Causality, Causal Inference, Philosophy Of Science, Ethical Ai, Mediation Analysis.
expression. If we also define total causal effect (TE) in terms of SCM as TE(X = x → X = x’) = E[f_Y(x', f_M(x’, u_M), u_Y)] − E[f_Y(x, f_M(x, u_M), u_Y)], it’s easy to notice that TE(X = x → X = x’) != NDE(X = x → X = x’) + NIE(X = x → X = x’), which might seem surprising, but is internally