Data Analysis, Chemometrics, Spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy, Cosmic Rays.
of a raw score x(i) is calculated as: z(i) = (x(i)-μ) / σ where μ is the mean and σ is the standard deviation of the population x (x(i) represent the values of a single Raman spectrum). More in detail information on how to detect outliers using Z-score approaches can be found in reference [3].