Unable to rename a RAID device: stuck with /dev/md126

I had a fully working server.   I booted with SystemRescueCD, without writing anything. I didn't even mounted a partition. Then rebooted the server.   The server no longer boot correctly because some partitions don't mount. I see this is because the RAID partitions are not named as before.   /dev/md1 became /dev/md126   and /dev/md2 became /dev/127 I know how to rename a md device:               mdadm --stop /dev/126     mdadm --assemble --verbose --update=super-minor /dev/md1 /dev/sda6 /dev/sdb6     mount /dev/md1 /mnt/     echo 'dummy' > /mnt/dummy   # to be sure the kernel updates the superblock. See manpage      After that, the md1 device is okay... until I reboot.   After reboot it is returned to /dev/md126 Question 1: what's the magic behind the fact SystemRescueCD changed that ?   Question 2: what can I do to rename those md device as I want ?


Running Fedora20 on a sata drive connected to a usb

I want to install Fedora20 on a SATA drive connected via a USB cable. Eventually, it will be connected to the motherboard of the PC but until then only on the USB. I don't want to use the cutdown version of LiveCD on usb with persistent data for this reason. The existing PC has windows installed, I want the disk to be loaded according to the precedence set in the BIOS without any modifications to the MBR on the windows disk. So basically, I want to be able to remove the sata disk at any time and have the computer boot into windows as it does now, not GRUB menu etc. Is this possible? If so, how might I achieve this? There may be a better solution to this that I don't know about. For example, some way of starting a virtual machine with some sort of VirtualBox Boot CD or something. If there is a better solution I would like to know about it also but the major requirement is that I can't affect the existing windows disk.


How to capture the display screen before accessing the desktop?

To be able to use tools like gnome-screenshot or xfce4-screenshot one has to be logged in and with access to the desktop. But what about capturing previous screens? That would have to be done in the console. I do not imagine that the grub screen can be captured. But what about the next ones?   * **The login window** , the one for user and password ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/p2LTi.png) I have found some answers, like here. But I am in (Linux Mint 14) Xfce and I tried to replace `gdm` with `xdm` in the line               $ echo 'DISPLAY=:0 XAUTHORITY=/var/lib/gdm/:0.Xauth xwd -root' >/tmp/shot.sh      I get the error               no protocol specified     xwd: unable to open display ':0'        * **What about the following screen, to select the type of desktop?** ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/PEoVq.jpg)   * **And after that, the one to select between saved sessions?** (for which I could not find an image on the internet)


Send cron mails to root bundled every hour

Sometimes when there's a problem on my server, I get hundreds of emails in my root account which are caused by cron. I want to be notified about those problems but isn't there a way to bundle those mails and send them once an hour? Optimal would be if mail-subjects were analyzed and watched for new subjects within a timeframe of a day and **send mails with a new subject that day directly** , but following mails with a new subject bundled once an hour.


The following picture is snapped in a real Linux environment. ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/bKvaC.png) Why can Linux show a file name containing character '/'?


Move to next flagged message in Mutt

Is it possible to move to the next flagged message in Mutt? In looking at the development manual, I wasn't able to see anything that would let me do this. I'm looking for something like `<next-new>`, but for skipping around to the next flagged message. If there's nothing like this in Mutt, can I fake it with macros?


How do I set up pulseaudio's RTP client to listen to a vlc RTP server?

Pulse audio provides the ability to load an rtp client which listens for SAP broadcasts,               pactl load-module module-rtp-recv      However, I can't get the combination or arguments right for `vlc` to announce on sap and stream to it. Could someone help take me through the process?


zpool status hangs forever

Openindiana oi_151a7. zpool with 15x 1TB raidz3 + 2x 8 disk 2TB raidz2. Many disk operations such as zpool status, creating a new iscsi volume (using sbdadm) etc hangs. Using iostat (-xne) I can determine that two block devices have errors, one is with high probability a cdrom, floppy or such, and the other is a 2TB disk (of one of the raidz2 vdevs the zpool consist of).               iostat -xne     0.0    0.0    0.0    0.0  0.0  0.0    0.0    0.0   0   0   0 1344  22 1366 c10t32d0     0.0    0.0    0.0    0.0  0.0  0.0    0.0    0.0   0   0   0  52 385 437 c9t5000C50057CEF65Fd0      The problem with "c9t5000C50057CEF65Fd0" is that it's not listed in 'format'. 'format' further lists all 16 2TB disks, while iostat lists 17. One of the 2TB disks was replaced 2-3 months ago so Im thinking it's possible that iostat still think it's present although its not. Let me point out that I know I have 16 2TB disks physically in the host, and 16 (as 2x8 disk raidz2) in vdevs. This is a node for backup, so while a reboot is definitely possible it would be very convenient to be able to investigate it further. Iostat and format in it's entirety:                                       extended device statistics       ---- errors ---      r/s    w/s   kr/s   kw/s wait actv wsvc_t asvc_t  %w  %b s/w h/w trn tot device     0.0    0.0    0.0    0.0  0.0  0.0    0.0    0.0   0   0   0  69   0  69 c5t0d0     0.0    0.0    0.0    0.0  0.0  0.0    0.0    0.0   0   0   0   0   0   0 c4t0d0     0.0    0.0    0.0    0.0  0.0  0.0    0.0    0.0   0   0   0   0   0   0 c4t1d0     5.0    0.0   80.1    0.0  0.0  0.0    0.0    3.4   0   2   0   0   0   0 c4t2d0     7.0    4.0  112.1   96.1  0.0  0.0    0.0    2.7   0   3   0   0   0   0 c4t3d0     13.0    5.0  208.1  184.1  0.0  0.1    0.0    3.0   0   5   0   0   0   0 c4t4d0     0.0    0.0    0.0    0.0  0.0  0.0    0.0    0.0   0   0   0   0   0   0 c7t50000393D8CAD353d0     143.6  121.1  531.8  681.2  0.0  2.2    0.0    8.3   0  63   0   0   0   0 c7t50000393D8CAD313d0     144.1  132.6  516.6  682.2  0.0  2.4    0.0    8.6   0  69   0   0   0   0 c7t50000393D8CAD243d0     140.1  121.6  614.6  681.9  0.0  3.0    0.0   11.5   0  74   0   0   0   0 c7t50000393D8CAD217d0     142.6  136.6  568.6  678.4  0.0  2.4    0.0    8.5   0  67   0   0   0   0  c7t50000393D8CAD2A7d0     143.1  149.1  539.1  680.9  0.0  2.3    0.0    7.9   0  69   0   0   0   0 c7t50000393D8CAD32Bd0     150.1  118.1  571.1  683.2  0.0  2.7    0.0   10.0   0  71   0   0   0   0 c7t50000393D8CAD29Bd0     143.1  111.6  502.6  679.4  0.0  2.2    0.0    8.7   0  62   0   0   0   0 c7t50000393D8CAD1FBd0     146.1  156.1  539.1  679.2  0.0  2.4    0.0    7.8   0  69   0   0   0   0 c 7t50000393D8CAD24Bd0     146.1  136.6  533.8  680.7  0.0  2.4    0.0    8.5   0  67   0   0   0   0 c7t50000393D8CAD25Bd0     143.1  129.6  529.1  679.9  0.0  2.1    0.0    7.8   0  60   0   0   0   0 c7t50000393D8CABD2Fd0     149.1  123.6  511.6  682.9  0.0  2.5    0.0    9.3   0  73   0   0   0   0 c7t50000393D8CAD35Fd0     142.6  140.6  540.6  680.4  0.0  2.4    0.0    8.3   0  69   0   0   0   0 c7t50000393D8CAD3BFd0     143.6  112.6  555.4  683.4  0.0  2.8    0.0   10.8   0  70   0   0   0   0 c7t50000393D8CAD34Fd0     140.1  143.6  514.1  680.9  0.0  2.5    0.0    8.9   0  71   0   0   0   0 c7t50000393D8CAD33Fd0     138.6  137.6  624.9  682.4  0.0  2.3    0.0    8.4   0  70   0   0   0   0 c7t50000393D8CAD36Fd0     123.1  227.1  494.3 1304.1  0.0  1.3    0.0    3.8   0  35   0   0   0   0 c9t5000C50056114317d0      54.0  122.6  336.2  426.5  0.0  0.3    0.0    1.5   0   8   0   0   0   0 c9t5000C500561161F3d0     51.0  104.1  319.7  427.3  0.0  0.5    0.0    3.2   0  12   0   0   0   0 c9t5000C5005611763Fd0     46.5  101.1  145.3  428.5  0.0  0.3    0.0    2.1   0   9   0   0   0   0 c9t5000C50055FFF9EBd0     38.5  128.6  198.6  427.0  0.0  0.3    0.0    1.6   0   9   0   0   0   0 c9t5000C50055FC6FD3d0     42.5   98.1  168.4  430.0  0.0  0.3    0.0    2.0   0  10   0   0   0   0 c9t5000C50055FFC403d0     53.5  143.6  336.5  423.3  0.0  0.3    0.0    1.5   0   9   0   0   0   0 c9t5000C5005611431Fd0     52.0  143.6  330.2  419.5  0.0  0.3    0.0    1.4   0   8   0   0   0   0 c9t5000C50056000BCBd0     36.0  148.6  270.4  426.5  0.0  0.2    0.0    1.2   0   7   0   0   0   0 c9t5000C50055FC7BF7d0     0.0    0.0    0.0    0.0  0.0  0.0    0.0    0.0   0   0   0   0   0   0 c4t5d0     0.0    0.0    0.0    0.0  0.0  0.0    0.0    0.0   0   0   0 1344  22 1366 c10t32d0     0.0    0.0    0.0    0.0  0.0  0.0    0.0    0.0   0   0   0   1  10  11 c10t33d0     108.6  257.2  642.4 1297.8  0.0  1.0    0.0    2.7   0  29   0   0   0   0 c9t5000C50057CE4F2Bd0     116.1  238.7  620.1 1295.3  0.0  1.1    0.0    3.2   0  34   0   0   0   0 c9t5000C50057CF51D7d0     0.0    0.0    0.0    0.0  0.0  0.0    0.0    0.0   0   0   0  52 385 437 c9t5000C50057CEF65Fd0     126.1  261.2  600.4 1294.3  0.0  1.0    0.0    2.5   0  32   0   0   0   0 c9t5000C50057CE4ED7d0     119.6  238.2  653.7 1289.8  0.0  1.0    0.0    2.9   0  32   0   0   0   0 c9t5000C50057CE50A7d0     112.1  220.6  484.6 1300.8  0.0  1.0    0.0    2.9   0  30   0   0   0   0 c9t5000C50057CEF10Bd0     109.1  257.2  572.6 1294.6  0.0  1.1    0.0    3.0   0  31   0   0   0   0 c9t5000C50057CE37DFd0     121.1  242.2  600.6 1293.8  0.0  1.1    0.0    3.0   0  33   0   0   0   0 c9t5000C50057CE4A6Bd0                  0. c4t0d0 <HP-LOGICALVOLUME-2.74 cyl 17841 alt 2 hd 255 sec 63>           /pci@0,0/pci1002,5a1e@d/pci103c,3245@0/sd@0,0        1. c4t1d0 <HP-LOGICALVOLUME-2.74 cyl 17841 alt 2 hd 255 sec 63>           /pci@0,0/pci1002,5a1e@d/pci103c,3245@0/sd@1,0        2. c4t2d0 <HP-LOGICALVOLUME-2.74 cyl 17841 alt 2 hd 255 sec 63>           /pci@0,0/pci1002,5a1e@d/pci103c,3245@0/sd@2,0        3. c4t3d0 <HP-LOGICAL VOLUME-2.74-68.33GB>           /pci@0,0/pci1002,5a1e@d/pci103c,3245@0/sd@3,0        4. c4t4d0 <HP-LOGICAL VOLUME-2.74-68.33GB>           /pci@0,0/pci1002,5a1e@d/pci103c,3245@0/sd@4,0        5. c4t5d0 <HP-LOGICAL VOLUME-2.74-68.33GB>           /pci@0,0/pci1002,5a1e@d/pci103c,3245@0/sd@5,0        6. c7t50000393D8CABD2Fd0 <TOSHIBA-MK1001TRKB-0105-931.51GB>           /pci@0,0/pci1002,5a1f@b/pci10b5,8616@0/pci10b5,8616@5/pci1000,3080@0/iport@f0/disk@w50000393d8cabd2f,0        7. c7t50000393D8CAD1FBd0 <TOSHIBA-MK1001TRKB-0105-931.51GB>           /pci@0,0/pci1002,5a1f@b/pci10b5,8616@0/pci10b5,8616@5/pci1000,3080@0/iport@f0/disk@w50000393d8cad1fb,0        8. c7t50000393D8CAD2A7d0 <TOSHIBA-MK1001TRKB-0105-931.51GB>           /pci@0,0/pci1002,5a1f@b/pci10b5,8616@0/pci10b5,8616@5/pci1000,3080@0/iport@f0/disk@w50000393d8cad2a7,0        9. c7t50000393D8CAD3BFd0 <TOSHIBA-MK1001TRKB-0105-931.51GB>           /pci@0,0/pci1002,5a1f@b/pci10b5,8616@0/pci10b5,8616@5/pci1000,3080@0/iport@f0/disk@w50000393d8cad3bf,0       10. c7t50000393D8CAD24Bd0 <TOSHIBA-MK1001TRKB-0105-931.51GB>           /pci@0,0/pci1002,5a1f@b/pci10b5,8616@0/pci10b5,8616@5/pci1000,3080@0/iport@f0/disk@w50000393d8cad24b,0       11. c7t50000393D8CAD25Bd0 <TOSHIBA-MK1001TRKB-0105-931.51GB>           /pci@0,0/pci1002,5a1f@b/pci10b5,8616@0/pci10b5,8616@5/pci1000,3080@0/iport@f0/disk@w50000393d8cad25b,0       12. c7t50000393D8CAD29Bd0 <TOSHIBA-MK1001TRKB-0105-931.51GB>           /pci@0,0/pci1002,5a1f@b/pci10b5,8616@0/pci10b5,8616@5/pci1000,3080@0/iport@f0/disk@w50000393d8cad29b,0       13. c7t50000393D8CAD32Bd0 <TOSHIBA-MK1001TRKB-0105-931.51GB>           /pci@0,0/pci1002,5a1f@b/pci10b5,8616@0/pci10b5,8616@5/pci1000,3080@0/iport@f0/disk@w50000393d8cad32b,0       14. c7t50000393D8CAD33Fd0 <TOSHIBA-MK1001TRKB-0105-931.51GB>           /pci@0,0/pci1002,5a1f@b/pci10b5,8616@0/pci10b5,8616@5/pci1000,3080@0/iport@f0/disk@w50000393d8cad33f,0       15. c7t50000393D8CAD34Fd0 <TOSHIBA-MK1001TRKB-0105-931.51GB>           /pci@0,0/pci1002,5a1f@b/pci10b5,8616@0/pci10b5,8616@5/pci1000,3080@0/iport@f0/disk@w50000393d8cad34f,0       16. c7t50000393D8CAD35Fd0 <TOSHIBA-MK1001TRKB-0105-931.51GB>           /pci@0,0/pci1002,5a1f@b/pci10b5,8616@0/pci10b5,8616@5/pci1000,3080@0/iport@f0/disk@w50000393d8cad35f,0       17. c7t50000393D8CAD36Fd0 <TOSHIBA-MK1001TRKB-0105-931.51GB>           /pci@0,0/pci1002,5a1f@b/pci10b5,8616@0/pci10b5,8616@5/pci1000,3080@0/iport@f0/disk@w50000393d8cad36f,0       18. c7t50000393D8CAD217d0 <TOSHIBA-MK1001TRKB-0105-931.51GB>           /pci@0,0/pci1002,5a1f@b/pci10b5,8616@0/pci10b5,8616@5/pci1000,3080@0/iport@f0/disk@w50000393d8cad217,0       19. c7t50000393D8CAD243d0 <TOSHIBA-MK1001TRKB-0105-931.51GB>           /pci@0,0/pci1002,5a1f@b/pci10b5,8616@0/pci10b5,8616@5/pci1000,3080@0/iport@f0/disk@w50000393d8cad243,0       20. c7t50000393D8CAD313d0 <TOSHIBA-MK1001TRKB-0105-931.51GB>           /pci@0,0/pci1002,5a1f@b/pci10b5,8616@0/pci10b5,8616@5/pci1000,3080@0/iport@f0/disk@w50000393d8cad313,0       21. c7t50000393D8CAD353d0 <TOSHIBA-MK1001TRKB-0105 cyl 60798 alt 2 hd 255 sec 126>           /pci@0,0/pci1002,5a1f@b/pci10b5,8616@0/pci10b5,8616@5/pci1000,3080@0/iport@f0/disk@w50000393d8cad353,0       22. c9t5000C50055FC6FD3d0 <SEAGATE-ST32000645SS-0004-1.82TB>           /scsi_vhci/disk@g5000c50055fc6fd3       23. c9t5000C50055FC7BF7d0 <SEAGATE-ST32000645SS-0004-1.82TB>           /scsi_vhci/disk@g5000c50055fc7bf7       24. c9t5000C50055FFC403d0 <SEAGATE-ST32000645SS-0004-1.82TB>           /scsi_vhci/disk@g5000c50055ffc403       25. c9t5000C50055FFF9EBd0 <SEAGATE-ST32000645SS-0004-1.82TB>           /scsi_vhci/disk@g5000c50055fff9eb       26. c9t5000C50057CE4A6Bd0 <SEAGATE-ST2000NM0023-0003-1.82TB>           /scsi_vhci/disk@g5000c50057ce4a6b       27. c9t5000C50057CE4ED7d0 <SEAGATE-ST2000NM0023-0003-1.82TB>           /scsi_vhci/disk@g5000c50057ce4ed7       28. c9t5000C50057CE4F2Bd0 <SEAGATE-ST2000NM0023-0003-1.82TB>           /scsi_vhci/disk@g5000c50057ce4f2b       29. c9t5000C50057CE37DFd0 <SEAGATE-ST2000NM0023-0003-1.82TB>           /scsi_vhci/disk@g5000c50057ce37df       30. c9t5000C50057CE50A7d0 <SEAGATE-ST2000NM0023-0003-1.82TB>           /scsi_vhci/disk@g5000c50057ce50a7       31. c9t5000C50057CEF10Bd0 <SEAGATE-ST2000NM0023-0003-1.82TB>           /scsi_vhci/disk@g5000c50057cef10b       32. c9t5000C50057CF51D7d0 <SEAGATE-ST2000NM0023-0003-1.82TB>           /scsi_vhci/disk@g5000c50057cf51d7       33. c9t5000C50056000BCBd0 <SEAGATE-ST32000645SS-0004-1.82TB>           /scsi_vhci/disk@g5000c50056000bcb       34. c9t5000C500561161F3d0 <SEAGATE-ST32000645SS-0004-1.82TB>           /scsi_vhci/disk@g5000c500561161f3       35. c9t5000C5005611763Fd0 <SEAGATE-ST32000645SS-0004-1.82TB>           /scsi_vhci/disk@g5000c5005611763f       36. c9t5000C5005611431Fd0 <SEAGATE-ST32000645SS-0004-1.82TB>           /scsi_vhci/disk@g5000c5005611431f       37. c9t5000C50056114317d0 <SEAGATE-ST32000645SS-0004-1.82TB>           /scsi_vhci/disk@g5000c50056114317       38. c10t32d0 <drive type unknown>           /iscsi/disk@0000iqn.1984-05.com.dell%3Apowervault.md3200i.6782bcb000311a0a000000004df9adc70001,0       39. c10t33d0 <drive type unknown>           /iscsi/disk@0000iqn.1984-05.com.dell%3Apowervault.md3200i.6782bcb000311a0a000000004df9adc70001,31


Counting the occurrences of the string

As input, we have some ids which are strings. How do we calculate what identifier has appeared most frequently and how many times? ### Example Input:               cat      dog      cat     dog     dog     dog      dog      fly     spider     spider     cat     cat      Output:               dog 5


SystemTap simple demo fails

Started learning SystemTap using RedHat's manual. Here is the example I'm trying to run. While executing `stap open.stp` I got the error:               [root@ror6ax ~]# stap open.stp     semantic error: while resolving probe point: identifier 'syscall' at open.stp:1:7             source: probe syscall.open                           ^          semantic error: no match     Pass 2: analysis failed.  [man error::pass2]      `open.stp` is as follows:               probe syscall.open     {       printf ("%s(%d) open\n", execname(), pid())     }      System is RHEL6.5, x86_64


Has my Debian installation disabled hibernate in Windows 7, on my dual booting machine?

Installing Debian on dual boot terms has disabled hibernate in Windows 7. The solution according to this thread is to make use of Grub's "makeactive" option. I don't understand. What is the poster suggesting I should do? I don't have to reinstall Grub do I? Can I just edit a config file or something? I've never had this problem before and I've made many Linux installations alongside Windows before while maintaining the hibernate function in Windows. Does anybody know why I lost it this time? System: Deb 6 testing 32 bit, dually running with Win 7 32 bit Pro Afterthought: one of the differences with this particular installation is I am not sure if GRUB was installed to the MBR or to the Linux partition. A) How would I check? and B) would reinstalling GRUB to the MBR if it is not already, restore hibernate on the Windows 7 side?


Find PHP process that logs to file

I have started a PHP script via browser and due to a loop error the script continues to be executed even after closing the browser. I am noticing it since the script is logging error messages to my logfile (path known). We have a Apache server where many developers work together and the user is `nmdev`. So how can I find out what process it the one running and logging to my logfile? `ps -afe | grep php53` gives me many processes of today like: `nmdev 26518 24151 0 11:51 ? 00:00:00 /opt/xxx/yyy/apache-php5/bin/httpd -k start`


Attach to tmux session and run a command

How I can run a command in Tmux when I'm attaching to a session ? I want attach and immediately run a command. I read the docs, but found only send keys, which not suits my needs.


How to resolve broken packages when upgrading: from Ubuntu 13.10 to 14.04

I am having an issues upgrading to 14.04 (Trusty Tahr) from 13.10 (Saucy Salamander), where I get a message `Could not calculate the upgrade`, and I believe it is due to my unofficial software packages. Can someone please suggest which packages I should resolve, and how to resolve these packages? My question is similar to this one here, but I need help in implementing the solution that resolves the packages. I already unchecked all packages under "other" in the `Software and Updates` menu while trying to upgrade through `Software Updater`. Running a `grep Broken /var/log/dist-upgrade/apt.log` showed me multiple packages, but I'm not sure which ones are broken and how to resolve them before upgrading. I suspect my configuration with Bumblebee and Nvidia Optimus has added some PPA's and other non-supported software. Here is my `grep Broken /var/log/dist-upgrade/apt.log` output:               Broken libqt5core5a:amd64 Breaks on libqt5core5 [ amd64 ] < 5.0.2+dfsg1-7ubuntu11.1 > ( libs ) (< 5.2.0+dfsg~)     Broken libharfbuzz0b:amd64 Conflicts on libharfbuzz0a [ amd64 ] < 0.9.19-1 > ( libs )     Broken cups-filters:amd64 Conflicts on foomatic-filters [ amd64 ] < 4.0.17-1ubuntu1 > ( universe/text )     Broken libboost1.54-dev:amd64 Conflicts on libboost1.53-dev [ amd64 ] < 1.53.0-6+exp3ubuntu8 > ( libdevel )     Broken libclutter-1.0-0:amd64 Breaks on libcogl12 [ amd64 ] < 1.14.0-2 > ( libs )     Broken unity-control-center:amd64 Conflicts on gnome-control-center-unity [ amd64 ] < 1.3+13.10.20131004-0ubuntu1 > ( gnome )     Broken libgoa-1.0-0b:amd64 Conflicts on libgoa-1.0-0 [ amd64 ] < 3.8.3-2 > ( libs )     Broken libtcl8.6:amd64 Conflicts on tcl8.6-lib [ amd64 ] < 8.6.0-1ubuntu1 > ( interpreters ) (< 8.6.0-2)     Broken unity-control-center-signon:amd64 Conflicts on gnome-control-center-signon [ amd64 ] < 0.1.7~+13.10.20130724.1-0ubuntu1 > ( gnome )     Broken libboost-serialization1.54-dev:amd64 Conflicts on libboost-serialization1.53-dev [ amd64 ] < 1.53.0-6+exp3ubuntu8 > ( libdevel )     Broken evolution-data-server:amd64 Conflicts on evolution-data-server-goa [ amd64 ] < 3.8.5-1ubuntu3 > ( gnome ) (< 3.10.3-0ubuntu2~)     Broken libopenmpi1.6:amd64 Conflicts on libopenmpi1.3 [ amd64 ] < 1.4.5-1ubuntu2 > ( libs )     Broken libopenmpi1.6:amd64 Conflicts on openmpi-libs0 [ amd64 ] < none > ( none )     Broken libtk8.6:amd64 Conflicts on tk8.6-lib [ amd64 ] < 8.6.0-1ubuntu1 > ( libs ) (< 8.6.0-2)     Broken libboost-system1.54-dev:amd64 Conflicts on libboost-system1.53-dev [ amd64 ] < 1.53.0-6+exp3ubuntu8 > ( libdevel )     Broken tk:amd64 Conflicts on tk-lib [ amd64 ] < 8.5.0-2ubuntu5 > ( libs )     Broken tk:amd64 Conflicts on tk8.5-lib [ amd64 ] < 8.5.11-2ubuntu4 > ( libs )     Broken tcl:amd64 Conflicts on tcl-lib [ amd64 ] < 8.5.0-2ubuntu5 > ( interpreters )     Broken tcl:amd64 Conflicts on tcl8.5-lib [ amd64 ] < 8.5.13-1ubuntu4 > ( interpreters )     Broken libboost-filesystem1.54-dev:amd64 Conflicts on libboost-filesystem1.53-dev [ amd64 ] < 1.53.0-6+exp3ubuntu8 > ( libdevel )     Broken libboost-date-time1.54-dev:amd64 Conflicts on libboost-date-time1.53-dev [ amd64 ] < 1.53.0-6+exp3ubuntu8 > ( libdevel )     Broken libboost-test1.54-dev:amd64 Conflicts on libboost-test1.53-dev [ amd64 ] < 1.53.0-6+exp3ubuntu8 > ( libdevel )     Broken libboost-atomic1.54-dev:amd64 Conflicts on libboost-atomic1.53-dev [ amd64 ] < 1.53.0-6+exp3ubuntu8 > ( libdevel )     Broken libboost-chrono1.54-dev:amd64 Conflicts on libboost-chrono1.53-dev [ amd64 ] < 1.53.0-6+exp3ubuntu8 > ( libdevel )     Broken libboost-mpi1.54-dev:amd64 Conflicts on libboost-mpi1.53-dev [ amd64 ] < 1.53.0-6+exp3ubuntu8 > ( libdevel )     Broken libunity-core-6.0-9:amd64 Conflicts on libunity-core-6.0-8 [ amd64 ] < 7.1.2+13.10.20131014.1-0ubuntu1 > ( libs )     Broken libunity-core-6.0-9:amd64 Conflicts on unity-common [ amd64 ] < none > ( none )     Broken libboost-mpi1.53.0:amd64 Depends on libopenmpi1.3 [ amd64 ] < 1.4.5-1ubuntu2 > ( libs )     Broken libboost-regex1.54-dev:amd64 Conflicts on libboost-regex1.53-dev [ amd64 ] < 1.53.0-6+exp3ubuntu8 > ( libdevel )     Broken libboost-program-options1.54-dev:amd64 Conflicts on libboost-program-options1.53-dev [ amd64 ] < 1.53.0-6+exp3ubuntu8 > ( libdevel )     Broken libboost-thread1.54-dev:amd64 Conflicts on libboost-thread1.53-dev [ amd64 ] < 1.53.0-6+exp3ubuntu8 > ( libdevel )     Broken icu-devtools:amd64 Breaks on icu-tools [ amd64 ] < 4.8.1.1-12ubuntu2 > ( libdevel ) (< 52.1-3~)     Broken icu-devtools:amd64 Breaks on icu-tools [ i386 ] < none > ( none ) (< 52.1-3~)     Broken libboost-context1.54-dev:amd64 Conflicts on libboost-context1.53-dev [ amd64 ] < 1.53.0-6+exp3ubuntu8 > ( libdevel )     Broken libboost-mpi-python1.54-dev:amd64 Conflicts on libboost-mpi-python1.53-dev [ amd64 ] < 1.53.0-6+exp3ubuntu8 > ( libdevel )     Broken libboost-exception1.54-dev:amd64 Conflicts on libboost-exception1.53-dev [ amd64 ] < 1.53.0-6+exp3ubuntu8 > ( libdevel )     Broken libboost-graph1.54-dev:amd64 Conflicts on libboost-graph1.53-dev [ amd64 ] < 1.53.0-6+exp3ubuntu8 > ( libdevel )     Broken libboost-locale1.54-dev:amd64 Conflicts on libboost-locale1.53-dev [ amd64 ] < 1.53.0-6+exp3ubuntu8 > ( libdevel )     Broken libboost1.54-tools-dev:amd64 Conflicts on libboost1.53-tools-dev [ amd64 ] < 1.53.0-6+exp3ubuntu8 > ( libdevel )     Broken libboost1.54-tools-dev:amd64 Conflicts on libboost1.53-tools-dev [ i386 ] < none > ( none )     Broken libboost-python1.54-dev:amd64 Conflicts on libboost-python1.53-dev [ amd64 ] < 1.53.0-6+exp3ubuntu8 > ( libdevel )     Broken libboost-graph-parallel1.54-dev:amd64 Conflicts on libboost-graph-parallel1.53-dev [ amd64 ] < 1.53.0-6+exp3ubuntu8 > ( libdevel )     Broken libboost-wave1.54-dev:amd64 Conflicts on libboost-wave1.53-dev [ amd64 ] < 1.53.0-6+exp3ubuntu8 > ( libdevel )     Broken libboost-iostreams1.54-dev:amd64 Conflicts on libboost-iostreams1.53-dev [ amd64 ] < 1.53.0-6+exp3ubuntu8 > ( libdevel )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-intel:amd64 Depends on xorg-video-abi-14 [ amd64 ] < none > ( none )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-ati:amd64 Depends on xorg-video-abi-14 [ amd64 ] < none > ( none )     Broken libboost-timer1.54-dev:amd64 Conflicts on libboost-timer1.53-dev [ amd64 ] < 1.53.0-6+exp3ubuntu8 > ( libdevel )     Broken libboost-math1.54-dev:amd64 Conflicts on libboost-math1.53-dev [ amd64 ] < 1.53.0-6+exp3ubuntu8 > ( libdevel )     Broken libboost-signals1.54-dev:amd64 Conflicts on libboost-signals1.53-dev [ amd64 ] < 1.53.0-6+exp3ubuntu8 > ( libdevel )     Broken libboost-random1.54-dev:amd64 Conflicts on libboost-random1.53-dev [ amd64 ] < 1.53.0-6+exp3ubuntu8 > ( libdevel )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-nouveau:amd64 Depends on xorg-video-abi-14 [ amd64 ] < none > ( none )     Broken libboost-mpi-python1.53.0:amd64 Depends on libboost-mpi1.53.0 [ amd64 ] < 1.53.0-6+exp3ubuntu8 > ( libs )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-glamoregl:amd64 Depends on xorg-video-abi-14 [ amd64 ] < none > ( none )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-radeon:amd64 Depends on xorg-video-abi-14 [ amd64 ] < none > ( none )     Broken libboost-graph-parallel1.53.0:amd64 Depends on libboost-mpi1.53.0 [ amd64 ] < 1.53.0-6+exp3ubuntu8 > ( libs )     Broken libcogl-pango12:amd64 Depends on libcogl12 [ amd64 ] < 1.14.0-2 > ( libs ) (>= 1.13.4)     Broken libgd-gd2-perl:amd64 Conflicts on libgd-gd2-noxpm-perl [ amd64 ] < none -> 1:2.46-2.1build1 > ( universe/perl )     Broken gnome-control-center-datetime:amd64 Depends on indicator-datetime [ amd64 ] < 13.10.0+13.10.20131023.2-0ubuntu1.1 -> 13.10.0+14.04.20140415.3-0ubuntu1 > ( misc ) (= 13.10.0+13.10.20131023.2-0ubuntu1.1)     Broken libvlccore5:amd64 Depends on vlc-data [ amd64 ] < 2.0.8-1 -> 2.1.2-2build2 > ( universe/graphics ) (= 2.0.8-1)     Broken libperl5.14:amd64 Depends on perl-base [ amd64 ] < 5.14.2-21build1 -> 5.18.2-2ubuntu1 > ( perl ) (= 5.14.2-21build1)     Broken xserver-xorg-video-all:amd64 Depends on xserver-xorg-video-ati [ amd64 ] < 1:7.3.99+git20140420.48d3dbc8-0ubuntu0ricotz~saucy > ( x11 )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-all:amd64 Depends on xserver-xorg-video-intel [ amd64 ] < 2:2.99.911+git20140429.2fd1a05a-0ubuntu0ricotz~saucy > ( x11 )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-all:amd64 Depends on xserver-xorg-video-nouveau [ amd64 ] < 1:1.0.10+git20140220.480f0998-0ubuntu0sarvatt~saucy > ( x11 )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-intel:amd64 Depends on xorg-video-abi-14 [ amd64 ] < none > ( none )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-ati:amd64 Depends on xorg-video-abi-14 [ amd64 ] < none > ( none )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-nouveau:amd64 Depends on xorg-video-abi-14 [ amd64 ] < none > ( none )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-all:amd64 Depends on xserver-xorg-video-ati [ amd64 ] < 1:7.3.99+git20140420.48d3dbc8-0ubuntu0ricotz~saucy > ( x11 )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-all:amd64 Depends on xserver-xorg-video-intel [ amd64 ] < 2:2.99.911+git20140429.2fd1a05a-0ubuntu0ricotz~saucy > ( x11 )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-all:amd64 Depends on xserver-xorg-video-nouveau [ amd64 ] < 1:1.0.10+git20140220.480f0998-0ubuntu0sarvatt~saucy > ( x11 )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-intel:amd64 Depends on xorg-video-abi-14 [ amd64 ] < none > ( none )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-ati:amd64 Depends on xorg-video-abi-14 [ amd64 ] < none > ( none )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-nouveau:amd64 Depends on xorg-video-abi-14 [ amd64 ] < none > ( none )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-all:amd64 Depends on xserver-xorg-video-ati [ amd64 ] < 1:7.3.99+git20140420.48d3dbc8-0ubuntu0ricotz~saucy > ( x11 )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-intel:amd64 Depends on xorg-video-abi-14 [ amd64 ] < none > ( none )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-ati:amd64 Depends on xorg-video-abi-14 [ amd64 ] < none > ( none )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-nouveau:amd64 Depends on xorg-video-abi-14 [ amd64 ] < none > ( none )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-all:amd64 Depends on xserver-xorg-video-ati [ amd64 ] < 1:7.3.99+git20140420.48d3dbc8-0ubuntu0ricotz~saucy > ( x11 )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-all:amd64 Depends on xserver-xorg-video-intel [ amd64 ] < 2:2.99.911+git20140429.2fd1a05a-0ubuntu0ricotz~saucy > ( x11 )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-all:amd64 Depends on xserver-xorg-video-nouveau [ amd64 ] < 1:1.0.10+git20140220.480f0998-0ubuntu0sarvatt~saucy > ( x11 )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-intel:amd64 Depends on xorg-video-abi-14 [ amd64 ] < none > ( none )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-ati:amd64 Depends on xorg-video-abi-14 [ amd64 ] < none > ( none )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-nouveau:amd64 Depends on xorg-video-abi-14 [ amd64 ] < none > ( none )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-all:amd64 Depends on xserver-xorg-video-ati [ amd64 ] < 1:7.3.99+git20140420.48d3dbc8-0ubuntu0ricotz~saucy > ( x11 )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-all:amd64 Depends on xserver-xorg-video-intel [ amd64 ] < 2:2.99.911+git20140429.2fd1a05a-0ubuntu0ricotz~saucy > ( x11 )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-all:amd64 Depends on xserver-xorg-video-nouveau [ amd64 ] < 1:1.0.10+git20140220.480f0998-0ubuntu0sarvatt~saucy > ( x11 )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-intel:amd64 Depends on xorg-video-abi-14 [ amd64 ] < none > ( none )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-ati:amd64 Depends on xserver-xorg-video-glamoregl [ amd64 ] < 0.6.0+git20140313.a4fbc773-0ubuntu0sarvatt~saucy > ( x11 )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-ati:amd64 Depends on xserver-xorg-video-radeon [ amd64 ] < 1:7.3.99+git20140420.48d3dbc8-0ubuntu0ricotz~saucy > ( x11 )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-mach64:amd64 Depends on xorg-video-abi-15 [ amd64 ] < none > ( none )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-r128:amd64 Depends on xorg-video-abi-15 [ amd64 ] < none > ( none )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-glamoregl:amd64 Depends on xorg-video-abi-14 [ amd64 ] < none > ( none )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-intel:amd64 Depends on xorg-video-abi-14 [ amd64 ] < none > ( none )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-ati:amd64 Depends on xorg-video-abi-14 [ amd64 ] < none > ( none )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-radeon:amd64 Depends on xorg-video-abi-14 [ amd64 ] < none > ( none )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-nouveau:amd64 Depends on xorg-video-abi-14 [ amd64 ] < none > ( none )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-all:amd64 Depends on xserver-xorg-video-ati [ amd64 ] < 1:7.3.99+git20140420.48d3dbc8-0ubuntu0ricotz~saucy > ( x11 )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-all:amd64 Depends on xserver-xorg-video-intel [ amd64 ] < 2:2.99.911+git20140429.2fd1a05a-0ubuntu0ricotz~saucy > ( x11 )     Broken xserver-xorg-video-all:amd64 Depends on xserver-xorg-video-nouveau [ amd64 ] < 1:1.0.10+git20140220.480f0998-0ubuntu0sarvatt~saucy > ( x11 )


Read Error after installing Fedora

I have windows 7 x64 installed on my HDD and I wanted to install Fedora 20 KDE on my second HDD. Everything went perfect during the installation. After the installation finished it asked me for a reboot and when I restarted it, it automatically took me to windows. So I went in the BIOS and selected the second HDD (the one with Fedora installed) and booted it. All I got was this error "ReadError". Can anyone help me figure this out? i really wanted to try Fedora and I have no idea what to do.


Is cygwin like wine, but for linux applications?

Does cygwin work line wine, providing a compatibility layer inside a foreign os?


How to remote Linux desktop with audio support

I have a Debian PC (Server) and I would like to remote this machine from one client (Windows, Ubuntu,..) and be able to hear the sound from the server. I tried some tools (Radmin, RealVNC, but I can't use Teamviewer because of pricing) but I can not transfer sound from server to client. So, my question is what tool can solve this issue?


How can I restore file timestamps of video recordings using the embedded metadata?

I'm looking for a command that will read the metadata of a ‘`*.mp4`’ file and touch the file's timestamp with the creation time of the video. The command should be read-only with respect to the file contents, i.e. hashing the file before and after should yield the same result. Situation: I made the mistake of moving pictures and videos from the internal storage of my phone to an SD card using Android's stock tool to do so (‘Settings’ → ‘Storage’ → ‘Transfer data to SD card’). Unfortunately, this bumped the timestamps of all of the files, and also messed around with directories other than `DCIM/` (pictures and videos were also moved from the `Download/`, `image/`, `Pictures/`, and `video/` directories). In hindsight it seems silly that I used such a tool (I'd normally use Ghost Commander), but it appeared as a notification when running low on space and it just looked so easy. I'm now trying to piece back together the timestamps of various pictures and videos. I'm effectively looking for a video equivalent to the following command, which I used to sort out the images in `DCIM/100ANDRO/`:               exiv2 -T mv *.JPG      I skimmed through some FFmpeg documentation, but I see no mention of read-only commands or printing timestamps. (Unfortunately for my situation, this approach does not offer a solution for files I didn't create, such as those in `Download/`, for which I want to appear in the media collection in chronological order of when I obtained them.)


Emacs' file extension recognition

How do I get Emacs to recognize new file extensions? For example if I have a `.c` file and I open it in Emacs, I get the correct syntax highlighting for C, but if I have a `.bob` file format (which I know to be C), how do I tell Emacs to interpret it in the same way as a `.c` file?


the first five characters

I need to copy the first five characters from an output file, 25 lines in all, and copy that output to a file. also it might be nice to remove blank or null entries in the output.


What does this iptables entry mean?

iptables-save output:               *filter     :INPUT DROP [2929:172650]     :FORWARD DROP [0:0]     :OUTPUT ACCEPT [74596344:6265371965]      These are the opening lines of the iptables-save command. What do the numbers in the square brackets mean?


Passing options to subcommands in bash

I'm scripting a sequence of commands I used to enter by hand. The rough outline goes something like this               $ echo ${FILENAME_ARGS} | some | big | pipeline | sort -options | etc >temp     $ gs -OptionsThatNeverChange `cat temp`      Basically, the only thing that changes between runs are the options passed to sort and the files contained in FILENAME_ARGS. What I want to do is be able to type something like               $ do-thing -some -options *.pdf      and have all of the `-whatever` go to the options for sort, while all of the `*.pdf` go into FILENAME_ARGS. To do this I need a way to pick out all of the things that start with a `-` from `$@`. Is there some simple way to pull options out of the arguments passed to a shell script?


How to make a program/process a service ?

I wonder how can I make a regular application like for instance `noip2` updater a system process. I use Debian 6.0.2. For now I have it like this :   * the binary is in the `/usr/local/bin/` as `noip2` file   * the 'script' that launches is added to `/etc/rc.local` How can I make it a system service to be able to run/stop it with e.g. `service` command ?


Spawn a new terminal window from the terminal

Is there any terminal command I can execute that will pop open a new terminal window? I need something that will work in OSX' Terminal.app, but it would be nice if there were a way to do this that works on any common terminal emulator.


Display all network interfaces on Solaris

On Linux, the command `mii-tool` displays the list of Ethernet interfaces and other information. What equivalent command existson Solaris? My goal is to view all LAN networks that my Solaris machine is connected to.


install-recursive Error while installing libLBFGS + cygwin

I am building binaries for CRFSuite in cygwin based on these instructions:               In Linux environments, download the source package of libLBFGS, and build it.      If you do not want to install libLBFGS into your operating system, specify     "--prefix" option to the configure script. This example installs libLBFGS     to the directory local under the home directory ($HOME).          $ ./configure      $ make     $ make install      Here I run `./configure` and `make` without problem and also `make check` but when I run `make install`, I faced the following error:               $ make install     Making install in lib     make[1]: Entering directory '/cygdrive/c/home/liblbfgs-1.10/lib'     make[2]: Entering directory '/cygdrive/c/home/liblbfgs-1.10/lib'     test -z "/usr/local/lib" || mkdir -p -- "/usr/local/lib"     /bin/sh ../libtool --mode=install /usr/bin/install -c  'liblbfgs.la' '/usr/local/lib/liblbfgs.la'     /usr/bin/install -c .libs/liblbfgs.dll.a /usr/local/lib/liblbfgs.dll.a     base_file=`basename ${file}`     dlpath=`/bin/sh 2>&1 -c '. .libs/'${base_file}'i;echo $dlname'`     dldir=/usr/local/lib/`dirname $dlpath`     test -d $dldir || mkdir -p $dldir     /usr/bin/install -c .libs/cyglbfgs-1-10.dll $dldir/cyglbfgs-1-10.dll     /usr/bin/install -c .libs/liblbfgs.lai /usr/local/lib/liblbfgs.la     /usr/bin/install -c .libs/liblbfgs.a /usr/local/lib/liblbfgs.a     ranlib /usr/local/lib/liblbfgs.a     C:\Dwimperl\c\bin\ranlib.exe: '/usr/local/lib/liblbfgs.a': No such file     Makefile:239: recipe for target 'install-libLTLIBRARIES' failed     make[2]: *** [install-libLTLIBRARIES] Error 1     make[2]: Leaving directory '/cygdrive/c/home/liblbfgs-1.10/lib'     Makefile:413: recipe for target 'install-am' failed     make[1]: *** [install-am] Error 2     make[1]: Leaving directory '/cygdrive/c/home/liblbfgs-1.10/lib'     Makefile:282: recipe for target 'install-recursive' failed     make: *** [install-recursive] Error 1      any idea?


When to use a semi-colon between environment variables and a command

Can anyone explain why the semi-colon is necessary in order for the `LANG` to be seen as updated by bash? Doesn't work:               > LANG=Ja_JP bash -c "echo $LANG"     en_US      Works:               > LANG=Ja_JP ; bash -c "echo $LANG"     Ja_JP      I'm working with both bash 4.1.10 on linux and the same version under cygwin


GPS data logging in Linux

I am trying to log GPS co-ordinates and other data into a file using BU 353-S4 GPS receiver, but I am facing so many issues. For instance, In order to read the data from GPS , the data must be first converted into NMEA, which I haven't been able to do (See my separate question on that issue: GPS stopped working, gpsctl says: "gpsctl:ERROR: packet recognition timed out") Is there any other way beside using `gpsctl` to log the GPS data in Linux ? I just need to log the Longitude, Latitude and Altitude of the GPS data but having a real hard time since past couple of days.


Append variable string to itself

I have a variable into a do loop. I append its content to a file, but I want to append it to itself so I could use it to do other stuff like sending mail. I tried `variable+=$variable` but it didn't work. I want to have access to the variable outside the do...done


debian: what is "/var/log/apt/term.log" good for

My system is Debian Wheezy. I have noticed that when I run `apt-get`, additionally to `/var/log/apt/history.log` another log file gets created `/var/log/apt/term.log`. It seems to me that `term.log` contains the output that was sent to the terminal. What sense does it make to log this? Is there a way to disable it? I don't want to log useless information.


How to find files with 100% NUL characters in their contents?

What is the Linux command-line command that can identify such files? AFAIK the `find` command (or `grep`) can only _match_ a specific string inside the text file. But I want to match whole contents, i.e. I want to see which files match regular expression `\0+`, _ignoring the line end character(s)_. Maybe the `find . cat | grep` idiom could work, but I don't know how to make grep ignoring lines (and treat the file as binary). Background: Every few days, when my laptop freezes, my btrfs partition looses information: files opened for write gets their contents replaced with zeroes (the size of the file remains more-or-less intact). I use synchronization and I don't want these fake files to propagate: I need a way to identify them so I can grab them from backup.


Error while running bash script that moves files

I am new to bash script and want to create bash script that moves some days old files between source and destination as per days defined in script. When I run this script I get error find: paths must precede expression: mv Usage: find [-H] [-L] [-P] [-Olevel] [-D help|tree|search|stat|rates|opt|exec] [path...] [expression]               #!/bin/bash          echo "Enter Your Source Directory"     read soure          echo "Enter Your Destination Directory"     read destination           echo "Enter Days"     read days                            find $soure -mtime +$days  mv $soure $destination {} \;            echo "Files $days old moved from $soure to $destination"      What's missing or wrong ???? please help me to create this script.


How to write a file at various offsets to a filesystem partition with dd command

_**Requirement**_ I want to write a file at various offsets into the partition **Partition /dev/part2 is mounted at /mypart** I tried the command below:               dd if=/dev/urandom of=/mypart/aaa bs=1024 seek=0 count=15000     dd if=/dev/urandom of=/mypart/aaa bs=1024 seek=15000 count=15000     dd if=/dev/urandom of=/mypart/aaa bs=1024 seek=30000 count=15000      Are they doing what I want to do? Are they writing a file to the partition at offset 0, 15000K and 30000K? At what offset is the file written if I omit `seek` from `dd`               dd if=/dev/urandom of=/mypart/aaa bs=1024 count=15000


Understanding Mixing of sounds in ALSA

I can't seem to bend ALSA completely to my will, even after I spent a lot of time configuring it. I just do not seem to understand it well enough. Here is my `/etc/asound.conf`:               pcm.dmixed {             type asym             playback.pcm {                     # See plugin:dmix at http://www.alsa-project.org/alsa-doc/alsa-lib/pcm_plugins.html                     type dmix                          # Don't block other users, e.g. the Timidity midi-player daemon                     # http://www.alsa-project.org/alsa-doc/alsa-lib/pcm_plugins.html                     ipc_key_add_uid true                          ipc_key 5678293                     ipc_perm 0660                     ipc_gid audio                          slave {                             # 2 for stereo, 6 for surround51, 8 for surround71                             channels 6                             pcm {                                     format S32_LE                                     #format S16_LE                                          #rate 44100                                     rate 96000                                          # http://www.alsa-project.org/alsa-doc/alsa-lib/pcm_plugins.html                                     nonblock true                                          type hw                                     card 0                                     device 0                                     subdevice 0                             }                                  period_size 1024                                  # If too large, use CONFIG_SND_HDA_PREALLOC_SIZE=2048                             buffer_size 16384                     }             }             capture.pcm "hw:0"     }          pcm.!default{             type plug             slave.pcm "upmix20_51"     }          pcm.!surround20 {             type plug             slave.pcm "upmix20_51"     }          pcm.!surround40 {             type plug             slave.pcm "dmixed"             route_policy duplicate     }          pcm.!surround51 {             type plug             slave.pcm "dmixed"     }          pcm.upmix20_51 {             slave.pcm "dmixed"             slave.channels 6             type route                  # Front and rear             ttable.0.0 0.9             ttable.1.1 0.9             ttable.2.2 1             ttable.3.3 1                  # Center and LFE             ttable.4.4 1             ttable.5.5 1                  # Front left/right to center             ttable.0.4 0.5             ttable.1.4 0.5                  # Front left/right to rear             ttable.0.2 0.5             ttable.1.3 0.5     }      What it currently achieves is:   * Dmixing (I do not understand what this actually does, I think it ensures that the device will play sound no matter how many sources are outputting to alsa) with `dmixed`   * Forces sample rate to 96Khz   * Forces format to S32_LE (I think this works, although my media player doesn't say it works, I think it works because if I put S24_LE the sound will break.)   * Upmix 2.0 sounds to 5.1 with "upmix20_51" which is set as a slave to the "!default" pcm which I think is the normal output for 2.0 files.   * Upmix 4.0 to 5.1 via channel duplication (route_policy duplicate)   * Plays 5.1 sound normally granted it uses the "!surround51" pcm as it should. What I would like to know is:   * What exactly is dmixing for?   * Is the `pcm.!surround20` redundant? (Should I just remove it?)   * Can I check somehow if sample rate conversion is currently done with hardware or software?   * Will forcing the Frequency to 96khz and format to 32-bit have any benefits for quality?   * Will 5.1 sources ever use the "!default" pcm? And if it can happen, will the upmixing that is tied to it be problematic for that 5.1 source? Is there a better way to upmix 2.0 sources only?   * How do I upmix Mono sound to Stereo sound and then upmix that Stereo sound to 5.1 sound   * How do I downmix 7.1 sources (i.e. divide the side speakers between the front and rear speakers) to 5.1 in case I get one of those rare sources   * Is there any better/higher quality method to do upmixing than what I am currently doing with alsa? Any method that allows for greater control over how the sound is mixed?


Enable root login from GUI

I just installed Mint 16 and I see that root user is not available at login screen. I log in from normal user and went to "Login Window" option and there I set "Allow root login". Then I restarted the PC and still I don't see root user in login window. I also did the below but it also didn't work.               sudo passwd root     sudo sh -c 'echo "greeter-show-manual-login=true" >> /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf'


Non-standard logins

As part of a sort of esoteric "hack" I'm putting together, I've modified my `/etc/passwd` and `/etc/shadow` files to result in a user called `ニエット` ("Niet") with a shell pointing to a custom script I have written. This all works great, and I can do:               ssh ニエット@localhost      Enter the password, log in, and I get the output of my custom script (currently just "Hello, World!", wait five seconds, then disconnect). It works beautifully! There's only one problem. I can't seem to SSH in directly from tools like PuTTY. In fact, the only way I've been able to connect is by SSHing in to my normal user, then doing the `ssh` to `localhost` as above. I have tried putting `ニエット@example.com` in the "hostname" field and similarly in the "autologin username" option, but both result in trying to log in as `????` which obviously fails. This is in spite of ensuring the character encoding is set to UTF-8. Similarly, I've tried not using auto-login, but... well...               login as: ▒▒▒▒     ▒▒▒▒@example.com's password:     Access denied      Not _quite_ what I'm after. **I am well aware that what I have done with this username is a complete hack and I should probably be hit with a brick for it.** But it _does_ work, I just seem to be having a problem with my computer's PuTTY communicating with the server, since the server is perfectly able to communicate with itself. Am I missing an option or something to make this work?


Problem compiling postfix 2.9 on Archlinux

I decided to do a mail server on Linux (postfix, Dovecot, etc.). Therefore, I decided to begin with compiling postfix 2.9 on Archlinux. I need support for SSL, SASL and PCRE so I'm compiling like this:               make -f Makefile.init makefiles CCARGS='-DUSE_TLS -DUSE_SASL_AUTH -DUSE_dovecot_SASL -I/usr/include/sasl -DHAS_PCRE -I/usr/local/include -DHAS_SSL -I/usr/include/openssl -DHAS_MYSQL -I/usr/local/mysql/include' AUXLIBS='-lldap -llber -lpcre -lssl -lsasl2 -L/usr/local/mysql/lib -lmysqlclient -lz -lm'      Problem: compilation exits prematurely with the following error (end of log):               gcc -Wmissing-prototypes -Wformat -DUSE_TLS -DUSE_SASL_AUTH -DUSE_dovecot_SASL -I/usr/include/sasl -DHAS_PCRE -I/usr/local/include -DHAS_SSL -I/usr/include/openssl -DHAS_MYSQL -I/usr/local/mysql/include -g -O -I. -I../../include -DLINUX3 -c smtpd_resolve.c     gcc -Wmissing-prototypes -Wformat -DUSE_TLS -DUSE_SASL_AUTH -DUSE_dovecot_SASL -I/usr/include/sasl -DHAS_PCRE -I/usr/local/include -DHAS_SSL -I/usr/include/openssl -DHAS_MYSQL -I/usr/local/mysql/include -g -O -I. -I../../include -DLINUX3 -c smtpd_expand.c     gcc -Wmissing-prototypes -Wformat -DUSE_TLS -DUSE_SASL_AUTH -DUSE_dovecot_SASL -I/usr/include/sasl -DHAS_PCRE -I/usr/local/include -DHAS_SSL -I/usr/include/openssl -DHAS_MYSQL -I/usr/local/mysql/include -g -O -I. -I../../include -DLINUX3 -o smtpd smtpd.o smtpd_token.o smtpd_check.o smtpd_chat.o smtpd_state.o smtpd_peer.o smtpd_sasl_proto.o smtpd_sasl_glue.o smtpd_proxy.o smtpd_xforward.o smtpd_dsn_fix.o smtpd_milter.o smtpd_resolve.o smtpd_expand.o ../../lib/libmaster.a ../../lib/libtls.a ../../lib/libdns.a ../../lib/libxsasl.a ../../lib/libmilter.a ../../lib/libglobal.a ../../lib/libutil.a -lldap -llber -lpcre -lssl -lsasl2 -L/usr/local/mysql/lib -lmysqlclient -lz -lm -ldb -lnsl -lresolv       /usr/bin/ld: ../../lib/libtls.a(tls_verify.o): undefined reference to symbol 'X509_STORE_CTX_get_current_cert'       /usr/lib/libcrypto.so.1.0.0: error adding symbols: DSO missing from command line     collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status       Makefile:41: recipe for target 'smtpd' failed       make: *** [smtpd] Error 1       Makefile:46: recipe for target 'update' failed       make: *** [update] Error 1      I have tried many things, in particular reinstalling the libraries (OpenSSL, PCRE, etc). All required libs are accounted for. What might be the problem?


`/proc/$PID/cwd` : is there a POSIX equivalent?

Linux has a `/proc` directory and file‑system, which as far as I can tell, is not part of POSIX. In each `/proc/$PID` subdirectories, is a symbolic link, `cwd`, pointing to the actual working directory of the process of this PID (the `cwd` link is always up to date). This symbolic link is convenient for some use case, like working with distinct shells and exchanging files between the two shells (formally, their working directories). Is there a simple way to get something similar, only using POSIX feature? ### More on the question After a comment, more precision: it does not have to necessarily be a link and an environment variable lile `$<PID>_CWD`, would be as much fine too, although at first sigh, I don't believe such a solution exist. It just has to be easy to refer to (ex. symbolic link or environment variable) and be always up to date each time the other process switch it's working directory. The solution does not need to necessarily be POSIX, and the most important aspect is portability, but POSIX is surely a guarantee.


Print certain fields of each line until a marker is encountered, then print whole lines till the end of file

Hi have the following file                more  file.txt           1 2 3 4 4 2      23 4 5 23 2 3      END_OF_LINE      1 3 7 4 2       23 4 6 7 4 2 1 5       How to print only the fields 4 and 5 and 6 from each line until the line `END_OF_LINE` is encountered, then, starting from that point until the end of file, print the whole line? I have only a partial solution                awk '{print $4" "$5" "$6}'        Example: the desired output for the given input is:                awk syntax ..... file.txt       4 4 2      23 2 3      END_OF_LINE      1 3 7 4 2       23 4 6 7 4 2 1 5


Securely viewing an encrypted file

I have a file that is gpg encrypted. I would like to view the content of the file, but leave no trace of the output. Lets say for example that the encrypted file has some passwords, and I don't want them floating around in memory or wherever. I know the command               gpg -d file_name      will dump the output of the file to STDOUT, but is there a way to make sure that there are no traces of the contents to be found?


How do I make dnsmasq obey the order of servers in resolv.conf

here's the generated resolv.conf               # Generated by resolvconf     nameserver 127.0.0.1     nameserver 208.67.222.222     nameserver 208.67.220.220     nameserver 192.168.1.1      what's going on in the log appears to be, the `resolv.conf` before the network is loaded, and then after.               Dec 25 23:17:50 slave-vi dnsmasq[1051]: ignoring nameserver 127.0.0.1 - local interface     Dec 26 11:18:09 slave-vi dnsmasq[1051]: reading /etc/resolv.conf     Dec 26 11:18:09 slave-vi dnsmasq[1051]: using nameserver 208.67.220.220#53     Dec 26 11:18:09 slave-vi dnsmasq[1051]: using nameserver 208.67.222.222#53     Dec 26 11:18:09 slave-vi dnsmasq[1051]: ignoring nameserver 127.0.0.1 - local interface     Dec 26 11:18:23 slave-vi dnsmasq[1051]: reading /etc/resolv.conf     Dec 26 11:18:23 slave-vi dnsmasq[1051]: using nameserver 192.168.1.1#53     Dec 26 11:18:23 slave-vi dnsmasq[1051]: using nameserver 208.67.220.220#53     Dec 26 11:18:23 slave-vi dnsmasq[1051]: using nameserver 208.67.222.222#53     Dec 26 11:18:23 slave-vi dnsmasq[1051]: ignoring nameserver 127.0.0.1 - local interface      my problem is that the routers dns is becoming the primary dns for the system, which is not what I've specified. This is proven by the fact that opendns will return IP's for even BS domains, but I'm not getting that anymore, which means the protection it generally provides is also gone.


Can ramdisk improve performance when stats show low wait and system cpu use?

I have jobs that do I/O of rates peaking around 200mb/s. On high load (over twice cpu cores) I tried to copy large file and got only few mb/s. Gathered `dstat` show single digits in `wai` and `sys` category and `usr` above 80. Can I expect performance boost by moving I/O to /dev/shm given such experienced ad-hoc low throughput? If so, is large swap good option to prevent out of memory situation? Temporary files are twice amount of usable RAM.


Diff the output of the last two commands

I frequently find myself doing something like the following:               $ big long command 1     $ big long command 2     $ diff -u <(big long command 1) <(big long command 2)      How can I get the shell (`bash` in my case) to construct that third command for me, without the need to cut and paste those big long commands into the `<()`s? (It's obviously fine if the `big long command`s are re-executed; they are assumed to be safe to re-run.)


Unknown source sends "AT+GC" into /dev/rfcomm0 opened by BlueZ

I'm testing a bluetooth application running on an Android device. I registered a dummy service on the device and opened the RFCOMM channels to it from the PC running Ubuntu 12.04:               bluez-test-serial 7C:E9:D3:DE:03:0A 43502780-ef1e-11e2-b778-0800200c9a66      It spawns `/dev/rfcomm0` alright, but immediately after I'm catching channel input on the device side. It reads `AT+GC`. Surprisingly, it seems to happen only the first time after I login. I grepped through the BlueZ sources to no avail. Does anybody know what could be the source of this unsolicited AT command being fed into the channel?


Ffmpeg-php will not compile

FFMPEG:               ffmpeg version N-54768-g8d9c1b3-syslint Copyright (c) 2000-2013 the FFmpeg developers       built on Jul 16 2013 14:40:49 with gcc 4.4.7 (GCC) 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-3)       configuration: --prefix=/usr/local/cpffmpeg --enable-shared --enable-nonfree --enable-gpl --enable-pthreads --enable-libopencore-amrnb --enable-decoder=liba52 --enable-libopencore-amrwb --enable-libfaac --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libtheora --enable-libvorbis --enable-libx264 --enable-libxvid --extra-cflags=-I/usr/local/cpffmpeg/include/ --extra-ldflags=-L/usr/local/cpffmpeg/lib --enable-version3 --extra-version=syslint       libavutil      52. 39.100 / 52. 39.100       libavcodec     55. 18.102 / 55. 18.102       libavformat    55. 12.102 / 55. 12.102       libavdevice    55.  3.100 / 55.  3.100       libavfilter     3. 81.101 /  3. 81.101       libswscale      2.  3.100 /  2.  3.100       libswresample   0. 17.102 /  0. 17.102       libpostproc    52.  3.100 / 52.  3.100     Hyper fast Audio and Video encoder     usage: ffmpeg [options] [[infile options] -i infile]... {[outfile options] outfile}...          Use -h to get full help or, even better, run 'man ffmpeg'      and PHP:               ffmpeg-php-0.6.0]# ./configure && make     checking for grep that handles long lines and -e... /bin/grep     checking for egrep... /bin/grep -E     checking for a sed that does not truncate output... /bin/sed     checking for cc... cc     checking for C compiler default output file name... a.out     checking whether the C compiler works... yes     checking whether we are cross compiling... no     checking for suffix of executables...     checking for suffix of object files... o     checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes     checking whether cc accepts -g... yes     checking for cc option to accept ISO C89... none needed     checking how to run the C preprocessor... cc -E     checking for icc... no     checking for suncc... no     checking whether cc understands -c and -o together... yes     checking for system library directory... lib     checking if compiler supports -R... no     checking if compiler supports -Wl,-rpath,... yes     checking build system type... x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu     checking host system type... x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu     checking target system type... x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu     checking for PHP prefix... /usr/local     checking for PHP includes... -I/usr/local/include/php -I/usr/local/include/php/main -I/usr/local/include/php/TSRM -I/usr/local/include/php/Zend -I/usr/local/include/php/ext -I/usr/local/include/php/ext/date/lib     checking for PHP extension directory... /usr/local/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20090626     checking for PHP installed headers prefix... /usr/local/include/php     checking if debug is enabled... no     checking if zts is enabled... no     checking for re2c... re2c     checking for re2c version... 0.13.5 (ok)     checking for gawk... gawk     checking for ffmpeg support... yes, shared     checking whether to force gd support in ffmpeg-php... no     checking for ffmpeg headers... ...found in /usr/local/include/ffmpeg     checking for ffmpeg libavcodec.so...     configure: error: ffmpeg shared libraries not found. Make sure ffmpeg is compiled as shared libraries using the --enable-shared option      I had everything installed with http://ffmpeginstaller.com/ and I don't know if that was my problem or not. I did try this:                 598  mkdir /usr/local/include/ffmpeg       599  cp -p /usr/src/ffmpegscript/ffmpeg/libavformat/avio.h       600  cp -p /usr/src/ffmpegscript/ffmpeg/libavformat/avio.h /usr/local/include/ffmpeg       601  cp -p /usr/src/ffmpegscript/ffmpeg/libavformat/avformat.h /usr/local/include/ffmpeg       602  cp -p /usr/src/ffmpegscript/ffmpeg/libavcodec/avcodec.h /usr/local/include/ffmpeg


How to cross compile linux kernel for ARM using GNU ARM toolchain?

I'm trying to cross compile latest Linux kernel 3.14 for ARM architecture. When I executed -                make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=/usr/bin/arm-linux-gnueabi-      The terminal gave me an error that:               make: *** No targets specified and no makefile found.  Stop.      I have Ubuntu 12.04 as host system. Currently, I'm following the procedure given in 'Linux kernel in a Nutshell'; still it's giving the error. Please, guide me to the right steps to cross compile it.


Cheapest way to find the oldest file (recursively) from a directory under heavy load

What is the least expensive way to find the oldest file in a directory, including all directories underneath. Assume directory is backed by SAN and under heavy load. There is concern that "ls" could be locking and cause system degradation under heavy load. Edit: Find performs very well under a simple test case - find oldest file amongst 400 gigs of files on an SSD drive took 1/20 seconds. But this is a MacBook Pro Laptop under no load... So it's a bit of an apples to oranges test case. And as an aside what is the best way to find out implementations (underlying algorithms) for such commands?


Loginuid, should be allowed to change or not (mutable or not)?

I am trying to configure the linux kernel. I was confused by `Make audit loginuid immutable (AUDIT_LOGINUID_IMMUTABLE) [N/y/?]`. The help says: > +config AUDIT_LOGINUID_IMMUTABLE   >  \+ bool "Make audit loginuid immutable"   >  \+ depends on AUDIT   >  \+ help   >  \+ The config option toggles if a task setting it's loginuid requires   >  \+ CAP_SYS_AUDITCONTROL or if that task should require no special > permissions   >  \+ but should instead only allow setting its loginuid if it was never   >  \+ previously set. On systems which use systemd or a similar central   >  \+ process to restart login services this should be set to true. On older   >  \+ systems in which an admin would typically have to directly stop and   >  \+ start processes this should be set to false. Setting this to true allows   >  \+ one to drop potentially dangerous capabilites from the login tasks,   >  \+ but may not be backwards compatible with older init systems.   > Is `loginuid` the same as `euid` which can be changed so that, that particular process gains more privilege and permissions? If not, then can you explain it in simpler terms? Is it like, starting the process with more privileges like `sudo [process]` or giving a process more permissions during execution or only people who can execute `su` (system admins or root) can make use of this setting?


What does high, low, negative and constant values from pidstat command mean?

I needed information on the following: Can you please tell me the inference for the following in terms of high, low, negative and constant values from pidstat command in Linux. kB_rd/s, kB_wr/s, kB_ccwr/s, VSZ, RSS, cswch/s, nvcswch/s and Memory. Any directions towards relevant source of information will also be helpful.


Make yakuake outputting correct characters

I have some files that using japanese, korean and chinese characters in their filename, this is the example filename               栗山千明 - おいしい季節決定的三分間.rar      but when i tried to `ls -w1 *.rar` in the `yakuake` console, it shows as:               æ å±±åæ - ããããå£ç¯æ±ºå®çä¸åé.rar      my `locale` output:               LANG=en_CA.UTF-8     LC_CTYPE="en_CA.UTF-8"     LC_NUMERIC="en_CA.UTF-8"     LC_TIME="en_CA.UTF-8"     LC_COLLATE="en_CA.UTF-8"     LC_MONETARY="en_CA.UTF-8"     LC_MESSAGES="en_CA.UTF-8"     LC_PAPER="en_CA.UTF-8"     LC_NAME="en_CA.UTF-8"     LC_ADDRESS="en_CA.UTF-8"     LC_TELEPHONE="en_CA.UTF-8"     LC_MEASUREMENT="en_CA.UTF-8"     LC_IDENTIFICATION="en_CA.UTF-8"     LC_ALL=      I'm using `Ubuntu Mono` font for the console.. Is there a way to fix this?


Connecting to network with terminal

I have a router at home with ESSID of **dlink_home** and **10** digits (0123456789) 64-bit **WEP** encryption of _Open Authentication Type_. I want to connect to it through terminal with bash commands, I tried               ifconfig wlan0 up     iwconfig wlan0 essid dlink_home key s:0123456789     dhclient wlan0      When using s: prefix it gives the following error: > Error for wireless request "Set Encode" (8B2A) : SET failed on device wlan0 > ; Invalid argument. and without it, it doesn't work, as s: prefix is for specifying string key rather than HEX key. The OS I am running is _Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6_.


After installing oh-my-zsh: ... /.zshrc:source:34: no such file or directory ... /.oh-my-zsh/oh-my-zsh.sh

I just tried to install oh-my-zsh. I get the following error when I try to run `rvm`:               zsh: command not found: rvm      I also get the following error when I try to open a new tab:               /Users/jack/.zshrc:source:34: no such file or directory: /Users/jack/.oh-my-zsh/oh-my-zsh.sh     /Users/jack/.zshrc:source:38: no such file or directory: .bashrc      Here's my `.zshrc` file:               # Path to your oh-my-zsh configuration.     ZSH=$HOME/.oh-my-zsh          # Set name of the theme to load.     # Look in ~/.oh-my-zsh/themes/     # Optionally, if you set this to "random", it'll load a random theme each     # time that oh-my-zsh is loaded.     ZSH_THEME="robbyrussell"          # Example aliases     # alias zshconfig="mate ~/.zshrc"     # alias ohmyzsh="mate ~/.oh-my-zsh"          # Set to this to use case-sensitive completion     # CASE_SENSITIVE="true"          # Comment this out to disable weekly auto-update checks     # DISABLE_AUTO_UPDATE="true"          # Uncomment following line if you want to disable colors in ls     # DISABLE_LS_COLORS="true"          # Uncomment following line if you want to disable autosetting terminal title.     # DISABLE_AUTO_TITLE="true"          # Uncomment following line if you want red dots to be displayed while waiting for completion     # COMPLETION_WAITING_DOTS="true"          # Which plugins would you like to load? (plugins can be found in ~/.oh-my-zsh/plugins/*)     # Custom plugins may be added to ~/.oh-my-zsh/custom/plugins/     # Example format: plugins=(rails git textmate ruby lighthouse)     plugins=(git bundler brew gem rvm cscairns)          source $ZSH/oh-my-zsh.sh          # Customize to your needs...          source .bashrc     export PATH=/usr/local/bin:$PATH      What do I need to do to fix these errors?


Routing tables and default routes

I have two rules in my routing tables. The default route, which is to the gateway, and a second route which forwards everything in the network segment to * or to no gateway. Is this second rule necessary so that local packets do not by default go to the router first, or is the nic smart enough to check its own settings and see that if a packet is sending is in it's network segment, not to send it to the gateway?


i3 and XFCE: how to get rid of the Desktop container, float windows and shutdown the machine?

I'm using the i3 Window Manager, and am quite happy so far, but I have a few issues.   1. Using XFCE, my "Desktop" is seen as a separate container (window). That means that when I open a new program in the first workspace, that it will split the screen in two and show Desktop as one window, and the other program in another window. I can minimize the size of the desktop, or use the 'tabbed' option to minimize impact, but this is all not convenient. I want i3 not to treat the Desktop as a Window, at all. If that means 'losing' my Desktop, no problem. I tried 'closing' this window, but my whole session is closed and I return to the initial login screen.    2. There are notification windows from Thunderbird that should float but they appear as new windows instead. I tried adding `for_window [class="xfce4-notifyd"] floating enable` to my config file, but this does not work.    3. How can I shutdown with a keybinding? I tried `bindsym $mod+x exec shutdown` and `bindsym $mod+x exec /home/user/shutdown.sh` (which has `sudo shutdown -Ph now`), but none of them work.  I am using Arch Linux.


Max file size for create_compressed_fs tool

Somebody knows what the maximum size of file could be processed by `create_compressed_fs` tool or used by `/dev/cloop` device? I suspect that it could be the root of the issue. I created "ISO" (UDF) image with: `genisoimage --allow-limited-size` command and then passed it through the `create_compressed_fs`. But mounting on `/dev/cloop` is failed with reason: `cloop: final offset wrong (73........ not 61........)`


What are some common tools for intrusion detection?

Please give a brief description for each tool.


Simple telephone system to record kids' "calls"

My four year old daughter loves playing with an old POTS phone. She has these amazing conversations on it and I thought it would be nice to record them, and perhaps even let her pretend to make calls. So, I have an old G4 Mac Mini with Debian on it. It has a 56k modem built-in. Can I use it to generate a dial tone and push enough voltage for the POTS phone to work? Can I make it record her conversation after she "dials" a number? This page gives the details on my Mini, although the modem is listed as "56.6k v.92 (internal)": http://www.everymac.com/systems/apple/mac_mini/specs/mac_mini_g4_1.25.html


Is there an XML file editor for Linux with grid view support?

I have been using Altova XML Editor on Windows for a long time. It has a wonderful feature that lets you view XML files in "grid view." This makes life easy when reading very complex XML. My question is, is there an XML editor available on Linux with a similar feature? **EDIT** : I am looking for some free alternative. Following is an example of grid view: ![alt text](http://i.stack.imgur.com/Jji1L.gif)


Downsides of umask 077?

What are the cons, for having a restrictive umask of 077? A lot of distros (I believe all, except Red Hat? ) have a default umask of 022, configured in /etc/profile. This seems way too insecure for a non-desktop system, which multiple users are accessing, and security is of concern. On a related note, on Ubuntu, the users' home directories are also created with 755 permissions, and the installer states that this is for making it easier for users to share files. Assuming that users' are comfortable setting permissions by hand to make files shared, this is not a problem. What other downsides are there?


What are PCI quirks?

I hear a lot about PCI quirks when reading about the Linux kernel, but no website explains or defines PCI quirks. What are PCI quirks?


rsync exclude directory not working

I am running Fedora 17 64-bit and the `rsync --exclude=/home/ben/<dir>` is not working as expected. I am trying to `rsync` my home directory to a thumb drive, but I want to exclude certainly directories that hold cache files and build files. This is the command I'm using:               rsync --exclude=/home/ben/build/ --exclude=/home/ben/.ccache -arv /home/ben home-ben/      However, content from the `~/build` and `~/.ccache` is being copied by `rsync`. What am I doing wrong?


Not possible to recover or delete file in a ext4 filesystem

How can I fix a message like this (read after a `dmesg` command)?               EXT4-fs error (device hdb1): ext4_lookup: deleted inode referenced: 119197     EXT4-fs error (device hdb1): ext4_free_inode: bit already cleared for inode 119198     EXT4-fs error (device hdb1): ext4_lookup: deleted inode referenced: 119197     EXT4-fs error (device hdb1): ext4_free_inode: bit already cleared for inode 119217     EXT4-fs warning (device hdb1): ext4_unlink: Deleting nonexistent file (119196), 0     EXT4-fs error (device hdb1): ext4_free_inode: bit already cleared for inode 119201     EXT4-fs error (device hdb1): ext4_lookup: deleted inode referenced: 119197     EXT4-fs error (device hdb1): ext4_lookup: deleted inode referenced: 119197     EXT4-fs error (device hdb1): ext4_lookup: deleted inode referenced: 119197     EXT4-fs error (device hdb1): ext4_lookup: deleted inode referenced: 119197     EXT4-fs error (device hdb1): ext4_lookup: deleted inode referenced: 119197     EXT4-fs error (device hdb1): ext4_lookup: deleted inode referenced: 119197      It seems impossible to retrieve (or delete) a bunch of files. Any suggestions?


What is the purpose of the command "yum list extras"?

According to the man pages, `yum list extras` performs the following action: $ yum list extras [glob_exp1] [...] List the packages installed on the system that are not available in any yum repository listed in the config file. According to another web page, `yum list extras` performs the following: > Show all packages not available via subscribed channels or repositories i.e > show packages installed via other repos: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rhel-centos-fedora-linux-yum-command-howto/ When I run `yum list extras` all the packages come from either base, or updates. Those seem like pretty standard repo locations to me.               [root@mongo-test3 ~]# yum list extras |tail     smartmontools.x86_64                    1:5.42-2.el6                @base/6.3        sos.noarch                              2.2-29.el6                  @base/6.3        strace.x86_64                           4.5.19-1.11.el6_3.2         @updates/6.3     systemtap-runtime.x86_64                1.7-5.el6_3.1               @updates/6.3     tar.x86_64                              2:1.23-7.el6                @base/6.3        tcsh.x86_64                             6.17-19.el6_2               @base/6.3        udev.x86_64                             147-2.42.el6                @updates/6.3     util-linux-ng.x86_64                    2.17.2-12.7.el6_3           @updates/6.3     virt-what.x86_64                        1.11-1.1.el6                @base/6.3        yum.noarch                              3.2.29-30.el6.centos        @base/6.3       I've even tried the following. It still is not clear to me what qualifies as `extras`               [root@mongo-test3 ~]# yum list > /tmp/yum_list.txt     [root@mongo-test3 ~]# yum list extras > /tmp/yum_list_extras.txt      `$ vimdiff /tmp/yum_list.txt /tmp/yum_list_extras.txt` ![ss of vimdiff](http://i.stack.imgur.com/gLqwT.png) Update #1: **Version**   CentOS 6.4               [root@mongo-test3 tmp]# ls /etc/yum.repos.d/     10gen.repo  centos-base.repo  epel.repo  epel-testing.repo  puppetlabs.repo     [root@mongo-test3 tmp]# uname -a          Linux mongo-test3 2.6.32-279.22.1.el6.x86_64 #1 SMP Wed Feb 6 03:10:46 UTC 2013 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux


incrontab reports modifying a file that doesn't exists

I have created this incrontab entry:               /tmp IN_ALL_EVENTS /home/me/changes.sh $@/$# $%      and this script (changes.sh):               #!/bin/bash      echo "file $1  changed(flgs: $2)" >> /home/me/changes.log      When I use `tail -f /home/me/changes.log` it repeatedly prints this lines:               file /tmp/vteH1QPVW  changed(flgs: IN_MODIFY)     file /tmp/vteNZQPVW  changed(flgs: IN_MODIFY)     file /tmp/vteH1QPVW  changed(flgs: IN_MODIFY)     file /tmp/vteH1QPVW  changed(flgs: IN_MODIFY)     file /tmp/vteNZQPVW  changed(flgs: IN_MODIFY)     file /tmp/vteH1QPVW  changed(flgs: IN_MODIFY)     file /tmp/vteNZQPVW  changed(flgs: IN_MODIFY)     file /tmp/vteH1QPVW  changed(flgs: IN_MODIFY)     file /tmp/vteNZQPVW  changed(flgs: IN_MODIFY)     file /tmp/vteH1QPVW  changed(flgs: IN_MODIFY)     file /tmp/vteH1QPVW  changed(flgs: IN_MODIFY)     file /tmp/vteNZQPVW  changed(flgs: IN_MODIFY)     file /tmp/vteNZQPVW  changed(flgs: IN_MODIFY)     file /tmp/vteNZQPVW  changed(flgs: IN_MODIFY)     file /tmp/vteH1QPVW  changed(flgs: IN_MODIFY)     file /tmp/vteH1QPVW  changed(flgs: IN_MODIFY)      What these files could be? I can't find them in the `/tmp` directory. I also don't see any `IN_DELETE` flag for these files in the log file.


encfs encryted encfs6.xml itself

I am new to EncFS, I did the following:   1. I encrypted a folder using `encfs ~/.folder ~/folder`   2. Afterwards, I changed the password with `encfsctl passwd ~/.folder` Now, I cannot access my files anymore, because the `.encfs6.xml` file got encrypted itself. Can I do anything about this? It is very urgent for me to access the files. I still have the files, know the password and also saved the encrypted `.encfs6.xml` file. Any chance I can recover the files/decrypt the `.encfs6.xml` file?


Why does adding a non-VLANed interface to a bridge break the VLANed interfaces?

I'm working with VLANs on briges and have found that if I add a non-VLAN interface to any bridge, it breaks all the VLAN interfaces - packets leave just fine, but the return packets (which are appropriately VLAN tagged) are getting dropped somewhere. The minute I drop the non-VLAN interface from the bridge, the VLAN interfaces start working again. What is the reason for this? Is it a bug? To clear up any possible questions:               #setup bridges and vlans     vconfig add eth0 2     vconfig add eth0 3     brctl addbr br2     brctl addbr br3     brctl addif br2 eth2.2     brctl addif br3 eth2.3     ip link set dev br2 up     ip link set dev br3 up          #wait for forwarding state and test     arping -I br2 10.10.10.1     #this works - I get replies     arping -I br3 192.168.1.1     #this works - I get replies          brctl addbr br0     brctl addif eth0          arping -I br2 10.10.10.1     #broken - no replies. Wireshark shows reply packets coming in exactly as before.     arping -I br3 192.168.1.1     #also broken          ip link set br0 up     #wait for forwarding mode, then...     arping -I br3 192.168.1.1     #still broken          brctl delif br0 eth0     arping -I br3 192.168.1.1     #working again!


How to temporarily disable the Escape key in a Terminal?

I am parsing keyboard input via `read -n 1` and I haven't found a way to distinguish between an actual key-press of the `Escape` key and the first Escape character (byte) of a control sequence generated by some other key- press, eg. `LEFT`, `RIGHT`... I don't need the `Escape` key during the `read`, so disabling it should solve the problem. Is there some way to disable or re-assign just the `Escape` key in a localized manner? ...for just the current terminal, and for just the current script.


read line by line and take a string in line and assign that string to the subsequent line using perl

Data file is fixed length file, and I want to read file line by line and take a string from the current line, and then append that string to the subsequent line and write into another file. For example1, given the file:               AAABBBB11115678xxxx     BBBCCCC22221234YYYY     MTD0001abcdARN12345 abcdedfg     AA 0002bcde     BB 0003defg     CCCDDDD33331234zzzz     MTD0003qwerTRN56789 defghigk     AA 9876bvcn     BB 8765zxcv     XXXBBBB11115678aaaa     YYYCCCC22221234bbbb      The output should be:               AAABBBB11115678xxxx     BBBCCCC22221234YYYY     MTD0001abcdARN12345 abcdedfg     AA 0002bcdeARN12345     BB 0003defgARN12345     CCCDDDD33331234zzzz     MTD0003qwerARN56789 defghigk     AA 9876bvcnARN56789     BB 8765zxcvARN56789     XXXBBBB11115678aaaa     YYYCCCC22221234bbbb      Can you help me implement this with Perl? For example2, given the file:               AAABBBB11115678xxxxbedfgd     BBBCCCC22221234YYYYabcd     MTD0001abcdARN12345 abcdedfg 12345abcd     AA 0002bcde     BB 0003defg     CCCDDDD33331234zzzzqwerty     MTD0003qwerTRN56789 defghigk 45677defg     AA 9876bvcn     BB 8765zxcv     XXXBBBB11115678aaaazeftfy     YYYCCCC22221234bbbbefgydy      The output should be:               AAABBBB11115678xxxxbedfgd     BBBCCCC22221234YYYYabcd     MTD0001abcdARN12345 abcdedfg 12345abcd     AA 0002bcdeARN12345     BB 0003defgARN12345     CCCDDDD33331234zzzzqwerty     MTD0003qwerARN56789 defghigk 45677defg     AA 9876bvcnARN56789     BB 8765zxcvARN56789     XXXBBBB11115678aaaazeftfy     YYYCCCC22221234bbbbefgydy      Can you help me implement the above example 2 this with Perl?


SSH tunnel to VNC on a Windows 7 system. Error: Tunnel device open failed

The system I'm trying to SSH from is Fedora 20 x86_64. The system tunneling to is Windows 7 Ultimate 32-bit and it has Cygwin installed with TigerVNC and OpenSSH.   * VNC is running on Windows 7 on port 2= Host:2   * XWinServer is running on Windows 7 in cygwin. This works `vncviewer Hostname:2`. When I run this command:               $ ssh -L 5902:localhost:5902 User@HostName -p port      I get this error but get connected through SSH to the Windows system:               Tunnel device failed.     Could not request tunnel forwarding      Here is the debug:               $ ssh -vvv -L 5902:localhost:5980 UserName@HostName -p Port     OpenSSH_6.4, OpenSSL 1.0.1e-fips 11 Feb 2013     debug1: Reading configuration data /home/UserName/.ssh/config     debug1: /home/UserName/.ssh/config line 20: Applying options for *     debug1: /home/UserName/.ssh/config line 54: Applying options for *     debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh/ssh_config     debug1: /etc/ssh/ssh_config line 20: Applying options for *     debug1: /etc/ssh/ssh_config line 54: Applying options for *     debug2: ssh_connect: needpriv 0     debug1: Connecting to HostName [HostName] port Port.     debug2: fd 3 setting O_NONBLOCK     debug1: fd 3 clearing O_NONBLOCK     debug1: Connection established.     debug3: timeout: 499999 ms remain after connect     debug1: identity file /home/UserName/.ssh/id_rsa type -1     debug1: identity file /home/UserName/.ssh/id_rsa-cert type -1     debug1: identity file /home/UserName/.ssh/id_dsa type -1     debug1: identity file /home/UserName/.ssh/id_dsa-cert type -1     debug1: identity file /home/UserName/.ssh/id_ecdsa type -1     debug1: identity file /home/UserName/.ssh/id_ecdsa-cert type -1     debug1: Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0     debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_6.4     debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version OpenSSH_6.6     debug1: match: OpenSSH_6.6 pat OpenSSH*     debug2: fd 3 setting O_NONBLOCK     debug3: put_host_port: [HostName]:Port     debug3: load_hostkeys: loading entries for host "[HostName]:Port" from file "/home/UserName/.ssh/known_hosts"     debug3: load_hostkeys: found key type ECDSA in file /home/UserName/.ssh/known_hosts:5     debug3: load_hostkeys: loaded 1 keys     debug3: order_hostkeyalgs: prefer hostkeyalgs: ecdsa-sha2-nistp256-cert-v01@openssh.com,ecdsa-sha2-nistp384-cert-v01@openssh.com,ecdsa-sha2-nistp521-cert-v01@openssh.com,ecdsa-sha2-nistp256,ecdsa-sha2-nistp384,ecdsa-sha2-nistp521     debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent     debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: ecdh-sha2-nistp256,ecdh-sha2-nistp384,ecdh-sha2-nistp521,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1,diffie-hellman-group14-sha1,diffie-hellman-group1-sha1     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: ecdsa-sha2-nistp256-cert-v01@openssh.com,ecdsa-sha2-nistp384-cert-v01@openssh.com,ecdsa-sha2-nistp521-cert-v01@openssh.com,ecdsa-sha2-nistp256,ecdsa-sha2-nistp384,ecdsa-sha2-nistp521,ssh-rsa-cert-v01@openssh.com,ssh-dss-cert-v01@openssh.com,ssh-rsa-cert-v00@openssh.com,ssh-dss-cert-v00@openssh.com,ssh-rsa,ssh-dss     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,arcfour256,arcfour128,aes128-gcm@openssh.com,aes256-gcm@openssh.com,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,arcfour,rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,arcfour256,arcfour128,aes128-gcm@openssh.com,aes256-gcm@openssh.com,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,arcfour,rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-etm@openssh.com,umac-64-etm@openssh.com,umac-128-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-512-etm@openssh.com,hmac-ripemd160-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96-etm@openssh.com,hmac-md5-96-etm@openssh.com,hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,umac-64@openssh.com,umac-128@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-ripemd160,hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-etm@openssh.com,umac-64-etm@openssh.com,umac-128-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-512-etm@openssh.com,hmac-ripemd160-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96-etm@openssh.com,hmac-md5-96-etm@openssh.com,hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,umac-64@openssh.com,umac-128@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-ripemd160,hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,zlib@openssh.com,zlib     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,zlib@openssh.com,zlib     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit:      debug2: kex_parse_kexinit:      debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: first_kex_follows 0      debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: reserved 0      debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: curve25519-sha256@libssh.org,ecdh-sha2-nistp256,ecdh-sha2-nistp384,ecdh-sha2-nistp521,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1,diffie-hellman-group14-sha1,diffie-hellman-group1-sha1     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: ssh-rsa,ssh-dss,ecdsa-sha2-nistp256,ssh-ed25519     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,arcfour256,arcfour128,aes128-gcm@openssh.com,aes256-gcm@openssh.com,chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,arcfour,rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,arcfour256,arcfour128,aes128-gcm@openssh.com,aes256-gcm@openssh.com,chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,arcfour,rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-etm@openssh.com,umac-64-etm@openssh.com,umac-128-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-512-etm@openssh.com,hmac-ripemd160-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96-etm@openssh.com,hmac-md5-96-etm@openssh.com,hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,umac-64@openssh.com,umac-128@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-ripemd160,hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-etm@openssh.com,umac-64-etm@openssh.com,umac-128-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-512-etm@openssh.com,hmac-ripemd160-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96-etm@openssh.com,hmac-md5-96-etm@openssh.com,hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,umac-64@openssh.com,umac-128@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-ripemd160,hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,zlib@openssh.com     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,zlib@openssh.com     debug2: kex_parse_kexinit:      debug2: kex_parse_kexinit:      debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: first_kex_follows 0      debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: reserved 0      debug2: mac_setup: found hmac-md5-etm@openssh.com     debug1: kex: server->client aes128-ctr hmac-md5-etm@openssh.com none     debug2: mac_setup: found hmac-md5-etm@openssh.com     debug1: kex: client->server aes128-ctr hmac-md5-etm@openssh.com none     debug1: sending SSH2_MSG_KEX_ECDH_INIT     debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_ECDH_REPLY     debug1: Server host key: ECDSA b5:05:1a:33:1b:44:21:ae:00:37:0f:2b:24:ae:41:26     debug3: put_host_port: [HostName]:Port     debug3: put_host_port: [HostName]:Port     debug3: load_hostkeys: loading entries for host "[HostName]:Port" from file "/home/UserName/.ssh/known_hosts"     debug3: load_hostkeys: found key type ECDSA in file /home/UserName/.ssh/known_hosts:5     debug3: load_hostkeys: loaded 1 keys     debug3: load_hostkeys: loading entries for host "[192.168.1.69]:34500" from file "/home/UserName/.ssh/known_hosts"     debug3: load_hostkeys: found key type ECDSA in file /home/UserName/.ssh/known_hosts:5     debug3: load_hostkeys: loaded 1 keys     debug1: Host '[HostName]:34500' is known and matches the ECDSA host key.     debug1: Found key in /home/UserName/.ssh/known_hosts:5     debug1: ssh_ecdsa_verify: signature correct     debug2: kex_derive_keys     debug2: set_newkeys: mode 1     debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent     debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS     debug2: set_newkeys: mode 0     debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received     debug1: Roaming not allowed by server     debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST sent     debug2: service_accept: ssh-userauth     debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received     debug2: key: /home/UserName/.ssh/id_rsa ((nil)),     debug2: key: /home/UserName/.ssh/id_dsa ((nil)),     debug2: key: /home/UserName/.ssh/id_ecdsa ((nil)),     debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password,keyboard-interactive     debug3: start over, passed a different list publickey,password,keyboard-interactive     debug3: preferred gssapi-keyex,gssapi-with-mic,publickey,keyboard-interactive,password     debug3: authmethod_lookup publickey     debug3: remaining preferred: keyboard-interactive,password     debug3: authmethod_is_enabled publickey     debug1: Next authentication method: publickey     debug1: Trying private key: /home/UserName/.ssh/id_rsa     debug3: no such identity: /home/UserName/.ssh/id_rsa: No such file or directory     debug1: Trying private key: /home/UserName/.ssh/id_dsa     debug3: no such identity: /home/UserName/.ssh/id_dsa: No such file or directory     debug1: Trying private key: /home/UserName/.ssh/id_ecdsa     debug3: no such identity: /home/UserName/.ssh/id_ecdsa: No such file or directory     debug2: we did not send a packet, disable method     debug3: authmethod_lookup keyboard-interactive     debug3: remaining preferred: password     debug3: authmethod_is_enabled keyboard-interactive     debug1: Next authentication method: keyboard-interactive     debug2: userauth_kbdint     debug2: we sent a keyboard-interactive packet, wait for reply     debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password,keyboard-interactive     debug3: userauth_kbdint: disable: no info_req_seen     debug2: we did not send a packet, disable method     debug3: authmethod_lookup password     debug3: remaining preferred:      debug3: authmethod_is_enabled password     debug1: Next authentication method: password     UserName@HostName's password:      debug3: packet_send2: adding 48 (len 68 padlen 12 extra_pad 64)     debug2: we sent a password packet, wait for reply     debug1: Authentication succeeded (password).     Authenticated to HostName ([192.168.1.69]:34500).     debug1: Local connections to LOCALHOST:5902 forwarded to remote address localhost:5980     debug3: channel_setup_fwd_listener: type 2 wildcard 0 addr NULL     debug3: sock_set_v6only: set socket 4 IPV6_V6ONLY     debug1: Local forwarding listening on ::1 port 5902.     debug2: fd 4 setting O_NONBLOCK     debug3: fd 4 is O_NONBLOCK     debug1: channel 0: new [port listener]     debug1: Local forwarding listening on 127.0.0.1 port 5902.     debug2: fd 5 setting O_NONBLOCK     debug3: fd 5 is O_NONBLOCK     debug1: channel 1: new [port listener]     debug1: Requesting tun unit 2147483647 in mode 1     debug1: sys_tun_open: failed to configure tunnel (mode 1): Operation not permitted     Tunnel device open failed.     Could not request tunnel forwarding.     debug1: channel 2: new [client-session]     debug3: ssh_session2_open: channel_new: 2     debug2: channel 2: send open     debug1: Requesting no-more-sessions@openssh.com     debug1: Entering interactive session.     debug2: callback start     debug2: fd 3 setting TCP_NODELAY     debug3: packet_set_tos: set IP_TOS 0x10     debug2: client_session2_setup: id 2     debug2: channel 2: request pty-req confirm 1     debug1: Sending environment.     debug3: Ignored env XDG_VTNR     debug3: Ignored env DREAL_TECHNO_NAME     debug3: Ignored env MANPATH     debug3: Ignored env VH_PATSFX     debug3: Ignored env SSH_AGENT_PID     debug3: Ignored env KDE_MULTIHEAD     debug3: Ignored env TPD_GLOBAL     debug3: Ignored env XDG_SESSION_ID     debug3: Ignored env DM_CONTROL     debug3: Ignored env HOSTNAME     debug3: Ignored env IMSETTINGS_INTEGRATE_DESKTOP     debug3: Ignored env GPG_AGENT_INFO     debug3: Ignored env MBK_IN_PH     debug3: Ignored env TERM     debug3: Ignored env SHELL     debug3: Ignored env XDG_MENU_PREFIX     debug3: Ignored env XSCH_PARAM_NAME     debug3: Ignored env HISTSIZE     debug3: Ignored env XDM_MANAGED     debug3: Ignored env GTK2_RC_FILES     debug3: Ignored env KONSOLE_DBUS_SERVICE     debug3: Ignored env KONSOLE_PROFILE_NAME     debug3: Ignored env VH_MAXERR     debug3: Ignored env GTK_RC_FILES     debug3: Ignored env GS_LIB     debug3: Ignored env WINDOWID     debug3: Ignored env QTDIR     debug3: Ignored env RDS_OUT     debug3: Ignored env GNOME_KEYRING_CONTROL     debug3: Ignored env QTINC     debug3: Ignored env SHELL_SESSION_ID     debug3: Ignored env XFSM_PARAM_NAME     debug3: Ignored env ALLIANCE_TOP     debug3: Ignored env GRAAL_TECHNO_NAME     debug3: Ignored env KDE_FULL_SESSION     debug3: Ignored env TPD_LOCAL     debug3: Ignored env IMSETTINGS_MODULE     debug3: Ignored env QT_GRAPHICSSYSTEM_CHECKED     debug3: Ignored env USER     debug3: Ignored env LS_COLORS     debug3: Ignored env LD_LIBRARY_PATH     debug3: Ignored env SSH_AUTH_SOCK     debug3: Ignored env SESSION_MANAGER     debug3: Ignored env DESKTOP_SESSION     debug3: Ignored env PATH     debug3: Ignored env MAIL     debug3: Ignored env MBK_SCALE_X     debug3: Ignored env QT_IM_MODULE     debug3: Ignored env MBK_CATAL_NAME     debug3: Ignored env PWD     debug1: Sending env XMODIFIERS = @im=none     debug2: channel 2: request env confirm 0     debug3: Ignored env KONSOLE_DBUS_WINDOW     debug3: Ignored env MBK_OUT_PH     debug1: Sending env LANG = en_US.UTF-8     debug2: channel 2: request env confirm 0     debug3: Ignored env KDE_IS_PRELINKED     debug3: Ignored env GNOME_KEYRING_PID     debug3: Ignored env KDE_SESSION_UID     debug3: Ignored env GENVIEW_TECHNO_NAME     debug3: Ignored env RDS_IN     debug3: Ignored env MBK_SPI_MODEL     debug3: Ignored env KDEDIRS     debug3: Ignored env MBK_OUT_LO     debug3: Ignored env KONSOLE_DBUS_SESSION     debug3: Ignored env MBK_VSS     debug3: Ignored env HISTCONTROL     debug3: Ignored env VH_BEHSFX     debug3: Ignored env SSH_ASKPASS     debug3: Ignored env GPG_TTY     debug3: Ignored env COLORFGBG     debug3: Ignored env SHLVL     debug3: Ignored env XDG_SEAT     debug3: Ignored env HOME     debug3: Ignored env KDE_SESSION_VERSION     debug1: Sending env LANGUAGE =      debug2: channel 2: request env confirm 0     debug3: Ignored env MBK_C4_LIB     debug3: Ignored env MBK_VDD     debug3: Ignored env MBK_TARGET_LIB     debug3: Ignored env XCURSOR_THEME     debug3: Ignored env RDS_TECHNO_NAME     debug3: Ignored env LOGNAME     debug3: Ignored env VH_DLYSFX     debug3: Ignored env QTLIB     debug3: Ignored env CVS_RSH     debug3: Ignored env DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS     debug3: Ignored env XDG_DATA_DIRS     debug3: Ignored env MBK_IN_LO     debug3: Ignored env LESSOPEN     debug3: Ignored env MBK_WORK_LIB     debug3: Ignored env XPAT_PARAM_NAME     debug3: Ignored env WINDOWPATH     debug3: Ignored env PROFILEHOME     debug3: Ignored env XDG_RUNTIME_DIR     debug3: Ignored env DISPLAY     debug3: Ignored env QT_PLUGIN_PATH     debug3: Ignored env XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP     debug3: Ignored env GTK_IM_MODULE     debug3: Ignored env ELP_TECHNO_NAME     debug3: Ignored env MBK_CATA_LIB     debug3: Ignored env CCACHE_HASHDIR     debug3: Ignored env XAUTHORITY     debug3: Ignored env _     debug2: channel 2: request shell confirm 1     debug2: callback done     debug2: channel 2: open confirm rwindow 0 rmax 32768     debug2: channel_input_status_confirm: type 99 id 2     debug2: PTY allocation request accepted on channel 2     debug2: channel 2: rcvd adjust 2097152     debug2: channel_input_status_confirm: type 99 id 2     debug2: shell request accepted on channel 2     Last login: Tue Apr 15 07:37:45 2014 from HostName.lan           ____________________,             ______________________________________        .QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQL_         |                                      |      .gQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ__   |                                      |      gQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ==   |                    _.---.)           |      QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQF=         |          (^--^)_.-"      `;          |      QQQQQQQQQ================!            |          ) ee (           |          |      QQQQQQQQ                              |         (_.__._)         /           |      QQQQQQQQ                              |           `--',        ,'            |      QQQQQQQQ     ~"jjj__,                 |            jgs )_|--')_|             |      QQQQQQQQ       "jjjjjjjjjj___         |                ""'   ""'             |      QQQQQQQQ        ~jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj__  |                                      |      QQQQQQQQ        _jjjjjjjjjjjjjj/~~~~  |      The Hippo says: Welcome to      |      QQQQQQQQ      .{jjjjjjj/~~~~~         |                             _        |      QQQQQQQQ     .{/~~~~`                 |  ____  _   _   ____  _ _ _ (_) ____  |      QQQQQQQQ                              | / ___)| | | | / _  || | | || ||  _ \ |      QQQQQQQQ                              |( (___ | |_| |( (_| || | | || || | | ||      QQQQQQQQQL_______________,            | \____) \__  | \___ | \___/ |_||_| |_||      QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQL___       |        (___/  (____|                 |      4QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ___  |                                      |      (=QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ====   |       -.-. -.-- --. .-- .. -.        |        (QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQF=         |______________________________________|               UserName@HostName ~     $


Modifying a set of binary files

I have several binary files with the character 0x04 in them, and I'd like to add an escape `\` character before each. Is there a script I can use to do this without needing to manually edit each one?