponds to the particular p ( mv ) from the empirically derived formula c i = a o + a i * p i ( mv ). the numerical value of the coefficients a o and a i depend on the gain of the output amplifiers of the second pyrometer . the values of c i for each pyrometer output value p i have been previously determined in a calibration of the particular hardware . this calibration is done by plotting the temperature of a group of wafers for the same pyrometer output versus the reflectivity of those wafers . this is repeated over the range of pyrometer outputs . the equation describing the curve formed by this plot is a o + a i * p i ( mv ). by determining the values a o and a 1 , only these two values need to be stored , with c i being calculated each time for a pyrometer reading p i . alternately , values of c i could be stored in memory for each p i . there are functionally similar equations that provide the correction coefficients for both the high and low tables in the autocal file . using the temperature difference , δt , and the correction coefficient , c i , the computer calculates a correction constant , d . using this correction constant each of the 256 temperatures in the high and low tables of the autocal file are corrected according to equation 1 . d is determined from the equation d = δt / c i . tnew i = new temperature value for the table in the ith position t i = temperature value from the source autocal file in the ith position d = the correction constant calculated from the difference between the indicated and actual temperature c i = the correction coefficient corresponding to the ith position in the autocal table the newly calculated values are stored in a second table . the second table is a copy of the first table wherein the newly calculated values for light emission and temperature for the batch wafer are substituted for the values recorded for thermocouple wafer 60 . curve 96 in fig3 plots the values from the table for the batch wafer . curve 96 represents a refinement of curve 94 based on measurements taken from the batch wafer . however , unlike curves 92 and 94 , curve 96 is not a curve of actually measured values . instead , curve 96 is an approximated curve determined by taking a single light emission reading from the batch wafer at a known power level a . the power level a and light emission value for the batch wafer are then used to predict a curve 96 for the batch wafer based on the measurements from curve 94 of the thermocouple wafer . rapid reference works best at temperatures where emissivity is fairly constant , so 800 ° c . is normally chosen as the expected temperature ( the known power level a ). for process such as tisi 2 and al alloying which require lower temperatures , lower power levels can be used . it is important to remember that for rapid reference to work accurately , the front side 19 of the wafer must be stripped . otherwise , the differences in the way the heat source couples into the wafer will drive the wafers to different equilibrium temperatures . front side coupling and backside emissivity are related physical processes but must be considered independently in this case because of the different spectral ranges used for the heat source and pyrometer . to obtain greater accuracy in some cases , step three , ace , is performed which involves a reflectivity test performed on a particular wafer to be processed . wafer 14 is placed on wafer platform 12 in reflection chamber 10 . black body source 16 provides an infrared light aimed at backside 18 of wafer 14 . the amount of light reflected off of backside 18 is detected by first pyrometer 20 . this value is transmitted to computer 44 . this measurement is first done for the batch wafer of step 2 ( autocal ) or for the thermocouple wafer of step 1 and then for each individual wafer as it is loaded for processing . the computer first determines the difference , r , in the reflectivity between the wafer to be processed and a reflectance value stored in the source autocal file for a thermocouple or batch wafer . this value , r , is similar in function to the correction constant of section 2 . using the source autocal file with its reference backside reflectivity value corresponding to the backside of the wafer used to create the file the computer then uses the following equation ( 2 ) to adjust the autocal file for the particular wafer that is about to be processed . tnew i = new temperature value for the table in the ith position t i = temperature value from the source autocal file in the ith position r = the correction constant calculated from the difference between the measured reflectance and the reflectance value contained in the source autocal file c i = the correction coefficient corresponding to the ith position in the autocal table the correction coefficients , c i , are the same that were used in equation 1 . the newly calculated values are inserted in a third table . the third table is a copied version of the second table in which the newly calculated values for the particular wafer can be substituted . curve 98 in fig3 represents a further refinement of curve 96 to adjust curve 96 to take into account variations in a particular wafer to be processed . curve 98 is approximated in the same manner as curve 96 . that is , only one measurement is taken and the rest of the curve is predicted by reference to curve 96 . the ace measurement works by measuring the backside reflectivity of each wafer just before entry into the process chamber . the optics of the reflectometer chamber 10 are carefully designed so that the measurements are made on the same location on the wafer as the pyrometer 36 in the processing chamber 30 will see . therefore , any non - uniformity will not result in emissivity errors . the reflectometer chamber 10 is an additional piece of hardware which mounts below the baseplate just to the left of the process chamber 30 . as a wafer is held by transport arm 21 waiting to be loaded into the chamber , the system takes a reflectivity measurement . in this way there is essentially no reduction in the throughput of the system . the change in reflectivity from wafer to wafer is directly related to the change in emissivity , even at room temperature . the emissivity changes are calculated by the system computer . it is important to note that ace does not measure emissivity , but only the small changes in emissivity from wafer to wafer within a lot . normal variations of 10 ° to 20 ° c . are typical in some types of processes using standard closed loop temperature control . with ace , the variations can be reduced to 1 ° to 2 ° c . although ace is intended to compensate for small variations in backside emissivity it can often do a good job correcting for larger changes as well . one must be careful , however , because there may be some combinations of backside conditions which could fool this system if it is used to correct for large changes in emissivity . it is better to use the techniques discussed previously to make the gross emissivity corrections and to use ace to compensate for the smaller variations within a lot . fig4 is a block diagram of the electronics used to implement a preferred embodiment of the present invention . computer 44 is connected to various components of the system . first pyrometer 20 , located in reflection chamber 10 , is connected to computer 44 through a first analog to digital converter 70 . the output signal of second pyrometer 36 is fed through an isolation amplifier 72 and a second analog to digital converter 74 before being input to computer 44 . a second isolation amplifier 73 is preferably provided in parallel to amplifier 72 , with amplifier 73 having a higher gain for the high - end curves of fig3 . a switch 75 , controlled by a line 77 from computer 44 , allows quick switching between the two amplifiers , and thus between two gain levels . alternately , a single amplifier could be used with a switch between two gain - setting resistors . however , this method could not be switched as quickly . in order to use an optical pyrometer to measure a wide temperature span such as 350 ° c . to 1300 ° c . it is necessary to adjust the gain of the detector amplifier one or more times to obtain a measurable signal at low temperatures while not saturating the signal at high temperatures . in a conventional optical pyrometer this is accomplished by a manual adjustment of the gain with a variable resistor . in this invention the pyrometer temperature span is achieved by the use of two fixed gain resistors in the detector amplifier circuit . alternatively , we could refine the temperature resolution by using 3 , 4 or a multitude of fixed gain resistors . the fixed gain resistors of the pyrometer amplifier circuit can be switched mechanically using the machine &# 39 ; s computer control to obtain coverage of the entire temperature range . in the preferred embodiment of the invention there are parallel amplifier circuits to the pyrometer detector , each with a different fixed gain . again , there can be two or more of these parallel circuits . each circuit is connected to the computer through parallel input ports . the computer then selects which input to read based on the temperature range of interest . this method is much faster since the computer can select an input much faster than a mechanical relay can change a resistor . an input 76 for connecting to the imbedded thermocouple 62 is located on processing chamber 30 . input 76 is connected to computer 44 through thermocouple ( tc ) amplifier 78 and third analog to digital converter 80 . lamp power source ( lps ) 82 is connected to computer 44 . lps 82 both transmits a power level readout to , and receives a power level control signal from , computer 44 in order to control the processing of wafers in processing chamber 30 . a recorder output 84 is connected to computer 44 through first digital to analog computer 86 . recorder output 84 is used to provide a hard copy of any of the tables or the process history for a particular wafer . computer 44 runs the calibration system using rapid reference software 88 . in the memory of computer 44 are stored the autocal tables 90 containing the values from the tests performed upon various wafers . in the preferred embodiment there are three autocal tables . the first contains temperature , power level , and light emission values for thermocouple wafer 60 shown in fig2 . the second table contains temperature , power level , and light emission values for a batch wafer . the third autocal table contains temperature , power level , and light emission values determined as a function of reflectivity for a particular wafer to be processed . fig5 is a flowchart of the software used to control the computer for making the temperature versus pyrometer output table in a preferred embodiment of the present invention . the lamp is first turned on ( step a ) and the pyrometer output value ( pypoint ) is zeroed ( step b ). a timer is then started ( step c ) to give enough time for one measurement to be done . the pyrometer output is compared to a particular value being measured ( step d ). if the pyrometer value is greater than the selected point , the temperature is recorded ( step e ) and the next pyrometer point is selected ( step f ). if the timer has not run ( step g ) and the pyrometer output is not at its maximum ( step h ), step d is repeated . otherwise , if the timer has run , the power is incremented ( step i ) and the timer is reset ( step j ) and the process is repeated . once the maximum pyrometer output has been reached , the lamp is turned off ( step k ) and the procedure is completed . in general , to those skilled in the art to which this invention relates , many changes in construction and widely differing embodiments and applications of the present invention will suggest themselves without departing from its spirit and scope . for instance , a series of arc lamps or a conventional heating element could be used . the black body source could be placed in the heating chamber so a single pyrometer could be used . an error factor could be figured in the equations rather than stripping the top of the batch wafer . thus , the disclosures and descriptions herein are purely illustrative and are not intended to be in any sense limiting . the scope of the invention is set forth in the appended claims .