Data Science, Statistics, Analytics, Experiment, Causality.
increase in Y translates to a (X → Y) × (Y → Z) increase in Z. We can estimate the causal effect of X on Z using two different ways: regress Z~X. No need to adjust for Y. The coefficient is the total effect. regress Z~X+Y and regress Y~X. Then compute the total effect algebraically. Why bother with