Causal Inference, Causality, Econometrics, Statistics, Getting Started.
individual effect Yᵢ(1)-Yᵢ(0), we can measure the Average Treatment Effect (ATE): E[Yᵢ(1)-Yᵢ(0)]. However, this Average Treatment Effect is biased if you have systematic differences between the two groups other than the treatment. To go beyond this short introduction you can refer to the two