Causality, Causal Inference, Backdoor, Frontdoor, Instrumental Variable.
covariates_fit <- lm(y~x+bd, data = df) summary(covariates_fit) Applying this method to the data from our simulation we find that the causal effect of X on Y is b_covariates = 1.01. Based on this analysis, if you exercise you will live one year longer. Notice that this estimate is not only