Causality, Causal Inference, Philosophy Of Science, Ethical Ai, Mediation Analysis.
situation/system/individual). Mathematically, in terms of a structural causal model, NIE(X = x → X = x’) = E[f_Y(x, f_M(x’, u_M), u_Y)] − E[f_Y(x, f_M(x, u_M), u_Y)], The only difference of which from the expression for NDE(X = x → X = x’) is the switch of x and x’ in the first half of the