Data Science, Causality, Statistics, Advertising, Python.
data points with values Y, X, Z as N(Y, X, Z), and the overall count of data points as N. We get, and in a slight abuse of notation, we can re-write this count as, which becomes, which is our final estimator for E[f(Y)|do(X)]. This is just a weighted average of f(Y) over the data! You can get the