Heartbeat, Machine Learning, Loss Function, Data Science.
as: Where n is the total number of observations in our dataset. Example: import numpy as np def mean_absolute_percentage_error(actual_value, pred): abs_error = (np.abs(actual_value - pred)) / actual_value sum_abs_error = np.sum(abs_error) mape_loss_perc = (sum_abs_error / true.size) * 100 return