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and |𝐴𝑥⃗| represents the magnitude of 𝐴𝑥⃗. Let’s see how we can compute this: We want to find the minimum value of |𝐴𝑥⃗|, which is the same as finding the minimum value of |𝐴𝑥⃗|². Now, |𝐴𝑥⃗|² can be written as (𝐴𝑥⃗)⊺(𝐴𝑥⃗), which in turn can be written as 𝑥⃗⊺𝐴⊺𝐴𝑥⃗. Now, 𝑥⃗⊺𝐴⊺𝐴𝑥⃗ = 𝑥⃗⊺(𝐴⊺𝐴)𝑥⃗