Machine Learning, Causal Inference, Programming, Data Science.
place. First step, we estimate the response functions μ0(x)=E[Y(0)|X=x] and μ1(x)=E[Y(1)|X=x] using any base learners, denote the estimators as \hat{μ0} and \hat{μ1} In the second step, we impute counterfactuals — the treatment effects for the individuals in the treated group, based on the control