Lk 99, Superconductivity, Quantum Physics, Science, Innovation.
lines (flux lines) within defects in the superconducting material. The details of flux pinning are generally described by the Ginzburg-Landau theory and Abrikosov vortices. According to Ginzburg-Landau theory, the order parameter Ψ, which characterizes the superconducting state, can be written as Ψ