Causal Inference, Machine Learning, Azure, Microsoft, Data Science.
covariates X, treatment assignment is independent from the potential outcomes: Y ⁰, Y ¹ ⫫ T |X For example, suppose X is a single variable (age) that can take the values “younger” or “older”. Older people are more likely to get treatment T = 1. Older people are also more likely to have the outcome