Causality, Causal Inference, Backdoor, Frontdoor, Instrumental Variable.
IV (instrumental variables), which for our illustration could be proximity to a sport facility. We can instantiate this causal graph with the following model: IV = U BD = U X = { 0, if IV — BD + U <= 0 1, if IV — BD + U > 0} FD = X + U Y = 65 + FD + BD + U Model 1: Structural Causal Model