[null, {"document_url": "http://litestraboen.blogspot.com/2008/01/history-of-writing.html", "unformatted_src": "http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_dB7V_hZI17E/R5Zda2zqzTI/AAAAAAAAAJw/iYuTS1jngaw/s200/images.jpeg", "src": "http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_dB7V_hZI17E/R5Zda2zqzTI/AAAAAAAAAJw/iYuTS1jngaw/s200/images.jpeg", "formatted_filename": "images"}, null, {"document_url": "http://litestraboen.blogspot.com/2008/01/history-of-writing.html", "unformatted_src": "http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dB7V_hZI17E/R5ZdSGzqzSI/AAAAAAAAAJo/C36rKOD0y30/s200/Hieroglyph1_800.jpg", "src": "http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dB7V_hZI17E/R5ZdSGzqzSI/AAAAAAAAAJo/C36rKOD0y30/s200/Hieroglyph1_800.jpg", "formatted_filename": "Hieroglyph"}, null, {"document_url": "http://litestraboen.blogspot.com/2008/01/history-of-writing.html", "unformatted_src": "http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dB7V_hZI17E/R5ZcyGzqzRI/AAAAAAAAAJg/HiTMB4pi5uQ/s400/Pantallazo-1.png", "src": "http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dB7V_hZI17E/R5ZcyGzqzRI/AAAAAAAAAJg/HiTMB4pi5uQ/s400/Pantallazo-1.png", "formatted_filename": "Pantallazo"}, null, {"document_url": "http://litestraboen.blogspot.com/2008/01/history-of-writing.html", "unformatted_src": "http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dB7V_hZI17E/R5ZcfGzqzQI/AAAAAAAAAJY/Oas0-76SIjo/s400/Pantallazo-2.png", "src": "http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dB7V_hZI17E/R5ZcfGzqzQI/AAAAAAAAAJY/Oas0-76SIjo/s400/Pantallazo-2.png", "formatted_filename": "Pantallazo"}, null, {"document_url": "http://litestraboen.blogspot.com/2008/01/history-of-writing.html", "unformatted_src": "http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dB7V_hZI17E/R5ZcJGzqzPI/AAAAAAAAAJQ/3zBsESP5l44/s400/Pantallazo-3.png", "src": "http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dB7V_hZI17E/R5ZcJGzqzPI/AAAAAAAAAJQ/3zBsESP5l44/s400/Pantallazo-3.png", "formatted_filename": "Pantallazo"}, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, {"document_url": "http://litestraboen.blogspot.com/2008/01/history-of-writing.html", "unformatted_src": "http://static.sky.com/images/pictures/1399470.jpg", "src": "http://static.sky.com/images/pictures/1399470.jpg", "rendered_width": 50}, null]


History of Writing

It is commonly said that the history of a civilization begins with the arrival of writing, as it is then allowed to have historical memories, communicate among population and ease the complex processes of administration and trade. Precursors of writing appeared in Prehistorical era as paintings and petroglyphs on wood and rock. Although they were used for religious rituals, some Neolithic petroglyphs were a communication tool, such as in Scandinavia, where they were used to delimit territories between tribes. Some supposedly cartographic and astronomic maps have benn found too.

Drawings, ideas and phonemes

A few millennia before Christ, the new needs of urban societies lead to the creation of writing systems more or less standardized. These systems appear independently in various places around the planet, but it is interesting to point out that all of them follow the logical evolution of human brain: starting with pictograms, or symbolic illustrations of objects as they are. These signs progressively move away from concretism and unicity typical of petroglyhps and derive in pure representations of concepts and ideas, called ideograms. Obviously, as they represent universal ideas, similar symbols are found in many non related ancient scripts -idea of man is the same everywhere, and symbols representing man do not differ much-.

Among the first logographic -i.e. composed by pictograms and ideograms- the most relevant ones are those developed in Middle East around fourth millennium before Christ. In Mesopotamia and Egypt, engraved clay tokens had always been used for accounting commercial products. This derived in Mesopotamia, around 3400 BC, to clay tablets on which numerals, and then pictograms, were engraved with triangular wedges. This is called as cuneiform script, where signs were drawings performed by complex combinations of notches. From 2900 BC, pictograms became increasingly simple and abstract, and eventually some lost their meaning and represented syllables of Sumerian language-what is called phonetic instead of logographic-. However, some writing systems as Hurrian and Hittite evolved from cuneiform in its purely logographic phase, that is why they have been very difficult, or impossible, to decipher by archaeologists. Progressively, from 6th century BC, cuneiform scripts were replaced by aramaic ones.

Egyptian writing system, dated from a similar time, was related with cuneiform, although commonly written on stone or plaster, and later on papyrus, with a more advanced and stylized technique. In Egype logogram systems are known sinc e 3200 BS, from which appeared, one thousand years later, the famous hieroglyphs. These were systems composed by logograms, determinatives -that precised the contextual meaning- and phonemes, which were, effectively, the first alphabet in History, considering that alphabets use a sign for every sound or phoneme. Its use evolved to Meroitic, and expanded replacing logograms around Mesopotamia, where appeared during the last millennium before Christ, alphabets on cuneiform script, such as Ugaritic and Persian.

These writing systems were difficult to master, and during some centuries, only the elitist class of scribes had the knowledge to do it. All the literature in that period came out from different scribe schools, where people from high social classes entered at the service of temples or military authorities. In Mesopotamia, when cuneiform adapted to new dominant languages during Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian times, and in Egypt with the adoption of Demotic, writing was simplified and extended its use among most of the population, despite the efforts of scribes to keep their position by using cult and ancient scripts, Sumerian cuneiform and Egyptian hieroglyph, getting further from popular writing.

The Phoenician transcendence

Around the 11th century BC, an alphabetic form of hieroglyph, the hieratic, evolved. In Africa horn it became the Ge'ez or Ethiopic alphabet, and northwards it was adopted by Semitic language speakers to become the Phoenician alphabet, of abjad type -i.e. without specific phonemes for vowels-. Later, together with Phoenician colonization, it turned into the main writing system in the Mediterranean, from which most current alphabets arose. In its Western variant, the Greeks adopted this alphabet and introduced vowels, from which Etruscan and Latin alphabets were directly developed. The latter only changed in format during the Middle Age -in the Carolingian Empire lower-case letters appeared-, and thanks to the spreading of Christianism and translation of the Bible, expanded around Occident. It had to compete in Eastern Europe, though, with Cyrillic, an evolution of Glagolitic, a variant of Greek established in the 9th Century by Saint Cyril. Cyrillic, invented in the 10th Century by Saint Clement of Ohrid, in Byzantium, was used in liturgies and the Bible all around the Orthodox Church territory -recently, in the 18th Century, Romania adopted back the Latin alphabet-. In Egypt, Coptic appeared in the 1st Century BC as a transformation of ancient demotic on Greek alphabet and used by Christians in the country. Among Celtic and Germanic population, Ogham and Runic alphabets were spread and used before Christianization, sculpted on stone or wood, with ritual or magical aim. Other Greek derived alphabets appeared as practical solutions, to allow Bible translations adaptable to the phonetics of the language. In the 4th Century, the bishop Ulfilas created in Nicopolis the Gothic alphabet, that replaced Runic scripts and was used in Northern Europe for centuries. Armenian alphabet was invented in the beginning of the 5th century by Saint Mesrob with the same objective, similarly to the mysterious Georgian alphabet, supposedly related with Aramaic, too.

Eastern variant of Phoenician, the Aramaic, remained an abjad. From it, Hebrew directly arose in the 10th Century BC, and some centuries later, from a popular variation in lower-case letters, Arabic and Brahmi. Because of the expansion of Islam during the Middle Ages, Arabic became the official writing in the great muslim empires, from Al-Andalus to Persia. It progressively replaced other Aramaic alphabets, such as Orkhon and Sogdian in ancient Turkish territories, and Tifinagh, of Berber origin, currently used very seldom by Touaregs.

Aramaic writing arrived to India through Persian traders, and extended around the peninsula during the 3rd Century in the Asoka reign, who already used a form of Devanagari alphabet to write his edicts. Later, this family of alphabets sufferd many changes, in order to adapt the phonetics of Semitic languages to the different ones from India to Southeast of Asia -Devanagari, East Nagari, Oriya, Gujarati, Ranjana...-. Because of Buddhism, ancient Brahmi alphabet was used in practicing territories. Northwards, it derived towards Mongol, Tibetan and Phags-Pa alphabets. The latter, created at the time of Kublai Khan to adapt better to Chinese and Mongolian phonetics, eventually became a model for the king Sejong of Korea, in the 15th Century, to create a new alphabet that combined Brahmi syllabic blocks with ideograms and phonemes to replace the Chinese, not adecuate to Korean phonetics. After centuries of harsh resistance from Aristocratic classes and Confucian adepts, Hangul alphabet became official with the arrival of Korean nationalism later in the 19th Century. Writings of the East

With a completely independent origin, Chinese calligraphy appeared. It is certainly known that around 1500 BS, during the Shang dynasty, a writing system already existed, although recent findings in central China discovered signs similar to modern Chinese in sculptures dated from the ninth millennium before Christ, which can become the World most ancient scripts. Chinese language, originally, was formed by monosyllabic words, so that every character could only define a concept -ideograms-. Currently, it is the only writing not based on a phonetical alphabet, although many of its characters show pronunciation indications. At the diversity of existing Chinese languages, during the Qin dynasty the same script was formalized for all of them, still in use nowadays.

In the 4th Century, Chinese arrived to Japan, but Chinese calligraphy was not used to write Japanese, used by illiterate, until the invention of man'yogana. This syllabic block based script, originally used to write poetry, gave phonetic value, instead of semantic, to Chinese characters, making it apt to the language. From man'yogana, current hiragana and katakana come. Ideograms or kanji are copies from Chinese, used in the beginning to define new concepts coming from China. In the Meiji era, efforts were driven to simplify the language and introduce Latin characters in imported words.

Forgotten signs

Of course, the success of these writing systems lead to the disappearance of other ones, appeared in parallel thousands of years ago, but replaced by these because of being less adecuate to language or sociopolitical reasons. Some examples are Harappan script in the Indus valley, not deciphered yet, or the Minoic-Mycenic linear system, disappeared upon the arrival of Greek alphabet.

The huge diffusion of Latin writing all around the World, after the colonization and use in Europe of better supports for it, especially paper and printing, lead to its adoption by most languages. This happened in places where there was no writing method, and also in others where some primitive sign systems existed, generally ideographic. They all were eventually displaced and disappeared. In precolonial America the most developed was Maya system, sculpted on stone or painted on ceramics, of laborious ideograms, lost after the fall of the culture. It is also believed that Incas had one, made from knotted streams, as these formed a symbol system with repetitions, not deciphered yet though. In Africa there also were indigenous writing systems, such as Nsibidi system used by the secret society of Efiks, who governed Nigeria.
Posted by Antonio Correas at 2:18 AM Labels: Age: General, Arts and culture 
Please study the hungarian-sicul runic alfabet! It is the origin of writing. :-)
 medcare said...

See (szín (see-n) - all spectrum of light) You this webpages: http://www.varga.hu :-)
 
Yep, it's interesting learning that Gutemberg actually is recognized as the inventor of the print, but the Chinese already printed their own book before!
 
I always appreciate the history of writing!
 
I subscribed to your RSS feed as well.
my web site - play slots for real money
 
I'm confident they'll be benefited from this
My web site: usa online gambling
 
I have read several good stuff here. Definitely value bookmarking for revisiting.
I wonder how a lot attempt you place to make this
type of fantastic informative site.
Visit my weblog - make money online easy and free
 
It's the best time to make some plans for the longer term and it is time to be happy. I've learn this submit and if I may just I wish to suggest you some interesting things or tips.
Perhaps you can write subsequent articles referring to this article.
I want to learn more things approximately it!
Feel free to surf my page - no download slots
 
Hey there! Do you use Twitter? I'd like to follow you if that would be okay. I'm absolutely enjoying your blog
and look forward to new posts.
Feel free to visit my weblog :: play online slots real money
 
Visit my site: win money online for free
 
my website - make money from home legitimate for free
My web site :: ways to make money from home for free
 
Thanks very nice blog!

Feel free to surf to my site; How To Make Money Online For Free
 
I know this website gives quality depending posts and other data, is there any other web site which offers these data in quality?

Here is my web site www.youtube.com/watch?V=xXaJhdwZIpA
my web page - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xXaJhdwZIpA
 
Regardless, just wanted to say excellent blog!

Also visit my website - How To Make Money Online For Free
 
This article is actually a pleasant one it helps new net visitors, who are wishing
in favor of blogging.

My website binary options tutorial
 
Stop by my web site ... Geld verdienen im Internet
my web page - schnell geld verdienen
 
Ensure that you update this again soon.

Here is my web page - how to earn money online for Free
 
Feel free to visit my web-site ... online arbeiten und geld verdienen
 
Here is my web page :: practice forex trading
 
It's not my first time to go to see this website, i am visiting this site dailly and take pleasant facts from here every day.

Review my web site; binary options brokers
 
I couldn't refrain from commenting. Perfectly written!

Feel free to surf to my site; binary options forex
 
Feel free to visit my web-site ... google affiliate programs
 
Thank you for the auspicious writeup. It in
fact was once a enjoyment account it. Look complicated to
more added agreeable from you! However, how could we keep up a correspondence?

My blog - play online slots real money
 
my web blog: roulette for money
 
Take a look at my weblog - real money slots
 
Also visit my web-site: i need some money now
my page - ways to make Money online legit
 
My web blog - make easy money from home
 
I've been browsing online greater than three hours lately, yet I never discovered any interesting article like yours. It's lovely worth enough for me.
Personally, if all web owners and bloggers made good content
material as you probably did, the internet might be a lot more useful than ever before.

Feel free to visit my web blog; best free stock charts
 
My blog post global forex trading
 
my site: pay slots online
 
WOW just what I was looking for. Came here by
searching for how can i make money online

My website - real ways to make money online
 
If you have any recommendations, please share.


Here is my site - earn fast money online
 
Excellent way of explaining, and good post
to get facts regarding my presentation subject matter, which i
am going to convey in school.

Also visit my weblog jobs work from home online
 
Visit my homepage :: legitimate work at home jobs for moms
 
my page; casino For us
 
my blog post ... earn cash make money online
 
Here is my webpage; work at home reviews
 
Feel free to surf to my site: working online from home jobs
 

Feel free to visit my site ichimoku trading signals
 
Hi there, I check your new stuff regularly. Your humoristic style is witty, keep doing what you're doing!

my web-site ... are there any legitimate online jobs
 
I am sure this article has touched all the internet visitors, its really
really good paragraph on building up new webpage.

Feel free to surf to my web-site best job search sites
 
Here is my weblog; real online jobs from home
 
Also visit my page: binary trading strategy
 
What i do not understood is in truth how you are now not actually much more
neatly-appreciated than you may be right now.
You're very intelligent. You realize therefore significantly relating to this matter, made me in my view imagine it from so many numerous angles. Its like men and women aren't involved until
it is something to accomplish with Woman gaga! Your personal stuffs excellent.
All the time handle it up!

Also visit my site; commodities options
 
My web page: best day trading software
 
my site stock after hours trading
 
If some one desires expert view on the topic of running a blog after that i advise him/her to go to see this
weblog, Keep up the pleasant work.

Feel free to surf to my homepage: automated forex trading system
 
my site :: free slot machine
 
I have read so many posts about the blogger lovers but this post is
in fact a nice paragraph, keep it up.

Look into my blog: cedar finance scam
 
Also visit my blog ... make money from home legit
 
I think the admin of this web page is really working hard in favor of his site,
for the reason that here every material is
quality based material.

My blog earn easy money fast
 
Thanks for finally writing about > "History of Writing" < Loved it!

Here is my blog: making money from home
 
Feel free to visit my website - how to make money online fast and easy
 
Feel free to visit my web blog: online jobs for data entry
 
My web-site: forex automated trading software
 

Here is my homepage :: Make Real Money Now
 
Also visit my webpage: earn extra money online
 
These are genuinely impressive ideas in regarding blogging.
You have touched some good things here. Any way keep up wrinting.

Here is my webpage - free online games slots
 
Thanks for any other informative blog. Where else may just
I get that type of info written in such an ideal means?
I've a challenge that I'm just now running on, and I've been on the glance out for such info.

My web page ... what is day trading
 
Also visit my weblog ... after hours trading ticker
 
Amazing issues here. I'm very happy to look your post. Thank you a lot and I am having a look ahead to contact you. Will you kindly drop me a mail?

my web site :: sugar commodity prices
 
My webpage ... interactive brokers options
 
My web page - what is the best way to make money online
 
My webpage http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMJkb-bhjiI
 
Look at my homepage http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9SnPSlwYwpQ
 
Feel free to visit my web-site Stock Trading Forum
 
Also visit my webpage ... legal ways to make extra money
 
What's up mates, good article and pleasant urging commented here, I am genuinely enjoying by these.

Look at my page - hdfc forex card
 
Also visit my site; how to make money online easy
 

Here is my weblog: earn Making money online
 
My blog post ... city forex
 
Here is my weblog: Free Slots Machines
 
Look into my site :: fast way to make money online
 
I pay a visit day-to-day a few websites and websites to read content, but this web
site provides feature based content.

Feel free to surf to my site - top ways to make money online
 
Also visit my homepage ... guide to making money online
 
Looking ahead to peer you.

Have a look at my homepage binary options
 
my web-site genuine ways to make money Online
 
My web page; starting a work from home business
 
Here is my blog: how can i make extra money
 
I know this website provides quality based articles or reviews and other material, is there any other web page which gives
these data in quality?

Here is my web blog; easy ways to raise money
 
Excellent post. I definitely love this website. Thanks!

Feel free to surf to my web-site ... hot jobs chicago
 
Have a look at my blog - Binary options trading
 
Feel free to surf to my web site :: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddcKJDTQ7zI
 
my blog post - how to purchase penny stocks
 
Here is my blog ... http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCkK9-pzu_o
 
Asking questions are actually fastidious thing if you are not understanding
anything fully, but this paragraph provides good understanding even.

my web page; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pwex99npRdc
 
Thanks to my father who told me concerning this blog, this weblog is really amazing.

Here is my webpage free earn money online
 
Feel free to visit my website - Easy Ways To Make Money Online
 
My blog make money online working from home
 
I feel that is one of the such a lot important info for
me. And i'm glad reading your article. But want to statement on few basic things, The web site taste is ideal, the articles is truly excellent : D. Just right task, cheers

Also visit my site; sat World forum cccam anleitung
 
Such a machine calls for a not too many features to become or stay right to
generate a major coffee: this type of water environment, the causes body shape with
the producing enough time. Then again, easy to preserve fabric especially you will find splilling.
Remain afloat, consumption of tea and coffee should be thought about by means of perfect get away from methods for finish a brand new spit review needed for drinking detectors.
Appropriate at the moment people have in effect bestowed
just answer to that question because of it.
Connected that you have to navigate to the lending institution
and simply make a change with your own finance.

Here is my blog :: cona coffee Maker
 
Feel free to surf to my web blog: download asphalt
8 for ios ()
 
Hopefully, for our sake which hay day cheats will get by.
Romantics would say that this abbreviated description of the breakup
is proof that Hall has moved on and doesn't want to drag Jagger
(and their kids) through the mud by reliving the breakup scandal.

Each ride is 5 miles longer lasting for around 1 hour and they can safely take up to 8
people on each ride.

Review my blog post; Hay Day Hacks
 
With thanks for sharing your amazing webpage
