Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Llm, ChatGPT, Gpt 3.
Hutchinson’s trace estimator (Hutchinson, 1990) is invoked, giving an unbiased estimate of the trace of matrix A: provided that the elements of z~qz are IID with E[zi] = 0 and Var(zi)=1. To use the above Equation 2 to estimate the trace of the Hessian, the expectation of the directional second