Causality, Causal Inference, Backdoor, Frontdoor, Instrumental Variable.
olink=”identity”, elink=”identity”, estimation.method=”dr”, data=df) summary(dr_fit) The causal effect is b_doubly_robust = 1.01, again very similar to the previous other adjustment methods. 5. Instrumental variable (Observing X, Y and IV) What if you know that BD exists, but you cannot measure it?