Gradient Descent, Machine Learning.
differently from the way you read an English sentence. δ(y=1) is the Dirac delta function; it is 1 if and only if y=1, and 0 otherwise. Meanwhile, δ(y=−1) is 1 if and only if y=−1. Meanwhile p(1|xᵢ) representations that probability that the observed sample xᵢ belong to class 1. You may find it