Mathematics, Competitive Programming, Philosophy, Discrete Mathematics.
a(o)=c(o)+Φ(s’)-Φ(s). For the stroke illustrated in Figure 1 for instance, we have c(o)=7, Φ(s’)=3 and Φ(s)=7. For the stroke illustrated in Figure 2, we have c(o)=1, Φ(s’)=6 and Φ(s)=4. In either case a(o)=c(o)+Φ(s’)-Φ(s)=3. We have shown in sections 1.3 and 1.4 that the amortized cost of any