different checksum of original file and copied file

I am running a script that copy a file from one location to other. In script I am calculating MD5sum using below command of original file and copied file and they are different:               echo -n "file" | md5sum      How come a same file have different MD5sum? Does copy command change something in Linux? I have also checked checksum using `cksum filename` and it is also coming different.


Recommend a Linux Distribution for my use

I have no experience with Linux. I'm looking for a distribution which is beginner friendly. Ubuntu looks great. My usage for this system will include web development, and possibly application development. However, I would prefer a system where I can design my own theme, alter the interface. Think "theming". What would you recommend? **EDIT** I'm looking to run this on a 2008 MacBook Pro 2.4Ghz C2D, 2GB GDDR3. Will it be okay performance wise through virtualization such as VMWARE or should I use BootCamp?


possibilty of running deamons with under privilaged users while bootup

I have authoritative DNS daemon in my test DNS setup. which is responsible to provide host IP at best choice. Anyway this daemon/process can run by setting some capabilities using `setcap` and then a development user can start or stop this without interacting to root user or `sudo`. But while bootup the box this daemon/process again appears as running as root in `ps` output. My question, as is if i can start/stop this process with minimal capability/privileges from a non-root user then at the bootup also I don't want to see this running as root user. Is there any mechanism in init scripts to run the given process with non zero id?


What's the difference between "export" and "setenv"?

What's the difference between `export` and `setenv`?


Use awk to find all Ports for each IP that have https open

I'd like to print all ips (IP space Port) which have open https ports given a gnmap file. An example output for a line that has only https running on port 443:               123.123.123.123 443      A more elaborate example input and desired output (not all test-cases in there):               Host: 123.123.123.123 ()  Ports: 80/open/tcp//http?///, 443/open/tcp//https?///, 8083/closed/tcp//us-srv///, 65001/closed/tcp/////        Ignored State: filtered (65531) Seq Index: 262  IP ID Seq: Randomized     Host: 123.123.123.124 ()  Ports: 80/open/tcp//http?///, 443/open/tcp//https?///, 10443/open/tcp//https///, 65001/closed/tcp/////        Ignored State: filtered (65531) Seq Index: 262  IP ID Seq: Randomized     Host: 123.123.123.125 ()  Ports: 80/open/tcp//http?///, 443/open/tcp//https?///, 8083/closed/tcp//us-srv///, 8445/open/tcp//https///, 65001/closed/tcp/////        Ignored State: filtered (65531) Seq Index: 262  IP ID Seq: Randomized     Host: 123.123.123.126 ()  Ports: 1337/open/tcp//https?///, 8083/closed/tcp//us-srv///, 65001/closed/tcp/////        Ignored State: filtered (65531) Seq Index: 262  IP ID Seq: Randomized      The output for this file should be:               123.123.123.123 443     123.123.123.124 443     123.123.123.124 10443     123.123.123.125 443     123.123.123.125 8445     123.123.123.126 1337      What would be the awk solution for this?


List all GPG/PGP keys of a local SKS key server

We have set up a local SKS keyserver in my company. It seems it is only possible to search keys (either for a name, email or keyid). However, there are not so many users, so we would like to make the **key repository browseable** , that is being able to **list all keys**. How would that be possible?


Launching an external script with source command

I've been learning shell scripting, by reading good tutorials and reading scripts. I was reading this minecraft init script, and these first lines hit me:               if [ -L $0 ]     then         source `readlink -e $0 | sed "s:[^/]*$:config:"`     else         source `echo $0 | sed "s:[^/]*$:config:"`     fi      So, these lines launch the script named "config" (where all config values are stored) in the same shell. But why, instead of launching directly the file (with something like "source config", the author of that script reads the name of the original script (whether it is a link or not) and sends the result to `sed` to replace this name with "config"?


swapoff fails when overcommit_memory==2

I've disabled memory overcommitting by setting `overcommit_memory=2`. Now when I tried to `swapoff`, I get this error: > swapoff: /dev/sda5: swapoff failed: Cannot allocate memory But I in fact have `0 MiB` in swap and lots of free memory! I tried setting `overcommit_ratio` to 100, but it didn't change anything. If I temporarily set `overcommit_memory=0` as is by default, I cat successfully `swapoff`, then re-disable overcommitting. Why such strange behavior? Is it a bug? * * * **EDIT** as asked in comments:               $ grep -E '^Mem|Commit' /proc/meminfo     MemTotal:        2044420 kB     MemFree:          751836 kB     CommitLimit:     4122112 kB     Committed_AS:    2752544 kB


'Git clone' times out with 443 error message

git clone -v https://github.com/me/myproj     Cloning into 'myproj'...     <minutes pass>     error: Failed connect to github.com:443; Operation now in progress while accessing https://github.com/me/myproj.git/info/refs     fatal: HTTP request failed      I believe there is a problem with SSL certificates and have tried most of the solutions here: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3777075/ssl-certificate- rejected-trying-to-access-github-over-https-behind-firewall (well, the ones that involve putting certificates in /etc/pki/tls/certs) Is an SSL CA problem definitely the cause of this error? Any other solutions I can try? The server is RHEL 6.4. ### More information This is the result with GIT_CURL_VERBOSE=1, for a successful checkout from non-HTTPS github:               $ git clone http://github.com/stevage/tilemill-server     Cloning into 'tilemill-server'...     * Couldn't find host github.com in the .netrc file; using defaults     * About to connect() to proxy bproxy.xxx port 8080 (#0)     *   Trying 131.170.90.1... * Connected to bproxy.xxx (xxx) port 8080 (#0)     > GET http://github.com/stevage/tilemill-server/info/refs?service=git-upload-pack HTTP/1.1     User-Agent: git/1.7.11.3     Host: github.com     Accept: */*     Proxy-Connection: Keep-Alive     Pragma: no-cache          < HTTP/1.1 200 OK     < Server: GitHub.com     < Date: Mon, 09 Sep 2013 06:43:27 GMT     < Content-Type: application/x-git-upload-pack-advertisement     < Expires: Fri, 01 Jan 1980 00:00:00 GMT     < Pragma: no-cache     < Cache-Control: no-cache, max-age=0, must-revalidate     < Vary: Accept-Encoding     < Transfer-Encoding: chunked     < Proxy-Connection: Keep-Alive     < Connection: Keep-Alive     <      * Expire cleared     * Connection #0 to host bproxy.rmit.edu.au left intact     * Couldn't find host github.com in the .netrc file; using defaults     * About to connect() to proxy bproxy.xxx port 8080 (#0)     *   Trying xxx... * connected     * Connected to bproxy.xxx (xxx) port 8080 (#0)     > POST http://github.com/stevage/tilemill-server/git-upload-pack HTTP/1.1     User-Agent: git/1.7.11.3     Host: github.com     Accept-Encoding: deflate, gzip     Proxy-Connection: Keep-Alive     Content-Type: application/x-git-upload-pack-request     Accept: application/x-git-upload-pack-result     Content-Length: 174          < HTTP/1.1 200 OK     < Server: GitHub.com     < Date: Mon, 09 Sep 2013 06:43:28 GMT     < Content-Type: application/x-git-upload-pack-result     < Expires: Fri, 01 Jan 1980 00:00:00 GMT     < Pragma: no-cache     < Cache-Control: no-cache, max-age=0, must-revalidate     < Vary: Accept-Encoding     < Transfer-Encoding: chunked     < Proxy-Connection: Keep-Alive     < Connection: Keep-Alive     <      remote: Counting objects: 17, done.     remote: Compressing objects: 100% (13/13), done.     * Connection #0 to host bproxy.xxx left intact     remote: Total 17 (delta 3), reused 16 (delta 2)     Unpacking objects: 100% (17/17), done.     * Closing connection #0      Now, with HTTPS:               $ git clone https://github.com/stevage/tilemill-server     Cloning into 'tilemill-server'...     * Couldn't find host github.com in the .netrc file; using defaults     * About to connect() to proxy bproxy.xxx port 8080 (#0)     *   Trying xxx... * Connected to bproxy.xxx port 8080 (#0)     * Establish HTTP proxy tunnel to github.com:443     > CONNECT github.com:443 HTTP/1.1     Host: github.com:443     User-Agent: git/1.7.11.3     Proxy-Connection: Keep-Alive     Pragma: no-cache          < HTTP/1.1 200 Connection established     <      * Proxy replied OK to CONNECT request     * Initializing NSS with certpath: sql:/etc/pki/nssdb     *   CAfile: /etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt       CApath: none     * SSL connection using SSL_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA     * Server certificate:     *   subject: CN=github.com,O="GitHub, Inc.",L=San Francisco,ST=California,C=US,postalCode=94107,STREET=548 4th Street,serialNumber=5157550,incorporationState=Delaware,incorporationCountry=US,businessCategory=Private Organization     *   start date: Jun 10 00:00:00 2013 GMT     *   expire date: Sep 02 12:00:00 2015 GMT     *   common name: github.com     *   issuer: CN=DigiCert High Assurance EV CA-1,OU=www.digicert.com,O=DigiCert Inc,C=US     * Connected to bproxy.xxx (xxx) port 8080 (#0)      (no more output) I have seen other people successfully connect on HTTPS through this proxy (it's a university-wide proxy - unlikely to be the problem).


How can I forward sound over VNC?

I use TightVNC and Remmina Remote Desktop to connect my Raspberry Pi to my Ubuntu laptop over VNC. It works great for the most part, except for the fact that there is no sound. I have googled all over the place, looking up forwarding sound over VNC, sound over VNC via SSH tunnel, sound forwarding via PulseAudio Network Transparency. I can't find how to do it. Does anyone know how to get sound over VNC?


how to calculate the average value of the column that have the row ID?

I want to calculate the average value of my data when they have the same ID (in my specific case, the same day but different time in a day). This is meant to calculate the daily average value of my data from the hourly/sub hourly data. My data looks like below.               Date        hour        value      06/21/1978  14:00:00    1     06/21/1978  15:00:00    2     06/21/1978  16:00:00    3     06/21/1978  17:00:00    4     06/21/1978  18:00:00    5     06/21/1978  19:00:00    6     06/21/1978  20:00:00    7     06/21/1978  21:00:00    7     06/21/1978  22:00:00    9     06/21/1978  23:00:00    10     06/22/1978  00:00:00    5     06/22/1978  01:00:00    5     06/22/1978  02:00:00    5     06/22/1978  03:00:00    7     06/22/1978  04:00:00    8     06/22/1978  05:00:00    9     06/22/1978  06:00:00    22     06/22/1978  07:00:00    56     06/22/1978  08:00:00    9     06/22/1978  09:00:00    12     06/22/1978  10:00:00    3     06/22/1978  11:00:00    5     06/22/1978  12:00:00    7      I want the output to be               Date        value     06/21/1978  5.4     06/22/1978  11.7692307692


Cannot get Realtek r8168 ethernet card up

I've working on Arch Linux and in 99% of time I connect to internet by WLAN but sometimes I need to use ethernet connection, so today I see something strange. My eth0 device is down, and I can't get it up. I tried               # ip link set eth0 up     # ifconfig eth0 up      But after any of above commands `ip link` shows:               1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT          link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00     3: wlan0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP mode DORMANT qlen 1000         link/ether 8c:a9:82:01:13:6e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff     5: eth0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000         link/ether 14:da:e9:0c:a9:d6 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff      Output of `lspci -v`:               08:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168B PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet controller (rev 06)             Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. U6V/U31J laptop             Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 48             I/O ports at 8000 [size=256]             Memory at d3804000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=4K]             Memory at d3800000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=16K]             Capabilities: <access denied>             Kernel driver in use: r8168      Output of `dmesg | grep r8168`:               [    7.642820] r8168 Gigabit Ethernet driver 8.032.00-NAPI loaded     [    7.642964] r8168 0000:08:00.0: irq 48 for MSI/MSI-X     [    7.798226] r8168: This product is covered by one or more of the following patents: US5,307,459, US5,434,872, US5,732,094, US6,570,884, US6,115,776, and US6,327,625.     [    7.798232] r8168  Copyright (C) 2012  Realtek NIC software team <nicfae@realtek.com>      [   19.263312] r8168: eth0: link down     [  404.826781] r8168 Gigabit Ethernet driver 8.032.00-NAPI loaded     [  404.827275] r8168 0000:08:00.0: irq 48 for MSI/MSI-X     [  404.981486] r8168: This product is covered by one or more of the following patents: US5,307,459, US5,434,872, US5,732,094, US6,570,884, US6,115,776, and US6,327,625.     [  404.981491] r8168  Copyright (C) 2012  Realtek NIC software team <nicfae@realtek.com>      [  405.011797] r8168: eth0: link down      Output of `dmesg | grep eth0`:               [    7.798230] eth0: Identified chip type is 'RTL8168E/8111E'.     [   19.263312] r8168: eth0: link down     [   19.263709] IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): eth0: link is not ready     [  404.981490] eth0: Identified chip type is 'RTL8168E/8111E'.     [  405.011797] r8168: eth0: link down     [  405.012293] IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): eth0: link is not ready


How can I set the position that terminal opens at?

I'd like Terminal to open near the bottom of my screen. Is there a way to set the default size and position? I'm using Linux Mint 13, Cinnamon.


How to get rows between lines?

I have a perl oneliner:               echo -e 'sla\ndfjAAAAk\nsaljdfla\nsjdfBBBBsadf\njasdf' | perl -E 'my $_ = do { local $/; <> }; say join qq!\n!, m!\QAAAA\E\K(.*?)(?=\QBBBB\E)!gs'     k     saljdfla     sjdf      it works, but I need this output:               dfjAAAAk     saljdfla     sjdfBBBBsadf      so I need the lines that contains "AAAA" and "BBBB" too - not just "from" and "to" them. How can I do this?


resolution of attached widescreen

I wanted to connect my TV (Sony Bravia) to my Laptop. My laptop has a displayport and the TV a HDMI. So with the adapters, I'm able to connect those two, and that part works. What doesn't work, is both screen are widescreen, but it does configure both of them automatically (Kubuntu 12.04) as 1048x768. With the gui tools of Kubuntu, it doesn't even give me the choice to change the resolution to a widescreen one. xrandr gives me the following output:                   xrandr --query         Screen 0: minimum 320 x 200, current 1440 x 900, maximum 8192 x 8192         LVDS1 connected 1440x900+0+0 (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) 287mm x 180mm            1440x900       60.0*+   59.9     50.0              1360x768       59.8     60.0              1152x864       60.0              1024x768       60.0              800x600        60.3     56.2              640x480        59.9           VGA1 disconnected (normal left inverted right x axis y axis)         HDMI1 connected 1024x768+0+0 (normal left inverted right x axis y axis)         1600mm x 900mm            1920x1080      60.0 +            1280x1024      60.0              1280x720       60.0              1024x768       60.0*             800x600        60.3              640x480        60.0        How can I fix this?


GPL Alternative to Nomachine that is not FreeNX

Anyone know something that is actively maintained? I'm currently using XRDP, but it is somewhat buggy, also I'd prefer to utilize non-corporate driven standards, even though RDP is an open spec.


SSH within SSH displays the wrong machine name in the xterm title bar

I am working on a distributed system connecting to several servers at once. Nothing is started manually in the program I am working on, but this is how to recreate the error manually. I start a xterm then I SSH to a machine like this: `ssh machine_1` In there I start another xterm in the first xterm like this: `xterm &` Then the title bar of the new xterm window is something like "username (on machine_1)" In this xterm I SSH to another machine like this: `ssh machine_2` But then the title bar remains like this: "username (on machine_1)" even though I am logged on to machine_2. I want it to say "username (on machine_2)". Completely removing the parenthesis would also be fine. I tried xtermset but that does not affect the parenthesis.


256 colour prompt in Zsh

How can I set my prompt to be colourized in 256 colours? I am looking for an equivalent to the bash prompt:                 local DEFAULT="\[\033[0;39m\]"       local ROOK="\[\033[38;5;24m\]"       PS1="${ROOK}\$${DEFAULT} "


How to change the window manager on a Raspberry Pi?

I want to try out X11 on a Raspberry Pi (running as a server without display connected, OS Raspbian) and access it through VNC. I don't like LXDE very much, so I want to change to another window manager. I tried many things, but LXDE is always starting. Following packages are installed:               sudo aptitude install x-window-system xfce4 xfce4-themes x11vnc icewm fluxbox gnome tightvncserver      I am running the server with following command:               vncserver -geometry 800x600 :0      When I connect to the Raspberry Pi using RealVNC, I come to the LXDE desktop. What I have tried so far: I ran `sudo update-alternatives --config x-window-manager` and changed it from openbox to `xfwm4`               $ update-alternatives --config x-window-manager     Es gibt 5 Auswahlm¦glichkeiten f¦r die Alternative x-window-manager (welche /usr/bin/x-window-manager bereitstellen).            Auswahl      Pfad                   Priorit¦t  Status     ------------------------------------------------------------       0            /usr/bin/openbox        90        Auto-Modus       1            /usr/bin/icewm          50        manueller Modus       2            /usr/bin/metacity       60        manueller Modus       3            /usr/bin/openbox        90        manueller Modus       4            /usr/bin/startfluxbox   50        manueller Modus     * 5            /usr/bin/xfwm4          60        manueller Modus      I have edited `/etc/X11/default-display-manager` and changed it from `/usr/sbin/lightdm` to `/usr/bin/icewm`. After a system reboot, I ran the vncserver again, and again I come to LXDE. I am seeing openbox and lxsession in the process list:               $ ps aux | grep lx     daniel    3604  0.0  0.3  12904  1516 pts/0    Sl   01:39   0:00 /usr/bin/lxsession -s LXDE -e LXDE     daniel    3614  0.1  1.3  15268  6160 pts/0    S    01:39   0:00 openbox --config-file /rasdata/profiles/daniel/.config/openbox/lxde-rc.xml     daniel    3616  0.6  2.2 113392 10060 pts/0    S    01:39   0:02 lxpanel --profile LXDE     daniel    3632  0.0  1.0  26352  4680 pts/0    Sl   01:39   0:00 /usr/lib/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lxpolkit     daniel    3684  0.0  0.1   3836   816 pts/0    S+   01:46   0:00 grep lx      I am currently not sure which window manager I want to have. I will try all and find out the one which I like most. At the moment I am trying to find a way to change it somehow away from LXDE. I liked KDE very much, but it does not seem to be included in Raspbian. The package could not be found in aptitude.


Transfering content of block devices

For the purpose of backups, I'd like to transfer (several) whole disk partitions over an ssh link. So the source is a block special device, and the target should be a regular file. Common tools seem ill-suited for this, though:   * `scp` will complain `not a regular file`   * `tar` will try to recreate device inodes on the target side   * `rsync` says `skipping non-regular file` My best bet currently is `nc` over a port forwarding, or one `cat` invocation on the remote side per partition, which means one password entry per partition unless one sets up public keys. Is there a more elegant solution? Environment would be any reasonable Linux live system. Currently I happen to have a Debian wheezy lying around, but it should not be _too_ specific to that.


Create target directory when extracting tarball

Is it possible to create a target directory, similar in nature to the `mkdir -p` switch, where I can define a non-existent target directory within my tar command, and tar will create the directory for me? I know I can redirct the output to a directory using `tar -C /target/dir`, but this doesn't work if the target directory is non-existent.


What dev folder allows you tell the OS to cache something?

Someone told me that there is a sub folder off of dev that basically allows you to tell the OS to keep the contents of that folder cached in RAM. So if I put some files & directories in `/dev/somefolder` the OS would keep this folder's content cached. What folder is that? I'm on ubuntu 12.04, in case that matters.


connect() blocked for 3 seconds after a lot of success connect()

I am writing a client-side application which `connect()` to a server and close it in a for loop. The `connect()` is done in blocking-mode, and I found that some `connect()` call will block for about 3 seconds after thousands of successful `connect()`. I used tcpdump and found some strange result: after I called the `connect()`, SYN was not sent for about 3 seconds. What happened? PS. I am on 64-bit Ubuntu, kernel 3.0.0-13.


Log analysis software

In order to learn more about what is logged by my desktop machine, I'd like to set up something better than a casual `grep` command to see what's going on. A typical use case would be to send an email with a warning if more than _X_ SSH login attempts failed within _Y_ minutes for user _username_. To be clear, this is **not for web server logs** , which most *nix log analysis tools seem to be focusing on. Also, I would like this system to be _live_ , not just a `grep` in `cron`, in order to be able to catch events like `shutdown now` before the machine goes down. LogSurfer _might_ be the right thing for me, but I'd like to know of other, similar tools if there are any. Of course, I'm only interested in FLOSS.


XFCE focus snaps back to under cursor

Not sure how to explain this. In many apps but not all, When there's a drop- down and the mouse pointer is inside it, I cannot navigate the list using keyboard. The focus in the list keeps snapping back to under the mouse cursor. Also, (I think these are related) in some situations when there is a popup window with the input area, the input focus will jump back from popup back to where it was before the the popup. I think this started when I enabled "Focus stealing prevention", but I since disabled it. How do I get back to "normal" focus behaviour?


Wine size window is too small!

I've installed `Wine` on `Linux Mint 16` to run _setup.exe_ files from `Windows`, but when i run the _.exe_ file, a very small-sized window appears, the setup seems to work but i can't read anything. The same happens when i run wine configurations, and so i think the problem is on Wine application. This is what i get in my desktop. The window looks minimized, but it's not possible to maximize or resize it!


Harddrive remaining space does not compute

I have a server which has a handful of services (Apache, MySQL, DNS, Nagios), and have been having issues with the harddrive filling up. Upon further review, I noticed that the percentage used according to `df` doesn't make any sense. Used space plus available space does not equal total space. At the time I first became aware of this (thanks to a Nagios notification), the available space was less than 1 GB out of our 40 GB harddrive. According to `du` and `df` "Used" column, the actual used was 11GB. That's a difference of 28GB. At the moment it's fluctuating only a little, but sometimes it fluctuates at over 1000 bytes per second. See here:               $ df / && sleep 5 && df /     Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on     /dev/vzfs             41943040  11398324  29195724  29% /     Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on     /dev/vzfs             41943040  11398324  29173016  29% /      This is a VPS that I don't have physical access to. It's running XFS, so a normal reboot fsck isn't an option either. It doesn't do it constantly, and log files don't seem to indicate anything going on. `iotop` doesn't even show any activity at all. Twist, we have people actively using this machine so we can't just format. Output of `df -a`:               $ sudo df -a     Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on     /dev/vzfs             41943040  11398740  29064180  29% /     proc                         0         0         0   -  /proc     sysfs                        0         0         0   -  /sys     none                    524288         4    524284   1% /dev     none                         0         0         0   -  /dev/pts     none                   5242880        12   5242868   1% /var/tmpfs     none                         0         0         0   -  /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc     /etc/named            41943040  11398740  29064180  29% /var/named/chroot/etc/named     /var/named            41943040  11398740  29064180  29% /var/named/chroot/var/named     /etc/named.rfc1912.zones                           41943040  11398748  29064172  29% /var/named/chroot/etc/named.rfc1912.zones     /etc/rndc.key         41943040  11398748  29064172  29% /var/named/chroot/etc/rndc.key     /usr/lib64/bind       41943040  11398756  29064164  29% /var/named/chroot/usr/lib64/bind     /etc/named.iscdlv.key                           41943040  11398764  29064156  29% /var/named/chroot/etc/named.iscdlv.key     /etc/named.root.key   41943040  11398772  29064148  29% /var/named/chroot/etc/named.root.key


How do I fix this boot-up error (attempt to read or write outside of partition)?

I just installed a version of ubuntu linux that I got from here, http://www.bauer-power.net/2013/06/bauer-puntu-1304-is-alive-download-it.html using vmware workstation. I have installed it before without a problem. This time I chose the _full encryption option plus the home folder encrypt_ , could that be the reason why I am getting this error:               error: attempt to read or write outside of partition     error: you need to load the kernel first.      This picture is of the boot commands when I press e over the selected OS: ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/cJUEo.jpg) I apologize for the image background. Also Even though it looks split that is how it would look if you scrolled down. Does anyone have any suggestions on what I can do to get the kernel to load, or whatever I have to do to get the OS to boot?


Give user read/write access to only one directory

I'm running a server, and I need to give read/write access to a particular directory to a single user. I've tried the following:               sudo adduser abcd     sudo groupadd abcdefg     chown -R .abcdefg /var/www/allowfolder     chmod -R g+rw /var/www/allowfolder     usermod -a -G comments abcd      The above seems to work, however it gives the user read-only access to the rest of the server. How can I set up permissions so that the user can only read and write to a particular folder? The user should also be able to run programs like `mysql`.


What IDE do you use for Mono development on KDE?

Currently I don't have a Linux installation with a GUI. All are running text mode. When I do, I usually use KDE. On Windows I am a .NET developer and I haven't done any Mono development, yet. I heard that Monodevelop is only for GNOME. If you develop Mono on a KDE environment, what IDE do you use?


rsync flock not deleting flocktmp.lock file?

Recently, I changed my `rsync` `flock` command, and now it has stopped deleting the flock file when the sync is done. Can anyone see the error in my command? That would really help me out!               flock -xn /tmp/flocktmp.lock -c "/usr/bin/rsync -avz --perms --chmod=a+rwx --delete \            'user@some.site.com:~/www/user.some.site.com/public_html/links/rtorrent_data/iRL\ REMUX/' \            /media/HDD01/shares/SB/iRL\ REMUX"


Linux as a complete development platform?

I want to make my Fedora Linux capable of following :   1. Use Linux for complete development platform without requiring any other OS installation but still able to build and test programs under different platforms.   2. Completely replace Windows machine for all the other work e.g. Office, Paint, Remote Desktop, etc.  Can you suggest open source projects and tools for achieving above objectives ?


How do I route web requests into my private network depending on the domain in the url?

Scenario: Due to limited number of IPs, several domains are resolved into the same IP address. However, these domains may not all run on the same webserver, VM, or even dedicated machine. Therefore, I would like to route the domains at the point of entry into the private network to the right place on condition of the domain in the url. How can I do this?


Difference between .deb files and .run file

What is the difference between creating **.deb files** and installing them and just running a **.run file**?


Is there a problem if I add a non-existing path to `PATH` environment variable?

I have a following lines in my `.bash_profile`.               if [ -d "$HOME/bin" ] ; then         PATH="$HOME/bin:$PATH"     fi      I think I found it somewhere in the internet. Is it also ok, if I write only `PATH="$HOME/bin:$PATH"` without checking directory existence? Does it cause a problem if I add a non-existing path to `$PATH`?


Formatting quotes from the fortune to use it with conky

I'm using fortune cookie outputs in my conky script. My fortune output is in the following format: > **Text1** : Some message including( line break   >  tags, e.g. and comma(,),=,semicolon(;) like symbols) Is it possible separate Text1 & Message(   and semicolon(;) are used to separate lines)?   Also can I render html tags in a conky script? I'm looking for some inline script (sed,awk or some built-in alternative) which I can readily use in the conky script.


Obtaining XWindows GUI menu item/widget names from the command line

I have just learned about dogtail, and it can allow enumeration of menu items/widgets of a GUI application from the command line; for instance (via Testing/Automation/DogtailTutorial - Ubuntu Wiki):               %> python     >>> from dogtail import tree     >>> gcalctool = tree.root.application('gcalctool')     >>> gcacltool.dump()     # You'll see something like:      {"gcalctool" application}      Node roleName='frame' name='Calculator  - Scientific' description=''       Node roleName='filler' name='' description=''        Node roleName='menu bar' name='' description=''         Node roleName='menu' name='Calculator' description='' text='Calculator'          click          Node roleName='tear off menu item' name='' description='' text=''           click          Node roleName='menu item' name='Quit' description='' text='Quit'           click          Node roleName='menu item' name='Empty' description='' text='Empty'           click         Node roleName='menu' name='Edit' description='' text='Edit'          click      However, it uses (as far as I can see) assistive/"accessibility technologies" of Gnome Desktop. So I was wondering - is there such a tool (which can at least enumerate widget names) which works on a lower level - e.g. on XWindows level? I guess (but do not know) that XWindows doesn't in itself offer any standard widget framework - and thus, it would be difficult to write a tool to query the GUI widget names on X-Windows level; is this correct? (I imagine something like `xdotool` or `wmctrl`, but neither of these can probe "inside" the GUI app). If so - is there a tool that can work with most desktop environment frameworks (Gnome, KDE ...) that could query/list the widget names of a running GUI app, but without using the accessibility technologies layer?


Difference between ' and " on command line (bash)?

I used to use '' and "" interchangeably on the command line, but I recently noticed that '$HOME/some/dir' is not expanded, while "$HOME/some/dir" is. I searched around a little bit and found that "" allows _some_ protection of special characters, while '' allows full protection. So what other characters are protected by '' and not ""? EDIT: What are _practical_ situations in which these differences might be significant?


New parent process when the parent process dies

In UNIX, when a parent process disappears, I thought that all child processes reset init as their parent. Is this not correct all the time? Are there any exceptions?


What is the tmp folder in /var?

I have a `tmp` folder in `/var` and it has the file `channel.xml` in it. I don't know what this is and if it should be there and what permissions it should have because at the moment it is wide open. Also what is the folder above `/var` called please?


Download yad with bash script

i'm building a simple deb package (single binary) for a little project i've been working on. Now I want to build a nice interface around it and used zenity for a couple of times, but this time I wanted to use yad. First I want to download yad so my execuatble script runs the **installyad** file with `gksudo`, so it runs with root privileges. Now you can't just download yad with apt-get install yad, you first need to add the new repository. installyad file               #!/bin/bash     sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/y-ppa-manager     sudo apt-get update     sudo apt-get install yad     echo "Yad installed"      Now even when I start a new **gnome-terminal** before this code, it just opens a new terminal but doesn't seem to do anything else. Does anyone know how to do this in a proper way? I'm a bash scripting beginner so it doesn't have to be the most difficult way to solve this problem. I'm pretty glad when it works. Regards Gijs


In which way is a commented line active in a program file?

To solve the bug reported here the solution seems to be commenting, not just adding a certain line in a file - as explained here and here. That is - to make that bug disappear in Xfce, a certain line has to be added. But as that is not enough, the suggested solution is to comment that very line. I have the impression that the solution works. Is that placebo? How come a line is necessary, but also has to be commented, that is - deactivated?


Command line expression solver?

I'm looking for a Linux-compatible TTY-based calculator. For example:               user@host:~$ calculate     > 2     2     user@host:~$ calculate     > 8*6-4     44     user@host:~$ calculate     > 8*(6-4)     16      Is there anything like this that supports basic operations, some built-in functions like `atan()`, and possibly custom functions via scripting?


centos 7, xhost and other user than root

The following worked under CentOS 6:               sudo su      xhost +      su - oracle      xclock      Under CentOS 7, I get an xclock after sudo su and xhost +, but a DISPLAY error when changing to the other user. Am I missing a security option here ? The answer to this is:               su - oracle     DISPLAY=:0.0; export DISPLAY     xclock      Sorry for bothering the community. Must be something with the 192.168.x.y address I am using.


navigating nautilus tree using arrow keys

I use mostly command line tools, but sometimes browsing a directory tree is more easy using GUI. In PCManFM I could use the arrow keys to walk the tree and left arrow and right arrow would open a closed tree node (as did explorer on Windows XP). Nautilus requires to use `Return` to open a directory if selected (using up and down) and I have not found a way to close using a key. Is there a way to configure nautilus so I can do all navigation, in the left pane tree, with the arrow keys instead of using the mouse?


rogue ssh (+svn?) process trying to connect to a remote server

I am using a remote server via ssh, svn, and sometimes with FileZilla all running on Mac OS 10.9.4. I connect to the server with no problems (i.e. my credentials pass every time I enter them). However, pretty quickly the server blocks my IP due to many failed connection attempts (I need to contact the sysadmin personally to unblock me). I tried an isolated experiment last night (only connecting with ssh once). I wasn't blocked up until this morning, but when I turned on my laptop the remote server had 13 failed attempts (note that I have NOT tried connecting to the server since last night!) Executing: `lsof -i -n -P` revealed that there is an ssh process that has a TCP connection to the server (it says (ESTABLISHED) next to it). It seems to be forked by an svn process (though, I'm not sure). Any thoughts on where is it coming from? I have Xcode running -- could it be trying to get updates from the server? Again, I haven't used either svn or ssh this morning, so I really have no idea what triggered them to run.


How to use the find command in Perl script?

Could someone tell me why the `find` command always go to the root directory but not the directory that is specified in `$srceDir`?               my $srceDir = "/mnt/SDrive/SV/Capture Data/";          my $find_cmd = 'find $srceDir -type f -newermt 2013-02-14 ! -newermt 2013-02-15';          open(FIND_FILE, "$find_cmd |");     while(<FIND_FILE>){          next if /^total/; # because we're only interested in real output         print $_;      }


.exrc file in home dir not effective

I made a simple `.exrc` vim config file in my home directory on RHEL 5.8. Here are the contents:               set nu      However, when I go into vim, the line number are not shown. It may be worth noting that I am logged in as a shared application user ID. I have access to other RHEL 5.8 hosts here at work as well under my own user and .exrc file does in fact work. Any idea what the problem might be?


How to create tar archive in a different directory?

I want to create a tar archive in a different directory rather than the current directory. I tried this command:               tar czf file.tar.gz file1 -C /var/www/      but it creates the archive in the current directory. Why?


Debian = Always latest Packages = Best Practice?

Most of the "Software" I install on my server needs to be the latest release (Java, Tomcat, MySQL-Cluster). So I never have the luck, that there are pre- built Debian packages (in the distribution) available. Therefore all the software is downloaded from the project-webpage and built from source. Now my question is, what is the correct way to install them on my Debian system? My main problem is, when installing them directly from the source, they are not included in the package management (with aptitude). Checkinstall seems to not really be suggested to be used and equiv also has drawbacks. Is the only correct way to handle this by building my own packages with dh_make and dpkg- buildpackage? What are you doing if you always need the latest version?


How can i determine the block size of an vxfs filesystem?

I am looking for a way to see what the current blocksize of an filesystem is. Normaly i would use `tune2fs -l | grep "Block size"`, but that doesn't work on vxfs. I googled a bit and found `fstyp -v /dev/vx/dsk/...` (VxFS_Block_Size), but there is no fstyp installed. So now im wondering if there is something else to find out the block size of an vxfs filesystem. System: VxFS on RHEL 5.8


rsync OpenIndiana repository on local server

I was looking for a repository from OpenIndiana but everything what I found is this: http://wiki.openindiana.org/oi/Making+a+LAN+mirror+of+global+package+repositories. I would like to sync OpenIndiana repo on a local server. How can I sync it? For example, for CentOS 7 I use something like this:                rsync rsync://ftp.nluug.nl/centoslinux/7/ /mnt/mirrors/stage/centos/7/ /mnt/bin/centos7.exclude      Can I do something like this for OpenIndiana too?


How do I change my monitor's gamma settings?

How do I change my laptop monitor's gamma settings on Linux Mint 9 (preferably using a GUI interface)?


how to troubleshoot intermittent no route to host error

I have a program that most of the time works, but every now and then it fails with a no route to host error. The machine is running AIX 5 and has five network interfaces en1, en3, en5, en7 and en10.


How can we customize linux file systems like ext2/3?

Actually IOzone is a filesystem benchmark tool. The benchmark generates and measures a variety of file operations like sequential reading/writing, random reading/writing. So I want to customize my own Linux file system ext3 either for random reading(Database intensive or OLTP) or sequential reading(audio/video app) so that there will be better performance for specific application. And how can we change file systems parameters like block size, disk cache, buffer size etc to achieve better performance. I am newbie in Linux file systems. So please tell me, where will I get excellent sources for reading about this task and load again this modified file system as a modules or in another way. Thanks


reading input in sed

i'm new to shell scripting. I'm learning little by little. I'm more familiar with php which is working toward my disadvantage right now. Anyway, i'm writing a shell script and i read in input with the following: `read $foo` i now want to use this variable in my sed string replacement like so: `sed -i 's/replaceme/$foo' myfile.txt` What i'm getting instead is the literal substitution not what $foo actually equals. Instead i want it to be the input of the user: **Example:** Using this line ( `read $foo` ) . Say i type 'bar'. Thus _$foo='bar'_ from user input. Current Output: `$foo` Desired Output `bar` Hope that makes sense.


Disabling USB ports in Linux

Recently my motherboard's built-in USB ports started malfunctioning. On Windows it said power surge in USB port, and in Linux it says nothing but also in Linux USB ports malfunction. So I installed a PCI card that have USB port in it. And in Windows I can disable malfunctioning ports by device manager. How can I disable those malfunctioning USB ports.


Debian and TI usb3410

I have a TI usb3410 usb device (it is a TI MSP-FET430UIF programmer), when connected to my debian machine (running squeeze 2.6.32-5-amd64) it shows up in dmesg as               [ 3159.380099] usb 2-1: New USB device found, idVendor=0451, idProduct=f430     [ 3159.380108] usb 2-1: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3     [ 3159.380116] usb 2-1: Product: MSP-FET430UIF JTAG Tool     [ 3159.380121] usb 2-1: Manufacturer: Texas Instruments     [ 3159.380128] usb 2-1: SerialNumber: TUSB3410410886330C60FFD9     [ 3159.380411] usb 2-1: configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice     [ 3159.384312] ti_usb_3410_5052 2-1:1.0: TI USB 3410 1 port adapter converter detected     [ 3159.384336] usb 2-1: firmware: requesting ti_usb-v0451-pf430.fw     [ 3159.391011] usb 2-1: firmware: requesting ti_3410.fw     [ 3159.399203] usb 2-1: ti_download_firmware - firmware not found     [ 3159.399240] ti_usb_3410_5052: probe of 2-1:1.0 failed with error -5      and lsusb as               Bus 002 Device 004: ID 0451:f430 Texas Instruments, Inc. MSP-FET430UIF JTAG Tool     Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub     Bus 001 Device 002: ID 05c8:010c Cheng Uei Precision Industry Co., Ltd (Foxlink)      Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub      However, there is no corresponding device in /dev (it is supposed to show up as /dev/ttyUSB0 etc.) I have tried creating a udev rule (as described in http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/mspgcc/index.php?title=Getting_Started_with_Debugging), but that made no difference. In that page (and also http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=979460) it is suggested to copy (or link) the firmware to a new location - but on my system, the firmware does not exist in the original location (which makes copying / linking it kinda hard). I have installed the firmware packages (firmware-linux-nonfree, firmware- linux-free and firmware-linux) but it still does not exist. /lib/firmware looks like               3com              cxgb3                     hp           mts_gsm.fw     advansys          dabusb                    kaweth       r128     agere_ap_fw.bin   dsp56k                    keyspan_pda  radeon     agere_sta_fw.bin  dvb-fe-xc5000-1.6.114.fw  matrox       tehuti     av7110            dvb-usb-dib0700-1.20.fw   mts_cdma.fw  tigon     cis               e100                      mts_edge.fw      So my question is, what do I have to do to make this usb device work / where can I find the firmware files?


Run commands after unlocking X screen (KDE)

When I leave work, I lock my machine with ctrl + l to lock the screen. When I come back, I always forget to log into jabber. Is there a way to run a command after the screen is unlocked? This is in KDE. I'm not sure if the locking mechanism is an X feature or a KDE feature, so I'm not sure where to look.


Linux statistics script (Google analytics-like)

We own a few servers, each with about 100 users on it, some with 1 domain, some with a few. I'm looking for a script which runs in the background which can provide information about which users uses which amount of resource. I'd like to know what the load on our server is, `top` only gives me a 'now'-view, I want to be able to check out the load for a period of time. To make it more detailed, I'd like this per user, and if possible even more specific (which files are used a lot, or database usage, anything I can use to optimise a bit) I have no clue wether this exists, I can only find some code which only gives my live results, like `top` and `ps`, that's not what I'm looking for.


How can I resize my encrypted root and home partitions, to give root more space?

I need to enlarge my / (root) partition, I have a lot of space on my /home partition so how can I do this? The drive is encrypted with LUKS. My system is Fedora 20. I have another thread here which mentions system-config-lvm but this seems to be a outdated tool as it is not installed or in the repositories. Gparted doesn't work as it doesn't support LUKS encryption. Here is:               ~]$ sudo fdisk -l           Disk /dev/sda: 465.8 GiB, 500107862016 bytes, 976773168 sectors     Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes     Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes     I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes     Disklabel type: gpt     Disk identifier: 7AE6E531-9898-4C7C-8C35-41B4FDB9374A          Device           Start          End   Size Type     /dev/sda1         2048       411647   200M EFI System     /dev/sda2       411648      1435647   500M Microsoft basic data     /dev/sda3      1435648    976773119 465.1G Microsoft basic data               Disk /dev/mapper/luks-e69b0b4c-a8e0-425f-988d-8c635729503b: 465.1 GiB, 499370688512 bytes, 975333376 sectors     Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes     Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes     I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes          Disk /dev/mapper/fedora_hostname-swap: 3.8 GiB, 4043309056 bytes, 7897088 sectors     Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes     Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes     I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes          Disk /dev/mapper/fedora_hostname-root: 50 GiB, 53687091200 bytes, 104857600 sectors     Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes     Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes     I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes          Disk /dev/mapper/luks-b7af1bce-82c4-4921-aac1-bce701e30256: 50 GiB, 53684994048 bytes, 104853504 sectors     Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes     Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes     I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes          Disk /dev/mapper/fedora_hostname-home: 411.3 GiB, 441639239680 bytes, 862576640 sectors     Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes     Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes     I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes      Here is:               ~]$ df -h     Filesystem                       Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on     /dev/dm-3                         50G   45G  2.0G  96% /     devtmpfs                         1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev     tmpfs                            1.9G   80K  1.9G   1% /dev/shm     tmpfs                            1.9G  9.0M  1.9G   1% /run     tmpfs                            1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup     tmpfs                            1.9G   20K  1.9G   1% /tmp     /dev/sda2                        477M  131M  317M  30% /boot     /dev/sda1                        200M  9.6M  191M   5% /boot/efi     /dev/mapper/fedora_hostname-home  405G  202G  183G  53% /home      Here is:               ]$ sudo lvdisplay               --- Logical volume ---       LV Path                /dev/fedora_hostname/swap       LV Name                swap       VG Name                fedora_hostname       LV UUID                qQQRVR-toXX-J0M7-lTH5-d8Lr-AUq3-EHJ6A4       LV Write Access        read/write       LV Creation host, time hostname.lan, 2014-03-24 15:51:10 +0000       LV Status              available       # open                 2       LV Size                3.77 GiB       Current LE             964       Segments               1       Allocation             inherit       Read ahead sectors     auto       - currently set to     256       Block device           253:1            --- Logical volume ---       LV Path                /dev/fedora_hostname/home       LV Name                home       VG Name                fedora_hostname       LV UUID                In2lRz-16ul-VhH5-SQOE-yqlt-tMB3-5JM7ea       LV Write Access        read/write       LV Creation host, time hostname.lan, 2014-03-24 15:51:10 +0000       LV Status              available       # open                 1       LV Size                411.31 GiB       Current LE             105295       Segments               1       Allocation             inherit       Read ahead sectors     auto       - currently set to     256       Block device           253:4            --- Logical volume ---       LV Path                /dev/fedora_hostname/root       LV Name                root       VG Name                fedora_hostname       LV UUID                bBWzcC-nhhd-s8km-MMGi-uGQ0-8yBv-HClQgp       LV Write Access        read/write       LV Creation host, time hostname.lan, 2014-03-24 15:51:16 +0000       LV Status              available       # open                 1       LV Size                50.00 GiB       Current LE             12800       Segments               1       Allocation             inherit       Read ahead sectors     auto       - currently set to     256       Block device           253:2


grep entire filesystem blocks on devices

## Command               grep -rHinF --colour=always -e "aa:aa:aa:aa" /      ## Output               grep: /dev/geom.ctl: Operation not supported by device     grep: /dev/devctl: Device busy      It seems that `grep` can not proceed because it is waiting for a device. How can I skip such devices?


autofs error - “No such file or directory”

I am trying to link a remote RHEL machine to our network. I can now ssh between the machines using fixed NAT addresses. I have copied the `/etc/auto.misc`, `/etc/auto.master` and `/etc/exports` files from the local machine (called "cougar") to the remote machine (called "forth"), and restarted NFS and AUTOFS services on both. All ports are open on forth. sample of auto_misc: `forth_data -soft forth:/export/data` sample of `/etc/exports` on "forth" `/export/data cougar(rw)` Here's the command line error on cougar:               nm@cougar:/home/nm{119} cd /misc/forth_data     /misc/forth_data: No such file or directory.     nm@cougar:/home/nm{120}       Any thoughts?


Screen is terminating

I have installed screen on Fedora 19. When I test the command as root remotely through SSH, it works perfectly. For instance, if I enter `screen` a new terminal emulator is started and waits for commands. I can detach it, etc. However when I try to do the same once I am logged remotely through SSH as a standard user, the command terminates immediately. The only message I see is `[screen is terminating]`. Does someone have already had this problem? Is it related to bad permissions? **Update:**               $ strace -e trace=file screen     execve("/usr/bin/screen", ["screen"], [/* 23 vars */]) = 0     access("/etc/ld.so.preload", R_OK)      = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)     open("/etc/ld.so.cache", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3     open("/lib64/libtinfo.so.5", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3     open("/lib64/libutempter.so.0", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3     open("/lib64/libcrypt.so.1", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3     open("/lib64/libpam.so.0", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3     open("/lib64/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3     open("/lib64/libfreebl3.so", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3     open("/lib64/libaudit.so.1", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3     open("/lib64/libdl.so.2", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3     open("/usr/lib/locale/locale-archive", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3     open("/usr/share/locale/locale.alias", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3     open("/usr/lib/locale/UTF-8/LC_CTYPE", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)     access("/home/steam/.nethackrc", F_OK)  = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)     readlink("/proc/self/fd/0", "/dev/pts/0", 4095) = 10     stat("/dev/pts/0", {st_mode=S_IFCHR|0620, st_rdev=makedev(136, 0), ...}) = 0     lstat("/dev/pts/0", {st_mode=S_IFCHR|0620, st_rdev=makedev(136, 0), ...}) = 0     open("/var/run/utmp", O_RDONLY)         = 3     open("/etc/nsswitch.conf", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3     open("/etc/ld.so.cache", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3     open("/lib64/libnss_files.so.2", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3     open("/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3     open("/etc/shadow", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 EACCES (Permission denied)     readlink("/proc/self/fd/0", "/dev/pts/0", 4095) = 10     stat("/dev/pts/0", {st_mode=S_IFCHR|0620, st_rdev=makedev(136, 0), ...}) = 0     stat("/dev/pts/0", {st_mode=S_IFCHR|0620, st_rdev=makedev(136, 0), ...}) = 0     lstat("/dev/pts/0", {st_mode=S_IFCHR|0620, st_rdev=makedev(136, 0), ...}) = 0     stat("/var/run/screen", {st_mode=S_IFDIR|0775, st_size=60, ...}) = 0     Directory '/var/run/screen' must have mode 777.     +++ exited with 1 +++      I have tried to change permissions to 777 but then when I execute `screen`, I get: > Directory '/var/run/screen' must have mode 775. Therefore, I have reverted my changes.


Build bash (or alternate linux package) with custom binary/doc name

I am trying to build Bash 4.2 as an RPM package for use on Enterprise Linux 5 systems, which come by default with 3.2.25. This works successfully, however, I want both versions to co-exist on the system, to avoid conflicts with the system package, and to allow system/other scripts to continue to use bash3 which they are compatible with. My plan is as follows:   * Rename the package 'bash4' and do not conflict with 'bash' or provide 'sh'   * Configure bash to build with the binary name 'bash4' and change the path of any docs or support files accordingly In theory this is simple and Vim offers binary prefix/suffix in it's configure scripts, however bash doesn't appear to have this feature. The closest I have found is automake's EXEEXT which provides support for executable extensions (such as .exe on Windows) but this isn't really designed for what I want to do, not does it solve the doc problem.


How to automaticaly enter sudo's grace period upon login

Knowing that giving a user a sudo's grace period right from the point when he/she login might be a security issue, I still think it will be a beneficial trade-off between security and usability in my setup. The question is: how to do that? As far as I know, the sudo doesn't provide CLI for it. I might somehow divert the gdm's typed password to something like `sudo false`, but again: how to get hold of the provided by the user password in the plain text? Should I write a custom `pam` module for it? Or maybe it is better to immerse into implementation details of the sudo and as a root directly manipulate the timestamp database?


What is the purpose of mail spools?

If I understand correctly, a spool is a temporary storage location. Traditionally, the mail is stored in a "mail spool", a mailbox in the `/var/spool/mail` directory, where users are expected to pick it up. Therefore, according to this view, once the mail has been read it should be deleted or moved elsewhere — most likely somewhere in the user's home directory. This way of handling the mail doesn't seem very efficient to me. And where does a program such as `procmail` fit into this scheme? If you have an MDA that automatically stores your mail into folders in your home directory, then why keep a mail spool at all?


emacs session attach back

When I was at VIM age, I used to enjoy working with screen which gives me the flexibility to switch between mulitple windows. And later I switched to emacs but I lost one of my favorite feature: screen session - when my putty window accidentally dies, all my windows are still there, if I attach back everything is there. in emacs, I can also open quite a few different screens and switch between them, the thing is when my putty window is closed, everything there is gone. I would hope that I can attach back to the emacs I am working on, and I am pretty sure this monster can achieve this, any ideas ?


Remounting HOME

I have my "/home" partition formatted as ext4 and mounted at "dev/sdc1" and occasionally have a strange problem coming up that looks a lot like this bug that I found here. A little more than half way down the bug I linked to above, there was a work- around offered for remounting the drive "on the fly" when this happens. So, before I try executing this command I wanted to run it by someone more proficient than me to be sure I won't "muck up" my system. Here it is:               mount -t ext4 -o rw,remount /dev/sdc1 /home      I still consider myself a bit new to Linux (about two years). I get the part about mounting the home partition as ext4 with read/write permissions, but wanted to be sure the last part `/dev/sdc1 /home` was mounting sdc1 'as' "/home". Thanks,


Why doesn't the sudo command need the root password?

I've been using Linux for a while now and whenever I typed `sudo` I thought I was switching over to the root user for a command. Apparently this is not true because all I need is my user account's password. I'm guessing since I haven't worked with multiple users I haven't really noticed this in the real world. I am unsure how Ubuntu sets up my first account. Is there a root user? Am I root? I'm guessing I just created a new user upon installation but it gave me root privileges? Just a little confused here... So why am I allowed to run root commands with my user's password?


What parts of the filesystem to tmpfs/squashfs/sparseimage for USB live system

I want to create a live system on a USB key / SDCard with Linux Mint 14 (KDE or Debian Edition) that stores data persistently. The USB key needs to have at least one fat32 partition. As storage for the persistent files I could either use this partition, another partition on the USB key (possibly with another filessytem) or an image file on a NTFS formated HDD. I've tried both Mint 14 Debian Edition and KDE Edition as a live system with persistence file/partition but failed both times when updates tried to change the boot system. I've now done a full install on the USB key, installed packages, updated and now want to change this into a live system by transferring most of the system to a read-only squashfs image on the fat partition, use a UnionFS (or aufs) to make that writable storing things on a second (ext2) partition of the USB key and mount things like /home from an image on the hdd (for disk space reasons). Can somebody advise which parts of the filesystem are suited to be placed inside the ro squashfs and which should be implemented as tmpfs ramdisks (/tmp? /var?). What's the best file system to be used inside the sparseimage for /home? What about /proc and other 'special' directories? Do they need to be handled differently? Is it sufficient to place the options in /etc/fstab? Or do I need to edit scripts inside the initrd.lz bootimage for the root fs? I know this is rather complicated. I'm also thankful for any links to blog posts or tutorials about that matter.


Everything works except Fedora

I'm taking an Operating Systems class online for college. It requires us to have a copy of Fedora 13, provided by our instructor, running on a virtual machine. On my machine, it boots to a message full of errors that ends like this: ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/8tmHC.png) I thought maybe it was just a problem with the instructor's virtual. I tried installing a fresh copy of Fedora 18, to see if I could get it to work for the class. When I do that, first this message flashes on the screen: ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/b62iv.png) Then it boots up to show an image something like this, and stops there. The same thing happens even when I boot up in basic graphics mode from the Troubleshooting menu. My teacher gave me another virtual, this one for VirtualBox. It boots up immediately to this message: ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/TzVvi.png) And for reference, my CPU is an AMD FX 4100. Fedora 18 on Virtual Box just goes to a blank black screen. I have since tried Ubuntu, CentOS, Debian, OpenSUSE, Mint, Mageia, Windows 7 and Windows 8. Every single one of them worked without problems. Does anybody have any idea of what my problem could be? If it can be fixed, and how?               CPU:     AMD FX 4100     Host OS: Windows 7 Ultimate      Please let me know if any other information about my system is needed. **Update** I have enabled Virtualization in the BIOS. I then mucked around with the settings on this screen in VMware, trying every combination of item selections and check marks: ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/CSlCP.png) But none of them seemed to have any effect. However, I have made some progress with Virtual Box. My teacher's virtual still does not work. However, the error screen has changed to be identical to the one that I get with VMware, word for word, address for address. I've had better luck with Fedora 18 however, which has successfully installed in Virtual Box. So, that's some progress. However, the main issue is to get my teacher's virtuals working, because he wants to be sure all the students are working with the same setup.


Configurable DNS cache for Linux

What I need is to configure a Linux machine, so that when user of that machine goes to `www.somesite.com` he/she is redirected to, say, 127.0.0.1. What is the best way to achieve it?


Don't let users reboot while root's logged in

On my system users can reboot and shut down the system. From time to time I need to update software (or do anything else) and I don't want users to reboot/shutdown the system until I've finished. Is there a way to prevent system from rebooting/shutting down while root is logged in (locally or over SSH)?


yum update presents hponcfg-4.2.0-0.x86_64 conflict

I am in the process of trying to get Cacti installed onto an HP DL360 running Centos 6.3.   Running `yum update` presents me with a few updates but when entering `y` it returns an error. How can I solve this?                   [root@Server hponcfg]# yum update     Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, priorities, security     Repository rpmforge is listed more than once in the configuration     Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile      * base: **.***.**.**      * contrib: **.***.**.**      * dell-omsa-indep: **.***.**.**      * epel: **.***.**.**      * extras: **.***.**.**      * hp-sdr: **.***.**.**      * updates: **.***.**.**     87 packages excluded due to repository priority protections     Setting up Update Process     Resolving Dependencies     --> Running transaction check     ---> Package centos-release.x86_64 0:6-3.el6.centos.9 will be updated     ---> Package centos-release.x86_64 0:6-5.el6.centos.11.2 will be an update     ---> Package cpqacuxe.x86_64 0:9.10-22.0 will be updated     ---> Package cpqacuxe.x86_64 0:9.40-12.0 will be an update     ---> Package dracut.noarch 0:004-284.el6_3.1 will be updated     ---> Package dracut.noarch 0:004-336.el6_5.2 will be an update     ---> Package dracut-kernel.noarch 0:004-284.el6_3.1 will be updated     ---> Package dracut-kernel.noarch 0:004-336.el6_5.2 will be an update     ---> Package hp-health.x86_64 0:9.1.0.42-54.rhel6 will be updated     ---> Package hp-health.x86_64 0:9.40-1602.44.rhel6 will be an update     ---> Package hp-smh-templates.noarch 0:9.1.0.33-32.all will be updated     ---> Package hp-smh-templates.noarch 0:9.4.0-1327.37 will be an update     ---> Package hp-snmp-agents.x86_64 0:9.1.0.57-51.rhel6 will be updated     ---> Package hp-snmp-agents.x86_64 0:9.40-2506.37.rhel6 will be an update     ---> Package hpacucli.x86_64 0:9.10-22.0 will be updated     ---> Package hpacucli.x86_64 0:9.40-12.0 will be an update     ---> Package hpdiags.x86_64 0:9.1.0-301 will be updated     ---> Package hpdiags.x86_64 0:9.5.0-938 will be an update     ---> Package hponcfg.noarch 0:4.0.0-0 will be updated     ---> Package hponcfg.x86_64 0:4.2.0-0 will be an update     ---> Package hpsmh.x86_64 0:7.1.0-16 will be updated     ---> Package hpsmh.x86_64 0:7.2.2-8 will be an update     --> Finished Dependency Resolution          Dependencies Resolved          =======================================================================================================================================================      Package                                 Arch                          Version                                    Repository                      Size     =======================================================================================================================================================     Updating:      centos-release                          x86_64                        6-5.el6.centos.11.2                        updates                         20 k      cpqacuxe                                x86_64                        9.40-12.0                                  hp-sdr                         5.6 M      dracut                                  noarch                        004-336.el6_5.2                            updates                        122 k      dracut-kernel                           noarch                        004-336.el6_5.2                            updates                         24 k      hp-health                               x86_64                        9.40-1602.44.rhel6                         hp-sdr                         316 k      hp-smh-templates                        noarch                        9.4.0-1327.37                              hp-sdr                         3.5 M      hp-snmp-agents                          x86_64                        9.40-2506.37.rhel6                         hp-sdr                         963 k      hpacucli                                x86_64                        9.40-12.0                                  hp-sdr                         6.5 M      hpdiags                                 x86_64                        9.5.0-938                                  hp-sdr                          15 M      hponcfg                                 x86_64                        4.2.0-0                                    hp-sdr                          40 k      hpsmh                                   x86_64                        7.2.2-8                                    hp-sdr                          13 M          Transaction Summary     =======================================================================================================================================================     Upgrade      11 Package(s)          Total size: 45 M     Is this ok [y/N]: y     Downloading Packages:     Running rpm_check_debug     Running Transaction Test               Transaction Check Error:       file /usr/share/doc/hponcfg/readme.txt from install of hponcfg-4.2.0-0.x86_64 conflicts with file from package hponcfg-4.0.0-0.noarch          Error Summary     -------------


How to change the contents of a line on the terminal as opposed to writing a new one?

So, when `wget` gets a web page, it shows you a status bar that indicated how much the file(s) is/are downloaded. It looks like this: `25%[=============>______________________________________] 25,000 100.0K/s` (underscores are spaces; I just couldn't figure out how to get more than one consecutive space in there) However, instead of writing another line to stdout and adding another progress bar, it updates it, like this: `50%[===========================>________________________] 50,000 100.0K/s` And `wget` isn't the only example of this, either. For example, when you pipe something into `less` and then exit, your original prompt is still there, along with the result of whatever commands that you ran previously. It's like you never left. So, my questions are, what is this called, how do I implement it, does it only work for a single line at a time, and can I use this in C?


How to install a TP-LINK network adapter?

How can I install a TP-LINK network adapter? I have 8 files for Linux driver they are: `compat.h`, `crc32.h`, `ethtool.h`, `Makefile`, `mii.c`, `mii.h`, `sundance_main.c` and `readme.txt`. I am new to Linux and am using Zorin OS. Any ideas? # I want to know how to install it?


How to print file with the PCL escape sequences?

I have CUPS and use a program that produces the raw PCL format of the document I want to print. I have no problem printing a plain text file as `lp filename` but when I give a file that has PCL or ESC/P escape sequences in it, I'll get immediately a completed status for this new print job - no printer reaction. The same happens when trying with each of the followings:               lpr -l filename     lp -o raw filename     lp -o document-format=application/octet-stream filename     lp -o document-format=application/octet-raw filename     lp -o document-format=application/octet-raster filename      Couldn't find in the man nor in cups documentation the way to print a file with filter/driver type defined (send direct pcl or esc/p) in the printing command. Tried to print with two HP printers DeskJet 640C and D2460. Portion from my `printers.conf` that I think can be relevant:               ...     Type     Filter application/vnd.cups-raw 0 -     Filter application/vnd.cups-raster 100 rastertogutenprint.5.2     Accepting Yes     ...     ErrorPolicy stop-printer     ...      Portion from my D2460 printers ppd file that I think can be relevant:               ...     *TTRasterizer: Type42     ...     *hpPrinterLanguage: "lidil"     *hpPrinterPlatform: "dj3600"     ...     *cupsFilter: "application/vnd.cups-raster 0 hpcups"     ...      In your comments please ask for other options to display from the config files if you find it to be relevant to this problem. My logs after issuing `lp -o raw filename` in access_log:               localhost - - [date] "POST /printers/printername HTTP/1.1" 200 390 Create-Job successful-ok     localhost - - [date] "POST /printers/printername HTTP/1.1" 200 1894 Send-Document successful-ok      In error_log:               D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAcceptClient: skipping getpeercon()     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAcceptClient: 13 from localhost (Domain)     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Report: clients=4     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Report: jobs=59     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Report: jobs-active=1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Report: printers=2     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Report: printers-implicit=0     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Report: stringpool-string-count=4354     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Report: stringpool-alloc-bytes=8592     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Report: stringpool-total-bytes=90176     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 13 POST / HTTP/1.1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Active clients     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAuthorize: No authentication data provided.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 13 1.1 CUPS-Get-Default 1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] CUPS-Get-Default     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Returning IPP successful-ok for CUPS-Get-Default (no URI) from localhost     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Not busy     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 13 POST /printers/ujhp HTTP/1.1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Active clients     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAuthorize: No authentication data provided.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 13 1.1 Create-Job 1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Create-Job ipp://localhost:631/printers/ujhp     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] add_job: setting context of job to UNKNOWN SL     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdMarkDirty(----J-)     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Active clients and dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] add_job: requesting-user-name="root"     I [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] Adding start banner page "none".     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdMarkDirty(-----S)     I [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] Queued on "ujhp" by "root".     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Returning IPP successful-ok for Create-Job (ipp://localhost:631/printers/ujhp) from localhost     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 13 POST /printers/ujhp HTTP/1.1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Active clients and dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAuthorize: No authentication data provided.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 13 1.1 Send-Document 1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Send-Document ipp://localhost:631/printers/ujhp     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdIsAuthorized: requesting-user-name="root"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdMarkDirty(----J-)     I [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] File of type application/vnd.cups-raw queued by "root".     I [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] Adding end banner page "none".     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdMarkDirty(----J-)     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdMarkDirty(----J-)     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Active clients, printing jobs, and dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdMarkDirty(-----S)     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] job-sheets=none,none     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] argv[0]="ujhp"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] argv[1]="80"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] argv[2]="root"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] argv[3]="filename"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] argv[4]="1"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] argv[5]="finishings=3 media=iso_a4_210x297mm number-up=1 scaling=98 job-uuid=urn:uuid:59dd158c-9473-30a3-478c-0202bcbcb78b job-originating-host-name=localhost"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] argv[6]="/var/spool/cups/d00080-001"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] envp[0]="CUPS_CACHEDIR=/var/cache/cups"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] envp[1]="CUPS_DATADIR=/usr/share/cups"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] envp[2]="CUPS_DOCROOT=/usr/share/cups/www"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] envp[3]="CUPS_FONTPATH=/usr/share/cups/fonts"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] envp[4]="CUPS_REQUESTROOT=/var/spool/cups"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] envp[5]="CUPS_SERVERBIN=/usr/lib/cups"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] envp[6]="CUPS_SERVERROOT=/etc/cups"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] envp[7]="CUPS_STATEDIR=/var/run/cups"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] envp[8]="HOME=/var/spool/cups/tmp"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] envp[9]="PATH=/usr/lib/cups/filter:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] envp[10]="SERVER_ADMIN=root@serverlinux.hamorhq.ro"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] envp[11]="SOFTWARE=CUPS/1.4.2"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] envp[12]="TMPDIR=/var/spool/cups/tmp"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] envp[13]="USER=root"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] envp[14]="CUPS_SERVER=/var/run/cups/cups.sock"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] envp[15]="CUPS_ENCRYPTION=IfRequested"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] envp[16]="IPP_PORT=631"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] envp[17]="CHARSET=utf-8"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] envp[18]="LANG=en_US.UTF-8"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] envp[19]="PPD=/etc/cups/ppd/ujhp.ppd"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] envp[20]="RIP_MAX_CACHE=128m"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] envp[21]="CONTENT_TYPE=application/vnd.cups-raw"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] envp[22]="DEVICE_URI=usb://HP/Deskjet%20D2400%20series?serial=TH7BE541VR04Y7"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] envp[23]="PRINTER_INFO=HP Deskjet D2400 series"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] envp[24]="PRINTER_LOCATION=serverlinux.hamorhq.ro"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] envp[25]="PRINTER=ujhp"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] envp[26]="CUPS_FILETYPE=document"     I [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] Started backend /usr/lib/cups/backend/usb (PID 4967)     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdMarkDirty(-----S)     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Returning IPP successful-ok for Send-Document (ipp://localhost:631/printers/ujhp) from localhost     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Printing jobs and dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 13 WAITING Closing on EOF     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdCloseClient: 13     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] STATE: +connecting-to-device     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdMarkDirty(-----S)     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] Printer using device file "/dev/usblp0"...     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] STATE: -connecting-to-device     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdMarkDirty(-----S)     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] PAGE: 1 1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Discarding unused job-progress event...     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] backendRunLoop(print_fd=5, device_fd=6, snmp_fd=-1, addr=(nil), use_bc=1, side_cb=0x4425d0)     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] Read 1635 bytes of print data...     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] STATE: -media-empty-warning     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] STATE: -offline-report     I [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] Printer is now online.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] Wrote 1635 bytes of print data...     I [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] Sent print file, 1635 bytes...     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdMarkDirty(-----S)     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Discarding unused job-progress event...     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] PID 4967 (/usr/lib/cups/backend/usb) exited with no errors.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdMarkDirty(-----S)     I [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 80] Job completed.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdMarkDirty(----J-)     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdMarkDirty(-----S)     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAcceptClient: skipping getpeercon()     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAcceptClient: 13 from localhost (Domain)     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAcceptClient: skipping getpeercon()     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAcceptClient: 15 from localhost:631 (IPv6)     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAcceptClient: skipping getpeercon()     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAcceptClient: 18 from localhost:631 (IPv6)     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 13 POST / HTTP/1.1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Active clients and dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAuthorize: No authentication data provided.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 15 POST / HTTP/1.1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAuthorize: No authentication data provided.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 18 POST / HTTP/1.1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAuthorize: No authentication data provided.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 13 1.1 Get-Notifications 1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Get-Notifications /     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdIsAuthorized: requesting-user-name="z-laszlo"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Returning IPP successful-ok for Get-Notifications (/) from localhost     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 15 1.1 Get-Jobs 1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Get-Jobs ipp://localhost/printers/     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] [Job 75] Loading attributes...     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Returning IPP successful-ok for Get-Jobs (ipp://localhost/printers/) from localhost     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 18 1.1 Get-Jobs 1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Get-Jobs ipp://localhost/printers/     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Returning IPP successful-ok for Get-Jobs (ipp://localhost/printers/) from localhost     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 15 WAITING Closing on EOF     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdCloseClient: 15     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 18 WAITING Closing on EOF     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdCloseClient: 18     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAcceptClient: skipping getpeercon()     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAcceptClient: 15 from localhost:631 (IPv6)     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 15 POST / HTTP/1.1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Active clients and dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAuthorize: No authentication data provided.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 15 1.1 Get-Notifications 1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Get-Notifications /     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdIsAuthorized: requesting-user-name="root"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Returning IPP successful-ok for Get-Notifications (/) from localhost     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 15 POST / HTTP/1.1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Active clients and dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAuthorize: No authentication data provided.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 15 1.1 Get-Job-Attributes 1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Get-Job-Attributes ipp://localhost/jobs/80     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Returning IPP successful-ok for Get-Job-Attributes (ipp://localhost/jobs/80) from localhost     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 13 WAITING Closing on EOF     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdCloseClient: 13     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAcceptClient: skipping getpeercon()     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAcceptClient: 13 from localhost (Domain)     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 13 POST / HTTP/1.1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Active clients and dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAuthorize: No authentication data provided.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 13 1.1 Get-Notifications 1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Get-Notifications /     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdIsAuthorized: requesting-user-name="z-laszlo"     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Returning IPP successful-ok for Get-Notifications (/) from localhost     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 13 POST / HTTP/1.1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Active clients and dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAuthorize: No authentication data provided.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 13 1.1 Get-Job-Attributes 1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Get-Job-Attributes ipp://localhost/jobs/80     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Returning IPP successful-ok for Get-Job-Attributes (ipp://localhost/jobs/80) from localhost     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAcceptClient: skipping getpeercon()     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAcceptClient: 18 from localhost (Domain)     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 21 WAITING Closing on EOF     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdCloseClient: 21     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 18 POST / HTTP/1.1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Active clients and dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAuthorize: No authentication data provided.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 18 1.1 Get-Printer-Attributes 1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Get-Printer-Attributes ipp://serverlinux.hamorhq.ro:0/printers/ujhp     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Returning IPP successful-ok for Get-Printer-Attributes (ipp://serverlinux.hamorhq.ro:0/printers/ujhp) from localhost     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 18 POST / HTTP/1.1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Active clients and dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAuthorize: No authentication data provided.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 18 1.1 Get-Job-Attributes 1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Get-Job-Attributes ipp://localhost/jobs/80     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Returning IPP successful-ok for Get-Job-Attributes (ipp://localhost/jobs/80) from localhost     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 13 WAITING Closing on EOF     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdCloseClient: 13     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAcceptClient: skipping getpeercon()     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAcceptClient: 13 from localhost:631 (IPv6)     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 13 POST / HTTP/1.1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Active clients and dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAuthorize: No authentication data provided.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 13 1.1 Get-Printer-Attributes 1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Get-Printer-Attributes ipp://serverlinux.hamorhq.ro:0/printers/ujhp     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Returning IPP successful-ok for Get-Printer-Attributes (ipp://serverlinux.hamorhq.ro:0/printers/ujhp) from localhost     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 13 POST / HTTP/1.1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Active clients and dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAuthorize: No authentication data provided.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 13 1.1 Get-Job-Attributes 1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Get-Job-Attributes ipp://localhost/jobs/80     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Returning IPP successful-ok for Get-Job-Attributes (ipp://localhost/jobs/80) from localhost     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 19 POST / HTTP/1.1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Active clients and dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAuthorize: No authentication data provided.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 19 1.1 CUPS-Get-Printers 1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] CUPS-Get-Printers     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Returning IPP successful-ok for CUPS-Get-Printers (no URI) from localhost     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 19 POST / HTTP/1.1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Active clients and dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAuthorize: No authentication data provided.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 19 1.1 CUPS-Get-Classes 1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] CUPS-Get-Classes     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Returning IPP successful-ok for CUPS-Get-Classes (no URI) from localhost     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 19 POST / HTTP/1.1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Active clients and dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAuthorize: No authentication data provided.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 19 1.1 CUPS-Get-Default 1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] CUPS-Get-Default     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Returning IPP successful-ok for CUPS-Get-Default (no URI) from localhost     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 15 WAITING Closing on EOF     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdCloseClient: 15     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 19 POST / HTTP/1.1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Active clients and dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAuthorize: No authentication data provided.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 19 1.1 CUPS-Get-Printers 1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] CUPS-Get-Printers     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Returning IPP successful-ok for CUPS-Get-Printers (no URI) from localhost     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 19 POST / HTTP/1.1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Active clients and dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAuthorize: No authentication data provided.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 19 1.1 CUPS-Get-Classes 1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] CUPS-Get-Classes     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Returning IPP successful-ok for CUPS-Get-Classes (no URI) from localhost     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 19 POST / HTTP/1.1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Active clients and dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAuthorize: No authentication data provided.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 19 1.1 CUPS-Get-Default 1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] CUPS-Get-Default     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Returning IPP successful-ok for CUPS-Get-Default (no URI) from localhost     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 19 POST / HTTP/1.1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Active clients and dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAuthorize: No authentication data provided.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 19 1.1 CUPS-Get-Printers 1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] CUPS-Get-Printers     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Returning IPP successful-ok for CUPS-Get-Printers (no URI) from localhost     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 19 POST / HTTP/1.1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Active clients and dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAuthorize: No authentication data provided.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 19 1.1 CUPS-Get-Classes 1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] CUPS-Get-Classes     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Returning IPP successful-ok for CUPS-Get-Classes (no URI) from localhost     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 19 POST / HTTP/1.1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Active clients and dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAuthorize: No authentication data provided.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 19 1.1 CUPS-Get-Default 1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] CUPS-Get-Default     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Returning IPP successful-ok for CUPS-Get-Default (no URI) from localhost     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 19 POST / HTTP/1.1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Active clients and dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAuthorize: No authentication data provided.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 19 1.1 CUPS-Get-Printers 1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] CUPS-Get-Printers     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Returning IPP successful-ok for CUPS-Get-Printers (no URI) from localhost     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 19 POST / HTTP/1.1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Active clients and dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAuthorize: No authentication data provided.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 19 1.1 CUPS-Get-Classes 1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] CUPS-Get-Classes     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Returning IPP successful-ok for CUPS-Get-Classes (no URI) from localhost     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 19 POST / HTTP/1.1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Active clients and dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAuthorize: No authentication data provided.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 19 1.1 CUPS-Get-Default 1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] CUPS-Get-Default     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Returning IPP successful-ok for CUPS-Get-Default (no URI) from localhost     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 19 POST / HTTP/1.1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Active clients and dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAuthorize: No authentication data provided.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 19 1.1 CUPS-Get-Printers 1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] CUPS-Get-Printers     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Returning IPP successful-ok for CUPS-Get-Printers (no URI) from localhost     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 19 POST / HTTP/1.1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Active clients and dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAuthorize: No authentication data provided.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 19 1.1 CUPS-Get-Classes 1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] CUPS-Get-Classes     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Returning IPP successful-ok for CUPS-Get-Classes (no URI) from localhost     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 19 POST / HTTP/1.1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Active clients and dirty files     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdAuthorize: No authentication data provided.     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdReadClient: 19 1.1 CUPS-Get-Default 1     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] CUPS-Get-Default     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] Returning IPP successful-ok for CUPS-Get-Default (no URI) from localhost     D [04/Dec/2013:10:48:51 +0200] cupsdSetBusyState: Dirty files      There are two threads in this question's comment that refer to a ghostscript converter script for PCL to PS but I saw that this solution has license limitations and I would prefer a more direct/native approach, solution by configuring cups and a little scripting or free script/application to disable the filtering of cups for PCL and/or convert PCL (and ESC/P) to PDF (as I understood PDF is the way for cups now).


How can I simulate keyboard shortcuts in a bash alias?

For example, one of my bash aliases is this               alias p='clear;ls -lt;pwd;'      `clear` also clears the history which I don't want. I just want to clear the screen momentarily. `Ctrl`+`L` however does exactly what I want. How can I use it in my alias?


How do I install GCC on a system with no compiler?

I've been messing around with my NAS which runs on Linux. I have root access, but there is no compiler. I seem to remember something about being able to compile on another system, but I'm not certain.               root@LSB1:~# uname -a     Linux LSB1 2.6.22.18-88f6281 #50 Tue Dec 22 18:06:23 JST 2009 armv5tejl unknown


xkb ɛ with acute accent

I've made a variant of Colemak which replaces ‘e’ with ‘ɛ’ – Latin letter open e (I have my reasons, but they're not relevant here). I have two problems:   * Though ‘ɛ́’ and other versions of ‘ɛ’ with diacritics exist, typing `AltGr``t`+`ɛ` does not produce anything. I imagine that this is because the accented ‘ɛ’ is a composite character, whereas ‘á’ (produced via `AltGr``t`+`a`) is a single character.   * I would like `AltGr``ɛ` to produce an accented ‘ɛ’. But with the accented ‘ɛ’ being a composite character, I have no way of putting it into an XKB layout file. My keyboard is based on gb Colemak, which is based on us Colemak. I'm using stable Arch (kernel version 3.15.5-1) with GNOME 3.12.2 and xorg-xkbcomp 1.2.4-2. I currently switch layouts via GNOME (using `Super``Space`, which cycles through input methods).


tmux color theme in emacs gtk

When I use emacs -nw I always use it in tmux 256-color mode. tmux applies its default color theme to emacs so it looks like this: ![emacs running in tmux](http://i.stack.imgur.com/HniAZ.png) For some reason I like that color theme far better than any other emacs theme I've tried. My question is: how can I get the same color theme when I run emacs in the normal X mode? I've searched around but I haven't found out if the default tmux color theme (that it applies to bash and other programs as well) even have a name ...


How do I count the number of occurrences of a word in a text file with the command line?

I have a large JSON file that is on one line, and I want to use the command line to be able to count the number of occurrences of a word in the file. How can I do that?