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BatMan is death - long live Batman!

(Click the pictures in order to see them in a separate window) Mexico is the home of vampire bats! So people in ancient Mexico linked the bat to blood and human sacrifice... Bats are nocturnal (come out at night)! So people in ancient Mexico linked the bat to darkness and the supernatural powers of the night... Bats live in caves! So the people of ancient Mexico linked the bat to the underworld (they believed a cave was an opening to the underworld)... Bats grab fruits off trees! So the people of ancient Mexico linked the bat to decapitation, destruction and death... BUT BATS ALSO POLLINATE MANY PLANTS AND TREES! So the people of ancient Mexico also saw a good side to the bat - a symbol of fertility and new life. Some South American tribes believe the leader of the very first people was a hero bat or... BATMAN! ‘The Legend of the Bat’ 2: the history

Reminiscent of Batman, the traditional painted wooden bat mask in this (main) picture from Atliaca, Guerrero, Mexico has a tell-tale clue - the carved skull on its body - to the darker side to the bat in Mexican folklore. Given that Mexico is actually the home of vampire bats, it shouldn’t come as a great surprise to know that the bat had many associations in the past with death and blood(y) sacrifice... (Written/compiled by Ian Mursell/Mexicolore)

A creature of the night, the bat has for obvious reasons been traditionally linked in Mesoamerican imagery and legends with darkness: its natural habitat of a cave - dark, sheltered and damp - provides an easy connection, not only with the mother’s womb and place of origin of humankind, but also with the underworld and world of the dead, according to many pre-Hispanic cultures.

Some experts believe ancient Mexicans - particularly the Maya - may have made a link between the typical habit of a bat of grabbing fruit from trees and the ritual practice of decapitation: notice the presence of an obsidian blade of sacrifice at the very top of the stone bat image on the front of the famous Aztec altar of animals associated with darkness and death (the other creatures carved on the altar are a scorpion, a spider and an owl) (Picture 2). Esther Pasztory believes the paper rosette (lower left) on the head of the creature and the streamers (both of which appear on all four sides of the altar) depict the ‘tzitzimime’ - greatly feared star demons of darkness that dived head-first from the heavens.

With the power of flight, the upside-down posture and the strong association with night and the powers of the dark, the bat is a creature that bridges the sky/heavens (above) and the underworld (below); not surprisingly, the bat has traditionally been cast as a supernatural creature with deadly powers. In the famous Quiché ‘Popul Vuh’ text, the death bat god of the underworld, Camazotz, uses his power to cut off the head of one of the Hero Twins. References to bat imagery go back as far as Olmec times (Mexico’s ‘mother culture’). A strikingly beautiful bat mask, some 2,000 years old, was found in the early 20th century at the famous archaeological site of Monte Albán, near Oaxaca: possibly designed to hang from the belt or chest, this fine Zapotec bat figure, made of jade mosaic, shows some similarity to a jaguar (lord of the night) - though notice the large crest on the top of the forehead (Picture 3).

Not all bat associations were of death, destruction and sorcery, however. Just as death carries in it the seeds of new life, so the bat was recognised as having an important role to play in supporting life. As Elizabeth Benson writes, ‘Some of the plants most important to people in the New World tropics are bat-dependent.’ To give just one example, provided by UK bat expert Mary Louise Crosby, “Many different kinds of fruit-eating bats LOVE fresh figs. The bats digest their meal of figs quickly, the seeds pass through the bats’ digestive tracts and are expelled in feces or droppings as the bats fly or roost. In a single night a single bat could plant thousands and thousands of fig tree seeds over acres of countryside.’ Fig tree bark paper, incidentally, was an important material for manuscript writing in ancient Mexico - follow the link below to learn more...

Reflecting the duality in so much of ancient Mexican beliefs, we end with a positive story of the bat, a Cora legend recorded a century or more ago in Mexico by Carl Lumhotz:-

In the beginning the earth was flat and full of water, and therefore the corn rotted. The ancient people had to think and work and fast much to get the world in shape. The birds came together to see what they could do to bring about order in the world, so that it would be possible to plant corn.

First they asked the red-headed vulture, the chief of all the birds, to set things right, but he said he could not. They sent for all the birds in the world, one after another, to persuade them to perform the deed, but none would undertake it.

At last came the bat, very old and much wrinkled. His hair and his beard were white with age, and there was plenty of dirt on his face, as never bathes. He was supporting himself with a stick, because he was so old he could hardly walk. He also said that he was no equal to the task, but at last he agreed to try what he could do. That same night he darted violently through the air, cutting outlets for the waters; but he made the valleys so deep that it was impossible to walk about, and the chiefs scolded him for this.

“Then I will put everything back as it was before,” he said.

”No, no!” they all said. “What we want is to make the slopes less steep, and to leave some level land, and do not make all the country mountains.”

This the bat did, and the chiefs thanked him for it. Thus the world has remained up to this day. (Quoted in Cordry, 1980, p. 186)

• Main picture and Pic 5: Photos by Donald Cordry from Mexican Masks by Donald Cordry, ©1980; courtesy of the University of Texas Press.
• Pic 1: scanned from a hand drawn facsimile of the Codex Boturini (‘Tira de la Peregrinación’), private collection, folio 1
• Pic 2: Photo by Ana Laura Landa/Mexicolore
• Pic 3: Photo by Ian Mursell/Mexicolore
• Pic 4: Illustration by Mary Louise Crosby (see link below)
• Pic 6: Photo (anonymous) from Wikipedia (‘Vampire Bat’)

• Mexican Masks by Donald Cordry, University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, 1980
• Aztec Art by Esther Pasztory, Harry N. Abrams Inc., New York, 1983
• ’Aztecs’ exhibition catalogue, Royal Academy of Arts, London, 2002
• The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya by Mary Miller and Karl Taube, Thams & Hudson, London, 1993
• Bats in South American Folklore and Ancient Art by Elizabeth P. Benson, Bat Conservation International, Inc., 1997 (link below)
• Bats, Fig Trees, Mayan Codices and Calcium by Mary Louise Crosby, Bats, Plants and People, 2006 (link below) For some Latin American tribal peoples (such as the Toba from northern Argentina) the leader of the very first people, who taught people all they needed to know as human beings, was a hero bat or... BATMAN! Spot ‘The Place of Many Bats’ in the Codex Mendoza! ‘Bats in South American Folklore and Ancient Art’ by Elizabeth Benson Learn more about bat conservation Learn more about vampire bats 
1 At 11.22am on Monday July 5 2010, Carl de Borhegyi wrote:

In pre-Columbian art bats are associated with death and sacrifice by decapitation. In the Quiche Popol Vuh, a bat named Camazotz cuts the head off of Hunahpu one of the legendary Hero Twins who journeys into the underworld with his twin brother to search for their father and uncle in the underworld and play a ballgame with the Lords of Death.

Stone ballgame paraphernalia such as yokes, hachas, and palmas which may have been prized funerary offerings have been found in large numbers mostly around the Gulf Coast of Mexico and the Pacific Coast of Guatemala.
The subject matter depicted on stone objects related to the ballgame consisted of crouching or seated jaguars, bats, monkeys, vultures, toads, coatimundis, deformed and/or decapitated human, monkey and jaguar heads, sacrificial victims, and dismembered limbs. This indicates the existence, from late Pre-Classic times onward, of a rich, widely spread, and uniformly accepted folk tradition connected with the ballgame. This would indecate that the ballgame tradition transcended local, ethnic and linguistic boundaries. (Stephan F. de Borhegyi, 1969; p. 253)

In the Magliabechiano Codex, there is an interesting story about Quetzalcoatl that has to do with a mythical bat that grew to life in the underworld from a stone in which the seed of Quetzalcoatl had penetrated. Quetzalcoatl is mentioned in the codex as being the son of Miclantecutli, the Lord of the Underworld and place of the dead. The bat that grew from Quetzalcoatl’s seed was sent by the other gods to bite the goddess Xochiquetzal, the goddess of flowers, and while she was sleeping the bat bit off a piece of her womb and took it to the other underworld gods. While the underworld gods were washing her flesh, water had spilled onto the ground causing many flowers to grow that smelled badly. This may be a reference to Teonanacatl known to the Aztecs as “Gods’ Flesh”.

For more visit mushroomstone.com

Mexicolore replies: Thanks for this detailed contribution, Carl. (Readers: Carl’s carefully researched and richly illustrated webpage is well worth a visit...)