Statistics, Covariance Matrix, Eigenvectors, Pca Analysis, Machine Learning.
Σ[(Xi — μX) * (Yi — μY)] / (n — 1) Where: Xi and Yi are data points of variables X and Y. μX and μY are the means of variables X and Y. n is the number of data points. If Cov(X, Y) is positive, it indicates a positive relationship. If it’s negative, it suggests a negative relationship. If it’s