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Poll (livestock)

The poll is a name of the part of an animal's head, alternatively referencing a point immediately behind or right between the ears. This area of the anatomy is of particular significance for the horse.

Specifically, the "poll" refers to the occipital protrusion at the back of the skull. However, in common usage, many horsemen refer to the poll joint, between the atlas (C1) and skull as the poll. The area at the joint has a slight depression, and is a sensitive location. Thus, because the crownpiece of a bridle passes over the poll joint, a rider can indirectly exert pressure on the horse's poll by means of the reins, bit, and bridle.

Importance of the poll in riding

The poll is especially important in riding, as correct flexion at the poll joint is a sign that the horse is properly on the bit. Over-flexion, with the poll lowered and the neck bent at a cervical vertebra farther down the neck, is usually a sign that the horse is either evading contact or that the rider is trying to pull the horse onto the bit, rather than correctly ride from behind. In classical dressage, the poll should always be the highest point on the horse when the horse is on the bit. The horse is always relaxed over the poll, giving it a relaxed look when going about its job. When, for example, the third vertebra (C3) is the highest point on the neck, rather than the poll, it is a clear sign of incorrect work.

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Poll, polled or polling may refer to:

Figurative head counts

Mathematics, science, and technology

Johan Adam Pollich

Johan Adam Pollich or Johann (1 January 1741, Kaiserslautern - 24 February 1780) was a German doctor, botanist and entomologist.

He studied medicine in Strasbourg, and following graduation he practiced medicine for a short period of time. From 1764 onward he devoted his energies to natural sciences. In 1776 he published the first volume of Historia plantarum in Palatinatu, followed by volumes II & III the next year. Because of its excellent descriptions of plants, this work was highly praised by Pollich's contemporaries.


This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Johan_Adam_Pollich Poll, Cologne

Poll (German: Köln-Poll [ˈkʰœln ˈpʰɔl], Colognian: Poll [ˈpɔɫˑ]) is a quarter of the city of Cologne, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is part of the borough of Porz.


Polls natural border to the west is the Rhine. To the south it is the Bundesautobahn 4 and the Cologne Rodenkirchen Bridge, to the east Bundesautobahn 559 and to the north the railroad embankment leading to the Südbrücke, which is crossing the Rhine.


Poll was already inhabited during the New Stone Age; etymologically the name originates in a meaning like Swamp. The first documentary mentioning of Poll was on 1. April 1003 by monks from nearby Deutz Abbey, which was part of the Electorate of Cologne. The village Poll was suburbanized in 1889 and became a quarter of Cologne. Since 1975 it is part of city district Porz.


Poll is served by the Bundesautobahn 4, Bundesautobahn 559 and three light rail stations of the Cologne Stadtbahn line 7. The Cologne Rodenkirchen Bridge connects Poll with Rodenkirchen. Destroyed due to an airstrike on 14 January 1945 it was rebuilt from 1952 to 1954. The Südbrücke was also destroyed in January 1945 and is in service again since 1950. This railway bridge is used mainly for goods traffic.

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Etymology and Legal Definition Livestock (Fraternity album)


1998 CD reissue

Livestock (rapper)

Benjamin Reeve, better known by his stage name Livestock, is an underground hip hop artist from Guelph, Ontario. Livestock was a long-time member of the Plague Language collective founded by Noah23 and Orphan.


Livestock's first release was as a member of the group The Twin Sisters with Naval Aviator and Treevortex. The group released one EP, entitled Amulet, in 2002. In early 2004, Livestock compiled collaborative material by himself, Noah23 and Homesick under the group name The Train Rawbers. This material was mastered and released in the Fall of 2004. The album is credited to the three MCs equally, but is primarily "Livestock's brainchild, featuring [Noah23] and Homesick". Livestock features on eleven of the thirteen tracks (all except "Introduct" and "Indeed"), while Noah23 features on six (3, 4, 6, 8, 9 & 13), and Homesick features on only four (3, 5, 8 & 13). Only three of the tracks feature all three members ("Ninjah Pizza", "Eagle" & "Vacuum Oyster Surprise"). The album was initially released with the subtitle "Volume 1", though no further volumes of material were released. In November 2004, Livestock released his debut solo album, Spiral Like the 9.

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