Reinforcement Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Data Science, Statistics.
a_t_1 #3. HOLDING COST holding_cost = h * x_t_1 #4. OPPORTUNITY COST actual_demand = d_t demand_satisfied = x_t_1 #because in d>x, we can only sell x profit = p - c #profit = 0.5 opportunity_cost = profit * (actual_demand - demand_satisfied) * (actual_demand>demand_satisfied) #5. RETURN COST