Data Science, Causality, Statistics, Advertising, Python.
note that the above is a plot of E[Y|X=x], or the average value of Y at x, where Y is the CTR and X is the title length. What we really want is an estimator for E[Y|do(X=x)] where do(X=x) refers to the action of actively changing X to a specific value . That is, we generate a similar plot, but