Optimization, Programming, Python, Evolutionary Algorithms, Editors Pick.
are likely to get stuck in these points. When local optima are not enough, DE is a much more efficient tool. Let us add some multimodal terms to our objective function. # In the nonconvex problem we add some periodical terms def obj_fun_2(x): A = np.array([[1, 0.3], [0.3, 0.7]]) xt = x.dot(A)