Probability, Judea Pearl, Bayesian Inference, Determinism, Newton.
Read my article in the AI journal here on the topic :- https://aijourn.com/is-there-a-50-chance-of-heads-the-next-time-you-toss-a-coin-understanding-probability-is-key-to-making-progress-in-ai-in-the-next-decade/  Introduction Probability theory has long been a cornerstone of mathematics and