Causality, Causal Inference, Backdoor, Frontdoor, Instrumental Variable.
x_fd_fit$coefficients[2]*fd_y_fit$coefficients[2] Using front-door adjustment we estimate the causal effect of X on Y to be b_fd = 1.03. 7. Cross-method agreement While I understand why some of the methods should return equivalent or very close estimates, I still find it both striking and somewhat