Dirac, Quantum, Quantum Physics, Study, Learning.
Inner products quantify the similarity between quantum states and are important in calculating probabilities and measuring observables in quantum systems. The inner product of two states |ψ⟩ and |φ⟩ is written as ⟨ψ|φ⟩ and its solution is an complex number. When a quantum state |ψ⟩ undergoes a