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 Volume 5, Issue 10









Energies 2012, 5(10), 4076-4090; doi:10.3390/en5104076

Vehicle to Grid Services: Potential and Applications

Mehrdad Ehsani 1,* , Milad Falahi 2 and Saeed Lotfifard 3
Electrical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA
Consulting and analysis, Itron Inc., Davis, CA 95616, USA
Electrical Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
Received: 15 August 2012 / Revised: 2 October 2012 / Accepted: 9 October 2012 / Published: 19 October 2012
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vehicle to Grid)
View Full-Text   |   Download PDF [230 KB, uploaded 17 March 2015]   |


Electric Vehicle (EV) technology is expected to take a major share in the light-vehicle market in the coming decades. Charging of EVs will put an extra burden on the distribution grid and in some cases adjustments will need to be made. On the other hand, EVs have the potential to support the grid under various conditions. This paper studies possible potential and applications of Vehicle to Grid (V2G) services, including active power services, which discharge the EV batteries, and power quality services, which do not engage the battery or require only small amounts of battery charge. The advantages and disadvantages of each service and the likelihood that a given service will be effective and beneficial for the grid in the future are discussed. Further, the infrastructure cost, duration, and value of V2G services are compared qualitatively. View Full-Text
Keywords: electric vehicle; plug-in hybrid vehicle; power quality; reactive power electric vehicle; plug-in hybrid vehicle; power quality; reactive power 

Ehsani, M.; Falahi, M.; Lotfifard, S. Vehicle to Grid Services: Potential and Applications. Energies 2012, 5, 4076-4090.


Ehsani M, Falahi M, Lotfifard S. Vehicle to Grid Services: Potential and Applications. Energies. 2012; 5(10):4076-4090.


Ehsani, Mehrdad; Falahi, Milad; Lotfifard, Saeed. 2012. "Vehicle to Grid Services: Potential and Applications." Energies 5, no. 10: 4076-4090.







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