Causality, Causal Inference, Philosophy Of Science, Ethical Ai, Mediation Analysis.
organises simple statistical queries, P(Y|X), interventional queries, P(Y|do(X)), and counterfactual queries, P(Y|u, do(X = x)) into what he calls “The Ladder of Causation”. Pearl associates words “imagining”, “retrospection”, and “understanding” with counterfactual reasoning (”the top-rung of the