How do I fix the argument received from getopt?

I have the following commands in my script:               set -- `getopt -q agvc:l:t:i: "$@"`      ...           while [ -n "$1" ]      do      -i) TIME_GAP_BOOT=$2      shift ;;           ...      sleep $TIME_GAP_BOOT      When invoking the script with `-i 2`, I get the error               sleep: invalid time interval `\'2\''      What am I doing wrong? How do I correctly format the argument?


Apply fadeout effect to video at multiple places

I have a video of 12 seconds, frame rate is 30 frames per second. I want to apply fade out effect to video on multiple places, for example from second 3rd to 4th and from second 7th to 8th. Have a look at this command.               ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -strict experimental -vf fade=type=out:start_frame=91:nb_frames=29  -y final_out.mp4       Above command adds fade out effect from 3rd to 4th second properly, Now I have fired following command               ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -strict experimental -vf fade=type=out:start_frame=91:nb_frames=29 fade=type=out:start_frame=211:nb_frames=29 -y final_out.mp4     and     ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -strict experimental -vf fade=type=out:start_frame=91:nb_frames=29 -y final_out.mp4 fade=type=out:start_frame=211:nb_frames=29      None of them are working, throwing following exception               [NULL @ 0x2dc83a0] Unable to find a suitable output format for 'fade=type=out:start_frame=211:nb_frames=29'     fade=type=out:start_frame=211:nb_frames=29: Invalid argument      I was following this documentation. Is there any way to apply fade out effect on multiple time slices ?? Thanks in advance


nvidia-cuda-toolkit 4.0 gone from Debian repositories

I can't find the following packages in Debian testing: http://packages.debian.org/source/sid/nvidia-cuda-toolkit No more than month ago when I was setting another CUDA box and they were there, now there's only version 3.2 of the toolkit. My sources.list:               deb http://debian.linuxmint.com/latest testing main contrib non-free     deb http://security.debian.org/ testing/updates main contrib non-free     deb http://www.debian-multimedia.org testing main non-free


Difference between cat and '>' to zero out a file

Are these two commands any different on how they go about zero-ing out files? Is the latter a shorter way of doing the former? What is happening behind the scenes? Both               $ cat /dev/null > file.txt          $ > file.txt       yield               -rw-r--r--  1 user  wheel  0 May 18 10:33 file.txt


What's the point of using "x$START_DAEMON" = "xyes" here? (the heading x)

This was part of fetchmail deamon script, `if [ ! "x$START_DAEMON" = "xyes" -a ! "$1" = "status" ]; then` What's the point of using `x$START_DAEMON = "xyes"`, why not just use `$START_DAEMON = "yes"` ?


AltGr keys don't work with Ubuntu in VirtualBox

I just installed VirtualBox (from Oracle) in Windows 7, and created a virtual machine with latest Ubuntu. Here in Firefox I can use the left Ctrl key, while the right one doesn't have any effect. However, I can't use the AltGr key (also known as Right Alt) to produce e.g. curly braces like {} (I pasted that via Ctrl V). In a terminal window I can switch the "Input method" to "Multipress", and then I can use AltGr to type e.g. {}, which is how I produced those characters for this posting. However, with "Multipress" the Ctrl keys seem to have no effect whatsoever. So in order to e.g. type Ctrl D I have to right click and switch the "Input method" to "System (IBus (Intelligent Input Bus))". Then AltGr does not work. I tried specifying the compose key in the system settings keyboard layout. With that, neither Ctrl nor AltGr worked. Here's what xmodmap reports:               [~]     $ xmodmap -pke | grep -i control     keycode  37 = Control_L NoSymbol Control_L     keycode 105 = Control_R NoSymbol Control_R     [~]     $ xmodmap -pke | grep -i alt     keycode  64 = Alt_L Meta_L Alt_L Meta_L     keycode 204 = NoSymbol Alt_L NoSymbol Alt_L     [~]     $ _      How can I fix this? Additional info: the keyboard is a standard PC keyboard, a Logitech K120, with Norwegian layout. Also, I first tried asking this question over at the Superuser site but no response after 2 days...


How to make FreeBSD variant of cal start weeks on mondays?

Can week start day be changed in `cal` output? Is it hardcoded? Notice: not the `ncal`.


Birth is empty on ext4

I was just reading up on the `Birth` section of `stat` and it appears ext4 should support it, but even a file I just created leaves it empty.                ~  % touch test                                                       slave-iv      ~  % stat test.pl                                                     slave-iv       File: ‘test.pl’       Size: 173             Blocks: 8          IO Block: 4096   regular file     Device: 903h/2307d      Inode: 41943086    Links: 1     Access: (0600/-rw-------)  Uid: ( 1000/xenoterracide)   Gid: (  100/   users)     Access: 2012-09-22 18:22:16.924634497 -0500     Modify: 2012-09-22 18:22:16.924634497 -0500     Change: 2012-09-22 18:22:16.947967935 -0500      Birth: -           ~  % sudo tune2fs -l /dev/md3 | psp4                                  slave-iv     tune2fs 1.42.5 (29-Jul-2012)     Filesystem volume name:   home     Last mounted on:          /home     Filesystem UUID:          ab2e39fb-acdd-416a-9e10-b501498056de     Filesystem magic number:  0xEF53     Filesystem revision #:    1 (dynamic)     Filesystem features:      has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery extent flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize     Filesystem flags:         signed_directory_hash      Default mount options:    journal_data     Filesystem state:         clean     Errors behavior:          Continue     Filesystem OS type:       Linux     Inode count:              59736064     Block count:              238920960     Reserved block count:     11946048     Free blocks:              34486248     Free inodes:              59610013     First block:              0     Block size:               4096     Fragment size:            4096     Reserved GDT blocks:      967     Blocks per group:         32768     Fragments per group:      32768     Inodes per group:         8192     Inode blocks per group:   512     RAID stride:              128     RAID stripe width:        256     Flex block group size:    16     Filesystem created:       Mon May 31 20:36:30 2010     Last mount time:          Sat Oct  6 11:01:01 2012     Last write time:          Sat Oct  6 11:01:01 2012     Mount count:              14     Maximum mount count:      34     Last checked:             Tue Jul 10 08:26:37 2012     Check interval:           15552000 (6 months)     Next check after:         Sun Jan  6 07:26:37 2013     Lifetime writes:          7255 GB     Reserved blocks uid:      0 (user root)     Reserved blocks gid:      0 (group root)     First inode:              11     Inode size:           256     Required extra isize:     28     Desired extra isize:      28     Journal inode:            8     First orphan inode:       55313243     Default directory hash:   half_md4     Directory Hash Seed:      442c66e8-8b67-4a8c-92a6-2e2d0c220044     Journal backup:           inode blocks      Why doesn't my `ext4` partition populate this field?


chmod - change permissions on a file

I have a Python virtualenv, and the Python executable is located in the `/bin` directory. In this virtualenv I'll have to execute some unsafe code, that can damage my system. I tried to `chmod a-r` on the virtualenv, and now nobody can write there, but its parent directory is now unprotected.   So I thought I could change permissions on `/bin/python`, so that it can write nowhere, how can I do this?   I tried `chmod a-r bin/python` but it is still allowed to remove files and directories even outside the env.


Mount printers at /dev/usb and still use CUPS

Due to a new version of CUPS, I suddenly lost the direct path to my printers that was previously available under `/dev/usb/lpXXX`. I used this to print directly from the command line. `echo "test" > /dev/usb/lp0`. After searching I found a way to fix this, by commenting out `blacklist usblp` in `/etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf`. This indeed works, but if I do so CUPS will no longer be able to communicate with any printer (and I do need that). So how can I have some sort of direct path to my printer, and still have CUPS working? NOTE: some of the (receipt) printers are not recognized by CUPS, so `lpr` will not work for those.


Installing glibc 2.3 for mysql server

I need to install mysql server and client for a project of mine so I downloaded the MySQL-client-5.1.61-1.glibc23.i386.rpm for the client and MySQL-server-5.1.61-1.glibc23.i386.rpm for the server. I followed the instructions on the mysql site and it says I need the glibc 2.3 libraries and what I try to install it gives me among other: libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.3) is needed by MySQL-client-5.1.61-1.glibc23.i386 I didn't find a way to install it online and I don't really know how to build/compile it myself.. What to do? How do I easily install glibc 2.3? *using Ubuntu 10.10


Inconsistencies between redirecting input from file, here docs, and here strings

Why is this inconsistent? I would expect here docs and here strings to be functionally equivalent to redirecting input from a file.               $ bash --version     GNU bash, version 4.1.2(1)-release (x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu)     ...      # Expected output: Prints each item from list.               $ for server in $(<servers.txt); do echo ${server}; done     server1     server2     server3     $      # Unexpected output: Prints nothing.               $ for server in $(<<EOF     > server1     > server2     > server3     > EOF     > ); do echo ${server}; done     $      # Unexpected output: Prints nothing.               $ for server in $(<<<"server1     > server2     > server3"); do echo ${server}; done     $      * * * Edit: I traced bash while using an input redirector, and again with a here string. Here's the difference in behavior between the two: # Input redirector               $ echo $(<servers.txt)          ...     31929 open("servers.txt", O_RDONLY)     = 3     31929 read(3, "server1\nserver2\nserver3\n", 128) = 24     31929 write(1, "server1\nserver2\nserver3\n", 24) = 24     ...      This spawns child process 31929, which opens servers.txt as FD 3 and writes it to stdout. # Here string               $ echo $(<<<"server1     > server2     > server3")          ...     31990 open("/tmp/sh-thd-106091305575", O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_EXCL|O_TRUNC, 0600) = 3     31990 write(3, "server1\nserver2\nserver3", 23) = 23     31990 write(3, "\n", 1)                 = 1     31990 open("/tmp/sh-thd-106091305575", O_RDONLY) = 4     31990 close(3)                          = 0     31990 unlink("/tmp/sh-thd-106091305575") = 0     31990 fcntl(0, F_GETFD)                 = 0     31990 fcntl(0, F_DUPFD, 10)             = 10     31990 fcntl(0, F_GETFD)                 = 0     31990 fcntl(10, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC)    = 0     31990 dup2(4, 0)                        = 0     31990 close(4)                          = 0     31990 dup2(10, 0)                       = 0     31990 fcntl(10, F_GETFD)                = 0x1 (flags FD_CLOEXEC)     31990 close(10)     ...      Several steps are performed here:   1. Child process 31990 is spawned   2. The here string is written to /tmp/sh-thd-106091305575   3. /tmp/sh-thd-106091305575 is opened as read-only (FD 4)   4. /tmp/sh-thd-106091305575 is unlinked (so when FD 4 is closed it will be deleted)   5. stdin is duped to FD 10   6. FD 4 (the temp file containing our here string) is duped to FD 0 (stdin) This is where a process -- in this case the bash subshell -- would act on stdin   7. FD 4 is closed and FD 10 is duped back to FD 0 The surprising thing is that this ever happens in the input redirector example:               31929 write(1, "server1\nserver2\nserver3\n", 24) = 24      I suspect that bash has special behavior for this case. Will probably need to dig into the source for a definitive answer.


Which strategy suits best a user with a scientific background like me? (Linux Desktop, Dual Boot, Virtualization)/ (Fedora? Arch? Win?)

First of all,   1. I've a scientific background and my professional work involves scientific computation: Lots of Python, Matlab, C/C++, TeX, Git, Java apps and some Julia, Parallel computing, web development and other every day works.   2. I like command-line and scripts. I like the manifest of simplicity as Arch claims. But I afraid that this cause me a lots of time and I don't know whether this minor joy worth it or not.   3. I've been with Linux since 2003, However I'm not more than a intermediate user (at most) so I'm not definitely an Admin or sth comparable. Unfortunately I've been away from Linux during the last 3 years and now I'm temptation to come back and get familiar again.   4. Being stable is a must have feature since I am usually involved with something else other than maintaining or tweaking OS. But I love the ability to customize the OS. stable for me doesn't means no hang or no reboot. I want a solution which I could rely on for a while, a solution which OS acts more like a tool not a constant target of fix (I know this is very much based on my experience...). I want to install my OS once, configure it once in while and just update it after then without any breaking compatibility or widespread bugs or problems. I'm comfortable with Windows, I've even adopted PowerShell+Cygwin and lots of unix-like solutions, Python, TeXLive, Git, Java are working (but not as clean as Linux) I've even "pushed" myself to use a bit of C# for power-shell command-lets (to resemble bash script, btw I don't like .NET). In fact Windows is doing the job but I like a first hand experience and better solution. I think It might worth it to get more power/flexibility/clear maintenance with a little effort/time. These different and even contradicting desires make it hard for me to decide a good strategy for my new machine. I like to come back to the Linux world but I'm afraid of putting a lot of time there. And since I've been away for a while I don't have enough information about the current condition of Linux desktop. Currently I've these options: A. Using Linux and Windows as dual boot alongside each other. B. Using Windows (as host) and installing Linux on a virtual machine C. Using Windows, forgetting about Linux and try equivalent solutions and configs in windows world. about the distro I also have same conflicts, I had been primary a Fedora user.... Ubuntu? I've still many doubts...Debian seems far from edge, sid? I don't know....I love Arch philosophy of being simple but never tried it (and again I'm afraid of possible time, is it really time consuming?),... So please help me with my decision, what do you suggest? p.s. I didn't have a good experience with virtual machines in the past, lots of problems, it might be changed now but currently I think installing Linux in a VM isn't a good idea. Thanks # **UPDATE: (according to goldilocks comment)** ## What is my primary research background? I'm a PhD student and I'm working on Digital Signal Processing (Department EECS: Communication Systems) Most of my works are primarily mathematics, simulation (numerical computation) and publishing (TeX and Vector Graphics). My Primary developing/simulation/app environments are:   * MATLAB   * Python   * C/C++   * TeX   * Research Suits such as (Docear based on Java, Zotero, ....)   * PDF   * Git I've also some interests and hobbyes such as Julia, Java, Web Development (Drupal, HTML/CSS, XAMP,...),... ## Why I'm not completely satisfied with Windows? I've experienced Linux before.   1. Python, TeXLive, Java and even MATLAB have much better performance in Linux than windows.   2. I like and I need many batch and automated tasks which again can be done much better in Linux world. (Most of apps has a command line interface, python scripts and bash scripts are easy to develop. Windows is not comparable in this case at all even with their promising object based PowerShell, simply it's not POSIX)   3. I want a simplified and open strategy for maintaining my OS (e.g. having config text files instead of complicated registery and closed configurations). I like and I want to have access to all of my OS corners. This provide better maintenance and debug and fix capabilities.   4. Security (I'm get tired of AV,SandBoxes,VirtualEnvironments,Firewalls,ALETS....)   5. I'm a Geek, I'm curious! Linux offers me better performance and maintenance in many areas. But my doubt is about stability of Linux (as I mentioned). I've no problem in putting time to customize my OS, to Search, to Ask and to Learn but I doubt the stability of a Linux OS with frequent updates and configurations for a desktop user (Stability of Linux server is good, OK). ## About Distros I'm agree with you about the distro. There is not much difference between them but consider Arch-Linux with Fedora as an example. There are substantial differences from maintenance point of view (As it seems, I don't have any experience with Arch and this is why I'm asking here). ## Putting Time for your Linux As I said I don't have any problems with user interface of Linux or command lines or manuals etc. These are things which I actually love. I'm afraid of putting LOTS OF TIME in Fixing Buggy and Broken Packages/OS. Consider this example: I've installed Fedora (SUSE) and I want to adapt KDE(Gnome) as my primary DE, but the default configuration provided in precompiled packages is very buggy and fail prone. OK, this is Linux, it's almost POSIX and I can do a lot, blah blah blah I agree! But I don't like to put "a lots of" time in these part of daily maintenance job. OK now my Linux OS performs stable and I'm busy with my software and daily jobs now I want to update the OS to the newer release....e.g. from Fedora 20 to Fedora 21, the OS is upgraded and BANG! lot of packages don't work, many primary OS functionalities are broken you have to put one or two day to solve all these problems. This is just a scenario, What I'm asking is this: How probable such scenario happens in Linux nowadays (for a intermediate user)? Two three years ago when I was using Fedora it was probable.


Gnome 3 crashes while creating new Password Keyring

I'm using Sabayon 10 with Gnome 3. The problem is Gnome crashes and restarts when I try to create new Password Keyring. Passwords and Keys > + > Password Keyring > 'typing name & passwords' > CRASH I cannot create that so can't log on to online accounts. The OS is clean, installed yesterday, no more desktops on it, but Fluxbox. Do you have any ideas how to fix it? \--- EDIT --- Using MATE I see `Can't communicate with gnome-keyring-daemon`.


Ubuntu One on Linux Mint won't install: Depends: libnautilus-extension1a

The full error I'm experiencing when I try to install Ubuntu One on my Linux Mint 13 OS is "ubuntuone-client-gnome: Depends: libnautilus-extension1a (>= 1:2.91) but 1:3.4.2-0ubuntu5 is to be installed" I need the files from Ubuntu One on my Mint build, so I was hoping someone could give me a hand with getting Ubuntu One installed.


Is a virtual console considered a process running on the OS kernel?

A terminal emulator is a program/process running in the GUI of an OS. A linux kernel offers 7 virtual consoles. Is a virtual console also a process running on the OS kernel?


Create bash completion script to autocomplete paths after is-equal sign?

I want to create a bash completion script which recognises arguments of the form `--arg` and `--some-arg=file`. After reading this tutorial and some examples in `/usr/share/bash_completion/completions/`, I've written the following script (to save time at typing some flags with Chromium):               _chromium()      {         local cur prev opts         COMPREPLY=()         cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"         prev="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}"              # Some interesting options         opts="     --disable-web-security     --easy-off-store-extension-install     --incognito     --load-extension=     --pack-extension=     --pack-extension-key=     --user-data-dir=     "         # Handle --xxxxxx=file         if [[ ${cur} == "--"*"=" ]] ; then             # Removed failures (is my logic OK?)             return 0         fi              # Handle other options         if [[ ${cur} == -* ]] ; then             COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )             return 0         fi     }     complete -F _chromium chromium      I saved it to `~/bash_completions/chromium`, and created a symlink using `sudo ln -s ~/bash_completions/chromium /usr/share/bash_completion/completions/chromium`.   Then I loaded it using `. /usr/share/bash_completions/completions/chromium`. Now, I'm experiencing two problems:   * `chromium --u<TAB>` expands to `chromium --user-data-dir=<SPACE>` (I don't want the space).   * Paths (directories and files) are not completed any more. How can I solve these problems?


Why `which tmux` and `sudo which tmux` return 2 different values?

ssh bobby@tony:~$ which tmux                                                                             /usr/bin/tmux     ssh bobby@tony:~$ sudo which tmux                                                                        /usr/local/bin/tmux     ssh bobby@tony:~$ echo $PATH                                                                             /usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/X11/bin:/usr/local/git/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/sbin     ssh bobby@tony:~$ sudo echo $PATH                                                                        /usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/X11/bin:/usr/local/git/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/sbin      Anyone knows what's going on here? Why does `sudo which tmux` return /usr/local/bin/tmux instead of /usr/bin/tmux? PS: I have 2 versions of tmux installed (one in /usr/bin and the other in /usr/local/bin).


I cannot install "unifdef" on CentOS 6

After I ran `yum install unifdef` I got "No package unifdef available" I already added all sources. (Base, contrib, Debuginfo, Extras, Plus and Updates)


Xvfb or Firefox throwing errors & gratuitously logging

per the answer to this question, I'm running Xvfb to make a virtual display so firefox will run on my CentOS server. (I don't need to see firefox or do any actual key or screen input/output with firefox-- it just needs to run so Selenium can drive it.) I'm trying to figure out why Xvfb (or firefox) is throwing a bunch of errors. I start up Xvfb with this command:               Xvfb :1 -screen 0 1024x768x24 &      And immediately after I start it, a couple of error messages are echoed back to the screen (oddly, they appear after the shell prompt):               [root@host /home/lm/cron]# Xvfb :1 -screen 0 1024x768x24 &                    [1] 9214     [root@host /home/lm/cron]# expected keysym, got XF86TouchpadOn: line 120 of inet     expected keysym, got XF86TouchpadOff: line 121 of inet      And many more errors show up in the Selenium log show up when I run my Selenium test script:               5 XSELINUXs still allocated at reset     SCREEN: 0 objects of 176 bytes = 0 total bytes 0 private allocs     DEVICE: 4 objects of 48 bytes = 192 total bytes 0 private allocs     CLIENT: 0 objects of 144 bytes = 0 total bytes 0 private allocs     WINDOW: 0 objects of 48 bytes = 0 total bytes 0 private allocs     PIXMAP: 1 objects of 16 bytes = 16 total bytes 0 private allocs     GC: 0 objects of 56 bytes = 0 total bytes 0 private allocs     CURSOR: 0 objects of 8 bytes = 0 total bytes 0 private allocs     CURSOR_BITS: 0 objects of 8 bytes = 0 total bytes 0 private allocs     DBE_WINDOW: 0 objects of 24 bytes = 0 total bytes 0 private allocs     TOTAL: 5 objects, 208 bytes, 0 allocs     4 DEVICEs still allocated at reset     DEVICE: 4 objects of 48 bytes = 192 total bytes 0 private allocs     CLIENT: 0 objects of 144 bytes = 0 total bytes 0 private allocs     WINDOW: 0 objects of 48 bytes = 0 total bytes 0 private allocs     PIXMAP: 1 objects of 16 bytes = 16 total bytes 0 private allocs     GC: 0 objects of 56 bytes = 0 total bytes 0 private allocs     CURSOR: 0 objects of 8 bytes = 0 total bytes 0 private allocs     CURSOR_BITS: 0 objects of 8 bytes = 0 total bytes 0 private allocs     DBE_WINDOW: 0 objects of 24 bytes = 0 total bytes 0 private allocs     TOTAL: 5 objects, 208 bytes, 0 allocs     1 PIXMAPs still allocated at reset     PIXMAP: 1 objects of 16 bytes = 16 total bytes 0 private allocs     GC: 0 objects of 56 bytes = 0 total bytes 0 private allocs     CURSOR: 0 objects of 8 bytes = 0 total bytes 0 private allocs     CURSOR_BITS: 0 objects of 8 bytes = 0 total bytes 0 private allocs     DBE_WINDOW: 0 objects of 24 bytes = 0 total bytes 0 private allocs     TOTAL: 1 objects, 16 bytes, 0 allocs     14:33:47.919 INFO - Done: /session/1330284794945     expected keysym, got XF86TouchpadOn: line 120 of inet     expected keysym, got XF86TouchpadOff: line 121 of inet      Now, here's the funny part, despite ALL of this mess, everything is working: Selenium is talking to firefox property, firefox is doing what it's supposed to and passing it back to Selenium, etc. I just want to know if (a) I should be worried about all these messages/errors, and (b) how can I clean this up? (It actually appears to me that most of this is some kind of verbose logging info about 'allocs'-- which I'd like to turn off-- and then those 'expected keysym' messages are exceptions being thrown.)


Getting a list of WiFi networks nearby when the adapter is in AP mode

I am trying to get a list of wireless networks nearby while the adapter is acting as an access point but iwlist returns the following error:               $ sudo iwlist wlan0 scan     wlan0     Interface doesn't support scanning : Operation not supported      Is there another way of getting this list, perhaps with another utility? My Tomato powered WRT54 seems to be able to achieve this (listing nearby APs while the device itself is set up as an AP), so I'm curious how I could replicate that behaviour. Thanks.


egrep part required for svn hook script

I am trying to write a pre commit hook script to Enforcing tag naming convention like `< application>_ < project >_ < version>_ < iteration>` this using a shell script can anyone guide me to a doc/link something which I can go through and can create one. I have already gone through many links but didn't work for me I am trying something like this               ERROR=$SVNLOOK changed $REPO -t $REV |$EGREP "^A.+?/([a-z0-9_]+)/tags/\1-[0-9]+.[0-9]+.[0-9]+(.[0-9]+)?-(dev|rc[0-9]+|final)/.*$" |$WC -l      Need help in regex (EGREP) part so that I can create it.               #!/bin/sh          REPO="$1"     REV="$2"     ERROR=0     SVNLOOK=/usr/bin/svnlook          AWK=/bin/awk     GREP=/bin/grep     EGREP=/bin/egrep     WC=/usr/bin/wc               ERROR=`$SVNLOOK changed $REPO -t $REV |$EGREP -i "^A.+/tags/.+$" |$WC -l`     if [ $ERROR -ne 0 ]     then            ERROR=`$SVNLOOK changed $REPO -t $REV |$EGREP "^A.+?/([a-z0-9_]+)/tags/\1-[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+(\.[0-9]+)?-(dev|rc[0-9]+|final)/.*$" |$WC -l`       if [ $ERROR -eq 0 ]       then         echo "Tag isn't in the correct format" 1>&2         exit 1       fi      **Example** : FV_SSE-MAY-14_2.1.0_03 Where: Application = FV Project = SSE-MAY-14 Version = 2.1.0 Iteration = 03


Evalute passed in variable in bash

Is there a way to pass in a variable as an argument to a bash script and have it evaluated scoped by the bash script? **Given** :               # cat /path/to/file/of/host/names     bob     tom     joe     etc...               # dofor     FILE=$1     shift     CMD=$*          while read host; do         # recursively turns "ssh \$host hostname" from $@ into:         # ssh bob hostname         # ssh tom hostname         # ssh joe hostname         # etc...         eval $CMD     done < $FILE      **When** :               # dofor /path/to/file/of/host/names "ssh \$host hostname"      **Then** : I'd receive the output from running `ssh host hostname` for each hostname listed in /path/to/file/of/host/names. e.g.:               bob.example.com     tom.example.com     joe.example.com     etc...


Deleting user directories with . in name

I have directories with usernames as "firstname.lastname" and firstname.middle.lastname in one directory. Is there a way to delete directories with "." in name under current directory. I need to run this on several servers and trying to find a way to do it with find. I read the man page for the find but couldn't find any good solution for it.


postfix expand ldap group AND afterwards resolve alias

We have a postfix server which has the user config stored in a openldap directory. Recently we also implemented ldap groups which are expanded by postfix. This works fine, unless the group expands to some email alias destinations. All alias expanded from the group seem to not be resolved by the ldap alias database. Any hints on how to have the ldap group expanding AND afterward pass these expanded groupmembers to the ldap alias resolving? Our config looks like this: In main.cf               virtual_alias_maps = ldap:/etc/postfix/ldap_expand_groups.cf,ldap:/etc/postfix/ldap_accountsmap.cf,ldap:/etc/postfix/ldap_expand_alias.cf      The ldap_expand_groups.cf               server_host = ldap://openldap1.server     version = 3     search_base = ou=groups,o=mailhosting     query_filter = (&(mail=%s)(objectclass=groupOfUniqueNames))     leaf_result_attribute = mail     special_result_attribute = uniquemember      The ldap_expand_alias.cf               server_host =  ldap://openldap1.server     search_base = o=mailhosting     query_filter = (&(objectClass=MailAlias)(mail=%s)(accountActive=TRUE))     result_attribute = maildrop     bind = no


How to remove obsoleted logs with logrotate?

I wanted to remove unnecessary logs automatically , like Xorg.log.0 , and other packed *.gz files , i really don't need that on a laptop system. However , i checked `man logrotate` , but only an entry called `shred` , but irrelevant.


Updating data sets from Online databases/Webservice

I want to have an idea as to how to update the data regularly from the source, if its stored locally in your server or local machine.Lets say MySQL database. Source:It will be a webservice data repository. Data sets: An online data repository has a number of data sets. I want to know which data sets have been updated and what changes have been made. I have done queries in MySQL, but not done anything like this. Any suggestions?


Vim: join lines by replacing ^M

I have a file which has embedded `^M` characters. I wish to join the lines at the `^M` character. ie: change this:                ^M                 être, ^M                 étant, ^M                 été,Indicatif,Présent,suis,es,est,sommes,êtes,sont      ^M                 être, ^M                 étant, ^M                 été,Indicatif,Imparfait,étais,étais,était,étions,étiez,étaient      to this:               être,étant,été,Indicatif,Présent,suis,es,est,sommes,êtes,sont     être,étant,été,Indicatif,Imparfait,étais,étais,était,étions,étiez,étaient      This command removes the `^M` but the lines are not joined:               %s/\r//g


Canonical paths: why are they needed?

The issue of resolving symlinks (symbolic links) is often addressed on this forum, and on others. Related are the concepts of relative, absolute (or full), and canonical (or resolved) pathnames. Two now standard utilities are available, for example in GNU core utilities, to resolve symlinks, and, among other things, produce canonical pathnames: `readlink` and `realpath`. Why do we need canonical paths? Can you give examples where canonical paths are required, and non-canonical absolute paths will not be acceptable? Side question: why do people get "canonical path" answers for "absolute path" questions? But is this technology or sociology ?


Why cannot find read /run/user/1000/gvfs even though it is running as root?

Can someone tell me what I'm doing wrong, what this is, or how to fix it? I'm running Fedora 18 and getting the error shown               [root@servername /]# find . -name ngirc     find: `./run/user/1000/gvfs': Permission denied     [root@servername /]#      [root@thinktank /]# pwd     /     [root@thinktank /]# ls -ltr ./run/user/1000     ls: cannot access ./run/user/1000/gvfs: Permission denied     total 0     d?????????? ? ?    ?      ?            ? gvfs     lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root  17 May 28 12:30 X11-display -> /tmp/.X11-unix/X0     drwx------. 2 kal  kal  120 May 28 12:30 keyring-QjDw4b     drwx------. 2 kal  kal   40 May 28 12:30 gvfs-burn     drwx------. 2 kal  kal   60 May 28 12:30 krb5cc_5f0bcaf94f916d6b61696e2251a4dbb3     drwx------. 2 kal  kal   60 May 28 18:25 dconf


Commands not found: netstat, nmap on CentOS 7

![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/XEAMK.png) The commands `nmap`, `netstat` and `lsof` are not found on CentOS7. Why? What should I do to make them work?


S-Lang shell (slsh): capture command output in a variable

In slsh I know that I have to !-prefix a command to execute it:               !ls       How can I capture its output in a variable?


Loop device with 4K sectors

Using the `losetup` command, you can turn a regular file into a pretend block device. You can then partition and format it like any other device. Is there some way to make Linux pretend that this "device" has a 4K logical sector size?


How to convert all .wav files in subdirectories to .aac using neroAacEnc?

I have a collection of music in .wav format, and would like to convert it to .aac/.mp4 using neroAacEnc. How do I do this? I am using Arch Linux x86_64 and Xterm.


How to undo DISPLAY export in linux?

I have exported my X display to another computer using this command: > export DISPLAY=xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx:0.0 How can I undo it?


fedora 20 gnome & ati card black screen after boot

After installing Fedora 20 for first boot, everything is OK. But after installing some packages and updating, then rebooting the system, after boot the screen goes black or gnome starts. After first click, gnome freezes or screen goes black, but when I disable ati OpenSource driver, gnome starts properly (but gnome-shell uses 50% of cpu cycles because of software rendering). How can I solve this?


How to create rootfs for user mode Linux on Fedora 18?

I want to create a rootfs to be used with an UML kernel and be able to use the internet. I was using `febootstrap` with packages: `bash`, `coreutils`, `net- tools`, `iputils`. After using `febootstrap-supermin-helper` I got my `rootfs` but when trying to boot it with UML I get these errors:               [    4.340000] systemd[1]: systemd-logind.service holdoff time over, scheduling restart.     [    4.340000] systemd[1]: dbus.service start request repeated too quickly, refusing to start.     [    4.340000] systemd-logind[638]: Failed to get system D-Bus connection: Did not receive a reply. Possible causes include: the remote application did not send a reply, the message bus security policy blocked the reply, the reply timeout expired, or the network connection was broken.     [    4.340000] systemd-logind[638]: Failed to fully start up daemon: Connection refused      I am wondering which packages are necessary for `rootfs` and if there is any other way besides `febootstrap`.


monitor file permission changes

How can I figure out which process is changing the permissions of a file? on a Debian server, I have the problem that something is changing the permissions on `/dev/null` every day at 6:20 (since 3 weeks). When I set the correct permissions, they are set back between a few minutes. Then I set it again and after that permissions stay correct until next day 6:20. It doesn't matter at which time I set the permissions.


Universal inbox application?

I am looking for an application that would allow me to read (summaries of) all kinds of inboxes and social media such as Gmail, Facebook, Disqus, StackExchange, Twitter etc. Is there such a thing?


Is there any difference between these two configuration options?

Is there any actual difference between               iptables -P FORWARD DROP      and               net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0      ? I know that one is a firewall command while the other one is a kernel option. But:   1. I don't know whether `net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0` is enforced by netfilter or by the kernel directly.   2. I don't know if there is any overhead associated with `iptables -P FORWARD DROP` compared to `net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0`.   3. I couldn't find any reference clearly stating that these two options are actually identical in their effect. That's what I understood, but I'm no netfilter/kernel expert. In short, is there any actual difference between these two commands?


Possible to view two text files side by side (read only)?

In emacs, we can view two text files side by side. Is it also possible to do so in some simpler/lighter applications such as `less`? Only viewing, no editing.


Keeping sudo authentication with gnome-terminal (zsh)

Can `sudo` sessions be shared across tabs of `gnome-terminal`, so that once I use `sudo` in one tab, I won't have to re-enter my password every time I open another tab and use `sudo`?


Windows Changes File Permissions in Samba File Shares

I have mounted an external USB drive that is used for file shares on CentOS. All of the clients access the shares are Windows XP or 7. Within Windows, I use the "Manage your credentials" feature in "User Accounts" to allow the Windows machines to access different shares. I recursively changed the owner, group, and permissions level to match the snippet below for the entire Sales Manager share. The credentials for the user "manager" are set in Windows "Manage your credentials" for access control. I then map the share to a network drive in Windows.               -rwxrwx--- 1 root    managers 924672 Oct 30 08:18 fileName.xls      After a member of the "managers" group opens and saves a file the permissions gets changed to the snippet below. This causes other users who are members of the "managers" group to lose the ability to write that file. In this example, I used the user manager to access a demo file. You can see how manager is now the owner and loses x. The group changes to the default group of the user accessing the file. The group also loses wx.               -rw-r--r-- 1 manager managers 919552 Oct 30 08:25 fileName.xls       I am taking a intro class to UNIX/Linux, but it does not get into the admin side. It is geared towards the end user. My instructor advised me to do exactly what I am doing here by asking you, the gurus. Will you please help or point me in the right direction???


accessing stdin/stdout of a process started in another tty

I logged in to my linux physically(say tty1) and started a process that watches stdin for commands and has some stdout-put. How can I access/use this process from a SSH session?


How to create a new partition on a hard disk?

How do I create a new partition on a hard disk, from the terminal? I've been reading the `man` pages for `fdisk` and `mkfs`, but they're confusing. I need to know how to create a new partition on a blank drive, as well as on a drive that already has partitions. Some colleagues told me the latter isn't possible and I need to format; is that accurate?


where to start open-source work?

This one got closed: freeBSD or linux or something else? But I have a sincere question here. I want to know from the pros what is better for a newbie to start working on. I want to learn/contribute. If not the exact answer, please provide some rationale.


Trouble getting busybox switch_root to work

I'm working on an embedded ARM Linux system that boots using initramfs. (Here's some background from a couple earlier questions, if you're interested.) So far, thanks in part to help received here, I can boot the kernel via TFTP with an embedded initramfs. The MMC driver detects an SD card containing a new root filesystem, which I can then mount. However, I cannot get the final step, using busybox switch_root to switch to the filesystem on the SD card, to work. At the initramfs shell prompt, I think this should make the kernel switch to the new filesystem:               switch_root -c /dev/console /mnt/root /sbin/init.sysvinit       However, it just makes busybox (to which switch_root is aliased) print its man page, like this:               / # switch_root -c /dev/console /mnt/root /sbin/init.sysvinit      BusyBox v1.17.4 (2010-12-08 17:01:07 EST) multi-call binary.          Usage: switch_root [-c /dev/console] NEW_ROOT NEW_INIT [ARGS]          Free initramfs and switch to another root fs:     chroot to NEW_ROOT, delete all in /, move NEW_ROOT to /,     execute NEW_INIT. PID must be 1. NEW_ROOT must be a mountpoint.          Options:          -c DEV  Reopen stdio to DEV after switch      I think the -c option is correct, since it's the same as what is contained in the example, and /dev/console exists.               / # ls -l /dev     total 0     crw-r--r--    1 0        0           5,   1 Jan  1 00:28 console     brw-r--r--    1 0        0           7,   0 Dec 21  2010 loop0     brw-r--r--    1 0        0         179,   0 Dec 21  2010 mmcblk0     brw-r--r--    1 0        0         179,   1 Dec 21  2010 mmcblk0p1     brw-r--r--    1 0        0         179,   2 Dec 21  2010 mmcblk0p2     brw-r--r--    1 0        0         179,   3 Dec 21  2010 mmcblk0p3     brw-r--r--    1 0        0         179,   4 Dec 21  2010 mmcblk0p4      /mnt/root also exists.               / # ls /mnt/root     bin         etc         linuxrc     mnt         sys         var     boot        home        lost+found  proc        tmp     dev         lib         media       sbin        usr      The init executable exists:               / # ls -lh /mnt/root/sbin/     <snip>     lrwxrwxrwx    1 0        0             19 Dec 21  2010 init -> /sbin/init.sysvinit     -rwxr-xr-x    1 0        0          22.8K Dec 21  2010 init.sysvinit      But here's something strange:               /mnt/root/sbin # pwd     /mnt/root/sbin     /mnt/root/sbin # ls -l | grep init.sysvinit     lrwxrwxrwx    1 0        0               19 Dec 21  2010 init -> /sbin/init.sysvinit     -rwxr-xr-x    1 0        0            23364 Dec 21  2010 init.sysvinit     /mnt/root/sbin # ./init.sysvinit      /bin/sh: ./init.sysvinit: not found     /mnt/root/sbin # /mnt/root/sbin/init.sysvinit      /bin/sh: /mnt/root/sbin/init.sysvinit: not found      That's totally mystifying. I'm not sure where I'm going wrong. I've looked at the source, which is at http://git.busybox.net/busybox/tree/util- linux/switch_root.c?id=1_17_4 It's not just the init.sysvinit executable. I can't execute anything from the SD card. For example:               /mnt/root/bin # ./busybox      /bin/sh: ./busybox: not found     /mnt/root/bin # /mnt/root/busybox      /bin/sh: /mnt/root/busybox: not found     /mnt/root/bin # ls -l | grep "2010 busybox"     -rwxr-xr-x    1 0        0           462028 Dec 21  2010 busybox      Anyone have a clue what's amiss here? I thought it might be some problem with mounting the card noexec, but I believe exec is the default, and I tried passing the exec option explicitly at mount with no success.


I/O errors on Linux LVM

I have a CentOS 6 box with LVM setup and one of the PVs is a USB disk (I know). One of them is getting the error:               Oct 30 10:57:07 alpha01 kernel: lost page write due to I/O error on dm-3     Oct 30 10:57:07 alpha01 kernel: Buffer I/O error on device dm-3, logical block 4      Which is causing problems with all of the LVs on it. pvs shows the PV as unknown device. I can ls to the logical volumes and they show up in lvdisplay, but first I get a bunch of IO errors. I made sure the cables are secure between the USB drive. What should I do to get this back up and running for the meanwhile? Should I unmount each LV and run an fsck.ext4 on each one like `fsck.ext4 -y /dev/vg1/lv_logvolname` ?


How can I serve a Kickstart file over the network without a DHCP server?

I want to install CentOS 5.5 on two systems. I have a kickstart file. I would like to install CentOS on a system using this kickstart file. I'm reading the instructions provided by fedoraproject.org and RedHat.com, but they suggest using a DHCP server. I don't want to set up a DHCP server right now, and I can't have DHCP traffic on this LAN. How can I make this kickstart available over the network without using DHCP to assign an IP and point to the file I know that it is possible to make the Kickstart file available over HTTP, FTP or NFS. How can I configure the RedHat installer to have an IP address on the network and grab the kickstart file from a remote server?


How can produce an "installer" in Linux?

How can I produce an installer for a set of source codes for a specific application in Linux? Also, what are the actions happening when one installs software in Linux?


Why does SIGUSR1 cause process to be terminated?

I was surprised with this comment in other question: > Sending dd the USR1 signal too soon after it has started (i.e. in a bash > script, the line after you started it) will in fact terminate it Can anybody explain _why_?


Is PowerVM a full operating system? (And other clarifications.)

I have a few things that I was hoping someone with more experience could clarify in regards to using PowerVM (specifically to virtualise via LPARs AIX). So here is what I think I understand regarding PowerVM/LPAR's etc:   * PowerVM itself (i.e. the Hyper-visor/firmware) has no hostname or IP Address of it's own (Excluding things like RSA cards).   * PowerVM is just a hyper-visor/firmware and not a full Operating System.   * Resources are controlled/distributed to the individual LPAR OS's via a VIOS LPAR, which in turn is managed by either a HMC and/or an IVM. Now I'm not overly familiar with IBM virtualisation (More used to Windows/Linux/Solaris) so what I was looking for is if someone could either confirm or clarify these points for me?


Udev triggers are not firing on insert of CF card into USB card reader (anymore)

I've got a `udev` rule that triggers a shell script that copies photos off my CF card when I insert the card into my USB card reader. This worked fine for a while. But after a recent upgrade it has stopped working. The problem (AFAICT) is that inserting the CF card into the USB reader is no longer triggering any `udev` events, so my script never runs. (Even the entries in `/dev/disk/by-label/` don't show up on insert, and `dmesg` shows nothing about the insert.) I can cause the `udev` events to trigger if I run `fdisk -l /dev/sdf` (or `sdh` or whatever device it is that seems to be where the CF card will appear). I've verified the `udev` events with `udevadm monitor`, and by running `udevd --debug`. After I manually trigger the system, the script works fine from this point. I'm running Debian 6.0 (Squeeze), and I'm pretty confident it was the upgrade from Lenny a couple months back that changed the behavior, but I'm not sure if it was some subtle change in `udev` (perhaps I'm listening for the wrong events?) or some change in the kernel or USB stack? Anyway, anyone have suggestions for how to fix this? Or suggestions for getting more debugging info out of the usb-storage module? This is the udev rule I'm using:               KERNEL=="sd??", SUBSYSTEM=="block", RUN+="/usr/local/bin/hot-add"      ### Update #1: Trigger on blockdev and partition changes I added a rule to trigger on just the block device instead of on a partition (in case that might show up), but it doesn't trigger when I insert the CF card either:               KERNEL=="sd?", SUBSYSTEM=="block", RUN+="/usr/local/bin/hot-add-disk"      Oddly, if I run `fdisk -l /dev/sdf` to trigger recognition of the CF card, I get a "changed" event for `/dev/sdf` (even though I never got an "add" event). ### Update #2: `add` uevent triggers There is an open, incomplete Debian bug that covers some similar ground (skip to Update#25 for the relevant bits). That has some handy tips. For my setup, if I do (as root) `echo add > /sys/block/sdf/uevent` with the CF card inserted but otherwise unrecognized, that will trigger all the `udev` events properly and all my scripts run correctly. Running `udevadm info --query=all --name=sdf` before and after inserting the CF card shows no difference. If I inject the 'add' event and re-run the `udevadm` command I get a bit more output (there is some information about disk partitions). ### Update #3: USB key vs. CF card in USB reader Inserting a vanilla USB key triggers all the `udev` events immediately and works just fine. Inserting a CF card into the USB card reader does not. For the card reader, it seems that the USB device "exists" even when no CF card is inserted (so a `/sys/block/sdf` entry exists), but with the USB key, the `/sys/block/sdj` only exists while the USB key is plugged in. ### Update #4: Maybe fixed in 2.6.38 This Ubuntu bug has an update (the last one) that claims the bug was no longer present in a 2.6.38 kernel. ### Update #5: Not fixed (in 3.2.0) I've upgraded the kernel a couple times, and even changed the motherboard I'm using, and I still see the same problem. I'm currently at a 3.2.0.0 kernel. And `udev` version 164.


Start several fish shells in different directories?

In order to be able to launch my work environment with a single command, I want to start several `urxvt` windows running `fish` shell in different folders. However, I found no obvious way of having `fish` run a startup command (e.g. a `cd`) and not exit afterwards. Has anyone figured out how to do start `fish` in a particular directory without making it a default in `config.fish`?


Using ~/.fonts.conf to change the weight of monospace fonts

On OS X, monospaced fonts are slightly more weighted than the other fonts. This (I feel) helps bring out the colors more vividly. ![screenshot](http://i.stack.imgur.com/SiebN.png) Since I am on Linux, I'm trying to replicate the behavior. I'm trying to do this by editing the property "weight" in `~/.fonts.conf`,               <?xml version="1.0"?>     <!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM "fonts.dtd">     <fontconfig>       <match target="font">         <test name="family">           <string>DejaVu Sans Mono</string>           <string>Bitstream Vera Sans Mono</string>         </test>         <edit name="weight" mode="assign">             <const>medium</const>         </edit>       </match>     </fontconfig>      Apparently, this does not work properly. What happens is that bold face DejaVu or Bitstream mono fonts becomes more bold, and nothing happens to the other. ![screenshot](http://i.stack.imgur.com/joKOj.png) So how do I fix this?


Graphic driver problems with video streaming

I've got my old laptop up and running w/ Elementary OS Luna (Ubuntu 12.04 LTS), and installed the good old `fglrx-legacy` (I have an old Radeon Mobiliy 4xxx). I then installed Steam for the game streaming. But I get constant artifacts appearing all over the place. Underneath them the service seems to be working fine. I tried with and without hardware acceleration, both times it fails to work correctly. As for the artifacts themselves, it's the typical bits of the screen being deformed, put in other parts of the screen, and sometimes working for up to a second. Thanks!


Latest (or at least non-ancient) Chromium binary?

I've recently been migrating to Puppy Linux (last OS was Ubuntu,) and the only version of Chromium currently available is about as old as the one in the Ubuntu repositories. I ~~really suck at~~ have not had much luck with compiling others' code (I can never manage to get all the build dependencies most of the time,) and the Chromium Project specifically states that it has a ton of unusual dependencies. This wouldn't be much of an issue on a system like Ubuntu or even Arch Linux, because the Chromium project was nice enough to provide the exact command required to fetch all the build dependencies, but with Puppy Linux, you're pretty much dead in the water.   (I know that Puppy Linux has some support for .deb packages, but even the built chromium has an annoying number of dependencies, and I don't want to have to try to round them all up.) I was just wondering if there's anywhere that I can get EITHER-   * A standalone 32-bit (i686 build preferred) Debian package for Chromium 23 or higher   * A Chromium version 23 or higher .pet file If someone manages to find/make the second one, I would be _extremely_ grateful.


How can I recover suspended processes after restarting X?

I had several instances of Firefox running, which I suspended. I think I used 'the GUI' (KDE's System Activity), which I think is the same as `kill -19`. Normally this works fine - I can resume the processes graphically or from terminal. This time, I was trying to fix an X problem, so I restarted X. Got my desktop back, I can still see the suspended processes, but am not sure how to resume them. In System Activity they no longer have window titles. I tried resuming one (of three), and it .. disappeared ('realized' X had quit?). When I try to start Firefox with one of the suspended profiles, it gives me the 'already running' message. The suspended processes are still taking up memory. Is there a way to recover my FFox sessions the way they were? Or is my only choice to resume them and let them die, then start again? Using up to date (K)Ubuntu 12.04, KDE4


Cinnamon doesn't load at launch loading LXDE instead, what is wrong here?

Hi I Found myself with this weird issue that after installing Cinnamon desktop environment on a Debian-based linux distro, with `apt-get upgrade` `apt-get install cinnamon`, at the log-in moment even selecting cinammon or cinammon 2D the PC ends loading LXDE (wich was the first desktop-enviroment that I have installed). Logging in as any user I have the same problem, even as root. Tried solving the problem in a "windows like style" (I am pretty new to linux) removing the software with `apt-get purge cinnamon` `apt-get clean` and then re-doing the same thing updating and reinstalling with `apt-get upgrade` `apt-get install cinnamon`, however this did't work for me. The only thing that I think that may be causing the problem is the distro I am using is just a distro created at my university and I think that may not have enough maintennance or also I know that the packages that I installed from cinnamon come from a repository in my university so maybe there are not the same packages that everybody else uses. anyways I am just guessing, I don't know exactly how the repositories works, so any advice, or idea is welcome thanks.


Oracle Linux 6 download files?

I want to download Oracle Linux 6 for basic use to install on my laptop to use oracle 11g r2 database since this is one of only few Linux distros which is supported. When I go to the downloads section I these are the options:               -Oracle Linux Release 6 Update 4 for x86_64 (64 Bit)     -Oracle Linux Release 6 Update 4 Boot iso image for x86_64 (64 bit)     -Oracle Linux Release 6 Update 4 UEK Boot ISO image for x86_64 (64 bit)     -Oracle Linux Release 6 Update 4 source DVD 1     -Oracle Linux Release 6 Update 4 source DVD 2      I want to just burn it onto a DVD and then install it on my laptop so which is the right download(s) I need? As well, I know UEK is the unbreakable kernel but is this mandatory to install or optional? Normally I would download them all and try, but I'm very limited on my bandwidth.


heartbeat stops after reviving primary node

I followed these steps correctly, everything worked well before I have revived heartbeat on node01 "at the last steps of the tutorial"   when I hit `/etc/init.d/heartbeat start` it started correctly but the webpage wouldn't open, in other words httpd service haven't been started by heartbeat (which I guess the reason is that the node02 still the primary node it hasn't returned to secondary yet)   so I searched for the STONITH but i didn't find anything that helps.   this is the ha.cf file:                 logfile /var/log/ha-log     logfacility local0     keepalive 2     deadtime 30     initdead 120     bcast eth0     udpport 694     auto_failback on     node node01     node node02      haresources file:               node01 192.168.1.82 httpd      authkeys file:               auth 2     2 sha1 test-ha


What's wrong with this tar command?

find /informatica/dev/SrcFiles* -mtime +7 -and -size +1M -exec tar -rvf files.8.2.2013.tar {} \;      This command is running/working correctly and I'm not sure whats wrong. I want to find the files that are over 1MB and older than 7 days and then add them to a single tar file.


How can I access files of an SMB share if I have the IP?

Having the IP, under Linux how can I access shared smb files? When I type in for example: smb://192.168.0.50 I get an error message.


XJacker and PulseAudio connection

Is it possible to connect the XJacker Sound Amplifier (v2) to PulseAudio on Ubuntu? Or is it just XBOX only.


How to install Solaris 11 on Sparc Enterprise T5240 from HyperTerminal

We received one Sparc T5240 Server and this is the first time experience with Sparc Servers. I never even saw them before. So i connected to Server using Cutecom app an alternative for Ubuntu to Windows Hyperterminal. I insert the Solaris 11 Boot Media and cutecom generated this log during this process               0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\0x00\     0:0:0>SPARC(R) Enterprise T5140/T5240 POST 4.30.4 2009/08/19 07:50             /export/delivery/delivery/4.30/4.30.4/post4.30.4-micro/Niagara/maramba/integrated  (root)       \0xa5\0x9d\0xa1\0xd1 2009 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved     0:0:0>POST enabling CMP 0 threads: 00000000.ffffffff     &\0xa2\0xa1\0xc9\0x95\0x85\0x91\0xcd: 000000ff.00ffffff     0:0:0>VBSC mode is: 00000000.00000001     0:0:0>VBSC level is: 00000000.00000001     \0x9d Normal mode, MAX Testing.     0:0:0>VBSC setting verbosity level 2     0:0:0>Test Memory.....\0x08\\0x08|\0x08/\0x08-\0x08\\0x08|\0x08\0x08Done     0:0:0>Setup POST Mailbox .....\0x08-\0x08\\0x08|-\0x08\\0x08|\0x08/\0x08-\0x08Done     \0x15\0xcd\0xd1\0x95\0xc9 CPU Tests Basic.....0:0:0>Init MMU.....     0:0:0>L2 Tests.....Done     0:0:0>Extended CPU Tests.....     0:0:0>Scrub Memory..... CPU Tests.....Done     0:0:0>Extended Memory Tests.....Done     0:0:0>SPU CWQ Tests... Done     0:0:0>MAU Tests... Done     0:0:0>NCU Setup and PIU link train     0:0:0>NEPTUNE Network Interface Unit Tests.....     2014-04-19 13:24:55.129 0:0:0>\0x09POST Passed all devices.     2014-04-19 13:24:55.134 0:0:0>POST:\0x09Return to VBSC.     2014-04-19 13:24:55.138 0:0:0>Master set ACK for vbsc runpost command and spin...      addr:0x1d - link is down     *****************************************************************************          *          * Starting Desktop Login on display :0...          *          * Wait for the Desktop Login screen before logging in.          *          *****************************************************************************                              *****************************************************************************          *          * The X-server can not be started on display :0...          *          * See file /var/dt/Xerrors for details.          *          *****************************************************************************      I need to Install OS but everytime it reach X-server line and stuck.


Why do some applications stop working when permissions are changed in /usr/bin?

On OS X, a friend of mine changed the permissions on `/usr/bin` recursively using Finder, in order to grand write access to everyone. Here is how it's done: Go to `/usr/bin` in Finder, then mess with the permissions at the bottom of the info window: ![Finder change permissions](http://i.stack.imgur.com/oRIyt.png) After that, you can no longer run `Terminal.app` for example. But you can still run Disk Utility, which is needed to recover from this without a terminal. Here is the error that you have in this case:               Last login: Fri Jul  4 15:39:24 on ttys001     login(27006,0x7fff78115310) malloc: *** error for object 0x7fceb3412cc0: pointer being freed was not allocated     *** set a breakpoint in malloc_error_break to debug      Luckily, I quickly found a question mentioning this problem here. My first thought was that this is a hardware problem (maybe some random corruption on the hard drive / in RAM / etc..). How is this error related to the wrong permissions in `/usr/bin`? While trying to work on the broken system to get a clean difference listing, I got this:               $ sudo -s     sudo: effective uid is not 0, is sudo installed setuid root?      Here is the result of `diskutil verifyPermissions` (which solves the problem BTW): (Too big to be posted here) Each line is of the form:               Permissions differ on "usr/bin/sudo"; should be -r-s--x--x ; they are -rwxr-xrwx      but I left only the filename, the permission it should have and the current permission: http://pastie.org/9358204               Permissions differ on "usr/bin/login"; should be -r-sr-xr-x ; they are -rwxr-xrwx


how is page size determined in virtual address space?

Linux uses a virtual memory system where all of the addresses are virtual addresses and not physical addresses. These virtual addresses are converted into physical addresses by the processor. To make this translation easier, virtual and physical memory are divided into pages. Each of these pages is given a unique number; the page frame number. Some page sizes can be 2 KB, 4 KB, etc. But how is this page size number determined? Is it influenced by the size of the architecture? For example, a 32-bit bus will have 4 GB address space.


Linking Ethernet interfaces

I'm quite new to Linux networking. I have a Debian PC with two Ethernet interfaces, one embedded on the motherboard and another on a PCI card. The first one, let say `eth0` is connected to my router (which is connected to Inet). I want to "link" `eth1` to `eth0`, in order to access my router (and Inet) when I plug a cable in `eth1`. The same way the `eth0` cable is connected to one of my router's Ethernet ports. The Debian PC should also be able to access Inet and LAN, and thus not simply behave as a "virtual link" between the cable plugged in `eth0` (coming from my router) and the cable plugged in `eth1` (going to another PC). Is this achievable? How?


apache and php Segmentation fault

I have recently migrated to Archlinux. I installed Apache, php and mysql according to the Arch Linux LAMP wiki page. Now I have setup a virtual host for my new Symfony project. For every request I make, I get this error:               [notice] child pid 10859 exit signal Segmentation fault (11)      Can someone please help me with this?


How to save a copy of a protected PDF form in Evince?

I've got a pretty long PDF form from my ISP and filled it carefully. Willing to save my work of filling it I've tried to use `File - Save a copy...`. But Evince says it can't save it because it is "encrypted". Ridiculous! What a nut has came to the idea to edit-protect a document explicitly meant to be edited? Whatever... Is there a way to bypass the protection? It looks obvious that if I can view its contents it is "decrypted" on load and it's just a matter of intention for the viewing application to honour or dishonour the restriction. I suppose it would be natural for a free software to provide the decision to the user. I don't want to loose my work. Of course I can print-to-file (if printing is not forbidden for this PDF - I wouldn't be surprised if it is) but I want to send it to a colleague to finish filling some fields I don't know what to write in - I wouldn't like to make her to refill the whole form. I understand it is probably impossible to save the work now, but feel like there is to be a solution to prevent this in future: maybe an Evince patch or a compilation option, a record in its config file... or an alternative PDF viewer? Update: I have installed the Adobe brand Acrobat Reader (9.5.1) and it has no problems saving the filled form, while indicating (in the window title) the file is "secured".


How to bind a key sequence to a widget in vi cmd mode zsh?

Let's say I want to bind `R` to `redo` in vicmd mode. This works.               bindkey -a r redo      If I change it to this, it does not work.               bindkey -a rr redo      I have tried different things with no success. Is this not possible? I know it should be possible to bind sequences to keys in emacs mode, but can you do the same with letters in vi mode?


Variable substitution with an exclamation mark in bash

I have the following lines in my .cfg bash script file               DDF_SOURCE="siebel_DATA_DATE_FORMAT"     DATA_DATE_FORMAT=${!DDF_SOURCE}      how is `${!DDF_SOURCE`} evaluated? It would be `!siebel_DATA_DATE_FORMAT`, which doesn't make sense to me.


External IP check reports different IP from /etc/network/interfaces

My ISP gave me static ip range for internet access: 123.123.123.120-125 (Debian) /etc/network/interfaces:               auto eth1     iface eth1 inet static     address 123.123.123.120     netmask 255.255.255.0     gateway 123.123.123.254     dns-nameservers 8.8.8.8      When I go to an external website to check my ip address, it does not report 123.123.123.120, in fact exernal ip check shows me 23.23.23.45 which is different from what the ISP gave me. I can still access internet normally though. (Traceroute shows 23.23.23.45 is also owned by my ISP) The Windows machine right beside this Linux machine is setup using 123.123.123.125, and the website exernal ip check shows 123.123.123.125 I suspect that the ISP is using some kind of advanced proxy? Is it possible that only the Linux machine recognizes the real IP but not Windows? So I did another test, I setup a Windows machine and used same ip 123.123.123.120, I unplugged ethernet cable from Linux machine to Windows machine, run ip check and the ip check reports correctly, it reports 123.123.123.120. What is causing this weird phenomenon in the Linux machine? Here is my /etc/network/interfaces: **Note: _eth0 and eth2 are for virtualbox virtual nics to bridge to so I just commented it out and left them alone_               # The loopback network interface     auto lo     iface lo inet loopback          ## eth0 TPLink Realtek     # auto eth0     # iface eth0 inet static     # address 10.10.10.10     # netmask 255.0.0.0          # eth1 mobo intel nic     auto eth1     iface eth1 inet static     address 61.xx.yy.zz     netmask 255.255.255.0     gateway 61.xx.yy.254     dns-nameservers 8.8.8.8          ## eth2 intel nic     # auto eth2     # iface eth2 inet static     # address 10.10.20.20     # netmask 255.0.0.0      and my ifconfig:               eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr a0:f3:c1:00:52:50                 inet6 addr: fe80::a2f3:c1ff:fe00:5250/64 Scope:Link               UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1               RX packets:131 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0               TX packets:57 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0               collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000                RX bytes:13885 (13.5 KiB)  TX bytes:14304 (13.9 KiB)               Interrupt:42 Base address:0x4000           eth1      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 30:85:a9:a7:a0:bb                 inet addr:61.xx.yy.zz  Bcast:61.xx.yy.255  Mask:255.255.255.0               inet6 addr: fe80::3285:a9ff:fea7:a0bb/64 Scope:Link               UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1               RX packets:339 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0               TX packets:279 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0               collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000                RX bytes:53807 (52.5 KiB)  TX bytes:23917 (23.3 KiB)               Interrupt:18 Memory:f7e00000-f7e20000           eth2      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:1b:21:39:1f:e1                 inet addr:192.168.1.101  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0               inet6 addr: fe80::21b:21ff:fe39:1fe1/64 Scope:Link               UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1               RX packets:643 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0               TX packets:418 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0               collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000                RX bytes:72405 (70.7 KiB)  TX bytes:43037 (42.0 KiB)               Interrupt:16 Memory:f7dc0000-f7de0000           lo        Link encap:Local Loopback                 inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0               inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host               UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1               RX packets:12 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0               TX packets:12 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0               collisions:0 txqueuelen:0                RX bytes:1104 (1.0 KiB)  TX bytes:1104 (1.0 KiB)


How to configure bootloader to boot the new kernel?

I succesfully upgraded linux kernel from 2.6.32.61 to 3.0.7 on BeableBoard-xM, following the steps below:   1. download and untar kernel sources 3.0.7 from kernel.org   2. copy kernel sources on `/usr/src`   3. configure kernel (`make menuconfig`)   4. build kernel (`make`)   5. install kernel (`make install`) However, after rebooting BB-xM, `uname -r` shows: 2.6.32. It seems to me, that bootloader _(U-Boot)_ has to be manually configured in order to boot the new kernel.               root@beagleboard:/boot# ls -l     total 14172     lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root      74 Jun 15  2013 MLO -> MLO-beagleboard-1.5.0+r24+gitr04b1732220078d47c18a84cbafc52e45db71f13d-r24     -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root   23852 Jun 14  2011 MLO-beagleboard-1.5.0+r24+gitr04b1732220078d47c18a84cbafc52e45db71f13d-r24     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  373953 Jul 26  2011 Module.symvers-2.6.32     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1451022 Jul 26  2011 System.map-2.6.32     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  225447 Feb 13 16:05 System.map-2.6.32.61     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  225447 Feb 13 16:03 System.map-2.6.32.61.old     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  605665 Mar 29  2014 System.map-3.0.7     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root   73996 Jul 26  2011 config-2.6.32     -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  284788 Apr  1  2011 u-boot-beagleboard-2011.02+r75+gitrc7977858dcf1f656cbe91ea0dc3cb9139c6a8cc8-r75.bin     drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    4096 Jun 15  2013 u-boot-scripts     lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root      83 Jun 15  2013 u-boot.bin -> u-boot-beagleboard-2011.02+r75+gitrc7977858dcf1f656cbe91ea0dc3cb9139c6a8cc8-r75.bin     lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root      13 Jun 15  2013 uImage -> uImage-2.6.32     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3203088 Jul 26  2011 uImage-2.6.32     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1402688 Feb 13 16:05 vmlinux-2.6.32.61     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1402688 Feb 13 16:03 vmlinux-2.6.32.61.old     -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5144292 Mar 29  2014 vmlinux-3.0.7      Any ideas how can I configure bootloader?


Getting more output from NetCat

Currently I'm using the standard `netcat -e /bin/sh` to provide a remote shell for other computers to access. The problem is however that this shell is rather terrible, since it has limited output. For example if I send some invalid command `xxxxx`, I will get no response from the machine, but on the machine there will be an error in the terminal saying `/bin/sh: xxxxx: not found`. If I use the shell to launch a console application, often I cannot see anything the console application outputs, and I can't `Ctrl``z` over the shell because that will close netcat on the machine. It's a mess, I'd like it to work just like SSH (which I can't use). Instead of piping everything to `/bin/sh` like I'm doing with netcat, would it be possible to create a custom application instead that will show me all the outputs in a terminal? Is it possible somehow get the text off the terminal, regardless of what process wrote to it? Would it be possible to start an `sshd` on the box, and then `netcat -e "ssh root@localhost"` and do it that way? (I've tried this, doesn't seem to work). I'm looking for any kind of solution.


ADT bundle not installed in ubuntu 12.04

I downloaded ADT bundle from android developer site. Bundle name is :- `adt-bundle-linux-x86_64-2014031.zip` It contains eclipse, and sdk folder. In eclipse folder, there is one eclipse executable file. I try to open this using wine1.7, `Wine Windows Program Loader` but it shows `The Z:\home\devsda\Downloads\adt-bundle-linux-x86_64-20140321\eclipse\eclipse executable launcher was unable to locate its home directory` Please help me to install ADT bundle in Ubuntu 12.04, ,so that I will start my project.


How to edit file on remote machine with text editor?

I am on a Windows machine, and I am using NoMachine to connect to a development box. Unfortunately, the box runs on RHEL5, so lots of software is not supported. I want to use Sublime Text. Is there a way for me to edit files on my development box from Windows after connecting to the box through NoMachine?


"ImportError: libssl.so.1.0.0: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory" during Bitmask installation

I am trying to install Bitmask on my system(Fedora 20) to get the riseup VPN running. Running ./bitmask after unpacking the tarball gives the following output:               Bitmask-linux64-0.6.1-4]# ./bitmask     No updates found     /home/GlaDOS/Downloads/Bitmask-linux64-0.6.1-4/./apps/:/home/GlaDOS/Downloads/Bitmask-linux64-0.6.1-4/./lib/     Could not find platform independent libraries <prefix>     Could not find platform dependent libraries <exec_prefix>     Consider setting $PYTHONHOME to <prefix>[:<exec_prefix>]     Traceback (most recent call last):       File "apps/launcher.py", line 8, in <module>         from leap.bitmask.app import start_app as bitmask_client       File "/home/GlaDOS/Downloads/Bitmask-linux64-0.6.1-4/./apps/leap/bitmask/__init__.py", line 26, in <module>         from leap.bitmask.util import first       File "/home/GlaDOS/Downloads/Bitmask-linux64-0.6.1-4/./apps/leap/bitmask/util/__init__.py", line 25, in <module>         from leap.common.config import get_path_prefix as common_get_path_prefix       File "/home/GlaDOS/Downloads/Bitmask-linux64-0.6.1-4/./lib/leap/common/__init__.py", line 3, in <module>         from leap.common import certs       File "/home/GlaDOS/Downloads/Bitmask-linux64-0.6.1-4/./lib/leap/common/certs.py", line 26, in <module>         from OpenSSL import crypto       File "/home/GlaDOS/Downloads/Bitmask-linux64-0.6.1-4/./lib/OpenSSL/__init__.py", line 36, in <module>         from OpenSSL import crypto     ImportError: libssl.so.1.0.0: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory      The program does not start up because of this(probably), so does anyone have an idea for a solution?


Strange problem with IO or file system or what?

On a SLES 11 SP2 32-bit system I'm seeing a strange problem. It's as if the OS can not open a file from the beginning of the file. Say I have a file that is 200 lines. If I `cat` or `more` or `vi` the file, the system just hangs. The process never even starts. I can tail the same file, but only up to about 100 lines. These work:               $ tail /path/to/file     $ tail -n 25 /path/to/file      This doesn't work:               $ tail -n 100 /path/to/file      Even an `ls` command on a directory with lots of files fails. There is plenty of disk space. The file system is read/write. An `fsck` did do some fixes but the problem still exists. Any ideas as to what's going on? **Update:** I have a file that is 3048 bytes in size. I can use `tail -c` to read the file in chunks, but as soon as I get close to the actual file size, it hangs again. These work:               $ tail -c 1000 /path/to/file     $ tail -c 2000 /path/to/file      This doesn't work:               $ tail -c 2750 /path/to/file


What would happen if we mounted a file system that e2fsck is already running on?

It is generally a bad idea to e2fsck a file system while the file system is mounted (the man page mentions one specific situation where it is safe: `-n` given, and `-c`, `-l` or `-L` not given, and even then it is not recommended). However, what would happen if a file system check is _in progress_ when some other process tries to mount the file system read/write? Obviously e2fsck would likely go haywire and complain about dirty blocks all over the place, particularly if the file system then sees active use, but absent administrator intervention to attempt to correct any such "errors", **is there any risk of data loss or file system corruption?**


Would installing different versions of libssl cause problems?

I am trying to install testing version of Spotify on Debian. It's a testing version and they say it's for Debian Squeeze, my Crunchbang _(64 bit)_ is based on Debian Wheezy, but I'm trying to install it anyway. It says:               % sudo apt-get install spotify-client        Reading package lists... Done     Building dependency tree            Reading state information... Done     Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have     requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable     distribution that some required packages have not yet been created     or been moved out of Incoming.     The following information may help to resolve the situation:          The following packages have unmet dependencies:      spotify-client : Depends: libssl0.9.8 but it is not installable     E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.     % sudo apt-get install spotify-client        Reading package lists... Done     Building dependency tree            Reading state information... Done     Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have     requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable     distribution that some required packages have not yet been created     or been moved out of Incoming.     The following information may help to resolve the situation:          The following packages have unmet dependencies:      spotify-client : Depends: libssl0.9.8 but it is not installable     E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.      In synaptic manager i see that I have `libssl1.0.0`. So is it possible to install `libssl0.9.8`? And would that cause any problems or conflicts between the versions installed?


customize and pack a debian image

Given a vanilla Debian I need to:   * pick a filesystem   * configure the software ( writing .conf files and edit shell scripts )   * install/remove packages   * install/remove software compiled by me After that I'd like to pack everything in a working .iso/.img. Are there good tools that can help me with this? I basically need to create something like a firmware starting from Debian.


Installing guest additions on Virtualbox 4.10 - Host: openSUSE 11.3 64 bit, Guest: Slackware 13.37 32 bit

The `Devices menu` -> `CD/DVD Devices` contains `VBoxGuestAdditions.iso`   **But ticking the above menu option doesn't show any menu to select anything from.** The `kernel-devel` is already there.   The host is `openSUSE 11.3` 64 bit. The guest is `Slackware 13.37` 32 bit. What's the way round now?


How to install a Debian package from internet?

I am trying to install Debian kernel sources using the following commands -               sudo apt-get install linux-headers-$(uname -r)      It prompts me to insert the Debian disk to continue the installation. Why is this so? I have used other Linux Distros and the default behavior seems to be to install from an internet repository. How should I change the default repository location? i.e. configure online repo for Debian and offline one for Ubuntu?


CUPS - no document types are supported?

I'm hoping to eventually share out a printer for my household using CUPS. At this point I haven't made it past the initial config on the CentOS 6.2 x64 machine. Any document type I try to print using `lpr <doc> -P printer` gives me a `lpr: Unsupported document-format` error message. I've tried text, pdf and others. It will print the test pages from the cups web interface so not all is lots. I can generate lots of scratch paper this way.. In any event - when I tried to export this print via SMB I found that all the dialogs that came with it in windows were read only. No way to add drivers and nothing would print from there either. I've turned on debugging output for both CUPS and SMB but I'm not seeing any error messages. Any suggestions on where to start looking? CUPS 1.7.3   CentOS 6.2   HP LaserJet 1300


Workflow management software for Linux

I'm not really sure if the software that I need is a workflow management software. Basically I need something that I can host on a Linux server that will provide the following functionality:   * support a pre-set workflow, allowing users to see where they are currently in the workflow, and whether they are expected to act, or they should wait for some external action   * users also need to see the deadline of the entire workflow and the steps that are still ahead   * not absolutely required, but it would be nice to have the ability to track versions of files inside the workflow   * ability to add support materials for steps in the workflow (let's say the workflow went back to the user, to fix some errors, so he will have links to wiki and other relevant materials for that step)   * notifications, for example for the users, when the workflow gets back into a state where they are expected to act


vim: create file with +x bit

Is there any way to set `+x` bit on script while creating? For example I run:               vim -some_option_to_make_file_executable script.sh      and after saving I can run file without any additional movings. ps. I can run `chmod` from `vim` or even from console itself, but this is a little annoying, cause `vim` suggests to reload file. Also it's annoying to type `chmod` command every time. pps. It would be great to make it depending on file extension (I don't need executable `.txt` :-) )


Encryption of home directory for securing data after harddisk corruption

Always when I install Linux OS (e.g. Ubuntu), there is a possibility to encrypt the home directory. I was asking myself why is this useful. Is it good in the case when my harddrive is corrupted and I have to go to my manufacturer and let the harddrive at him for about a month for the reparation or exchange? He can't decrypt my data? Naturally, I can't bring the harddrive to him in this state. What are the disadvantages of encryption of home directory when using it every day? I was inspired by the question How do I get rid of a hard disk without exposing my source code?


"ls -lH" not following the link but "ls -lH linktofile" following it

In a directory there is a link to some other file in some other directory. If I give               ls -lHh      command with no arguments, ls does not resolves the symbolic link but if I give               ls -lHh *      or               ls -lHh linktofile      it then resolves the link. Just curious, why? Using GNU CoreUtils version 8.4


using Ubuntu One on Backtrack

Is there any way to upload folders using the Ubuntu One client on Backtrack, or is the client incompatible with the OS? I have logged in through the client, but I can't get it to work.


FS permission scenario

How can I achieve this files & folders permissions scenario: Consider these folder:   Folder A: `640 root apache /var/www/A/`   Folder www: `640 root apache /var/www/`   and this linux user:   `id user1`: `uid=1000(user1) gid=1000(user1) groups=1000(user1)` I want to allow linux user `user1` read/write access _JUST_ to folder A, **BUT** don't change folder A owner or group. I have tried these scenarios but none of them were desirable:   * add `user1` to group `apache`:   cons: `user1` will be able to read other files at `/var/www/`.   * hard-link a folder(ex. folder B) in `user1`'s home to `/var/www/A/` and set proper permissions on folder B rather than A:   cons: hard-links to directories not possible on cross-devices.   * add `user1` to `sudoers`:   cons: complexity of `user1`, plus, `user1` may broke owner/group policy and/or permissions of folder A by human-error. any idea?


Upgrade kernel for linux system without upgrading user apps/libs?

I built a custom Linux "recovery-cd" image that consists of a compressed `initrd` and boots via `bcdedit` (like Ubuntu Wubi) instead of a physical CD. It has various recovery tools for partition editing, antivirus, etc. Now I have to upgrade the kernel and modules to make it support `UEFI`, so it can boot in a SecureBoot-enabled machine (I'm using a signed grubx64.efi for booting). My image is based on TinyCore Linux 3.x, which added UEFI support (linux 3.10) in the latest 5.x versions. I replaced the 2.6.32 kernel and modules with 3.10 and things appear to work. But TinyCore 3.x has glibc 2.11, while 5.x has glibc 2.17. My question is, how do I make sure there are no incompatibilities between the new kernel and older user apps/libs. I am looking out for removed syscalls and features in all kernel release notes between 2.6.32 and 3.10, but what would a more thorough approach be ? Am I just asking for trouble by doing this ?


When does Linux send a root mail and how to force it for testing purposes?

Let's say I want to test root mail functionality after I set up nullmailer, how do I force my Debian Linux system to send a root mail? And furthermore on which events does Linux send root mails at all?


Disk partition emptied during tar backup

This morning I was doing a routine backup of my development drive, one of 4 primary partitions on my hard-drive. The script I ran was:               filename="/home/Backups/Devi_"`eval date +%Y%m%d`".tgz"     touch $filename     tar cvzf $filename /media/Devi/       After a while I started seeing the tar output say it was unable to find certain files and the same message started appearing more and more until the command exited. When I then checked, everything in the drive was gone, hidden files and all. One fact that is probably pertinent is that I had two qt programs running whose executables and libs were on the drive, though I can't figure out how a tar command would cause a deletion like this just because of files in use. I've tried running testdisk to recover directories but it only seems to find top level files/dirs and under them it says nothing found. Right now i'm running Photorec and its finding files so none were overwritten but the filesystem was definitely damaged (I tried fsk.ext4 and I get a clean status with far fewer files than are on the drive). My syslog for the time window (I believe the deletion happend at 11:02) is:               Jul 26 10:17:01 GlaDux CRON[7004]: (root) CMD (   cd / && run-parts --report/etc/cron.hourly)     Jul 26 10:17:05 GlaDux kernel: [ 5835.406184] GLViewer[7032]: segfault at 0 ip 00007eff18138ee6 sp 00007fff24187158 error 4 in libc2.17.so[7eff17fe8000+1be000]     Jul 26 10:17:16 GlaDux kernel: [ 5846.856210] GLViewer[7059]: segfault at 0 ip 00007f470b838ee6 sp 00007fff999ec928 error 4 in libc-2.17.so[7f470b6e8000+1be000]     Jul 26 10:43:41 GlaDux NetworkManager[1141]: <warn> nl_recvmsgs() error: (-33) Dump inconsistency detected, interrupted     Jul 26 10:57:04 GlaDux dbus[1060]: [system] Activating service name='org.freedesktop.UDisks' (using servicehelper)     Jul 26 10:57:04 GlaDux dbus[1060]: [system] Successfully activated service 'org.freedesktop.UDisks'     Jul 26 11:12:25 GlaDux dbus[1060]: [system] Activating service name='org.freedesktop.hostname1' (using servicehelper)     Jul 26 11:12:25 GlaDux dbus[1060]: [system] Successfully activated service 'org.freedesktop.hostname1'     Jul 26 11:13:41 GlaDux NetworkManager[1141]: <warn> nl_recvmsgs() error: (-33) Dump inconsistency detected, interrupted     Jul 26 11:15:41 GlaDux NetworkManager[1141]: <warn> nl_recvmsgs() error: (-33)         Dump inconsistency detected, interrupted     Jul 26 11:17:01 GlaDux CRON[8999]: (root) CMD (   cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.hourly)      I checked and no jobs are scheduled for cron.hourly. However, I think udisk might have something to do with it. Also I've tried doing everything from a live fedora boot and there was no difference. I also tried mounting with a different superblock and had no luck. So I have two questions: Is there any way to recover my directory structure using methods I haven't already mentioned? I have backups so individual file recovery seems like overkill, I'd love to be able too get the rest of the tree. And far more importantly, how in the hell did a simple tar command delete EVERYTHING in the drive. This absolutely baffles me and is by far the worst error an OS has ever given me and it defies my previous experience with linux distros. Any possible explanation would be greatly appreciated. I'm running 3.8.0-23-generic with cinnamint on an x64 machine. The partition in question is a 52 Gb primary ext4 (1 of 4 partitions on the disk, the last one if that matters) and has a blocksize of 4k. **Edit:** the output of tar was something like:               /media/me/Devi/dir1/file1     /media/me/Devi/dir1/file2/     ......     /media/me/Devi/dir100/file1     cannot find file or folder /media/me/Devi/dir101     cannot find file or folder /media/me/Devi/dir102     cannot find file or folder /media/me/Devi/dir102      Also, an hour or so before the deletion, the disk was mounted and the following was logged in kern.log:               Jul 26 09:14:16 GlaDux kernel: [ 2068.519913] EXT4-fs (sda3):     ext4_orphan_cleanup: deleting unreferenced inode 663018     Jul 26 09:14:16 GlaDux kernel: [ 2068.519952] EXT4-fs (sda3): ext4_orphan_cleanup: deleting unreferenced inode 663017     Jul 26 09:14:16 GlaDux kernel: [ 2068.519961] EXT4-fs (sda3): ext4_orphan_cleanup: deleting unreferenced inode 663016     Jul 26 09:14:16 GlaDux kernel: [ 2068.519969] EXT4-fs (sda3): 3 orphan inodes deleted     Jul 26 09:14:16 GlaDux kernel: [ 2068.519970] EXT4-fs (sda3): recovery complete     Jul 26 09:14:17 GlaDux kernel: [ 2068.606194] EXT4-fs (sda3): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)


What's the difference between Debian Standard and Gnome?

I was wondering, is there any differences between Debian Standard and GNOME versions? Isn't Debian under GNOME by default?


Difficulty installing PHP from source to CentOS 6.4

**The problem:** After installing PHP from source, functionality is not present - my phpinfo test page does not work. If I use yum to install from the repository functionality is restored. **Why am I doing this:** Ultimately I want to add ImageMagick/MagickWand funcationality. Appearently MagickWand needs to be compiled with PHP and sources I've found stating otherwise have been unsuccessful for me. **What I've tried:** About every resource I've found is fairly straight-forward but nothing really addresses what to do if this process fails:   1. Get your desired distribution. I've tried the latest (5.5.1) and what is in the CentOS repository (5.3.3)   2. Get prerequsits - most reference libxml2-devel, some httpd-devel and gcc.   3. ./configure --with content specific to your build (varies)   4. make && make install   5. place php.ini from source folder into /etc/   6. restart httpd. **A couple examples of documents I've observed for this process:** http://benramsey.com/blog/2012/03/build-php-54-on-centos-62/ http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2008/07/instruction-guide-to-install-php5-from- source-on-linux/ **Im not sure what I'm doing wrong** but honestly I don't work from source very often. I feel that I am missing an unwritten constant. Any advice? I'll be able to provide any additional information as needed.


How to install GNU make on FreeBSD 10?

I have this error               configure: error: GNU make is required!      and I can't change into `/usr/ports/devel/gmake/`               $ cd /usr/ports/devel/gmake/     cd: /usr/ports/devel/gmake/: No such file or directory      How can I install GNU make on FreeBSD 10?


rsync over ssh tunnel

----------         /|                      /|             ------------     |  Home  |        | |                     | |             |    Work   |     |        |--------| |---------------------| |-------------|           |     |ssh-serv|   Firewall:Port-22=open     Firewall           |           |     ----------        | |                     | |             ------------                       |/                      |/      Here is the scenario for the above picture: A worker has access at his Work machine and has also set up a Home ssh server. The worker wants to access his Work machine from his PC@Home but the policy of the company restricts access via the Firewall@Work, but allows him to connect via reverse ssh tunnel. So the worker gives the following command from his workstation@Work :               ssh -fN -R 19999:localhost:22 Home-user@Home      Now from his PC@Home he is able to give the following command and connect to the ssh server of his workstation@Work:               ssh -v Work-user@localhost -p 19999      Is it possible for the worker to use rsync to copy a directory from his PC@Home to his workstation@Work using the existing tunnel?


Openbox: disable Alt-F4 on per application basis

I am using `LXDE` and in my `.config/openbox/lxde-rc.xml` I have action for `ALT-F4` defined:               <keybind key="A-F4">       <action name="Close"/>     </keybind>      This works, as expected, for all applications. When `ALT-F4` is pressed, the window is closed. I have one application, lets call it `foo`, which I would like to be unaffected by `ALT-F4`. i.e. when `ALT-F4` is pressed, I want the window to stay open (the action should be completely ignored). Is it possible to create such rule?


Can ksh on AIX be configured to use the tab key for filename completion?

I have some AIX 7 servers that are restricted to what software I can install and wonder if I can get `ksh` to use the tab key to complete filenames at the shell promot. The man pages are sparse for ksh and I don't see any relevant questions here covering this ground. Due to the majority of users using ksh, I'm hesitant to shift my shell to bash - but I suppose that's an easy out. I log in initially from a PC using putty/ssh and work mostly from xterm once the X11 forwarding brings back the traffic to Hummingbird Exceed on the PC. Can /usr/bin/ksh that ships with `bos.rte.shell` for AIX 7.1 be configured to trigger filename completion _(which is normally triggered by pressing ESC+\ )_ by pressing the TAB key?


How to mount two windows shared folders in linux?

I'm using OpenSuse 12.2 x64. I have tried this in `/etc/fstab`:               //192.168.6.80/shared/folder1 /mnt/folder1 cifs rw,user=guest,password=,uid=1000 0 0     //192.168.6.80/shared/folder2 /mnt/folder2 cifs rw,user=guest,password=,uid=1000 0 0      After rebooting, if I access the first folder `cd /mnt/folder1` and list files `ls`, my shared files are listed. If I try accessing `folder2`, nothing is listed. If I reboot and try again, but this time accessing `folder2` first, the files are listed. After, accessing `folder1` nothing is listed. In other words, it mounts just the first accessed folder. Mounting it manually, `mount -all`, the two folders are mounted, but I need it to be mounted automatically at boot because these folders are used in services. How do I mount more than one shared folder using `/etc/fstab` at boot?


Tool for dumping Linux VFS superblock

From the `dumpe2fs` man page: > `dumpe2fs` prints the super block and blocks group information for the > filesystem present on device. So `dumpe2fs` will dump the filesystem superblock. Is there any such tool to dump the Linux VFS superblock (i.e. in-memory superblock)?


How do you Configure Package Management System (YUM) for MongoDB

On the site (mongodb) it lists ...               Create a /etc/yum.repos.d/mongodb.repo file to hold the following configuration information for the MongoDB repository:      then...               [mongodb]     name=MongoDB Repository     baseurl=http://downloads-distro.mongodb.org/repo/redhat/os/x86_64/     gpgcheck=0     enabled=1      I am confused as to what the name of the second set of directions should be, ie what file name?


debug mkfs.ext3 command output

I was creating a new file system in my external HDD. While formatting, I had to format this partition to the remaining available partition which is somewhere around **850GB**. Now, I created an `ext3` file system in this partition. This is the output of my `mkfs.ext3` command.               mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb3     mke2fs 1.41.3 (12-Oct-2008)     Filesystem label=     OS type: Linux     Block size=4096 (log=2)     Fragment size=4096 (log=2)     52060160 inodes, 208234530 blocks     10411726 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user     First data block=0     Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296     6355 block groups     32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group     8192 inodes per group     Superblock backups stored on blocks:              32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,              4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968,              102400000          Writing inode tables: done                                 Creating journal (32768 blocks): done     Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done      Can someone help me debug the information as am not clear on what these values actually represent?