Machine Learning, Data Science, Programming, Artificial Intelligence, Python.
is determined by calculating the expectation of this observable over our quantum state. This is expressed as ⟨ψ|σ_z|ψ⟩, where ⟨ψ| denotes the complex conjugate of |ψ⟩. The result falls within the range of [-1, 1]. No need to stress over those complex mathematical equations — our trusty library,