Causal Inference, Instrumental Variables, Stats 361, Stanford, Data Science.
are interaction between A and Y — unignorable confounding factors), β_0|A=1 and β_0|A=0 are different, E[Y|A] does not indicate the true value of β_1. Thus, we cannot calculate ATE in this way under a confounding condition. Now we can more easily understand why we “can consistently estimate τ by