Causal Inference, Instrumental Variables, Stats 361, Stanford, Data Science.
effect formula under confounded situation (All of the formula numbers follow those of Wager (2020)) When unconfoundedness is assumed, the formula for calculating ATE is: where Y_i(or Y_i(W_i)) is the outcome of i-th sample (assuming Y_i(0) is the outcome in a control group and Y_i(0) is the one in