NLP, Machine Learning, Causality, Editors Pick, Hands On Tutorials.
effect on both the treatment Ti and the outcome Yi. Source: Veitch et al. (2020). The confounding effect of Wᵢ results in a spurious correlation, which can also be referred to as “open backdoor paths that induce non-causal associations” (Pryzant et al., 2021). I have previously discussed spurious