NLP, Machine Learning, Causality, Editors Pick, Hands On Tutorials.
estimand for confounding, in other words, adjust the ATEₚᵣₒₓᵧ for Z_tilde. This is made possible using CausalBERT, a pre-trained language model, to measure T_hat. The other advantage of this approach is that the bias due to the proxy label is bounded, such that it is benign — “it can only decrease