Causality, Causal Inference, Backdoor, Frontdoor, Instrumental Variable.
bd) return(df) } path_weights <- c(1,-1,1,1,1) df <- generate_df(n = 10000, path_weights) 3. Naive estimate (Observing X and Y) A naive estimate of the causal effect of X on Y could simply be obtained from the regression coefficient of X predicting Y. In this example, the causal effect is b_naive =