Data Science, Analytics, Causal Inference, Towards Data Science.
$1.18 $0.70 * 50% + $1.30 * 50% = $1.00 Pictorially, … resulting in We can see now how confounding did its mischief. The mix of New and Returning in each of the groups (i.e. columns) was different from group to group. If the mix is not nearly identical, strange things are possible — for example,