Machine Learning, Causal Inference, Meta Learning, Instruments, Observational Studies.
assignment to a treatment given a vector of observed covariates x, then in the weighting method the outcome of the treated units is weighted by w(x) = 1 / e(x) while the control units are weighed as: w(x) = 1 / (1- e(x) ) Figure 2: Inverse propensity weighting example After re-weighting, the IPW