Causality, Causal Inference, Philosophy Of Science, Ethical Ai, Mediation Analysis.
counterfactual queries (as well as the authors of [2]). In do-notation, counterfactual queries can be written as P(Y|u, do(X = x)) where u abbreviates all specific values u_x, u_y, etc. assumed by random variables U_X, U_Y, etc. for the concrete unit in the question. “The Ladder of Causation” Pearl