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Main page » News » A Cost-effective and Energy-efficient Approach to Carbon Capture

A Cost-effective and Energy-efficient Approach to Carbon Capture

The most common approach to carbon capture uses liquid amine solutions, which can absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. On a large scale, the system uses two columns, one for capturing CO2 and the other for releasing it from the liquid, in a process referred to as "regeneration." For amine solutions, regeneration is the most energy-consuming part because the CO2 is so strongly bound to the amine molecules that it is necessary to actually boil them in order to separate them.

An alternative to liquids is to use solid materials known as "metal-organic frameworks" (MOFs). These are fine powders whose particles are made up of metal atoms that are connected into a 3D structure with organic linkers. Their surface is covered with nano-size pores that collect CO2 molecules. But despite its lower cost, as this method involves transporting solids it is very demanding in terms of engineering. Berend Smit, Director of the Energy Center at EPFL, explains: "Imagine trying to walk with a plateful of baby powder. It's going to go everywhere, and it's very difficult to control."

Working with scientists from Beijing and UC Berkeley, Smit is a lead author on a breakthrough carbon-capture innovation that uses a mixture of solid and liquid in solution called a "slurry." The solid part of the slurry is a MOF called "ZIF-8", which is suspended in a 2-methylimidazole glycol liquid mixture.

"Why a slurry?" says Smit. "Because in the materials that are currently used for adsorption the pores are too large and the surrounding liquid would fill them, and not let them capture CO2 molecules. So here we looked at a material "ZIF-8" whose pores are too small for the glycol's molecules to fit, but big enough for capturing the CO2 molecules from flue gas."

"ZIF-8" is a good material for carbon-capturing slurries, because it displays excellent solution, chemical and thermal stability, which is important for repeated regeneration cycles. "ZIF-8" crystals have narrow pores (3.4 Å in diameter) that are smaller than the diameter of glycol molecules (4.5 Å), preventing them from entering. Even though other liquids were tested in the design of the slurry, including ethanol, hexane, methylbenzene and tetrachloromethane, their molecules are small enough to enter the "ZIF-8" pores and reduce its carbon capturing efficiency. In this respect, glycerol has so far been shown to be an ideal liquid.

Source: Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

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