Regex `/pattern/g` and ed `:g/pattern/`: which came first, and why `g`?

The `g` option (e.g. `s/pattern/replacement/g`) for many tools that use regex- style pattern matching and the `:g` command in `ed`, `ex`, `vi`, and `vim` have pretty similar usage and meaning: match the given regex "globally", i.e., don't stop after the first match. I have a two-fold question about this:   * Which came first, the `:g` command or the `g` pattern-matching flag, and in which tool? It looks like most tools (such as `sed`) that use the `g` flag in their pattern-matching are really just directly or indirectly emulating `ed`. For instance, in the post-Perl age, most tools that use regex allow the `g` flag because Perl does, and Perl, it would appear, does it because `ed` -> `sed` -> `Perl`. So I wouldn't be surprised if the answer is "they were introduced simultaneously in the original `ed` tool, and have no historical precedent beyond that."   * Why is this called the `global` option (or command)? There's really nothing "global" about it; the `:g` command takes a range of lines just like any other `ed` command, and the `g` flag doesn't extend the range of the search in any way (it just allows multiple hits). I suppose I can't think of a _better_ name, but the chosen one just seems odd to me, so I'm wondering if there's some reason for it I'm not seeing.


Bash tab completion expands "~" into "/home/___" when it didn't before

Previously, if I typed `~/bi``Tab`, before, it would turn into `~/bin`. However, today it started turning `~/bi``Tab` into `/home/username/bin`. I would rather have it the former, but I'm not sure what happened ... I did add a script to edit my bash completion but I removed it from my `~./bashrc` and restarted the server. Does anyone know what would cause this to happen? Or how I would change it back? **EDIT** So I found out what might cause this...it has to do with `/etc/bash_completion` and things like that. When I do `bind -v`, it shows tilde expansion to be off. So I think if I edit this (kind of like a hack), it will go away. But that doesn't really satisfy anything -- how did this change even happen in the first place? I never ran anything as `sudo`, and after multiple shutdowns and restarts this behavior persists.


LXDM login doesn't work

I installed Arch Linux on VirtualBox. As a login manager, I've chosen LXDM and XFCE for the window manager. I've set `/usr/bin/startxfce4` as the `session` in `etc/lxdm/lxdm.conf`. The problem is that when the lxdm login window appears, and when I try typing my password in and pressing `Enter` nothing happens. I see the same screen that I was seeing before I clicked on my username.


Mediastream goes defunct

I am running my donnet framework based application using mono in Linux Ubuntu. My application uses linphone's mediastream command to open the RTP socket and hook the audio device. I am using the following mediastream command to call from my application:               mediastream (arguments......)      Every thing is working fine but when i am trying to kill the mediastream using the `killall` command, it goes defunct. I am giving the following command from my application:               killall mediastream      What I am doing wrong? How can I handle those defunct processes?


Which distro for this ancient laptop?

I have ancient laptop and need a distro for it which will do basic stuff mainly Word processing, Web Browsing, Playing some songs and movies on it. The specs are: > Intel Celeron M 440 @ 1.60 Ghz   >  1GB Ram   >  Intel 945GMA   >  20 GB HDD Is there any distro which will work fluently? I have tried Lubuntu/Ubuntu/Mint/Crunchbang/PC Linux OS and must say either I don't like environment which comes with it or something doesn't work. I prefer to use KDE if it's possible on this hardware. Will Manjaro or Open SuSE work good on my laptop? Any other distros which could be recommended? P.S Puppy Linux and Damn Small Linux don't come into the game.


Find images by size: find / file / awk

I've been trying to find png image files a certain height (over 500px). I know that `file` will return image dimensions. Example:               $ file TestImg1a.png          TestImg1a.png: PNG image data, 764 x 200, 4-bit colormap, non-interlaced         But I need to use this to find all files in a directory with a height over 500px. I know how to print out all files regardless of height:               find . -name '*.png' | xargs file | awk '{print $7 " " $1}'      But how do I limit the $7 to those results greater than 500?


Search by file dimension

I have many photos. How to search files by its dimensions? For example, i want to search images with exact dimensions 500 x 500 pixels. Is there any utility for this task?


What means "unable to make backup link of /binary before installing new version: No such file or directory"?

I'm trying to upgrade some package in a VM, but I dpkg refuses to apply the upgrades due the following:               dpkg: error processing /var/cache/apt/archives/ifupdown_0.7.5ubuntu2.2_amd64.deb (--unpack):      unable to make backup link of `./sbin/ifquery' before installing new version: No such file or directory     Preparing to replace unzip 6.0-8ubuntu1 (using .../unzip_6.0-8ubuntu2_amd64.deb) ...     Unpacking replacement unzip ...     dpkg: error processing /var/cache/apt/archives/unzip_6.0-8ubuntu2_amd64.deb (--unpack):      unable to make backup link of `./usr/bin/unzip' before installing new version: No such file or directory     dpkg-deb: error: subprocess paste was killed by signal (Broken pipe)      What it means? The permissions are fine and the file definitively exist:               ls -l /sbin/ifquery     -rwxr-xr-x 1 1500000 1500000 58496 dic 12  2012 /sbin/ifquery


MediaTomb - Not showing Cover Art from music folder in the photo collection

MediaTomb adds album covers and DVD covers into the photo collection. That means, when you are going through your photos, you also get album covers intermixed in there. Is there a way of restricting the type of media from specific folders. So, /path/to/music will be restricted to music, /path/to/photos will be restricted to photos etc?


What's an easy way to see whether a mount point has been made shared?

`mount` has an option `\--make-shared` as described here. However, how do I find out if a particular mount point has been made shared?


Fedora 14 graphics issue

I have an HP 3031-et series laptop. My hardware is:   * Intel i5 460M 3 GB DDR3 RAM   * Graphic Cards: ATI Radeon 5650 HD and Intel HD Graphics I installed Fedora 14 on my hardware, and after installation I ran the hardware check. The result was that I could not use ATI Graphics cards and cannot switch How can I fix this problem and how can I switch it on my linux?


Fedora 14 touchpad issue

I have an HP 3031-et series laptop. My hardware is:   * Intel i5 460M 3 GB DDR3 RAM   * Graphic Cards: ATI READON 5650 HD and Intel HD Graphic I installed Fedora 14 on my hardware, and after installation I ran the hardware check. The result was: > Synaptics Touchpad: right, center, #3 and #4 buttons not working I tried adding a section in `xorg.conf` and also `gsynaptics`, but none of the things I tried worked. How can I fix this?


Wubi For Fedora?

Ubuntu has the ability to install within Windows via Wubi. Is the same thing possible with Fedora?


How to put Mysql path in bash profile on MacBook Pro 10.6.8

I want to put a mysql path into the bash profile of my macbook pro. How do I access the bash file and then make it visible in the finder so I can open it with a text editor and put in the path?


eth0 is proxy-arping, but /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/eth0/proxy_arp is 0

I'm scratching my head about this question... I have a debian squeeze machine that is connected to an internal lab network. We have a lot of machines that have default proxy-arp configurations on them, and occasionally one of those machines starts hijacking a lot of lab addresses. After resolving the latest Proxy-ARP incident which brought down most of our lab, I found a few residual entries like this in `/var/log/syslog` (below). For those not accustomed to reading `arpwatch` logs, the machine that owns `00:11:43:d2:68:65` is fighting with 192.168.12.102 and 192.168.12.103 about who owns those address.               Sep 13 14:25:27 netwiki arpwatch: flip flop 192.168.12.103 00:11:43:d2:68:65 (84:2b:2b:4b:71:b4) eth0     Sep 13 14:26:24 netwiki arpwatch: flip flop 192.168.12.103 84:2b:2b:4b:71:b4 (00:11:43:d2:68:65) eth0     Sep 13 14:29:03 netwiki arpwatch: flip flop 192.168.12.102 00:26:b9:4e:d3:71 (00:11:43:d2:68:65) eth0     Sep 13 14:29:03 netwiki arpwatch: flip flop 192.168.12.102 00:11:43:d2:68:65 (00:26:b9:4e:d3:71) eth0      The very alarming thing is that `00:11:43:d2:68:65` belongs to the same machine I was running `arpwatch` on... First, I validated that `/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/eth0/proxy_arp` is `0`. Next, I used `tshark` to validate that my machine really is spoofing ARPs to others...               [mpenning@netwiki ~]$ ip addr show eth0     2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000         link/ether 00:11:43:d2:68:65 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff         inet 192.168.12.239/24 brd 192.168.12.255 scope global eth0         inet6 fe80::211:43ff:fed2:6865/64 scope link            valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever     [mpenning@netwiki ~]$     [mpenning@netwiki ~]$ arp -an     ? (192.168.12.46) at 00:15:c5:f5:81:9d [ether] on eth0     ? (192.168.12.236) at 00:1e:c9:cd:46:c8 [ether] on eth0     ? (10.211.180.1) at 00:1e:49:11:fe:47 [ether] on eth1     ? (192.168.12.20) at f0:4d:a2:02:81:66 [ether] on eth0     [mpenning@netwiki ~]$ cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/eth0/proxy_arp     0     [mpenning@netwiki ~]$ sudo tshark -i eth0 arp and ether src 00:11:43:d2:68:65     Running as user "root" and group "root". This could be dangerous.     Capturing on eth0       0.000000 Dell_d2:68:65 -> Dell_02:81:66 ARP 192.168.12.102 is at 00:11:43:d2:68:65      84.954989 Dell_d2:68:65 -> Dell_f5:81:9d ARP 192.168.12.103 is at 00:11:43:d2:68:65     [mpenning@netwiki ~]$ uname -a     Linux netwiki 2.6.32-5-amd64 #1 SMP Tue Jun 14 09:42:28 UTC 2011 x86_64 GNU/Linux     [mpenning@netwiki ~]$      The facts are undeniable. I have a debian box that is spoofing ARPs and I have no idea why. I am the only user on this machine, I run `fail2ban` to prevent brute-force attacks, and it's on an internal lab network behind a door that requires a badge for entry; I highly doubt it has been hacked. Three questions...   1. First, is there any cause I may have missed? What steps should I use to isolate whether this is an application or kernel problem?   2. If this is a kernel bug, which mailing-list should I report it on? FYI, the normal kernel.org bug reporting tool seems to be down right now.   3. Is there anything I can do to to solve the problem other than waiting for a patch?


Jitsi crashes sound every time

No matter which version of the software I download and install from jitsi.org, running **Jitsi** causes the sound on my OpenSUSE 12.3 machine to be replaced by a low hissing noise. This persists even if I exit Jitsi, and I've not been able to find a way to restart the sound system. A reboot is the only way to restore sound. My soundcard is a Creative SoundBlaster Audigy 2 Platinum, and sound works fine in other applications. This happens whether I run Jitsi after installing from a Linux package, or run from source using `make`. As soon as Jitsi starts loading, the sound dies and is replaced with hissing. I have tried Jitsi versions from the "stable" and "nightly build" areas of the Jitsi download page. (Currently, versions 2.2-latest, 2.2-4603, and 2.3-4712.) Any ideas what I can try in order to successfully run Jitsi with sound in OpenSUSE?


How does /etc/hosts match work?

I'm curious about how /etc/hosts entries match works in Linux vs others *nix platform (if there is any difference). In particular I would be interested to understand if "match time" is proportional with the amount of entries or not. After the first match is found, does the "matching" stop? Or it uses all entries even if a match is already found? Thank you very much


What is the number between file permission and owner in ls -l command output?

The output of `ls -l` command yields the following result: ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/LPU8e.png) What is the number field between file permission and owner? i.e. what are those **1, 1, 1, and 2**? I checked the `\--help` but that doesn't explain it. [EDIT] I thought it was the number of files in a directory but it isn't. See image. "tempFolder" has 3 files but still show a "2"


What's the second column of ls -l say?

> **Possible Duplicate:**   >  What is the number between file permission and owner in ls -l command > output? I've been using Linux for years now and I'm embarrassed to say that until now I didn't notice that I have no idea what the second column of `ls -l` means:               -r--r--r-- 1 roic develop1 roic  685 2012-10-11 14:15 API.h                ^      In this example - 1. What does it stand for?


sbt running but can't see on port 9000 centos 6.5

After downloading the sbt.rpm (version 0.13.1) and installing with yum it appears to be running successfully but when I go to http://mysite.com:9000 it's not found. Here is some of the output after command `sbt`                  ent/0.13.1/jars/test-agent.jar ...        [SUCCESSFUL ] org.scala-sbt#test-agent;0.13.1!test-agent.jar (1248ms)        downloading http://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/scala-sbt/test-        interface/1.0/test-interface-1.0.jar ...        [SUCCESSFUL ] org.scala-sbt#test-interface;1.0!test-interface.jar    (864ms)     downloading http://repo.typesafe.com/typesafe/ivy-releases/org.scala-    sbt/apply-macro/0.13.1/jars/apply-macro.jar ...         [SUCCESSFUL ] org.scala-sbt#apply-macro;0.13.1!apply-macro.jar     (1946ms)     :: retrieving :: org.scala-sbt#boot-app        confs: [default]        43 artifacts copied, 0 already retrieved (12646kB/207ms)        Getting Scala 2.10.3 (for sbt)...         downloading http://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/scala-lang/jline/2.10.3/jline-     2.10.3.jar ...         [SUCCESSFUL ] org.scala-lang#jline;2.10.3!jline.jar (1180ms)     downloading     http://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/fusesource/jansi/jansi/1.4/jansi-1.4.jar ...         [SUCCESSFUL ] org.fusesource.jansi#jansi;1.4!jansi.jar (1316ms)     :: retrieving :: org.scala-sbt#boot-scala         confs: [default]     5 artifacts copied, 0 already retrieved (24447kB/136ms)     [info] Set current project to local (in build file:/usr/local/)       >       Then command `run` and I get the following:               java.lang.RuntimeException: No main class detected.         at scala.sys.package$.error(package.scala:27)      I am attempting to get this running so I can play a scala language backgammon game. Getting a little further along I have placed wbillingsley/play-backgammon scala folder into /usr/local/src/main/scala and now when I do run command I get the following:                   Loading /usr/share/sbt/bin/sbt-launch-lib.bash      [info] Set current project to local (in build file:/usr/local/)      > run      [info] Compiling 8 Scala sources to /usr/local/target/scala-2.10/classes...      [error] /usr/local/src/main/scala/play-    backgammon/app/controllers/Application.scala:3: not found: object play      [error] import play.api._      [error]        ^     [error] /usr/local/src/main/scala/play-   backgammon/app/controllers/Application.scala:5: not found: object play     [error] import play.api.mvc._     [error]        ^     [error] /usr/local/src/main/scala/play-   backgammon/app/controllers/Application.scala:8: not found: object play      [error] import play.api.libs.json._      [error]        ^


How to protect my anonymity and authenticity in Irc?

I use irssi for playing multiplayer/programming game with random people. Some people take the game a bit too seriously so I want to protect my identity in it. I do not want that someone misuses my identity or someone starts tracking my locations. The game is a JavaScript -game.   1. How can I protect my anonymity in irc?   2. How can I protect cookied information on my machine?   3. Even if I have registered to the irc server, how can I let other people to verify my identity like GPG-verified emailing? _Please, add label`"anonymity"`._


MD soft-raid to replace fake raid: How to get rid of old metadata?

I had a system running with fake RAID (Intel controller, imsm), which had some problems. Now I'm switching to the regular MD soft-RAID - I created a RAID 1 on `/dev/sda1` and `/dev/sdb1`. Seems to work fine. Unfortunately a run of `mdadm --examine /dev/sd[ab]` shows that I still have the Intel metadata sitting on top at `/dev/sda` and `/dev/sdb`. The metadata of the soft-RAID is only stored within sda1 / sdb1. How can I get rid of the Intel data, without breaking anything?


Make account stay connected with ZNC

Is there a way to make my irc account stay connected when I've disconnected from ZNC? The buffer feature in ZNC works perfectly, however I would like people to be able to query me, while my client is not runnning. I'm running ZNC version 1.2.


Installing Giggle 0.7 no makefile found and installation instructions are to 'make'

I've been trying to follow the instructions for installing `giggle-0.7`. From the `INSTALL` file: > The simplest way to compile this package is: > >   1. `cd' to the directory containing the package's source code and type > `./configure' to configure the package for your system. > > Running `configure' might take a while. While running, it prints some > messages telling which features it is checking for. > >   2. Type `make' to compile the package. > > Unfortunately running `make` makes it rather obvious that there is no make file in the root package directory. There are `Makefile.am` and `Makefile.in`, but running `make Makefile.am` and `make Makefile.in` doesn't do anything either. The source is the tar file from this gnome.org page. Any help is appreciated. ## Edit 1 OS I'm installing on `CentOS 6.5`. ## Edit 2 config.log The first sign of an error on `config.log`: > >     configure:4058: checking for gcc option to accept ISO C99 >     configure:4207: gcc  -c -g -O2  conftest.c >&5 conftest.c:61: error: >     expected ';', ',' or ')' before 'text' conftest.c: In function 'main': >     conftest.c:115: error: expected '=', ',', ';', 'asm' or >     '__attribute__' before 'newvar' conftest.c:115: error: 'newvar' >     undeclared (first use in this function) conftest.c:115: error: (Each >     undeclared identifier is reported only once conftest.c:115: error: for >     each function it appears in.) conftest.c:125: error: 'for' loop >     initial declarations are only allowed in C99 mode conftest.c:125: >     note: use option -std=c99 or -std=gnu99 to compile your code >     configure:4207: $? = 1 configure: failed program was: | /* confdefs.h >     */ | #define PACKAGE_NAME "Giggle" | #define PACKAGE_TARNAME "giggle" | > #define PACKAGE_VERSION "0.7" | #define PACKAGE_STRING "Giggle 0.7" >   I'm currently trying to see if I can figure anything out about this. Please let me know if I should post more (or all) of `config.log`.


Can't Change CUPS password

I am running CrunchBang based on Debian 6. I can't do anything printer related. It is saying I am unauthenticated. I have tried:               family@familydesktop:~$ sudo lppasswd -a family     Enter password:     Enter password again:     family@familydesktop:~$ sudo lppasswd -a root     Enter password:     Enter password again:      Yet I still can't add a printer. What do I do?


Automatically lock but not darken gnome shell when inactive

Gnome Shell 3.8 can be configured to darken and eventually turn off the screen after a given period without user activity. (The corresponding setting can be found at `Settings/Performance`.) From there on, also after a configurable period of time, the desktop will be locked (forcing the user to enter the password to gain access). (This setting is to be found at `Settings/Privacy/Screen locking`.) Now, I want to turn around this behaviour. After a few minutes, I want to be locked out, but the screen shall stay active for some minutes more. If possible, the screen could immediately blank when locked manually by the key combination `Ctrl+Shift+L`. Can this be accomplished with the settings panel? Or is it at least possible tweaking any underling settings?


Memory test while booting . Unable to boot Ubuntu 12 04 LTS

I'm running Ubuntu 12.04 LTS. All of a sudden, my I'm unable to load the OS. A memory test is happening while I'm trying to boot the system.


How to check which graphics card is driving my display?

The system is setup with one of those hybrid Intel/ATI offerings (muxless). After a bit of fiddling with kernel settings and drivers I got both cards working, I think (adding radeon.dpm=1 in kernel settings and using only the opensource drivers). However I cant figure out which card the system is using. From my understanding with the newer kernel (3.12) amd dynamic power management will power down/ power up the card when needed, so in theory it should be using the integrated hd4000 for most of the time, however I cant find an easy way to check which one is in use... `lspci | grep VGA` only lists all the cards, it doesn't specify which one is currently in use. Some steering in the right direction much appreciated. System Debian 7 stable, 3.12 amd64 Kernel 7670M AMD + Intel HD4000


TCLBLEND FAILURE - Centos 6.4

I have been trying to use a home grown test tool and after doing an update to Centos 6.4, I am no longer able to run the tcl based tool. I am getting the following error and I have no internet access on this server. Kindly advise how do I solve this problem?               "XpUtils::iload -d /usr/local/testtool/repo/package/linux-glibc2.3-x86_64/lib/tcljava1.4.1 tclblend" failed:      couldn't load file "/usr/local/testtool/repo/package/linux-glibc2.3-x86_64/lib/tcljava1.4.1/libtclblend.so": libjava.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory         while executing     "error "\"XpUtils::iload -d $dir tclblend\" failed:\n $errMsg""         (procedure "loadtclblend" line 168)         invoked from within     "loadtclblend /usr/local/testtool/repo/package/linux-glibc2.3-x86_64/lib/tcljava1.4.1"         ("package ifneeded java 1.4.1" script)         invoked from within     "package require java"         ("eval" body line 1)         invoked from within     "eval package require $pkg"         ("foreach" body line 2)         invoked from within     "foreach pkg $pkgList {        set ::${pkg}Version [eval package require $pkg]     }"         (file "/usr/local/testtool/testtool" line 165)


Error trying to build pango (1.34.1) and harfbuzz (0.9.18) from source

So I'm trying to build pango from source (in my home directory, as a dependency to something else I need). This is on a computing cluster running SLES 11. When compiling, I get the following error:               ...     Making all in examples     make[2]: Entering directory `/usr/people/xxxx/downloads/pango-1.34.1/examples'       CC       cairosimple.o       CCLD     cairosimple     /usr/people/xxxx/local/lib/libharfbuzz.so: undefined reference to `FT_Get_Advance'     collect2: ld returned 1 exit status     make[2]: *** [cairosimple] Error 1     make[2]: Leaving directory `/usr/people/xxxx/downloads/pango-1.34.1/examples'     make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1     make[1]: Leaving directory `/usr/people/xxxx/downloads/pango-1.34.1'     make: *** [all] Error 2      Checking the link dependencies on libharfbuzz.so gives me the following: **ldd ~/local/lib/libharfbuzz.so**               ...     libfreetype.so.6 => /usr/people/xxxx/local/lib/libfreetype.so.6 (0x00007f2323b0f000)      Going further, running an objdump on libfreetype.so (which I also installed from source) I get: **objdump -T ~/local/lib/libfreetype.so.6 | grep FT_Get_Advance**               00000000000148f0 g    DF .text  0000000000000152  Base        FT_Get_Advance     0000000000014700 g    DF .text  00000000000001ed  Base        FT_Get_Advances      Though the version installed on the system, in /usr/lib/ (which I do not have root access to), has no references to FT_Get_Advance. It looks like somewhere the code is referencing to the global library, though I can't seem to find where. Anyone have any ideas? **EDIT:** I just ran an objdump on libharfbuzz.so (from the version installed in my home directory) and it seems there are many undefined references to both freetype and GLIBC... So what's wrong with how i'm compiling harfbuzz? **objdump -T libharfbuzz.so | grep *UND***               0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000              FT_Get_Advance     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 mprotect     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000              FT_Load_Sfnt_Table     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 memset     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000              FT_Set_Char_Size     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 snprintf     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000              FT_Select_Charmap     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000              g_intern_static_string     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000              g_unichar_combining_class     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000              FT_Load_Glyph     0000000000000000  w   D  *UND*  0000000000000000              __gmon_start__     0000000000000000  w   D  *UND*  0000000000000000              _Jv_RegisterClasses     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 __assert_fail     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 strncmp     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 malloc     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000             g_unicode_script_to_iso15924     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000              FT_Done_FreeType     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 __cxa_atexit     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000              g_unichar_get_mirror_char     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 sysconf     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000              g_unichar_compose     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 pthread_mutex_init     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000              g_unicode_script_from_iso15924     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 free     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 strlen     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000                FT_Face_GetCharVariantIndex     0000000000000000  w   DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 __cxa_finalize     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 bsearch     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000              FT_Get_Name_Index     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000              FT_Get_Kerning     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000              g_unichar_decompose     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 strerror     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 strstr     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000              g_unichar_type     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000              FT_Init_FreeType     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 strtol     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000              g_unichar_iswide     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 memcpy     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 memmove     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 strchr     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000              g_unichar_get_script     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 getenv     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 __errno_location     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 qsort     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 strdup     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 strcmp     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000              FT_New_Memory_Face     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 calloc     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000              FT_Get_Char_Index     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 strncpy     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000              g_once_init_enter     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000              FT_Get_Glyph_Name     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 pthread_mutex_lock     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 realloc     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000              FT_Done_Face     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000              g_once_init_leave     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 setlocale     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 pthread_mutex_destroy     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 strtoul     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000  GLIBC_2.2.5 pthread_mutex_unlock     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000              g_unichar_fully_decompose     0000000000000000      DF *UND*  0000000000000000              g_boxed_type_register_static


IPTABLES rule for separating users

I have an OpenWrt 10.03 router [ IP: 192.168.1.1 ], and it has a DHCP server pool: 192.168.1.0/24 - clients are using it through wireless/wired connection. Ok!      Here's the catch: I need to separate the users from each other.      How i need to do it: by IPTABLES rule [ /etc/firewall.user ].   Ok!   "Loud thinking": So i need a rule something like this [on the OpenWrt router]:      - DROP where SOURCE: 192.168.1.2-192.168.1.255 and DESTINATION is 192.168.1.2-192.168.1.255      The idea is this. Ok!      Questions!   - Will i lock out myself if i apply this firewall rule?   - Is this a secure method? [ is it easy to do this?: hello, i'm a client, and i say, my IP address is 192.168.1.1! - now it can sniff the unencrypted traffic! :( - because all the clients are in the same subnet! ]   - Are there any good methods to find/audit for duplicated IP addresses?   - Are the any good methods to find/audit for duplicated MAC addresses?   - Are there any good methods to do this IPTALBES rule on Layer2?:   `$ wget -q "http://downloads.openwrt.org/backfire/10.03/ar71xx/packages/" -O - | grep -i ebtables` `$`    p.s.: The rule would be [is it on a good chain?]: iptables -A FORWARD -m iprange --src-range 192.168.1.2-192.168.1.255 --dst-range 192.168.1.2-192.168.1.255 -j DROP   Thank you!


What happened to my RAM?

I am trying to understand the basics of the Linux OS. I'm running 64-bit Ubuntu 12.04 on a 64-bit CPU. The system has 2GB of RAM.               cat /proc/meminfo      MemTotal:        2012040 kB      **Question 1** : Where is the missing 85112KB of RAM?               2097152 (2 gb in kilobytes)     2012040 -     ______________      85112      Is this reserved for something else or is this a hardware limitation that the system cannot use 4% of the RAM? **Question 2** : My initial reading tells me that there is a 3:1 split for user kernel space. Why is that not the case here?               (3/4)*2097152 =1572864 for user space     (1/4)*2097152 =524288  for kernel space      I am aware of Linux RAM caches and buffers (I spent some research effort to understand that at least), but this case it has nothing to do with that, so what's going on?


Need help with enabling 3D acceleration in Debian stable

I installed Debian Wheezy on my daughter's desktop computer. It has Intel i5-4570 (Haswell) CPU and integrated Intel HD 4600 graphics chipset. No discrete graphics card. I'm unable to enable 3D acceleration on the installed OS. **How do I enable 3D acceleration on the machine that has Intel HD 4600 graphics chip?** Below is some info that may be of interest:               user1@desktop:~$ glxinfo|grep direct     direct rendering: Yes          user1@desktop:~$ glxinfo|grep render     direct rendering: Yes     OpenGL renderer string: Gallium 0.4 on llvmpipe (LLVM 0x209)     GL_NV_conditional_render, GL_AMD_draw_buffers_blend,          user1@desktop:~$ xdriinfo     Screen 0: not direct rendering capable.      When I remove the HDD from the desktop computer and put it into my wife's laptop computer and boot into Debian, it appears that 3D acceleration is enabled. The laptop computer has Intel i7-3612QM (Ivy-bridge) CPU and integrated Intel HD 4000 graphics chipset. Please have a look at the results:               user2@laptop:~$ glxinfo|grep direct     direct rendering: Yes          user2@laptop:~$ glxinfo|grep render     direct rendering: Yes     OpenGL renderer string: Mesa DRI Intel(R) Ivybridge Mobile          GL_NV_conditional_render, GL_ARB_ES2_compatibility,           user2@laptop:~$ xdriinfo     Screen 0: i965


Linux software RAID-1 and device name

I want to set up software RAID-1 on my Ubuntu system, and found this example of an /etc/raidtab:               raiddev /dev/md0         raid-level      1         nr-raid-disks   2         nr-spare-disks  0         persistent-superblock 1         device          /dev/sdb1         raid-disk       0         device          /dev/sdc1         raid-disk       1      I would however like the path to the raid device to be /raid. Is it ok to just use               raiddev /raid      ...or does it really have to be named /dev/md0?


Enable RTSP in iptables

I'd like to receive a RTSP stream via VLC, but when I try to run               sudo -u non_root_user cvlc -vvv -I dummy rtsp://ip:port/x.sdp       I get:               Unable to determine our source address: This computer has an invalid IP    address: 0x0      I think that the ports might be closed, because when I disabled firewall, I was able to receive the stream. I'd like to ask you how to set the iptables so I can receive RTSP. Thanks.


Human readable dmesg time stamps on OpenWRT

The output of dmesg shows the number of second+milliseconds since the system start.               [   10.470000] ohci_hcd: USB 1.1 'Open' Host Controller (OHCI) Driver     [   14.610000] device eth0 entered promiscuous mode     [   18.750000] cfg80211: Calling CRDA for country: DE     [   18.750000] cfg80211: Regulatory domain changed to country: DE      Q: How to put the seconds+milliseconds in to readable format? [Edit] My dmesg:               root@OpenWrt:/tmp# dmesg -h     dmesg: invalid option -- h     BusyBox v1.19.4 (2013-03-14 11:28:31 UTC) multi-call binary.          Usage: dmesg [-c] [-n LEVEL] [-s SIZE]          Print or control the kernel ring buffer              -c      Clear ring buffer after printing         -n LEVEL    Set console logging level         -s SIZE     Buffer size      [Edit #2] To install util-linux wont be possible, because there is not much available space:               root@OpenWrt:~# df -h     Filesystem                Size      Used Available Use% Mounted on     rootfs                    1.1M    956.0K    132.0K  88% /     /dev/root                 2.0M      2.0M         0 100% /rom     tmpfs                    14.3M    688.0K     13.6M   5% /tmp     tmpfs                   512.0K         0    512.0K   0% /dev     /dev/mtdblock3            1.1M    956.0K    132.0K  88% /overlay     overlayfs:/overlay        1.1M    956.0K    132.0K  88% /      .               root@OpenWrt:/tmp# which awk  perl sed bash sh shell tcsh     /usr/bin/awk     /bin/sed     /bin/sh      [Edit #]               root@OpenWrt:~# date -h     date: invalid option -- h     BusyBox v1.19.4 (2013-03-14 11:28:31 UTC) multi-call binary.          Usage: date [OPTIONS] [+FMT] [TIME]          Display time (using +FMT), or set time              [-s,--set] TIME Set time to TIME         -u,--utc    Work in UTC (don't convert to local time)         -R,--rfc-2822   Output RFC-2822 compliant date string         -I[SPEC]    Output ISO-8601 compliant date string                 SPEC='date' (default) for date only,                 'hours', 'minutes', or 'seconds' for date and                 time to the indicated precision         -r,--reference FILE Display last modification time of FILE         -d,--date TIME  Display TIME, not 'now'         -D FMT      Use FMT for -d TIME conversion         -k      Set Kernel timezone from localtime and exit


Want to search for two consecutive lines with at least n characters

I would like to use sed to search for the first part of a text file with consecutive lines with at least `n` non-space characters. I would like to print from the first of those lines to the end of the file. What's the best way to formulate this?


Connect to hidden Wifi AP with wpa-supplicant?

I have a headless Debian machine, with a Wifi dongle connected. I used to hide the Wifi AP, but now I can't. If I unhide it, some lines in the /etc/network/interfaces will allow me to connect:               auto wlan0     iface wlan0 inet dhcp             wpa-ssid <name>             wpa-psk <hex/raw pwd>      If I hide the AP, add this line, then restart the interface, it won't work (DHCP gets no IP): ~~               wpa-ap-scan 2      ~~ I've not found official documentation about the /etc/network/interfaces config. What can I do now?


Restoring EFI System Partition?

Recently I have installed Fedora 19 under EFI boot method, but I found it unable to boot because of graphic cards and stuff. Then I decided to uninstall it. I have Fedora in a different partition so I deleted it and the swap area directly from Disk Management in Windows 8. Now the problem seems to be that the boot menu still remains. I think it is due to the modification of configuration in EFI System Partition. How do I restore the EFI settings and directly boot to Windows 8? Is there any other method considered better? I tried EasyBCD but it didn't help out a lot. I also tried `bootrec.exe /fixmbr` but still no.


How to recover missing Grub File

On my test system. I was doing some testing and i move the _grub.conf_ file from **/boot/grub/** to **/opt/** And on boot black screen came as expected with just **grub>** written on it. I tried to solve it using some tuts but it is not working. /boot is on /dev/sda1 is there a way to recover grub.conf without using live media. **Sorry i forgot to add that this server is installed uisng Linux KVM Technology**


Upgrade java on Linux Mint 11

I'm unable to use web-based java content due to my version being out of date.               %>java -version     java version "1.6.0_24"     Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.6.0_24-b07)     Java HotSpot(TM) Server VM (build 19.1-b02, mixed mode)      There are no updates available through Update Manager, however there are a couple of options on the java download page http://www.java.com/en/download/linux_manual.jsp?locale=en One is a tarball of the entire java install, another is a .RPM. Is there a .deb version somewhere? I'd much prefer having Synaptic handle the updates than try to do it manually and wind up breaking the system update path forever.


Cutting an AV file (MP4)

I have tried using openshot, pitivi, kdenlive, videolan to cut an audio/video file but they all seem to freeze. So I am now trying to use the following command:               avconv -i input.MP4 -vcodec copy -acodec copy -ss 01:25:00 -t 01:26:00 output.MP4      This creates a file on my computer but when I open it in vlc, I can only hear sound and the length is 37.04 minutes. It was supposed to be 1 minute long. Also, just tried this:               ffmpeg -ss 01:24:30 -t 01:25:00 -i orginalfile -vcodec copy -acodec copy newfile      This doesn't cut the av file at all, it ends up being full length but only the audio is available, no video. What am I doing wrong? I have also tried:               avconv -i input.MP4 -ss 01:25:00 -t 01:26:00 -c:a copy -c:v copy output.MP4      and it gives me the same result as above. * * * Full output from both commands can be see here:               oshiro@home-desktop:~/Desktop$ avconv -i SDV_1195.MP4 -vcodec copy -acodec copy -ss 01:24:00 -t 01:25:30 2.MP4     avconv version 0.8.13-4:0.8.13-0ubuntu0.12.04.1, Copyright (c) 2000-2014 the Libav developers       built on Jul 15 2014 12:56:47 with gcc 4.6.3     [mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2 @ 0x1e8c7a0] max_analyze_duration reached     Input #0, mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2, from 'SDV_1195.MP4':       Metadata:         major_brand     : avc1         minor_version   : 0         compatible_brands: avc1isom         creation_time   : 1947-02-10 00:03:08       Duration: 02:01:04.29, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 2137 kb/s         Stream #0.0(eng): Video: h264 (Main), yuv420p, 720x576, 2000 kb/s, PAR 64:45 DAR 16:9, 50 fps, 50 tbr, 90k tbn, 180k tbc         Metadata:           creation_time   : 1947-02-10 00:03:08         Stream #0.1(eng): Audio: aac, 48000 Hz, stereo, s16, 127 kb/s         Metadata:           creation_time   : 1947-02-10 00:03:08     Output #0, mp4, to '2.MP4':       Metadata:         major_brand     : avc1         minor_version   : 0         compatible_brands: avc1isom         creation_time   : 1947-02-10 00:03:08         encoder         : Lavf53.21.1         Stream #0.0(eng): Video: ![0][0][0] / 0x0021, yuv420p, 720x576 [PAR 64:45 DAR 16:9], q=2-31, 2000 kb/s, 90k tbn, 90k tbc         Metadata:           creation_time   : 1947-02-10 00:03:08         Stream #0.1(eng): Audio: aac, 48000 Hz, stereo, 127 kb/s         Metadata:           creation_time   : 1947-02-10 00:03:08     Stream mapping:       Stream #0:0 -> #0:0 (copy)       Stream #0:1 -> #0:1 (copy)     Press ctrl-c to stop encoding     frame=    0 fps=  0 q=-1.0 Lsize=   35570kB time=2224.30 bitrate= 131.0kbits/s    /s         video:0kB audio:34755kB global headers:0kB muxing overhead 2.345804%     oshiro@home-desktop:~/Desktop$ avconv -i SDV_1195.MP4 -ss 01:24:00 -t 01:25:30 -c:a copy -c:v copy output-clip.mp4     avconv version 0.8.13-4:0.8.13-0ubuntu0.12.04.1, Copyright (c) 2000-2014 the Libav developers       built on Jul 15 2014 12:56:47 with gcc 4.6.3     [mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2 @ 0xd307a0] max_analyze_duration reached     Input #0, mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2, from 'SDV_1195.MP4':       Metadata:         major_brand     : avc1         minor_version   : 0         compatible_brands: avc1isom         creation_time   : 1947-02-10 00:03:08       Duration: 02:01:04.29, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 2137 kb/s         Stream #0.0(eng): Video: h264 (Main), yuv420p, 720x576, 2000 kb/s, PAR 64:45 DAR 16:9, 50 fps, 50 tbr, 90k tbn, 180k tbc         Metadata:           creation_time   : 1947-02-10 00:03:08         Stream #0.1(eng): Audio: aac, 48000 Hz, stereo, s16, 127 kb/s         Metadata:           creation_time   : 1947-02-10 00:03:08     Output #0, mp4, to 'output-clip.mp4':       Metadata:         major_brand     : avc1         minor_version   : 0         compatible_brands: avc1isom         creation_time   : 1947-02-10 00:03:08         encoder         : Lavf53.21.1         Stream #0.0(eng): Video: ![0][0][0] / 0x0021, yuv420p, 720x576 [PAR 64:45 DAR 16:9], q=2-31, 2000 kb/s, 90k tbn, 90k tbc         Metadata:           creation_time   : 1947-02-10 00:03:08         Stream #0.1(eng): Audio: aac, 48000 Hz, stereo, 127 kb/s         Metadata:           creation_time   : 1947-02-10 00:03:08     Stream mapping:       Stream #0:0 -> #0:0 (copy)       Stream #0:1 -> #0:1 (copy)     Press ctrl-c to stop encoding     frame=    0 fps=  0 q=-1.0 Lsize=   35570kB time=2224.30 bitrate= 131.0kbits/s    /s         video:0kB audio:34755kB global headers:0kB muxing overhead 2.345804%     oshiro@home-desktop:~/Desktop$


Debian 7.3 (stable) with GNOME 3.4.2, new Nautilus accel won't stick

Since I've been using Debian with GNOME 3.4.2 (default version upon installation), I've always used the dconf editor to change the `delete` accel back to the normal `delete` instead of `<ctrl>delete`, but this time it's going wrong - It just doesn't want to stay as `delete` once I close Nautilus. Here are the steps I take:   1. Open Nautilus and move to a file I want to delete.   2. I click on the file.   3. I open dconf-editor from Applications -> System Tools -> dconf Editor   4. Make my way to org -> gnome -> desktop -> interface.   5. Enable "can_change_accels"   6. Go back to Nautilus and click on the edit menu and hover over "Move to Trash"   7. I hit my `delete` key twice so that the new accel will be the delete key.   8. Go back to the dconf editor and unselect "can_change_accels"   9. Close dconf editor and Nautilus. Once I open Nautilus again, the accel is back to `<ctrl>delete` and I can't figure out why. I've done this many times, and usually if it doesn't work the first time, after a couple of tries it'll finally stay set, but this time, no dice. This is a brand new install of Debian that I completed literally about an hour ago, using the default ftp.us.debian.org mirror (if that matters at all). I even tried going to `/home/user/.gnome2/accels` and editing the file `nautilus` there. Saved it, reboot, no change whatsoever. Does anybody have a solution for this? It's driving me nuts. Duplicate question: https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/57853/del-accel- reseted-in-every-boot-debian-testing-nautilus (I know it's bad form to ask a question again if there's already one open, but it was asked in 2011, but was never answered, so I figured it'd be okay to bring up again.)


Why does locale es_MX work but not es?

Wikipedia entry for GNU gettext shows an example where the locale is just the lanuage, "fr". Whereas the 'i18n gettext() “hello world” example' in SO has the locale value with both the language and country, "`es_MX`". I have modified the "`es_MX`" example to use just the lanuage, "es". This covers making an "es" rather than "'es_MX'" message catalog and invoking the program with environment variable LANG set to "es".But this produces the English text rather the expected Spanish.               cat >hellogt.cxx <<EOF     // hellogt.cxx     #include <libintl.h>     #include <locale.h>     #include <iostream>     int main (){         setlocale(LC_ALL, "");         bindtextdomain("hellogt", ".");         textdomain( "hellogt");         std::cout << gettext("hello, world!") << std::endl;     }     EOF     g++ -ohellogt hellogt.cxx     xgettext -d hellogt -o hellogt.pot hellogt.cxx     msginit --no-translator -l es -o hellogt_spanish.po -i hellogt.pot     sed --in-place hellogt_spanish.po --expression='/#: /,$ s/""/"hola mundo"/'     sed --in-place hellogt_spanish.po --expression='s/PACKAGE VERSION/hellogt 1.0/'     mkdir -p ./es.utf8/LC_MESSAGES     msgfmt -c -v -o ./es.utf8/LC_MESSAGES/hellogt.mo hellogt_spanish.po     LANG=es.utf8 ./hellogt      According to Controlling your locale with environment variables: > environment variable, LANGUAGE, which is used only by GNU gettext ... If > defined, LANGUAGE takes precedence over LC_ALL, LC_MESSAGES, and LANG.               LANGUAGE=es.utf8 ./hellogt      produces the expected Spanish text rather than English. But this does not explain why "LANG=es" does not work.


Linux kernel manual build: resulting binary is 10 times larger than precompiled binaries

I'm using Linux Mint 13 MATE 32bit, I'm trying to build the kernel (primarily for experience and for fun). For now, I like to build it with the same configuration as precompiled kernel, so firstly I've installed precompiled kernel 3.16.0-031600rc6 from kernel.ubuntu.com, booted to it successfully. Then I've downloaded 3.16.rc6 kernel from kernel.org, unpacked it, configured it to use config from existing precompiled kernel:               $ make oldconfig      It didn't ask me anything, so, precompiled kernel contains all necessary information. Then I've built it (it took about 6 hours) :               $ make      And then installed:               $ sudo make modules_install install      Then I've booted into my manually-compiled kernel, and it works, boot process is somewhat slower though. But then I've found out that all the binaries (`/boot/initrd.img-3.16.0-rc6` and all the `*.ko` modules in `/lib/modules/3.16.0-rc6/kernel` are about 10 times larger than precompiled versions! Say, `initrd.img-3.16.0-rc6` is `160 658 665` bytes, but precompiled `initrd.img-3.16.0-031600rc6-generic` is `16 819 611` bytes. Each `*.ko` module is similarly larger. Why is this? I haven't specified any special options for build (I typed exactly the same commands as I mentioned above). How to build it "correctly"?


Using top to see processes run by a user on behalf of sudo

If I run `top -u username` I will see all the processes by a particular user. Is there a way to also see all the processes that the user called via sudo?


Implications of Linux support for AMD Fusion APUs?

As I understand it, the Linux kernel has had good support for Intel and AMD CPUs (pretty obvious since your OS installs and runs fine!). But now that AMD is releasing their new Fusion APUs, is it just a gimmick marketing scheme and can be treated as a CPU by the Linux kernel, or is this APU something new and new kernel support needs to be added? Since the Fusion APUs are slated to include the functions of the GPU, will Linux be able to take advantage of all its functions? This might have implications on whether my next Linux machine can and/or should be based on AMD Fusion hardware or not.


Is dd able to overwrite parts of a file?

I have a 1TB big file (disk-image from a damaged drive) and a 1.3MB small file (beginning of a disk-file). Using the contents of the small file, I want to overwrite portions of the big file. That is, I want to insert/overwrite the first 1.3MB of the 1TB-image using the small file. Using small temporary files for testing I was unable to overwrite parts of the files. Rather, dd overwrote the files completely. This is not what I want. Is dd able to do this?


Launching a GUI application in RHEL 5 hangs

When I try to launch any GUI application through a terminal in my RHEL 5.4, it takes a very long time for the GUI to come up. Also, sometimes it just hangs. I see the following messages in the terminal :               Launching a SCIM daemon with Socket FrontEnd...     GTK IM Module SCIM : Cannot connect to Panel!      What might be the issue?


Removing disk quotas in Scientific Linux

* Im doing some big data integrations in MongoDB at the moment.    * MongoDB's files are stored at /data/db   * Scientific Linux has automatically setup `root` to have a small amount of disk space and me, `bob` to have a huge amount. .                [bob@bob etc]$ df -h      Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on      /dev/mapper/vg_bob-lv_root                             50G  5.5G   44G  12% /      tmpfs                 7.7G  284K  7.7G   1% /dev/shm      /dev/sda1             485M   43M  418M  10% /boot      /dev/mapper/vg_bob-lv_home                            1.8T  277M  1.7T   1% /home      [bob@bob etc]$        * For some reason, MongoDB is limited to `root`'s disk quota - even though I've added `bob` to the sudoers and run `sudo service mongod start` as `bob`.   * How can I let this spill over? Essentially I would like to simply remove all disk quotas and let all users use however much they want. What is the simplest way to do this?


I can ssh into a remote machine but I can't use scp to copy local stuff to the remote machine

I'm using a remote machine, which is in a lab and the administrator ask a RSA public key and then I can login into that machine using a passphrase I set now I want to use scp to copy local stuff to the remote machine but when I use scp, the error is               ssh: connect to host 138.46.231.12 port 22: No route to host      are there any ways to do that? I'm using fedora, the remote machine is on ubuntu thanks!


sudo vs "rwx" access

I am new in Linux environment and I would like to know if `rwx` access on Linux file system can substitute `sudo` access to run a command. i.e.: I have the command `abcd` in `/etc/init.d/` and I do have `rwx` access for `/etc/init.d/` directory and its contents. Do I need have `sudo` access to execute the command `abcd` (`user@server:/>sudo abcd`) or I can type only `user@server:/>abcd` at the command prompt?


Process switch with clone()

I'm new for Linux. Now, I have to write a c program and use `clone()` to make process do things asynchronous. I've read the manual of `clone()`; however, I still don't know how to make it work asynchronous. I use flags `CLONE_THREAD`, `CLONE_VM` and `CLONE_SIGHAND` and there's an infinite loop in parameter `fn`. I got `segmentation fault(core dumped)` first, then using `gdb` to debug. Then, I got `Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault. [Switching to LWP xxx]`. I would like to make the processes switch successfully ? Below is my code:               #define _GNU_SOURCE     #include <stdio.h>     #include <stdlib.h>     #include <sched.h>     #define FIBER_STACK 1024*1024*8          int counter;     void * stack;     int do_something(){         int i;         while(1) {             if (counter == 1000)             {                 free(stack);                 exit(1);             } else {                 counter++;                 i++;             }             printf("Process %d running total runs %d, and this process runs %d \n", getpid(), counter, i);         }     }     int main() {         void * stack;         counter = 1;         stack = malloc(FIBER_STACK);         if(!stack) {             printf("The stack failed\n");             exit(0);         }                   int i;         for (i = 0; i < 26; i++)         {             clone(&do_something, (char *)stack + FIBER_STACK, CLONE_THREAD|CLONE_SIGHAND|CLONE_VM, 0); // CLONE_VFORK         }     }      I've asked this question in stackoverflow, but there's still no one answering me. Hope someone can help me to solve this problem. If that is inappropriate to ask the same question here, please let me know. Thanks in advance.


pdf viewer for text documents saved as images -- bad rendering

The situation I have in mind is a .pdf document obtained from a scan, or at least such that some readers view it as an image (as opposed to text) and render it badly (see the screenshot below) ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/axPAy.png) My personal user experience is with Evince in Ubuntu 12.04, but I guess this is common problem. Is there something I can do inside Evince, like turn some option, etc.? Could you point to a valid alternative with a better rendering for images .pdf? Using Evince on another Linux distribution and machine I get an acceptable rendering of the same document. Might this image rendering process be related to how the pdf reader interacts with the X-stuff setup?


How to cd into more than one directory?

I'm not sure if I'm asking that right, but here is the script:               #!/bin/sh     # foundation-setup.sh --- Gets the latest Zurb Foundation release     if test $1     then           mkdir $*          cd $*          wget -q http://foundation.zurb.com/cdn/releases/foundation-latest.zip         unzip -q foundation-latest.zip         rm foundation-latest.zip     else                 echo 'Missing directory Argument!'     fi      When I run this with `./foundation-setup.sh a b c`, it works but it only unzips to the first directory argument. I think it has something to do with the `cd $*` . By the way I'm new to Linux and Bash.


Can the 25 years of development of the Linux kernel be qualified or abstracted in layman's terms?

The Linux kernel is _almost 25 years old_. If I had to come up with the short version on the development history of the Linux kernel since 1991(its inception date), and in partcular since 1994 (1.0.0) until today, well I couldn't. The best I could do short of reading every single kernel release notes would be to provide the following which are the general release features added to the kernel up to version 3.11 (notes and links omitted):   * _Version 1.0_ of the Linux kernel was released on 14 March 1994. This release of the Linux kernel only supported single-processor i386-based computer systems. Portability became a concern, and so _version 1.2_ (released 7 March 1995) gained support for computer systems using processors based on the Alpha, SPARC, and MIPS architectures.   * _Version 2.0_ was released 9 June 1996. There were 41 releases in the series. The major feature of 2.0 was SMP support (that is, support for multiple processors in a single system) and support for more types of processors.   * _Version 2.2_ (released 26 January 1999) removed the global spinlock and provided improved SMP support, and added support for the m68k and PowerPC architectures as well as new file systems (including read-only support for Microsoft's NTFS).   * _Version 2.4.0_ , released on 4 January 2001, contained support for ISA Plug and Play, USB, and PC Cards. It also included support for the PA-RISC processor from Hewlett-Packard. Development for 2.4.x changed a bit in that more features were made available throughout the duration of the series, including: support for Bluetooth, Logical Volume Manager (LVM) version 1, RAID support, InterMezzo and ext3 file systems.   * _Version 2.6.0_ was released on 18 December 2003. The development for 2.6.x changed further towards including new features throughout the duration of the series. Among the changes that have been made in the 2.6 series are: integration of µClinux into the mainline kernel sources, PAE support, support for several new lines of CPUs, integration of ALSA into the mainline kernel sources, support for up to 232 users (up from 216), support for up to 229 process IDs (64-bit only, 32-bit arches still limited to 215), substantially increased the number of device types and the number of devices of each type, improved 64-bit support, support for file systems which support file sizes of up to 16 terabytes, in-kernel preemption, support for the Native POSIX Thread Library (NPTL), User-mode Linux integration into the mainline kernel sources, SELinux integration into the mainline kernel sources, InfiniBand support, and considerably more. Also notable are the addition of several file systems throughout the 2.6.x releases: FUSE, JFS, XFS, ext4 and more. Details on the history of the 2.6 kernel series can be found in the ChangeLog files on the 2.6 kernel series source code release area of kernel.org.   * _Version 3.0_ was released on 22 July 2011. Torvalds announced that the big change was, "NOTHING. Absolutely nothing." 30 May 2011 saw Torvalds announce, "...let's make sure we really make the next release not just an all new shiny number, but a good kernel too." After the expected 6-7 week development process, it would be released near the 20th anniversary of Linux.   * In December 2012, Torvalds decided to reduce kernel complexity by removing support for i386 processors, making the _3.7 kernel series_ the last one still supporting the original processor. The same series unified support for the ARM processor.   * _Version 3.11_ , released on 2 September 2013, adds many new features such as new O_TMPFILE flag for open(2) to reduce temporary file vulnerabilities, experimental AMD Radeon dynamic power management, low-latency network polling, and zswap (compressed swap cache). I could also add that for many years now the _Linux Foundation_ has been reporting on the kernel development. These are the 2012-2013 Kernel Development Highlights:   * Almost 92,000 changesets have been merged from 3,738 individual developers representing 536 corporations (that we know about).   * A vast array of important new features has been merged into the mainline. These include full tickless operation, user namespaces, KVM and Xen virtualization for ARM, per-entity load tracking in the scheduler, user-space checkpoint/restart, 64-bit ARM architecture support, the F2FS flash-oriented filesystem, many networking improvements aimed at the latency and bufferbloat problems, two independent subsystems providing fast caching for block storage devices, and much more.   * The longstanding squabble over Android-specific kernel features has faded completely into the background. The much-discussed "wakelocks" feature has been quietly replaced by a different mainline solution which is used in the latest Android devices.   * The use of automated tools to find bugs in development kernels has increased significantly during this period. Tools like the "trinity" fuzz tester and the zero-day build-and-boot system are finding large numbers of bugs in pre-release kernels, shortening the development cycle and enabling the community to deliver higher-quality releases.   * Contributions from the mobile and embedded industries continue to increase. Linaro, Samsung, and TI, for example, together contributed 4.4% of the changes in the previous version of this paper; for the period up to 3.10, they contributed almost 11% of all changes.   * The kernel project participated in the Outreach Program for Women for the first time, leading to 41 applications for 7 available positions. During the application process, 374 patches were submitted to the kernel, and over 1/3 of those patches were accepted in the 3.10 kernel release. The intern process is now underway, but the results of that will not start showing up until future kernel releases. Furthermore, _quantifying_ what is happening to the kernel is not very hard as we have metrics beyond the individual commits. For instance, we know the 1.0.0 kernel in 1994 had 176 250 lines of code; and we know a contemporary kernel like 3.10 has 15 803 499 lines of code. Considerably more. The kernel release frequency has increased(63 days for 3.10), as well as the rate of change(9 commits per hour or more as we speak). To quote the Linux Foundation: > The ability to sustain this rate of change for years is unprecedented in any > previous public software project. But all of this brings little insight in my opinion. Therefore, I would ask:   1. Can this quarter of a century evolution be summarily **qualified** beyond the linear addition of all the listed features that make up this kernel over time?   2. And does this bring any insight as to what the Linux kernel is about, or where it's going? After 25 years of development some conclusions can certainly be drawn about that? Looking for an abstract answer in layman's terms which says it all without resorting to saying everything.


Can I change devices permissions with chmod?

**Before read:** I don't want to use any udev rule. I need to change (programmatically) the permissions of some device. But first in order to underestand what I have to do (in code) I want to make the job using just `chmod` command. So far, I've tried this:               root# ls -l /dev/sdb     root# brw-rw-rw- 1 root disk 8, 16 Apr 7 05:27 /dev/sdb     root# chmod 0600 /dev/sdb      root# ls -l /dev/sdb     root# brw------- 1 root disk 8, 16 Apr 7 05:27 /dev/sdb      as you can see, `/dev/sdb` has read and write permissions only for the owner (wich is root). But I'm still able to create new files and read files from my connected flash drive. What I'm missing. How can I use `chmod` to prevent users to write to some device? Can be done what I'm asking for? Thank in advance.


Gentoo does not seem to be booting new kernel

I am pretty much a newbie with Gentoo. I need btrfs filesystem support. I followed the wiki article and rebuilt the kernel, adding btrfs as a built-in kernel object. When I boot the new kernel and try to manually mount a btrfs filesystem, I get "mount: unknown filesystem type 'btrfs'". I have double- checked the config, and btrfs is definitely selected with an "*", as the wiki instructs. However, my question concerns the new kernel itself. There is only one kernel file in /boot, the one I created on Mar 25. However, if I run "uname -a", it reports that the kernel was built on Mar 20, which is probably the day I originally installed Gentoo. It seems that the original kernel is the one being used, even though it apparently no longer exists. Here is the boot line from the grub2 configuration:               linux /boot/kernel-genkernel-x86_64-3.12.13-gentoo root=/dev/sdb13     initrd /boot/initramfs-genkernel-x86_64-3.12.13-gentoo      /boot is not on a separate partition. Here is the requested output of ls -l:               lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root      42 Mar 25 14:57 System.map -> System.map-genkernel-x86_64-3.12.13-gentoo     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2101526 Mar 25 18:44 System.map-genkernel-x86_64-3.12.13-gentoo     lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root      41 Mar 25 14:58 initramfs -> initramfs-genkernel-x86_64-3.12.13-gentoo     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3481260 Mar 25 18:45 initramfs-genkernel-x86_64-3.12.13-gentoo     lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root      38 Mar 25 14:57 kernel -> kernel-genkernel-x86_64-3.12.13-gentoo     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3600976 Mar 25 18:44 kernel-genkernel-x86_64-3.12.13-gentoo      What am I missing? * * * Grub menu entry:               menuentry 'Gentoo Base System release 2.2 (on /dev/sdb13)' --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'osprober-gnulinux-simple-1e68823f-eec6-45b9-9563-a673ec07f4e3' {             insmod part_gpt             insmod ext2             set root='hd1,gpt13'             if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then               search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd1,gpt13 --hint-efi=hd1,gpt13 --hint-baremetal=ahci1,gpt13  1e68823f-eec6-45b9-9563-a673ec07f4e3             else               search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 1e68823f-eec6-45b9-9563-a673ec07f4e3             fi             linux /boot/kernel-genkernel-x86_64-3.12.13-gentoo root=/dev/sdb13             initrd /boot/initramfs-genkernel-x86_64-3.12.13-gentoo     }


Using sudoers to allow php to run command

I am trying to get my php page to run this command:               shell_exec("sudo /home/xbian/433Utils/RPi_utils/codesend {$num}");      So I added this entry to my sudoers file with visudo:               www-data ALL=NOPASSWD: /home/xbian/433Utils/RPi_utils/codesend      But it isn't working. When I run the command in shell with sudo it works. I am pretty sure that there is nothing wrong with the rest of the code, when I replace shell_exec with echo, I get the correct command printed. I have also verified that my php is being run as www-data user. Have I just got the sudoers entry wrong? How can I troubleshoot? I understand that I can't really run commands as www-data without giving it a password which is a bad idea.


What is the equivalent of apt-key in aptitude?

I'm trying to avoid `apt-*` commands and trying to use `aptitude` for all my Debian systems. In my documentations, there is a command written as `sudo apt- key add key.asc`. How do I convert `apt-key add` into an aptitude command?


libext2fs gcc linking error

I am writing a C program which uses libext2fs:               #include <ext2fs/ext2fs.h>          int main(int argc, char *argv[])      {          char *fsname = argv[1];         errcode_t err;         ext2_filsys fs;              err= ext2fs_open(fsname, 0, 0, 0, unix_io_manager, &fs);      When I compile the program I get following errors:               $ gcc -lext2fs fstest.c -o fstest     /tmp/ccXCSICx.o: In function `main':     openfs.c:(.text+0x1e): undefined reference to `unix_io_manager'     openfs.c:(.text+0x43): undefined reference to `ext2fs_open'     collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status      System:   * Ubuntu 12.10   * gcc (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.7.2-2ubuntu1) 4.7.2   * e2fsprogs, e2fslibs, e2fslibs-dev: 1.42.5-1ubuntu2


How to remove broken ZIL disk from ZFS pool

I have a ZFS pool, which contains two mirrored hard drives and ramdisk for logs. In my scenario is that log disk died:               # zpool status -x tank       pool: tank      state: FAULTED     status: An intent log record could not be read.         Waiting for adminstrator intervention to fix the faulted pool.     action: Either restore the affected device(s) and run 'zpool online',         or ignore the intent log records by running 'zpool clear'.        see: http://illumos.org/msg/ZFS-8000-K4       scan: none requested     config:              NAME                    STATE     READ WRITE CKSUM         tank                    FAULTED      0     0     0           mirror-0              ONLINE       0     0     0             ada0                ONLINE       0     0     0             ada1                ONLINE       0     0     0         logs           6324139563861643487   UNAVAIL      0     0     0  was /dev/md1      Now I'd like to discard lost logs and remove the dead device from the pool, but I can not do that:               # zpool clear -F tank 6324139563861643487     cannot clear errors for 6324139563861643487: one or more devices is currently unavailable      I also can not bring the pool online:               # zpool remove tank 6324139563861643487      cannot open 'tank': pool is unavailable      How do I ignore the intent log records?


How to create users from command line in subversion and how to give access permissions to the users?

Can anyone could please help how to create users from command line in subversion and how to create different groups and under groups how to create users. After this also do let me know how to give access permissions to individual users under that particular groups.


How to convert dante.conf (socksify) to tsocks.conf?

from dante.conf:               route {         from: 0.0.0.0/0   to: 10.132.165.95/16   via: 127.0.0.1 port = 1084         proxyprotocol: socks_v5     }      How can I convert these rules to work under tsocks? Purpose: socksify on Ubuntu 11.04 always crashes because of lib errors.


How to test file system correction done by fsck

How to make sure that fsck is correcting corruptions while keeping the integrity of file system? Suppose clients are writing lots of files through NFS to server, and there happens something that caused corruption (dirty shutdown/other kernel panic). So the current state of the filesystem is not known (partial write, etc). Then if we run fsck, it corrects corruptions (e.g. invalid blocks), and the filesystem is now _supposed_ to be up to date. How do I make sure my filesystem *i*s up to date? In common, I would use diff or dt to check again with the source from which the files were being written. But in this case, let's say that the source is no longer present after writing the files.


How to launch a GTK program centered on the screen?

I'm trying to launch xcalc from the command line, in my embedded Unix, and I would like it to start centered on the screen, is there a way? By the way, I'm using WindowMaker, if it makes any difference..


Libre Office change printer language type from PDF to Postscript

I have a problem printing from Libre Office (3.4.0 build 12).   * OS: Arch Linux, CUPS version 1.4.6    * Printer:    * Description: Brother HL-2040    * Location: Home    * Driver: Brother HL-2040 Foomatic/hl1250 (recommended) (grayscale, 2-sided printing)    * Connection: socket://192.168.178.1:9100    * Defaults: job-sheets=none, none media=iso_a4_210x297mm sides=one-sided  When printing Slides for Libre Office Impress with "Landscape" orientation, they are printed with "Portrait" orientation, as a result, right part of the slides are missed. In Libre office: File->Printer Settings -> Properties -> Pager:   * Paper Size: A4    * Orientation: Lanscape  File-> Printer Settings -> Properties -> Device:   * Printer Language Type : **PDF** If I change Printer Language Type to **PostScript** everything work OK. The problem is that _Libre Office_ does not store this setting. Question: How can I permanently change the _Printer Language Type_ setting to Postscript?


Installing mplayer in Linux

I don't know if this is the right forum to ask, I have started to use Linux (OpenSUSE). I need to install `mplayer` on it. I unpacked the mplayer archive. Then in the command screen I navigated to the folder containing the unpacked folder of mplayer. Then I used the following commands               ./configure      but after that when I entered the `make` command it is showing ...typo doesn't exist or so... I think only after `make` and `make install` I can install this program to my system... please help.


removing startup item from com.apple.launchd

Im not sure if this is the right place for this kind of question, but here it goes anyways... I installed a program a few months ago, it had a startup option that I did install. Later, I decided to remove the program, but it seems to have left the startup script or item even after I uninstalled it.... and its trying to start every few seconds. How can I remove this item? Here is it from the console               $ com.apple.launchd[1] (com.jft.PdaNetMac[24476]): Exited with exit code: 1     $ com.apple.launchd[1] (com.jft.PdaNetMac): Throttling respawn: Will start in 10 second


Login into a GNU/Linux distribution is taking too long

So, When I try to login with my username and password (in tty), and insert a wrong password, I need to wait around **5 seconds** for the system to tell me that the password is wrong. Why the validating process is taking that long? GNU/Linux disto: Archlinux.


How can I simulate usb storage device connection with qemu?

I'm writting a program for controlling usb storage device connections (this is a classic subject). All it's ok with my program, but now, I want to write some tests. So in order to do that, I realized I'll need some way of simulate USB connections. And not only the connections, I need to be able to set the device properties: capacity, format, ect... Thanks in advance for your help.


Script to Recognize HDDs and run Smartctl

I'm thinking to do a script to recognize which HDDs are in use (sda, sdb, etc) and run a Smartctl on each one that's are in use, but I don't know how can I start, anyone can help me?


Killing an instance of a process

This is an output from `pstree` ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/HpC5c.png) In the picture you can see the marked boxes in which the processes are multiplied by a number? What is this number? I had a doubt that it is the number of instances but in that case when I only have 7 `Firefox` tabs, why is it showing 31. Moreover when I open libre office (or|and)any of its singly or simultaneously components the number 5 and 2 remain the same. Could somebody please explain to me what the numbers are and If we assume those are different instances the is it possible to kill a single instance without loosing others


How to start dbus with a fixed address?

The issue concerns the same thing which is described here and here, but I don't see a clear solution there. I mean I have the same error:               Failed to connect to socket /tmp/dbus-CwQMg2RxWx: Connection refused      and this is because I restarted my openbox session without restarting `tmux` . Gilles mentioned that I should: > start `dbus-daemon` explicitly early in your X session startup and give it a > fixed address like `unix:path=~/.dbus-$HOSTNAME-$DISPLAY`. but I don't really know where to put this address. When I check dbus processes in my system, I get something like this:               $ ps -eo user,group,args | grep -i dbus     morfik   morfik   ck-launch-session dbus-launch --sh-syntax --exit-with-session openbox-session     morfik   morfik   dbus-launch --sh-syntax --exit-with-session openbox-session     morfik   morfik   /usr/bin/dbus-daemon --fork --print-pid 5 --print-address 7 --session     message+ message+ /usr/bin/dbus-daemon --system     morfik   morfik   grep --color=auto -i dbus      Now I'm using just `starx` command to start X-server, I don't use lightdm anymore. **UPDATE#1** I finally managed to start dbus with a fixed address. The line should look like this:               unix:path=/home/morfik/.dbus/.dbus-morfikownia-0      I couldn't use `:` or `~` in the patch. But there's a problem.               Feb 14 07:24:29 morfikownia pulseaudio[6979]: [pulseaudio] core-util.c: Failed to connect to system bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory     Feb 14 07:24:29 morfikownia pulseaudio[6979]: [pulseaudio] core-util.c: Failed to connect to system bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory     Feb 14 07:24:29 morfikownia pulseaudio[6979]: [pulseaudio] core-util.c: Failed to connect to system bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory     Feb 14 07:24:29 morfikownia pulseaudio[6979]: [pulseaudio] core-util.c: Failed to connect to system bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory     Feb 14 07:24:29 morfikownia pulseaudio[6979]: [pulseaudio] core-util.c: Failed to connect to system bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory     Feb 14 07:24:29 morfikownia pulseaudio[6979]: [pulseaudio] core-util.c: Failed to connect to system bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory     Feb 14 07:24:29 morfikownia pulseaudio[6979]: [pulseaudio] core-util.c: Failed to connect to system bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory     Feb 14 07:24:29 morfikownia pulseaudio[6979]: [pulseaudio] core-util.c: Failed to connect to system bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory     Feb 14 07:24:29 morfikownia pulseaudio[6979]: [pulseaudio] core-util.c: Failed to connect to system bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory     Feb 14 07:24:29 morfikownia pulseaudio[6979]: [pulseaudio] core-util.c: Failed to connect to system bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory     Feb 14 07:24:29 morfikownia pulseaudio[6979]: [pulseaudio] core-util.c: Failed to connect to system bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory     Feb 14 07:24:29 morfikownia pulseaudio[6979]: [pulseaudio] sink.c: Default and alternate sample rates are the same.     Feb 14 07:24:29 morfikownia pulseaudio[6979]: [alsa-sink-ca0106] core-util.c: Failed to connect to system bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory     Feb 14 07:24:29 morfikownia pulseaudio[6979]: [alsa-sink-ca0106] core-util.c: Failed to connect to system bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory     Feb 14 07:24:29 morfikownia pulseaudio[6979]: [alsa-sink-ca0106] core-util.c: Failed to connect to system bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory     Feb 14 07:24:29 morfikownia pulseaudio[6979]: [alsa-sink-ca0106] core-util.c: Failed to connect to system bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory     Feb 14 07:24:29 morfikownia pulseaudio[6979]: [alsa-sink-ca0106] core-util.c: Failed to connect to system bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory     Feb 14 07:24:29 morfikownia pulseaudio[6979]: [pulseaudio] source.c: Default and alternate sample rates are the same.     Feb 14 07:24:29 morfikownia pulseaudio[6979]: [alsa-source-ca0106] core-util.c: Failed to connect to system bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory     Feb 14 07:24:29 morfikownia pulseaudio[6979]: [alsa-source-ca0106] core-util.c: Failed to connect to system bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory     Feb 14 07:24:29 morfikownia pulseaudio[6979]: [alsa-source-ca0106] core-util.c: Failed to connect to system bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory     Feb 14 07:24:29 morfikownia pulseaudio[6979]: [alsa-source-ca0106] core-util.c: Failed to connect to system bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory     Feb 14 07:24:29 morfikownia pulseaudio[6979]: [alsa-source-ca0106] core-util.c: Failed to connect to system bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory     Feb 14 07:24:29 morfikownia pulseaudio[6979]: [pulseaudio] module-console-kit.c: Unable to contact D-Bus system bus: org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.FileNotFound: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory     Feb 14 07:24:29 morfikownia pulseaudio[6979]: [pulseaudio] module.c: Failed to load module "module-console-kit" (argument: ""): initialization failed.     Feb 14 07:24:29 morfikownia pulseaudio[6979]: [pulseaudio] main.c: Module load failed.     Feb 14 07:24:29 morfikownia pulseaudio[6979]: [pulseaudio] main.c: Failed to initialize daemon.      Now, I have the following dbus processes:               morfik:~$ ps -eo user,group,args | grep -i dbus     message+ message+ /usr/bin/dbus-daemon --system --address=unix:path=/home/morfik/.dbus/.dbus-morfikownia-0     morfik   morfik   dbus-launch --sh-syntax --exit-with-session openbox-session     morfik   morfik   /usr/bin/dbus-daemon --fork --print-pid 5 --print-address 7 --session     morfik   morfik   grep --color=auto -i dbus      But the DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS is still being set to a random value:               morfik:~$ env | grep -i dbus     DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=unix:abstract=/tmp/dbus-W0pGpHoLOW,guid=20f83c74a8f5cef7e95ba8cb52fdb5cd      I changed it to               morfik:~$ export DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=unix:path=/home/morfik/.dbus/.dbus-morfikownia-0      to see what will happen, and for testing I used `xfce4-notifyd-config` and it still works. So, I checked another address:               morfik:~$ export DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=unix:path=/home/morfik/.dbus/.dbus-morfikownia-01      and it gave the error:               Failed to connect to socket /home/morfik/.dbus/.dbus-morfikownia-01: No such file or director      I placed the following line in `/home/morfik/.config/openbox/environment` :               export DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS="unix:path=/home/morfik/.dbus/.dbus-morfikownia-0"      and I can start `xfce4-notifyd-config` in tmux without a problem now, but pulseaudio doesn't work. There's also some other issues. When I start firefox, I got the following error:               An error occurred while loading or saving configuration information for firefox. Some of your configuration settings may not work properly.          Failed to activate configuration server: The name org.gnome.GConf was not provided by any .service files          Failed to activate configuration server: The name org.gnome.GConf was not provided by any .service files          Failed to activate configuration server: The name org.gnome.GConf was not provided by any .service files          Failed to activate configuration server: The name org.gnome.GConf was not provided by any .service files      So, the solution with `\--address` works partially, and I think it causes more harm than good. Maybe is there something else that has to be done?