Model Diagnostics, Machine Learning.
significant impact to the robustness test results. We will talk about two methods of perturbation here. Raw perturbation: Directly add i.i.d. Gaussian noise N(0, λ var(x)) to x, where λ is the perturbation size. However, this method may not be suitable when The data is discrete, e.g., 1, 2, 3, …