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Software ideals and history

Published byStephanie Forbes Modified over 4 years ago


Presentation on theme: "Software ideals and history"— Presentation transcript:

1 Software ideals and history
Bjarne Stroustrup

2 Abstract This is a very brief and very selective history of software as it relates to programming, and especially as it relates to programming languages and C++. The aim is to give a background and a perspective to the ideas presented in this course. We would have loved to talk about operating systems, data bases, networking, the web, scripting, etc., but you’ll have to find those important and useful areas of software and programming in other courses. Stroustrup/Programming

3 Overview Ideals Languages and language designers
Aims, heroes, techniques Languages and language designers Early languages to C++ (There is so much more than what we can cover) Stroustrup/Programming

4 History and ideas One opinion Another opinion Our view History is bunk
He who does not know history is condemned to repeat it Our view There can be no professionalism without history If you know too little of the background of your field you are gullible History is littered with plausible ideas that didn’t work “I have a bridge I’d like to sell you” Ideas and ideals are crucial for practical use And they are the real “meat” of history Stroustrup/Programming

5 What is a programming language?
A tool for instructing machines A notation for algorithms A means for communication among programmers A tool for experimentation A means for controlling computer-controlled gadgets A means for controlling computerized devices A way of expressing relationships among concepts A means for expressing high-level designs All of the above! And more Stroustrup/Programming

6 Greek heroes Every culture and profession must have ideals and heroes
Physics: Newton, Einstein, Bohr, Feynman Math: Euclid, Euler, Hilbert Medicine: Hippocrates, Pasteur, Fleming Stroustrup/Programming

7 Geek heroes Brian Kernighan Dennis Ritchie
Programmer and writer extraordinaire Dennis Ritchie Designer and original implementer of C Stroustrup/Programming

8 Another geek hero Kristen Nygaard
Co-inventor (with Ole-Johan Dahl) of Simula67 and of object-oriented Programming and object-oriented design Stroustrup/Programming

9 Yet another geek hero Alex Stepanov
Inventor of the STL and generic programming pioneer Stroustrup/Programming

10 Two extremes Academic beauty/perfection/purity Commercial expediency
The pressures towards both are immense Both extremes must be avoided for serious progress to occur Both extremes encourage overstatement of results (hype) and understatement (or worse) of alternatives and ancestor languages Stroustrup/Programming

11 Ideals The fundamental aims of good design From these follow
Represent ideas directly in code Represent independent ideas independently in code Represent relationships among ideas directly in code Combine ideas expressed in code freely where and only where combinations make sense From these follow Correctness Maintainability Performance Apply these to the widest possible range of applications Stroustrup/Programming

12 Ideals have practical uses
During the start of a project, reviews them to get ideas When you are stuck late at night, step back and see where your code has most departed from the ideals – this is where the bugs are most likely to lurk and the design problems are most likely to occur Don’t just keep looking in the same place and trying the same techniques to find the bug “The bug is always where you are not looking – or you would have found it already” Stroustrup/Programming

13 Ideals are personal Chose yours well Stroustrup/Programming

14 Styles/paradigms Procedural programming Data abstraction
Object-oriented programming Generic programming Functional programming, Logic programming, rule-based programming, constraints-based programming, aspect-oriented programming, … Stroustrup/Programming

15 Styles/paradigms Which programming styles/paradigms did we use here?
template<class Iter> void draw_all(Iter b, Iter e) { for_each(b,e,mem_fun(&Shape::draw)); // draw all shapes in [b:e) } Point p(100,100); Shape* a[] = { new Circle(p,50), new Rectangle(p, 250, 250) }; draw_all(a,a+2); Which programming styles/paradigms did we use here? Procedural, data abstractions, OOP, and GP Stroustrup/Programming

16 Some fundamentals Portability is good Type safety is good
High performance is good Anything that eases debugging is good Access to system resources is good Stability over decades is good Ease of learning is good Small is good Whatever helps analysis is good Having lots of facilities is good You can’t have all at the same time: engineering tradeoffs Stroustrup/Programming

17 Programming languages
Machine code Bits, octal, or at most decimal numbers Assembler Registers, load, store, integer add, floating point add, … Each new machine had its own assembler Higher level languages First: Fortran and COBOL Rate of language invention At least 2000 a decade Major languages today Really solid statistics are hard to come by IDS: about 9 million professional programmers COBOL, Fortran, C, C++, Visual Basic, PERL, Java, Javascript Ada, C#, PHP, … Stroustrup/Programming

18 Early programming languages
Simula Lisp Algol60 Algol68 Fortran Pascal BCPL Classic C COBOL PL\1 Red==major commercial use Yellow==will produce important “offspring” Stroustrup/Programming

19 Modern programming languages
Lisp Python Smalltalk PHP Fortran77 Java95 Java04 Eiffel Simula67 C89 C++ C++98 C++0x Ada Ada98 C# Object Pascal Pascal Javascript COBOL04 COBOL89 Visual Basic PERL Stroustrup/Programming

20 Why do we design and evolve languages?
There are many diverse applications areas No one language can be the best for everything Programmers have diverse backgrounds and skills No one language can be best for everybody Problems change Over the years, computers are applied in new areas and to new problems Computers change Over the decades, hardware characteristics and tradeoffs change Progress happens Over the decades, we learn better ways to design and implement languages Stroustrup/Programming

21 First modern computer – first compiler
David Wheeler University of Cambridge Exceptional problem solver: hardware, software, algorithms, libraries First computer science Ph.D. (1951) First paper on how to write correct, reusable, and maintainable code (1951) (Thesis advisor for Bjarne Stroustrup ) Stroustrup/Programming

22 Early languages – 1952 One language for each machine
Special features for processor Special features for “operating system” Most had very assembler-like facilities It was easy to understand which instructions would be generated No portability of code Stroustrup/Programming

23 Fortran John Backus IBM
FORTRAN, the first high level computer language to be developed. We did not know what we wanted and how to do it. It just sort of grew. The Backus-Naur Form (BNF), a standard notation to describe the syntax of a high level programming language. A functional programming language called FP, which advocates a mathematical approach to programming. Stroustrup/Programming

24 Fortran – 1956 Allowed programmers to write linear algebra much as they found it in textbooks Arrays and loops Standard mathematical functions libraries Users’ own functions The notation was largely machine independent Fortran code could often be moved from computer to computer with only minor modification This was a huge improvement Arguably the largest single improvement in the history of programming languages Continuous evolution: II, IV, 77, 90, 0x Stroustrup/Programming

25 COBOL “Rear Admiral Dr. Grace Murray Hopper (US Navy) was a remarkable woman who grandly rose to the challenges of programming the first computers. During her lifetime as a leader in the field of software development concepts, she contributed to the transition from primitive programming techniques to the use of sophisticated compilers. She believed that ‘we've always done it that way’ was not necessarily a good reason to continue to do so.” Stroustrup/Programming

26 Cobol – 1960 Cobol was (and sometimes still is) for business programmers what Fortran was (and sometimes still is) for scientific programmers The emphasis was on data manipulation Copying Storing and retrieving (record keeping) Printing (reports) Calculation/computation was seen as a minor matter It was hoped/claimed that Cobol was so close to business English that managers could program and programmers would soon become redundant Continuous evolution: 60, 61, 65, 68, 70, 80, 90, 04 Stroustrup/Programming

27 Lisp John McCarthy Stanford University AI pioneer

28 Lisp – 1960 List/symbolic processing
Initially (and often still) interpreted Dozens (most likely hundreds) of dialects “Lisp has an implied plural” Common Lisp Scheme This family of languages has been (and is) the mainstay of artificial intelligence (AI) research though delivered products have often been in C or C++ Stroustrup/Programming

29 Algol Peter Naur Edsger Dijkstra
Danish Technical University and Regnecentralen BNF Edsger Dijkstra Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam, Eindhoven University of Technology, Burroughs Corporation , University of Texas (Austin) Mathematical logic in programming, algorithms THE operating system Stroustrup/Programming

30 Algol – 1960 The breakthrough of modern programming language concepts
Language description BNF; separation of lexical, syntactic, and semantic concerns Scope Type The notion of “general purpose programming language” Before that languages were either scientific (e.g., Fortran), business (e.g., Cobol), string manipulation (e.g., Lisp), simulation, … Never reached major non-academic use Simula67 Algol58 Algol60 Algol68 Stroustrup/Programming Pascal

31 Simula 67 Kristen Nygaard and Ole-Johan Dahl
Norwegian Computing Center Oslo University The start of object-oriented programming and object-oriented design Stroustrup/Programming

32 Simula 1967 Address all applications domains rather then a specific domain As Fortran, COBOL, etc. did Aims to become a true general-purpose programming language Model real-world phenomena in code represent ideas as classes and class objects represent hierarchical relations as class hierarchies Classes, inheritance, virtual functions, object-oriented design A program becomes a set of interacting objects rather than a monolith Has major (positive) implications for error rates Stroustrup/Programming

33 C Dennis Ritchie Ken Thompson Doug McIlroy Bell Labs
C and helped with Unix Ken Thompson Unix Doug McIlroy Bell Labs Everybody’s favorite critic, discussion partner, and ideas man (influenced C, C++, Unix, and much more) Stroustrup/Programming

34 Bell Labs – Murray Hill Stroustrup/Programming

35 C – 1978 (Relatively) high-level programming language for systems programming Very widely used, relatively low-level, weakly typed, systems programming language Associated with Unix and through that with Linux and the open source movement Performance becomes somewhat portable Designed and implemented by Dennis Ritchie Bjarne Stroustrup, BTL, 1985 Dennis Ritchie, BTL, 1974 Ken Thompson, BTL, 1972 C++ C++98 C++0x CPL BCPL B Classic C C89 C99 Martin Richards, Cambridge, 1967 Christopher Strachey, Cambridge, mid-1960s Stroustrup/Programming

36 C++ Bjarne Stroustrup AT&T Bell labs Texas A&M University
making abstraction techniques affordable and manageable for mainstream projects pioneered the use of object-oriented and generic programming techniques in application areas where efficiency is a premium Stroustrup/Programming

37 My ideals – in 1980 and still in 2008
“To make life easier for the serious programmer” i.e., primarily me and my friends/colleagues I love writing code I like reading code I hate debugging Elegant and efficient code I really dislike choosing between the two Elegance, efficiency, and correctness are closely related in many application domains Inelegance/verbosity is a major source of bugs and inefficiencies Stroustrup/Programming

38 C++ – 1985 C++ is a general-purpose programming language with a bias towards systems programming that is a better C supports data abstraction supports object-oriented programming supports generic programming C++0c C++98 ARM C++ Classic C C with Classes C++ Simula 67 1989 Stroustrup/Programming

39 More information More language designer links/photos
A few examples of languages: Textbooks Michael L. Scott, Programming Language Pragmatics, Morgan Kaufmann, 2000, ISBN Robert W. Sebesta, Concepts of programming languages, Addison-Wesley, 2003, ISBN History books Jean Sammet, Programming Languages: History and Fundamentals, Prentice-Hall, 1969, ISBN Richard L. Wexelblat, History of Programming Languages, Academic Press, 1981, ISBN T. J. Bergin and R. G. Gibson, History of Programming Languages – II, Addison-Wesley, 1996, ISBN Stroustrup/Programming

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 Introduction to Computer Programming Chapter 16 Graphical User Interfaces Chapter 7 System Models. Requirements Engineering Process Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1. Measurements and Their Uncertainty 3.1 Mike Scott University of Texas at Austin Telecooperation/RBG Technische Universität Darmstadt Copyrighted material; for TUD student use only Introduction to Computer Science I Topic 0: Introduction. Order of Operations Lesson Factoring Quadratics — ax² + bx + c Topic Configuration management Chapter 11: Models of Computation Lilian Blot TO PROGRAMMING & PYTHON Introduction Autumn 2012 TPOP 1. Operating Systems Operating Systems - Winter 2011 Dr. Melanie Rieback Design and Implementation.

 Summer 02-03Programming Language Concepts1 Programming Language Concepts (CS 360) Lecture 1: Overview, Grammars, and Little Languages Jeremy R. Johnson.