Machine Learning, Causal Inference, Meta Learning, Instruments, Observational Studies.
treatment assignment. The potential outcome {Yᵢ(0), Yᵢ(1)} corresponds to the outcome we would have observed given the treatment assignment tᵢ = 0 or 1, respectively, such that Yᵢ = Yᵢ(tᵢ). Assuming unconfoundedness, i.e., the treatment assignment is randomized once we control for the features xᵢ,