text: in accordance with the invention , two methods and systems for improving the uplink performance of a das are disclosed . both methods allow for dynamic range “ smoothing ”, and thus further contribute to improving the uplink performance . the aggregation point noise blocking ( apnb ) method and system minimizes noise accumulation in aggregation points of the das . the signal regeneration method and system , includes regeneration of the signal along the uplink path of the das is order to improve the signal snr to the values typical to a signal from a nearby transmitter . as explained above , at the aggregation points in the das , the noise from the various branches being aggregated is combined , thereby increasing the noise level , while the signal from a specific terminal , which typically would be present only on a single branch , does not increase accordingly . the result is a decrease in snr which is proportional to the number of branches being aggregated . according to the apnb invention , at any point in time the signal from a particular terminal is present only on one of the branches and there is no need to combine this signal with noise from other branches , so the noise from one or more of these branches can be blocked . the result is the elimination of the noise aggregation phenomena and its impact on the snr . in the case of a single terminal roaming the coverage area of the das , this “ blocking ” function would simply be the selection at every point in time of the single branch on which the terminal signal is present and the complete blocking of all other branches . however , a practical wireless system support multiple terminals , each of which can be located in a coverage area associated with a different branch of the aggregation point , and therefore a more granular “ blocking ” method can be used . the mechanism can be tailored to the specific wireless signals being handled by the das , and in particular to the technique being used to multiplex the signals of multiple terminals within the associated bandwidth . one embodiment of the invention includes frequency - based multiplexing , a method and system in which each terminal is assigned a unique , non - overlapping frequency (“ channel ”) on which to transmit its uplink . all channels are assumed to have the same bandwidth . the blocking mechanism appropriate for frequency - based systems would be one in which the system determines which channels are active on each branch and blocks ( filters ) the parts of the band associated with channels that are not active on that branch . since a channel is assumed to be active on a single branch , it follows that , for every channel , the associated frequency slice will be passed through from a single branch and blocked on all other branches . the result will be the elimination of the noise accumulation from multiple branches . another embodiment of the invention includes time - based multiplexing , a method and system in which a single frequency channel is used by all terminals but each accesses the channel at a different time or time slot . time - based systems may differ in whether the allocation of channel time to each terminal is structured and slotted or more “ random ”. their shared property is that at every point in time only a single terminal is transmitting . the blocking mechanism appropriate for time - based systems would be one in which the system determines at every point in time the branch on which the active terminal for that time frame is present , and blocks all other branches . as before , the result will be the elimination of the noise accumulation from multiple branches . another embodiment of the invention includes hybrid frequency / time - based multiplexing , a method and system in which a time - based multiplexing scheme is employed concurrently ( and independently ) over multiple frequency channels . thus each terminal will be active at certain times over a specific frequency channel . examples of such systems include the iden , tdma and gsm wireless telephony systems ( which have a structured time multiplexing nature ) and 802 . 11 - based wireless lan systems ( which use a dynamic , contention - based scheme to ensure that at most a single terminal is active on every channel at every point in time ). the blocking mechanism appropriate for hybrid frequency / time multiplexing systems is a hybrid of the respective blocking mechanisms for the frequency - based and time - based systems . in other words , at every point in time the system must determine which channels are active on which branches , and for the duration of that activity cycle must block the frequency associated with that channel on the other branches . in accordance with one embodiment of the invention , the apnb method and system can provide the following functions , activity identification , selective noise blocking , and signal attenuation . the activity identification function can determine which frequency channel is active on which branch at every point in time or for every time slot . this can include the recognition that it is possible that a signal emanating from a specific terminal can be present on more than one branch as when the terminal is located on the border between coverage areas associated with different branches . in this case the branch having the strongest signal for this terminal can be selected . the selective noise blocking ( snb ) function can provide that for every active channel , passing the signal from the “ selected ” branch through the aggregation point , and blocking the corresponding frequency range from other branches . the signal attenuation function can assist in dynamic range “ smoothing ” by attenuating strong signals . the activity identification ( aid ) function can be tailored to the characteristics of the signal and the mobility characteristics of the terminals . for example , where the terminals in the system are of limited mobility , a manual configuration method can be used . in this configuration , an operator of the system manually configures the channels active on each branch , and for a time - based or hybrid time / frequency based scheme the time slot or time - slot / channel assignments associated with each branch . in one embodiment of the invention , for example for a system having truly mobile terminals , an automatic scanning implementation can be used . in this embodiment , each branch is scanned for activity according to predefined time - slot and frequency assignments . alternatively , each of the branches can be scanned simultaneously for activity on each of the possible frequencies that can be used . the nature of the activity detected , including the frequency band or channel , the time - slot ( as necessary ) and the signal strength ( or an analogous measure of signal strength ) or signal to noise ratio ( snr ) can be sent to the controller . the controller can collect the activity information from each branch and store the information in memory . the controller can use an algorithm to determine , for each time period or time slot , which branches to block as a function of the activity detected on each branch . where activity for a time period or time - slot is detected on only one branch , the other branches can be blocked . where activity for a time period or time - slot is detected on more than one branch , but the activity is on the same frequency or channel , the branch corresponding to the activity with the greater signal strength or snr can be allowed to pass to the combiner and the other channels blocked . where the activity for a time period or time - slot is detected on more than one branch and includes multiple frequencies or channels , the controller can control each of the branches to selectively block or filter the branch to allocate only one branch for each frequency or channel over which activity was detected . in some alternative embodiments where signals from the same terminal are detected on more than one branch , it can be desirable to allow for the two or more signals ( one from each of the active branches ) to pass through to the combiner . for each branch in the aggregation point , an analog to digital converter ( adc ) and a suitable digital signal processor ( dsp ) can be used to scan the relevant frequency band for activity ( e . g . a signal is present on one or more of known frequency channels ) or the cessation of activity . the level of each active signal can be measured . a single adc / dsp time - shared between the different branches can be used . a central processing unit or control function can compare the results derived from each branch and create an integrated “ activity map ”. where a specific channel is “ active ” on more than one branch , the central processing unit can select the branch having the strongest signal or highest power for that channel . depending on the application , the controller can be implemented as a hardware based controller , such as part of a digital signal processor or a field programmable gate array , or as a high speed software controlled processor . the scanning rate can depend on the characteristics of the signal . for frequency - based multiplexing the rate can be relatively slow , while for time - based or hybrid multiplexed systems the rate can be matched to the time - slot duration of the system . based on the “ activity map ” generated as described above , the system can determine for each and every point in time , which frequency ranges to pass through from a branch where activity was detected and which frequency ranges to block or filter from other branches where no activity was detected . in one embodiment of the invention , for each branch , an adc is used to digitize the relevant frequency range . a dsp is then used to implement digital filters that pass through the selected frequency channels for this branch and block the rest . the signals from the different branches can be digitally combined , and then a digital to analog converter ( dac ) used to recreate an analog signal . fig3 shows a high level block diagram of an embodiment of the invention , an apnb 300 at an aggregation point and fig4 shows a flow chart showing the process for selective noise blocking according to an embodiment of the invention . the apnb 300 can include an adc 310 connected to each branch 302 , 304 , 306 to be aggregated , an aid block 320 connected to each adc 310 to detect signal activity and send signal activity information to the control block 360 , a snb block 330 connected to each aid block 320 to selectively block or filter the signal if no signal activity is detected , a control block 360 for receiving the signal activity map information from the aid blocks 320 and providing the signal activity map information to the snb blocks 330 , a digital combiner 340 for combining the processed and filtered digital signals from each branch and a dac 350 for converting the combined digital signal to an analog signal 352 to be set upstream . at stage 402 the apnb block 300 , the input signal from each branch is processed similarly . at stage 410 , each received analog signal 302 , 304 , 306 is converted to a digital signal by the adc 3 10 . at stage 420 , the digital signal is processed by the aid block 320 to determine if signal activity from a terminal is detected . at stage 422 , the absence or presence of signal activity can be sent to and stored in the control block 360 as the activity map . at stage 430 , the digital signal is then processed by the snb block 330 to selectively block or filter the signal noise in the digital signal as a function of the absence or presence of signal activity detected or as a function of the activity map or a control signal from the control block 360 . at stage 430 , the snb block 330 can also attenuate the digital signal to provide for dynamic range smoothing . at stage 440 , each of the digital branch signals is combined in the digital combiner 340 to produce a combined digital signal . at stage 450 , the combined digital signal is converted to an analog signal by dag 350 and sent upstream . the resulting analog signal has an improved snr because some or most of the noise from the inactive branches is not aggregated into the resulting signal . it is possible to use the same adc / dsp elements for both the activity identification function and the selective noise blocking function , as well as the digital combining function . in one embodiment , a digital “ delay line ” can be inserted between the aid block 320 function and the snb block 330 function in order to provide the aid block 320 function with time to process the signal or signals before providing the information required for the snb block 330 function to operate . this can be done using buffering capability associated with the dsp processing blocks . the apnb 300 mechanism can help “ smooth ” the dynamic range of the incoming signals by attenuating strong signals . this functionality can be integrated in the implementation described above for the snb block 330 function . specifically , the channel power measurements obtained at stage 420 in the aid block 320 function can be used by the snb block 330 to determine at stage 430 whether a “ pass - through ” channel needs to be attenuated and if so by how much . in systems where signals can often be expected to be present on more than one branch of the aggregation point ( for example , a system with a high density of antennas and where the aggregation point in question is “ near ” the antennas in the aggregation hierarchy ), it is possible to improve the signal snr even more by performing coherent combining of the signals from multiple branches . this can provide for improved performance in das systems were the terminals are highly mobile and move among several antennae . referring to fig3 above , this functionality could be integrated into the “ digital combining block ”. in accordance with the invention , the system can regenerate signals along the uplink path such that their snr is restored to levels typical of signals just being launched from the transmitter or the terminal . an uplink regeneration block ( urb ) can include an input port , through which uplink signals are received at the rf level , and an output port , through which the regenerated signals are transmitted , again at the rf level . the urb can demodulate all active signals present on the input port . the specific processing will depend on the characteristics of the signal , but in general the functionality would be a subset of the functionality of the receiver typically associated with this signal . depending on the modulation scheme used , the urb can be used to recover symbols rather than bits and reduce the required processing power . the urb can re - modulate all demodulated signals and transmit them on the output port . the specific processing depends on the characteristics of the signal and the functionality of the previous block , but in general the functionality would be a subset of the functionality of ( potentially multiple instances of ) the transmitter typically associated with this signal . all regenerated signals can be transmitted at a predefined power level that can be predetermined in order to optimize the performance of the “ real ” receiver located at the “ root ” of the das . fig5 shows a high - level functional diagram of the uplink regeneration block 500 ( urb ) and fig6 shows a flow chart of the uplink regeneration process , according to an embodiment of the invention . the urb 500 can include a demodulation block 510 for recovering the transmitted information 512 and a re - modulation block 520 for , using the recovered information 512 , re - generating the modulated signal 522 with a very high snr . at stage 602 , the demodulation block 510 can receive the upstream signal 502 and , at stage 610 , demodulate the upstream signal 502 to recover the transmitted information 512 . at stage 620 , the re - modulation block 520 can use the recovered information 512 to re - generate a modulated signal 522 that has a very high snr which is sent upstream at stage 622 . in an alternative embodiment , the urb 500 can include a single dsp - enabled processing block ( e . g . dsp processor with associated periphery or fpga with embedded dsp capabilities ) to implement both the demodulation and re - modulation . the type and number of dsps can depend on the signal characteristics and the processing power requirements of the different signals . if the required processing power exceeds that of a single processor , multiple dsps can be employed in various architectures and configurations . the regenerated signals can have very high snr , comparable to a signal sent by the transmitter at the transmitting terminal . by transmitting the signals with the same power level and that level being optimized for the remainder of the uplink path , the dynamic range problem can be minimized . the urbs can be deployed at any point along the uplink path in the das . there is , however , an associated cost / performance tradeoff associated with the deployment of urbs at various locations in the uplink path in the das . locating the urbs upstream of aggregation points , after having combined several uplink branches , can reduce the number of urbs used as compared to having a urb on every branch prior to aggregation . thus , from a cost perspective , the urbs can be located as upstream as possible . however , the greater improvement in uplink performance can be achieved by having the urbs further downstream , before the snr of the received signal has been deteriorated by noise aggregation in the das . the reason is that the signals being regenerated by the urb are expected to have such a high snr that the degradation caused by the das system would not impair at all the ability of the “ main ” receiver at the “ root ” of the das to correctly decode the signals and the main receiver is no longer the limiting factor of the system . instead , the limiting factor would be the ability of the demodulation block in the urb to decode the signals , based on the snr of the signals at its input port . from a system performance perspective therefore , the effective nf of the das could be considered the nf of the segment of the das up to the location of the urb . thus placing the urb as far downstream as possible , before the snr has been degraded by the das aggregation points , is likely to provide better performance but at a higher cost because more urb &# 39 ; s may be used . other embodiments are within the scope and spirit of the invention . for example , due to the nature of software , functions described above can be implemented using software , hardware , firmware , hardwiring , or combinations of any of these . features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions , including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations . further , while the description above refers to the invention , the description can include more than one invention .