regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity

regulation of transcription involved in G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle

regulation of transcription involved in G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle

nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay

peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase activity

mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, catalytic sector F(1)

nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay

nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, endonucleolytic cleavage-dependent decay

RNA splicing, via transesterification reactions with bulged adenosine as nucleophile

spliceosome conformational change to release U4 (or U4atac) and U1 (or U11)

spliceosomal conformational changes to generate catalytic conformation

carbon catabolite regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose

regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by galactose

positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose

positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by galactose

carbon catabolite activation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

maturation of SSU-rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)

maturation of LSU-rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)

maturation of 5.8S rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)

endonucleolytic cleavage of tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)

glycosylphosphatidylinositol-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GPI-GnT) complex

RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific

RNA polymerase III cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

RNA polymerase III general transcription initiation factor activity

RNA polymerase III type 1 promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

RNA polymerase III type 2 promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

RNA polymerase III type 3 promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

RNA polymerase III transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

RNA polymerase III general transcription initiation factor binding

RNA polymerase II general transcription initiation factor binding

intronic transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

RNA polymerase II intronic transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

RNA polymerase I transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

RNA polymerase I cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

transcriptional start site selection at RNA polymerase II promoter

RNA polymerase I general transcription initiation factor activity

DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific

DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific

detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of bitter taste

detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of sweet taste

adenylate cyclase inhibiting G protein-coupled glutamate receptor activity

alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase activity

protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane involved in apoptotic signaling pathway

nervous system process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure

regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by circulatory renin-angiotensin

renal response to blood flow involved in circulatory renin-angiotensin regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure

desensitization of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway by arrestin

maintenance of blood vessel diameter homeostasis by renin-angiotensin

blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis

positive regulation of thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway

somatic recombination of immunoglobulin genes involved in immune response

somatic diversification of immunoglobulins involved in immune response

innate immune response activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway

stimulatory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor signaling pathway

connective tissue replacement involved in inflammatory response wound healing

T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell

CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation involved in immune response

CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation involved in immune response

CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell differentiation

immunoglobulin production involved in immunoglobulin-mediated immune response

immunoglobulin transcytosis in epithelial cells mediated by polymeric immunoglobulin receptor

antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib

immune response-activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway

immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signaling pathway involved in phagocytosis

adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains

antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I

antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib

antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib

antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen

antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen

antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway

antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway, TAP-dependent

antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway, TAP-independent

antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib via ER pathway

antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib via ER pathway, TAP-dependent

antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class II

antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II

antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II

regulation of vascular permeability involved in acute inflammatory response

production of molecular mediator involved in inflammatory response

activation of plasma proteins involved in acute inflammatory response

somatic diversification of immune receptors via germline recombination within a single locus

somatic diversification of immune receptors via somatic mutation

regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II

negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II

positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II

regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen

negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen

positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen

regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II

negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II

positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II

regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I

negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I

regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation

negative regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation

regulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response

positive regulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response

regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response

negative regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response

positive regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response

negative regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response

positive regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response

negative regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production

immune response-inhibiting cell surface receptor signaling pathway

immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signaling pathway

biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria

regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains

negative regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains

positive regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains

negative regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell

positive regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell

regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target

positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target

regulation of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell

negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell

positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell

regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target

negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target

positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target

negative regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus

positive regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus

negative regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus

positive regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus

regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin

negative regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin

regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure mediated by a chemical signal

regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by atrial natriuretic peptide

renal system process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure

renal control of peripheral vascular resistance involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure

regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by renin-angiotensin

negative regulation of the force of heart contraction by chemical signal

endodermal-mesodermal cell signaling involved in heart induction

negative regulation of heart induction by canonical Wnt signaling pathway

regulation of Wnt signaling pathway involved in heart development

negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway involved in heart development

positive regulation of extracellular matrix constituent secretion

negative regulation of extracellular matrix constituent secretion

mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis

regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis

epithelial cilium movement involved in extracellular fluid movement

dynamin family protein polymerization involved in membrane fission

dynamin family protein polymerization involved in mitochondrial fission

chondrocyte differentiation involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis

alpha-1,3-mannosylglycoprotein 2-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity

beta-1,4-mannosylglycoprotein 4-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity

beta-N-acetylglucosaminylglycopeptide beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase activity

3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (2-methylpropanoyl-transferring) activity

DNA topoisomerase type I (single strand cut, ATP-independent) activity

DNA topoisomerase type II (double strand cut, ATP-hydrolyzing) activity

N6-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP AMP-lyase (fumarate-forming) activity

biotin-[propionyl-CoA-carboxylase (ATP-hydrolyzing)] ligase activity

calmodulin-activated dual specificity 3',5'-cyclic-GMP, 3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase activity

lysine N-acetyltransferase activity, acting on acetyl phosphate as donor

dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide-protein glycotransferase activity

phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase activity

protein C-terminal S-isoprenylcysteine carboxyl O-methyltransferase activity

protein-L-isoaspartate (D-aspartate) O-methyltransferase activity

cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase inhibitor activity

inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel activity

intracellular cyclic nucleotide activated monoatomic cation channel activity

excitatory extracellular ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity

inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity

high-affinity basic amino acid transmembrane transporter activity

neutral L-amino acid secondary active transmembrane transporter activity

tricarboxylate secondary active transmembrane transporter activity

protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins

SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, translocation

post-translational protein targeting to endoplasmic reticulum membrane

protein processing involved in protein targeting to mitochondrion

retrograde vesicle-mediated transport, Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum

activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

cellular component disassembly involved in execution phase of apoptosis

negative regulation of cell adhesion involved in substrate-bound cell migration

DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest

DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator

positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in unfolded protein response

positive regulation of transcription involved in exit from mitosis

heterophilic cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules

transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway

activation of transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity

negative regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity

regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity

transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway

G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger

adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway

adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway

adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway

adenylate cyclase-inhibiting serotonin receptor signaling pathway

phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

protein kinase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane involved in single fertilization

N-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity

pyrimidine-specific mismatch base pair DNA N-glycosylase activity

8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase activity

2-polyprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone methyltransferase activity

alpha-1,3-mannosylglycoprotein 4-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity

alpha-1,6-mannosylglycoprotein 2-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity

UDP-galactose:glucosylceramide beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase activity

UDP-galactose:beta-N-acetylglucosamine beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase activity

N-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity

calcium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase regulator activity

extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors

intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to oxidative stress

activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process by cytochrome c

cysteine-type endopeptidase activator activity involved in apoptotic process

pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process

DNA topoisomerase type II (double strand cut, ATP-hydrolyzing) complex

pyrophosphate hydrolysis-driven proton transmembrane transporter activity

positive regulation of abscisic acid-activated signaling pathway

establishment or maintenance of transmembrane electrochemical gradient

negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process

positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process

regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination

positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production

regulation of adenylate cyclase activity involved in G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of cytoplasmic mRNA processing body assembly

negative regulation of cytoplasmic mRNA processing body assembly

negative regulation of transcription by transcription factor localization

regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation

negative regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation

regulation of long-chain fatty acid import across plasma membrane

negative regulation of long-chain fatty acid import across plasma membrane

positive regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction

negative regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction

regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to UV-induced DNA damage

negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to UV-induced DNA damage

positive regulation of cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation

DNA double-strand break processing involved in repair via single-strand annealing

negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway

calcium-dependent cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity

positive regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation

regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum

regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion

regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by calcium ion signaling

positive regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling

negative regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling

positive regulation of heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process

negative regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance

positive regulation of inositol-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase activity

negative regulation of transcription by competitive promoter binding

positive regulation of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance

negative regulation of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance

negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance

regulation of translational initiation by eIF2 alpha phosphorylation

release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum

skeletal muscle satellite cell maintenance involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

growth factor dependent regulation of skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation

regulation of skeletal muscle contraction via regulation of action potential

regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by chemo-mechanical energy conversion

myotube differentiation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process

heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, enzymatic modification

stretch-activated, monoatomic cation-selective, calcium channel activity

sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity

secondary active monocarboxylate transmembrane transporter activity

nucleobase-containing compound transmembrane transporter activity

RNA polymerase II general transcription initiation factor activity

glycoprotein-N-acetylgalactosamine 3-beta-galactosyltransferase activity

calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules

cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase regulator activity

oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor

oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor

oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, oxygen as acceptor

oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, disulfide as acceptor

oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor

oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors, oxygen as acceptor

oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors, quinone or related compound as acceptor

oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor

oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors, oxygen as acceptor

oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors, disulfide as acceptor

oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor

oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors, oxygen as acceptor

oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors, quinone or similar compound as acceptor

oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H, heme protein as acceptor

oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H, quinone or similar compound as acceptor

oxidoreductase activity, acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors

oxidoreductase activity, acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors, cytochrome as acceptor

oxidoreductase activity, acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors, oxygen as acceptor

oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, NAD(P) as acceptor

oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, oxygen as acceptor

oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, disulfide as acceptor

oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, quinone or similar compound as acceptor

oxidoreductase activity, acting on diphenols and related substances as donors

oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen

oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, incorporation of two atoms of oxygen

oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen

oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, NAD(P)H as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen

oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen

oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced iron-sulfur protein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen

oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced pteridine as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen

oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced ascorbate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen

oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, another compound as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen

oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with oxidation of a pair of donors resulting in the reduction of molecular oxygen to two molecules of water

oxidoreductase activity, acting on superoxide radicals as acceptor

oxidoreductase activity, acting on metal ions, NAD or NADP as acceptor

oxidoreductase activity, acting on metal ions, oxygen as acceptor

oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH or CH2 groups, NAD or NADP as acceptor

oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH or CH2 groups, oxygen as acceptor

oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH or CH2 groups, disulfide as acceptor

oxidoreductase activity, acting on iron-sulfur proteins as donors

oxidoreductase activity, acting on iron-sulfur proteins as donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor

acyltransferase activity, transferring groups other than amino-acyl groups

transferase activity, transferring alkyl or aryl (other than methyl) groups

phosphotransferase activity, for other substituted phosphate groups

exonuclease activity, active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids and producing 5'-phosphomonoesters

hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds

hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in linear amides

hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in cyclic amides

hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in linear amidines

hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in cyclic amidines

hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides

hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in sulfonyl-containing anhydrides

hydrolase activity, acting on acid carbon-carbon bonds, in ketonic substances

racemase and epimerase activity, acting on amino acids and derivatives

racemase and epimerase activity, acting on carbohydrates and derivatives

intramolecular oxidoreductase activity, interconverting aldoses and ketoses

intramolecular oxidoreductase activity, interconverting keto- and enol-groups

carbon-nitrogen ligase activity, with glutamine as amido-N-donor

site-specific endodeoxyribonuclease activity, specific for altered base

endonuclease activity, active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids and producing 5'-phosphomonoesters

endonuclease activity, active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids and producing 3'-phosphomonoesters

oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, oxygen as acceptor

oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, quinone or similar compound as acceptor

oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors

regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assembly

3-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 4-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase activity

4-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase activity

peptidyl-diphthamide biosynthetic process from peptidyl-histidine

peptidyl-pyroglutamic acid biosynthetic process, using glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase

peptidyl-S-diacylglycerol-L-cysteine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-cysteine

protein-pyridoxal-5-phosphate linkage via peptidyl-N6-pyridoxal phosphate-L-lysine

ATPase-coupled monoatomic cation transmembrane transporter activity

antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I

antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class II

cyclin-dependent protein kinase activating kinase holoenzyme complex

peptidyl-arginine methylation, to asymmetrical-dimethyl arginine

neuronal-glial interaction involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration

cell motility involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration

modulation of microtubule cytoskeleton involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration

extension of a leading process involved in cell motility in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration

cerebral cortex tangential migration using cell-cell interactions

gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neuronal migration to the hypothalamus

chemorepulsion involved in postnatal olfactory bulb interneuron migration

hypothalamus gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neuron differentiation

BMP signaling pathway involved in spinal cord dorsal/ventral patterning

tangential migration from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb

cellular process involved in reproduction in multicellular organism

acetylcholine-gated monoatomic cation-selective channel activity

extracellular matrix structural constituent conferring tensile strength

extracellular matrix structural constituent conferring compression resistance

alpha-1,6-mannosylglycoprotein 6-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity

transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor activity

transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activator activity

positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway

granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor complex

S-adenosylmethionine-dependent tRNA (m5U54) methyltransferase activity

phospholipase C-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway

establishment or maintenance of microtubule cytoskeleton polarity

nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-independent decay

negative regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization

positive regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization

SCF-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

positive regulation of fast-twitch skeletal muscle fiber contraction

regulation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel activity

positive regulation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel activity

negative regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway

positive regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway

regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

negative regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

positive regulation of endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration

negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration

endosome to lysosome transport via multivesicular body sorting pathway

regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production

negative regulation of connective tissue growth factor production

negative regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production

positive regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production

regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor catabolic process

negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor catabolic process

positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor catabolic process

regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation

positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation

regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation involved in immune response

positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation involved in immune response

negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta1 production

negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta2 production

negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta3 production

positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta1 production

positive regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process

positive regulation of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II

negative regulation of mast cell activation involved in immune response

positive regulation of mast cell activation involved in immune response

negative regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT protein

positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT protein

regulation of intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway

ATPase-coupled carboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity

ATPase-coupled monocarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity

negative regulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation

positive regulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation

positive regulation of integrin activation by cell surface receptor linked signal transduction

oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH or CH2 groups, quinone or similar compound as acceptor

steroid dehydrogenase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor

steroid dehydrogenase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors

3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA 24-hydroxylase activity

O-fucosylpeptide 3-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity

mannosyl-glycoprotein endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity

regulation of MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion

positive regulation of maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion

negative regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion

negative regulation of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II

establishment of mitochondrion localization, microtubule-mediated

regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 production

regulation of leukotriene production involved in inflammatory response

positive regulation of leukotriene production involved in inflammatory response

8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase activity

protein initiator methionine removal involved in protein maturation

insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus

positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus

positive regulation of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration by platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway

glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway

nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor signaling pathway

cellular response to vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus

protein deglycosylation involved in glycoprotein catabolic process

positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to stress

cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus

recruitment of mRNA capping enzyme to RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complex

positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to oxidative stress

intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hydrogen peroxide

regulation of translation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

regulation of translation initiation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

eiF2alpha phosphorylation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

positive regulation of translation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

regulation of translational initiation by eIF2 alpha dephosphorylation

epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway via MAPK cascade

positive regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis by VEGF-activated vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway

cross-receptor inhibition within G protein-coupled receptor heterodimer

VEGF-activated platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of cell migration by vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway

positive regulation of cell proliferation by VEGF-activated platelet derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway

granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway

regulation of viral-induced cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of viral-induced cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway

single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate

regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway

regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway

5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate-dependent methyltransferase activity

antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I

intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator

DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in transcription

negative regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process

positive regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process

negative regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport

positive regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport

cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity involved in apoptotic process

cysteine-type endopeptidase regulator activity involved in apoptotic process

negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway

positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

CD4-positive or CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell lineage commitment

negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation

positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation

positive regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation

negative regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity

regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator

positive regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator

negative regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator

regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway

regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to stress

regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to oxidative stress

ncRNA polyadenylation involved in polyadenylation-dependent ncRNA catabolic process

regulation of biological process involved in symbiotic interaction

canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition

canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation

canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in osteoblast differentiation

canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in regulation of cell proliferation

negative regulation of protein kinase activity by regulation of protein phosphorylation

biological process involved in interspecies interaction between organisms

ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of ions, rotational mechanism

negative regulation by host of viral exo-alpha-sialidase activity

negative regulation by host of viral glycoprotein metabolic process

double-strand break repair via synthesis-dependent strand annealing

protein insertion into ER membrane by stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequence

regulation of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate

establishment or maintenance of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity

negative regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity

positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity

positive regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity

positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate

positive regulation of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate

regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assembly

positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assembly

negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process

positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process

negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity

positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity

negative regulation of complement activation, alternative pathway

positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep

2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-dependent phosphoglycerate mutase activity

negative regulation by virus of viral protein levels in host cell

positive regulation by virus of viral protein levels in host cell

oxidoreductase activity, acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors, with NAD or NADP as acceptor

acyltransferase activity, acyl groups converted into alkyl on transfer

3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate transmembrane transporter activity

oxidoreductase activity, acting on X-H and Y-H to form an X-Y bond

oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors, flavin as acceptor

antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib

antigen processing and presentation, endogenous lipid antigen via MHC class Ib

intramolecular transferase activity, transferring hydroxy groups

N-acetylgalactosaminyl-proteoglycan 3-beta-glucuronosyltransferase activity

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process

positive regulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway

negative regulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway

detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of sound

detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of taste

detection of temperature stimulus involved in sensory perception

detection of temperature stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain

positive regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction

negative regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction

positive regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity

negative regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol

positive regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol

positive regulation of cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity

negative regulation of neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration involved in phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled signaling pathway

negative regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission

positive regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission

biological process involved in intraspecies interaction between organisms

positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process

negative regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process

regulation of catecholamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission

positive regulation of catecholamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission

negative regulation of catecholamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission

positive regulation of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore

class II DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) endonuclease activity

all-trans-retinyl-palmitate hydrolase, 11-cis retinol forming activity

oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors, with a flavin as acceptor

positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in wound healing

positive regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion

negative regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA poly(A) tail shortening

positive regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA poly(A) tail shortening

negative regulation of cell growth involved in contact inhibition

negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in contact inhibition

positive regulation of transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II

regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response

positive regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response

negative regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response

epithelial cilium movement involved in determination of left/right asymmetry

regulation of cilium beat frequency involved in ciliary motility

regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization

regulation of ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activity

negative regulation of ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activity

positive regulation of ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activity

positive regulation of type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway

negative regulation of type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway

negative regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway

positive regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway

cartilage development involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis

regulation of Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway

positive regulation of Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway

regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane depolarization

regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization

regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell membrane depolarization

negative regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation

negative regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration involved in egg activation

positive regulation of flagellated sperm motility involved in capacitation

positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis

positive regulation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity

positive regulation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolic process

positive regulation of termination of DNA-templated transcription

negative regulation of termination of DNA-templated transcription

positive regulation of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity

fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in mammary gland specification

negative regulation of transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II

regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis by mesenchymal-epithelial signaling

regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis

positive regulation of intestinal epithelial structure maintenance

epithelial-mesenchymal signaling involved in prostate gland development

cell fate commitment involved in formation of primary germ layer

regulation of cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development

fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in neural plate anterior/posterior pattern formation

regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development

positive regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development

positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte cytokine production involved in immune response

regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus

negative regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus

cell surface receptor signaling pathway involved in heart development

canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in cardiac muscle cell fate commitment

regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to hypoxia

positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to hypoxia

negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to hypoxia

cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activator activity

calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage-gated calcium channel

RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding

parkin-mediated stimulation of mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization

protein targeting to lysosome involved in chaperone-mediated autophagy

antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide

endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced pre-emptive quality control

regulation of SCF-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

negative regulation of SCF-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent catabolic process

positive regulation of pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway

intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

regulation of establishment of protein localization to chromosome

N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-specific phospholipase D activity

negative regulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade

positive regulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade

nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing signaling pathway

regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing signaling pathway

negative regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing signaling pathway

positive regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing signaling pathway

regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 signaling pathway

positive regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 signaling pathway

nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway

regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway

negative regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway

positive regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway

negative regulation of thrombin-activated receptor signaling pathway

(S)-2-(5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido) succinate lyase (fumarate-forming) activity

mismatch repair involved in maintenance of fidelity involved in DNA-dependent DNA replication

regulation of production of small RNA involved in gene silencing by RNA

regulation of neutrophil mediated killing of gram-negative bacterium

positive regulation of neutrophil mediated killing of symbiont cell

positive regulation of neutrophil mediated killing of gram-negative bacterium

phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain serine 2 residues

phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain serine 5 residues

cytoplasm protein quality control by the ubiquitin-proteasome system

nuclear protein quality control by the ubiquitin-proteasome system

negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta production

positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta production

negative regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production

positive regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production

regulation of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha production

negative regulation of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha production

negative regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 production

positive regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 production

positive regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1 production

negative regulation of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor production

positive regulation of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor production

positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade via TNFSF11-mediated signaling

negative regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway

adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway

adenylate cyclase-inhibiting adrenergic receptor signaling pathway

phospholipase C-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of transcription involved in G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle

positive regulation of transcription involved in G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle

protein deubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

establishment or maintenance of cell polarity regulating cell shape

regulation of branch elongation involved in ureteric bud branching

negative regulation of branch elongation involved in ureteric bud branching

negative regulation of branch elongation involved in ureteric bud branching by BMP signaling pathway

anterior/posterior pattern specification involved in kidney development

anterior/posterior pattern specification involved in ureteric bud development

specification of ureteric bud anterior/posterior symmetry by BMP signaling pathway

positive regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis

regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development

negative regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development

regulation of metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation

entry of viral genome into host nucleus through nuclear pore complex via importin

voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential

voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential

voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization

membrane depolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential

membrane repolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential

P-type calcium transporter activity involved in regulation of cardiac muscle cell membrane potential

voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in SA node cell action potential depolarization

atrial cardiac muscle cell to AV node cell communication by electrical coupling

membrane depolarization during Purkinje myocyte cell action potential

membrane depolarization during bundle of His cell action potential

membrane repolarization during bundle of His cell action potential

AV node cell to bundle of His cell communication by electrical coupling

bundle of His cell to Purkinje myocyte communication by electrical coupling

voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in AV node cell action potential

voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in bundle of His cell action potential

voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved SA node cell action potential

voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in AV node cell action potential

voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in bundle of His cell action potential

voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in Purkinje myocyte action potential

voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in SA node cell action potential

cell communication by electrical coupling involved in cardiac conduction

Purkinje myocyte to ventricular cardiac muscle cell communication

bundle of His cell-Purkinje myocyte adhesion involved in cell communication

gap junction channel activity involved in cardiac conduction electrical coupling

gap junction channel activity involved in atrial cardiac muscle cell-AV node cell electrical coupling

gap junction channel activity involved in AV node cell-bundle of His cell electrical coupling

gap junction channel activity involved in bundle of His cell-Purkinje myocyte electrical coupling

voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in bundle of His cell action potential repolarization

voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization

voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in SA node cell action potential repolarization

regulation of the force of heart contraction by cardiac conduction

phospholipase C-activating angiotensin-activated signaling pathway

positive regulation of chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly

positive regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis

negative regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis

regulation of transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway

positive regulation of transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway

negative regulation of transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway

endosome to lysosome transport of low-density lipoprotein particle

positive regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis

negative regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis

positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria

negative regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria

regulation of 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase activity

positive regulation of 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase activity

negative regulation of 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase activity

regulation of microtubule nucleation by Ran protein signal transduction

regulation of immune complex clearance by monocytes and macrophages

positive regulation of immune complex clearance by monocytes and macrophages

positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint

negative regulation of cellular response to growth factor stimulus

regulation of DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation

positive regulation of DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation

negative regulation of DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation

negative regulation of cellular organofluorine metabolic process

phosphodiesterase activity, acting on 3'-phosphoglycolate-terminated DNA strands

ubiquitin-independent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway

endothelial cell chemotaxis to vascular endothelial growth factor

cellular response to granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus

establishment of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum membrane

endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment organization

cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway

cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis

negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to stress

base-excision repair, AP site formation via deaminated base removal

double-strand break repair via classical nonhomologous end joining

double-strand break repair via alternative nonhomologous end joining

intracellular phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate-sensitive monatomic cation channel activity

establishment of protein-containing complex localization to telomere

vesicle targeting, trans-Golgi to periciliary membrane compartment

de novo centriole assembly involved in multi-ciliated epithelial cell differentiation

cytoplasmic side of trans-Golgi network transport vesicle membrane

regulation of neurotransmitter receptor localization to postsynaptic specialization membrane

positive regulation of mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization

regulation of cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in regulation of contraction

membrane depolarization during atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential

membrane repolarization during atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential

membrane repolarization during ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential

regulation of postsynaptic membrane neurotransmitter receptor levels

regulation of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor internalization

ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential

voltage-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential

neurotransmitter receptor activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential

lateral attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore

neurotransmitter receptor transport, endosome to plasma membrane

regulation of heart induction by canonical Wnt signaling pathway

tRNAPhe (7-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)wyosine37-C2)-hydroxylase activity

UDP-alpha-D-glucose:glucosyl-glycogenin alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity

regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of cell adhesion involved in sprouting angiogenesis

L-serine-phosphatidylethanolamine phosphatidyltransferase activity

regulation of deadenylation-dependent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA

negative regulation of deadenylation-dependent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA

regulation of DNA strand resection involved in replication fork processing

negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation

negative regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly

positive regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly

regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization

negative regulation of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription

cellular response to oxidised low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus

class I DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) endonuclease activity

regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process

negative regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process

negative regulation of mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling

extraction of mislocalized protein from mitochondrial outer membrane

ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the C-end degron rule pathway

reorganization of cellular membranes to establish viral sites of replication

regulation of protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase activity

positive regulation of protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase activity

positive regulation of protein localization to cell-cell junction

negative regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor activity

regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response

negative regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response

positive regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response

negative regulation of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading

positive regulation of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading

negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response

positive regulation of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response

regulation of nodal signaling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry

regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay

negative regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay

positive regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay

negative regulation of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation

positive regulation of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation

positive regulation of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor production

regulation of nodal signaling pathway involved in determination of lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry

positive regulation of nodal signaling pathway involved in determination of lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry

regulation of single-species biofilm formation in or on host organism

negative regulation of single-species biofilm formation in or on host organism

regulation of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration by platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway

negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell costimulation

negative regulation of post-transcriptional gene silencing by RNA

positive regulation of post-transcriptional gene silencing by RNA

negative regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process

positive regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process

negative regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle by negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

regulation of phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway

negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway

positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway

regulation of membrane depolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential

negative regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity

positive regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity

negative regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity

positive regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity

regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway

negative regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway

positive regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway

neural crest cell migration involved in autonomic nervous system development

negative regulation of formation of translation preinitiation complex

negative regulation of intracellular transport of viral material

positive regulation of intracellular transport of viral material

nucleotide-excision repair involved in interstrand cross-link repair

negative regulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor production

positive regulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor production

negative regulation of double-strand break repair via single-strand annealing

regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in cardiac muscle cell fate commitment

negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in cardiac muscle cell fate commitment

negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death

positive regulation of hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death

negative regulation of vasculature development involved in avascular cornea development in camera-type eye

negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta activation

positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta activation

positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta1 activation

regulation of phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain

positive regulation of phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain

positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in cellular response to chemical stimulus

negative regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation

regulation of telomeric RNA transcription from RNA pol II promoter

positive regulation of telomeric RNA transcription from RNA pol II promoter

sulfur-containing amino acid secondary active transmembrane transporter activity

negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development

positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development

negative regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator

positive regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator

regulation of deadenylation-independent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA

positive regulation of deadenylation-independent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA

regulation of transcription of nucleolar large rRNA by RNA polymerase I

negative regulation of transcription of nucleolar large rRNA by RNA polymerase I

positive regulation of transcription of nucleolar large rRNA by RNA polymerase I

negative regulation of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity

regulation of cell communication by electrical coupling involved in cardiac conduction

regulation of ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity

negative regulation of ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity

positive regulation of ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity

positive regulation of inward rectifier potassium channel activity

negative regulation of translation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors

negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors

positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors

positive regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha signaling pathway

negative regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle

positive regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle

regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle

negative regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle

regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process

negative regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process

positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process

positive regulation of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel activity

regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator

positive regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator

regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator

negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator

positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator

regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

positive regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

regulation of hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway

regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress

negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress

erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid metabolic process

erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid catabolic process

regulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway

negative regulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway

positive regulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway

regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage

negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage

positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage

regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

positive regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator

negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator

positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator

negative regulation of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity

positive regulation of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity

voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization

neuron projection extension involved in neuron projection guidance

positive regulation of protein localization to spindle pole body

regulation of attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore

positive regulation of attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore

regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in programmed necrotic cell death

regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage-gated calcium channel

regulation of cellular response to vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus

negative regulation of cellular response to vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus

regulation of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity

positive regulation of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity

regulation of mRNA stability involved in cellular response to UV

1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate metabolic process

1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate biosynthetic process

mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in programmed cell death

regulation of intracellular calcium activated chloride channel activity

negative regulation of intracellular calcium activated chloride channel activity

metalloendopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process

positive regulation of early endosome to recycling endosome transport

regulation of mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone

positive regulation of mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone

regulation of aspartic-type endopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process

negative regulation of aspartic-type endopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process

positive regulation of aspartic-type endopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process

regulation of metalloendopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process

negative regulation of metalloendopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process

negative regulation of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process

positive regulation of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process

positive regulation of lipid transport across blood-brain barrier

regulation of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

negative regulation of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

negative regulation of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process

positive regulation of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process

regulation of ER-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

negative regulation of ER-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

positive regulation of ER-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

positive regulation of C-C chemokine receptor CCR7 signaling pathway

negative regulation of TRAIL-activated apoptotic signaling pathway

negative regulation of thioredoxin peroxidase activity by peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation

positive regulation of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity

negative regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress

positive regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress

positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway

positive regulation of potassium ion import across plasma membrane

regulation of hypoxia-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

negative regulation of hypoxia-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

regulation of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal

negative regulation of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal

positive regulation of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal

regulation of endoplasmic reticulum tubular network organization

positive regulation of endoplasmic reticulum tubular network organization

regulation of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

positive regulation of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

regulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

regulation of P-type sodium:potassium-exchanging transporter activity

positive regulation of P-type sodium:potassium-exchanging transporter activity

negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process

positive regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process

release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by endoplasmic reticulum

regulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production

negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production

positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production

regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis

negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis

positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis

negative regulation of inward rectifier potassium channel activity

regulation of protein insertion into mitochondrial outer membrane

positive regulation of protein insertion into mitochondrial outer membrane

phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain serine 5 residues involved in positive regulation of transcription elongation from RNA polymerase II promoter

phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain serine 2 residues involved in positive regulation of transcription elongation from RNA polymerase II promoter

negative regulation of wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells

positive regulation of wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells

regulation of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion

negative regulation of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion

positive regulation of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion

regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hydrogen peroxide

negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hydrogen peroxide

regulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization

positive regulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization

gap junction channel activity involved in cell communication by electrical coupling

negative regulation of potassium ion export across plasma membrane

positive regulation of potassium ion export across plasma membrane

regulation of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus

negative regulation of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus

positive regulation of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus

negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced eIF2 alpha phosphorylation

regulation of fusion of virus membrane with host plasma membrane

negative regulation of fusion of virus membrane with host plasma membrane

regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced eIF2 alpha dephosphorylation

positive regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced eIF2 alpha dephosphorylation

positive regulation of response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor

regulation of cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus

positive regulation of cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus

positive regulation of TRAIL-activated apoptotic signaling pathway

regulation of non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase activity

negative regulation of non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase activity

negative regulation of G protein-coupled receptor internalization

positive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor internalization

negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production

negative regulation of retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol

positive regulation of retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol

membrane protein proteolysis involved in retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol

regulation of glycogen synthase activity, transferring glucose-1-phosphate

negative regulation of glycogen synthase activity, transferring glucose-1-phosphate

regulation of substrate-dependent cell migration, cell attachment to substrate

positive regulation of substrate-dependent cell migration, cell attachment to substrate

regulation of basement membrane assembly involved in embryonic body morphogenesis

positive regulation of basement membrane assembly involved in embryonic body morphogenesis

regulation of antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I

negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I

regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction

positive regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction

transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential

regulation of inhibitory G protein-coupled receptor phosphorylation

positive regulation of inhibitory G protein-coupled receptor phosphorylation

negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening

positive regulation of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening

protein localization to cytosolic proteasome complex involved in ERAD pathway

negative regulation of telomere maintenance in response to DNA damage

positive regulation of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription

negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle contraction

regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation

negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation

positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation

regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

negative regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration

positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration

regulation of protein localization to chromosome, telomeric region

negative regulation of protein localization to chromosome, telomeric region

positive regulation of protein localization to chromosome, telomeric region

positive regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation

negative regulation of cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor

positive regulation of cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor

negative regulation of establishment of protein localization to telomere

positive regulation of establishment of protein localization to telomere

positive regulation of telomerase RNA localization to Cajal body

negative regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage-gated calcium channel

positive regulation of telomerase catalytic core complex assembly

negative regulation of endothelial cell-matrix adhesion via fibronectin

positive regulation of endothelial cell-matrix adhesion via fibronectin

regulation of maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion, telomeric

negative regulation of maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion, telomeric

negative regulation of establishment of RNA localization to telomere

regulation of autophagy of mitochondrion in response to mitochondrial depolarization

positive regulation of autophagy of mitochondrion in response to mitochondrial depolarization

Wnt signaling pathway involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation

canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation

regulation of adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell

positive regulation of leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell

negative regulation of leukocyte adhesion to arterial endothelial cell

positive regulation of leukocyte adhesion to arterial endothelial cell

regulation of membrane repolarization during ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential

negative regulation of membrane repolarization during ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential

positive regulation of membrane repolarization during ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential

regulation of membrane repolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential

negative regulation of membrane repolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential

positive regulation of membrane repolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential

P-type calcium transporter activity involved in regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration

P-type calcium transporter activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration

regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation

negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation

positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation

regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in heart development

negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in heart development

regulation of parkin-mediated stimulation of mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization

negative regulation of parkin-mediated stimulation of mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization

positive regulation of parkin-mediated stimulation of mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization

negative regulation of guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity

positive regulation of guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity

cell surface receptor signaling pathway involved in cell-cell signaling

regulation of lateral attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore

positive regulation of lateral attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore

positive regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination

regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation

positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation

negative regulation of protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity

positive regulation of protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity

regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in osteoblast differentiation

negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in osteoblast differentiation

regulation of nitrosative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

negative regulation of nitrosative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

regulation of proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism

positive regulation of proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism

regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process

positive regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process

negative regulation of creatine transmembrane transporter activity

non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation

regulation of mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transport

positive regulation of mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transport

regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process

negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process

positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process

canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in stem cell proliferation

regulation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F complex assembly

positive regulation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F complex assembly

negative regulation of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum

positive regulation of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum

positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance

negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding

positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding

negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor activity

positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor activity

regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis involved in cholesterol transport

negative regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis involved in cholesterol transport

positive regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis involved in cholesterol transport

positive regulation of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

negative regulation of telomerase RNA reverse transcriptase activity

positive regulation of calcium ion import across plasma membrane

regulation of mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled proton transport

positive regulation of endosome to plasma membrane protein transport

regulation of protection from non-homologous end joining at telomere

negative regulation of protection from non-homologous end joining at telomere

regulation of phosphatidylserine exposure on apoptotic cell surface

positive regulation of phosphatidylserine exposure on apoptotic cell surface

regulation of cellular response to very-low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus

negative regulation of calcium ion export across plasma membrane

regulation of cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching

negative regulation of cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching

positive regulation of cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching

regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching

negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching

positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching

inhibition of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

ribosome-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to DNA damage

peptidyl-tyrosine dephosphorylation involved in inactivation of protein kinase activity

replication-born double-strand break repair via sister chromatid exchange

positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

poly(U)-specific exoribonuclease activity, producing 3' uridine cyclic phosphate ends

xenobiotic detoxification by transmembrane export across the plasma membrane

modulation by host of viral RNA-binding transcription factor activity

negative regulation of metanephric comma-shaped body morphogenesis

negative regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination

regulation of Wnt signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral axis specification

negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral axis specification

regulation of Wnt signaling pathway involved in digestive tract morphogenesis

negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway involved in digestive tract morphogenesis

negative regulation of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

positive regulation of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in controlling type B pancreatic cell proliferation

negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in controlling type B pancreatic cell proliferation

regulation of Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway

positive regulation of Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway

negative regulation of cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process

regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis

negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis

positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis

regulation of retrograde vesicle-mediated transport, Golgi to ER

positive regulation of ribosomal small subunit export from nucleus

receptor internalization involved in canonical Wnt signaling pathway

regulation of Rho-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity

negative regulation of Rho-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity

regulation of tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 11 production

positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 11 production

regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in neural plate anterior/posterior pattern formation

negative regulation of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 production

negative regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production

positive regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production

positive regulation of DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity

negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process

positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process

regulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor signaling pathway

positive regulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor signaling pathway

positive regulation of interleukin-18-mediated signaling pathway

negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation

positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation

regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor

negative regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor

positive regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor

negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation

positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation

negative regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation

positive regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation

regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway

positive regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway

regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay

negative regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay

negative regulation of early endosome to late endosome transport

positive regulation of early endosome to late endosome transport

negative regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity

positive regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity

negative regulation of cellular response to testosterone stimulus

negative regulation of transcription regulatory region DNA binding

positive regulation of transcription regulatory region DNA binding

negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation

regulation of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development

positive regulation of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development

regulation of maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion, centromeric

negative regulation of maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion, centromeric

regulation of cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation

positive regulation of cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation

positive regulation of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation

positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process involved in cellular response to hypoxia

regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis

regulation of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription, poly(A)-coupled

negative regulation of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription, poly(A)-coupled

positive regulation of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription, poly(A)-coupled

negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in smooth muscle cell differentiation

regulation of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining

negative regulation of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining

positive regulation of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining

negative regulation of Rho guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity

positive regulation of Rho guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity

regulation of cellular response to hepatocyte growth factor stimulus

negative regulation of cellular response to hepatocyte growth factor stimulus

positive regulation of cellular response to hepatocyte growth factor stimulus

regulation of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity

negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity

regulation of phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain serine 2 residues

positive regulation of phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain serine 2 residues

negative regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation

positive regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation

regulation of T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell

negative regulation of T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell

positive regulation of T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell

regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation involved in immune response

positive regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation involved in immune response

regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand

negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand

positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand

regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway

negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway

positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway

regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis

negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis

positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis

positive regulation of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process

The maintenance of the structure and integrity of the mitochondrial genome; includes replication and segregation of the mitochondrial chromosome.

The production of new individuals that contain some portion of genetic material inherited from one or more parent organisms.

Catalysis of the reaction: (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + 4 isopentenyl diphosphate = 4 diphosphate + all-trans-heptaprenyl diphosphate.

The repair of single strand breaks in DNA. Repair of such breaks is mediated by the same enzyme systems as are used in base excision repair.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within a single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid molecule by creating internal breaks.

A multimeric enzyme complex, usually a dimer or an octamer, that catalyzes the conversion of 2-phospho-D-glycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate and water.

Catalysis of the reaction: lactose + H2O = D-glucose + D-galactose.

The directed movement of alpha-glucosides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Alpha-glucosides are glycosides in which the sugar group is a glucose residue, and the anomeric carbon of the bond is in an alpha configuration.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination, a DNA metabolic process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination during mitosis.

The cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the mitotic spindle. Mitotic spindle elongation begins during mitotic prophase and ends during mitotic anaphase B.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose), an intermediate in the catabolism of glycogen and starch.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose).

Catalysis of the transfer of a mannose residue to an oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-(1->2) linkage.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of constituent RNAs and proteins to form the large ribosomal subunit.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of constituent RNAs and proteins to form the small ribosomal subunit.

Catalysis of the transfer of a mannosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.

Catalysis of the transfer of a mannose residue to an oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-(1->3) linkage.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.

The directed movement of transition metal ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.

The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm.

Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-tRNA(1) + aminoacyl-tRNA(2) = tRNA(1) + peptidylaminoacyl-tRNA(2).

The sequence of reactions by which arginine is synthesized from ornithine, then cleaved to yield urea and regenerate ornithine. The overall reaction equation is NH3 + CO2 + aspartate + 3 ATP + 2 H2O = urea + fumarate + 2 ADP + 2 phosphate + AMP + diphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving citrulline, N5-carbamoyl-L-ornithine, an alpha amino acid not found in proteins.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving argininosuccinate, 2-(N(omega)-arginino)succinate, an intermediate in the ornithine-urea cycle, where it is synthesized from citrulline and aspartate.

The directed movement of a ribosomal subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

The directed movement of a ribosomal large subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

The directed movement of a ribosomal small subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

Binding to a fatty-acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty acyl group.

Enables the transfer of L-ornithine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-ornithine is 2,5-diaminopentanoic acid.

The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.

A signaling process that controls cell cycle progression by monitoring the integrity of specific cell cycle events. A cell cycle checkpoint begins with detection of deficiencies or defects and ends with signal transduction.

A signal transduction process that contributes to a DNA replication checkpoint, that prevents the initiation of nuclear division until DNA replication is complete, thereby ensuring that progeny inherit a full complement of the genome.

A signal transduction process that contributes to a DNA damage checkpoint.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G1 commits to S phase. The process begins with the build up of G1 cyclin-dependent kinase (G1 CDK), resulting in the activation of transcription of G1 cyclins. The process ends with the positive feedback of the G1 cyclins on the G1 CDK which commits the cell to S phase, in which DNA replication is initiated.

Any process that regulates transcription such that the target genes are involved in the transition between G1 and S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.

The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G2 commits to M phase. The process begins when the kinase activity of M cyclin/CDK complex reaches a threshold high enough for the cell cycle to proceed. This is accomplished by activating a positive feedback loop that results in the accumulation of unphosphorylated and active M cyclin/CDK complex.

Enables the transfer of S-adenosylmethionine from one side of a membrane to the other. S-adenosylmethionine is S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, homocysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.

Enables the transfer of sulfur amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Sulphur amino acids contain sulfur in the form of cystine, methionine or their derivatives.

The directed movement of amino acids containing sulfur (cystine, methionine and their derivatives) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The pathways by which inorganic sulfate is processed and incorporated into sulfated compounds.

Catalysis of the reaction: succinate + acceptor = fumarate + reduced acceptor.

Any complex formed of proteins that act in nucleotide-excision repair.

One of several protein complexes involved in nucleotide-excision repair; possesses DNA damage recognition and endodeoxynuclease activities. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of Rad1p, Rad10p, and Rad14p; in human the subunits are ERCC4/XPF, ERCC1 and XPA, respectively.

Any process that regulates transcription such that the target genes are transcribed as part of the G2/M transition of the mitotic cell cycle.

A transcription factor complex that acts at a regulatory region of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase I.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.

A protein complex that possesses histone acetyltransferase activity.

A SAGA-type histone acetyltransferase complex that deubiquitinates H2A and/or H2B. This complex is organized into several functional submodules: a structural core including the activator binding module and consisting of ADA1 or a homolog, members of the SPT and TAF protein families as well as promotor recruitment factor TRRAP/TRA1, a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) module consisting of GCN5/KAT2A or PCAF/KAT2B, ADA2, ADA3/NGG1, and SGF29 or homologues thereof, a histone deubiquitinase (DUB) module consisting of ATXN7/SGF73, ATXN7L3/SGF11, ENY2/SUS1 and USP22/UBP8 or homologues thereof, and in some taxa a splicing module consisting of SF3B3 and SF3B5 or homologues thereof (not in fungi). In budding yeast also contains Spt8 which distinguishes it from SAGA-like (SLIK) complex (GO:0046695).

A transcription factor complex that is involved in regulating transcription from RNA polymerase III (Pol III) promoters. TFIIIB contains the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and two Pol III-specific proteins, B'' and BRF.

A heterotrimeric transcription factor complex that is involved in regulating transcription from RNA polymerase III (Pol III) promoters. TFIIIC contains three conserved subunits that associate with the proximal Pol III promoter element, and additional subunits that associate with sequence elements downstream of the promoter and are more diverged among species. It also functions as a boundary element to partition genome content into distinct domains outside Pol III promoter regions.

A cell cycle process that sets the alignment of mitotic spindle relative to other cellular structures.

The Golgi cisterna closest to the endoplasmic reticulum; the first processing compartment through which proteins pass after export from the ER.

The Golgi cisterna farthest from the endoplasmic reticulum; the final processing compartment through which proteins pass before exiting the Golgi apparatus; the compartment in which N-linked protein glycosylation is completed.

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus.

A protein complex peripherally associated with the plasma membrane that determines where vesicles dock and fuse. At least eight complex components are conserved between yeast and mammals.

A motor activity that generates movement along a microfilament, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Binding to a SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attached protein receptor) protein.

Catalysis of the identification and base-pairing of homologous sequences between single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA.

A protein complex that includes a ubiquitin-protein ligase and enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. The complex also contains other proteins that may confer substrate specificity on the complex.

The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an rRNA molecule to produce an rRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.

A protein complex that has protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity that is polycation-stimulated (PCS), being directly stimulated by protamine, polylysine, or histone H1; it constitutes a subclass of several enzymes activated by different histones and polylysine, and consists of catalytic, scaffolding, and regulatory subunits. The catalytic and scaffolding subunits form the core enzyme, and the holoenzyme also includes the regulatory subunit.

A protein complex that possesses magnesium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase (AMD phosphatase) activity, and consists of a catalytic subunit and one or more regulatory subunits that dictates the phosphatase's substrate specificity, function, and activity.

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.

Binding to a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose.

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains an RNA molecule of the snoRNA family, and cleaves the rRNA precursor as part of rRNA transcript processing. It also has other roles: In S. cerevisiae it is involved in cell cycle-regulated degradation of daughter cell-specific mRNAs, while in mammalian cells it also enters the mitochondria and processes RNAs to create RNA primers for DNA replication.

Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 3' terminus of an RNA molecule.

A ribonuclease complex that has 3-prime to 5-prime processive and distributive hydrolytic exoribonuclease activity and endoribonuclease activity, producing 5-prime-phosphomonoesters. Participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events preventing nuclear export and/or translation of aberrant RNAs. Restricted to processing linear and circular single-stranded RNAs (ssRNA) only. RNAs with complex secondary structures may have to be unwound or pre-processed by co-factors prior to entering the complex, esp if the 3-prime end is structured.

A ribonuclease complex that has 3-prime to 5-prime processive hydrolytic exoribonuclease activity producing 5-prime-phosphomonoesters. Participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events preventing nuclear export and/or translation of aberrant RNAs. Restricted to processing linear and circular single-stranded RNAs (ssRNA) only. RNAs with complex secondary structures may have to be unwound or pre-processed by co-factors prior to entering the complex, esp if the 3-prime end is structured.

A ribonuclease complex that has 3-prime to 5-prime exoribonuclease activity and possibly endoribonuclease activity, producing 5-prime-phosphomonoesters. Participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events preventing nuclear export and/or translation of aberrant RNAs. Restricted to processing linear and circular single-stranded RNAs (ssRNA) only. RNAs with complex secondary structures may have to be unwound or pre-processed by co-factors prior to entering the complex, esp if the 3-prime end is structured.

Catalysis of the dimethylation of two adjacent adenine residues in a rRNA, using S-adenosyl-L-methionine as a methyl donor.

The formation of heterochromatin at ribosomal DNA, characterized by the modified histone H3K9me3.

The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins.

Addition of multiple ubiquitin groups to a protein, forming a ubiquitin chain.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a meiotic cell cycle.

A protein complex that catalyzes the endonucleolytic cleavage of pre-tRNA, producing 5'-hydroxyl and 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini, and specifically removing the intron.

Binding to a DNA secondary structure element such as a four-way junction, a bubble, a loop, Y-form DNA, or a double-strand/single-strand junction.

The V1 domain of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase found in the vacuolar membrane.

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-N-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-protein + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + peptide L-aspartate. This reaction is the hydrolysis of an N4-(acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)asparagine residue in which the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residue may be further glycosylated, to yield a (substituted) N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine and the peptide containing an aspartic residue.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.

A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact.

Any of the spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles and are thought to contribute to the forces that separate the poles and position them in relation to the rest of the cell.

A network of small fibers that surrounds the centrioles in cells; contains the microtubule nucleating activity of the centrosome.

The formation of a tri-snRNP complex containing U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs and U5 snRNAs and associated proteins. This includes reannealing of U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs released from previous rounds of splicing to reform the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) as well as the subsequent association of the U5 snRNP with the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) to form a tri-snRNP that is ready to reassemble into another spliceosome complex.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a spliceosomal complex, a ribonucleoprotein apparatus that catalyzes nuclear mRNA splicing via transesterification reactions.

Catalysis of the reaction: ergosterol + NADP+ = ergosta-5,7,22,24(24(1))-tetraen-3beta-ol + H+ + NADPH.

Catalysis of the reaction: 5,7,24(28)-ergostatrienol + O2 + NADPH = 5,7,22,24(28)-ergostatetraenol + 2 H2O + NADP+.

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene = lanosterol. This is a cyclization reaction that forms the sterol nucleus.

Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-beta-hydroxyl sterol + NADP+ = a 3-keto sterol + NADPH + H+.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving allantoin, (2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)urea, an intermediate or end product of purine catabolism.

The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments.

Binding to a peroxisomal targeting sequence, a sequence of amino acids within a protein that acts as a signal for the localization of a protein into the peroxisome.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.

The catalytic sector of the mitochondrial hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase; it comprises the catalytic core and central stalk, and is peripherally associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane when the entire ATP synthase is assembled.

Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent.

The division of a cell nucleus into two nuclei, with DNA and other nuclear contents distributed between the daughter nuclei.

A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.

Catalysis of the reaction: a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

A major pathway of degradation of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that proceeds through a series of ordered steps that includes poly(A) tail shortening and that can regulate mRNA stability.

Shortening of the poly(A) tail of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.

Cleavage of the 5'-cap of a nuclear mRNA triggered by shortening of the poly(A) tail to below a minimum functional length.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the transcript body of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA that occurs when the ends are not protected by the 5'-cap or the 3'-poly(A) tail.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 Fe3+-siderophore + electron donor -> 2 Fe3+-siderophore + electron acceptor.

A minor degradation pathway nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that begins with an endonucleolytic cleavage to generate unprotected ends.

Enables the transfer of adenine nucleotides (AMP, ADP, and ATP) from one side of a membrane to the other.

The directed movement of spermine, N,N-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane, a polyamine formed by the transfer of a propylamine group from decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine to spermidine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The retrograde movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by COP I vesicles. Cis-Golgi vesicles are constantly moving forward through the Golgi stack by cisternal progression, eventually becoming trans-Golgi vesicles. They then selectively transport membrane and luminal proteins from the trans- to the medial-Golgi while leaving others behind in the trans-Golgi cisternae; similarly, they selectively move proteins from the medial- to the cis-Golgi.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a superoxide stimulus. Superoxide is the anion, oxygen-, formed by addition of one electron to dioxygen (O2) or any compound containing the superoxide anion.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen radical stimulus. An oxygen radical is any oxygen species that carries a free electron; examples include hydroxyl radicals and the superoxide anion.

Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) are enzyme complexes that contain a kinase catalytic subunit associated with a regulatory cyclin partner.

Cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) complex found in the cytoplasm.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nicotinamide nucleotide = diphosphate + NAD+.

A ribosome contained within a subcellular membrane-bounded organelle.

The larger of the two subunits of an organellar ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation: the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site).

A vacuole that is maintained at an acidic pH and which contains degradative enzymes, including a wide variety of acid hydrolases.

The minimal catalytic core of telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex composed of a catalytic reverse transcriptase subunit and an RNA subunit that provides the template for telomeric DNA addition.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxyanthranilate + O2 = cis,cis-2-amino-3-(3-oxoprop-1-enyl)but-2-enedioate + H+.

The removal of a ubiquitin-like protein of the NEDD8 type from a protein.

Binding to a 7-methylguanosine (m7G) group or derivative located at the 5' end of an RNA molecule.

Binding to a 7-methylguanosine group added cotranscriptionally to the 5' end of RNA molecules transcribed by polymerase II.

The transcription export (TREX) complex couples transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II to mRNA export. The complex associates with the polymerase and travels with it along the length of the transcribed gene. TREX is composed of the THO transcription elongation complex as well as other proteins that couple THO to mRNA export proteins. The TREX complex is known to be found in a wide range of eukaryotes, including S. cerevisiae and metazoans.

The THO complex is a nuclear complex that is required for transcription elongation through genes containing tandemly repeated DNA sequences. The THO complex is also part of the TREX (TRanscription EXport) complex that is involved in coupling transcription to export of mRNAs to the cytoplasm. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of four subunits: Hpr1p, Tho2p, Thp1p, and Mft1p, while the human complex is composed of 7 subunits.

Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions.

Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions with a bulged adenosine residue from the intron branch point as the initiating nucleophile. When the initial RNA for the splicing reaction is a single molecule (cis splicing), the excised intron is released in a lariat structure.

The process of generating multiple mRNA molecules from a given set of exons by differential use of exons from the primary transcript(s) to form multiple mature mRNAs that vary in their exon composition.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alternative splicing of nuclear mRNAs.

Catalysis of the second transesterification reaction of spliceosomal mRNA splicing. Ligation of the two exons occurs via a transesterification reaction where the free 3'-hydroxyl group of the 5' exon is the nucleophile attacking the 3' splice site. Non-expressed sequences are now detached from the exons. In cis splicing, the intron is in a lariat structure.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of one or more snRNA and multiple protein components to form a ribonucleoprotein complex that is involved in formation of the spliceosome.

Rearrangement of the pre-catalytic spliceosome containing U4 (or U4atac) and U1 (or U11) snRNPs to unpair U4 (or U4atac) from U6 (or U6atac) and release it from the spliceosomal complex along with U1 (or U11).

Recognition of the intron 3'-splice site by components of the assembling U2- or U12-type spliceosome.

Disassembly of a spliceosomal complex with the ATP-dependent release of the product RNAs, one of which is composed of the joined exons. In cis splicing, the other product is the excised sequence, often a single intron, in a lariat structure.

Structural rearrangements of the spliceosome complex, containing RNA to be spliced, to generate a catalytic conformation.

Splicing of RNA via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons.

Recognition of the intron 5'-splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.

The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced.

Binding to a DNA segment containing four-way junctions, also known as Holliday junctions, a structure where two DNA double strands are held together by reciprocal exchange of two of the four strands, one strand each from the two original helices.

Binding to a DNA segment shaped like a Y. This shape occurs when DNA contains a region of paired double-stranded DNA on one end and a region of unpaired DNA strands on the opposite end.

Binding to DNA segment that contains a bubble. A bubble occurs when DNA contains a region of unpaired, single-stranded DNA flanked on both sides by regions of paired, double-stranded DNA.

Punctate structures proximal to the endoplasmic reticulum which are the sites where the Atg machinery assembles upon autophagy induction.

A protein complex involved in t6A tRNA modification. For example, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae the complex contains Bud32p, Kae1p, Gon7p, Cgi121p, and Pcc1p.

Any process involving galactose that modulates the frequency, rate or extent or transcription.

Any process involving galactose that activates or increases the rate of transcription.

The modification of a protein by cis-trans isomerization of a proline residue.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 36 of histone H3.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 36 of histone H3.

The lipid bilayer surrounding an autophagosome, a double-membrane-bounded vesicle in which endogenous cellular material is sequestered.

The autophagic process in which mitochondria are delivered to a type of vacuole and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.

The selective autophagy process in which a mitochondrion is degraded by macroautophagy.

The selective autophagy process in which a peroxisome is degraded by macroautophagy.

A protein complex that possesses DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity.

A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one carbon source leads to the modulation of the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription, from an RNA polymerase II promoter, of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources.

Any process involving glucose that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Any process involving galactose that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Any process involving glucose that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Any process involving galactose that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Any process involving carbon catabolites that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

The core TFIIH complex when it is part of the general transcription factor TFIIH.

The 7 subunit core of TFIIH that is a part of either the general transcription factor holo-TFIIH or the nucleotide-excision repair factor 3 complex. In S. cerevisiae/humans the complex is composed of: Ssl2/XPB, Tfb1/p62, Tfb2/p52, Ssl1/p44, Tfb4/p34, Tfb5/p8 and Rad3/XPD.

A multiprotein kinetochore subcomplex that binds to centromeric chromatin and forms part of the inner kinetochore. It helps to recruit outer kinetochore subunits that will bind to microtubules. In humans, it consists of MIS12, DSN1, NSL1 and PMF1.

The THO complex when it is part of the TREX (TRanscription EXport) complex that is involved in coupling transcription to export of mRNAs to the cytoplasm. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of four subunits: Hpr1, Tho2, Thp1, and Mft1, while the human complex is composed of 7 subunits.

The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine during ribosome biogenesis where the enzyme specifies the site that becomes pseudouridylated without using a guide RNA.

Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor 5.8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature 5.8S rRNA molecule.

Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Small SubUnit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature SSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.

Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Large SubUnit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature LSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, and Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.

Any process involved in the maturation of an rRNA molecule originally produced as part of a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.

Any phosphodiester bond hydrolysis involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into a mature rRNA molecule.

Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Large SubUnit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature LSU-rRNA molecule.

Any endonucleolytic cleavage involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into a mature rRNA molecule. Some endonucleolytic cleavages produce the mature end, while others are a step in the process of generating the mature end from the pre-rRNA.

Endonucleolytic cleavage of a pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Primary ribosomal RNA transcripts with three genes, in this order, are produced in the nuclei of many eukaryotic species, including S. cerevisiae.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and a snoRNA to form a small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) complex.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and a box C/D snoRNA to form a box C/D small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) complex.

Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a box C/D RNA molecule.

Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a box H/ACA RNA molecule.

A large multisubunit complex which catalyzes protein degradation, found in eukaryotes, archaea and some bacteria. In eukaryotes, this complex consists of the barrel shaped proteasome core complex and one or two associated proteins or complexes that act in regulating entry into or exit from the core.

An enzyme complex that catalyzes the transfer of GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc to an acceptor phosphatidylinositol, the first step in the production of GPI anchors for cell surface proteins. The complex contains PIG-A, PIG-C, PIG-H, PIG-Q, PIG-P, and DPM2 in human, and Eri1p, Gpi1p, Gpi2p, Gpi15p, Gpi19p, and Spt14p in budding yeast.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: 3-sulfino-L-alanine (cysteinesulfinate) (out) + H+(in) + L-glutamate(in) = 3-sulfino-L-alanine(in) + H+(out) + L-glutamate(out).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + L-aspartate(in) + L-glutamate(out) = H+(in) + L-aspartate(out) + L-glutamate(in).

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or a point in an embryo.

Catalysis of the removal of single bases present in mismatches by the cleavage the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site.

Catalysis of the removal of purines present in mismatches, especially opposite oxidized purines, by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apurinic (AP) site.

Catalysis of the removal of oxidized bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site.

The cleavage and rejoining of intermediates, such as Holliday junctions, formed during meiotic recombination to produce two intact molecules in which genetic material has been exchanged.

The unwinding, or local denaturation, of the DNA duplex to create a bubble around the site of the DNA damage.

The repair of UV-induced T-T, C-T, and C-C dimers by the recognition and removal of the damaged DNA strand from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase.

Any recombinational process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length.

Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins, the length of telomeric DNA and the replication and repair of the DNA. These processes includes those that shorten, lengthen, replicate and repair the telomeric DNA sequences.

The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences. A strand in the broken DNA searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome to serve as the template for DNA synthesis. The restoration of two intact DNA molecules results in the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the intact DNA molecule and the broken DNA molecule.

A DNA repair process that involves the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the broken DNA molecule and a homologous DNA region.

The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) into higher order oligomers on single-stranded DNA.

Synthesis of DNA that proceeds from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end and uses the homologous intact duplex as the template.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, involving the hydrolysis of internal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of deoxyribonucleotides.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, involving the hydrolysis of terminal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of deoxyribonucleotides.

The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.

Binds to and stimulates the hydrolysis and exchange of adenyl nucleotides by other proteins.

The region of a chromosome that includes the centromeric DNA and associated proteins. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.

A multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.

The region of a condensed chromosome that includes the centromere and associated proteins, including the kinetochore. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.

The end of a linear chromosome, required for the integrity and maintenance of the end. A chromosome telomere usually includes a region of telomerase-encoded repeats the length of which rarely exceeds 20 bp each and that permits the formation of a telomeric loop (T-loop). The telomeric repeat region is usually preceded by a sub-telomeric region that is gene-poor but rich in repetitive elements. Some telomeres only consist of the latter part (for eg. D. melanogaster telomeres).

A complex of DNA and protein located at the end of a linear chromosome that protects and stabilizes a linear chromosome.

A complex of DNA and protein located at the end of a linear chromosome in the nucleus that protects and stabilizes a linear chromosome.

The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome.

A complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA into higher order structures.

A dispersed and relatively uncompacted form of chromatin that is in a transcription-competent conformation.

A compact and highly condensed form of chromatin that is refractory to transcription.

A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct structure.

A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct nuclear chromosome.

A proteinaceous scaffold found between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. It consists of 2 lateral elements and a central element, all running parallel to each other. Transverse filaments connect the lateral elements to the central element.

A multisubunit protein complex that plays a central role in chromosome condensation in meiosis and mitosis.

A proteinaceous core found between sister chromatids during meiotic prophase.

The sex chromosome present in both sexes of species in which the male is the heterogametic sex. Two copies of the X chromosome are present in each somatic cell of females and one copy is present in males.

A multisubunit complex that is located at the replication origins of a chromosome.

Catalysis of the reaction: a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-diphosphate + H2O = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + phosphate.

A heterotetrameric protein complex that associates with replication origins, where it is required for the initiation of DNA replication, and with replication forks.

A multisubunit protein complex that is involved in chromatin remodeling. It is required for the incorporation of the histone variant H2AZ into chromatin. In S. cerevisiae, the complex contains Swr1p, a Swi2/Snf2-related ATPase, and 12 additional subunits.

An endosomal sorting complex required for transport. It consists of the class E vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) proteins and interacts with ubiquitinated cargoes.

An endosomal sorting complex required for transport and functions downstream of ESCRT I complex. It consists of the class E vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) proteins and is required for the membrane recruitment of ESCRT III complex and binds to ubiquitinated cargoes.

A complex with membrane scission activity that plays a major role in many processes where membranes are remodelled - including endosomal transport (vesicle budding), nuclear envelope organisation (membrane closure, mitotic bridge cleavage), and cytokinesis (abscission).

The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + ADP.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate = ADP + diphospho-1D-myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate. The isomeric configuration of diphospho-1D-myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate is unknown.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate = ADP + diphospho-1D-myo-inositol-pentakisphosphate. The isomeric configuration of diphospho-1D-myo-inositol-pentakisphosphate (PP-IP5) is unknown.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol hexakisphosphate = ADP + 6-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,5)pentakisphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate = ADP + 5-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,6)pentakisphosphate.

A multiprotein complex that recognizes and ubiquitinates proteins with misfolded luminal and membrane domains during ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). In S. cerevisiae, this complex contains the ubiquitin ligase Hrd1p. In mammals, this complex contains the ubiquitin ligase HRD1 (Synoviolin) or AMFR (gp78).

A multiprotein complex that recognizes and ubiquitinates proteins with misfolded luminal domains during ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). In S. cerevisiae, this complex contains the ubiquitin ligase Hrd1p.

Antagonizes the ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide via direct binding (through a selective and non-covalent interaction) to nucleic acid.

The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized.

The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.

The division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane of a cell and its partitioning into two daughter cells.

The assembly and arrangement of an apparatus composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins that will function in cytokinesis.

The process of assembly of a ring composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins that will function in cytokinesis.

Either of the ends of a spindle, where spindle microtubules are organized; usually contains a microtubule organizing center and accessory molecules, spindle microtubules and astral microtubules.

A multiprotein complex composed of gamma-tubulin and other non-tubulin proteins. Gamma-tubulin complexes are localized to microtubule organizing centers, and play an important role in the nucleation of microtubules. The number and complexity of non-tubulin proteins associated with these complexes varies between species.

A complex of gamma tubulin and associated proteins thought to be formed by multimerization of gamma-tubulin small complexes. An example of this structure is found in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

A focus in the cytoplasm where mRNAs may become inactivated by decapping or some other mechanism. Protein and RNA localized to these foci are involved in mRNA degradation, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), translational repression, and RNA-mediated gene silencing.

A quatrefoil tethering complex required for retrograde traffic from the early endosome back to the late Golgi and biogenesis of cytoplasmic vesicles.

The region of a kinetochore closest to centromeric DNA which contains many CENP proteins organized in various subcomplexes including CENP-C, CENP-LN, CENP-HIKM, CENP-OPQUR and CENP-TWSX, but excluding the CENP-A containing heterochromatin.

The region of a kinetochore most external to centromeric DNA; this outer region mediates kinetochore-microtubule interactions.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs in eukaryotic cells.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism in the mitochondrion of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism in the mitochondrion of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome.

The conversion of a primary RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome into one or more mature RNA molecules; occurs in the mitochondrion.

Any process involved in forming the mature 5' end of an RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome; occurs in the mitochondrion.

Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome; occurs in the mitochondrion.

Any process involved in forming the mature 5' end of an RNA molecule.

A protein complex consisting of Prp19 and associated proteins that is involved in the transition from the precatalytic spliceosome to the activated form that catalyzes step 1 of splicing, and which remains associated with the spliceosome through the second catalytic step. It is widely conserved, found in both yeast and mammals, though the exact composition varies. In S. cerevisiae, it contains Prp19p, Ntc20p, Snt309p, Isy1p, Syf2p, Cwc2p, Prp46p, Clf1p, Cef1p, and Syf1p.

Binding to a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls transcription of that section of the DNA. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.

Binding to a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase II.

Binding to a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in cis relative to the transcription start site (i.e., on the same strand of DNA) of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II.

Binding to a DNA sequence that is part of the core promoter of a RNA polymerase II-transcribed gene.

A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets transcribed by RNA polymerase II.

Binding to a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in cis relative to the transcription start site (i.e., on the same strand of DNA) of a gene transcribed by some RNA polymerase. The proximal promoter is in cis with and relatively close to the core promoter.

Binding to a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in cis relative to the transcription start site (i.e., on the same strand of DNA) of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase III. The transcribed region might be contain a single gene or a cistron containing multiple genes.

Binding to an RNA polymerase II core enzyme, a multisubunit eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase typically composed of twelve subunits.

A general transcription initiation factor activity that contributes to transcription start site selection and transcription initiation of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase III. Factors required for RNA polymerase III transcription initiation include TFIIIA, TFIIIB and TFIIIC. RNA polymerase III transcribes genes encoding short RNAs, including tRNAs, 5S rRNA, U6 snRNA, the short ncRNA component of RNases P, the mitochondrial RNA processing (MRP) RNA, the signal recognition particle SRP RNA, and in higher eukaryotes a number of micro and other small RNAs, though there is some variability across species as to whether a given small noncoding RNA is transcribed by RNA polymerase II or RNA polymerase III.

Binding to a sequence of DNA that is a part of a type 1 promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III. Type 1 promoters are found in 5S rRNA genes, downstream of the transcription start site within the sequence of the mature RNA, and require TFIIIA for recognition.

Binding to a sequence of DNA that is a part of a type 2 promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III. Type 2 promoters consist of an A box and a B box downstream of the transcription start site within the sequence within the sequence of the mature RNA. Type 2 promoters are found in many tRNA genes as well as in other small RNAs.

Binding to a sequence of DNA that is a part of a type 3 promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III (Pol III). A type 3 Pol III promoter is composed of elements upstream of the transcription start site, including a TATA box. The human U6 snRNA gene has a type 3 promoter. Type 3 Pol III promoters have not been observed in S. cerevisiae.

Binding to a DNA region that controls the transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase III. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors.

Binding to a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.

Binding to an RNA polymerase III transcription factor, a protein required to initiate or regulate transcription by RNA polymerase III.

Binding to a RNA polymerase I core enzyme, a multisubunit eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase typically composed of seventeen subunits.

Binding to a sequence of DNA that is part of a core promoter region. The core promoter is composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for the RNA polymerase and the basal transcription machinery. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.

Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains an RNA polymerase I specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyzes DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.

Binding to a nucleic acid region that regulates a nucleic acid-based process. Such processes include transcription, DNA replication, and DNA repair.

Binding to a RNA region that regulates a nucleic acid-based process. Such processes include transcription, DNA replication, and DNA repair.

Binding to a basal RNA polymerase II transcription factor, any of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II and defined as a basal or general transcription factor.

Binding to a general RNA polymerase II transcription factor of the TFIIB class, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II.

Binding to a general RNA polymerase II transcription factor belonging to the TFIID complex, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II.

Binding to a general RNA polymerase II transcription factor belonging to the TFIIF complex, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II.

Binding to a general RNA polymerase II transcription factor belonging to the TFIIH complex, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II.

Binding to a component of the basal transcription machinery which is composed of the RNA polymerase core enzyme and the basal transcription factor(s), the minimal set of factors required for formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by the RNA polymerase.

Binding to a component of the basal transcription machinery for RNA polymerase II which is composed of the RNA polymerase II core enzyme, a multisubunit eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase typically composed of twelve subunits, and the basal RNA polymerase II transcription factors, the minimal set of factors required for formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by the RNA polymerase.

Any process involved in the inhibition of progression from anaphase/telophase (high mitotic CDK activity) to G1 (low mitotic CDK activity).

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of a dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form.

Any process involved in the transition from the initiation to the elongation phases of transcription by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, generally including a conformational change from the initiation conformation to the elongation conformation. Promoter clearance often involves breaking contact with transcription factors involved only in the initiation phase and making contacts with elongation specific factors.

A process that mediates the transition from the initiation to the elongation phases of transcription by RNA polymerase II, generally including a conformational change from the initiation conformation to the elongation conformation. Promoter clearance often involves breaking contact with transcription factors involved only in the initiation phase and making contacts with elongation specific factors.

Any process involved in the melting of the DNA hybrid of the core promoter region within the transcriptional closed complex of an RNA polymerase preinitiation complex (PIC) to produce an open complex where the DNA duplex around the transcription initiation site is unwound to form the transcription bubble.

The acquisition, loss, or modification of macromolecules within a protein-DNA complex, resulting in the alteration of an existing complex.

Binding to a sequence of DNA that promotes termination by RNA polymerase. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.

Binding to a general RNA polymerase III transcription factor belonging to the TFIIC complex, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase III.

Binding to an intronic DNA sequence that regulates the transcription of the transcript it is contained within.

Binding to an RNA polymerase II intronic DNA sequence that regulates the transcription of the transcript it is contained within.

Binding to a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase I.

Binding to a regulatory region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for transcription factors of the RNA polymerase I transcription machinery. This site is often referred to as the CORE element. In mammalian cells, the CORE element functions in conjunction with the Upstream Control Element (UCE), while in fungi, protozoa, and plants, the CORE element functions without a UCE.

Binding to a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in cis relative to the transcription start site (i.e., on the same strand of DNA) of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase I. RNA polymerase I elements are referred to either enhancers or upstream control element (UCE, or alternately referred to as the upstream element).

A DNA synthesis process that uses RNA as the initial template for synthesis of DNA, but which also includes an RNase activity to remove the RNA strand of an RNA-DNA heteroduplex produced by the RNA-dependent synthesis step and use of the initial DNA strand as a template for DNA synthesis.

Any process involved in the selection of the specific location within the template strand of a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase promoter for hybridization of the cognate ribonucleotides and formation of first phosphodiester bond within the nascent transcript.

Any process involved in the selection of the specific location within the template strand of an RNA polymerase II promoter for hybridization of the cognate ribonucleotides and formation of first phosphodiester bond within the nascent transcript.

A general transcription initiation factor activity that contributes to transcription start site selection and transcription initiation of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase I. Factors required for RNA polymerase I transcription initiation include upstream activation factor (UAF), core factor (CF), TATA binding protein (TBP) and RRN3. In all species characterized, RNA polymerase I transcribes a large polycistronic transcript that is processed into several mature rRNAs (3 or 4 depending on the species), including the large subunit rRNA (28S in humans), the small subunit rRNA (18S in humans), as well as one or two additional smaller rRNAs (the 5.8S rRNA in humans). In most species, this large rRNA transcript is the sole product of RNA polymerase I. However there are rare exceptions, such as Trypanosoma brucei, where RNA polymerase I also transcribes certain mRNAs.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter.

A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that activates or increases transcription of specific gene sets.

A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that represses or decreases the transcription of specific gene sets.

Binding to a transcription coregulator, a protein involved in regulation of transcription via protein-protein interactions with transcription factors and other transcription regulatory proteins. Cofactors do not bind DNA directly, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between regulatory transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery.

Binding to a transcription corepressor, a protein involved in negative regulation of transcription via protein-protein interactions with transcription factors and other proteins that negatively regulate transcription. Transcription corepressors do not bind DNA directly, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between repressing transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery.

Binding to a transcription coactivator, a protein involved in positive regulation of transcription via protein-protein interactions with transcription factors and other proteins that positively regulate transcription. Transcription coactivators do not bind DNA directly, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery.

A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that represses or decreases the transcription of specific gene sets transcribed by RNA polymerase II.

A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that activates or increases transcription of specific gene sets transcribed by RNA polymerase II.

Excision from the chromosome and circularization of a region of chromosomal DNA, generally, but not always, via homologous recombination between direct tandem repeats.

A large complex of the mitochondrial outer membrane that mediates sorting of some imported proteins to the outer membrane and their assembly in the membrane; functions after import of incoming proteins by the mitochondrial outer membrane translocase complex.

Protein complex located on the matrix side of the mitochondrial inner membrane and associated with the TIM23 mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase complex (GO:0005744); ATPase motor activity to drive import of proteins into the mitochondrial matrix.

The directed movement of guanine nucleotides, GTP, GDP, and/or GMP, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Enables the transfer of guanine nucleotides (GMP, GDP, and GTP) from one side of a membrane to the other.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton).

The condensation of mesenchymal cells that have been committed to differentiate into chondrocytes.

The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.

The directed movement of neurotransmitters into neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters.

A process in which membrane potential cycles through a depolarizing spike, triggered in response to depolarization above some threshold, followed by repolarization. This cycle is driven by the flow of ions through various voltage gated channels with different thresholds and ion specificities.

Posttranscriptional addition of a methyl group to either a nucleotide or 2'-O ribose in a polyribonucleotide. Usually uses S-adenosylmethionine as a cofactor.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide + a quinone = 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)nicotinamide + a hydroquinone.

The incorporation of selenocysteine into a peptide; uses a special tRNA that recognizes the UGA codon as selenocysteine, rather than as a termination codon. Selenocysteine is synthesized from serine before its incorporation; it is not a posttranslational modification of peptidyl-cysteine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate.

A sodium channel in a cell membrane whose opening is governed by the membrane potential.

The posttranslational conversion of C-terminal glycine-extended peptides to C-terminal alpha-amidated peptides. Occurs to over half of all peptide hormones to give bioactive peptides. This is a two step process catalyzed by a peptidyl-glycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase and a peptidyl-alpha-hydroxyglycine alpha-amidating lyase. In some organisms, this process is catalyzed by two separate enzymes, whereas in higher organisms, one polypeptide catalyzes both reactions.

The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine within an RNA molecule. This posttranscriptional base modification occurs in tRNA, rRNA, and snRNAs.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoids, any member of a class of isoprenoids that contain or are derived from four prenyl groups linked head-to-tail. Retinoids include retinol and retinal and structurally similar natural derivatives or synthetic compounds, but need not have vitamin A activity.

Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.

Extracellular matrix components occurring independently or along with elastin. Thought to have force-bearing functions in tendon. In addition to fibrillins, microfibrils may contain other associated proteins.

A type of plasma membrane that has been modified through addition of distinct intracellular and extracellular components, including ceramide, found in cornifying epithelial cells (corneocytes).

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + N-acetyl-D-galactosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate.

Cell motility due to movement of eukaryotic cilia or bacterial-type flagella or archaeal-type flagella.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ovarian follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The set of processes resulting in differentiation of theca and granulosa cells into luteal cells and in the formation of a corpus luteum after ovulation.

The lysis or structural demise of the corpus luteum. During normal luteolysis, two closely related events occur. First, there is loss of the capacity to synthesize and secrete progesterone (functional luteolysis) followed by loss of the cells that comprise the corpus luteum (structural luteolysis). Preventing luteolysis is crucial to maintain pregnancy.

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an oocyte to attain its fully functional state. Oocyte maturation commences after reinitiation of meiosis commonly starting with germinal vesicle breakdown, and continues up to the second meiotic arrest prior to fertilization.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.

A metabolic pathway by which 3-methyl branched fatty acids are degraded. These compounds are not degraded by the normal peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway, because the 3-methyl blocks the dehydrogenation of the hydroxyl group by hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The 3-methyl branched fatty acid is converted in several steps to pristenic acid, which can then feed into the beta-oxidative pathway.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a protozoan.

Catalysis of the reaction: AH(2) + cholesterol + O2 = 25-hydroxycholesterol + A + H2O.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.

The process of coordinated growth and sprouting of blood vessels giving rise to the organized vascular system.

The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group. They are the precursors of both gangliosides and globosides.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ceramide oligosaccharides carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramide oligosaccharides carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving globosides, globotetraosylceramides, ceramides containing a core structure of GalNAc-beta-(1->3)-Gal-alpha-(1->4)-Glc(I). Globosides are the major neutral glycosphingolipid in normal kidneys and erythrocytes.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ceramide with a core structure of GalNAc-beta-(1->3)-Gal-alpha-(1->4)-Glc(I).

A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules.

The series of events required for a bitter taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.

The series of events required for a sweet taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.

Combining with serotonin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activation of the Gq/11 subunit of an associated cytoplasmic heterotrimeric G protein complex. The Gq/11 subunit subsequently activates phospholipase C and results in an increase in inositol triphosphate (IP3) levels.

Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine and activating adenylate cyclase via coupling to Gs to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine and activating adenylate cyclase via coupling to Gi/Go to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with a trace amine to initiate a change in cell activity. Trace amines are biogenic amines that are synthesized from aromatic amino acids and are substrates for monoamine oxidase, and are therefore detectable only at trace levels in mammals.

Combining with angiotensin to initiate a change in cell activity.

An angiotensin receptor activity that acts via Gq-mediated activation of phospholipase C followed by phosphoinositide hydrolysis and Ca2+ signaling, and may act via additional signaling mechanisms.

Combining with pancreatic polypeptide PP to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with adrenomedullin to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with neuromedin U to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Combining with a purine nucleotide and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with a virus component and mediating entry of the virus into the cell.

Combining with ADP and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Combining with the peptide nociceptin, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.

Combining with a calcitonin gene-related polypeptide (CGRP) to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with a chemoattractant and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Combining with glutamate and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex to inhibit downstream adenylate cyclase activity.

A G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by L-AP-4 and inhibits adenylate cyclase activity.

A G protein-coupled receptor activity that is activated by cleavage by a serine protease, exposing a tethered ligand corresponding to the new N-terminus, which binds to the receptor and activates it.

The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, a mesodermal or neural crest cell that gives rise to bone.

A structure found most metazoan nucleoli, but not usually found in lower eukaryotes; surrounded by the dense fibrillar component; the zone of transcription from multiple copies of the pre-rRNA genes is in the border region between these two structures.

A structure found in the nucleolus, which contains newly synthesized preribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) and a collection of proteins.

A structure found in the nucleolus, which contains nearly completed preribosomal particles destined for the cytoplasm.

Combining with an extracellular or intracellular peptide to initiate a change in cell activity.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urogenital system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ureteric bud over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.

Catalysis of the reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + glycano-(1->3)-(N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl)-glycoprotein = CMP + glycano-[(2->6)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl]-(N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl)-glycoprotein.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.

Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.

A structure in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases, and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization. It lies just beneath the plasma membrane and is derived from the lysosome.

Binds to and increases the activity of an ATP hydrolysis activity.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.

A cellular homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within a cell or between a cell and its external environment.

Post-transcriptional addition of the terminal 3' CCA sequence to a tRNA which does not encode this sequence within the primary transcript. CCA addition proceeds by the sequential addition of CTP, CTP, and then ATP to the 3' end of the tRNA, yielding a diphosphate with each nucleotide addition.

Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-O-acetylneuraminate (free or glycosidically bound) + H2O = N-acetylneuraminate + acetate.

Generation of the mature 5'-end of the tRNA, usually via an endonucleolytic cleavage by RNase P.

Maintains the phosphorylation state of certain molecules by associating with them and preventing them from associating with active phosphatases, and thus inhibiting the enzyme activity without interacting with the enzyme. Often pertains to proteins belonging to dual-specificity phosphatase family but lacking critical active site residues.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.

A gastrulation process in which the initial invagination becomes the anus and the mouth forms second.

The formation of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm during gastrulation.

The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.

The process involved in the specification of cell identity. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment.

A process involved in cell fate commitment. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment.

The cell differentiation process that results in commitment of a cell to become part of the endoderm.

The cell fate determination process that results in a cell becoming capable of differentiating autonomously into an endoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.

Catalysis of the reaction: a L-amino acid + H2O + O2 = a 2-oxo acid + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.

A contractile actin filament bundle that consists of short actin filaments with alternating polarity, cross-linked by alpha-actinin and possibly other actin bundling proteins, and with myosin present in a periodic distribution along the fiber.

Projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell; the protrusions are supported by a microfilament meshwork.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + ceramide = ADP + ceramide-1-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP = pppA(2'p5'A)n oligomers. This reaction requires the binding of double-stranded RNA.

The joining of the small ribosomal subunit, ternary complex, and mRNA.

Joining of the large ribosomal subunit with the translation preinitiation complex, with release of IF2/eIF2 and IF3/eIF3 or IF5B/eIF5B. This leaves the functional ribosome at the AUG, with the methionyl/formyl-methionyl-tRNA positioned at the P site.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + a galactosylceramide = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + a galactosylceramidesulfate.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + RRACH = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + RRm6ACH; R is a purine, and H is C, A, or U.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-prenyl-L-cysteine + O2 + H2O = a prenal + L-cysteine + H2O2.

The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of a polarized epithelium are generated and organized. A polarized epithelium is an epithelium where the epithelial sheet is oriented with respect to the planar axis.

A structure found in a female mammalian cell containing an unpaired X chromosome that has become densely heterochromatic, silenced and localized at the nuclear periphery.

The outer segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor that contains a stack of membrane discs embedded with photoreceptor proteins.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, as found in the eye, the primary visual organ of most organisms.

The characteristic movement of cells from the dorsal ridge of the neural tube to a variety of locations in a vertebrate embryo.

Catalysis of the reaction: retinal + NAD+ + H2O = retinoate + NADH. Acts on both 11-trans and 13-cis forms of retinal.

The interaction of two or more cells or tissues that causes them to change their fates and specify the development of an organ.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate 6-semialdehyde + H+ = 2-aminomuconate 6-semialdehyde + CO2.

Enables the transfer of beta-alanine from one side of a membrane to the other. Beta-alanine is 3-aminopropanoic acid.

The directed movement of beta-alanine, 3-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem. Examples in animals would include blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and other endothelial or epithelial tubes.

The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a membrane raft, a small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalizes cellular processes.

The directed orientation of lymphocyte signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with an appropriate activating cell.

The directed orientation of T cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with antigen presenting cell.

The formation of an area of close contact between a lymphocyte (T-, B-, or natural killer cell) and a target cell through the clustering of particular signaling and adhesion molecules and their associated membrane rafts on both the lymphocyte and target cell, which facilitates activation of the lymphocyte, transfer of membrane from the target cell to the lymphocyte, and in some situations killing of the target cell through release of secretory granules and/or death-pathway ligand-receptor interaction.

An area of close contact between a lymphocyte (T-, B-, or natural killer cell) and a target cell formed through the clustering of particular signaling and adhesion molecules and their associated membrane rafts on both the lymphocyte and the target cell and facilitating activation of the lymphocyte, transfer of membrane from the target cell to the lymphocyte, and in some situations killing of the target cell through release of secretory granules and/or death-pathway ligand-receptor interaction.

The change in morphology and behavior of a dendritic cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.

The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.

A multicellular organismal process by which exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand results in a change in the morphology or behavior of a cell.

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system such that the total number of cells of a particular cell type within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.

The resealing of a cell plasma membrane after cellular wounding due to, for instance, mechanical stress.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a natural killer cell.

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of neutrophils such that the total number of neutrophils within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.

Any apoptotic process in a neutrophil, any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.

Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.

Binding to phosphatidylserine, a class of glycophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine.

Cytolysis of target cells by natural killer cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, or macrophages following engagement of antibodies bound to the target cells by Fc receptors on the effector cells.

Combining with a J-chain-containing polymeric immunoglobulin of the IgA or IgM isotypes via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

An inflammatory response resulting in cell death mediated by activation of the classical complement pathway or induction of effector cell phagocytosis or cytolysis mechanisms via complement or Fc receptors following the binding of antibodies to cell surface antigens on a target cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.

The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a cytokine.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of production of a cytokine.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of production of a cytokine.

The regulated release of histamine by a cell or tissue. It is formed by decarboxylation of histidine and it acts through receptors in smooth muscle and in secretory systems.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the mesonephros is the second of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the mesonephros will form the mature kidney.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blastocyst over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm.

The initial formation of a blastocyst from a solid ball of cells known as a morula.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a trophectoderm cell.

An increase in size of a blastocyst due to expansion of the blastocoelic cavity cell shape changes and cell proliferation.

The process that results in the movement of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is part of the apoptotic signaling pathway and leads to caspase activation.

A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.

The morphogenesis of an embryonic epithelium into a tube-shaped structure.

The formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system.

The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline.

The process in which a protein is incorporated into a mitochondrial membrane as the initial phase of the mitochondrial membrane permeabilization that takes place in the apoptotic signaling pathway.

The process that results in the fusion of a phagosome, a vesicle formed by phagocytosis, with a lysosome.

Binding to an opsonin, such as a complement component or antibody, deposited on the surface of a bacteria, virus, immune complex, or other particulate material.

Combining with an opsonin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Binding to a C1q complex, a component of the classical complement cascade.

Combining with the C4b product of the classical complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the lectin pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the lectin pathway of complement activation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of complement activation by the lectin pathway.

Combining with a lipopolysaccharide and transmitting the signal across the cell membrane to initiate an innate immune response. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are major components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, making them prime targets for recognition by the immune system.

The process in which the Mullerian ducts, primordia of the oviducts, uterus and upper vagina, undergo regression in male embryos.

The process that results in the return of receptor molecules to an active state and an active cellular location after they have been stimulated by a ligand. An active state is when the receptor is ready to receive a signal.

Binding to a nucleoside, a compound consisting of a purine or pyrimidine nitrogenous base linked either to ribose or deoxyribose.

Binding to a purine nucleoside, a compound consisting of a purine base linked either to ribose or deoxyribose.

The progression of an endothelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during the differentiation of an endothelial cell.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl-proteoglycan = UDP + alpha-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl-proteoglycan.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.

An invagination of the cell membrane formed by an actin dependent process during phagocytosis. Following internalization it is converted into a phagosome.

The embryonically driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.

Maternally driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined tissue of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.

A tissue homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium within the retina of the eye, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.

Any process in an organism that results in the killing of its own cells or those of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.

The directed killing of a target cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.

The inner segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor containing mitochondria, ribosomes and membranes where opsin molecules are assembled and passed to be part of the outer segment discs.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of receptor recycling.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of receptor recycling.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor recycling.

A membrane projection with related cytoskeletal components at the trailing edge of a cell in the process of migrating or being activated, found on the opposite side of the cell from the leading edge or immunological synapse, respectively.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.

The multiplication or reproduction of endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Endothelial cells are thin flattened cells which line the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.

A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a postsynaptic membrane, the specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft).

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hair follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A hair follicle is a tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The vasculature is an interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lymph vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Lymph vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing vessels.

The tube morphogenesis process in which the primitive heart tube loops asymmetrically. This looping brings the primitive heart chambers into alignment preceding their future integration. Heart looping begins with dextral-looping and ends when the main regional divisions of the mature heart and primordium of the great arterial trunks become established preceeding septation.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized epidermal cell acquires the specialized features of a sebaceous gland cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to the extracellular matrix.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to an extracellular matrix.

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a blood vessel to attain its fully functional state.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.

Replacement ossification wherein bone tissue replaces cartilage.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cytokine mediated signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cytokine mediated signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cytokine mediated signaling pathway.

The vesicular release of dopamine. from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of dopamine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.

An action or movement due to the application of a sudden unexpected stimulus.

Binding to a G-protein alpha subunit. The alpha subunit binds a guanine nucleotide.

Binding to a fibronectin, a group of related adhesive glycoproteins of high molecular weight found on the surface of animal cells, connective tissue matrices, and in extracellular fluids.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.

Binding to retinoic acid, 3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoic acid.

The regulation of blood pressure mediated by detection of stimuli and a neurological response.

A slow mechanism of blood pressure regulation that responds to changes in pressure resulting from fluid and salt intake by modulating the quantity of blood in the circulatory system.

The process in which hormones modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. A hormone is one of a group of substances formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which they have a specific regulatory action.

The process in which angiotensinogen metabolites in the bloodstream modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. The process begins when renin is released and cleaves angiotensinogen.

The physiological response of the kidneys to a decrease in blood flow.

The regulated release of renin into the blood stream by juxtoglomerular cells.

The process that modulates the level of any of the various angiotensinogen proteolytic products in the blood. This occurs by the proteolytic cleavage of angiotensinogen, and its proteolytic products, to create a variety of active peptide hormones, such as angiotensin I and angiotensin II, as well as through the removal of these peptides from the circulation.

The process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of angiotensin by conversion of angiotensinogen into mature angiotensin in the blood.

The process in which the anatomical structures of epithelia are generated and organized. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube.

The process in which the anatomical structures of an epithelial sheet are generated and organized. An epithelial sheet is a flat surface consisting of closely packed epithelial cells.

The process in which the renin-angiotensin system controls the rate of fluid intake and output into the blood.

The process in which the hormone aldosterone decreases the rate of diuresis and natriuresis resulting in increased blood volume.

The physiological process in which dietary excess is sensed by the central nervous system, resulting in a reduction in food intake and increased energy expenditure.

An eating behavior process whereby detection of a dietary excess results in a decrease in intake of nutrients.

The process that results in increased metabolic rate in tissues of an organism. It is triggered by the detection of dietary excess. This process is achieved via signalling in the sympathetic nervous system.

Any process that modulates the extent of heart contraction, changing the force with which blood is propelled.

Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway after prolonged stimulation with an agonist of the pathway.

The process that results in the uptake of a G protein-coupled receptor into an endocytic vesicle.

The process that inhibits the signaling function of a G protein-coupled receptor by uncoupling the receptor from its downstream G proteins.

The process in which the diameter of a blood vessel is changed due to activity of the renin-angiotensin system.

The process in which an angiotensin-mediated signaling system present in the brain regulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system.

The extension of new blood vessels from existing vessels into avascular tissues, this process includes the specialization of endothelial cells into leading tip and stalk cells, proliferation and migration of the endothelial cells and cell adhesion resulting in angiogenic sprout fusion or lumen formation.

The orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels involved in sprouting angiogenesis.

The multiplication or reproduction of blood vessel endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population contributing to sprouting angiogenesis.

Any process that activates or increases the rate of neuroblast proliferation.

The process of activating or increasing the rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized embryonic cells.

Binding to a nucleobase, any of a class of pyrmidines or purines, organic nitrogenous bases.

Binding to a purine nucleobase, an organic nitrogenous base with a purine skeleton.

The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glandular epithelial cell. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glandular epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the extraocular skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The extraocular muscle is derived from cranial mesoderm and controls eye movements. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an osteoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Osteoblast development does not include the steps involved in committing a cranial neural crest cell or an osteoprogenitor cell to an osteoblast fate. An osteoblast is a cell that gives rise to bone.

The membrane that surrounds the acrosomal lumen. The acrosome is a special type of lysosome in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.

Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-decaprenyl diphosphate + 4-hydroxybenzoate = 3-decaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate + diphosphate.

A process in which force is generated within involuntary skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the diaphragm. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The diaphragm is a striated muscle that is necessary for the process of respiratory gaseous exchange.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lens over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the lens are generated and organized. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.

Catalysis of the transfer of multiple prenyl groups from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

The process in which the nucleotide at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally modified.

The process in which a uridine in position 34 of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally modified.

The process in which a cytosine in position 34 of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally modified.

An actin-rich adhesion structure characterized by formation upon cell substrate contact and localization at the substrate-attached part of the cell, contain an F-actin-rich core surrounded by a ring structure containing proteins such as vinculin and talin, and have a diameter of 0.5 mm.

A calcium ion entry mechanism in the plasma membrane activated by the depletion of calcium ion from the internal calcium ion store in the endoplasmic reticulum.

A stable binary complex of a neurophilin and a plexin, together forming a functional semaphorin receptor.

The process in which the base of cytosine at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally methylated at the C5 position.

The process that results in the modification of the sugar of a nucleoside in tRNA at the 2'O position.

A stable heterodimeric complex composed of polycystin-1 and polycystin-2.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A.

Binding to a G-quadruplex RNA structure, in which groups of four guanines adopt a flat, cyclic hydrogen-bonding arrangement known as a guanine tetrad.

The process in which bile acids are covalently linked to taurine or glycine.

Binding to a steroid receptor RNA activator RNA (SRA). SRA enhances steroid hormone receptor transcriptional activity as an RNA transcript by an indirect mechanism that does not involve SRA-steroid receptor binding.

The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a thyroid hormone.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway.

A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a desmosome. A desmosome is a patch-like intercellular junction found in vertebrate tissues, consisting of parallel zones of two cell membranes, separated by an space of 25-35 nm, and having dense fibrillar plaques in the subjacent cytoplasm.

Binding to dystroglycan, a glycoprotein found in non-muscle tissues as well as in muscle tissues, often in association with dystrophin. The native dystroglycan cleaved into two non-covalently associated subunits, alpha (N-terminal) and beta (C-terminal).

A mitochondrial protein complex which is capable of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase activity. In mammals, at least, consists as a dodecamer of 6 alpha and 6 beta subunits. MCCC-alpha has a covalently bound biotin essential for the ATP-dependent carboxylation. MCCC-beta possesses carboxyltransferase activity which presumably is essential for binding to 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in the cytoplasm. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein.

The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in the cytoplasm. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.

The process where translation initiation recruits the 40S ribosomal subunits in a Cap and 5' end independent fashion before an AUG codon is encountered in an appropriate sequence context to initiate mRNA or circRNA translation.

The process where the cap structure, composed of a 7- methylguanosine (m7G) group and associated cap-binding proteins, located at the 5' end of an mRNA molecule, which serves as a molecular tag that marks the spot where the 40S ribosomal subunit, is recruited and will then scan in a 5' to 3' direction until an AUG codon is encountered in an appropriate sequence context to initiate mRNA translation.

The process where translation initiation recruits the 40S ribosomal subunits via an internal ribosome entry segment (IRES) before an AUG codon is encountered in an appropriate sequence context to initiate linear mRNA translation.

A protein complex that consists of the intracellular domain of Notch1 (ICN1), the DNA-binding transcription factor RBP-Jkappa, and the transcriptional coactivator Mastermind-like-1 (MAML1); the complex is involved in transcriptional activation in response to Notch-mediated signaling.

The somatic process allowing for the production of immune receptors whose specificity is not encoded in the germline genomic sequences.

The process in which immunoglobulin genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, also known as immunoglobulin gene segments, within a single locus following the induction of and contributing to an immune response.

The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of immunoglobulins after induction, and contributes to an immune response.

Any process that initiates an innate immune response. Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. Examples of this process include activation of the hypersensitive response of Arabidopsis thaliana and activation of any NOD or TLR signaling pathway in vertebrate species.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a cell surface receptor that leads to the activation of an innate immune response.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a pattern recognition receptor (PRR), and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species, or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), endogenous molecules released from damaged cells.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor capable of cellular activation.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of C-type lectin to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and resulting in cellular activation.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor of a target cell. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide production.

Any process of the innate immune response that takes place in the mucosal tissues.

The promotion of an immune response by natural killer cells through direct recognition of target cells or through the release of cytokines.

Any host process that results in the promotion of antiviral immune response mechanisms, thereby limiting viral replication.

The movement of an immune cell in response to an external stimulus contributing to an inflammatory response.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of bacterial origin such as peptides derived from bacterial flagellin.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of fungal origin such as chito-octamer oligosaccharide.

The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells.

The series of events that restore integrity to damaged tissue that contribute to an inflammatory response.

The series of events leading to growth of connective tissue when loss of tissues that are incapable of regeneration occurs, or when fibrinous exudate cannot be adequately cleared, as part of an inflammatory response.

An immune response mediated by cells expressing specific receptors for antigens produced through a somatic diversification process, and allowing for an enhanced secondary response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory).

An immune response taking place in an organ or tissues such as the liver, brain, mucosa, or nervous system tissues.

Any process of the immune system that executes a component of an immune response. An effector immune process takes place after its activation.

A series of reactions that takes place outside the cell that occur as a result of by-products of tissue damage, including collagen, cartilage, and basement membrane. The ultimate product of the kinin cascade include kallidin and bradykinin, agents known to induce smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, and increased vascular permeability.

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of lymphocytes such that the total number of lymphocytes within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of myeloid cells such that the total number of myeloid cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.

A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

A change in the morphology or behavior of an endothelial cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

A change in the morphology or behavior of an astrocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

A change in the morphology or behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an inflammatory response.

A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.

A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

A change in morphology and behavior of a basophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the basophil has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

The change in morphology and behavior of a myeloid dendritic cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

The change in morphology and behavior of a eosinophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

The change in morphology and behavior of a mast cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the mast cell has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

The change in morphology and behavior of a monocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

The change in morphology and behavior of an alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to an antigen for which its T cell receptor is specific bound to an MHC molecule on an antigen presenting cell, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

The process in which an antigenically naive T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.

The process in which an antigenically naive alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell during an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.

The process in which an antigenically naive CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.

The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell specialized to promote various immunological processes.

The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper 1 cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell specialized to promote immunological processes often associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and pathological conditions such as arthritis.

The process in which an antigenically naive CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.

The expansion of a T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.

The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell during an immune response, resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a lymphoid progenitor cell. Lymphoid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the lymphoid lineages.

The expansion of a B cell population by cell division following B cell activation during an immune response.

The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell resulting from exposure a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an immature B cell.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a tumor cell.

The synthesis or release of histamine following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

A series of reactions that takes place outside the cell occurring in response to tissue damage and initiated within blood plasma by the action of activated Factor XII (Hageman Factor) on prekallikrein to convert it to plasma kallikrein, and the subsequent reaction of plasma kallikrein with high molecular weight kininogen. The ultimate product of the plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade is bradykinin, an agent known to induce smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, and increased vascular permeability.

The series of events in which a stimulus from a tumor cell is received and converted into a molecular signal.

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a tumor cell that act to protect the cell or organism.

The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to becoming any type of T cell.

The process in which a pro-T cell becomes committed to becoming an alpha-beta T cell.

A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

Any process involved in the development or functioning of the immune system, an organismal system for calibrated responses to potential internal or invasive threats.

The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus during an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

An immune response taking place in mucosal tissues, including those of the intestinal tract, nasal and upper respiratory tract, and genital tract.

Immune response taking place in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). GALT includes Peyer's patches, appendix, and solitary lymph nodules.

An immune response taking place in the nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). NALT includes the tonsils and adenoids.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC protein complex.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC class Ib protein complex. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC class II protein complex.

The movement of a dendritic cell in response to an external stimulus.

The movement of a myeloid dendritic cell in response to an external stimulus.

The process of transporting immunoglobulin, via transcytosis, from one side of an epithelial cell to the other.

The process of transporting polymeric IgA and polymeric IgM immunoglobulin, via transcytosis mediated by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), from the basolateral surface to apical surface of an epithelial cell. At the apical surface the immunoglobulin binding portion of the pIgRis cleaved and remains bound to the transported immunoglobulin as secretory component (SC). The same process is used for the transport and excretion of IgA immune complexes to the luminal surface of the mucosa.

An immune system process that functions in the response of an organism to a tumor cell.

The directed killing of a tumor cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.

An immune response mediated by a T cell triggered in response to the presence of a tumor cell.

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses peptide antigen in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface. The peptide antigen may originate from an endogenous or exogenous protein. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E family.

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of a cell, leading to the activation or perpetuation of an immune response.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a component of the complement pathway binding to a complement receptor. Such components include both whole complement proteins and fragments of complement proteins generated through the activity of the complement pathway.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin by an Fc receptor capable of activating or perpetuating an immune response. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.

An immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signaling pathway that contributes to the endocytic engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes.

A process directed at removing immune complexes from the body. Immune complexes are clusters of antibodies bound to antigen, to which complement may also be fixed, and which may precipitate or remain in solution.

The process of immune complex clearance by erythrocytes. The process often starts with binding of complement receptor 1 (CR1) on the surface of erythrocytes to a complement coated immune complex. The complex bound to erythrocyte CR1 is then transported to the liver or spleen where it is presented to phagocytes. The process ends when the complex is removed from CR1, allowing the erythrocyte to return to general circulation.

An inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus, which can be include any number of T cell or B cell epitopes.

An acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. An acute inflammatory response occurs within a matter of minutes or hours, and either resolves within a few days or becomes a chronic inflammatory response.

A chronic inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. A chronic inflammatory response persists indefinitely during days, weeks, or months in the life of an individual.

The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

The regulated release of histamine by a cell as part of an inflammatory response.

Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a leukocyte.

Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a myeloid leukocyte.

An inflammatory response resulting in cell death or dysfunction mediated by activation of the classical complement pathway or induction of effector cell phagocytosis, cytolysis mechanisms via complement or Fc receptors following the binding of antibodies to cell surface antigens on a target cell, or mediated by the direct binding of antibody to cellular receptors.

Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a neutrophil.

Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by an eosinophil.

Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a mast cell.

Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a lymphocyte.

Tolerance induction of mature B cells in the peripheral lymphoid tissues: the blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue.

An immune response dependent upon secreted immunoglobulin. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.

Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a T cell.

An immune response mediated by lymphocytes expressing specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process that includes somatic recombination of germline gene segments encoding immunoglobulin superfamily domains. Recombined receptors for antigen encoded by immunoglobulin superfamily domains include T cell receptors and immunoglobulins (antibodies) produced by B cells. The first encounter with antigen elicits a primary immune response that is slow and not of great magnitude. T and B cells selected by antigen become activated and undergo clonal expansion. A fraction of antigen-reactive T and B cells become memory cells, whereas others differentiate into effector cells. The memory cells generated during the primary response enable a much faster and stronger secondary immune response upon subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). An example of this is the adaptive immune response found in Mus musculus.

Tolerance induction dependent upon an immune response, typically a response by a mature T or B cell in the periphery resulting tolerance towards an antigen via induction of anergy, cellular deletion, or regulatory T cell activation.

Tolerance induction in the peripheral lymphoid tissues: blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues.

The process in which a dendritic cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.

The process in which a myeloid dendritic cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.

The process in which a plasmacytoid dendritic cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 or HLA-E gene families.

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell.

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell.

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via an ER pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class I molecule in the ER. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP-dependent ER pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class I molecule in the ER following TAP-dependent transport from the cytosol. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP-independent ER pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class I molecule in the ER following transport from the cytosol via a TAP-independent pathway. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via an ER pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class Ib molecule in the ER. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and is dependent on TAP transport from the cytosol to ER for association with the MHC class Ib molecule. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein.

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein.

The binding of a peptide to the antigen binding groove of an MHC protein complex.

The binding of a peptide to the antigen binding groove of an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.

The binding of a peptide to the antigen binding groove of an MHC class II protein complex.

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex.

A process that directly activates any of the steps required for tolerance, a physiologic state in which the immune system does not react destructively against the components of an organism that harbors it or against antigens that are introduced to it.

Tolerance induction in the central lymphoid organs: the thymus and bone marrow.

Tolerance induction in the central lymphoid organs directed at self antigens.

A process involving any mechanism for tolerance induction in B cells.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system whose objective is to provide calibrated responses by an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat, over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a leukocyte. A leukocyte is an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue.

The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body contributing to an inflammatory response.

An inflammatory response to an exogenous environmental antigen or an endogenous antigen initiated by the adaptive immune system.

Inflammation which comprises a rapid, short-lived, relatively uniform response to acute injury or antigenic challenge and is characterized by accumulations of fluid, plasma proteins, and granulocytic leukocytes. An acute inflammatory response occurs within a matter of minutes or hours, and either resolves within a few days or becomes a chronic inflammatory response.

Any process that modulates the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid contributing to an acute inflammatory response.

The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the inflammatory response following an inflammatory stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

Any process activating plasma proteins by proteolysis as part of an acute inflammatory response.

Any process that activates Factor XII (Hageman factor). Factor XII is a protein synthesized by the liver that circulates in an inactive form until it encounters collagen or basement membrane or activated platelets (as occurs at the site of endothelial injury). Factor XII then undergoes a conformational change (becoming factor XIIa), exposing an active serine center that can subsequently cleave protein substrates and activate a variety of mediator systems. Factor XII is a participant in the clotting cascade as well as the kinin cascade.

Any process that initiates the clotting cascade of blood coagulation, a cascade of plasma enzymes that is triggered following damage to blood vessels, leading to formation of a clot.

Inflammation of prolonged duration (weeks or months) in which active inflammation, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair are proceeding simultaneously. Although it may follow acute inflammation, chronic inflammation frequently begins insidiously, as a low-grade, smoldering, often asymptomatic response.

The movement of a mast cell in response to an external stimulus.

The regulated release of histamine by a mast cell or group of mast cells.

The process in which immune receptor genes are diversified through recombination of the germline genetic elements within a single genetic locus.

The process in which immune receptor genes are diversified through somatic mutation.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte lineage.

The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine and serotonin by a platelet.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral tolerance induction.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral tolerance induction.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.

A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as part of a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cellular extravasation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cellular extravasation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cellular extravasation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production contributing to an immune response.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production.

Antigen processing and presentation which is initiated by uptake of antigen via phagocytosis.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a cell surface pattern recognition receptor (PRR). PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand from another organism to a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor (PRR). PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species.

A toll-like receptor signaling pathway in which the MyD88 adaptor molecule mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.

A toll-like receptor signaling pathway not relying on the MyD88 adaptor molecule. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate an immune response.

The series of molecular signals generated by a ligand binding to its receptor that lead to the activation or perpetuation of an immune response.

The series of molecular signals generated by a ligand binding to its receptor that lead to the activation or perpetuation of an innate immune response.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an antimicrobial humoral response.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an antimicrobial humoral response.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.

The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to the activation, perpetuation, or inhibition of an immune response.

The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to inhibition of an immune response.

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell capable of inhibiting an immune response.

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell capable of activating, perpetuating, or inhibiting an immune response.

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of a natural killer cell capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin by an Fc receptor capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.

The synthesis or release of an antimicrobial peptide during an immune response, resulting in an increase in intracellular or extracellular levels. Such peptides may have protective properties against bacteria, fungi, viruses, or protozoa.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an antimicrobial peptide. Such peptides may have protective properties against bacteria, fungi, viruses, or protozoa.

The synthesis or release of an antibacterial peptide during an immune response, resulting in an increase in intracellular or extracellular levels.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an antibacterial peptide.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide production.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an antibacterial peptide with activity against Gram-negative bacteria.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune response to tumor cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune response to tumor cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune response to tumor cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to tumor cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to tumor cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against a tumor cell target.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against a tumor cell target.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type II hypersensitivity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type II hypersensitivity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptotic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte anergy.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte anergy.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a inadequate blood supply.

The covalent attachment of a hydroxyl group to one or more fatty acids in a lipid.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a desmosome. A desmosome is a patch-like intercellular junction found in vertebrate tissues, consisting of parallel zones of two cell membranes, separated by an space of 25-35 nm, and having dense fibrillar plaques in the subjacent cytoplasm.

The process whereby a guanine in tRNA is methylated at position N1 of the guanine.

The process whereby a guanine in a tRNA is methylated at the N2 position of guanine.

The process whereby a uridine in a transfer RNA is converted to dihydrouridine.

A protein complex consisting of cyclin Kand cyclin-dependent kinase 12 (CDK12). Cyclins are characterized by periodicity in protein abundance throughout the cell cycle. Cyclin-dependent kinases represent a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that become active upon binding to a cyclin regulatory partner.

A protein complex consisting of cyclin Kand cyclin-dependent kinase 13 (CDK13). Cyclins are characterized by periodicity in protein abundance throughout the cell cycle. Cyclin-dependent kinases represent a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that become active upon binding to a cyclin regulatory partner.

The process whereby a cytosine in a tRNA is methylated at position 5 of the cytosine.

A receptor complex that contains one or more members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily.

The attachment of a carbonyl group and a threonine to the amino group of the adenine residue immediately 3' of the anticodon, in tRNAs that decode ANN codons (where N is any base).

Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-ethanolamine + a ceramide = CMP + a ceramide phosphoethanolamine.

Catalysis of the reaction leukotriene C(4) + H2O= leukotriene D(4) + L-glutamate.

Catalysis of the reaction:a 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate + H20=a 2'-deoxyribonucleoside + phosphate.

The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of an axis or axes in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment.

A developmental process in which a progressive change in the state of some part of an organism, germline or somatic, specifically contributes to its ability to form offspring.

The developmental process in which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.

A multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. An organ system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a biological objective.

A process in which force is generated within skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the skeletal muscle, the muscle contraction takes advantage of an ordered sarcomeric structure and in most cases it is under voluntary control.

A process in which force is generated within involuntary skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Involuntary skeletal muscle is skeletal muscle that is not under conscious control.

A organ system process carried out at the level of a muscle. Muscle tissue is composed of contractile cells or fibers.

A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the circulatory system. The circulatory system is an organ system that moves extracellular fluids to and from tissue within a multicellular organism.

A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the renal system. The renal system maintains fluid balance, and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels; in other species, the renal system may comprise related structures (e.g., nephrocytes and malpighian tubules in Drosophila).

A circulatory system process carried out by the heart. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.

A process carried out by the organs or tissues of the respiratory system. The respiratory system is an organ system responsible for respiratory gaseous exchange.

A circulatory process that occurs at the level of the vasculature.

The series of events in which an oxygen stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.

The regulation of blood pressure mediated by biochemical signaling: hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.

The regulation of blood pressure mediated by the signaling molecule atrial natriuretic peptide.

The drinking behavior that is mediated by the action of angiotensin in the brain. Angiotensin stimulates the brain centers that control thirst.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle contraction.

The regulation of the force of heart muscle contraction mediated by chemical signaling, hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.

The regulation of the rate of heart contraction mediated by chemical signaling, hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.

Renal process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.

The renal process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system, by impeding blood flow through the peripheral vasculature.

The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.

The process in which renin-angiotensin modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system.

The process that increases the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system.

The process that reduces the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system.

Renal process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water in the body.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration is the process in which blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule.

The process in which plasma is filtered through the glomerular membrane which consists of capillary endothelial cells, the basement membrane, and epithelial cells. The glomerular filtrate is the same as plasma except it has no significant amount of protein.

The process in which the volume of blood increases renal pressure and thereby results in both an increase in urine volume (diuresis) and an increase in the amount of sodium excreted in the urine (natriuresis).

The process in which endothelin modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. Endothelin is a hormone that is released by the endothelium, and it is a vasoconstrictor.

Any process which decreases the force of heart muscle contraction mediated by chemical signaling, hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.

The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area in which the heart will develop.

The close range interaction between mesoderm and endoderm or ectoderm that causes cells to change their fates and specify the development of the heart.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to heart induction.

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from mesodermal cells to endodermal cells.

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from endodermal cells to mesodermal cells.

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from endodermal cells to mesodermal cells that contributes to heart induction.

Any canonical Wnt signaling that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of heart induction.

The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area which will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, arterial pole (outflow tract) and venous pole (inflow tract).

The process in which the anatomical structures of the embryonic heart tube are generated and organized. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract septum are generated and organized. The outflow tract septum is a partition in the outflow tract.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract are generated and organized. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of animal organ formation. Organ formation is the process pertaining to the initial formation of an organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an endothelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.

The process in which the anatomical structure of an endothelium is generated and organized. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac conduction system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sinoatrial (SA) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The SA node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the His-Purkinje system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The His-Purkinje system receives signals from the AV node and is composed of the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a Purkinje myocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The Purkinje myocyte (also known as cardiac Purkinje fiber) is part of the cardiac conduction system that receives signals from the bundle of His and innervates the ventricular cardiac muscle.

The progression of a heart valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A heart valve is a structure that restricts the flow of blood to different regions of the heart and forms from an endocardial cushion.

The progression of the atrioventricular valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The progression of the mitral valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The progression of the aortic valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The progression of the pulmonary valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process in which the structure of a heart valve is generated and organized.

The process in which the structure of the aortic valve is generated and organized.

The process in which the structure of the atrioventricular valve is generated and organized.

The process in which the structure of the mitral valve is generated and organized.

The process in which the structure of the pulmonary valve is generated and organized.

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a heart valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the aortic valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the atrioventricular valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the mitral valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the pulmonary valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.

The progression of a cardiac cushion over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.

The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardial cushion is generated and organized. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.

The progression of a cardiac chamber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.

The process in which a cardiac chamber is generated and organized. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac chamber from unspecified parts. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.

The process in which the cardiac ventricle is generated and organized. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.

The process in which the cardiac atrium is generated and organized. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac atrium from unspecified parts. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.

The process in which the left cardiac ventricle is generated and organized.

The process in which the right cardiac ventricle is generated and organized.

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a left cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts.

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a right cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the right cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the trabecular cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle of the atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of ventricular cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of membrane depolarization. Membrane depolarization is the process in which membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the resting potential, usually from negative to positive.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.

The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the formation of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.

The progression of a cardiac septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure.

The progression of the ventricular septum over time from its formation to the mature structure.

The progression of the atrial septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure.

The progression of the septum primum over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The progression of the septum secundum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure.

The process in which anatomical structure of an atrial septum primum is generated and organized.

The process in which anatomical structure of an atrial septum secundum is generated and organized.

The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis.

The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, resulting a change in cell state that contributes to the progression of the heart over time.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, resulting a change in cell state that contributes to the progression of the heart over time.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, resulting a change in cell state that contributes to the progression of the heart over time.

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a type B pancreatic cell. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features of a pancreatic A cell. A pancreatic A cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes glucagon.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic A cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pancreatic A cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes glucagon.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a type B pancreatic cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the controlled release of molecules that form the extracellular matrix, including carbohydrates and glycoproteins by a cell or a group of cells.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the controlled release of molecules that form the extracellular matrix, including carbohydrates and glycoproteins by a cell or a group of cells.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent the controlled release of molecules that form the extracellular matrix, including carbohydrates and glycoproteins by a cell or a group of cells.

The process in which an amino acid is transported across a membrane.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a keratinocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the corneocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A corneocyte is the last stage of development of a keratinocyte where the keratinocyte flattens, loses its nucleus and eventually delaminates from the epidermis.

The delamination process that results in the shedding of a corneocyte from the surface of the epidermis.

A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephros are generated and organized.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardiac endothelial cell.

The directed, self-propelled movement of cilia of epithelial cells. Depending on the type of cell, there may be one or many cilia per cell. This movement is usually coordinated between many epithelial cells, and serves to move extracellular fluid.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.

Any process that modulates the frequency of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an noradrenergic neuron, a neuron that secretes noradrenaline.

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a noradrenergic neuron.

The progression of the brainstem from its formation to the mature structure. The brainstem is the part of the brain that connects the brain with the spinal cord.

Formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell that contributes to the directed self propelled movement of a cell.

The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix that contributes to the directed movement of an ameboid cell.

The process of creating dynamin family protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of dynamin family protein monomers. Dynamin family protein polymers form around lipid tubes and contribute to membrane fission.

The process of creating dynamin protein family polymers, compounds composed of a large number of dynamin family monomers around a lipid tube of a dividing mitochondrion. Dynamin polymers form around lipid tubes and contribute to membrane fission.

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by sphingosine-1-phosphate binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The change in form that occurs when an epithelial cell progresses from its initial formation to its mature state.

The actin-mediated process that results in the contraction of the apical end of a polarized columnar epithelial cell.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the addition of COPII proteins and adaptor proteins to ER membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat.

The developmental growth that results in the elongation of a line that defines polarity or symmetry in an anatomical structure.

The progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.

The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the development of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.

The increase in size or mass of an endochondral bone that contributes to the shaping of the bone.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones as they elongate or grow.

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the columnar cartilage along the axis of a long bone that contributes to bone growth.

The process in which the anatomical structures of growth plate cartilage are generated and organized.

A molecular process that can be carried out by the action of a single macromolecular machine, usually via direct physical interactions with other molecular entities. Function in this sense denotes an action, or activity, that a gene product (or a complex) performs. These actions are described from two distinct but related perspectives: (1) biochemical activity, and (2) role as a component in a larger system/process.

Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

Binding to a DNA structure formed by the minor groove of adenine-thymine-rich DNA regions. Examples of proteins having this function are AT-rich interaction domain (ARID)-containing proteins.

Binding to chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.

Binding to a DNA replication origin, a unique DNA sequence of a replicon at which DNA replication is initiated and proceeds bidirectionally or unidirectionally.

Facilitating the opening of the ring structure of the PCNA complex, or any of the related sliding clamp complexes, and their closing around the DNA duplex, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

A transcription regulator activity that modulates transcription of gene sets via selective and non-covalent binding to a specific double-stranded genomic DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within a cis-regulatory region. Regulatory regions include promoters (proximal and distal) and enhancers. Genes are transcriptional units, and include bacterial operons.

Combining with a steroid hormone and transmitting the signal within the cell to initiate a change in cell activity or function.

A molecular function that stimulates the elongation properties of the RNA polymerase during the elongation phase of transcription. A subclass of transcription elongation factors enable the transition from transcription initiation to elongation, while another class rescue stalled RNA polymerases.

A transcription regulator activity that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets via binding to a DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factor, either on its own or as part of a complex. Coregulators often act by altering chromatin structure and modifications. For example, one class of transcription coregulators modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second class remodels the conformation of chromatin in an ATP-dependent fashion. A third class modulates interactions of DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factors with other transcription coregulators.

A transcription coregulator activity that activates or increases the transcription of specific gene sets via binding to a DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factor, either on its own or as part of a complex. Coactivators often act by altering chromatin structure and modifications. For example, one class of transcription coactivators modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second class remodels the conformation of chromatin in an ATP-dependent fashion. A third class modulates interactions of DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factors with other transcription coregulators. A fourth class of coactivator activity is the bridging of a DNA-binding transcription factor to the general (basal) transcription machinery. The Mediator complex, which bridges sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factors and RNA polymerase, is also a transcription coactivator.

A transcription coregulator activity that represses or decreases the transcription of specific gene sets via binding to a DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factor, either on its own or as part of a complex. Corepressors often act by altering chromatin structure and modifications. For example, one class of transcription corepressors modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second class remodels the conformation of chromatin in an ATP-dependent fashion. A third class modulates interactions of DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factors with other transcription coregulators.

Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). Catalyzes extension of the 3'- end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time using an internal RNA template that encodes the telomeric repeat sequence.

Catalysis of the extension of the 3' end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time. Cannot initiate a chain de novo; uses the RNA subunit of the telomerase enzyme complex as its template.

Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine + H2O = inosine + NH3, in a double-stranded RNA molecule.

Binding to messenger RNA (mRNA), an intermediate molecule between DNA and protein. mRNA includes UTR and coding sequences, but does not contain introns.

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the ribosome.

Functions in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide.

Functions in chain elongation during polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.

Involved in catalyzing the release of a nascent polypeptide chain from a ribosome.

Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-proline (omega=180) = peptidyl-proline (omega=0).

Catalysis of the rearrangement of both intrachain and interchain disulfide bonds in proteins.

Generation of force resulting in movement, for example along a microfilament or microtubule, or in torque resulting in membrane scission or rotation of a flagellum. The energy required is obtained either from the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate or by an electrochemical proton gradient (proton-motive force).

A motor activity that generates movement along a microtubule, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Binding to monomeric or multimeric forms of actin, including actin filaments.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the beta-(1->4) linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in a peptidoglycan.

Catalysis of the reaction: protein glutamine + alkylamine = protein N5-alkylglutamine + NH3. This reaction is the formation of the N6-(L-isoglutamyl)-L-lysine isopeptide, resulting in cross-linking polypeptide chains; the gamma-carboxamide groups of peptidyl-glutamine residues act as acyl donors, and the 6-amino-groups of peptidyl-lysine residues act as acceptors, to give intra- and intermolecular N6-(5-glutamyl)lysine cross-links.

Binding to an antigen, any substance which is capable of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, the specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Binding may counteract the biological activity of the antigen.

Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-(alpha-D-mannosyl)-beta-D-mannosyl-R + UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine = 3-(2-[N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl]-alpha-D-mannosyl)-beta-D-mannosyl-R + H+ + UDP.

Catalysis of the reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-R = CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->8)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-R.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-mannosyl-R = UDP + 4-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)-beta-D-mannosyl-R.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide = UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide.

Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-beta-carotene + O2 = 2 all-trans-retinal.

Catalysis of the reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine = CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->6)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine.

Catalysis of the reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl-R = CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl-R.

Catalysis of the reaction: N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine + H2O = beta-alanine + CO2 + NH3.

Catalysis of the reaction: (5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid = 5-oxoproline + L-amino acid.

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate = CoA + 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate.

Catalysis of the transfer of a segment of a (1->4)-alpha-D-glucan chain to a primary hydroxyl group in a similar glucan chain.

Catalysis of the reaction: an 11-beta-hydroxysteroid + NAD(P)+ = an 11-oxosteroid + NAD(P)H + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + 2-acylglycerol = CoA + diacylglycerol.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H2O = 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + acetate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-methylbutanoyl-CoA + H+ + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] = (2E)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein].

Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-beta-hydroxy-delta(5)-steroid + NAD+ = a 3-oxo-delta(5)-steroid + NADH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA + NAD+ = 3-oxoacyl-CoA + NADH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate + NAD+ = acetoacetate + H+ + NADH.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl-CoA + H2O = CoA + 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + lipoamide = S-(2-methylpropanoyl)dihydrolipoamide + CO2.

Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid + acceptor = a 3-oxo-delta(4)-steroid + reduced acceptor.

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-aminobutanoate + amino group acceptor = succinate semialdehyde + amino acid.

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate + O2 = homogentisate + CO2.

Catalysis of the reaction: glycine + H+ + succinyl-CoA = 5-aminolevulinate + CO2 + CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-fructose-6-phosphate = ADP + D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate + ATP = beta-D-fructose 2,6-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: N2-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-arginine + H2O = L-arginine + ADP-ribose.

Catalysis of the reaction: ADP + ATP = phosphate + P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl)tetraphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + ADP + H+ + oxaloacetate + phosphate = ATP + citrate + CoA.

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the oxygen atom of a carboxyl group at the C-terminal of a protein.

Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol + CDP-diacylglycerol = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + CMP + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + UTP + glutamine + H20= ADP + phosphate + CTP + glutamate.

Catalysis of the reaction: a D-amino acid + H2O + O2 = a 2-oxo acid + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + DNA containing cytosine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + DNA containing 5-methylcytosine.

Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1); the synthesis of DNA from deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates in the presence of a DNA template and a 3'hydroxyl group.

Catalysis of the synthesis of a short RNA primer on a DNA template, providing a free 3'-OH that can be extended by DNA-directed DNA polymerases.

Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template, i.e. the catalysis of DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.

Catalysis of the cleavage of the C-O-P bond in the AP site created when DNA glycosylase removes a damaged base, involved in the DNA base excision repair pathway (BER).

Catalysis of the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group at the end of one DNA chain and the 5'-phosphate group at the end of another. This reaction requires an energy source such as ATP or NAD+.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + deoxyribonucleotide(n) + deoxyribonucleotide(m) = AMP + diphosphate + deoxyribonucleotide(n+m).

Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1).

Catalysis of the transient cleavage and passage of individual DNA strands or double helices through one another, resulting a topological transformation in double-stranded DNA.

Catalysis of a DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving one DNA strand at a time to allow passage of another strand; changes the linking number by +1 per catalytic cycle.

Catalysis of a DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving a pair of complementary DNA strands to form a gate through which a second double-stranded DNA segment is passed, after which the severed strands in the first DNA segment are rejoined, driven by ATP hydrolysis. The enzyme changes the linking number in multiples of 2.

Catalysis of the reaction: IMP + NADP+ + NH4 = GMP + 2 H+ + NADPH.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + XMP + NH4(+) = AMP + diphosphate + GMP + 2H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + XMP + L-glutamine + H2O = AMP + diphosphate + GMP + L-glutamate + 2H+.

Catalysis of the formation of the linkage between a protein and a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. The reaction probably occurs by subjecting a peptide bond to nucleophilic attack by the amino group of ethanolamine-GPI, transferring the protein from a signal peptide to the GPI anchor.

A molecular function regulator that cycles between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states. In its active state, binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular processes. Intrinsic GTPase activity returns the G protein to its GDP-bound state. The return to the GDP-bound state can be accelerated by the action of a GTPase-activating protein (GAP).

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the imidazole ring of GTP, releasing formate. Two C-N bonds are hydrolyzed and the pentase unit is isomerized.

Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = formate + 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-triphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: IMP + H2O = 5-formamido-1-(5-phosphoribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide.

Catalysis of the reaction: inosine 5'-phosphate + NAD+ + H2O = xanthosine 5'-phosphate + NADH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-iditol + NAD+ = L-sorbose + NADH + H+.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-L-iduronosidic linkages in dermatan sulfate.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 4-sulfate groups of the N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units of chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = UDP + N-acetyllactosamine.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine + (N-acetylneuraminyl)-D-galactosyl-D-glucosylceramide = UDP + N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-D-galactosyl-D-glucosylceramide.

Catalysis of the reaction: N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + L-aspartate + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + (ADP-D-ribosyl)(n)-acceptor = nicotinamide + (ADP-D-ribosyl)(n+1)-acceptor.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + deamido-NAD+ + L-glutamine + H2O = AMP + diphosphate + NAD+ + L-glutamate.

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + H2O = nicotinamide + ADP-ribose.

Catalysis of the reaction: NADH + H+ + acceptor = NAD+ + reduced acceptor.

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)H + H+ + a quinone = NAD(P)+ + a hydroquinone.

Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + n oxidized hemoprotein = NADP+ + n reduced hemoprotein.

Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + quinone = NADP+ + semiquinone.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + RNA 3'-terminal-phosphate = AMP + diphosphate + RNA terminal-2',3'-cyclic-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). Catalyzes RNA-template-directed extension of the 3'- end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time.

Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1); uses an RNA template, i.e. the catalysis of RNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + ribonucleotide(n) + ribonucleotide(m) = AMP + diphosphate + ribonucleotide(n+m).

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2-hydroxy-acid + O2 = 2-oxo acid + hydrogen peroxide.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + dolichyl phosphate = UMP + N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-diphosphodolichol.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + lysosomal-enzyme D-mannose = UMP + lysosomal-enzyme N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-phospho-D-mannose.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + 2 NAD+ + UDP-alpha-D-glucose = 3 H+ + 2 NADH + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate.

Catalysis of the addition of UDP-glucose on to asparagine-linked (N-linked) oligosaccharides of the form Man7-9GlcNAc2 on incorrectly folded glycoproteins.

Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + UTP = diphosphate + UDP-D-glucose.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 acetyl-CoA = CoA + acetoacetyl-CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acetate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + acetyl-CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + acetyl-CoA = CoA + 3-oxoacyl-CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acetyl-CoA + HCO3- = ADP + phosphate + malonyl-CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: acetylcholine + H2O = choline + acetate.

Catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an acid pH optimum.

Catalysis of the reaction: citrate = isocitrate. The reaction occurs in two steps: (1) citrate = cis-aconitate + H2O, (2) cis-aconitate + H2O = isocitrate. This reaction is the interconversion of citrate and isocitrate via the labile, enzyme-bound intermediate cis-aconitate. Water is removed from one part of the citrate molecule and added back to a different atom to form isocitrate.

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein]= 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein] + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + O2 = trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + hydrogen peroxide.

Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + diphosphate = adenine + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H2O = adenosine + L-homocysteine.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP = 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: N6-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP = fumarate + AMP.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + GTP + IMP = N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-AMP + GDP + 3 H+ + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + adenylylsulfate = ADP + 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-alanine = L-glutamate + pyruvate.

Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NAD+ = an aldehyde or ketone + NADH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NAD+ = an aldehyde or ketone + NADH + H+, requiring the presence of zinc.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + an alcohol = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + an alkyl sulfate.

Catalysis of the reaction: an aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = an acid + NADH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: an aldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O = an acid + NAD(P)H + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: an aldehyde + H2O + O2 = a carboxylic acid + hydrogen peroxide.

Catalysis of the reaction: an alditol + NADP+ = an aldose + NADPH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NADP+ = an aldehyde or a ketone + NADPH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose = beta-D-glucose. Also acts on L-arabinose, D-xylose, D-galactose, maltose and lactose.

Catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + acetyl-CoA = N-acetyl-L-glutamate + CoA + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: N-substituted aminoacyl-tRNA + H2O = N-substituted amino acid + tRNA.

Catalysis of the reaction: an N-acyl-L-amino acid + H2O = a carboxylate + an L-amino acid.

Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-tetrahydrofolate + S-aminomethyldihydrolipoylprotein = (6R)-5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NH3 + dihydrolipoylprotein.

Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + O2 = (6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-(5S)-5-hydroperoxycosa-6,8,11,14-tetraenoate.

Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + O2 = (5Z,8Z,10E,12S,14Z)-12-hydroperoxyicosa-5,8,10,14-tetraenoate.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + H2O = L-ornithine + urea.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-citrulline + L-aspartate = AMP + diphosphate + (N(omega)-L-arginino)succinate.

Catalysis of the reaction: N-(L-arginino)succinate = fumarate + L-arginine.

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + an aralkylamine = CoA + an N-acetylaralkylamine.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + a phenol = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + an aryl sulfate.

Catalysis of the reaction: aryl dialkyl phosphate + H2O = dialkyl phosphate + an aryl alcohol.

Catalysis of the reaction: a phenyl acetate + H2O = a phenol + acetate.

Catalysis of the reaction: a phenol sulfate + H2O = a phenol + sulfate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine = AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-asparagine + H2O = L-aspartate + NH3.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + 2-oxoglutarate = oxaloacetate + L-glutamate.

Catalysis of the reaction: bilirubin + NAD(P)+ = biliverdin + NAD(P)H + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + biotin + apo-(propanoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)) = AMP + diphosphate + (propanoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)).

Catalysis of the reaction: P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-nucleosyl)tetraphosphate + H2O = NTP + NMP. Acts on bis(5'-guanosyl)-, bis(5'-xanthosyl)-, bis(5'-adenosyl)- and bis(5'-uridyl)-tetraphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate = 2,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate + H2O = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: a branched-chain amino acid + 2-oxoglutarate = L-glutamate + a 2-oxocarboxylate derived from the branched-chain amino acid.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 ATP + hydrogencarbonate + NH4+ = 2 ADP + carbamoyl phosphate + 2 H+ + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: R-CHOH-R' + NADP+ = R-CO-R' + NADPH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + carnitine = (R)-O-acetylcarnitine + CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-CoA + L-carnitine = CoA + L-palmitoylcarnitine.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + choline = ADP + choline phosphate + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: an acylcholine + H2O = choline + a carboxylic acid anion.

Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + choline phosphate = diphosphate + CDP-choline.

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + H2O + oxaloacetate = citrate + CoA, where the acetyl group is added to the si-face of oxaloacetate; acetyl-CoA thus provides the two carbon atoms of the pro-S carboxymethyl group.

Catalysis of the reaction: coproporphyrinogen III + 2 H+ + O2 = 2 CO2 + 2 H2O + protoporphyrinogen IX.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + creatine = N-phosphocreatine + ADP + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: a nucleoside cyclic phosphate + H2O = a nucleoside phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: a nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = a nucleoside 5'-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reactions: 3',5'-cyclic AMP + H2O = AMP + H+ and 3',5'-cyclic GMP + H2O = GMP + H+; this activity is activated by binding to calcium-bound calmodulin.

Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 5'-phosphate; catalytic activity is increased in the presence of cGMP.

Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 5'-phosphate; catalytic activity is decreased in the presence of cGMP.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + L-homocysteine = cystathionine + H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-cystathionine + H2O = 2-oxobutanoate + L-cysteine + NH4+.

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)H + H+ + 2 ferricytochrome b(5) = NAD(P)+ + 2 ferrocytochrome b(5).

Catalysis of the reaction: 4 ferrocytochrome c + O2 + 4 H+ = 4 ferricytochrome c + 2 H2O.

Catalysis of the transfer of a segment of a (1->4)-alpha-D-glucan to a new 4-position in an acceptor, which may be glucose or (1->4)-alpha-D-glucan.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->6)-alpha-D-glucosidic branch linkages in glycogen phosphorylase limit dextrin. Limit dextrin is the highly branched core that remains after exhaustive treatment of glycogen with glycogen phosphorylase. It is formed because these enzymes cannot hydrolyze the (1->6) glycosidic linkages present.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-deoxyadenosine + ATP = ADP + dAMP + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-deoxyguanosine + ATP = ADP + dGMP + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-deoxy-D-ribose 5-phosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + acetaldehyde.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-dephospho-CoA + ATP = ADP + CoA + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-choline + 1,2-diacylglycerol = CMP + a phosphatidylcholine.

Catalysis of the reaction: NTP + 1,2-diacylglycerol = NDP + 1,2-diacylglycerol-3-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + 1,2-diacylglycerol = CoA + triacylglycerol.

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + an alkane-alpha,omega-diamine = CoA + an N-acetyldiamine.

Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + NADP+ = 7,8-dihydrofolate + NADPH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: protein N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine + NAD+ = protein N6-(lipoyl)lysine + NADH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: succinyl-CoA + dihydrolipoamide = CoA + S-succinyldihydrolipoamide.

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-dihydroorotate + H2O = N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine = NADPH + H+ + 6,7-dihydropteridine.

Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6-dihydrouracil + H2O = 3-ureidopropionate.

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-5-diphosphomevalonate + ATP = ADP + CO2 + H+ + isopentenyl diphosphate + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 2-(3-carboxy-3-aminopropyl)-L-histidine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 2-(3-carboxy-3-(methylammonio)propyl)-L-histidine.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-dopachrome = 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylate.

Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + dolichol = CDP + dolichyl phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: dolichyl phosphate D-mannose + protein = dolichyl phosphate + O-D-mannosylprotein.

Catalysis of the reaction: dUTP + H2O = dUMP + H+ + diphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: a ubiquinone + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein] = a ubiquinol + H+ + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein].

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a single N-terminal amino acid residue from a polypeptide chain.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a single C-terminal amino acid residue from a polypeptide chain.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a single C-terminal amino acid residue from a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a single C-terminal amino acid residue from the C-terminus of a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which a water molecule bound by the side chains of aspartic residues at the active center acts as a nucleophile.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of nonterminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism using a cysteine residue at the enzyme active center, and requiring the presence of calcium.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the hydroxyl group of a threonine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.

Catalysis of the reaction: (3S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA = trans-2-enoyl-CoA + H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: estradiol-17-beta + NADP+ = estrone + NADPH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + ethanolamine = ADP + 2 H+ + phosphoethanolamine.

Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + ethanolamine phosphate = diphosphate + CDP-ethanolamine.

Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-ethanolamine + 1,2-diacylglycerol = CMP + a phosphatidylethanolamine.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-(2->3)-, alpha-(2->6)-, alpha-(2->8)-glycosidic linkages of terminal sialic residues in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, colominic acid and synthetic substrates.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + n malonyl-CoA + 2n NADPH + 2n H+ = long-chain fatty acid + n+1 CoA + n CO2 + 2n NADP+.

Catalysis of the reaction: malonyl-CoA + [acyl-carrier protein] = CoA + malonyl-[acyl-carrier protein].

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + malonyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + CO2 + [acyl-carrier protein].

Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADP+ = 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADPH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: heme B (protoheme) + H+ = Fe(2+) + protoporphyrin IX.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + tetrahydrofolyl-(Glu)(n) + L-glutamate = ADP + phosphate + tetrahydrofolyl-(Glu)(n+1).

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + formate + tetrahydrofolate = ADP + phosphate + 10-formyltetrahydrofolate.

Catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 2,6-bisphosphate + H2O = D-fructose-6-phosphate + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate = glycerone phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactose + ATP = alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine + H2O = D-galactose + N-acylsphingosine.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-glucose = ADP + D-glucose-6-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucono-1,5-lactone + H2O = D-gluconate.

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate + NH4.

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ = D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucose + phosphate. D-glucopyranose is also known as D-glucose 6-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose 6-phosphate = D-fructose 6-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine + H2O = D-glucose + N-acylsphingosine.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + ATP = L-glutamyl 5-phosphate + ADP + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + NADP+ + phosphate = L-glutamyl 5-phosphate + H+ + NADPH.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate = 4-aminobutanoate + CO2.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + H2O + NAD+ = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + NADH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + H2O + NAD(P)+ = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + NAD(P)H + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + ATP + NH3 = L-glutamine + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-cysteine + L-glutamate + ATP = L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamine + H2O = L-glutamate + NH3.

3-methylbutanoyl-CoA + H+ + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] = 3-methyl-(2E)-butenoyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein].

Catalysis of the reaction: R-X + glutathione = H-X + R-S-glutathione. R may be an aliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic group; X may be a sulfate, nitrile or halide group.

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate = CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + a quinone = glycerone phosphate + a quinol.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + glycerol = sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + glycerone = ADP + glycerone phosphate + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + glycine + H2O = tetrahydrofolate + L-serine.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = UDP + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n+1).

Catalysis of the reaction: glycine + lipoylprotein = S-aminomethyldihydrolipoylprotein + CO2.

Catalysis of the reaction: tetradecanoyl-CoA + glycyl-peptide = CoA + N-tetradecanoylglycyl-peptide.

Catalysis of the reaction: GTP = 3',5'-cyclic GMP + diphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to drive the unwinding of a DNA or RNA helix.

Catalysis of the reaction: heme b + 3 O2 + 3 reduced [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] = biliverdin + CO + Fe2+ + H+ + 3 H2O + 3 oxidized [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase].

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-hexose = ADP + D-hexose 6-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone = CoA + acetyl-histone.

Catalysis of the reaction: histone N6-acetyl-L-lysine + H2O = histone L-lysine + acetate. This reaction represents the removal of an acetyl group from a histone, a class of proteins complexed to DNA in chromatin and chromosomes.

Catalysis of the reaction: holocytochrome c = apocytochrome c + heme.

Catalysis of the reaction: homogentisate + O2 = 4-maleylacetoacetate + H+.

Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->4) linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate.

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-(2-hydroxyacyl)glutathione + H2O = glutathione + a 2-hydroxy carboxylate.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + 4 porphobilinogen = hydroxymethylbilane + 4 NH4.

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA = acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-mevalonate + CoA + 2 NADP+ = (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + 2 H+ + 2 NADPH.

Catalysis of the reaction: acetoacetyl-CoA + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + CoA + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: IMP + diphosphate = hypoxanthine + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 2-sulfate groups of the L-iduronate 2-sulfate units of dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate and heparin.

Catalysis of the reaction: diphosphate + H2O = H+ + 2 phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + H2O = 1,2-diacylglycerol + 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reactions: D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate, and 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: isocitrate + NAD(P)+ = 2-oxoglutarate + CO2 + NAD(P)H.

Catalysis of the reaction: isocitrate + NAD+ = 2-oxoglutarate + CO2 + NADH.

Catalysis of the reaction: isocitrate + NADP+ = 2-oxoglutarate + CO2 + NADPH.

Catalysis of the reaction: isopentenyl diphosphate = dimethylallyl diphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-fructose = ADP + D-fructose 1-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: lactate + NAD+ = H+ + NADH + pyruvate.

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-lactate + NAD+ = pyruvate + NADH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + D-glucose = UDP + lactose.

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-S-lactoylglutathione = glutathione + methylglyoxal.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + leukotriene A(4) = leukotriene B(4).

Catalysis of the reaction: leukotriene C(4) = glutathione + leukotriene A(4).

Catalysis of the reaction: triacylglycerol + H2O = diacylglycerol + a carboxylate, where the triacylglycerol is part of a lipoprotein.

Catalysis of the reaction: a long-chain 2,3-saturated fatty acyl-CoA + H+ + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] = a long-chain (2E)-enoyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein].

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a long-chain fatty acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA; a long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl phosphate + L-lysine = phosphate + N6-acetyl-L-lysine.

Catalysis of the oxidative decarboxylation of malate with the concomitant production of pyruvate.

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + NADP+ = pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + glyoxylate + H2O = (S)-malate + CoA + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + H2O = 10-formyltetrahydrofolate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-methionine + H2O = phosphate + diphosphate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine.

Catalysis of the reaction: 10-formyltetrahydrofolate + L-methionyl-tRNA + H2O = tetrahydrofolate + N-formylmethionyl-tRNA.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + G(5')pppR-RNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + m7G(5')pppR-RNA. m7G(5')pppR-RNA is mRNA containing an N7-methylguanine cap; R may be guanosine or adenosine.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + m7G(5')pppR-RNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + m7G(5')pppRm-RNA. R may be guanosine or adenosine.

Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + (5')pp-Pur-mRNA = diphosphate + G(5')ppp-Pur-mRNA; G(5')ppp-Pur-mRNA is mRNA containing a guanosine residue linked 5' through three phosphates to the 5' position of the terminal residue.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methylbut-2-enoyl-CoA + ATP + bicarbonate = trans-3-methylglutaconyl-CoA + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NAD(P)+ = 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + NAD(P)H + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NAD+ = 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + NADH.

Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NADP+ = 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + NADPH.

Catalysis of the reaction: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate + NAD(P)+ = 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NAD(P)H + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + CoA + NAD+ = propanoyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-methylmalonyl-CoA = (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-methylmalonyl-CoA = succinyl-CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-mevalonate + ATP = (R)-5-phosphomevalonate + ADP + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water.

Catalysis of the reaction: calcidiol + H+ + NADPH + O2 = calcitriol + H2O + NADP+.

Catalysis of the reaction: N,N-dimethylaniline + NADPH + H+ + O2 = N,N-dimethylaniline N-oxide + NADP+ + H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-ascorbate + dopamine + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + dehydroascorbate + H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-kynurenine + H+ + NADPH + O2 = 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O + NADP+.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine + O2 = L-DOPAquinone + H2O. This reaction can use both monophenols (such as tyrosine) and catechols (o-diphenols) as substrates.

Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-glycine + ascorbate + O2 = peptidyl(2-hydroxyglycine) + dehydroascorbate + H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-phenylalanine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 = L-tyrosine + 4-alpha-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin.

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + NADPH + O2 + squalene = (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene + H2O + NADP+.

Catalysis of the reaction: a steroid + reduced adrenal ferredoxin + O2 = an 11-beta-hydroxysteroid + oxidized adrenal ferredoxin + H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: a steroid + AH2 + O2 = a 17a-hydroxysteroid + A + H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: A C(21) steroid + [reduced NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = a 21-hydroxy-C(21)-steroid + [oxidized NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 = 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine + 4-alpha-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin + H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose 6-phosphate = 1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate. This reaction requires NAD, which dehydrogenates the CHOH group to CO at C-5 of the glucose 6-phosphate, making C-6 into an active methylene, able to condense with the aldehyde at C-1. Finally, the enzyme-bound NADH reconverts C-5 into the CHOH form.

Catalysis of the reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide = CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-D-glucosylceramide.

Catalysis of the reaction: CO2 + diphosphate + nicotinate D-ribonucleotide = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + 2 H+ + quinolinate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nicotinate ribonucleotide = diphosphate + deamido-NAD+.

Catalysis of the reaction: diphosphate + nicotinate D-ribonucleotide = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + H+ + nicotinate.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + n NADPH + n H+ + m O2 = citrulline + nitric oxide + n NADP+.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by creating internal breaks.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA to 3'-phosphomononucleotides and 3'-phosphooligonucleotides ending in C-P or U-P with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate intermediates.

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA in RNA-DNA hybrids to 5'-phosphomonoesters.

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA with 5'-phosphomonoesters and 3'-OH termini; makes two staggered cuts in both strands of dsRNA, leaving a 3' overhang of 2 nt.

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA, removing 5' extra nucleotides from tRNA precursor.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' or 5' end.

Catalysis of the sequential hydrolytic removal of 5'-nucleotides from the 3'-hydroxy termini of 3'-hydroxy-terminated oligonucleotides.

Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' or 3' terminus of a DNA molecule.

Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' or 3' terminus of an RNA molecule.

Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' terminus of an RNA molecule.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in chains of RNA.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in tRNA molecules.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nucleoside diphosphate = ADP + nucleoside triphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: a dinucleotide + H2O = 2 mononucleotides.

Catalysis of the reaction: alpha,alpha-trehalose + H2O = 2 D-glucose.

Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides containing three or more alpha-(1->4)-linked D-glucose units.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-galactose residues in alpha-D-galactosides, including galactose oligosaccharides, galactomannans and galactolipids.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-(1->4)-linked alpha-D-glucose residues with release of alpha-D-glucose.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-mannose residues in alpha-D-mannosides.

Catalysis of the reaction: an alpha-L-fucoside + H2O = an alcohol + L-fucose.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-hexosamine residues in N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminides.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-D-galactosides.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-mannose residues in beta-D-mannosides.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-beta linkages of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) polymers of chitin and chitodextrins.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the terminal alpha-glucosyl-(1,3)-mannosyl unit from Glc-Man(9)-(GlcNAc)(2) oligosaccharide component of the glycoprotein produced in the Golgi membrane.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the terminal (1->2)-linked alpha-D-mannose residues in an oligo-mannose oligosaccharide.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->6)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in some oligosaccharides produced from starch and glycogen by alpha-amylase, and in isomaltose. Releases a free alpha-D-glucose.

Catalysis of the transfer of a oligosaccharyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.

Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-mannose + chitobiosyldiphosphodolichol = GDP + beta-D-mannosylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol.

Catalysis of the reaction: dolichyl diphosphooligosaccharide + protein L-asparagine = dolichyl diphosphate + a glycoprotein with the oligosaccharide chain attached by glycosylamine linkage to protein L-asparagine.

Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-mannose + dolichyl phosphate = GDP + dolichyl D-mannosyl phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: carbamoyl phosphate + L-ornithine = phosphate + L-citrulline.

Catalysis of the reaction: orotidine 5'-phosphate + diphosphate = orotate + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + orotidine 5'-phosphate = CO2 + UMP.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + lipoamide = S-succinyldihydrolipoamide + CO2.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + pantothenate = ADP + D-4'-phosphopantothenate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + pantetheine 4'-phosphate = 3'-dephospho-CoA + diphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + peptide = CoA + N-alpha-acetylpeptide. This reaction is the acetylation of the N-terminal amino acid residue of a peptide or protein.

Catalysis of the reaction: peptidylamidoglycolate = peptidyl amide + glyoxylate.

Catalysis of the reaction: a donor + a peroxide = an oxidized donor + 2 H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glutathione + hydrogen peroxide = oxidized glutathione + 2 H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phenylethanolamine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-methylphenylethanolamine.

Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + phosphatidate = diphosphate + CDP-diacylglycerol.

Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + a sterol = a sterol ester + 1-acylglycerophosphocholine.

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + phosphatidyl-L-serine = CO2 + phosphatidylethanolamine.

Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate = N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: source of phosphate + oxaloacetate = phosphoenolpyruvate + CO2 + other reaction products.

Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + oxaloacetate = GDP + phosphoenolpyruvate + CO2.

Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate = alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate = D-mannose 6-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-phospho-D-glycerate + ATP = 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate + ADP + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phospho-D-glycerate = 3-phospho-D-glycerate.

Catalysis of the reaction: glycoprotein phosphatidylinositol + H2O = phosphatidate + glycoprotein inositol.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-lysophosphatidylcholine + H2O = glycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate.

Catalysis of the reaction: a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospholipid + H2O = 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospholipid + a fatty acid. This reaction removes the fatty acid attached to the sn2-position. Substrates include phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, choline plasmalogen and phosphatides.

Catalysis of the reaction: a phospholipid + H2O = 1,2-diacylglycerol + a phosphatidate.

Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphatidylcholine + H2O = choline + a phosphatidate.

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-5-phosphomevalonate + ATP = (R)-5-diphosphomevalonate + ADP + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate + L-cysteine = CMP + diphosphate + (R)-4'-phosphopantothenoyl-L-cysteine. Cysteine can be replaced by some of its derivatives.

Catalysis of the reaction: N-[(R)-4-phosphonatopantothenoyl]-L-cysteinate + H+ = CO2 + pantetheine 4'-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phospho-D-glycerate = phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate + 2 H+ = 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole + CO2.

Catalysis of the reaction: 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate + L-aspartate + ATP = (2S)-2-[5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido]succinate + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-(formamido)-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidine + ATP = 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + L-glutamine + ATP + H2O = 2-(formamido)-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidine + L-glutamate + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 10-formyltetrahydrofolate + N1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide = tetrahydrofolate + N2-formyl-N1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) + phosphate = 1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl(n-1) + alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate. The name should be qualified in each instance by adding the name of the natural substrate, e.g. maltodextrin phosphorylase, starch phosphorylase, glycogen phosphorylase.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of poly(ADP-ribose) at glycosidic (1''-2') linkage of ribose-ribose bond to produce free ADP-ribose.

Catalysis of the reaction: 5'-phosphopolynucleotide + H2O = polynucleotide + phosphate.

Catalysis of the template-independent extension of the 3'- end of an RNA or DNA strand by addition of one adenosine molecule at a time. Cannot initiate a chain 'de novo'. The primer, depending on the source of the enzyme, may be an RNA or DNA fragment, or oligo(A) bearing a 3'-OH terminal group.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine + polypeptide = UDP + N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-polypeptide. This reaction is the modification of serine or threonine residues in polypeptide chains by the transfer of a N-acetylgalactose from UDP-N-acetylgalactose to the hydroxyl group of the amino acid; it is the first step in O-glycan biosynthesis.

Catalysis of the reaction: RNA(n+1) + phosphate <=> RNA(n) + a nucleoside diphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 5-aminolevulinate = 2 H2O + H+ + porphobilinogen.

Catalysis of the reaction: procollagen L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = procollagen trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-proline + acceptor = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + reduced acceptor.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + propanoyl-CoA + HCO3- = ADP + phosphate + (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA.

Catalysis of the transfer of a prenyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Catalysis of the reaction: farnesyl diphosphate + protein-cysteine = S-farnesyl protein + diphosphate.

Catalysis of the covalent addition of a geranylgeranyl (20-carbon isoprenoid) group via thioether linkages to a cysteine residue at or near the C terminus of a protein.

Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + donor-H2 + 2 O2 = prostaglandin H2 + acceptor + H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: prostaglandin H(2) = prostaglandin D(2).

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + L-arginyl-[protein] = L-citrullyl-[protein] + NH4+, resulting in citrullination of the target protein. This reaction is calcium-dependent.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein C-terminal S-farnesyl-L-cysteine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein C-terminal S-farnesyl-L-cysteine methyl ester.

Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP.

Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.

Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.

Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate-dependent catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein.

DNA dependent catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. This reaction requires the presence of AMP.

Calmodulin-dependent catalysis of the reactions: ATP + a protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate; and ATP + a protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + [elongation factor 2] = ADP + [elongation factor 2] phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + myosin-light-chain = ADP + myosin-light-chain phosphate.

cNMP-dependent catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein.

cAMP-dependent catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein.

cGMP dependent catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein.

Cyclin-dependent catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + [eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha subunit] = ADP + [eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha subunit] phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. This reaction requires diacylglycerol.

Calcium-dependent catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + G protein-coupled receptor = ADP + G protein-coupled receptor phosphate.

Catalysis of the phosphorylation of the alpha or beta subunit of the inhibitor of kappaB kinase complex (IKK).

Catalysis of the reaction: JUN + ATP = JUN phosphate + ADP. This reaction is the phosphorylation and activation of members of the JUN family, a gene family that encodes nuclear transcription factors.

Catalysis of the reaction: JNKK + ATP = JNKK phosphate + ADP. This reaction is the phosphorylation and activation of JUN kinase kinases (JNKKs).

Catalysis of the reaction: protein + ATP = protein phosphate + ADP. This reaction is the phosphorylation of proteins. Mitogen-activated protein kinase; a family of protein kinases that perform a crucial step in relaying signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. They are activated by a wide range of proliferation- or differentiation-inducing signals; activation is strong with agonists such as polypeptide growth factors and tumor-promoting phorbol esters, but weak (in most cell backgrounds) by stress stimuli.

Catalysis of the concomitant phosphorylation of threonine (T) and tyrosine (Y) residues in a Thr-Glu-Tyr (TEY) thiolester sequence in a MAP kinase (MAPK) substrate.

Catalysis of the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase kinase; each MAP kinase kinase can be phosphorylated by any of several MAP kinase kinase kinases.

Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + a protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate; ATP + a protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate; and ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate.

Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + protein L-tyrosine = ADP + protein L-tyrosine phosphate by a non-membrane spanning protein.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein L-beta-aspartate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein L-beta-aspartate methyl ester.

Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-L-lysyl-peptide + H2O + O2 = peptidyl-allysyl-peptide + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.

Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphoprotein + H2O = a protein + phosphate. Together with protein kinases, these enzymes control the state of phosphorylation of cellular proteins and thereby provide an important mechanism for regulating cellular activity.

Catalysis of the reaction: protein serine phosphate + H2O = protein serine + phosphate, and protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reactions: protein serine phosphate + H2O = protein serine + phosphate; and protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate. These reactions require the presence of calcium ions.

Catalysis of the reaction: protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3 O2 + protoporphyrinogen IX = 3 H2O2 + protoporphyrin IX.

Catalysis of the reaction: purine nucleoside + phosphate = purine + alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate + H2O + O2 = pyridoxal 5'-phosphate + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-proline + NADP+ = 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + NADPH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + bicarbonate + pyruvate = ADP + 2 H+ + oxaloacetate + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + lipoamide = S-acetyldihydrolipoamide + CO2.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) = ADP + pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-N6-dihydrolipoyl-L-lysyl-[protein] + acetyl-CoA = (R)-N6-(S8-acetyldihydrolipoyl)-L-lysyl-[protein] + CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: = ADP + H+ + phosphoenolpyruvate => ATP + pyruvate.

Catalysis of the reaction: retinol + NAD+ = retinal + NADH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 5-phosphate + ATP = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + AMP + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribulose 5-phosphate = D-xylulose 5-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 5-phosphate = D-ribulose 5-phosphate.

Catalysis of the cleavage of N6-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine to release an amino acid (lysine or glutamate), with the concomitant reduction of an electron acceptor.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + H+ + palmitoyl-CoA = 3-dehydrosphinganine + CO2 + CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + pyruvate = 3-hydroxypyruvate + L-alanine.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosylmethioninamine + putrescine = 5'-methylthioadenosine + spermidine.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + sphingomyelin = ceramide + choline phosphate + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H+ + O2 + octadecanoyl-CoA = (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-oxo-delta(5)-steroid = a 3-oxo-delta(4)-steroid.

Catalysis of the reaction: a steryl ester + H2O = a sterol + a fatty acid.

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + a sterol = CoA + a sterol ester.

Catalysis of the reaction: succinate semialdehyde + NAD+ + H2O = succinate + NADH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + succinyl-CoA = CoA + H+ + succinate.

Catalysis of the transfer of an adenylyl group from an adenosine nucleotide (ATP or ADP) to sulfate, forming adenylylsulfate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + sulfate = diphosphate + adenylylsulfate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 superoxide + 2 H+ = O2 + hydrogen peroxide.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + thiamine = AMP + thiamine diphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + thioredoxin = H+ + NADPH + thioredoxin disulfide.

Catalysis of the reaction: hydrogen cyanide + thiosulfate = H+ + sulfite + thiocyanate.

Catalysis of the reaction: prostaglandin H(2) = thromboxane A(2).

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + thymidine = ADP + thymidine 5'-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + thymidine 5'-phosphate = ADP + thymidine 5'-diphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + dUMP = 7,8-dihydrofolate + thymidylate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3,5,3'-L-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + acceptor + H+ = L-thyroxine + donor-H2.

Catalysis of the reaction: sedoheptulose 7-phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate = D-erythrose 4-phosphate + D-fructose 6-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reversible transfer of a 2-carbon ketol group (CH2OH-CO-) from a ketose phosphate donor to an aldose phosphate acceptor.

Catalysis of the transposition of transposable elements or transposons. Transposases are involved in recombination required for transposition and are site-specific for the transposon/transposable element.

Catalysis of the reaction: triacylglycerol + H2O = diacylglycerol + a carboxylate.

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate = glycerone phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA containing guanine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing N2-methylguanine.

Catalysis of the reaction: a tRNA precursor + ATP + 2 CTP = a tRNA with a 3' CCA end + 3 diphosphate.

Catalysis of the formation of aminoacyl-tRNA from ATP, amino acid, and tRNA with the release of diphosphate and AMP.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-alanine + tRNA(Ala) = AMP + diphosphate + L-alanyl-tRNA(Ala).

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-arginine + tRNA(Arg) = AMP + diphosphate + L-arginyl-tRNA(Arg).

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-aspartate + tRNA(Asp) = AMP + diphosphate + L-aspartyl-tRNA(Asp).

Catalysis of the reaction: L-asparagine + ATP + tRNA(Asn) = AMP + Asn-tRNA(Asn) + diphosphate + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-cysteine + tRNA(Cys) = AMP + diphosphate + L-cysteinyl-tRNA(Cys).

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-glutamate + tRNA(Glu) = AMP + diphosphate + L-glutamyl-tRNA(Glu).

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-glutamine + tRNA(Gln) = AMP + diphosphate + L-glutaminyl-tRNA(Gln).

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + glycine + tRNA(Gly) = AMP + diphosphate + glycyl-tRNA(Gly).

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-histidine + tRNA(His) = AMP + diphosphate + L-histidyl-tRNA(His).

Catalysis of the reaction: L-isoleucine + ATP + tRNA(Ile) = L-isoleucyl-tRNA(Ile) + AMP + diphosphate + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-leucine + ATP + tRNA(Leu) = AMP + diphosphate + 2 H+ + Leu-tRNA(Leu).

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-lysine + tRNA(Lys) = AMP + diphosphate + L-lysyl-tRNA(Lys).

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-methionine + tRNA(Met) = AMP + diphosphate + L-methionyl-tRNA(Met).

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-phenylalanine + tRNA(Phe) = AMP + diphosphate + L-phenylalanyl-tRNA(Phe).

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-proline + tRNA(Pro) = AMP + diphosphate + L-prolyl-tRNA(Pro).

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-serine + tRNA(Ser) = AMP + diphosphate + L-seryl-tRNA(Ser).

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-threonine + tRNA(Thr) = AMP + diphosphate + L-threonyl-tRNA(Thr).

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-tryptophan + tRNA(Trp) = AMP + diphosphate + L-tryptophanyl-tRNA(Trp).

Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine + ATP + tRNA(Tyr) = L-tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr) + AMP + diphosphate + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-valine + ATP + tRNA(Val) = L-valyl-tRNA(Val) + AMP + diphosphate + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine = alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate + L-glutamate.

Catalysis of the reaction: E1 + ubiquitin + ATP--> E1-ubiquitin + AMP + PPi, where the E1-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond between the C-terminal glycine of Ub and a sulfhydryl side group of an E1 cysteine residue. This is the first step in a cascade of reactions in which ubiquitin is ultimately added to a protein substrate.

Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to another via the reaction X-Ub + Y --> Y-Ub + X, where both X-Ub and Y-Ub are covalent linkages.

An thiol-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves ubiquitin from a target protein to which it is conjugated.

Catalysis of the cleavage of the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar, releasing a free base and leaving an apyrimidinic (AP) site. Enzymes with this activity recognize and remove uracil bases in DNA that result from the deamination of cytosine or the misincorporation of dUTP opposite an adenine.

Catalysis of the reaction: uridine + phosphate = uracil + alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: hydroxymethylbilane = H2O + uroporphyrinogen III.

Catalysis of the reaction: uroporphyrinogen-III = coproporphyrinogen + 4 CO2.

Catalysis of the reaction: xanthine + NAD+ + H2O = urate + NADH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: xanthine + H2O + O2 = urate + hydrogen peroxide.

Catalysis of the reaction: D-xylulose + ATP = D-xylulose 5-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of an enzyme.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a phospholipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a phospholipid.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein kinase.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cAMP-dependent protein kinase.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein phosphatase.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a serine/threonine protein phosphatase, an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: protein serine/threonine phosphate + H2O = protein serine/threonine + phosphate.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of an endopeptidase.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a serine-type endopeptidase.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase.

Combining with any component or product of the complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with the C3a product of the complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with the C3b product of the complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with the C5a product of the complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

A DNA-binding transcription factor activity regulated by binding to a ligand that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets transcribed by RNA polymerase II. Nuclear receptor ligands are usually lipid-based (such as a steroid hormone) and the binding of the ligand to its receptor often occurs in the cytoplasm, which leads to its tranlocation to the nucleus.

Combining with an extracellular or intracellular signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity or state as part of signal transduction.

Combining with the amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) to initiate a change in cell activity. GABA-A receptors function as chloride channels.

Combining with a cytokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with erythropoietin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with an interferon and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with a type I interferon and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.

Combining with interleukin-1 to initiate a change in cell activity. Interleukin-1 is produced mainly by activated macrophages and is involved in the inflammatory response.

Combining with interleukin-2 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with interleukin-6 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with interleukin-8 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with oncostatin-M and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with prolactin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when ATP is bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane.

Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of alpha-adrenergic receptors.

Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of alpha2-adrenergic receptors; the activity involves transmitting the signal to the Gi alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein.

Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of beta-adrenergic receptors; the activity involves transmitting the signal to the Gs alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein.

Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of beta2-adrenergic receptors.

An angiotensin receptor activity that acts via Gi protein coupling and cGMP (NO) generation, and may also act via additional signaling mechanisms.

Combining with bradykinin to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with a cannabinoid to initiate a change in cell activity. Cannabinoids are a class of diverse chemical compounds that include the endocannabinoids and the phytocannabinoids.

Combining with a chemokine, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Chemokines are a family of small chemotactic cytokines; their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria.

Combining with cholecystokinin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein to initiate a change in cell activity. Cholecystokinin can act as a neuropeptide or as a gastrointestinal hormone.

Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with an icosanoid to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with a prostanoid, any compound based on or derived from the prostanoate structure, to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with a prostaglandin (PG) to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with prostaglandin D (PGD(2)) to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with prostaglandin E (PGE(2)) to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with prostaglandin F (PGF (2-alpha)) to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with endothelin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Combining with follicle-stimulating hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with luteinizing hormone (also called lutropin) to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with the amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Combining with glucagon and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when glutamate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

An ionotropic glutamate receptor activity that exhibits fast gating by glutamate and acts by opening a cation channel permeable to sodium, potassium, and, in the absence of a GluR2 subunit, calcium.

An cation channel that opens in response to binding by extracellular glutmate, but only if glycine is also bound and the membrane is depolarized. Voltage gating is indirect, due to ejection of bound magnesium from the pore at permissive voltages.

Combining with melanocortin to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with beta-endorphin, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein. Beta-endorphin is a peptide, 31 amino acids long, resulting from processing of the precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC).

Combining with melanocyte-stimulating hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with an N-formyl peptide to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with neuropeptide Y to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with an odorant and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity in response to detection of smell.

Combining with an opioid (any narcotic derived from or resembling opium), and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.

Combining with parathyroid hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with platelet activating factor to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with the biogenic amine serotonin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a neurotransmitter and hormone found in vertebrates and invertebrates.

Combining with somatostatin to initiate a change in cell activity. Somatostatin is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system by signaling via G protein-coupled somatostatin receptors. Somatostatin has two active forms produced by proteolytic cleavage: a 14 amino acid peptide (SST-14) and a 28 amino acid peptide (SST-28).

Combining with a tachykinin neuropeptide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.

Combining with thyroid-stimulating hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining selectively with transferrin, and delivering transferrin into the cell via endocytosis. Transferrin is a major iron carrier protein in vertebrates.

Combining with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with vasopressin to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate.

Combining with an ephrin receptor ligand to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with a GPI-anchored ephrin to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with a transmembrane ephrin to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with an epidermal growth factor receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with a fibroblast growth factor receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with insulin receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with insulin-like growth factor receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) receptor ligand and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate.

Combining with platelet-derived growth factor receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with platelet-derived growth factor isoform PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB or PDGF-AB to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with platelet-derived growth factor isoform PDGF-BB or PDGF-AB to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with a transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.

Combining with a complex of transforming growth factor beta and a type II TGF-beta receptor to initiate a change in cell activity; upon binding, acts as a downstream transducer of TGF-beta signals.

Combining with transforming growth factor beta to initiate a change in cell activity; upon ligand binding, binds to and catalyzes the phosphorylation of a type I TGF-beta receptor.

Combining with a neurotrophin, any of a family of growth factors that prevent apoptosis in neurons and promote nerve growth, and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with an extracellular messenger (called a death ligand), and transmitting the signal from one side of the plasma membrane to the other to initiate apoptotic or necrotic cell death.

Combining with a low-density lipoprotein particle and delivering the low-density lipoprotein particle into the cell via endocytosis.

Combining with any modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or other polyanionic ligand and delivering the ligand into the cell via endocytosis. Ligands include acetylated and oxidized LDL, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, apoptotic cells, amyloid-beta fibrils, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs).

Binding to a KDEL sequence, the C terminus tetrapeptide sequence Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu found in proteins that are to be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Binding to a signal sequence, a specific peptide sequence found on protein precursors or mature proteins that dictates where the mature protein is localized.

Combining with a nuclear export signal (NES) on a cargo to be transported, to mediate transport of a the cargo through the nuclear pore, from the nuclear lumen to the cytoplasm. The cargo can be either a RNA or a protein.

Binding to a type 1 peroxisome targeting signal, a tripeptide with the consensus sequence (S/A/C)-(K/R/H)-L.

Binding to a type 2 peroxisome targeting signal, a nonapeptide with a broad consensus sequence of (R/K)-(L/V/I)-(XXXXX)-(H/Q)-(L/A/F).

Combining with a laminin, a glycoprotein that constitutes the majority of proteins in the basement membrane, to initiate a change in cell activity.

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase and one or more other molecules, permitting them to function in a coordinated way.

The binding activity of a molecule that functions as a physical support for the assembly of a multiprotein mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) complex. Binds multiple kinases of the MAPKKK cascade, and also upstream signaling proteins, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. Bringing together multiple enzymes and their substrates enables the signal to be transduced quickly and efficiently.

Stimulates the exchange of GDP to GTP on a signaling GTPase, changing its conformation to its active form. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) act by stimulating the release of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) to allow binding of guanosine triphosphate (GTP), which is more abundant in the cell under normal cellular physiological conditions.

Prevents the dissociation of GDP from a GTPase, thereby preventing GTP from binding.

Prevents the dissociation of GDP from the small GTPase Rho, thereby preventing GTP from binding.

Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP and orthophosphate.

Binds to and increases the activity of a GTPase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP.

Binding to one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.

Binding to a patched (ptc) protein, a receptor for hedgehog proteins.

Binding to a receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor (Ror).

Binding to a smoothened (smo) protein, which interacts with patched to transmit hedgehog signals.

Binding to a member of the death receptor (DR) family. The DR family falls within the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and is characterized by a cytoplasmic region of ~80 residues termed the death domain (DD).

Binding to scavenger receptors, a family of proteins that are expressed on myeloid cells and are involved in the uptake of effete cellular components and foreign particles.

The activity of a soluble extracellular gene product that interacts with a receptor to effect a change in the activity of the receptor to control the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.

Binding to an interferon-type I receptor, a heterodimeric complex composed of an alpha subunit (IFNAR1) and a beta subunit (IFNAR2).

Blocks the binding of interleukin-1 to the interleukin-1 receptor complex.

Binding to CD40, a receptor found on the surface of all B-lymphocytes.

Binding to a CD27, a receptor found on the surface of T cells and some B cells and NK cells.

The action characteristic of a hormone, any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action. The term was originally applied to agents with a stimulatory physiological action in vertebrate animals (as opposed to a chalone, which has a depressant action). Usage is now extended to regulatory compounds in lower animals and plants, and to synthetic substances having comparable effects; all bind receptors and trigger some biological process.

The action characteristic of a neuropeptide hormone, any peptide hormone that acts in the central nervous system. A neuropeptide is any of several types of molecules found in brain tissue, composed of short chains of amino acids; they include endorphins, enkephalins, vasopressin, and others. They are often localized in axon terminals at synapses and are classified as putative neurotransmitters, although some are also hormones.

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex.

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a cytoskeletal structure.

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the extracellular matrix.

Enables the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.

Enables the facilitated diffusion of an ion (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. May be either selective (it enables passage of a specific ion only) or non-selective (it enables passage of two or more ions of same charge but different size).

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific intracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when a ryanodine class ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when intracellular cyclic nucleotide has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when intracellular cAMP has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when intracellular cGMP has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an anion by a volume-sensitive channel. An anion is a negatively charged ion. A volume-sensitive channel is a channel that responds to changes in the volume of a cell.

Enables the calcium concentration-regulatable energy-independent passage of cations across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of chloride by a channel that opens in response to stimulus by a calcium ion or ions. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific extracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific extracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts, where channel opening contributes to an increase in membrane potential.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when glutamate is bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific extracellular inhibitory ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. Inhibitory ligands, such as GABA or glycine, open chloride-selective channels.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an inwardly-rectifying voltage-gated channel. An inwardly rectifying current-voltage relation is one where at any given driving force the inward flow of K+ ions exceeds the outward flow for the opposite driving force. The inward-rectification is due to a voltage-dependent block of the channel pore by a specific ligand or ligands, and as a result the macroscopic conductance depends on the difference between membrane voltage and the K+ equilibrium potential rather than on membrane voltage itself.

A wide pore channel activity that enables a direct cytoplasmic connection from one cell to an adjacent cell. The gap junction can pass large solutes as well as electrical signals between cells. Gap junctions consist of two gap junction hemi-channels, or connexons, one contributed by each membrane through which the gap junction passes.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a voltage-gated channel. An ion is an atom or group of atoms carrying an electric charge by virtue of having gained or lost one or more electrons. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an outwardly-rectifying voltage-gated channel that produces a transient outward current upon a step change in membrane potential.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a delayed rectifying voltage-gated channel. A delayed rectifying current-voltage relation is one where channel activation kinetics are time-dependent, and inactivation is slow.

Enables the energy-independent passage of anions across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient.

Enables the facilitated diffusion of a chloride (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.

Enables passage of a chloride ion through a transmembrane channel that opens when ATP is bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts on the intracellular side of the plasma membrane.

Enables the energy-independent passage of cations across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient.

Enables the facilitated diffusion of a calcium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.

Enables the facilitated diffusion of a potassium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.

Enables the facilitated diffusion of a sodium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.

Enables the transfer of amines, including polyamines, from one side of a membrane to the other. Amines are organic compounds that are weakly basic in character and contain an amino (-NH2) or substituted amino group.

Enables the transfer of acetylcholine from one side of a membrane to the other. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + acetylcholine(in) = H+(in) + acetylcholine(out).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + H+(out) = amino acid(in) + H+(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + Na+(out) = amino acid(in) + Na+(in).

Enables the transfer of basic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Acidic amino acids have a pH above 7. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.

Enables the transfer of arginine from one side of a membrane to the other. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.

Enables the transfer of L-histidine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-histidine is 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.

Enables the transfer of lysine from one side of a membrane to the other. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.

Enables the transfer of a neutral L-amino acid from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: neutral L-amino acid(out) + Na+(out) = neutral L-amino acid(in) + Na+(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: proline(out) + H+(out) = proline(in) + H+(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: proline(out) + Na+(out) = proline(in) + Na+(in).

Enables the transfer of L-tyrosine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-tyrosine is 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.

Enables the transfer of L-valine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-valine is 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: choline(out) + Na+(out) = choline(in) + Na+(in).

Enables the transfer of creatine from one side of a membrane to the other. Creatine is a compound synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine that occurs in muscle.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: creatine(out) + Na+(out) = creatine(in) + Na+(in).

Enables the transfer of dicarboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A dicarboxylic acid is an organic acid with two COOH groups.

Enables the transfer of L-glutamate from one side of a membrane to the other. L-glutamate is the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.

Enables the transfer of glutamate from one side of a membrane to the other. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.

Enables the transfer of a inorganic phosphate from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.

Enables the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.

Enables the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.

Enables the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: dopamine(out) + Na+(out) + Cl-(out)= dopamine(in) + Na+(in) + Cl-(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: gamma-aminobutyric acid(out) + Na+(out) + Cl-(out) = gamma-aminobutyric acid(in) + Na+(in) + Cl(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: norepinephrine(out) + Na+(out) + Cl-(out) = norepinephrine(in) + Na+(in) + Cl-(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: serotonin(out) + Na+(out) + Cl-(out) = serotonin(in) + Na+(in)+ Cl-(in).

Enables the transfer of a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide) from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of a nucleotide-sugar from one side of a membrane to the other. A nucleotide-sugar is any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.

Enables the transfer of organic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic acids are acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: organic acid(out) + Na+(out) = organic acid(in) + Na+(in).

Enables the transfer of purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of a purine ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine ribonucleoside (a purine organic base attached to a ribose sugar) esterified with (ortho)phosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of ATP, adenosine triphosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of pyrimidine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: carbohydrate(out) + H+(out) = carbohydrate(in) + H+(in).

Enables the transfer of fructose from one side of a membrane to the other. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey.

Enables the transfer of galactose from one side of a membrane to the other. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose.

Enables the transfer of the hexose monosaccharide glucose from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose + H+ = glucose + H+. Symporter activity enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy.

Enables the transfer of myo-inositol from one side of a membrane to the other. Myo-inositol is 1,2,3,4,5/4,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: myo-inositol(out) + H+(out) = myo-inositol(in) + H+(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: myo-inositol(out) + Na+(out) = myo-inositol(in) + Na+(in).

Enables the transfer of taurine from one side of a membrane to the other. Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is a sulphur-containing amino acid derivative which is important in the metabolism of fats.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: taurine(out) + Na+(out) = taurine(in) + Na+(in).

Enables the transfer of tricarboxylate from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.

Enables the transfer of water (H2O) from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of copper (Cu) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of iron (Fe) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of manganese (Mn) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of zinc (Zn) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Ca2+(in) = ADP + phosphate + Ca2+(out).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Na+(in) + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + Na+(out) + K+(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sugar(out) + cation(out) = sugar(in) + cation(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose(out) + Na+(out) = glucose(in) + Na+(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: nucleoside(out) + Na+(out) = nucleoside(in) + Na+(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + cation(out) = amino acid(in) + cation(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + Na+(out) = Ca2+(out) + Na+(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + phosphate(out) = Na+(in) + phosphate(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: inorganic anion(out) + solute(in) = inorganic anion (in) + solute(out).

Enables the transfer of a GDP-fucose from one side of a membrane to the other. GDP-fucose is a substance composed of fucose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.

Enables the transfer of a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine from one side of a membrane to the other. N-acetylglucosamine is a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.

Enables the transfer of UDP-xylose from one side of a membrane to the other. UDP-xylose is a substance composed of xylose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP(out) + ADP(in) = ATP(in) + ADP(out).

Acting as a marker to identify a membrane and interacting selectively with one or more SNAREs on another membrane to mediate membrane fusion.

The selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.

Binding to a steroid, any of a large group of substances that have in common a ring system based on 1,2-cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene.

Binding to vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).

Binding to a retinoid, a class of isoprenoids that contain or are derived from four prenyl groups linked head-to-tail. Retinoids include retinol and retinal and structurally similar natural derivatives or synthetic compounds, but need not have vitamin A activity.

Binding to 11-cis retinal, an isomer of retinal that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin or visual purple. Retinal is one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A.

Binding to all-trans retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. All-trans retinal (trans r., visual yellow) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A.

Binding to a fatty acid, an aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.

The series of events in which a calcium ion stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.

Binding to calmodulin, a calcium-binding protein with many roles, both in the calcium-bound and calcium-free states.

Binding to collagen, a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).

Binding to an insulin-like growth factor, any member of a group of polypeptides that are structurally homologous to insulin and share many of its biological activities, but are immunologically distinct from it.

Binding to lamin; any of a group of intermediate-filament proteins that form the fibrous matrix on the inner surface of the nuclear envelope.

Binding to profilin, an actin-binding protein that forms a complex with G-actin and prevents it from polymerizing to form F-actin.

Binding to tropomyosin, a protein associated with actin filaments both in cytoplasm and, in association with troponin, in the thin filament of striated muscle.

Binding to ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.

Binding to a macrolide, any of a large group of structurally related antibiotics produced by Streptomyces species.

Binding to aldohexose galactose (galacto-hexose), a common constituent of many oligo- and polysaccharides.

Binding to mannose, a monosaccharide hexose, stereoisomeric with glucose, that occurs naturally only in polymerized forms called mannans.

Binding to a glycan (polysaccharide) containing a substantial proportion of aminomonosaccharide residues.

Binding to hyaluronic acid, a polymer composed of repeating dimeric units of glucuronic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine.

Binding to folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines.

Binding to a phospholipid, a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.

Binding to a phospholipid, a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester, in the presence of calcium.

Binding to a phosphatidylinositol, a glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.

Binding to phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 4' and 5' positions.

Binding to phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3', 4' and 5' positions.

Enables the directed movement of phospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Phospholipids are a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.

Binding to an odorant, any substance capable of stimulating the sense of smell.

A location, relative to cellular compartments and structures, occupied by a macromolecular machine when it carries out a molecular function. There are two ways in which the gene ontology describes locations of gene products: (1) relative to cellular structures (e.g., cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane) or compartments (e.g., mitochondrion), and (2) the stable macromolecular complexes of which they are parts (e.g., the ribosome).

The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.

A highly soluble, elongated protein complex found in blood plasma and involved in clot formation. It is converted into fibrin monomer by the action of thrombin. In the mouse, fibrinogen is a hexamer, 46 nm long and 9 nm maximal diameter, containing two sets of nonidentical chains (alpha, beta, and gamma) linked together by disulfide bonds.

A protein complex produced by sequentially activated components of the complement cascade inserted into a target cell membrane and forming a pore leading to cell lysis via ion and water flow.

A protein complex consisting of three collagen chains assembled into a left-handed triple helix. These trimers typically assemble into higher order structures.

A collagen trimer containing alpha(I) chains. The most common form of type I collagen is a heterotrimer containing two alpha1(I) chains and one alpha2(I) chain; homotrimers containing three alpha1(I) chains are also found. Type I collagen triple helices associate to form banded fibrils.

A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(II) chains; type II collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils.

A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(III) chains; type III collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils.

A collagen heterotrimer containing type IV alpha chains; [alpha1(IV)]2alpha2(IV) trimers are commonly observed, although more type IV alpha chains exist and may be present in type IV trimers; type IV collagen triple helices associate to form 3 dimensional nets within basement membranes.

A collagen heterotrimer containing type V alpha chains; [alpha1(V)]2alpha2(V) and alpha1(V)alpha2(V)alpha3(V) trimers have been observed; type V collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils.

A collagen heterotrimer containing type XI alpha chains in alpha1(XI)alpha2(XI)alpha3(XI) trimers; type XI collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils.

A collagen trimer that associates with collagen fibrils and consists of collagen monomers that contain two or more relatively short triple-helical domains connected by non-triple-helical sequences.

A collagen heterotrimer containing type IX alpha chains in alpha1(IX)alpha2(IX)alpha3(IX) trimers; type IX collagen triple helices associate to form a structure that links glycosaminoglycans to type II collagen fibrils.

Any collagen trimer that does not form fibrils and that is relatively short compared to the collagen trimers that do form fibrils.

A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(X) chains; type X collagen triple helices form hexagonal networks (sheets).

A collagen-containing extracellular matrix consisting of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. It consists of the basal lamina plus an associated layer of reticulin fibers.

A laminin complex composed of alpha1, beta1 and gamma1 polypeptide chains.

A laminin complex composed of alpha2, beta1 and gamma1 polypeptide chains.

A laminin complex composed of alpha1, beta2 and gamma1 polypeptide chains.

That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.

A component of a cell contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space).

The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope.

Any of a group of intermediate-filament proteins that form the fibrous matrix on the inner surface of the nuclear envelope. They are classified as lamins A, B and C.

The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope; continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell and sometimes studded with ribosomes.

The region between the two lipid bilayers of the nuclear envelope; 20-40 nm wide.

Stacks of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes containing a high density of nuclear pores, thought to form from excess nuclear membrane components, that have been described in a number of different cells. Annulate lamellar membranes are continuous with and embedded within the ER.

A protein complex providing a discrete opening in the nuclear envelope of a eukaryotic cell, where the inner and outer nuclear membranes are joined.

The fibrous, electron-dense layer lying on the nucleoplasmic side of the inner membrane of a cell nucleus, composed of lamin filaments. The polypeptides of the lamina are thought to be concerned in the dissolution of the nuclear envelope and its re-formation during mitosis. The lamina is composed of lamin A and lamin C filaments cross-linked into an orthogonal lattice, which is attached via lamin B to the inner nuclear membrane through interactions with a lamin B receptor, an IFAP, in the membrane.

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

A ribonuclease P complex located in the nucleolus of a eukaryotic cell, where it catalyzes the 5' endonucleolytic cleavage of precursor tRNAs to yield mature tRNAs. Eukaryotic nucleolar ribonuclease P complexes generally contain a single RNA molecule that is necessary but not sufficient for catalysis, and several protein molecules.

The Y-shaped region of a replicating DNA molecule, resulting from the separation of the DNA strands and in which the synthesis of new strands takes place. Also includes associated protein complexes.

A complex of four polypeptides, comprising large and small DNA polymerase alpha subunits and two primase subunits, which are capable of catalyzing the synthesis of an RNA primer on the lagging strand of replicating DNA and the subsequent synthesis of a smal stretch of DNA. The smaller of the two primase subunits alone can catalyze oligoribonucleotide synthesis.

A conserved heterotrimeric complex that binds nonspecifically to single-stranded DNA and is required for multiple processes in eukaryotic DNA metabolism, including DNA replication, DNA repair, and recombination. In all eukaryotic organisms examined the complex is composed of subunits of approximately 70, 30, and 14 kDa.

A complex that loads the DNA polymerase processivity factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) onto DNA, thereby permitting processive DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerase. In eukaryotes the complex consists of five polypeptides.

A multisubunit complex that is located at the replication origins of a chromosome in the nucleus.

RNA polymerase II, one of three nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerases found in all eukaryotes, is a multisubunit complex; typically it produces mRNAs, snoRNAs, and some of the snRNAs. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The largest subunit of RNA polymerase II contains an essential carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) composed of a variable number of heptapeptide repeats (YSPTSPS). The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits (generally ten or more), some of which are also found in RNA polymerases I and III. Although the core is competent to mediate ribonucleic acid synthesis, it requires additional factors to select the appropriate template.

RNA polymerase III, one of three nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerases found in all eukaryotes, is a multisubunit complex; typically it produces 5S rRNA, tRNAs and some of the small nuclear RNAs. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits (generally ten or more), some of which are also found in RNA polymerase I and others of which are also found in RNA polymerases I and II. Although the core is competent to mediate ribonucleic acid synthesis, it requires additional factors to select the appropriate template.

A protein complex that is capable of associating with DNA by direct binding, or via other DNA-binding proteins or complexes, and regulating transcription.

A complex composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and TBP associated factors (TAFs); the total mass is typically about 800 kDa. Most of the TAFs are conserved across species. In TATA-containing promoters for RNA polymerase II (Pol II), TFIID is believed to recognize at least two distinct elements, the TATA element and a downstream promoter element. TFIID is also involved in recognition of TATA-less Pol II promoters. Binding of TFIID to DNA is necessary but not sufficient for transcription initiation from most RNA polymerase II promoters.

A component of the transcription machinery of RNA Polymerase II. In humans, TFIIA is a heterotrimer composed of an alpha (P35), beta (P19) and gamma subunits (P12).

A general transcription initiation factor which in humans consists of a heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. Helps recruit RNA polymerase II to the initiation complex and promotes translation elongation.

A complex that is capable of kinase activity directed towards the C-terminal Domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and is essential for initiation at RNA polymerase II promoters in vitro. It is composed of the core TFIIH complex and the TFIIK complex.

Any protein complex that mediates changes in chromatin structure that result in transcriptional silencing.

A ubiquitin ligase complex that degrades mitotic cyclins and anaphase inhibitory protein, thereby triggering sister chromatid separation and exit from mitosis. Substrate recognition by APC occurs through degradation signals, the most common of which is termed the Dbox degradation motif, originally discovered in cyclin B.

Any of a series of ribonucleoprotein complexes that contain snRNA(s) and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), and are formed sequentially during the spliceosomal splicing of one or more substrate RNAs, and which also contain the RNA substrate(s) from the initial target RNAs of splicing, the splicing intermediate RNA(s), to the final RNA products. During cis-splicing, the initial target RNA is a single, contiguous RNA transcript, whether mRNA, snoRNA, etc., and the released products are a spliced RNA and an excised intron, generally as a lariat structure. During trans-splicing, there are two initial substrate RNAs, the spliced leader RNA and a pre-mRNA.

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U5, a heptameric ring of Sm proteins, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U5 snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U5 snRNA both while the U5 snRNP is free or assembled into a series of spliceosomal complexes.

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains the U7 snRNA and is required for the 3'-end processing of replication-dependent histone pre-mRNAs.

Any spliceosomal complex that forms during the splicing of a messenger RNA primary transcript to excise an intron that has canonical consensus sequences near the 5' and 3' ends.

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U1, a heptameric ring of Sm proteins, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U1 snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U1 snRNA both while the U1 snRNP is free or assembled into a series of spliceosomal complexes.

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U2, a heptameric ring of Sm proteins, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U2 snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U2 snRNA both while the U2 snRNP is free or assembled into a series of spliceosomal complexes.

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U4, a heptameric ring of Sm proteins, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U4 snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U4 snRNA both while the U4 snRNP is free or assembled into the U4/U6 snRNP or into a series of spliceosomal complexes.

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U6, the Lsm2-8 heptameric ring complex, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U6 snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U6 snRNA both while the U6 snRNP is free or assembled into the U4/U6 snRNP or into a series of spliceosomal complexes.

Any spliceosomal complex that forms during the splicing of a messenger RNA primary transcript to excise an intron; the series of U12-type spliceosomal complexes is involved in the splicing of the majority of introns that contain atypical AT-AC terminal dinucleotides, as well as other non-canonical introns. The entire splice site signal, not just the terminal dinucleotides, is involved in determining which spliceosome utilizes the site.

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U4atac, a heptameric ring of Sm proteins, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U4atac snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U4atac snRNA both while the U4atac snRNP is free or assembled into the U4atac/U6atac complex or into a series of spliceosomal complexes.

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U6atac, the Lsm2-8 heptameric ring complex, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U6atac snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U6atac snRNA both while the U6atac snRNP is free or assembled into the U4atac/U6atac snRNP or into a series of spliceosomal complexes.

A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information.

Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme complex, with a minimal catalytic core composed of a catalytic reverse transcriptase subunit and an RNA subunit that provides the template for telomeric DNA addition. In vivo, the holoenzyme complex often contains additional subunits.

Heterochromatin that is located adjacent to the CENP-A rich centromere 'central core' and characterized by methylated H3 histone at lysine 9 (H3K9me2/H3K9me3).

Structures of variable diameter visible in the nucleoplasm by electron microscopy, mainly observed near the border of condensed chromatin. The fibrils are enriched in RNA, and are believed to be sites of pre-mRNA splicing and polyadenylylation representing the in situ form of nascent transcripts.

A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome.

A region of a chromosome where nucleoli form during interphase, and where genes encoding the largest rRNA precursor transcript are tandemly arrayed.

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains an RNA molecule of the snoRNA family and associated proteins. Many are involved in a step of processing of rRNA molecules: cleavage, 2'-O-methylation, or pseudouridylation, but other RNA types can be targets as well. The majority fall into one of two classes, box C/D type or box H/ACA type, which are conserved across eukaryotes and archaea. Other members include the telomerase RNA and the ribonuclease MRP RNA.

The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.

The double lipid bilayer enclosing the mitochondrion and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space.

The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope.

A large complex of the mitochondrial outer membrane that mediates transport of proteins into all mitochondrial compartments.

The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae.

The protein transport machinery of the mitochondrial inner membrane that typically transports proteins that possess a matrix-targeting N-terminal presequence. The TIM23 complex contains three essential Tim proteins: Tim17 and Tim23 are thought to build a preprotein translocation channel while Tim44 interacts transiently with the matrix heat-shock protein Hsp70 to form an ATP-driven import motor.

The protein complexes that form the mitochondrial electron transport system (the respiratory chain), associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. The respiratory chain complexes transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor and are associated with a proton pump to create a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.

A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It contains about 25 different polypeptide subunits, including NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), flavin mononucleotide and several different iron-sulfur clusters containing non-heme iron. The iron undergoes oxidation-reduction between Fe(II) and Fe(III), and catalyzes proton translocation linked to the oxidation of NADH by ubiquinone.

A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains about 10 polypeptide subunits including four redox centers: cytochrome b/b6, cytochrome c1 and an 2Fe-2S cluster. Catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol by oxidized cytochrome c1.

A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2).

A proton-transporting ATP synthase complex found in the mitochondrial membrane.

A protein complex that connects the inner and outer membranes of animal mitochondria and acts as a pore that can open transiently to allow free diffusion of solutes between the mitochondrial matrix and the cytosol. The pore complex is formed of the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), the adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) and cyclophilin-D (CyP-D).

The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of the mitochondrial envelope.

The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation.

A DNA polymerase complex consisting of a large subunit, responsible for the catalytic activities, and a small accessory subunit. Functions in the replication and repair of mitochondrial DNA.

A ribosome found in the mitochondrion of a eukaryotic cell; contains a characteristic set of proteins distinct from those of cytosolic ribosomes.

The larger of the two subunits of a mitochondrial ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation: the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site).

A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions.

The lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm.

Vacuole formed by the fusion of a lysosome with an organelle (autosome) or with a primary phagosome.

A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.

A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways.

A prelysosomal endocytic organelle differentiated from early endosomes by lower lumenal pH and different protein composition. Late endosomes are more spherical than early endosomes and are mostly juxtanuclear, being concentrated near the microtubule organizing center.

A type of endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm.

A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol.

The lipid bilayer surrounding the vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell.

A double-membrane-bounded compartment that engulfs endogenous cellular material as well as invading microorganisms to target them to the lytic vacuole/lysosome for degradation as part of macroautophagy.

A small organelle enclosed by a single membrane, and found in most eukaryotic cells. Contains peroxidases and other enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic processes including free radical detoxification, lipid catabolism and biosynthesis, and hydrogen peroxide metabolism.

The volume contained within the membranes of a peroxisome; in many cells the matrix contains a crystalloid core largely composed of urate oxidase.

The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).

A transmembrane heterodimeric protein located in the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Both subunits contain GTPase domains with which signal recognition particle interacts. In the presence of GTP and SRP receptor, SRP is released from the ribosome-nascent chain complex.

A ribonucleoprotein particle of 325 kDa composed of a 7S (300 nucleotide) RNA molecule and a complex of six different polypeptides. This binds both to the N-terminal signal peptide for proteins destined for the endoplasmic reticulum as they emerge from the large ribosomal subunit and also to the ribosome. This binding arrests further translation thereby preventing the proteins from being released into the cytosol. The SRP-ribosome complex then diffuses to the endoplasmic reticulum where it is bound to the signal recognition particle receptor, which allows resumption of protein synthesis and facilitates the passage of the growing polypeptide chain through the translocon. Through a process involving GTP hydrolysis, the SRP-SRP receptor complex dissociates and SRP returns to the cytosol. Of the six polypeptides of SRP the 54 kDa subunit (SRP54) is the central player. It contains an N-terminal GTPase domain and a C-terminal domain that binds directly to the signal peptide and the SRP RNA. Examples of this component are found in Mus musculus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Arabidopsis thaliana.

A protein complex that is located in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and cleaves the signal sequence from precursor proteins following their transport out of the cytoplasmic space.

The volume enclosed by the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum.

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER or SER) has no ribosomes attached to it. The smooth ER is the recipient of the proteins synthesized in the rough ER. Those proteins to be exported are passed to the Golgi complex, the resident proteins are returned to the rough ER and the lysosomal proteins after phosphorylation of their mannose residues are passed to the lysosomes. Glycosylation of the glycoproteins also continues. The smooth ER is the site of synthesis of lipids, including the phospholipids. The membranes of the smooth ER also contain enzymes that catalyze a series of reactions to detoxify both lipid-soluble drugs and harmful products of metabolism. Large quantities of certain compounds such as phenobarbital cause an increase in the amount of the smooth ER.

The rough (or granular) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has ribosomes adhering to the outer surface; the ribosomes are the site of translation of the mRNA for those proteins which are either to be retained within the cisternae (ER-resident proteins), the proteins of the lysosomes, or the proteins destined for export from the cell. Glycoproteins undergo their initial glycosylation within the cisternae.

A complex system of membrane-bounded compartments located between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex, with a distinctive membrane protein composition; involved in ER-to-Golgi and Golgi-to-ER transport.

A membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelle of the endomembrane system that further processes the core oligosaccharides (e.g. N-glycans) added to proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and packages them into membrane-bound vesicles. The Golgi apparatus operates at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways.

The set of thin, flattened membrane-bounded compartments, called cisternae, that form the central portion of the Golgi complex. The stack usually comprises cis, medial, and trans cisternae; the cis- and trans-Golgi networks are not considered part of the stack.

The volume enclosed by the membranes of any cisterna or subcompartment of the Golgi apparatus, including the cis- and trans-Golgi networks.

Any vesicle associated with the Golgi complex and involved in mediating transport within the Golgi or between the Golgi and other parts of the cell.

The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located at the convex side of the Golgi apparatus, which abuts the endoplasmic reticulum.

The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located within the Golgi apparatus on the side distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination.

An intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle comprising a matrix of coalesced lipids surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer. May include associated proteins.

A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle.

A cellular organelle, found close to the nucleus in many eukaryotic cells, consisting of a small cylinder with microtubular walls, 300-500 nm long and 150-250 nm in diameter. It contains nine short, parallel, peripheral microtubular fibrils, each fibril consisting of one complete microtubule fused to two incomplete microtubules. Cells usually have two centrioles, lying at right angles to each other. At division, each pair of centrioles generates another pair and the twin pairs form the pole of the mitotic spindle.

An intracellular structure that can catalyze gamma-tubulin-dependent microtubule nucleation and that can anchor microtubules by interacting with their minus ends, plus ends or sides.

An array of microtubules emanating from a spindle pole MTOC that do not connect to kinetochores.

The array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart.

A cytoskeletal structure composed of actin filaments and myosin that forms beneath the plasma membrane of many cells, including animal cells and yeast cells, in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the spindle, i.e. the cell division plane. In animal cells, the contractile ring is located at the cleavage furrow. In budding fungal cells, e.g. mitotic S. cerevisiae cells, the contractile ring forms at the mother-bud neck before mitosis.

Any of the spindle microtubules that come from each pole and overlap at the spindle midzone. This interdigitating structure consisting of antiparallel microtubules is responsible for pushing the poles of the spindle apart.

Any of the spindle microtubules that attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes by their plus ends, and maneuver the chromosomes during mitotic or meiotic chromosome segregation.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

A multisubunit ring-shaped complex that mediates protein folding in the cytosol without a cofactor.

An iron-containing, oxygen carrying complex. In vertebrates it is made up of two pairs of associated globin polypeptide chains, each chain carrying a noncovalently bound heme prosthetic group.

Any of a family of heterotrimeric GTP-binding and hydrolyzing proteins; they belong to a superfamily of GTPases that includes monomeric proteins such as EF-Tu and RAS. Heterotrimeric G-proteins consist of three subunits; the alpha subunit contains the guanine nucleotide binding site and possesses GTPase activity; the beta and gamma subunits are tightly associated and function as a beta-gamma heterodimer; extrinsic plasma membrane proteins (cytoplasmic face) that function as a complex to transduce signals from G protein-coupled receptors to an effector protein.

A multisubunit complex, which caps one or both ends of the proteasome core complex. This complex recognizes and unfolds ubiquitinated proteins, and translocates them to the proteasome core complex.

A multisubunit barrel shaped endoprotease complex, which is the core of the proteasome complex.

An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins.

A multiribosomal structure representing a linear array of ribosomes held together by messenger RNA. They represent the active complexes in cellular protein synthesis and are able to incorporate amino acids into polypeptides both in vivo and in vitro.

Any protein complex that binds to an mRNA cap at any time in the lifetime of the mRNA.

A conserved heterodimeric protein complex that binds to the 5' terminal cap structure m7G(5')ppp(5')N of nascent eukaryotic RNA polymerase II transcripts such as pre-mRNA and U snRNA. The consists of proteins known as CBP20 and CBP80, binds to cap structures in the nucleus, and is involved in pre-mRNA splicing, 3'-end formation, and RNA nuclear export.

A multisubunit complex that binds to the canonical AAUAAA hexamer and to U-rich upstream sequence elements on the pre-mRNA, thereby stimulating the otherwise weakly active and nonspecific polymerase to elongate efficiently RNAs containing a poly(A) signal.

Any macromolecular complex involved in cleavage or polyadenylation of mRNA molecules.

Complex of three heterogeneous polypeptide chains, that form a ternary complex with initiator methionyl-tRNA and GTP. This ternary complex binds to free 40S subunit, which subsequently binds the 5' end of mRNA.

A multisubunit guanine nucleotide exchange factor which catalyzes the exchange of GDP bound to initiation factor eIF2 for GTP, generating active eIF2-GTP. In humans, it is composed of five subunits, alpha, beta, delta, gamma and epsilon.

A complex of several polypeptides that plays at least two important roles in protein synthesis: First, eIF3 binds to the 40S ribosome and facilitates loading of the Met-tRNA/eIF2.GTP ternary complex to form the 43S preinitiation complex. Subsequently, eIF3 apparently assists eIF4 in recruiting mRNAs to the 43S complex. The eIF3 complex contains five conserved core subunits, and may contain several additional proteins; the non-core subunits are thought to mediate association of the complex with specific sets of mRNAs.

A heterodimeric protein complex that can reversibly bind to ribosomes, and is located in direct proximity to newly synthesized polypeptide chains as they emerge from the ribosome.

A cellular structure that forms the internal framework of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The cytoskeleton includes intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles.

A dynein complex found in eukaryotic cilia and flagella; the motor domain heads interact with adjacent microtubules to generate a sliding force which is converted to a bending motion.

A complex of accessory proteins (typically troponin T, troponin I and troponin C) found associated with actin in muscle thin filaments; involved in calcium regulation of muscle contraction.

Bipolar filaments formed of polymers of a muscle-specific myosin II isoform, found in the middle of sarcomeres in myofibrils.

Filaments formed of actin and associated proteins; attached to Z discs at either end of sarcomeres in myofibrils.

Any dynein complex with a homodimeric dynein heavy chain core that catalyzes movement along a microtubule. Cytoplasmic dynein complexes participate in many cytoplasmic transport activities in eukaryotes, such as mRNA localization, intermediate filament transport, nuclear envelope breakdown, apoptosis, transport of centrosomal proteins, mitotic spindle assembly, virus transport, kinetochore functions, and movement of signaling and spindle checkpoint proteins. Some complexes participate in intraflagellar transport. Subunits associated with the dynein heavy chain mediate association between dynein heavy chain and cargoes, and may include light chains and light intermediate chains.

A 20S multiprotein assembly of total mass about 1.2 MDa that activates dynein-based activity in vivo. A large structural component of the complex is an actin-like 40 nm filament composed of actin-related protein, to which other components attach.

Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily, a group of related proteins that contain an extended region of predicted alpha-helical coiled coil in the main chain that likely produces dimerization. The native complexes of several kinesin family members have also been shown to contain additional peptides, often designated light chains as all of the noncatalytic subunits that are currently known are smaller than the chain that contains the motor unit. Kinesin complexes generally possess a force-generating enzymatic activity, or motor, which converts the free energy of the gamma phosphate bond of ATP into mechanical work.

Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily and any associated proteins, and moves towards the plus end of a microtubule.

Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle.

Any microtubule that is part of a mitotic or meiotic spindle; anchored at one spindle pole.

A microtubule in the axoneme of a eukaryotic cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules, which may or may not surround a pair of single microtubules.

A cytoskeletal structure that forms a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space. Intermediate filaments may be divided into five chemically distinct classes: Type I, acidic keratins; Type II, basic keratins; Type III, including desmin, vimentin and others; Type IV, neurofilaments and related filaments; and Type V, lamins.

A type of intermediate filament found in the core of neuronal axons. Neurofilaments are heteropolymers composed of three type IV polypeptides: NF-L, NF-M, and NF-H (for low, middle, and high molecular weight). Neurofilaments are responsible for the radial growth of an axon and determine axonal diameter.

A filamentous structure formed of a two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin and associated proteins. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. The filaments, comprising polymerized globular actin molecules, appear as flexible structures with a diameter of 5-9 nm. They are organized into a variety of linear bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three dimensional gels. In the cytoskeleton they are most highly concentrated in the cortex of the cell just beneath the plasma membrane.

A stable protein complex that contains two actin-related proteins, Arp2 and Arp3, and five novel proteins (ARPC1-5), and functions in the nucleation of branched actin filaments.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

Sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPases are tetrameric proteins, consisting of two large alpha subunits and two smaller beta subunits. The alpha subunits bear the active site and penetrate the membrane, while the beta subunits carry oligosaccharide groups and face the cell exterior.

A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which calcium ions may pass in response to changes in membrane potential.

A homo- or hetero-pentameric protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which ions may pass in response to acetylcholine binding.

A hexameric protein complex consisting of two molecules each of interleukin-6, interleukin-6 receptor alpha chain, and gp-130.

A disulfide-bonded, heterotetrameric receptor complex. The alpha chains are entirely extracellular, while each beta chain has one transmembrane domain. The ligand binds to the alpha subunit extracellular domain and the kinase is associated with the beta subunit intracellular domain.

A heterodimeric receptor for the cytokine oncostatin-M (OSM). In humans the receptor complex is made up of the gene products gp130 and OSMR-beta.

A membrane raft that forms small pit, depression, or invagination that communicates with the outside of a cell and extends inward, indenting the cytoplasm and the cell membrane. Examples include flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane in adipocytes associated with caveolin proteins, and minute pits or incuppings of the cell membrane formed during pinocytosis. Caveolae may be pinched off to form free vesicles within the cytoplasm.

Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments. Present in especially large numbers on the absorptive surface of intestinal cells.

The dense covering of microvilli on the apical surface of an epithelial cell in tissues such as the intestine, kidney, and choroid plexus; the microvilli aid absorption by increasing the surface area of the cell.

A part of the endomembrane system in the form of an invagination of a membrane upon which a clathrin coat forms, and that can be converted by vesicle budding into a clathrin-coated vesicle. Coated pits form on the plasma membrane, where they are involved in receptor-mediated selective transport of many proteins and other macromolecules across the cell membrane, in the trans-Golgi network, and on some endosomes.

A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells of an organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic intercellular bridges, such as ring canals in insects.

A cell-cell junction composed of the epithelial cadherin-catenin complex. The epithelial cadherins, or E-cadherins, of each interacting cell extend through the plasma membrane into the extracellular space and bind to each other. The E-cadherins bind to catenins on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, where the E-cadherin-catenin complex binds to cytoskeletal components and regulatory and signaling molecules.

A small cell-cell adherens junction assembled during the cellularization stage of insect embyrogenesis; spot adherens junctions later fuse to form the zonula adherens.

A cell-cell adherens junction which forms a continuous belt near the apex of epithelial cells.

A cell-cell junction that contains the transmembrane protein N-cadherin, which interacts with identical molecules from neighbouring cells to form a tight mechanical intercellular link; forms a large portion of the intercalated disc, the structure at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes.

A cell-cell junction composed of pannexins or innexins and connexins, two different families of channel-forming proteins.

An assembly of six molecules of connexin, made in the Golgi apparatus and subsequently transported to the plasma membrane, where docking of two connexons on apposed plasma membranes across the extracellular space forms a gap junction.

An occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet; the outer leaflets of the two interacting plasma membranes are seen to be tightly apposed where sealing strands are present. Each sealing strand is composed of a long row of transmembrane adhesion proteins embedded in each of the two interacting plasma membranes.

A cell-substrate junction that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments. In insects focal adhesion has also been referred to as hemi-adherens junction (HAJ).

A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface and of some cytoplasmic parts. Each cilium is largely bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored to a basal body.

The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.

The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.

A protein complex capable of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity and containing subunits of any phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) enzyme. These complexes are divided in three classes (called I, II and III) that differ for their presence across taxonomic groups and for the type of their constituents. Catalytic subunits of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase enzymes are present in all 3 classes; regulatory subunits of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase enzymes are present in classes I and III; adaptor proteins have been observed in class II complexes and may be present in other classes too.

A class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex that possesses 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase activity; comprises a catalytic class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) subunit and an associated SH2 domain-containing regulatory subunit that is a member of a family of related proteins often called p85 proteins. Through the interaction with the SH2-containing adaptor subunits, Class IA PI3K catalytic subunits are linked to tyrosine kinase signaling pathways.

A class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex that possesses 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase activity; comprises a catalytic class IB phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) subunit and an associated regulatory subunit that is larger than, and unrelated to, the p85 proteins present in class IA complexes. Class IB PI3Ks are stimulated by G-proteins and do not interact with the SH2-domain containing adaptors that bind to Class IA PI3Ks.

A protein complex that possesses 6-phosphofructokinase activity; homodimeric, homooctameric, and allosteric homotetrameric forms are known.

Mitochondrial complex that possesses alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity.

An enzyme complex, composed of regulatory and catalytic subunits, that catalyzes protein phosphorylation. Inactive forms of the enzyme have two regulatory chains and two catalytic chains; activation by cAMP produces two active catalytic monomers and a regulatory dimer.

A heterodimeric enzyme, composed of an alpha and a beta subunit. Participates in the post-translational C-terminal modification of several small GTPases, allowing their targeting to the membrane.

An enzyme complex which in eukaryotes is composed of four different chains: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. The different isoforms assemble into homo- or heteromultimeric holoenzymes composed of 8 to 12 subunits. Catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins to O-phosphoproteins.

A heterodimeric calcium ion and calmodulin dependent protein phosphatase composed of catalytic and regulatory subunits; the regulatory subunit is very similar in sequence to calmodulin.

A protein complex that possesses protein serine/threonine kinase activity, and contains two catalytic alpha subunits and two regulatory beta subunits. Protein kinase CK2 complexes are found in nearly every subcellular compartment, and can phosphorylate many protein substrates in addition to casein.

A large protein complex which is involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks and, in mammals, V(D)J recombination events. It consists of the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), the DNA end-binding heterodimer Ku, the nuclear phosphoprotein XRCC4 or a homolog thereof, and DNA ligase IV.

Mitochondrial complex that possesses isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity.

A protein complex that possesses protein farnesyltransferase activity.

Complex that carries out the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA in eukaryotes; includes subunits possessing three catalytic activities: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). The This Eukaryotic form usually contains more subunits than its bacterial counterpart; for example, one known complex contains 30 E1 dimers, 60 E2 monomers, and 6 E3 dimers as well as a few copies of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase.

An protein-containing complex which catalyzes of the transfer of a geranyl-geranyl group from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to a Rab protein. In mammals it is composed of an alpha and a beta subunit, and associates with an accessory protein Rep (Rab escort protein).

An enzyme complex composed of 2-4 or more subunits, which usually contains nonheme iron and requires ATP for catalysis. Catalyzes the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate from ribonucleoside diphosphate, using either thioredoxin disulfide or glutaredoxin disulfide as an acceptor.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha-(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha-(1->6) glycosidic linkages.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any disaccharide, sugars composed of two monosaccharide units.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving sucrose, the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sucrose, the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lactose, the disaccharide galactopyranosyl-glucose.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lactose, the disaccharide galactopyranosyl-glucose.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving trehalose, a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of trehalose, a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates. They are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving xylulose, the ketopentose threo-2-pentulose.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 6-phosphate, also known as F6P. The D-enantiomer is an important intermediate in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and fructose metabolism.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. The D enantiomer is an important regulator of the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. It inhibits fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and activates phosphofructokinase.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fucose, or 6-deoxygalactose, which has two enantiomers, D-fucose and L-fucose.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-glucose, uridinediphosphoglucose, a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannose, the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose. The D-(+)-form is widely distributed in mannans and hemicelluloses and is of major importance in the core oligosaccharide of N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-ribose (ribo-pentose). As beta-D-ribofuranose, D-ribose forms the glycose group of all ribonucleosides, ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids, and also of ribose phosphates, various glycosides, some coenzymes and some forms of vitamin B12.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranose), an aminodeoxysugar that occurs in combined form in chitin.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranose), an aminodeoxysugar that occurs in combined form in chitin.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide group of a glycoprotein.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylneuraminate, the anion of 5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-3-ulosonic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving hexitols, any alditol with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving sorbitol (D-glucitol), one of the ten stereoisomeric hexitols. It can be derived from glucose by reduction of the aldehyde group.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sorbitol (D-glucitol), one of the ten stereoisomeric hexitols. It can be derived from glucose by reduction of the aldehyde group.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving uronic acid, any monocarboxylic acid formally derived by oxidizing to a carboxyl group the terminal hydroxymethylene group of either an aldose with four or more carbon atoms in the molecule, or of any glycoside derived from such an aldose.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-glucuronate, a substance composed of glucuronic acid in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation.

An ethanol metabolic process in which ethanol is converted to acetyl-CoA via acetaldehyde and acetate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol-3-phosphate, a phosphoric monoester of glycerol.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues, occurring at the level of an individual cell.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated; it is a metabolite derived from several pathways (e.g. glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, amino-acid catabolism) and is further metabolized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It is a key intermediate in lipid and terpenoid biosynthesis.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lactate, the anion of lactic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.

The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP and the reduction of NAD(P) to NAD(P)H. Glycolysis begins with the metabolism of a carbohydrate to generate products that can enter the pathway and ends with the production of pyruvate. Pyruvate may be converted to acetyl-coenzyme A, ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules.

The metabolic process in which glucose-6-phosphate is oxidized to form carbon dioxide (CO2) and ribulose 5-phosphate, coupled to reduction of NADP+ to NADPH; ribulose 5-P then enters a series of reactions that can yield biosynthetic precursors (ribose-5-phosphate and erythrose-4-phosphate) and glycolytic intermediates (fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate).

A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate. Citrate is widely distributed in nature and is an important intermediate in the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving isocitrate, the anion of isocitric acid, 1-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid. Isocitrate is an important intermediate in the TCA cycle and the glycoxylate cycle.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxoglutarate, the dianion of 2-oxoglutaric acid. It is a key constituent of the TCA cycle and a key intermediate in amino-acid metabolism.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving succinyl-CoA, a compound composed of the monovalent acyl group 3-carboxypropanoyl, derived from succinic acid by loss of one OH group, linked to coenzyme A.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving succinate, also known as butanedioate or ethane dicarboxylate, the dianion of succinic acid. Succinate is an important intermediate in metabolism and a component of the TCA cycle.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fumarate, the anion of trans-1,2-ethenedicarboxylic acid, the diastereoisomer of maleate. It is a key intermediate in metabolism and is formed in the TCA cycle from succinate and converted into malate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxaloacetate, the anion of oxobutanedioic acid, an important intermediate in metabolism, especially as a component of the TCA cycle.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving malate, the anion of hydroxybutanedioic acid, a chiral hydroxydicarboxylic acid. The (+) enantiomer is an important intermediate in metabolism as a component of both the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol.

The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from stored compounds such as fats or glycogen.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids.

A metabolic process that results in the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADH, to the oxidized form, NAD+.

The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.

The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation.

The transfer of electrons from succinate to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex II.

The transfer of electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex III.

The transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex IV.

Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of inosine, hypoxanthine riboside, a nucleoside found free but not in combination in nucleic acids except in the anticodons of some tRNAs.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyinosine, hypoxanthine deoxyriboside.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of adenosine, adenine riboside, a ribonucleoside found widely distributed in cells of every type as the free nucleoside and in combination in nucleic acids and various nucleoside coenzymes.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyadenosine, 2-deoxyribosyladenine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

The process of introducing a phosphate group into a nucleoside diphosphate to produce a nucleoside triphosphate.

Any process which produces a purine nucleoside from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of AMP, adenosine monophosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dAMP, deoxyadenosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).

The process of introducing a phosphate group into dADP, deoxyadenosine diphosphate, to produce dATP.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GMP, guanosine monophosphate.

Any process that generates guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GTP, guanosine triphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate, (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-diphosphate).

The process of introducing a phosphate group into dGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate, to produce dGTP.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IMP, inosine monophosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IMP, inosine monophosphate, by the stepwise assembly of a purine ring on ribose 5-phosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of AMP, adenosine monophosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dGTP, guanosine triphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of IMP, inosine monophosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 5-methylcytosine, a methylated base of DNA.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, one of the pyrimidine bases occurring in RNA, but not in DNA.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any pyrimidine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thymidine, deoxyribosylthymine thymine 2-deoxyriboside, a deoxynucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in deoxynucleotides and deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cytidine, cytosine riboside, a widely distributed nucleoside.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of uridine, uracil riboside, a ribonucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UMP, uridine monophosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP, uridine (5'-)diphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTMP, deoxyribosylthymine monophosphate (2'-deoxyribosylthymine 5'-phosphate).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTDP, deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate (2'-deoxyribosylthymine5'-diphosphate).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dCMP, deoxycytidine monophosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dCTP, deoxycytidine triphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UDP, uridine (5'-)diphosphate.

Any cellular metabolic process involving deoxyribonucleic acid. This is one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides.

The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by initiation proteins, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA.

A DNA replication process that uses parental DNA as a template for the DNA-dependent DNA polymerases that synthesize the new strands.

The process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized in the mitochondrion.

The process in which a transformation is induced in the topological structure of a double-stranded DNA helix, resulting in a change in linking number.

The re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase.

The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating unpaired template strands for DNA replication.

The synthesis of a short RNA polymer, usually 4-15 nucleotides long, using one strand of unwound DNA as a template; the RNA then serves as a primer from which DNA polymerases extend synthesis.

The process in which DNA-dependent DNA replication is started; this begins with the ATP dependent loading of an initiator complex onto the DNA, this is followed by DNA melting and helicase activity. In bacteria, the gene products that enable the helicase activity are loaded after the initial melting and in archaea and eukaryotes, the gene products that enable the helicase activity are inactive when they are loaded and subsequently activate.

The process in which an existing DNA strand is extended by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand, complementary to an existing template, as part of DNA replication.

The process in which an existing DNA strand is extended continuously in a 5' to 3' direction by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand, complementary to an existing template, as part of DNA replication. Leading strand elongation proceeds in the same direction as the replication fork.

The process in which an existing DNA strand is extended in a net 3' to 5' direction by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand, complementary to an existing template, as part of DNA replication. Lagging strand DNA elongation proceeds by discontinuous synthesis of short stretches of DNA, known as Okazaki fragments, from RNA primers; these fragments are then joined by DNA ligase. Although each segment of nascent DNA is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction, the overall direction of lagging strand synthesis is 3' to 5', mirroring the progress of the replication fork.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.

A DNA biosynthetic process that uses RNA as a template for RNA-dependent DNA polymerases (e.g. reverse transcriptase) that synthesize the new strand.

The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA repair.

The nucleotide-excision repair process that carries out preferential repair of DNA lesions on the actively transcribed strand of the DNA duplex. In addition, the transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair pathway is required for the recognition and repair of a small subset of lesions that are not recognized by the global genome nucleotide excision repair pathway.

In base excision repair, an altered base is removed by a DNA glycosylase enzyme, followed by excision of the resulting sugar phosphate. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase.

The formation of an AP site, a deoxyribose sugar with a missing base, by DNA glycosylase which recognizes an altered base in DNA and catalyzes its hydrolytic removal. This sugar phosphate is the substrate recognized by the AP endonuclease, which cuts the DNA phosphodiester backbone at the 5' side of the altered site to leave a gap which is subsequently repaired.

Repair of the damaged strand by the combined action of an apurinic endouclease that degrades a few bases on the damaged strand and a polymerase that synthesizes a 'patch' in the 5' to 3' direction, using the undamaged strand as a template.

The ligation by DNA ligase of DNA strands. Ligation occurs after polymerase action to fill the gap left by the action of endonucleases during base-excision repair.

A DNA repair process in which a small region of the strand surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair recognizes a wide range of substrates, including damage caused by UV irradiation (pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts) and chemicals (intrastrand cross-links and bulky adducts).

Repair of the gap in the DNA helix by DNA polymerase and DNA ligase after the portion of the strand containing the lesion has been removed by pyrimidine-dimer repair enzymes.

A system for the correction of errors in which an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. The mismatch repair system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination.

The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA after replication. Includes pathways that remove replication-blocking lesions in conjunction with DNA replication.

The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix.

The repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the two broken ends are rejoined with little or no sequence complementarity. Information at the DNA ends may be lost due to the modification of broken DNA ends. This term covers instances of separate pathways, called classical (or canonical) and alternative nonhomologous end joining (C-NHEJ and A-NHEJ). These in turn may further branch into sub-pathways, but evidence is still unclear.

The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotide sites in DNA, resulting in a change in its properties.

The addition of alkyl groups to many positions on all four bases of DNA. Alkylating agents can also modify the bases of incoming nucleotides in the course of DNA synthesis.

The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine.

The repair of alkylation damage, e.g. the removal of the alkyl group at the O6-position of guanine by O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT).

The cellular DNA metabolic process resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one.

The cleavage of DNA during apoptosis, which usually occurs in two stages: cleavage into fragments of about 50 kbp followed by cleavage between nucleosomes to yield 200 bp fragments.

Any process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Interchromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction.

The cell cycle process in which genetic information is transferred from one helix to another. It often occurs in association with general genetic recombination events, and is believed to be a straightforward consequence of the mechanisms of general recombination and DNA repair. For example, meiosis might yield three copies of the maternal version of an allele and only one copy of the paternal allele, indicating that one of the two copies of the paternal allele has been changed to a copy of the maternal allele.

The exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between one DNA molecule and a homologous DNA region that occurs during mitotic cell cycles.

Any process involved in a type of transpositional recombination which occurs via a DNA intermediate.

The assembly or remodeling of chromatin composed of DNA complexed with histones, other associated proteins, and sometimes RNA.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA.

The formation of nucleosomes on newly synthesized DNA, coupled to strand elongation.

The controlled breakdown of nucleosomes, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA.

A dynamic process of chromatin reorganization resulting in changes to chromatin structure. These changes allow DNA metabolic processes such as transcriptional regulation, DNA recombination, DNA repair, and DNA replication.

Repression of transcription by methylation of DNA, leading to the formation of heterochromatin.

An epigenetic mechanism of regulation of gene expression in which epigenetic modifications (imprints) are established during gametogenesis. For a given gene to show parentally biased expression, the imprint are established exclusively in one of the two parental genomes, thus generating an asymmetry between the maternal and paternal alleles.

The initial step of transcription, consisting of the assembly of the RNA polymerase preinitiation complex (PIC) at a gene promoter, as well as the formation of the first few bonds of the RNA transcript. Transcription initiation includes abortive initiation events, which occur when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released, and ends when promoter clearance takes place.

The completion of transcription: the RNA polymerase pauses, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, followed by the release of the RNA polymerase from its DNA template.

The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by an RNA polymerase.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase I.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA ploymerase III.

The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase I (RNAP I), originating at an RNAP I promoter.

A transcription initiation process that takes place at a RNA polymerase I gene promoter. Ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase I.

A transcription termination process that completes the production of a ribosomal RNA transcript. RNAP I termination requires binding of a terminator protein to specific sequences downstream of the transcription unit.

Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules.

The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).

A transcription initiation process that takes place at a RNA polymerase II gene promoter. Messenger RNAs (mRNA) genes, as well as some non-coding RNAs, are transcribed by RNA polymerase II.

The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at an RNA polymerase II promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.

A transcription termination process that completes the production of a primary RNA polymerase II transcript.

Addition of the 7-methylguanosine cap to the 5' end of a nascent messenger RNA transcript.

Selection of a splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.

The enzymatic addition of a sequence of 40-200 adenylyl residues at the 3' end of a eukaryotic mRNA primary transcript.

Any process in which a pre-mRNA or mRNA molecule is cleaved at specific sites or in a regulated manner.

The conversion of an adenosine residue to inosine in an RNA molecule by deamination.

The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III, originating at an RNAP III promoter.

Splicing of tRNA substrates via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons.

The synthesis of RNA from a mitochondrial DNA template, usually by a specific mitochondrial RNA polymerase.

A transcription initiation process that takes place at a promoter on the mitochondrial chromosome.

A transcription termination process that completes the production of a primary mitochondrial transcript.

Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules.

Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide.

Any mRNA 3'-end processing that involves the binding to and cleavage of a stem-loop structure. For example, histone mRNAs contain a highly conserved stem-loop sequence at the 3' end of the mRNA with a 6 base pairs (bp) stem and a 4-nt loop. The mRNA is cleaved between these two elements, after the fourth or fifth nucleotide, which is typically an adenosine.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving tRNA, transfer RNA, a class of relatively small RNA molecules responsible for mediating the insertion of amino acids into the sequence of nascent polypeptide chains during protein synthesis. Transfer RNA is characterized by the presence of many unusual minor bases, the function of which has not been completely established.

The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within a tRNA molecule to produce a tRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes.

A process in which RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

The directed movement of rRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm; the rRNA is usually in the form of ribonucleoproteins.

The directed movement of snRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

The directed movement of tRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA or circRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA or circRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome.

The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.

The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis.

The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code).

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.

The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA and the alpha carboxylic acid group of an amino acid, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis.

The process of coupling alanine to alanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by alanyl-tRNA synthetase. The alanyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetases. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of an alanine accetping tRNA.

The process of coupling arginine to arginyl-tRNA, catalyzed by arginyl-tRNA synthetase. The arginyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of an alanine accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.

The process of coupling asparagine to asparaginyl-tRNA, catalyzed by asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase. The asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of an asparagine-accetping tRNA.

The process of coupling cysteine to cysteinyl-tRNA, catalyzed by cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase. A cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a cysteine-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.

The process of coupling glutamate to glutamyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glutamyl-tRNA synthetase. The glutamyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a glutamic acid-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.

The process of coupling glutamine to glutaminyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase. The glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a glutamine-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.

The process of coupling histidine to histidyl-tRNA, catalyzed by histidyl-tRNA synthetase. The histidyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3''-OH group of a histidine-accetping tRNA.

The process of coupling isoleucine to isoleucyl-tRNA, catalyzed by isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase. The isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a isoleucine-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.

The process of coupling leucine to leucyl-tRNA, catalyzed by leucyl-tRNA synthetase. The leucyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a leucine-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.

The process of coupling lysine to lysyl-tRNA, catalyzed by lysyl-tRNA synthetase. The lysyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of a lysine-accetping tRNA.

The process of coupling methionine to methionyl-tRNA, catalyzed by methionyl-tRNA synthetase. The methionyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a methionine-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.

The process of coupling phenylalanine to phenylalanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase. The phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. However, unlike other class II enzymes, The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a phenylalanine-accepting tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.

The process of coupling proline to prolyl-tRNA, catalyzed by prolyl-tRNA synthetase. The prolyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of a methionine-accetping tRNA.

The process of coupling serine to seryl-tRNA, catalyzed by seryl-tRNA synthetase. The seryl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of a serine-accetping tRNA.

The process of coupling threonine to threonyl-tRNA, catalyzed by threonyl-tRNA synthetase. The threonyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of a threonine-accetping tRNA.

The process of coupling tyrosine to tyrosyl-tRNA, catalyzed by tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase. The tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a tyrosine-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or accuracy of translational elongation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination.

Any process that modulates the ability of the translational apparatus to interpret the genetic code.

The continuation of translation beyond a stop codon by the use of a special tRNA that recognizes the UAG and UGA codons as modified amino acids, rather than as termination codons.

The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure.

The process of assisting in the folding of a nascent peptide chain into its correct tertiary structure.

The proteolytic removal of a signal peptide from a protein during or after transport to a specific location in the cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.

The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein.

The addition of an acetyl group to a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.

The addition of an acetyl group to a non-terminal amino acid in a protein.

The removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.

The addition of a sulfate group as an ester to a protein amino acid.

The sulfation of peptidyl-tyrosine residues to form peptidyl-O4'-sulfo-L-tyrosine.

The addition of a methyl group to a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom.

The removal of a methyl group, from a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom.

A protein modification process that results in the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.

A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine, the omega-N of arginine, or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichol-linked oligosaccharide, usually by a stepwise addition of glycosyl chains to endoplasmic reticulum membrane-bound dolichol-P.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichyl diphosphate, a diphosphorylated dolichol derivative.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate, such as a molecule of dolichol-P-man or dolicol-P-Glc used in N-linked glycosylation.

The conversion of N-linked glycan (N = nitrogen) structures from the initially transferred oligosaccharide to a mature form, by the actions of glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. The early processing steps are conserved and play roles in glycoprotein folding and trafficking.

A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or via the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine, forming an O-glycan.

The covalent attachment of lipid groups to an amino acid in a protein.

The covalent attachment of a lipid group to the amino terminus of a protein.

The covalent attachment of a myristoyl group to the N-terminal amino acid residue of a protein.

The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to the N-terminal amino acid residue of a protein.

The covalent attachment of a lipid group to the carboxy-terminus of a protein.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors, molecular mechanisms for attaching membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. Structurally they consist of a molecule of phosphatidylinositol to which is linked, via the C-6 hydroxyl of the inositol, a carbohydrate chain. This chain is in turn linked to the protein through an ethanolamine phosphate group, the amino group of which is in amide linkage with the C-terminal carboxyl of the protein chain, the phosphate group being esterified to the C-6 hydroxyl of the terminal mannose of the core carbohydrate chain.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor that attaches some membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. The phosphatidylinositol group is linked via the C-6 hydroxyl residue of inositol to a carbohydrate chain which is itself linked to the protein via an ethanolamine phosphate group, its amino group forming an amide linkage with the C-terminal carboxyl of the protein. Some GPI anchors have variants on this canonical linkage.

The GPI anchor metabolic process that results in enzymatic cleavage of the anchor, releasing an anchored protein from the membrane.

The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds.

The proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain (extracellular domain).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the protein.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded or attenuated proteins.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving alanine, 2-aminopropanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alanine, 2-aminopropanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, via the intermediate 2-oxoglutarate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycine, aminoethanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine, aminoethanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine, aminoethanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of S-adenosylmethionine, S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-phenylalanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylalanine, 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.

The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells involving any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanin from other compounds, including tyrosine.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group.

The formation of either of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, mainly thyroxine and triiodothyronine. This is achieved by the iodination and joining of tyrosine molecules to form the precursor thyroglobin, proteolysis of this precursor gives rise to the thyroid hormones.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ornithine, an amino acid only rarely found in proteins, but which is important in living organisms as an intermediate in the reactions of the urea cycle and in arginine biosynthesis.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ornithine, an amino acid only rarely found in proteins, but which is important in living organisms as an intermediate in the reactions of the urea cycle and in arginine biosynthesis.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ornithine, an amino acid only rarely found in proteins, but which is important in living organisms as an intermediate in the reactions of the urea cycle and in arginine biosynthesis.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving creatine (N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-methylglycine), a compound synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine that occurs in muscle.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of creatine, N-[amino(imino)methyl]-N-methylglycine. Creatine is formed by a process beginning with amidino group transfer from L-arginine to glycine to form guanidinoacetate, followed by methyl group transfer from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to guanidinoacetate; it is then is phosphorylated to form a pool that stores high energy phosphate for the replenishment of ATP during periods of high, or fluctuating energy demand. In animals, most creatine is transported to and used in muscle.

The process of targeting specific proteins to particular regions of the cell, typically membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif.

The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.

The directed movement of a protein bearing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear envelope.

The directed movement of a ribosomal protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane. At least some ribosomal proteins, including rpl12, uses the importin 11 pathway as a major route into the nucleus.

The directed movement of a protein from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

The process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein.

The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation. The transport of most secretory proteins, particularly those with more than 100 amino acids, into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen occurs in this manner, as does the import of some proteins into mitochondria.

The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation and is dependent upon two key components, the signal-recognition particle (SRP) and the SRP receptor. SRP is a cytosolic particle that transiently binds to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal sequence in a nascent protein, to the large ribosomal unit, and to the SRP receptor in the ER membrane.

The process during cotranslational membrane targeting wherein proteins move across a membrane. SRP and its receptor initiate the transfer of the nascent chain across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane; they then dissociate from the chain, which is transferred to a set of transmembrane proteins, collectively called the translocon. Once the nascent chain translocon complex is assembled, the elongating chain passes directly from the large ribosomal subunit into the centers of the translocon, a protein-lined channel within the membrane. The growing chain is never exposed to the cytosol and does not fold until it reaches the ER lumen.

The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs after their translation. Some secretory proteins exhibit posttranslational transport into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen: they are synthesized in their entirety on free cytosolic ribosomes and then released into the cytosol, where they are bound by chaperones which keep them in an unfolded state, and subsequently are translocated across the ER membrane.

The retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen of soluble resident proteins. Sorting receptors retrieve proteins with ER localization signals, such as KDEL and HDEL sequences or some transmembrane domains, that have escaped to the cis-Golgi network and return them to the ER. Abnormally folded proteins and unassembled subunits are also selectively retained in the ER.

The process of directing proteins towards the lysosome using signals contained within the protein.

The process of directing proteins towards the vacuole, usually using signals contained within the protein.

The process of directing proteins towards the peroxisome, usually using signals contained within the protein.

The process of directing proteins towards and into the mitochondrion, usually mediated by mitochondrial proteins that recognize signals contained within the imported protein.

The cleavage of peptide bonds in proteins, usually near the N terminus, contributing to the process of import into the mitochondrion. Several different peptidases mediate cleavage of proteins destined for different mitochondrial compartments.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes.

A fatty acid oxidation process that results in the complete oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and occurs by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A; the cycle continues until only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an unsaturated fatty acid, any fatty acid containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with an acyl group.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving acylglycerol, any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monoacylglycerol, any ester of glycerol in which any one of its hydroxyl groups has been acylated with a fatty acid, the other being non-esterified.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol. The three fatty acid residues may all be the same or differ in any permutation. Triglycerides are important components of plant oils, animal fats and animal plasma lipoproteins.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diacylglycerol, a glyceride in which any two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidic acid, any derivative of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylglycerols, any of a class of phospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of glycerol.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.

The phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process that begins with the phosphorylation of choline and ends with the combination of CDP-choline with diacylglycerol to form phosphatidylcholine.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine. They are important constituents of cell membranes.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol ethers, any anhydride formed between two organic hydroxy compounds, one of which is glycerol.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of platelet activating factor, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine, where alkyl = hexadecyl or octadecyl. Platelet activating factor is an inflammatory mediator released from a variety of cells in response to various stimuli.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycolipids, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide). Some substances classified as bacterial glycolipids have the sugar group acylated by one or more fatty acids and the glycerol group may be absent.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-keto-sphinganine, a derivative of sphinganine with a ketone group at C3. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of sphingosine.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphinganine-1-phosphate, the phosphorylated derivative of D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphinganine-1-phosphate, the phosphorylated derivative of D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingosine (sphing-4-enine), trans-D-erytho-2-amino-octadec-4-ene-1,3-diol, a long chain amino diol sphingoid base that occurs in most sphingolipids in animal tissues.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytosphingosine, (2S,3S,4R)-2-aminooctadecane-1,3,4-triol, a constituent of many plant sphingolipids.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group. They are neutral glycolipids containing equimolar amounts of fatty acid, glucose, and sphingosine or a sphingosine derivative.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine, any of a class of phospholipids in which the amino group of sphingosine is in amide linkage with one of several fatty acids, while the terminal hydroxyl group of sphingosine is esterified to phosphorylcholine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosphingolipids, any compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ganglioside, a ceramide oligosaccharide carrying, in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic residues.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostanoids, any compound based on or derived from the prostanoate structure.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring due to the formation of a bond between two carbons of a fatty acid. They have a wide range of biological activities.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving sesquiterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with three isoprene units.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoid compounds, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure and including derivatives with various functional groups.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrobiopterin, the reduced form of biopterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pteridine). It functions as a hydroxylation coenzyme, e.g. in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid.

A metabolic process that generates a pool of NADH by the reduction of NAD+.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nicotinamide riboside, the product of the formation of a glycosidic bond between ribose and nicotinamide.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; metabolism may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH.

A metabolic process that generates a pool of NADPH by the reduction of NADP+.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; catabolism may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins; it has a specific role in the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxidized ascorbate, and it participates in the gamma-glutamyl cycle.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any phosphorylated nucleoside.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.

The process of introducing a phosphate group into AMP, adenosine monophosphate, to produce ADP. Addition of two phosphate groups produces ATP.

The process of introducing a phosphate group into ADP, adenosine diphosphate, to produce ATP.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a folic acid-containing compound, i.e. any of a group of heterocyclic compounds based on the pteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamins. Vitamin is a general term for a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body. Vitamins may be water-soluble or fat-soluble and usually serve as components of coenzyme systems.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide, pyridine-3-carboxamide, the amide of nicotinic acid. It is a member of the B complex of vitamins and occurs widely in living organisms.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents and relatively insoluble in water.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the vitamin A compounds, retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid, all of which are derivatives of beta-carotene.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the Mo-molybdopterin cofactor, essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo) ion coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrins consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrin consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of uroporphyrinogen III.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme A, a derivative of heme found in cytochrome aa3.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrin consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the loss of electrons from one or more atoms in heme.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element phosphorus or compounds that contain phosphorus, usually in the form of a phosphate group (PO4).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water.

The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or a transporter complex, a pore or a motor protein.

The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of chloride into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of cobalt (Co) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of manganese (Mn) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of zinc (Zn II) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of water (H2O) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.

The directed movement of serotonin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems.

The directed movement of tricarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate, into or out of a mitochondrial matrix.

The directed movement of pyruvate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The process in which a calcium ion (Ca2+) is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.

The process in which a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it, is transported across a membrane. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.

The directed movement of oligopeptides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.

The directed movement of a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.

The directed movement of purine bases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of a pyrimidine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a pyrimidine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.

The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of asparagine, alpha-aminosuccinamic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ions at the level of a cell. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions at the level of a cell.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of metal ions at the level of a cell.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cadmium ions at the level of a cell.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of copper ions at the level of a cell.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of iron ions at the level of a cell.

The process of binding or confining iron ions in an intracellular area such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of zinc ions at the level of a cell.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sodium ions at the level of a cell.

Any process involved in maintaining the steady state of a cell's volume. The cell's volume refers to the three-dimensional space occupied by a cell.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions, thereby modulating the internal pH, within an organism or cell.

The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell.

A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle. Exocytosis can occur either by full fusion, when the vesicle collapses into the plasma membrane, or by a kiss-and-run mechanism that involves the formation of a transient contact, a pore, between a granule (for exemple of chromaffin cells) and the plasma membrane. The latter process most of the time leads to only partial secretion of the granule content. Exocytosis begins with steps that prepare vesicles for fusion with the membrane (tethering and docking) and ends when molecules are secreted from the cell.

The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.

The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG.

The directed movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by small transport vesicles. These either fuse with the cis-Golgi or with each other to form the membrane stacks known as the cis-Golgi reticulum (network).

The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane, mediated by small transport vesicles.

The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane, where they fuse and release their contents by exocytosis.

The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to early sorting endosomes. Clathrin vesicles transport substances from the trans-Golgi to endosomes.

The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the vacuole.

A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.

An endocytosis process in which cell surface receptors ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles.

The evagination of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle.

A protein coat is added to the vesicle to form the proper shape of the vesicle and to target the vesicle for transport to its destination.

The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes. Targeting involves coordinated interactions among cytoskeletal elements (microtubules or actin filaments), motor proteins, molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces, and vesicle cargo.

The initial attachment of a vesicle membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane, that contributes to exocytosis.

Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with its target membrane.

An endocytosis process that results in the uptake of liquid material by cells from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, called pinosomes, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane.

A vesicle-mediated transport process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes and their delivery to the lysosome. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles.

The initial step in phagocytosis involving adhesion to bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter, or an apoptotic cell and based on recognition of factors such as bacterial cell wall components, opsonins like complement and antibody or protein receptors and lipids like phosphatidyl serine, and leading to intracellular signaling in the phagocytosing cell.

The internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, including the membrane and cytoskeletal processes required, which involves one of three mechanisms: zippering of pseudopods around a target via repeated receptor-ligand interactions, sinking of the target directly into plasma membrane of the phagocytosing cell, or induced uptake via an enhanced membrane ruffling of the phagocytosing cell similar to macropinocytosis.

The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

The cellular catabolic process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation.

A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.

Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process.

The breakdown of structures such as organelles, proteins, or other macromolecular structures during apoptosis.

A T cell apoptotic process that occurs towards the end of the expansion phase following the initial activation of mature T cells by antigen and is triggered by T cell receptor stimulation and signals transmitted via various surface-expressed members of the TNF receptor family such as Fas ligand, Fas, and TNF and the p55 and p75 TNF receptors.

Any apoptotic process in an inflammatory cell, any cell participating in the inflammatory response to a foreign substance e.g. neutrophil, macrophage.

The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another along a substrate such as the extracellular matrix; the migrating cell forms a protrusion that attaches to the substrate.

The formation of a cell surface protrusion, such as a lamellipodium or filopodium, at the leading edge of a migrating cell.

The disassembly of adhesions at the front and rear of a migrating cell. At the leading edge, adhesion disassembly accompanies the formation of new protrusions; at the cell rear, it promotes tail retraction.

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).

A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction.

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.

A process in which force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in the shortening of the muscle. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.

The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane. Syncytia are normally derived from single cells that fuse or fail to complete cell division.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).

Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack.

An acute inflammatory response that involves non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals.

The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages.

Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.

Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the complement cascade, which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes; the initial steps of complement activation involve one of three pathways, the classical pathway, the alternative pathway, and the lectin pathway, all of which lead to the terminal complement pathway.

Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes.

Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hypotonic environment, i.e. an environment with a lower concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hyperosmotic environment, i.e. an environment with a higher concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism.

A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the stopping or reduction in rate of the cell cycle.

A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, resulting in the induction of the transcription of p21 (also known as WAF1, CIP1 and SDI1) or any equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid hydroperoxide stimulus. Lipid hydroperoxide is the highly reactive primary oxygenated products of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the accumulation of normal or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and leading to activation of transcription by NF-kappaB.

The series of molecular signals that conveys information from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus, usually resulting in a change in transcriptional regulation.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus.

The activation of genes whose promoters contain a specific sequence elements such as the unfolded protein response element (UPRE; consensus CAGCGTG) or the ER stress-response element (ERSE; CCAAN(N)9CCACG), as a result of signaling via the unfolded protein response.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating deprivation of sterols. Sterols are a group of steroids characterized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear envelope.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear pore.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleolus.

The maintenance of proper telomeric length by the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrial membrane, either of the lipid bilayer surrounding a mitochondrion.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial inner membrane.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial outer membrane.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments. Includes processes that control the spatial distribution of actin filaments, such as organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking.

Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.

A microtubule-based process that results in the movement of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules.

The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a microtubule.

The process in which tubulin alpha-beta heterodimers begin aggregation to form an oligomeric tubulin structure (a microtubule seed). Microtubule nucleation is the initiating step in the formation of a microtubule in the absence of any existing microtubules ('de novo' microtubule formation).

The aggregation and bonding together of alpha- and beta-tubulin to form a tubulin heterodimer.

Completion of folding of alpha- and beta-tubulin; takes place subsequent to chaperonin-mediated partial folding; mediated by a complex of folding cofactors.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a peroxisome. A peroxisome is a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of endosomes.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.

The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a vacuole.

Any process that reduces the pH of the vacuole, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein in the vacuole, usually by the action of vacuolar proteases.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosome. A lysosome is a cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded organelle that is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases.

The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a lysosome.

Any process that reduces the pH of the lysosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between a cell and its substrate.

The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during DNA segregation and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.

The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome become tethered to each other.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid cohesion.

The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the entire length of the chromosome, from their formation in S phase through metaphase during a mitotic cell cycle. This cohesion cycle is critical for high fidelity chromosome transmission.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription as the cell leaves M phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.

The cell cycle process in which chromatin structure is compacted prior to and during mitosis in eukaryotic cells.

The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of chromosomes from the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles occurs. This mediates by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes, during mitosis.

The cell cycle process in which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the mitotic spindle, during mitosis.

The mitotic cell cycle process involving ESCRTIII that results in reformation of the nuclear envelope after mitotic nuclear division. In organisms undergoing closed mitosis this involves resealing or 'repair' of the nuclear envelope in the nuclear bridge.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis.

The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin.

A signaling process that ensures accurate chromosome replication and segregation by preventing progression through a mitotic cell cycle until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage.

A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that delays mitotic sister chromatid separation and consequently the mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle. Spindle assembly checkpoint signalling begins with the activated Mph family kinase, and results in the inhibition of the Anaphase Promoting Complex and its activator Sleepy/Cdc20 by the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC).

A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression through the G2/M transition of the cell cycle in response to DNA damage.

Any process involved in the progression from anaphase/telophase to G1 that is associated with a conversion from high to low mitotic CDK activity.

The directed movement of the nucleus to a specific location within a cell.

The cell cycle process in which centrosome duplication and separation takes place. The centrosome cycle can operate with a considerable degree of independence from other processes of the cell cycle.

The cell cycle process in which a daughter centriole is formed perpendicular to an existing centriole. An immature centriole contains a ninefold radially symmetric array of single microtubules; mature centrioles consist of a radial array of nine microtubule triplets, doublets, or singlets depending upon the species and cell type. Duplicated centrioles also become the ciliary basal body in cells that form cilia during G0.

Separation of duplicated centrosome components at the beginning of mitosis. The centriole pair within each centrosome becomes part of a separate microtubule organizing center that nucleates a radial array of microtubules called an aster. The two asters move to opposite sides of the nucleus to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle.

A mitotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are replicated and sister chromatids separate, but spindle formation, nuclear membrane breakdown and nuclear division do not occur, resulting in an increased number of chromosomes in the cell.

The first meiotic nuclear division in which homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, producing two haploid daughter nuclei.

The meiotic cell cycle process where side by side pairing and physical juxtaposition of homologous chromosomes is created during meiotic prophase. Homologous chromosome pairing begins when the chromosome arms begin to pair from the clustered telomeres and ends when synaptonemal complex or linear element assembly is complete.

The cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a single or double Holliday junction intermediate. This results in the equal exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes. These reciprocal recombinant products ensure the proper segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I and create genetic diversity.

The second nuclear division of meiosis, in which the two chromatids in each chromosome are separated, resulting in four daughter nuclei from the two nuclei produced in meiosis II.

A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the male germline.

A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the female germline.

Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.

The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules.

The attachment of a plasma membrane adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell.

The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell.

The attachment of a neuron to another cell via adhesion molecules.

The attachment of a leukocyte to another cell via adhesion molecules.

The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules.

The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.

The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.

The series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the receptor possesses catalytic activity or is closely associated with an enzyme such as a protein kinase, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses guanylyl cyclase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor EGFR (ERBB1) on the surface of a cell. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of epidermal growth factor (EGF), following internalization of the receptor-bound ligand into the signal-receiving cell. Full breakdown of epidermal growth factor results in a ligand that is unable to bind and activate its receptor.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity.

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses serine/threonine kinase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a ligand-bound type II transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) receptor dimer with a type I TGF-beta receptor dimer, following ligand binding, to form a heterotetrameric TGF-beta receptor complex.

The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a common-partner SMAD protein. A common partner SMAD protein binds to pathway-restricted SMAD proteins forming a complex that translocates to the nucleus.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex that contains SMAD proteins.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to its receptor, in which the activated receptor promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process. The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane.

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation or inhibition of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide.

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation or inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent increase in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).

Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme adenylate cyclase.

An adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by dopamine binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent decrease in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity.

An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by dopamine binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by glutamate binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by serotonin binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent increase in the intracellular concentration of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).

The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme phospolipase C as the result of The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G protein-coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand.

Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G protein-coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of protein kinase C (PKC). PKC is activated by second messengers including diacylglycerol (DAG).

A phospholipase C-activating receptor G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by serotonin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a serotonin receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a ligand binding to an acetylcholine receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to its receptor on the surface of a target cell.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of glutamate to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by glutamate binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by tachykinin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process. Tachykinin is a short peptide with the terminal sequence (Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2).

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a neuropeptide binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to the receptor Notch on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of successive proteolytic cleavages of the Notch protein, which result in an active form of the receptor.

The activation of transcription of specific genes as a result of Notch signaling, mediated by the Notch intracellular domain.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC).

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened.

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to an integrin on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated in response to osmotic change.

The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell through the I-kappaB-kinase (IKK)-dependent activation of NF-kappaB. The cascade begins with activation of a trimeric IKK complex (consisting of catalytic kinase subunits IKKalpha and/or IKKbeta, and the regulatory scaffold protein NEMO) and ends with the regulation of transcription of target genes by NF-kappaB. In a resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to I-kappaB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing the NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription.

The stimulation of the activity of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase through phosphorylation at specific residues.

The process of introducing a phosphate group into an inhibitor of kappa B (I-kappaB) protein. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing bound NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription.

The selective interaction of the transcription factor NF-kappaB with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its translocation into the nucleus.

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a JNK (a MAPK), a JNKK (a MAPKK) and a JUN3K (a MAP3K). The cascade can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.

The process of introducing a phosphate group into a JUN protein.

Any process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) and JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) proteins convey a signal to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. The receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT begins with activation of a receptor and proceeeds through STAT protein activation by members of the JAK family of tyrosine kinases. STAT proteins dimerize and subsequently translocate to the nucleus. The pathway ends with regulation of target gene expression by STAT proteins.

The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via nitric oxide (NO). Includes synthesis of nitric oxide, receptors/sensors for nitric oxide (such as soluble guanylyl cyclase/sGC) and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell. Nitric oxide transmits its downstream effects through either cyclic GMP (cGMP)-dependent or independent mechanisms.

The series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays a signal.

The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.

The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions.

The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.

The regulated release of neurotransmitter from the presynapse into the synaptic cleft via calcium-regulated exocytosis during synaptic transmission.

The vesicular release of acetylcholine from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of dopamine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.

The process in which glial cells envelop neuronal cell bodies and/or axons to form an insulating layer. This can take the form of myelinating or non-myelinating ensheathment.

The process of synaptic transmission from a neuron to a muscle, across a synapse.

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).

The generation and maintenance of gametes in a multicellular organism. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism.

The developmental process by which male germ line stem cells self renew or give rise to successive cell types resulting in the development of a spermatozoa.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The assembly and organization of the sperm flagellar axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of the eukaryotic sperm flagellum, and is responsible for movement.

The specialization of the spermatid nucleus during the development of a spermatid into a mature male gamete competent for fertilization.

The change in shape of the spermatid nucleus from a spherical structure to an elongated organelle, during the latter part of spermatid differentiation.

Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction.

The introduction of semen or sperm into the genital tract of a female.

The process in which the sperm binds to the zona pellucida glycoprotein layer of the egg. The process begins with the attachment of the sperm plasma membrane to the zona pellucida and includes attachment of the acrosome inner membrane to the zona pellucida after the acrosomal reaction takes place.

The discharge, by sperm, of a single, anterior secretory granule following the sperm's attachment to the zona pellucida of the oocyte. The process begins with the fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm plasma membrane and ends with the exocytosis of the acrosomal contents into the zona pellucida.

The binding and fusion of a sperm, with the plasma membrane of the oocyte as part of the process of single fertilization. In sperm with flagella, binding occurs at the posterior (post-acrosomal) region of the sperm head.

The process in which the egg becomes metabolically active, initiates protein and DNA synthesis and undergoes structural changes to its cortex and/or cytoplasm.

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle.

The hierarchical steps resulting in the progressive subdivision of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo.

Subdivision of the embryo along the anterior/posterior axis into anterior, posterior and terminal regions.

The specification of the dorsal/ventral axis of the embryo, through the products of genes expressed in the zygote.

The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by products of genes expressed in the zygote; exemplified in insects by the gap genes, pair rule genes and segment polarity gene cascade.

Specification of the central (trunk) regions of the embryo by the gap genes; exemplified in insects by the actions of the Kruppel gene product.

The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry.

A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.

Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.

The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.

De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.

The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. This process ends when the synapse is mature (functional).

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of sensory organs over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the salivary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Salivary glands include any of the saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the salivary gland are generated and organized.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectodermal digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ectodermal digestive tract includes those portions that are derived from ectoderm.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that develops into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs and associated tissues.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midgut is the middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adult heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work.

The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult skeletal muscle tissue. The main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers.

A process in which non-proliferating myoblasts fuse to existing fibers or to myotubes to form new fibers. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a neuromuscular junction.

Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of sexual status of an individual organism.

The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation.

Compensating for the variation in the unpaired sex chromosome:autosome chromosome ratios between sexes by activation or inactivation of genes on one or both of the sex chromosomes.

The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth.

The reproductive process in which the parent is separated from its offspring either by giving birth to live young or by laying eggs.

A developmental process that is a deterioration and loss of function over time. Aging includes loss of functions such as resistance to disease, homeostasis, and fertility, as well as wear and tear. Aging includes cellular senescence, but is more inclusive. May precede death and may succeed developmental maturation (GO:0021700).

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus.

The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms.

The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.

The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds.

The controlled release of a fluid by a cell or tissue in an animal.

The regulated release of milk from the mammary glands and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young.

The sequential process in which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers.

A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of the interactions among high molecular weight kininogen, prekallikrein, and factor XII that lead to the activation of clotting factor X.

The stopping of bleeding (loss of body fluid) or the arrest of the circulation to an organ or part.

The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.

The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image.

The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal.

The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from visible light into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm.

The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from UV light into a molecular signal; ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 400 nanometers.

The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound.

The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory chemical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.

The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. This is a neurological process.

The internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of animals (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli, via a mechanism that involves nervous system activity.

The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time.

Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience.

The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task).

The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information received a short time (up to about 30 minutes) ago. This type of memory is typically dependent on direct, transient effects of second messenger activation.

The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information a long time (typically weeks, months or years) after receiving that information. This type of memory is typically dependent on gene transcription regulated by second messenger activation.

The behavioral interactions between organisms for the purpose of mating, or sexual reproduction resulting in the formation of zygotes.

The act of sexual union between male and female, involving the transfer of sperm.

Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.

The specific actions or reactions of an organism that recur with a regularity more frequent than every 24 hours.

The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions.

The behavior of an organism pertaining to movement of the eyes and of objects in the visual field, as in nystagmus.

Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of a mechanical stimulus.

The function of a family of small chemotactic cytokines; their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria.

The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.

Binding to a microtubule, a filament composed of tubulin monomers.

Combining with incidental electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

A secretory organelle, typically 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secretes these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane.

Binding to a protein C-terminus, the end of a peptide chain at which the 1-carboxyl function of a constituent amino acid is not attached in peptide linkage to another amino-acid residue.

Any protein complex that interacts with RNA polymerase II to increase (positive transcription elongation factor) or reduce (negative transcription elongation factor) the rate of transcription elongation.

A transcription elongation factor complex that facilitates the transition from abortive to productive elongation by phosphorylating the CTD domain of the large subunit of DNA-directed RNA polymerase II, holoenzyme. Contains a cyclin and a cyclin-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit.

Enables the transfer of monocarboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A monocarboxylic acid is an organic acid with one COOH group.

The process in which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group.

Binding to high-density lipoprotein particle, a lipoprotein particle with a high density (typically 1.063-1.21 g/ml) and a diameter of 5-10 nm that contains APOAs and may contain APOCs and APOE.

The process in which a cell in an organism interprets its surroundings.

A ferritin complex located in the cell. Intracellular ferritin complexes contain 24 subunits, in a mixture of L (light) chains and H (heavy) chains.

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a motor neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

Merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment.

Binding to chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to the receptor Toll on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament.

Combining with glutamate and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of ornithine decarboxylase.

Complex that possesses guanylate cyclase activity and is not bound to a membrane.

A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which potassium ions may cross a cell membrane in response to changes in membrane potential.

Catalysis of the transfer of an acetyl group to a nitrogen atom on the acceptor molecule.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a phosphodiester to give a phosphomonoester and a free hydroxyl group.

The function that stimulates a cell to grow or proliferate. Most growth factors have other actions besides the induction of cell growth or proliferation.

The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in neuron projections.

The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons.

The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell periphery toward the cell body in nerve cell axons.

Membrane associated dimeric protein (240 and 220 kDa) of erythrocytes. Forms a complex with ankyrin, actin and probably other components of the membrane cytoskeleton, so that there is a mesh of proteins underlying the plasma membrane, potentially restricting the lateral mobility of integral proteins.

Binding to a protein component of a cytoskeleton (actin, microtubule, or intermediate filament cytoskeleton).

The binding activity of a protein that brings together a cytoskeletal protein (either a microtubule or actin filament, spindle pole body, or protein directly bound to them) and one or more other molecules, permitting them to function in a coordinated way.

Catalytic activity that acts to modify DNA, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Binding to a 5S ribosomal RNA, the smallest RNA constituent of a ribosome.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NADP+ = an aldehyde + NADPH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate + UDP-D-glucose = alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + UDP-D-galactose.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R = UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,6-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R.

Catalysis of the reaction: (2S)-2-methylacyl-CoA = (2R)-2-methylacyl-CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + nicotinamide = 1-methylnicotinamide + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + O2 + sarcosine = formaldehyde + glycine + H2O2.

Catalysis of the reaction: prostaglandin H(2) = prostaglandin I(2).

Catalysis of the reaction: sphinganine 1-phosphate = phosphoethanolamine + palmitaldehyde.

Catalysis of the reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-glycoprotein = CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-glycoprotein.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a thiopurine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a thiopurine S-methylether.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + N-acylsphingosine = UDP + D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine.

Catalysis of the reaction: cholesterol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 7-alpha-hydroxycholesterol + NADP+ + H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: an acetic ester + H2O = an alcohol + acetate.

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + O2 + quercetin = 2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyloxy)-4,6-dihydroxybenzoate + CO.

Catalysis of the reaction: a primary amine + H2O + O2 = an aldehyde + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.

Binding to a transcription factor, a protein required to initiate or regulate transcription.

Functions during translation by binding to RNA during polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.

Catalysis of the reaction: NADH + ubiquinone + 5 H+(in) <=> NAD+ + ubiquinol + 4 H+(out).

Catalysis of the reactions: protein serine + H2O = protein serine + phosphate; protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate; and protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate.

Binding to a nuclear localization sequence, a specific peptide sequence that acts as a signal to localize the protein within the nucleus.

Binding to a cAMP response element binding protein (a CREB protein).

Binding to a sequence of adenylyl residues in an RNA molecule, such as the poly(A) tail, a sequence of adenylyl residues at the 3' end of eukaryotic mRNA.

Catalysis of the transfer of a sulfate group from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to the hydroxyl group of an acceptor, producing the sulfated derivative and 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate.

A biological process represents a specific objective that the organism is genetically programmed to achieve. Biological processes are often described by their outcome or ending state, e.g., the biological process of cell division results in the creation of two daughter cells (a divided cell) from a single parent cell. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence.

The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.

Assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.

Binds to and increases the activity of a phosphotyrosine phosphatase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the removal of a phosphate group from a tyrosyl phenolic group of a protein.

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the carbon atom of an acceptor molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the nitrogen atom of an acceptor molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the oxygen atom of an acceptor molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the sulfur atom of an acceptor molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from a donor to a nucleoside residue in an RNA molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a nucleoside residue in an mRNA molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from a donor to a nucleoside residue in a tRNA molecule.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing N7-methylguanine.

Catalysis of the reaction: succinate + ubiquinone = fumarate + ubiquinol.

A protein complex that catalyzes the deneddylation of proteins, including the cullin component of SCF ubiquitin E3 ligase; deneddylation increases the activity of cullin family ubiquitin ligases. The signalosome is involved in many regulatory process, including some which control development, in many species; also regulates photomorphogenesis in plants; in many species its subunits are highly similar to those of the proteasome.

Catalysis of the reaction: glycogen + phosphate = maltodextrin + alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; this reaction requires the presence of RNA, and it drives another reaction.

Binding to a stretch of pyrimidines (cytosine or uracil) in an RNA molecule.

Combining with a neuropeptide to initiate a change in cell activity.

Binding to eukaryotic initiation factor 4E, a polypeptide factor involved in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of metalloendopeptidases, enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of nonterminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain and contain a chelated metal ion at their active sites which is essential to their catalytic activity.

Catalysis of the posttranscriptional addition of a guanyl residue to the 5' end of an RNA molecule.

Catalysis of the posttranscriptional addition of a guanyl residue to the 5' end of a tRNA molecule; observed for His tRNAs.

Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from a UDP-sugar to a small hydrophobic molecule.

Catalysis of the reaction: a 1,2-diacylglycerol 3-phosphate + H2O = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + phosphate.

Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of an ion channel.

Binding to heparin, a member of a group of glycosaminoglycans found mainly as an intracellular component of mast cells and which consist predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving bile acids, a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. Mineralocorticoids act primarily on water and electrolyte balance.

The addition of an alkyl group to a protein amino acid. Alkyl groups are derived from alkanes by removal of one hydrogen atom.

The removal of an alkyl group from a protein amino acid. Alkyl groups are derived from alkanes by removal of one hydrogen atom.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving spermine, a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses, which is involved in nucleic acid packaging. Synthesis is regulated by ornithine decarboxylase which plays a key role in control of DNA replication.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane.

Any process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.

Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. A cell should be considered dead when any one of the following molecular or morphological criteria is met: (1) the cell has lost the integrity of its plasma membrane; (2) the cell, including its nucleus, has undergone complete fragmentation into discrete bodies (frequently referred to as apoptotic bodies). The cell corpse (or its fragments) may be engulfed by an adjacent cell in vivo, but engulfment of whole cells should not be considered a strict criteria to define cell death as, under some circumstances, live engulfed cells can be released from phagosomes (see PMID:18045538).

Combining with an extracellular amine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

The process in which a microorganism (or other particulate material) is rendered more susceptible to phagocytosis by coating with an opsonin, a blood serum protein such as a complement component or antibody.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond not more than three residues from the N- or C-terminus of a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond not more than three residues from the N- or C-terminus of a polypeptide chain, in a reaction that requires a free N-terminal amino group, C-terminal carboxyl group or both.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of N-terminal dipeptides from a polypeptide chain.

Catalysis of the release of an N-terminal tripeptide from a polypeptide.

Catalysis of the release of C-terminal dipeptides from a polypeptide chain.

Catalysis of the cleavage of non-standard peptide bonds releasing substituted amino acids such as pyroglutamate or cleave isopeptide bonds, such as many deubiquitinating enzymes.

A protein complex that is found in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane of eukaryotes and transfers lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor to asparagine residues on nascent proteins. In yeast, the complex includes at least nine different subunits, whereas in mammalian cells at least three different forms of the complex have been detected.

Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine + H2O = inosine + NH3, in a tRNA molecule.

Catalysis of the reaction: a nucleotide + H2O = a nucleoside + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: a 5'-ribonucleotide + H2O = a ribonucleoside + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: succinyl-CoA + a 3-oxo acid = succinate + a 3-oxo-acyl-CoA.

Catalysis of the removal of mismatched pyrimidine bases in DNA. Enzymes with this activity recognize and remove pyrimidines present in mismatches by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apyrimidinic (AP) site.

Catalysis of the sulfurylation of the desulfo form of molybdenum cofactor (MoCo), a cofactor required for the activity of some enzymes, such as aldehyde oxidase.

Enables the secondary active transfer of sulfate from one side of a membrane to the other. Secondary active transport is the transfer of a solute across a membrane, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.

The directed movement of sulfate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + K+(in) + Na+(out) = Ca2+(out) + K+(out) + Na+(in).

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group (CH3-) to a protein.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

A protein complex that is required for sister chromatid cohesion in eukaryotes. The cohesin complex forms a molecular ring complex, and is composed of structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) and kleisin proteins. For example, in yeast, the complex is composed of the SMC proteins Smc1p and Smc3p, and the kleisin protein Scc1p. In vertebrates, the complex is composed of the SMC1 (SMC1A or SMC1B) and SMC3 heterodimer attached via their hinge domains to a kleisin (RAD21, REC8 or RAD21L) which links them, and one STAG protein (STAG1, STAG2 or STAG3).

A protein complex that comprises four pore-forming (Kir6.x) and four regulatory sulphonylurea receptor (SURx) subunits and forms a transmembrane channel through which ions may pass. The opening and closing of the channel is regulated by ATP: binding of ATP to the Kir6.x subunit inhibits channel activity, whereas binding of Mg2+-complexed ATP or ADP to the SURx subunit stimulates channel activity.

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin.

A complex, normally consisting of a catalytic and a regulatory subunit, which catalyzes the removal of a phosphate group from a serine or threonine residue of a protein.

A heterodimer consisting of alpha and beta subunits that binds to and caps the barbed ends of actin filaments, thereby regulating the polymerization of actin monomers but not severing actin filaments.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane.

Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 3' terminus of a DNA molecule.

Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' or 3' terminus of a single-stranded DNA molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.

The activity of binding selectively and non-covalently to and distorting the original structure of DNA, typically a straight helix, into a bend, or increasing the bend if the original structure was intrinsically bent due to its sequence.

A protein complex that contains one or more cysteine-type endopeptidases (also called caspases), which give the complex a peptidase activity with specificity for the hydrolysis of aspartyl bonds. These complexes may be involved e.g. in apoptotic or inflammation processes.

A protein complex that is composed of one alpha subunit and one beta subunit, both of which are members of the integrin superfamily of cell adhesion receptors; the complex spans the plasma membrane and binds to extracellular matrix ligands, cell-surface ligands, and soluble ligands.

Learning by associating a stimulus (the cause) with a particular outcome (the effect).

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a muscle fiber.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an anion by a voltage-gated channel. An anion is a negatively charged ion. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' or 3' terminus of a double-stranded DNA molecule.

Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 3' terminus of a single-stranded DNA molecule.

Binding to a 7S RNA, the RNA component of the signal recognition particle (SRP).

Catalysis of the covalent addition of an isoprenoid group such as a farnesyl or geranylgeranyl group via thioether linkages to a cysteine residue in a protein.

Enables the transfer of a protein from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of cation from one side of a membrane to the other.

A multimeric assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand-gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex.

Catalysis of the reactions: protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate; and protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a high voltage-gated channel. A high voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on high voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a low voltage-gated channel. A low voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on low voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving an mRNA encoding a histone.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + 4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate + O2 = carnitine + CO2 + succinate.

The pathways that regulate the duration of the adult phase of the life-cycle of an animal.

The orderly movement of a glial cell, non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system.

Catalysis of the phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues in a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK), resulting in activation of MAPKKK. MAPKKK signaling pathways relay, amplify and integrate signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus in response to a diverse range of extracellular stimuli.

A complex possessing an activity that couples ATP hydrolysis to the severing of microtubules; usually a heterodimer comprising a catalytic subunit (often 60kDa) and a regulatory subunit (often 80 kDa).

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + RNA polymerase II large subunit CTD heptapeptide repeat (YSPTSPS) = ADP + H+ + phosphorylated RNA polymerase II.

The asymmetric division of cells to produce two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. It is of fundamental significance for the generation of cell diversity.

Any process in which the axon of a neuron is insulated, and that insulation maintained, thereby preventing dispersion of the electrical signal.

Catalysis of the transfer of sialic acid to an acceptor molecule, typically the terminal portions of the sialylated glycolipids (gangliosides) or to the N- or O-linked sugar chains of glycoproteins.

Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of an N-acetylglucosaminyl residue from UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine to a sugar.

Catalysis of the transfer of an N-acetylgalactosaminyl residue from UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine to an oligosaccharide.

Catalysis of the transfer of a galactosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.

Catalysis of the reaction: [thioredoxin]-dithiol + hydrogen peroxide = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + H2O.

The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress.

A trimeric protein complex that phosphorylates inhibitory-kappaB (I-kappaB) proteins. The complex is composed of two kinase subunits (alpha and beta) and a regulatory gamma subunit (also called NEMO). In a resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to inhibitory IKB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing the NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription.

Catalysis of the reaction: cholesterol + reduced adrenal ferredoxin + O2 = pregnenolone + 4-methylpentanal + oxidized adrenal ferredoxin + H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: coumarin + O2 + NADPH + H+ = hydroxycoumarin + H2O + NADP+.

Catalysis of the reaction: testosterone + donor-H2 + O2 = 16-alpha-hydroxytestosterone + H2O.

Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into arachidonic acid and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water.

Catalysis of an NADPH- and oxygen-dependent reaction that converts arachidonic acid to a cis-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid.

Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2.

Catalysis of the reaction: an oxysterol + NADPH + O2 = 7-alpha-hydroxylated oxysterol + NADP+ + H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: a 14alpha-methyl steroid + 3 O2 + 3 reduced [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] = a delta14 steroid + formate + 4 H+ + 4 H2O + 3 oxidized [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase].

Catalysis of the conversion of retinoic acid to 4-hydroxy-retinoic acid.

Catalysis of the hydroxylation of C-24 of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) to form 24(R),25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.

Catalysis of an NADPH- and oxygen-dependent reaction that converts arachidonic acid to cis-14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid.

Catalysis of an NADPH- and oxygen-dependent reaction that converts arachidonic acid to cis-11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonad is an animal organ that produces gametes; in some species it also produces hormones.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' end.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 5' end.

Catalysis of the transfer of a coenzyme A (CoA) group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Catalysis of the reaction: 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine triphosphate (8-oxo-GTP) + H2O = 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine diphosphate (8-oxo-GDP) + phosphate. 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine triphosphate (8-oxo-GTP) is the oxidised form of the free guanine nucleotide and can act as a potent mutagenic substrate for transcription.

Catalysis of the transfer of a fucosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.

Catalysis of the reaction: N-terminal L-asparaginyl-[protein] + H+ + H2O = N-terminal L-aspartyl-[protein] + NH4+. This reaction is the deamidation of an N-terminal asparagine residue in a peptide or protein.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of branched RNA structures that contain vicinal 2'-5'- and 3'-5'-phosphodiester bonds at a branch point nucleotide.

Catalysis of the reaction: phospho-(DNA-directed RNA polymerase II) + H2O = (DNA-directed RNA polymerase II) + phosphate.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-glucose residues with release of beta-D-glucose.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-polyprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2-polyprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a calcium-dependent protein kinase.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of ribonuclease.

Binding to a phosphatidylethanolamine, a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine.

Binding to a vitamin E, tocopherol, which includes a series of eight structurally similar compounds. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant.

Binding to JUN kinase, an enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation and activation of members of the JUN family.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate + NAD+ = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + NADH + H+.

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a phosphofructose substrate molecule.

Catalysis of the reaction: D-aspartate + H2O + O2 = oxaloacetate + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.

Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-alpha-D-mannose = GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-alpha-D-mannose + H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetate.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 6-sulfate group of the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate units of heparan sulfate and keratan sulfate.

Catalysis of the formation of a phosphodiester bond between a hydroxyl group at the end of one RNA chain and the 5'-phosphate group at the end of another.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + glyoxylate = pyruvate + glycine.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + (N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,6)-beta-D-mannosyl-R = UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,4-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,6)-beta-D-mannosyl-R.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + alpha-D-mannosyl-1,6-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3)-beta-D-mannosyl-R = UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,6-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3)-beta-D-mannosyl-R.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues in N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminides.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide = UDP + N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide.

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-carnitine + octanoyl-CoA = (S)-octanoylcarnitine + CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + chondroitin = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + chondroitin 6'-sulfate.

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-glycerate + NAD+ = hydroxypyruvate + NADH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + glycogenin = UDP + glucosylglycogenin.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfate. The [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfate has a substrate consensus sequence of Glc(N2S>NAc)+/-6S GlcA GlcN2S*+/-6S GlcA>IdoA+/-2S Glc(N2S/NAc)+/-6S.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (histone)-arginine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (histone)-N-methyl-arginine.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methylbutanoyl-CoA + H+ + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] = 3-methyl-(2E)-butenoyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein].

Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-protein + H2O = palmitate + protein.

Catalysis of the reaction: procollagen L-lysine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = procollagen 5-hydroxy-L-lysine + succinate + CO2.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + protein tyrosine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + protein tyrosine-O-sulfate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + pyridoxal = ADP + pyridoxal 5'-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: tRNA guanine + queuine = tRNA queuine + guanine.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + sphinganine = ADP + sphinganine 1-phosphate.

Catalysis of the transfer of an amino group to an acceptor, usually a 2-oxo acid.

Catalysis of the reaction: RSO-R' + H2O = RSOOH + R'H. This reaction is the hydrolysis of a sulfuric ester bond, an ester formed from sulfuric acid, O=SO(OH)2.

Catalysis of the reaction: diphospho-1D-myo-inositol polyphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol polyphosphate + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-D-galactose + a glucosylceramide = a lactosylceramide + uridine-5'-diphosphate. The glucosylceramide has sphinganine as the long chain base.

Any of a group of soluble proteins functioning in the activation of ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + N-acetylglucosamine = galactose-beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosamine + UDP.

Combining with melatonin, N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, to initiate a change in cell activity. Melatonin is a neuroendocrine substance that stimulates the aggregation of melanosomes in melanophores, thus lightening the skin.

Combining with benzodiazepines, a class of drugs with hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsive, amnestic and myorelaxant properties, to initiate a change in cell activity.

Enables the transfer of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: iodide(out) + Na+(out) = iodide(in) + Na+(in).

Enables the transfer of a negatively charged ion from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + HCO3-(out) = Na+(in) + HCO3-(in).

Enables the transfer of organic anions from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.

Enables the transfer of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) from one side of a membrane to the other. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Folate derivative (out) + anion (in) = folate derivative (in) + anion (out). The Reduced Folate Carrier (RCF(SLC19A1) acts by an antiport mechanism. RCF carries several folate derivatives: MTX, PMX, ratitrexed, pralatrexate, 5-methyl THF, and 5-formyl THF.

Enables the transfer of ammonium from one side of a membrane to the other. Ammonium is the cation NH4+ which is formed from N2 by root-nodule bacteria in leguminous plants and is an excretory product in ammonotelic animals.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: L-ascorbate(out) + Na+(out) = L-ascorbate(in) + Na+(in).

Enables the directed movement of phosphatidylcholine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Phosphatidylcholine refers to a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.

Removes phosphatidylinositol from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.

Combining with soluble compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of taste.

Combining with a peptide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R = UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R.

Catalysis of the removal of oxidized purine bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the oxidized purine and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction involves the formation of a covalent enzyme-substrate intermediate. Release of the enzyme and free base by a beta-elimination or a beta, gamma-elimination mechanism results in the cleavage of the DNA backbone 3' of the apurinic (AP) site.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex IV (also known as cytochrome c oxidase), the terminal member of the respiratory chain of the mitochondrion and some aerobic bacteria. Cytochrome c oxidases are multi-subunit enzymes containing from 13 subunits in the mammalian mitochondrial form to 3-4 subunits in the bacterial forms.

The subcomplex of the proteasome regulatory particle that directly associates with the proteasome core complex.

The subcomplex of the proteasome regulatory particle that forms the peripheral lid, which is added on top of the base subcomplex.

Any process in an organism in which a change in behavior of an individual occurs in response to repeated exposure to a visual cue.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species.

Enables the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) -> ADP + phosphate + H+(out). These transporters use a phosphorylative mechanism, which have a phosphorylated intermediate state during the ion transport cycle.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Na+(in) -> ADP + phosphate + Na+(out); by a phosphorylative mechanism.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + K+(in).

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + xenobiotic(in) = ADP + phosphate + xenobiotic(out).

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate. Catalysis of the severing of a microtubule at a specific spot along its length, coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP.

A motor activity that generates movement along a microtubule toward the minus end, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

A motor activity that generates movement along a microtubule toward the plus end, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the Tl signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway.

The process in which the structures of a photoreceptor cell are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, a sensory cell that reacts to the presence of light. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by the products of genes expressed maternally and genes expressed in the zygote.

Binds to and modulates of the activity of the enzyme calcium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase.

Modulation of the activity of the enzyme cAMP-dependent protein kinase.

The process in which spindle microtubules become physically associated with the proteins making up the kinetochore complex.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-acyl-glycerone 3-phosphate + a long-chain alcohol = 1-alkyl-glycerone 3-phosphate + a long-chain acid anion.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ether lipids, lipids that contain (normally) one lipid alcohol in ether linkage to one of the carbon atoms (normally C-1) of glycerol.

The modification of peptidyl-lysine to form hypusine, peptidyl-N6-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)-L-lysine.

A heterotetrameric DNA polymerase complex that catalyzes processive DNA synthesis in the absence of PCNA, but is further stimulated in the presence of PCNA. The complex contains a large catalytic subunit and three small subunits, and is best characterized in Saccharomyces, in which the subunits are named Pol2p, Dpb2p, Dpb3p, and Dpb4p. Some evidence suggests that DNA polymerase epsilon is the leading strand polymerase; it is also involved in nucleotide-excision repair and mismatch repair.

An ISWI complex that contains an ATPase subunit of the ISWI family (SNF2H in mammals, Isw2 in S. cerevisiae), an ACF1 homolog, and additional small histone fold subunits (generally two of these, but Xenopus has only one and some additional non-conserved subunits). CHRAC plays roles in the regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription and in DNA replication and repair.

The series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with a ligand binding to a death domain receptor on the cell surface, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.

The series of molecular signals induced by granzymes which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a granzyme signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. Granzymes are serine proteases that are secreted by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells to induce apoptosis in target cells.

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.

Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process and is mediated by cytochrome c.

The morphological and physiological alterations undergone by mitochondria during apoptosis.

Catalysis of the activation of small proteins, such as ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.

The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carbohydrates are a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.

The process in which hexose is transported across a membrane. Hexoses are aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a nucleoside residue in an rRNA molecule.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing 2'-O-methyluridine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipopolysaccharides, a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharides consist three covalently linked regions, lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and an O side chain. Lipid A is responsible for the toxicity of the lipopolysaccharide.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phospholipid, a lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.

Any process that generates a pyrimidine-containing compound, a nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide or nucleic acid that contains a pyrimidine base, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis.

Binds to and increases the rate of proteolysis catalyzed by a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process.

Catalysis of the reaction: trans-2,3-didehydroacyl-CoA + NADP+ = trans,trans-2,3,4,5-tetradehydroacyl-CoA + NADPH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + glyoxylate.

Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-homocysteine = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-methionine.

Catalysis of the reaction: cholate + NAD+ = 3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-7-oxo-5beta-cholanate + H+ + NADH.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the link between N-acetylmuramoyl residues and L-amino acid residues in certain bacterial cell-wall glycopeptides.

Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylneuraminate = N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate.

Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + a quinone = NADP+ + a quinol.

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a substrate.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-sugar + H2O = UMP + sugar 1-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + acetate = a fatty acid anion + acetyl-CoA.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-nucleosyl)tetraphosphate into two nucleotides.

Catalysis of the cleavage of a beta-linked aspartic residue from the N-terminus of a polypeptide.

Catalysis of the reaction: a beta-lactam + H2O = a substituted beta-amino acid.

Catalysis of the reaction: betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = betaine + NADH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: chloramphenicol + acetyl-CoA = chloramphenicol 3-acetate + CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 ATP + 2 corrinoid + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein] = 2 adenosylcorrinoid + 3 H+ + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] + 2 triphosphate. The corrinoid can be cob(II)yrinate a,c diamide, cob(II)inamide or cob(II)alamin.

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at a junction such as a reciprocal single-stranded crossover between two homologous DNA duplexes (Holliday junction).

Catalysis of the reaction: dATP + H2O = dAMP + H+ + diphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: dGTP + H2O = 2'-deoxyguanosine + 2 H+ + triphosphate.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of nonterminal (1->4)-beta linkages of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) polymers of chitin and chitodextrins. Typically, endochitinases cleave randomly within the chitin chain.

Catalysis of the degradation of double-stranded DNA. It acts progressively in a 3' to 5' direction, releasing 5'-phosphomononucleotides.

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glycerate + ATP = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + ADP + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + substrate-serine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + substrate-serine-4'-phosphopantetheine. The transfer of the 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) co-factor from coenzyme A to the hydroxyl side chain of the serine residue of acyl- or peptidyl-carrier protein (ACP or PCP) to convert them from the apo to the holo form.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out) + K+(in).

Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol 1-phosphate + H2O = myo-inositol + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: nitrite + acceptor = nitrate + reduced acceptor.

Catalysis of the reaction: [GlcNAc-(1,4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)](n)-diphosphoundecaprenol + GlcNAc-(1,4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)-diphosphoundecaprenol = [GlcNAc-(1,4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)](n+1)-diphosphoundecaprenol + undecaprenyl diphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phosphoglycolate + H2O = glycolate + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 2-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate.

Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 1-phosphate = D-ribose 5-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N6-methyladenine.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + DNA adenine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + DNA 6-methylaminopurine.

Catalysis of the reaction: succinate semialdehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O = succinate + NAD(P)H + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing N1-methylguanine.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2'-O-methylguanosine.

Catalysis of the reaction: thymidine + phosphate = thymine + 2-deoxy-D-ribose 1-phosphate.

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to give specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates and 3' hydroxyls. Cleavage is dependent on the presence in the DNA of a specific recognition site; cleavage occurs at or very near this recognition site.

Compensating for the two-fold variation in X-chromosome:autosome ratios between sexes by a global inactivation of all, or most of, the genes on one of the X-chromosomes in the XX sex.

The branch of the pentose-phosphate shunt which involves the oxidation of glucose 6-P and produces ribulose 5-P, reduced NADP+ and carbon dioxide (CO2).

Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport chain. An electron transport chain is a process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.

The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any amino acid that requires pyruvate for its synthesis, e.g. alanine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any amino acid that requires pyruvate for its synthesis, e.g. alanine.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving homoserine, alpha-amino-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cystathionine, threonine and methionine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid, e.g. the purines: adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine and the pyrimidines: cytosine, uracil, thymine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, an intermediate in the degradation of adenylate. Its ribonucleoside is known as inosine and its ribonucleotide as inosinate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of xanthine, 2,6-dihydroxypurine, a purine formed in the metabolic breakdown of guanine but not present in nucleic acids.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (a ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleoside), e.g. adenosine, guanosine, inosine, cytidine, uridine and deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine (= deoxythymidine).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine or pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine deoxynucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine deoxynucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine deoxynucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine deoxynucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine deoxynucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide-carbohydrate in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide-carbohydrate in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the menaquinones, quinone-derived compounds synthesized by intestinal bacteria. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the menaquinones. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones that have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycolipid, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide).

The lipoylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-lipoyl-L-lysine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a 2'-deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a 2'-deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a temperature stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of nourishment.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.

The region of a virus, bacterial cell, mitochondrion or chloroplast to which the nucleic acid is confined.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-mannose, a substance composed of mannose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.

The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template.

The synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), any RNA that forms part of the ribosomal structure, from a DNA template.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation.

An enzyme complex that catalyzes the ligation of phenylalanine to tRNA(Phe), forming L-phenylalanyl-tRNA(Phe).

Complex that possesses DNA topoisomerase II (double strand cut, ATP-hydrolyzing) activity.

The DNA polymerase III holoenzyme is a complex that contains 10 different types of subunits. These subunits are organized into 3 functionally essential sub-assemblies: the pol III core, the beta sliding clamp processivity factor and the clamp-loading complex. The pol III core carries out the polymerase and the 3'-5' exonuclease proofreading activities. The polymerase is tethered to the template via the sliding clamp processivity factor. The clamp-loading complex assembles the beta processivity factor onto the primer template and plays a central role in the organization and communication at the replication fork.

A protein complex comprised of members of the ClpX, ClpC, ClpD, ClpP or ClpR protein families. ClpPs are the proteolytic subunit of active complexes, and ClpA and ClpX form the regulatory subunits. Enzymatically active and inactive complexes can form.

Binding to biotin (cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid), the (+) enantiomer of which is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions.

Unwinding a DNA helix of DNA containing four-way junctions, including Holliday junctions, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to cytosine to form 5-methylcytosine in small subunit ribosomal RNA.

Translational attenuation is a regulatory mechanism analogous to ribosome-mediated transcriptional attenuation. The system requires the presence of a short ORF, called a leader peptide, encoded in the mRNA upstream of the ribosome-binding site and start codon of the gene whose translation is to be regulated. Certain conditions, such as presence of the antibiotic tetracycline in bacteria or amino acid starvation, may cause slowing or stalling of the ribosome translating the leader peptide. The stalled ribosome masks a region of the mRNA and affects which of two alternative mRNA folded structures will form, therefore controlling whether or not a ribosome will bind and initiate translation of the downstream gene. Translational attenuation is analogous to ribosome-mediated transcriptional attenuation, in which mRNA remodeling caused by ribosome stalling regulates transcriptional termination rather than translational initiation.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a 2'-deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a 2'-deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of folic acid and its derivatives.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of water.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glyoxylate, the anion of glyoxylic acid, HOC-COOH.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving methylglyoxal, CH3-CO-CHO, the aldehyde of pyruvic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycolate, the anion of hydroxyethanoic acid (glycolic acid).

Any process that generates pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, the active form of vitamin B6, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane; putrescine can be formed by decarboxylation of ornithine and is the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane; putrescine can be synthesized from arginine or ornithine and is the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane; putrescine is the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.

The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an RNA molecule to produce an RNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.

The sequence of enzymatic reactions by which the 5' cap structure, an inverted 7-methylguanosine linked via a 5'-5' triphosphate bridge (m7G(5')ppp(5')X) to the first transcribed residue, is added to a nascent transcript.

The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).

The series of events in which an external stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.

The series of events in which an (non-living) abiotic stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.

The series of events in which a light stimulus (in the form of photons) is received and converted into a molecular signal.

The series of events in which a visible light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm.

The series of events in which an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.

The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.

The series of events in which a biotic stimulus, one caused or produced by a living organism, is received and converted into a molecular signal.

The series of events in which a stimulus from a virus is received and converted into a molecular signal.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a symbiont, an organism living with an organism of a different species in close physical association. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a symbiotic bacterium, a bacterium living in close physical association with another organism.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a fungus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (not derived from living organisms) stimulus.

Any process that increases freezing tolerance of an organism in response to low, nonfreezing temperatures.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a blue light stimulus. Blue light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 440 and 500nm.

Any process in which an organism or cell protects itself from ultraviolet radiation (UV), which may also result in resistance to repeated exposure to UV.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.

The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.

Enables the transmembrane transport of one proton (H+), driven by the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate, and generating a proton motive force.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: hexose(out) + H+(out) = hexose(in) + H+(in).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving indole-3-acetic acid, a compound which functions as a growth regulator in plants.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic derivatives of trans-cinnamic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a compound containing a pyrocatechol (1,2-benzenediol) nucleus or substituent.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus arising within the organism.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus.

The series of events in which a carbohydrate stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.

The series of events in which a stimulus from a hexose is received and converted into a molecular signal.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbohydrate stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sucrose stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hexose stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fructose stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a jasmonic acid stimulus.

The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone.

The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of carbohydrate.

The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of hexose.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo over time, from zygote formation until the end of the embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic life stage is organism-specific and may be somewhat arbitrary; for mammals it is usually considered to be birth, for insects the hatching of the first instar larva from the eggshell.

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or around a point.

The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism such that a similar arrangement in form and relationship of parts around a common axis, or around each side of a plane is created.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving coumarins, compounds derived from the phenylacrylic skeleton of cinnamic acids.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving stilbenes, a class of polyketides formed from a molecule of cinnamic acid and three molecules of malonyl-CoA.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving flavonoids, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton including flavones, flavonols and flavanoids, and anthocyanins.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).

The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size in one [spatial] dimension or along one axis, resulting in the morphogenesis of the cell.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving auxins, a group of plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.

The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to a single longitudinal plane. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry.

The process that results in the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in an embryo.

The function of absorbing and responding to incidental electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. The response may involve a change in conformation.

The process, occurring after animal embryonic development, by which anatomical structures are generated and organized.

Morphogenesis of an animal organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.

The leaflet of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.

The leaflet the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis.

The directed movement of hormones into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Catalysis of the removal of a C-5 double bond in the B ring of a sterol.

Catalysis of the reaction: fatty acid (C-16 or longer) + 2-C = fatty acid (C-16 or longer + 2-C).

A tetrameric complex of four different subunits which catalyzes the elongation of fatty acids chains 2 carbon units at a time in the synthesis of very long chain fatty acids.

The region of the plasma membrane located at the basal end of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.

Calcium-dependent catalysis of the reactions: ATP + a protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate; and ATP + a protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.

The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.

The regionalization process in which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.

Catalysis of the reaction: RNA uridine = RNA pseudouridine. Conversion of uridine in an RNA molecule to pseudouridine by rotation of the C1'-N-1 glycosidic bond of uridine in RNA to a C1'-C5.

Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.

Cell recognition between cells. May involve the formation of specialized cell junctions.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an extracellular stimulus.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water within a cell.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized immature germ cell acquires the specialized features of a mature female gamete.

Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from adopting a specific cell fate.

Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.

The side (leaflet) of the endosome membrane that faces the cytoplasm.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inorganic substance stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron ion stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron(II) ion stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a manganese ion stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a zinc ion stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mycotoxin stimulus. A mycotoxin is a toxic chemical substance produced by fungi.

The regionalization process in which the identity of an animal organ primordium is specified. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.

The pathway by which pyrimidine bases or pyrimidine ribonucleosides from pyrimidine nucleotide breakdown are converted back to pyrimidine ribonucleotides. The salvage pathway is important where there is no de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of proton transport into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz).

The process in which the anatomical structures of the soma are generated and organized.

Binding to flavin mono nucleotide. Flavin mono nucleotide (FMN) is the coenzyme or the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes.

The process in which a change in the level of a mono- or disaccharide such as glucose, fructose or sucrose triggers the expression of genes controlling metabolic and developmental processes.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays.

Any process involved in maintaining the methylation state of a nucleotide sequence.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-B radiation stimulus. UV-B radiation (UV-B light) spans the wavelengths 280 to 315 nm.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-C radiation stimulus. UV-C radiation (UV-C light) spans the wavelengths 100 to 280 nm.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lithium (Li+) ion stimulus.

The directed movement of substances, into, out of or within a cell, either in a vascular tissue or in the vascular membrane.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organonitrogen stimulus. An organonitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.

The directed movement of ions to establish or maintain an electrochemical gradient across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The process in which a change in the level of mono- and disaccharide glucose trigger the expression of genes controlling metabolic and developmental processes.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endomembrane system.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an NADH dehydrogenase complex.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the SKP1-Cullin/Cdc53-F-box protein ubiquitin ligase (SCF) complex.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from selenium ion.

Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of copper ion. These include transport of copper away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of copper ion.

Any process that increases heat tolerance of an organism in response to high temperatures.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lead ion stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide.

Binding to phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 5' position.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the carboxyl group of an acceptor molecule to form a methyl ester.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Li+(in) + H+(out) = Li+(out) + H+(in).

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anion channel activity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the anion channel activity.

A region in which centric, heterochromatic portions from more than one chromosomes form a compact structure.

Binding to double-stranded methylated DNA. Methylation of cytosine or adenine in DNA is an important mechanism for establishing stable heritable epigenetic marks.

Any signalling pathway that modulates the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.

The modification of histones by addition of a single ubiquitin group.

Programmed cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide. Programmed cell death is the cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.

Binding to a methylated cytosine/unspecified/guanine trinucleotide.

A fatty acid oxidation process in which the methyl group at the end of the fatty acid molecule (the omega carbon) is first oxidized to a hydroxyl group, then to an oxo group, and finally to a carboxyl group. The long chain dicarboxylates derived from omega-oxidation then enter the beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus with pH > 7. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus with pH < 7. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.

The modification of histone H3 by addition of one or more methyl groups to lysine at position 36 of the histone.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.

The cell cycle process in which the two centrioles within a centrosome remain tightly paired.

The cell cycle transition where a cell leaves M phase and enters a new G1 phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of heart contraction.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency or rate of heart contraction.

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.

Combining with nerve growth factor (NGF), to prevent apoptosis in neurons and promote nerve growth, or to initiate a change in cell activity.

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.

The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript and its processing, translation and maturation for protein-coding genes.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling receptor activity. Receptor activity is when a molecule combines with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity.

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of gastrulation. Gastrulation is the complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals.

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 = CoA + acetyl-histone H3.

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 = CoA + acetyl-histone H4.

A dense aggregation in the cytosol composed of proteins and RNAs that appear when the cell is under stress.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome but do not involve ubiquitin.

The process in which a secondary structure of RNA are broken or 'melted'.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of recombination during meiosis. Reciprocal meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of telomerase.

Any process that modulates the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components.

Any process that decreases the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components.

Any process that increases the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA-mediated transposition. RNA-mediated transposition is a type of transpositional recombination which occurs via an RNA intermediate.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA-mediated transposition. RNA-mediated transposition is a type of transpositional recombination which occurs via an RNA intermediate.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transposition. Transposition results in the movement of discrete segments of DNA between nonhomologous sites.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transposition. Transposition results in the movement of discrete segments of DNA between nonhomologous sites.

Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.

Any process that increases the frequency or rate of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.

Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue.

Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.

Any process that modulates a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.

Any process that modulates the chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ketone, carried out by individual cells.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle.

Any process that increases the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue.

The appearance of vascular endothelial growth factor production due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of vascular endothelial growth factor.

Any process that increases or activates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of vascular endothelial growth factor.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase (AC) activity that is an integral part of a G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving miRNA, microRNA, a class of single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21-23 nucleotides in length, which regulates gene expression.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of miRNA, microRNA, a class of single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21-23 nucleotides in length, which regulates gene expression.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a cytoplasmic mRNA processing body.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a cytoplasmic mRNA processing body.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a cytoplasmic mRNA processing body.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression after the production of an RNA transcript.

Any process that modulates the propensity of mRNA molecules to degradation that is part of a change in state or activity of a cell as a result of an exogenous disturbance.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.

Any process that modulates the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.

Any process that increases the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.

Any process that decreases the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription using a mechanism that involves the localization of a transcription factor.

Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.

Any process that decreases the frequency or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).

The orderly movement of an epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

The process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication via electrical coupling. Cell communication via electrical coupling is the process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.

Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.

A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. A muscle cell is a mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte, that forms one of three kinds of muscle.

Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.

Any process that increases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.

Any process that increases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.

Any process that decreases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.

Any process that increases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.

Any process that decreases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of an ectodermal cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.

A tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of epithelial structure.

Any process that modulates the rate, extent or frequency of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells.

Any process that increases the rate, extent or frequency of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells.

Any process that decreases the rate, extent or frequency of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alkaline phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of alkaline phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum.

Binds to and increases the activity of an acetyltransferase, an enzyme which catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to an acceptor molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gangliosides that begins with the formation of lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta-(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of globosides that begins with the formation of lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta-(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ferrochelatase activity; catalysis of the reaction: protoporphyrin + Fe2+ = protoheme + 2 H+.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of definitive erythrocyte differentiation. Definitive erythrocyte differentiation occurs as part of the process of definitive hemopoiesis.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of hydrogen peroxide biosynthesis. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of hydrogen peroxide biosynthesis. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of hydrogen peroxide biosynthesis. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein glutathionylation. Protein glutathionylation is the protein modification process in which a glutathione molecule is added to a protein amino acid through a disulfide linkage.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein glutathionylation. Protein glutathionylation is the protein modification process in which a glutathione molecule is added to a protein amino acid through a disulfide linkage.

Binding to a serum response element (SRE), a short sequence with dyad symmetry found in the promoters of some of the cellular immediate-early genes, regulated by serum.

A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein kinase A signaling. PKA signaling is the series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein kinase A signaling. PKA signaling is the series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.

The process in which a monocyte acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport. Plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport is the directed movement of long-chain fatty acids across the plasma membrane. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport. Plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport is the directed movement of long-chain fatty acids across the plasma membrane.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction. Nitric oxide mediated signal transduction is The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of nitric oxide (NO).

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction. Nitric oxide mediated signal transduction is The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of nitric oxide (NO).

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction. Nitric oxide mediated signal transduction is The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of nitric oxide (NO).

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cGMP-mediated signaling.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cGMP-mediated signaling.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of plasminogen activation. Plasminogen activation is the process in which plasminogen is processed to plasmin.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of plasminogen activation. Plasminogen activation is the process in which plasminogen is processed to plasmin.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of plasminogen activation. Plasminogen activation is the process in which plasminogen is processed to plasmin.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage chemotaxis. Macrophage chemotaxis is the movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage chemotaxis. Macrophage chemotaxis is the movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage chemotaxis. Macrophage chemotaxis is the movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.

Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a fibroblast pseudopodium. A fibroblast is a connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a UV damage stimulus.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a UV damage stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.

The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang that results in the repair of a double strand break via single-strand annealing.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquinone biosynthesis. Ubiquinone biosynthesis consists of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme.

Any process that modulates the volume of a multivesicular body, a type of late endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. The tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor.

Any process that decreases the rate or extent of the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. The tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate adhesion. Cell-substrate adhesion is the attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate adhesion. Cell-substrate adhesion is the attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate adhesion. Cell-substrate adhesion is the attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of neuropeptides. Neuropeptides are signaling peptides that travel across a synaptic junction.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the neuropeptide substance P.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the peptide bradykinin.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the peptide calcitonin.

Any process that modulates the levels of hormone within an organism or a tissue. A hormone is any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action.

The directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of T cell chemotaxis. T cell chemotaxis is the directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of T cell chemotaxis. T cell chemotaxis is the directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome duplication. Centrosome duplication is the replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome duplication. Centrosome duplication is the replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome duplication. Centrosome duplication is the replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.

Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins and lengthening the telomeric DNA.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein ADP-ribosylation. Protein ADP-ribosylation is the transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of protein ADP-ribosylation. Protein ADP-ribosylation is the transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of keratinocyte proliferation. Keratinocyte proliferation is the multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of keratinocyte proliferation. Keratinocyte proliferation is the multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of keratinocyte proliferation. Keratinocyte proliferation is the multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.

The process in which the vertebrate retina is organized into three laminae: the outer nuclear layer (ONL), which contains photoreceptor nuclei; the inner nuclear layer (INL), which contains amacrine, bipolar and horizontal cells; and the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer. Between the inner and outer nuclear layers, the outer plexiform layer (OPL) contains connections between the photoreceptors and bipolar and horizontal cells. The inner plexiform layer (IPL) is positioned between the INL and the ganglion cell layer and contains the dendrites of RGCs and processes of bipolar and amacrine cells. Spanning all layers of the retina are the radially oriented Mueller glia.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of recombination during meiosis. Reciprocal meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.

Binds to and modulates the activity of an enzyme that catalyzes a ring closure reaction.

Binds to and decreases the activity of an enzyme that catalyzes a ring closure reaction.

Binds to and increases the activity of an enzyme that catalyzes a ring closure reaction.

Calcium-dependent catalysis of the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP.

Modulates the activity of a calcium-dependent protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein in a calcium-dependent manner.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a calcium-dependent cysteine-type endopeptidase, any enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide bonds in polypeptides by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile in a calcium-dependent manner.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.

Any process that increases the rate of phospholipase C activity.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of triglyceride biosynthesis. Triglyceride biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of triglyceride biosynthesis. Triglyceride biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol efflux. Cholesterol efflux is the directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol efflux. Cholesterol efflux is the directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.

Any process in which a lipid is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

The directed movement of lipids into cells that is part of their accumulation and maintenance.

The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.

The directed movement of cholesterol into cells that is part of their accumulation and maintenance.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the process in which the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol occurs via calcium release channels.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction via the regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the endoplasmic reticulum of striated muscle, specialised for the sequestration of calcium ions that are released upon receipt of a signal relayed by the T tubules from the neuromuscular junction.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction by changing the calcium ion signals that trigger contraction.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of cholesterol storage. Cholesterol storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.

Any process that increases the rate or extent of cholesterol storage. Cholesterol storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.

Any process that decreases the rate or extent of cholesterol storage. Cholesterol storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of sequestering of triglyceride. Triglyceride sequestration is the process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of sequestering of triglyceride. Triglyceride sequestration is the process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of sequestering of triglyceride. Triglyceride sequestration is the process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triglyceride.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triglyceride.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triglyceride.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of phosphatidylcholine catabolism. Phosphatidylcholine catabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of phosphatidylcholine catabolism. Phosphatidylcholine catabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling is the acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase or lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling is the acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase or lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling is the acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase or lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues.

Any process that modulates the activity of an isomerase. An isomerase catalyzes the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5.

Any process that increases the activity of an isomerase. An isomerase catalyzes the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a very-low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a very-low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or extent of a mitochondrial membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any mitochondrial membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or extent of a mitochondrial membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any mitochondrial membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of inositol phosphate biosynthesis. Inositol phosphate biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of inositol phosphate biosynthesis. Inositol phosphate biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.

Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.

Any process that increases the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.

Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.

Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of inositol-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reactions: D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate, and 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + phosphate.

Any process that increases the rate or frequency of inositol-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reactions: D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate, and 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + phosphate.

The cellular component assembly that is part of the initial shaping of the component during its developmental progression.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage cytokine production. Macrophage cytokine production is the appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage cytokine production. Macrophage cytokine production is the appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of necrotic cell death. Necrotic cell death is a cell death process that is morphologically characterized by a gain in cell volume (oncosis), swelling of organelles, plasma membrane rupture and subsequent loss of intracellular contents.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of necrotic cell death. Necrotic cell death is a cell death process that is morphologically characterized by a gain in cell volume (oncosis), swelling of organelles, plasma membrane rupture and subsequent loss of intracellular contents.

Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death.

Any process that increases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription using a mechanism that involves direct competition for interaction with a promoter binding site.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of phytosterols into the blood by absorption from the small intestine.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of protein maturation by peptide bond cleavage.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of protein maturation by peptide bond cleavage.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity. Calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: calcidiol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = calcitriol + NADP+ + H2O.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a vitamin D biosynthetic process. Vitamin D biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amino acid import into a cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of metal ion transport. Metal ion transport is the directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of magnesium ions within an organism or cell.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of magnesium ions at the level of a cell.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of glucan biosynthesis. Glucan biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic sister chromatid separation. Mitotic sister chromatid separation is the process in which sister chromatids are physically detached from each other during mitosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transport. Phosphate transport is the directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of polyamine biosynthesis. Polyamine biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of microtubule nucleation. Microtubule nucleation is the 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell.

The movement of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another along microtubules, driven by motor activity.

Any signalling pathway that activates or increases the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.

Any signalling pathway that decreases or inhibits the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity. Vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity catalyzes the hydroxylation of C-24 of any form of vitamin D.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity. Vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity catalyzes the hydroxylation of C-24 of any form of vitamin D.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance. High-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a high-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance. High-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a high-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of lipoprotein particle clearance. Lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of lipoprotein particle clearance. Lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of lipoprotein particle clearance. Lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance. High-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a high-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of SMAD protein complex assembly. SMAD protein complex assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex that contains SMAD proteins.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of SMAD protein complex assembly. SMAD protein complex assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex that contains SMAD proteins.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ubiquitin monomers and free ubiquitin chains at the level of the cell by recycling ubiquitin from proteasome-bound ubiquitinated intermediates.

The process of creating free ubiquitin chains, compounds composed of a large number of ubiquitin monomers. These chains are not conjugated to a protein.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an auditory stimulus.

Binding to an anaphase-promoting complex. A ubiquitin ligase complex that degrades mitotic cyclins and anaphase inhibitory protein, thereby triggering sister chromatid separation and exit from mitosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation in response to stress by the phosphorylation of eIF2 alpha.

A process which begins when a cell receives an internal or external signal and activates a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway). The process ends with the death of the cell.

A process which directly activates any of the steps required for programmed cell death.

A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles.

The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell.

The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi.

The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances between the trans-Golgi network and other parts of the cell.

The process aimed at the progression of an astrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function.

The process aimed at the progression of an oligodendrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons in the central nervous system.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell. Microglia are glial cells that act as the immune cells of the central nervous system. They form part of the supporting structure of this system.

The process aimed at the progression of a microglial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.

The multiplication or reproduction of glial cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Glial cells exist throughout the nervous system, and include Schwann cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes among others.

The multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.

The formation of the neural tube from an epithelial cell sheet (the neuroepithelium or neural plate). In primary neurulation, the cells surrounding the neural plate direct the neural plate cells to proliferate, invaginate, and pinch off from the surface to form a hollow epithelial tube. Primary neurulation is the typical mechanism of formation of the anterior neural tube.

The formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation procedes.

The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neural crest cell.

The process in which a cell becomes committed to become a neural crest cell.

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neural crest cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a Schwann cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation, the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a neuron. This process is independent of morphogenetic change.

The process aimed at the progression of a Schwann cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of epinephrine.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.

A series of reactions within the signal-receiving cell, mediated by the intracellular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Many cell surface receptor linked signaling pathways signal through PI3K to regulate numerous cellular functions.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.

An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane of an asymmetric, neuron-neuron synapse. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a purine-containing compound stimulus.

A complex cell-cell junction at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes; mediates mechanical and electrochemical integration between individual cardiomyocytes. The intercalated disc contains regions of tight mechanical attachment (fasciae adherentes and desmosomes) and electrical coupling (gap junctions) between adjacent cells.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. Skeletal muscle myoblasts fuse to form myotubes and eventually multinucleated muscle fibers. The fusion of cardiac cells is very rare and can only form binucleate cells.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of twitch skeletal muscle contraction.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the force of skeletal muscle contraction. The force of skeletal muscle contraction is produced by acto-myosin interaction processes through the formation of cross bridges.

The part of the cytoskeleton composed of spectrin, protein 4.1 and ankyrin. Spectrin-associated cytoskeleton is associated with the plasma membrane.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle hypertrophy.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hypertrophy.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hypertrophy.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle adaptation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle adaptation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somitogenesis.

The process in which the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol occurs via calcium release channels.

The orderly movement of a muscle cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a satellite cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction.

A process in which force is generated within tonic smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the tonic smooth muscle, the muscle contraction occurs without an ordered sarcomeric structure. Tonic smooth muscle contraction occurs as a sustained continuous contraction.

A process in which force is generated within phasic smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the phasic smooth muscle, the muscle contraction occurs without an ordered sarcomeric structure. Phasic smooth muscle contraction occurs in a series of discrete contractions and relaxations.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an activity stimulus.

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the artery. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The artery is a vessel carrying blood away from the heart.

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the vein. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The vein is a vessel carrying blood away from the capillary beds.

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the intestine. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The intestine is the section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anal canal. It includes the large intestine and small intestine.

A process, occurring in the vascular tissue, whereby actin/myosin complex activity generates force through ATP hydrolysis resulting in a change in smooth muscle geometry. This process is always coupled to chemo-mechanical energy conversion.

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the gastro-intestinal system. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The gastro-intestinal system generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the mouth to anus, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (liver, pancreas and biliary tract).

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the urinary bladder. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The urinary bladder is a musculomembranous sac along the urinary tract.

Any process by which the number of skeletal muscle satellite cells in a skeletal muscle is maintained during muscle regeneration. There are at least three mechanisms by which this is achieved. Skeletal muscle satellite stem cell asymmetric division ensures satellite stem cell numbers are kept constant. Symmetric division of these cells amplifies the number of skeletal muscle satellite stem cells. Some adult skeletal muscle myoblasts (descendants of activated satellite cells) can develop back into quiescent satellite cells, replenishing the overall pool of satellite cells.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of satellite cell proliferation; dependent on specific growth factor activity such as fibroblast growth factors and transforming growth factor beta.

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the urinary tract. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The urinary tract consists of organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle activity stimulus.

The multiplication or reproduction of striated muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Striated muscles contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by depolarization of muscle membrane and ionic fluxes.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by regulating force and velocity of shortening. The force of skeletal muscle contraction is produced by acto-myosin interaction processes through formation of cross bridges. The shortening leads to reduction of length of muscle fiber and sarcomeres.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A skeletal myofibril is a myofibril specific to skeletal muscle cells.

The process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.

Any process in which striated muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.

A process, occurring in the muscle, that is characterized by a decrease in protein content, fiber diameter, force production and fatigue resistance in response to different conditions such as starvation, aging and disuse.

A process, occurring in striated muscle, that is characterized by a decrease in protein content, fiber diameter, force production and fatigue resistance in response to different conditions such as starvation, aging and disuse.

The muscle system process that results in enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development (it stops in cardiac muscle after adolescence) and can also be brought on in response to demand. In athletes cardiac and skeletal muscles undergo hypertrophy stimulated by increasing muscle activity on exercise. Smooth muscle cells in the uterus undergo hypertrophy during pregnancy.

The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size of muscle cells without cell division. In the case of striated muscle, this happens due to the additional synthesis of sarcomeric proteins and assembly of myofibrils.

The physiological enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division, as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotube differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual myotubes can fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.

The process aimed at the progression of a myotube cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.

A process in which non-proliferating myoblasts, after migrating to the site of injury, fuse into existing damaged fibers or fuse to myotubes to form new fibers, as part of the process of skeletal muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotube differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual myotubes can fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. This process occurs as part of the process of skeletal muscle regeneration. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.

The orderly movement of a smooth muscle cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.

The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the lungs. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues; the former are a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic acid and L-iduronic acid; the L-iduronic acid is either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as being sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups; heparan sulfate chains are covalently linked to peptidyl-serine by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl to serine residues.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharide chain component of heparan sulfate proteoglycan.

The modification, often by sulfation, of sugars incorporated into heparan sulfate after polymerization.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 2-sulfate groups of the 2-O-sulfo-D-glucuronate residues of chondroitin sulfate, heparin and heparitin sulfate.

Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger, and in cooperation with a nearby primary receptor, initiating a change in cell activity.

A class of nuclear body, first seen after silver staining by Ramon y Cajal in 1903, enriched in small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, and certain general RNA polymerase II transcription factors; ultrastructurally, they appear as a tangle of coiled, electron-dense threads roughly 0.5 micrometers in diameter; involved in aspects of snRNP biogenesis; the protein coilin serves as a marker for Cajal bodies. Some argue that Cajal bodies are the sites for preassembly of transcriptosomes, unitary particles involved in transcription and processing of RNA.

The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Catalysis of the reaction: a protein with reduced sulfide groups = a protein with oxidized disulfide bonds.

Catalysis of the reaction: substrate with reduced sulfide groups = substrate with oxidized disulfide bonds.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glutathione + electron acceptor = glutathione disulfide + electron donor.

Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of beta3-adrenergic receptors.

Combining with gastrin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with the corticotrophin-releasing factor family of ligands, including the urocortins, to initiate a change in cell activity.

A G protein-coupled receptor activity that is activated by cleavage by thrombin, which exposes a tethered ligand corresponding to the new N-terminus, which binds to the receptor and activates it.

Catalysis of the reversible transfer of an amidino group to an acceptor.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + glycine = L-ornithine + guanidinoacetate.

The process in which a DNA segment is incorporated into another, usually larger, DNA molecule such as a chromosome.

Enables the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of a proton from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of potassium ions (K+) from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of sodium ions (Na+) from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of calcium (Ca) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of cadmium (Cd) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of ferrous iron (Fe(II) or Fe2+) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of lead (Pb) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of magnesium (Mg) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of organic cations from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge that contain carbon in covalent linkage.

Enables the transfer of inorganic anions from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.

Enables the transfer of bicarbonate from one side of a membrane to the other. Bicarbonate is the hydrogencarbonate ion, HCO3-.

Enables the transfer of chloride ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of iodide ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of phosphate (PO4 3-) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of sulfate ions, SO4(2-), from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of hexose phosphate from one side of a membrane to the other. Hexose phosphates is any of a group of monophosphorylated aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.

Enables the transfer of bile acid from one side of a membrane to the other. Bile acids are any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.

The directed movement of bile acid and bile salts out of a hepatocyte and into the bile canaliculus by means of an agent such as a transporter or pore. Bile canaliculi are the thin tubes formed by hepatocyte membranes. Bile acids are any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.

Enables the transfer of bilirubin from one side of a membrane to the other. Bilirubin is a linear tetrapyrrole produced in the reticuloendothelial system from biliverdin and transported to the liver as a complex with serum albumin. In the liver, bilirubin is converted to bilirubin bisglucuronide, which is excreted in the bile.

Enables the transfer of lactate from one side of a membrane to the other. Lactate is 2-hydroxypropanoate, CH3-CHOH-COOH; L(+)-lactate is formed by anaerobic glycolysis in animal tissues, and DL-lactate is found in sour milk, molasses and certain fruit juices.

Enables the transfer of oxaloacetate, the anion of oxobutanedioic acid, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of prostaglandins from one side of a membrane to the other. A prostaglandin is any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring due to the formation of a bond between two carbons of a fatty acid. They have a wide range of biological activities.

Enables the transfer of sialic acid from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of fumarate from one side of a membrane to the other. Fumarate is a key intermediate in metabolism and is formed in the TCA cycle from succinate and converted into malate.

Enables the transfer of alpha-ketoglutarate from one side of a membrane to the other. Alpha-ketoglutarate (or oxoglutarate) is a compound with important roles in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, especially in transamination reactions and as a component of the TCA cycle.

Enables the transfer of malate from one side of a membrane to the other. Malate is a chiral hydroxydicarboxylic acid, hydroxybutanedioic acid. The (+) enantiomer is an important intermediate in metabolism as a component of both the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.

Enables the transfer of succinate, the dianion of ethane dicarboxylic acid, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of tricarboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Tricarboxylic acid are organic acids with three COOH groups.

Enables the transfer of urate from one side of a membrane to the other. Urate is the anion of uric acid, 2,6,8-trioxypurine, the end product of purine metabolism in certain mammals and the main excretory product in uricotelic animals.

Enables the transfer of carbohydrate from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of a monosaccharide from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of a hexose sugar, a monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of alpha-glucosides from one side of a membrane to the other. Alpha-glucosides are glycosides in which the sugar group is a glucose residue, and the anomeric carbon of the bond is in an alpha configuration.

Enables the transfer of glucose-6-phosphate from one side of a membrane to the other. Glucose-6-phosphate is a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-6.

Enables the transfer of a glucuronosides from one side of a membrane to the other. Glucuronosides are any compound formed by combination of glycosidic linkage of a hydroxy compound (e.g. an alcohol or a saccharide) with the anomeric carbon atom of glucuronate.

Enables the transfer of a pyrimidine nucleotide-sugar from one side of a membrane to the other. Pyrimidine nucleotide-sugars are pyrimidine nucleotides in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.

Enables the transfer of a polyol from one side of a membrane to the other. A polyol is any polyhydric alcohol.

Enables the transfer of glycerol from one side of a membrane to the other. Glycerol is 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids.

Enables the transfer of amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Amino acids are organic molecules that contain an amino group and a carboxyl group.

Enables the transfer of acidic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Acidic amino acids have side chains with a negative charge at pH 7.3.

Enables the transfer of aromatic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Aromatic amino acids have an aromatic ring.

Enables the transfer of basic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Basic amino acids have side chains with a positive charge at pH 7.3.

Enables the transfer of neutral L-amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Neutral amino acids have side chains with no charge at pH 7.3.

Enables the transfer of an L-amino acid from one side of a membrane to the other. L-amino acids are the L-enantiomers of amino acids.

Enables the transfer of L-alanine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-alanine is the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid.

Enables the transfer of L-asparagine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-asparagine is the L-enantiomer of alpha-aminosuccinamic acid.

Enables the transfer of L-aspartate from one side of a membrane to the other. L-aspartate is the anion derived from aspartic acid.

Enables the transfer of L-cystine from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of gamma-aminobutyric acid from one side of a membrane to the other. Gamma-aminobutyric acid is 4-aminobutyrate (GABA).

Enables the transfer of L-glutamine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-glutamine is 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid.

Enables the transfer of glycine from one side of a membrane to the other. Glycine is aminoethanoic acid.

Enables the transfer of L-isoleucine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-isoleucine is (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.

Enables the transfer of L-lysine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-lysine is 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.

Enables the transfer of L-leucine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-leucine is 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid.

Enables the transfer of L-methionine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-methionine is 2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid.

Enables the transfer of L-phenylalanine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-phenylalanine is 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.

Enables the transfer of L-proline from one side of a membrane to the other. L-proline is pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid.

Enables the transfer of L-serine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-serine is the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.

Enables the transfer of L-threonine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-threonine is (2R*,3S*)-2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid.

Enables the transfer of L-tryptophan from one side of a membrane to the other. Tryptophan is 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid.

Enables directed movement of methylammonium, CH3NH2, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of polyamines, organic compounds containing two or more amino groups, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of urea from one side of a membrane to the other. Urea is the water soluble compound H2N-CO-NH2.

Enables the transfer of a nucleobase, any nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleoside, nucleotide, or nucleic acidfrom one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of adenine, 6-aminopurine, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of a purine nucleoside, a purine base covalently bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of cytidine, cytosine riboside, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of uridine, uracil riboside, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of a pyrimidine nucleoside, a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of a purine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of ADP, adenosine diphosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of a pyrimidine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a pyrimidine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of choline from one side of a membrane to the other. Choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium) is an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Enables the transfer of biotin from one side of a membrane to the other. Biotin is cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid; the (+) enantiomer is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions.

Enables the transfer of carnitine across a membrane. Carnitine is a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Enables the transfer of acyl carnitine from one side of a membrane to the other. Acyl carnitine is the condensation product of a carboxylic acid and carnitine and is the transport form for a fatty acid crossing the mitochondrial membrane.

Enables the transfer of coenzyme A from one side of a membrane to the other. Coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, is an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.

Enables the transfer of L-ascorbate from one side of a membrane to the other. L-ascorbate, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate, is vitamin C and has co-factor and anti-oxidant activities in many species.

Enables the directed movement of flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) from one side of a membrane to the other. FAD forms the coenzyme of the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, in which it functions as an electron acceptor by being reversibly converted to its reduced form.

Enables the transfer of heme from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the directed movement of pantothenate across a membrane. Pantothenate is the anion of pantothenic acid, the amide of beta-alanine and pantoic acid; it is a B complex vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A and is distributed ubiquitously in foods.

Enables the transfer of thiamine from one side of a membrane to the other. Thiamine is vitamin B1, a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.

Enables the transfer of fatty acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Fatty acids are aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.

Enables the transfer of aminophospholipids from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP. Aminophospholipids contain phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester and an amino (NH2) group.

Enables the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Sterol are steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.

Transport systems of this type enable facilitated diffusion of water (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.

Enables the facilitated diffusion of a hydrogen ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.

Enables the facilitated diffusion of glycerol (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.

Enables the facilitated diffusion of methylammonium (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. Methylammonium is CH3NH2.

Enables the facilitated diffusion of urea (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.

Enables the energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel. Stereospecificity is not exhibited but this transport may be specific for a particular molecular species or class of molecules.

Enables the calcium concentration-regulatable energy-independent passage of potassium ions across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an outwardly-rectifying voltage-gated channel. An outwardly rectifying current-voltage relation is one where at any given driving force the outward flow of K+ ions exceeds the inward flow for the opposite driving force.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an inwardly-rectifying voltage-gated channel, where the inward rectification is due to a voltage-dependent block of the channel pore by ATP. An inwardly rectifying current-voltage relation is one where at any given driving force the inward flow of K+ ions exceeds the outward flow for the opposite driving force.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress in the form of stretching.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

An ionotropic glutamate receptor activity that exhibits fast gating by glutamate, acts by opening a cation channel permeable to sodium and potassium, and for which kainate is an agonist.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion from intracellular stores by a channel that opens when a specific intracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

A ligand-gated ion channel activity which transports calcium in response to emptying of intracellular calcium stores.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Enables the transfer of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy, not direct ATP coupling. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.

Catalysis of the transport of a single molecular species across a membrane; transport is independent of the movement of any other molecular species.

Enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + cation(out) = solute(in) + cation(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + H+(out) = solute(in) + H+(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: anion(out) + cation(out) = anion(in) + cation(in).

Enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported in opposite directions in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy. The reaction is: solute A(out) + solute B(in) = solute A(in) + solute B(out).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + monoamine(in) = H+(in) + monoamine(out).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + polyamine(in) = H+(in) + polyamine(out).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: organophosphate(out) + inorganic phosphate(in) = organophosphate(in) + inorganic phosphate(out).

Enables the transfer of an inorganic molecular entity from the outside of a cell to the inside of the cell across a membrane. An inorganic molecular entity is a molecular entity that contains no carbon.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + inorganic phosphate(out) = Na+(in) + inorganic phosphate(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: cystine(out) + glutamate(in) = cystine(in) + glutamate(out).

Enables the transfer of cystine from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: peptide(out) + H+(out) = peptide(in) + H+(in), up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by hydrogen ion movement.

Enables the transfer of organic anions from one side of a membrane to the other, in a sodium independent manner.

Enables the transfer of thyroid hormones from one side of a membrane to the other. Thyroid hormone are any of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, largely thyroxine and triiodothyronine.

Enables the transfer of methotrexate, 4-amino-10-methylformic acid from one side of a membrane to the other. Methotrexate is a folic acid analogue and a potent competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase.

Catalysis of the movement of a monocarboxylate, any compound containing a single carboxyl group (COOH or COO-), by uniport, symport or antiport across a membrane by a carrier-mediated mechanism.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + cation(out) = Ca2+(out) + cation(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + H+(out) = Ca2+(out) + H+(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + Na+(out) = solute(in) + Na+(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: galactose(out) + Na+(out) = glucose(in) + Na+(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: monoatomic anion(out) + Na+(out) = monoatomic anion(in) + Na+(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: neutral/basic amino acid(out) + Na+(out) + Cl-(out) = neutral/basic amino acid(in) + Na+(in) + Cl-(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glycine(out) + Na+(out) = glycine(in) + Na+(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: cation(out) + Cl-(out) = cation(in) + Cl-(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + Cl-(out) = Na+(in) + Cl-(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: K+(out) + Cl-(out) = K+(in) + Cl-(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sulfate(out) + Na+(out) = sulfate(in) + Na+(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: K+(in) + H+(out) = K+(out) + H+(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: (pyrimidine nucleoside or adenine)(out) + Na+(out) = (pyrimidine nucleoside or adenine)(in) + Na+(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: nucleobase(out) + cation(out) = nucleobase(in) + cation(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient, by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is powered by a primary energy source. Primary energy sources known to be coupled to transport are chemical such as ATP hydrolysis, redox energy and photon energy.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: vitamin B12(out) + ATP + H2O = ADP + an vitamin B12(in) + H+ + phosphate. Vitamin B12 is alkylcob(III)alamin.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + oligopeptide(out) = ADP + phosphate + oligopeptide(in).

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + glutathione S-conjugate(in) -> ADP + phosphate + glutathione S-conjugate(out).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: bile acid(in) + ATP + H2O -> bile acid(out) + ADP + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: peptide antigen(in) + ATP = peptide antigen(out) + ADP + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + heme(in) = ADP + phosphate + heme(out).

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + peptide(in) = ADP + phosphate + peptide(out). Peptides exported include alpha-hemolysin, cyclolysin, colicin V and siderophores from Gram-negative bacteria, and bacteriocin, subtilin, competence factor and pediocin from Gram-positive bacteria.

Primary active carrier-mediated transport of a protein across a membrane, driven by the hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond of inorganic pyrophosphate, ATP, or another nucleoside triphosphate. The transport protein may or may not be transiently phosphorylated, but the substrate is not phosphorylated.

Primary active transport of a solute across a membrane, driven by exothermic flow of electrons from a reduced substrate to an oxidized substrate. Primary active transport is catalysis of the transport of a solute across a membrane, up the solute's concentration gradient, by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a primary energy source.

Combining with an acetylcholine receptor ligand and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Binding to cholesterol (cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol); the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.

Enables the transfer of putrescine from one side of a membrane to the other. Putrescine is 1,4-diaminobutane, the polyamine formed by decarboxylation of ornithine and the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glutamate(out) + Na+(out) = glutamate(in) + Na+(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: hexose phosphate(out) + inorganic phosphate(in) = hexose phosphate(in) + inorganic phosphate(out).

Enables the transfer of C4-dicarboxylate from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of a specific substance or related group of substances from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane.

Enables the transfer of organophosphate esters from one side of a membrane to the other. Organophosphate esters are small organic molecules containing phosphate ester bonds.

Catalysis of the reaction ATP + H2O + fatty acyl CoA(Side 1) <=> ADP + phosphate + fatty acyl CoA(Side 2). A fatty acyl CoA group is any acyl group derived from a fatty acid with a coenzyme A group attached to it.

Generation of movement along a single- or double-stranded DNA molecule, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes.

The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins.

Binding to monomeric or multimeric forms of tubulin, including microtubules.

Enables the transfer of short-chain fatty acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Short-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with a chain length of less than C6.

Binding to a toxic substance, a poisonous substance that causes damage to biological systems.

Catalysis of the ligation of a fatty acid to an acceptor, coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP.

Enables the transfer of peptidoglycans, a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: lactate (out) + H+ (out) = lactate (in) + H+ (in).

Enables the transfer of quaternary ammonium groups from one side of a membrane to the other. Quaternary ammonium groups are any compound that can be regarded as derived from ammonium hydroxide or an ammonium salt by replacement of all four hydrogen atoms of the NH4+ ion by organic groups.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: alanine(out) + Na+(out) = alanine(in) + Na+(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: branched-chain amino acid(out) + cation(out) = branched-chain amino acid(in) + cation(in).

Enables the transfer of branched-chain amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Branched-chain amino acids are amino acids with a branched carbon skeleton without rings.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to directly drive the transport of ions across a membrane. The reaction is characterized by the transient formation of a high-energy aspartyl-phosphoryl-enzyme intermediate.

Enables the transfer of an alcohol from one side of a membrane to the other. An alcohol is any carbon compound that contains a hydroxyl group.

Catalysis of endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA in a site-specific manner, resulting in double-strand breaks.

The directed movement of substances that are gaseous in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of carbon dioxide (CO2) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of cadmium (Cd) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of lead (Pb) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of magnesium (Mg) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of organic cations into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.

The directed movement into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore of quaternary ammonium compounds, any compound that can be regarded as derived from ammonium hydroxide or an ammonium salt by replacement of all four hydrogen atoms of the NH4+ ion by organic groups.

The directed movement of inorganic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.

The directed movement of bicarbonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of iodide into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.

The directed movement of hexose phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of monocarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of bile acid and bile salts into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Enables the transfer of bile acid from one side of a hepatocyte plasma membrane into a bile canaliculus. Bile canaliculi are the thin tubes formed by hepatocyte membranes. Bile acids are any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.

The directed movement of bilirubin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of lactate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lactate is 2-hydroxypropanoate, CH3-CHOH-COOH; L(+)-lactate is formed by anaerobic glycolysis in animal tissues, and DL-lactate is found in sour milk, molasses and certain fruit juices.

The directed movement of oxaloacetate, the anion of oxobutanedioic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of prostaglandins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of taurine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of sialic acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of a C4-dicarboxylate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A C4-dicarboxylate is the anion of a dicarboxylic acid that contains four carbon atoms.

The directed movement of fumarate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of alpha-ketoglutarate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of succinate, the dianion of ethane dicarboxylic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of urate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of organophosphate esters into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organophosphate esters are small organic molecules containing phosphate ester bonds.

The process in which a monosaccharide is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates; they are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides.

The directed movement of fructose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey.

The process in which galactose is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose.

The directed movement of glucose-6-phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Glucose-6-phosphate is a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-6.

The directed movement of nucleotide-sugars into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Nucleotide-sugars are any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.

The directed movement of CMP-N-acetylneuraminate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of GDP-fucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GDP-fucose is a substance composed of fucose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.

The directed movement of UDP-xylose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. UDP-xylose is a substance composed of xylose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.

The directed movement of polyols, any polyhydric alcohol, across a membrane.

The directed movement of glycerol across a membrane. Glycerol is 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids.

The directed movement of myo-inositol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Myo-inositol is 1,2,3,4,5/4,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.

The directed movement of acidic amino acids, amino acids with a pH below 7, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of aromatic amino acids, amino acids with aromatic ring, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of basic amino acids, amino acids with a pH above 7, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of branched-chain amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Branched-chain amino acids are amino acids with a branched carbon skeleton without rings.

The directed movement of neutral amino acids, amino acids with no net charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of S-adenosylmethionine, S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of L-enantiomer amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of L-alanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The process in which aspartate is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.

The directed movement of L-cystine (also known as dicysteine) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of glycine, aminoethanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of methionine, 2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of ornithine, 2,5-diaminopentanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of phenylalanine, 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of proline, pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of threonine, (2R*,3S*)-2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of tryptophan, 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of tyrosine, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of peptidoglycans, a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of amines, including polyamines, organic compounds containing one or more amino groups, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of urea into, out of or within the cell. Urea is the water-soluble compound H2N-CO-NH2.

The directed movement of methylammonium into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of polyamines, organic compounds containing two or more amino groups, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of putrescine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Putrescine is 1,4-diaminobutane, the polyamine formed by decarboxylation of ornithine and the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.

The directed movement of spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane, a polyamine formed by the transfer of a propylamine group from decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine to putrescine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of an organic hydroxy compound (organic alcohol) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An organic hydroxy compound is an organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom.

The directed movement of a nucleobase, any nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleoside, nucleotide, or nucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The process in which a purine nucleoside is transported across a membrane. A purine nucleoside is a purine base covalently bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar.

The directed movement of cytidine, cytosine riboside, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of uridine, uracil riboside, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of a pyrimidine nucleoside, a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of a purine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.

The directed movement of ADP, adenosine diphosphate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of ATP, adenosine triphosphate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of a purine ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine ribonucleoside (a purine organic base attached to a ribose sugar) esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.

The directed movement of acetylcholine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.

The directed movement of choline into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium) is an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

The directed movement of dopamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.

The directed movement of norepinephrine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.

The directed movement of biotin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Biotin is cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid; the (+) enantiomer is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions.

The directed movement of carnitine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carnitine is a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

The directed movement of coenzyme A into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, is an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.

The process in which L-ascorbic acid is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other. L-ascorbate, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate, is vitamin C and has co-factor and anti-oxidant activities in many species.

The directed movement of flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. FAD forms the coenzyme of the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, in which it functions as an electron acceptor by being reversibly converted to its reduced form.

The directed movement of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines.

The directed movement of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The process in which pantothenate is transported across a membrane. Pantothenate is the anion of pantothenic acid, the amide of beta-alanine and pantoic acid; it is a B complex vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A and is distributed ubiquitously in foods.

The directed movement of thiamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Thiamine is vitamin B1, a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.

The directed movement of cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Fatty acids are aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.

The directed movement of long-chain fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.

The directed movement of long-chain fatty acids into a peroxisome. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.

The directed movement of long-chain fatty acids from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.

The directed movement of short-chain fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Short-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with a chain length of less than C6.

The directed movement of short-chain fatty acids into a cell or organelle. Short-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with a chain length of less than C6.

The directed movement of phospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Phospholipids are any lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.

The directed movement of aminophospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Aminophospholipids contain phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester and an amino (NH2) group.

The directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Sterols are steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.

The directed movement of substances to, from or across the peroxisomal membrane.

The directed movement of lipopolysaccharides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A lipopolysaccharide is any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharides consist three covalently linked regions, lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and an O side chain. Lipid A is responsible for the toxicity of the lipopolysaccharide.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of mannosyl compounds, substances containing a group derived from a cyclic form of mannose or a mannose derivative.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the terminal alpha-D-mannose residues in oligo-mannose oligosaccharides.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of galactosyl compounds, substances containing a group derived from a cyclic form of galactose or a galactose derivative.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of glucosyl compounds, substances containing a group derived from a cyclic form of glucose or a glucose derivative.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of trehalose or a trehalose derivative.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of fucosyl compounds, substances containing a group derived from a cyclic form of fucose or a fucose derivative.

Catalysis of the cleavage of hexosamine or N-acetylhexosamine residues (e.g. N-acetylglucosamine) residues from gangliosides or other glycoside oligosaccharides.

The directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Enables the transfer of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids from one side of a membrane to the other.

The larger of the two subunits of a ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pantothenate, the anion of pantothenic acid, the amide of beta-alanine and pantoic acid. It is a B complex vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A and is distributed ubiquitously in foods.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving formate, also known as methanoate, the anion HCOO- derived from methanoic (formic) acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving diadenosine polyphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with phosphate groups attached.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diadenosine polyphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with phosphate groups attached.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of diadenosine polyphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with phosphate groups attached.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving diadenosine triphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with three phosphate groups attached.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of diadenosine triphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with three phosphate groups attached.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving diadenosine tetraphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with four phosphate groups attached.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diadenosine tetraphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with four phosphate groups attached.

The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from organic compounds; results in the oxidation of the compounds from which energy is released.

The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis.

Binds to and increases the activity of a phospholipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a glycerophospholipid.

A multiprotein complex that forms a strong mechanical link between the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix; typical of, but not confined to, muscle cells. The complex is composed of transmembrane, cytoplasmic, and extracellular proteins, including dystrophin, sarcoglycans, dystroglycan, dystrobrevins, syntrophins, sarcospan, caveolin-3, and NO synthase.

Acts as a trigger for a pattern specification process when present at a specific concentration within a gradient.

Binding to cyclosporin A, a cyclic undecapeptide that contains several N-methylated and unusual amino acids.

Combining with a peptidoglycan and transmitting the signal to initiate an innate immune response.

A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it and attached to it.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CDP-diacylglycerol, CDP-1,2-diacylglycerol, a substance composed of diacylglycerol in glycosidic linkage with cytidine diphosphate.

A multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant. The other participant is the host. Includes infection of a host cell, replication of the viral genome, and assembly of progeny virus particles. In some cases the viral genetic material may integrate into the host genome and only subsequently, under particular circumstances, 'complete' its life cycle.

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-maleylacetoacetate = 4-fumarylacetoacetate.

A heterodimeric DNA polymerase complex that catalyzes error-prone DNA synthesis in contexts such as translesion synthesis and double-stranded break repair. First characterized in Saccharomyces, in which the subunits are Rev3p and Rev7p; a third protein, Rev1p, is often associated with the polymerase dimer.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.

A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.

The series of events in which a stimulus from a bacterium is received and converted into a molecular signal.

The series of events in which a stimulus from a fungus is received and converted into a molecular signal.

The series of events in which a temperature stimulus (hot or cold) is received and converted into a molecular signal.

The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state.

An immune response mediated by immunoglobulins, whether cell-bound or in solution.

The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving rRNA, ribosomal RNA, a structural constituent of ribosomes.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving snRNA, small nuclear RNA, any of various low-molecular-mass RNA molecules found in the eukaryotic nucleus as components of the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving snoRNA, small nucleolar RNA, any of a class of small RNAs that are associated with the eukaryotic nucleus as components of small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins. They participate in the processing or modifications of many RNAs, mostly ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) though snoRNAs are also known to target other classes of RNA, including spliceosomal RNAs, tRNAs, and mRNAs via a stretch of sequence that is complementary to a sequence in the targeted RNA.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of rRNA, ribosomal RNA, a structural constituent of ribosomes.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of snRNA, small nuclear RNA, low-molecular-mass RNA molecules found in the eukaryotic nucleus as components of the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of snoRNA, small nucleolar RNA, any of a class of small RNAs that are associated with the eukaryotic nucleus as components of small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tRNA, transfer RNA, a class of relatively small RNA molecules responsible for mediating the insertion of amino acids into the sequence of nascent polypeptide chains during protein synthesis.

Fusion of intracellular membrane-bounded vesicles with the pre-synaptic membrane of the neuronal cell resulting in release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.

A process that converts synaptic vesicles to a state of competence for calcium triggered fusion with the active zone membrane by bringing the two membranes into very close proximity. Priming typically (but not always) occurs after docking (Jahn and Fasshauer, 2012). Primed vesicles are also capable of spontaneously fusing with the active zone membrane.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving polyprenols, prenols with more than 4 isoprenoid residues, which may be all-trans, or a mixture of cis and trans.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyprenols, prenols with more than 4 isoprenoid residues, which may be all-trans, or a mixture of cis and trans.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of polyprenols, prenols with more than 4 isoprenoid residues, which may be all-trans, or a mixture of cis and trans.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving monoterpenoid compounds, terpenoids having a C10 skeleton.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving diterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with four isoprene units.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with four isoprene units.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of diterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with four isoprene units.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sesquiterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with three isoprene units.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetraterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with eight isoprene units.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetraterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with eight isoprene units.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving carotenoids, tetraterpenoid compounds in which two units of 4 isoprenoid residues joined head-to-tail are themselves joined tail-to-tail.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carotenoids, tetraterpenoid compounds in which two units of 4 isoprenoid residues joined head-to-tail are themselves joined tail-to-tail.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving carotenes, hydrocarbon carotenoids.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carotenes, hydrocarbon carotenoids.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving xanthophylls, oxygen-containing carotenoids.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xanthophylls, oxygen-containing carotenoids.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosides, compounds in which a glycosyl group is substituted into a hydroxyl, thiol or selenol group in another compound.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosides, compounds in which a glycosyl group is substituted into a hydroxyl, thiol or selenol group in another compound.

A translation release factor that is not specific to particular codons; binds to guanine nucleotides.

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-imidazolone-5-propanoate + H+ = trans-urocanate + H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: 10-formyltetrahydrofolate + H2O + NADP+ = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + CO2 + H+ + NADPH.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of amylose or an amylose derivative.

Catalysis of the reaction: linoleate + O2 = (9Z,11E)-(13S)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate.

Combining with glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = NAD(P)+ + hydrogen peroxide.

Binds to and increases the activity of the enzyme superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase.

Any process involved in the conversion of a primary small nuclear RNA (snRNA) transcript into a mature snRNA molecule. The primary function of snRNAs is processing pre-messenger RNA in the nucleus. They have also been shown to aid in the regulation of transcription factors (7SK RNA) or RNA polymerase II (B2 RNA), and maintaining the telomeres.

A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.

The directed movement of substances mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials enclosed in the lumen or located in the endosomal membrane.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a catechol = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a guaiacol.

Inhibition of the reactions brought about by dioxygen (O2) or peroxides. Usually the antioxidant is effective because it can itself be more easily oxidized than the substance protected. The term is often applied to components that can trap free radicals, thereby breaking the chain reaction that normally leads to extensive biological damage.

Catalysis of the ligation of ammonia (NH3) to another substance via a carbon-nitrogen bond with concomitant breakage of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate + L-glutamate.

Catalysis of the reaction: (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H+ + O2 = (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O. Can also use a substrate with 3 double bonds (a (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoA and add a fourth double bond (a (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatetraenoyl-CoA).

Catalysis of the reaction: AH2 + O2 + octadecanoyl-CoA = (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + A + 2 H2O.

A protein complex that catalyzes the formation of procollagen trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline and succinate from procollagen L-proline and 2-oxoglutarate, requiring Fe2+ and ascorbate. Contains two alpha subunits that contribute to most parts of the catalytic sites, and two beta subunits that are identical to protein-disulfide isomerase.

The incorporation of iron and exogenous sulfur into a metallo-sulfur cluster.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which one substrate is a sterol derivative.

Binds to and increases the activity of the enzyme sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminides.

A process in which telomeres are protected from degradation and fusion, thereby ensuring chromosome stability by protecting the ends from both degradation and from being recognized as damaged DNA. May be mediated by specific single- or double-stranded telomeric DNA binding proteins.

A discrete intracellular part formed of aggregated molecules such as proteins or other biopolymers.

An inclusion body formed by dynein-dependent retrograde transport of an aggregated protein on microtubules.

The major inducible pathway for the general turnover of cytoplasmic constituents in eukaryotic cells, it is also responsible for the degradation of active cytoplasmic enzymes and organelles during nutrient starvation. Macroautophagy involves the formation of double-membrane-bounded autophagosomes which enclose the cytoplasmic constituent targeted for degradation in a membrane-bounded structure. Autophagosomes then fuse with a lysosome (or vacuole) releasing single-membrane-bounded autophagic bodies that are then degraded within the lysosome (or vacuole). Some types of macroautophagy, e.g. pexophagy, mitophagy, involve selective targeting of the targets to be degraded.

The transfer of cytosolic components into the lysosomal compartment by direct invagination of the lysosomal membrane without prior sequestration into an autophagosome. The engulfing membranes fuse, resulting in the lysosomal delivery of the cargo wrapped in a single membrane derived from the invaginated lysosomal membrane. In S. cerevisiae, the vacuole is the lysosomal compartment.

Any process, such as recognition of nutrient depletion, that activates or increases the rate of macroautophagy to bring cytosolic macromolecules to the vacuole/lysosome for degradation.

The initial attachment of an autophagosome membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane. Docking requires only that the two membranes come close enough for these proteins to interact and adhere.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy.

Binds to and modulates the activity of a channel. A channel catalyzes energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.

Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a channel.

Catalysis of the reaction: N-sulfo-D-glucosamine + H2O = D-glucosamine + sulfate.

A general transcription initiation factor activity that contributes to transcription start site selection and transcription initiation of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II. The general transcription factors for RNA polymerase II include TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, TFIIH and TATA-binding protein (TBP). In most species, RNA polymerase II transcribes all messenger RNAs (mRNAs), most untranslated regulatory RNAs, the majority of the snoRNAs, four of the five snRNAs (U1, U2, U4, and U5), and other small noncoding RNAs. For some small RNAs there is variability between species as to whether it is transcribed by RNA polymerase II or RNA polymerase III. However there are also rare exceptions, such as Trypanosoma brucei, where RNA polymerase I transcribes certain mRNAs in addition to its normal role in rRNA transcription.

A transamidation reaction that results in the cleavage of the polypeptide chain and the concomitant transfer of the GPI anchor to the newly formed carboxy-terminal amino acid of the anchored protein. The cleaved C-terminal contains the C-terminal GPI signal sequence of the newly synthesized polypeptide chain.

The modification of high-mannose N-glycans by UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-lysosomal-enzyme N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase and the subsequent removal of the N-acetylglucosamine residues yielding mannose-6-P that occurs in the ER-Golgi apparatus to N-glycans destined for the lysosome.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + protein = UDP + 4-N-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-protein.

Catalysis of the addition of a galactosyl residue to a non-reducing O-linked N-acetylgalactosamine residue in an O-glycan.

Assembly of gap junctions, which are found in most animal tissues, and serve as direct connections between the cytoplasms of adjacent cells. They provide open channels through the plasma membrane, allowing ions and small molecules (less than approximately a thousand daltons) to diffuse freely between neighboring cells, but preventing the passage of proteins and nucleic acids.

The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form a core O-glycan structure.

The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form the core 2 O-glycan structure, GlcNAc-beta-(1->6)[Gal-beta-(1->3)]-GalNAc.

A multisubunit chaperone that is capable of delivering unfolded proteins to cytosolic chaperonin, which it acts as a cofactor for. In humans, the complex is a heterohexamer of two PFD-alpha and four PFD-beta type subunits. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it also acts in the nucleus to regulate the rate of elongation by RNA polymerase II via a direct effect on histone dynamics.

Enables the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to an amino group of an arginine residue.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (protein)-arginine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (protein)-N-methyl-arginine.

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue.

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue in a protein substrate.

The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F complex is composed of eIF4E, eIF4A and eIF4G; it is involved in the recognition of the mRNA cap, ATP-dependent unwinding of the 5'-terminal secondary structure and recruitment of the mRNA to the ribosome.

A protein complex composed of the 40S ribosomal subunit plus eIF1A, eIF3, and eIF2-GTP-bound methionyl-initiator methionine tRNA.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of potassium by a channel with a unit conductance of 2 to 20 picoSiemens that opens in response to stimulus by internal calcium ions. Small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels are more sensitive to calcium than are large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + glycerone phosphate = 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphate + CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: X-CoA + H2O = X + CoA; X may be any group.

Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-CoA + H2O = CoA + palmitate.

Catalysis of the reaction: myristoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O = [acyl-carrier protein] + myristate.

Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O = [acyl-carrier protein] + palmitate.

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O = [acyl-carrier protein] + a fatty acid.

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from a donor to a uracil residue in a tRNA molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a phosphatidylinositol phosphate = ADP + a phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + ATP = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 5-phosphate = ADP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate.

The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide.

The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule.

Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol bisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol phosphate + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate + phosphate.

The joining of 2 or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround the endoplasmic reticulum.

The developmentally regulated remodeling of neuronal projections such as pruning to eliminate the extra dendrites and axons projections set up in early stages of nervous system development.

The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.

The region of the plasma membrane located at the apical end of the cell.

The apical end of the lateral plasma membrane of epithelial cells.

The portion of the plasma membrane at the lateral side of the cell. In epithelial cells, lateral plasma membranes are on the sides of cells which lie at the interface of adjacent cells.

The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized.

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction.

Complex of peripheral cytoplasmic proteins (alpha-, beta- and gamma-catenin) that interact with the cytoplasmic region of uvomorulin/E-cadherin to connect it to the actin cytoskeleton.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Combining with activin-bound type II activin receptor to initiate a change in cell activity; upon binding, acts as a downstream transducer of activin signals.

The dense fibrillar network lying on the inner side of the nuclear membrane.

Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-CoA + O2 = trans-2,3-dehydropalmitoyl-CoA + hydrogen peroxide.

Catalysis of the reaction: N(G),N(G)-dimethyl-L-arginine + H2O = dimethylamine + L-citrulline.

Catalysis of the reaction: (5Z,13E)-(15S)-11-alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate + NAD+ = (5Z,13E)-11-alpha-hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprost-13-enoate + NADH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: substrate + ATP + CoASH = AMP + diphosphate + substrate-CoA.

Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to an oxygen atom on the carnitine molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of an acetyl group to an acceptor molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to a carbon atom on the acceptor molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl (CH3-[CH2]14-CO-) group to an acceptor molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to a nitrogen atom on the acceptor molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to an oxygen atom on the acylglycerol molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of an acetyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of an octanoyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of an octanoyl (CH3-[CH2]6-CO-) group to an acceptor molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to a sulfur atom on the acceptor molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of an acetyl group to a sulfur atom on the acceptor molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of a malonyl group to a sulfur atom on the acceptor molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of a malonyl (HOOC-CH2-CO-) group to an acceptor molecule.

Catalysis of the joining of a carboxyl group to a molecule that is attached to CoA, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + m(7)G(5')pppAm = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + m(7)G(5')pppm(6)Am.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing methylguanine.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing methyladenine.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing methylcytosine.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 5-methylcytosine.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing N1-methyladenine.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA uridine = 5'-methylthioadenosine + tRNA 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-uridine.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing methyladenine.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing methylcytosine.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing methylguanine.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing methyluridine.

The inactivation of gene expression that occurs after transcription.

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains members of the Argonaute family of proteins, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or microRNAs (miRNAs), and miRNA or siRNA-complementary mRNAs, in addition to a number of accessory factors. The RISC complex is involved in posttranscriptional repression of gene expression through downregulation of translation or induction of mRNA degradation.

Recombination occurring within or between DNA molecules in somatic cells.

The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of immunoglobulins.

Mutations occurring somatically that result in amino acid changes in the rearranged V regions of immunoglobulins.

The process in which immunoglobulin genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, as known as immunoglobulin gene segments, within a single locus.

Catalysis of the transfer of an acetyl group to a carbon atom on the acceptor molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl group to a carbon atom on the acceptor molecule.

A protein complex, formed of one or more myosin heavy chains plus associated light chains and other proteins, that functions as a molecular motor; uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move actin filaments or to move vesicles or other cargo on fixed actin filaments; has magnesium-ATPase activity and binds actin. Myosin classes are distinguished based on sequence features of the motor, or head, domain, but also have distinct tail regions that are believed to bind specific cargoes.

A myosin complex containing two class II myosin heavy chains, two myosin essential light chains and two myosin regulatory light chains. Also known as classical myosin or conventional myosin, the myosin II class includes the major muscle myosin of vertebrate and invertebrate muscle, and is characterized by alpha-helical coiled coil tails that self assemble to form a variety of filament structures.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate bond (diphosphate bond) between two phosphate groups.

A large protein complex that catalyzes the synthesis or hydrolysis of ATP by a rotational mechanism, coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane. The complex comprises a membrane sector (F0, V0, or A0) that carries out proton transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (F1, V1, or A1) that catalyzes ATP synthesis or hydrolysis. Two major types have been characterized: V-type ATPases couple ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across a concentration gradient, whereas F-type ATPases, also known as ATP synthases, normally run in the reverse direction to utilize energy from a proton concentration or electrochemical gradient to synthesize ATP. A third type, A-type ATPases have been found in archaea, and are closely related to eukaryotic V-type ATPases but are reversible.

A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex found in the vacuolar membrane, where it acts as a proton pump to mediate acidification of the vacuolar lumen.

The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase I.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase III.

The directed movement of substances or organelles within the cytosol.

Any protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein. Protein maturation is the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.

The generation of a mature peptide hormone by posttranslational processing of a prohormone.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the sesquiterpenoid alcohol farnesol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10,dodecatrien-1-ol.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the sesquiterpenoid alcohol farnesol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10,dodecatrien-1-ol.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced.

Combining with the tridecapeptide neurotensin to initiate a G-protein mediated change in cell activity. A G-protein is a signal transduction molecule that alternates between an inactive GDP-bound and an active GTP-bound state.

Combining with a C-C chemokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. C-C chemokines do not have an amino acid between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four-cysteine motif.

Combining with a C-X-C chemokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. A C-X-C chemokine has a single amino acid between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four cysteine motif.

Combining with a C-X3-C chemokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. A C-X3-C chemokine has three amino acids between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four-cysteine motif.

Combining with substance P, the peptide Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met, to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with a protein hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with a nucleotide and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. A nucleotide is a compound that consists of a nucleoside esterified with a phosphate molecule.

Binds to and increases the activity of a peptidase that is involved in the apoptotic process.

A complex that includes the long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and long-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase activities in two subunits (alpha and beta), catalyzing two steps of the fatty acid beta-oxidation cycle within the mitochondrial matrix.

Catalysis of the reaction: a long-chain (3S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA = a long-chain trans-2-enoyl-CoA + H2O. A long-chain acyl-CoA is an acyl-CoA thioester where the acyl chain contains 13 to 22 carbon atoms.

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA + NAD(P)+ = 3-oxoacyl-CoA + NAD(P)H + H+, where the acyl group is a long-chain fatty acid residue. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.

A SWI/SNF-type complex that contains 8 to 14 proteins, including both conserved (core) and nonconserved components; contains the ATPase product of the yeast SNF2 or mammalian SMARCA4/BAF190A/BRG1 gene, or an ortholog thereof.

Combining with interleukin-12 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and transmitting the signal across the membrane to activate an associated G-protein.

Combining with growth hormone-releasing hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.

The action characteristic of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide, a peptide produced in the hypothalamus that binds to receptors to exert pleiotropic effects including control of neurotransmitter release, vasodilation, bronchodilation, activation of intestinal motility, increase in insulin and histamine secretion, immune modulation, and stimulation of cell proliferation and differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.

The cytoplasm of a muscle cell; includes the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A fine reticular network of membrane-limited elements that pervades the sarcoplasm of a muscle cell; continuous over large portions of the cell and with the nuclear envelope; that part of the endoplasmic reticulum specialized for calcium release, uptake and storage.

Directly binding to and delivering copper ions to a target protein.

A copper chaperone activity that specifically delivers copper to the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase, to activate superoxide dismutase activity.

A protein complex that has protein serine/threonine kinase activity; in mammals composed of catalytic subunit CDK5 and regulatory subunits CDK5R1 or CDK5R2. Contrary to its gene symbol, CDK5 is not cyclin-dependent.

Modulates the activity of a cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase, enzymes of the protein kinase family that are regulated through association with cyclins and other proteins.

Processing which a protein carries out itself. This involves actions such as the autolytic removal of residues to generate the mature form of the protein.

Any base modification or substitution events that result in alterations in the coding potential or structural properties of RNAs as a result of changes in the base-pairing properties of the modified ribonucleoside(s).

The conversion of a cytosine residue to uridine in an RNA molecule by deamination.

The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an mRNA molecule to produce an mRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.

The process in which a peroxisome membrane is synthesized, aggregates, and bonds together.

The import of proteins into the peroxisomal matrix. A peroxisome targeting signal (PTS) binds to a soluble receptor protein in the cytosol, and the resulting complex then binds to a receptor protein in the peroxisome membrane and is imported. The cargo protein is then released into the peroxisome matrix.

The division of a mature peroxisome within a cell to form two or more separate peroxisome compartments.

The process in which a complex formed of a peroxisome targeting sequence (PTS) receptor bound to a PTS-bearing protein docks with translocation machinery in the peroxisomal membrane.

The process in which proteins are moved across the peroxisomal membrane into the matrix. It is likely that the peroxisome targeting sequence receptor remains associated with cargo proteins during translocation.

The process in which peroxisome targeting sequence receptors dissociates from cargo proteins and are returned to the cytosol.

The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein.

The covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a histone protein.

The modification of a histone by the addition of an acetyl group.

A multiprotein complex that functions broadly in eukaryotic organisms as a transcriptional repressor of protein-coding genes, through the gene-specific deacetylation of histones. Amongst its subunits, the Sin3 complex contains Sin3-like proteins, and a number of core proteins that are shared with the NuRD complex (including histone deacetylases and histone binding proteins). The Sin3 complex does not directly bind DNA itself, but is targeted to specific genes through protein-protein interactions with DNA-binding proteins.

An approximately 2 MDa multi-subunit complex that exhibits ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling activity in addition to histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, and has been shown to establish transcriptional repression of a number of target genes in vertebrates, invertebrates and fungi. Amongst its subunits, the NuRD complex contains histone deacetylases, histone binding proteins and Mi-2-like proteins.

An ISWI complex that contains an ATPase subunit of the ISWI family (SNF2L in mammals), a NURF301 homolog (BPTF in humans), and additional subunits, though the composition of these additional subunits varies slightly with species. NURF is involved in regulation of transcription from TRNA polymerase II promoters.

An ISWI complex that contains an ATPase subunit of the ISWI family (SNF2H in mammals, Isw2 in S. cerevisiae), an ACF1 homolog, and generally no other subunits, though Xenopus is an exception with a third non-conserved subunit. ACF plays roles in regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription and in DNA replication and repair.

A nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex containing an RNA polymerase II core enzyme as well as additional proteins and transcription factor complexes, that are capable of promoter recognition and transcription initiation from an RNA polymerase II promoter in vivo. These additional components may include general transcription factor complexes TFIIA, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, or TFIIH, as well as Mediator, SWI/SNF, GCN5, or SRBs and confer the ability to recognize promoters.

A protein complex that interacts with the carboxy-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and plays an active role in transducing the signal from a transcription factor to the transcriptional machinery. The mediator complex is required for activation of transcription of most protein-coding genes, but can also act as a transcriptional corepressor. The Saccharomyces complex contains several identifiable subcomplexes: a head domain comprising Srb2, -4, and -5, Med6, -8, and -11, and Rox3 proteins; a middle domain comprising Med1, -4, and -7, Nut1 and -2, Cse2, Rgr1, Soh1, and Srb7 proteins; a tail consisting of Gal11p, Med2p, Pgd1p, and Sin4p; and a regulatory subcomplex comprising Ssn2, -3, and -8, and Srb8 proteins. Metazoan mediator complexes have similar modular structures and include homologs of yeast Srb and Med proteins.

A multiprotein complex that associates with RNA polymerase II and general RNA polymerase II transcription factor complexes and may be involved in both transcriptional initiation and elongation. In Saccharomyces the complex contains Paf1p, Cdc73p, Ctr9p, Rtf1p, and Leo1p.

Binding to an amino acid, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.

A protein complex that contains flotillin-1 and flotillin-2, and may contain associated proteins. Flotillins associate into membrane microdomains resembling caveolae.

The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rac family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.

A heteromeric transcription factor complex that binds to the CCAAT-box upstream of promoters; functions as both an activator and a repressor, depending on its interacting cofactors. Typically trimeric consisting of NFYA, NFYB and NFYC subunits. In Saccharomyces, it activates the transcription of genes in response to growth in a nonfermentable carbon source and consists of four known subunits: HAP2, HAP3, HAP4 and HAP5.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutaminyl-peptide = 5-oxoprolyl-peptide + NH3.

Extra-nucleolar nuclear domains usually visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescent antibodies to specific proteins.

A class of nuclear body; they react against SP100 auto-antibodies (PML, promyelocytic leukemia); cells typically contain 10-30 PML bodies per nucleus; alterations in the localization of PML bodies occurs after viral infection.

A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy.

The action characteristic of growth hormone-releasing hormone, any of a family of peptide hormones that act on the anterior pituitary to stimulate the secretion of growth hormone and exert a trophic effect on the gland.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group act as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.

Catalysis of the reversible conversion of pyruvate or oxaloacetate to malate.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP.

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glycerate + NADP+ = hydroxypyruvate + NADPH + H+.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a disulfide.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a quinone or related compound.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an oxygen molecule.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a disulfide group.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces quinone or similar compound.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a heme protein.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a quinone or a similar acceptor molecule.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a nitrogenous group, excluding NH and NH2 groups, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a nitrogenous group, excluding NH and NH2 groups, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a cytochrome.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a nitrogenous group, excluding NH and NH2 groups, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces disulfide.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces quinone or a related compound.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a heme group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a diphenol or related substance acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the peroxide group acts as a hydrogen or electron acceptor.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from one donor, and molecular oxygen is incorporated into a donor.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from one donor, and two oxygen atoms is incorporated into a donor.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor.

Catalysis of the reaction: A + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = B + succinate + CO2. This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from 2-oxoglutarate and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into each donor.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from NADH or NADPH and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced flavin or flavoprotein and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced iron-sulfur protein and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced pteridine and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced ascorbate and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced to two molecules of water.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a superoxide radical (O2- or O2.-) acts as a hydrogen or electron acceptor.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction in which the oxidation state of metal ion is altered.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction in which the metal ion is reduced and NAD+ or NADP+ acts as an electron acceptor.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction in which the oxidation state of metal ion is altered and oxygen acts as an electron acceptor.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an oxygen molecule.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a disulfide group.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an iron-sulfur protein acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an iron-sulfur protein acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.

Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.

Catalysis of the transfer of a one-carbon group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Catalysis of the transfer of a hydroxymethyl- or formyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Catalysis of the transfer of a carboxyl- or carbamoyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Catalysis of the transfer of an aldehyde or ketonic group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group, other than amino-acyl, from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Catalysis of the transfer of a succinyl (3-carboxypropanoyl) group to an acceptor molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of a succinyl group to a nitrogen atom on the acceptor molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of a succinyl group to a sulfur atom on the acceptor molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of an amino-acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Catalysis of the transfer of a hexosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Catalysis of the transfer of a pentosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Catalysis of the transfer of an alkyl or aryl (but not methyl) group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Catalysis of the transfer of a nitrogenous group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to an alcohol group (acceptor).

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to a carboxyl group (acceptor).

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to a nitrogenous group (acceptor).

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to a phosphate group (acceptor).

Catalysis of the transfer of a diphosphate group from one compound (donor) to a another (acceptor).

Catalysis of the transfer of a substituted phosphate group, other than diphosphate or nucleotidyl residues, from one compound (donor) to a another (acceptor).

Catalysis of the transfer of a sulfur-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Catalysis of the transfer of sulfur atoms from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc.

Catalysis of the reaction: RCO-SR' + H2O = RCOOH + HSR'. This reaction is the hydrolysis of a thiolester bond, an ester formed from a carboxylic acid and a thiol (i.e., RCO-SR'), such as that found in acetyl-coenzyme A.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a triphosphoester to give a triphosphate group and a free hydroxyl group.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' or 5' end to yield 5' phosphomonoesters.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any ether or thioether bond, -O- or -S- respectively.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a single C-terminal amino acid residue from a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any carbon-nitrogen bond, C-N, with the exception of peptide bonds.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a linear amide.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a cyclic amide.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a linear amidine, a compound of the form R-C(=NH)-NH2.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a cyclic amidine, a compound of the form R-C(=NH)-NH2.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride which contains phosphorus.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride which contains a sulfonyl group, -SO2-.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid carbon-carbon bond in a ketonic substance, a substance containing a keto (C=O) group.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid phosphorus-nitrogen bond.

Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring.

Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond.

Catalysis of the nonhydrolytic addition or removal of a carboxyl group to or from a compound.

Catalysis of the cleavage of a C-C bond in a molecule containing a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group to form two smaller molecules, each being an aldehyde or a ketone.

Catalysis of the cleavage of a C-C bond by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, of a 3-hydroxy acid.

Catalysis of the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond by elimination of water.

Catalysis of the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond by elimination of a phosphate.

Catalysis of the release of ammonia or one of its derivatives, with the formation of a double bond or ring. Enzymes with this activity may catalyze the actual elimination of the ammonia, amine or amide, e.g. CH-CH(-NH-R) = C=CH- + NH2-R. Others, however, catalyze elimination of another component, e.g. water, which is followed by spontaneous reactions that lead to breakage of the C-N bond, e.g. L-serine ammonia-lyase (EC:4.3.1.17), so that the overall reaction is C(-OH)-CH(-NH2) = CH2-CO- + NH3, i.e. an elimination with rearrangement. The sub-subclasses of EC:4.3 are the ammonia-lyases (EC:4.3.1), lyases acting on amides, amidines, etc. (EC:4.3.2), the amine-lyases (EC:4.3.3), and other carbon-nitrogen lyases (EC:4.3.99).

Catalysis of the release of ammonia by the cleavage of a carbon-nitrogen bond or the reverse reaction with ammonia as a substrate.

Catalysis of the release of amides or amidines by the cleavage of a carbon-nitrogen bond or the reverse reaction with an amide or amidine as a substrate.

Catalysis of the elimination of hydrogen sulfide or substituted H2S.

Catalysis of the cleavage of a phosphorus-oxygen bond by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond.

Catalysis of the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5.

Catalysis of a reaction that alters the configuration of one or more chiral centers in a molecule.

Catalysis of a reaction that alters the configuration of one or more chiral centers in an amino acid.

Catalysis of a reaction that alters the configuration of one or more chiral centers in a carbohydrate molecule.

Catalysis of a reaction that interconverts cis and trans isomers. Atoms or groups are termed cis or trans to one another when they lie respectively on the same or on opposite sides of a reference plane identifiable as common among stereoisomers.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the hydrogen donor and acceptor are the same molecule, and no oxidized product appears.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the hydrogen donor and acceptor, which is an aldose or a ketose, are the same molecule, and no oxidized product appears.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the hydrogen donor and acceptor, which is a keto- or an enol-group, are the same molecule, and no oxidized product appears.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the hydrogen donor and acceptor are the same molecule, one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in the molecule are rearranged, and no oxidized product appears.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the hydrogen donor and acceptor are the same molecule, one or more sulfur-sulfur bonds in the molecule are rearranged, and no oxidized product appears.

Catalysis of the transfer of a functional group from one position to another within a single molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group from one position to another within a single molecule.

The catalysis of certain rearrangements of a molecule to break or form a ring.

Catalysis of the joining of two molecules, or two groups within a single molecule, using the energy from the hydrolysis of ATP, a similar triphosphate, or a pH gradient.

Catalysis of the joining of two molecules via a carbon-oxygen bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.

Catalysis of the joining of two molecules via a carbon-sulfur bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.

Catalysis of the joining of an acid and a thiol via a carbon-sulfur bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.

Catalysis of the joining of two molecules, or two groups within a single molecule, via a carbon-nitrogen bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.

Catalysis of the ligation of an acid to ammonia (NH3) or an amide via a carbon-nitrogen bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.

Catalysis of the ligation of an acid to an amino acid via a carbon-nitrogen bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.

Catalysis of the joining of two groups within a single molecule via a carbon-nitrogen bond, forming heterocyclic ring, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.

Catalysis of the transfer of the amide nitrogen of glutamine to a substrate. Usually composed of two subunits or domains, one that first hydrolyzes glutamine, and then transfers the resulting ammonia to the second subunit (or domain), where it acts as a source of nitrogen.

Catalysis of the joining of two molecules via a carbon-carbon bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.

Catalysis of the joining of two molecules, or two groups within a single molecule, via a phosphoric ester bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + H+ phosphate. ATP hydrolysis is used in some reactions as an energy source, for example to catalyze a reaction or drive transport against a concentration gradient.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 5'-phosphomonoesters.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 3'-phosphomonoesters.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages at specific sites within a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule by creating internal breaks.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 5'-phosphomonoesters.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 3'-phosphomonoesters.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 5'-phosphomonoesters.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 3'-phosphomonoesters.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' or 5' end to yield 5' phosphomonoesters.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' or 5' end to yield 5' phosphomonoesters.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an oxygen molecule.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a quinone or a similar acceptor molecule.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.

Combining with acetylcholine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

The action characteristic of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), a gonadotrophic glycoprotein hormone secreted, in mammals, by the anterior pituitary gland. Upon receptor binding, FSH stimulates growth of Graafian follicles in the ovaries in females, and stimulates the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules to increase spermatogenesis.

A gonadotrophic glycoprotein hormone secreted, in mammals, by the anterior pituitary gland; consists of alpha and beta subunits, the latter of which confers hormonal specificity.

Combining with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) is an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.

Binding to retinal, one of the forms of vitamin A. Retinal plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates, combining with opsins to form visual pigments in the retina.

Binding to a nuclear receptor protein. Nuclear receptor proteins are DNA-binding transcription factors which are regulated by binding to a ligand.

The process in which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is conjugated to a target protein via an isopeptide bond between the carboxy-terminus of SUMO with an epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue of the target protein.

The process in which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is cleaved from its target protein.

An thiol-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves SUMO from a target protein to which it is conjugated.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when glycine is bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens when glycine is bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane.

A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which chloride ions may pass in response to glycine binding to the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + acceptor = 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + reduced acceptor, where the acyl group is a short branched chain fatty acid residue.

A complex consisting of two distinct motor subunits that form a heterodimer complexed with a third non-motor accessory subunit, the kinesin associated protein or KAP; the KIF3 heterodimer interacts via its C-terminal portion with KAP, which is thought to regulate the binding of the motor to cargo membranes.

Combining with a natriuretic peptide and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.

A complex of proteins which includes the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and a number of IGF-binding proteins. The complex plays a role in growth and development.

Combining with alpha-2 macroglobulin and delivering alpha-2 macroglobulin into the cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Catalysis of the formation of disulfide bridges in proteins using FAD as the electron acceptor.

Catalysis of the reaction: 4 R'C(R)SH + O2 = 2 R'C(R)S-S(R)CR' + 2 H2O2.

The directed movement of poly(A)+ mRNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-glycosidic linkages in oligo- or poly(sialic) acids.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving an antibiotic, a substance produced by or derived from certain fungi, bacteria, and other organisms, that can destroy or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms.

Combining with activin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Activin is one of two gonadal glycoproteins related to transforming growth factor beta.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cytochrome complex. A cytochrome complex is a protein complex in which at least one of the proteins is a cytochrome, i.e. a heme-containing protein involved in catalysis of redox reactions.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of 3'-phosphotyrosyl groups formed as covalent intermediates (in DNA backbone breakage) between DNA topoisomerase I and DNA.

The covalent addition of a nitric oxide group to an amino acid within a protein.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activity of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway.

Catalysis of the reaction: MAP kinase serine/threonine/tyrosine phosphate + H2O = MAP kinase serine/threonine/tyrosine + phosphate.

Binding to a myosin; myosins are any of a superfamily of molecular motor proteins that bind to actin and use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to generate force and movement along actin filaments.

Binding to a class I myosin; myosin I heavy chains are single-headed, possess tails of various lengths, and do not self-associate into bipolar filaments.

Binding to a member of the class of TATA-binding proteins (TBP), including any of the TBP-related factors (TRFs).

The targeting and directed movement of proteins into a cell or organelle. Not all import involves an initial targeting event.

Catalysis of the reaction: N-acylsphingosine + H2O = a fatty acid + sphingosine.

Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactosyl-D-galactosyl-D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine + H2O = lactosyl-N-acylsphingosine + D-galactose.

Catalysis of the reaction: glycosyl-N-acylsphingosine + H2O = a sugar + N-acylsphingosine.

Catalysis of the reaction: sphingosine + ATP = sphingosine 1-phosphate + ADP.

A protein complex that possesses activity that prevents or downregulates transcription.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly.

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the nuclear pore complex, a protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that allows the transfer of macromolecules.

Catalysis of the reaction: 6-O-phosphono-D-glucono-1,5-lactone + H2O = 6-phospho-D-gluconate + H+.

An enzyme complex that catalyzes the transfer of a palmitoyl on to serine, forming 3-dehydro-D-sphinganine.

Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-L-fucose + beta-D-galactosyl-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R = GDP + beta-D-galactosyl-(1,3)-[alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,4)]-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R.

Catalysis of the reaction: 5'-methylthioadenosine + phosphate = adenine + 5-methylthio-D-ribose 1-phosphate.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the cytochrome bc(1) complex, a transmembrane lipoprotein complex that it catalyzes the reduction of cytochrome c by accepting reducing equivalents from Coenzyme Q, by the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of its constituents.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a fatty acid amide to yield a fatty acid.

Catalysis of the cleavage of the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar, releasing a free base and leaving an apyrimidinic (AP) site. Enzymes with this activity recognize and remove uracil bases present in single-stranded DNA.

Binding to a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of a purine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-beta-L-fucose + beta-D-galactosyl-(1,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R = GDP + 1,4-beta-D-galactosyl-(1,4)-[alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,3)]-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R.

Removes a glycolipid from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle. A glycolipid is a compound usually containing 1-4 linked monosaccharide residues joined by a glycosyl linkage to a lipid.

A protein complex that is located in the cell membrane, and is involved in the metabolism of peptides, including neuropeptides. The complex has metalloendopeptidase activity that catalyzes the hydrolysis of protein and peptide substrates, preferentially on carboxyl side of hydrophobic residues.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N-acetylserotonin = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + melatonin. Melatonin is also known as N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine.

Catalysis of the reaction: a very-long-chain 2,3-saturated fatty acyl-CoA + H+ + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] = a very-long-chain (2E)-enoyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein]. A very long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.

A multienzyme complex found in all multicellular eukaryotes composed of eight proteins with aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities (abbreviated as: ArgRS, AspRS, GluProRS, GlnRS, IleRS, LeuRS, LysRS, MetRS where RS is the enzyme, preceded by the amino acid it uses as a substrate) as well as three non-synthetase proteins (p43, p38, and p18) with diverse functions. Several of these subunits are known dimers, so the total polypeptide count in the multisynthetase complex is at least fifteen. All of the enzymes in this assembly catalyze the same reaction, the covalent attachment of an amino acid to either the 2'- or 3'-hydroxyl of the 3'-terminal adenosine of tRNA, but using different substrates.

Catalysis of the cleavage of a 5' flap structure in DNA, but not other DNA structures; processes the 5' ends of Okazaki fragments in lagging strand DNA synthesis.

An enzyme complex that catalyzes the ligation of glutamate to cysteine, forming glutamylcysteine.

Catalysis of the reaction: a nucleoside diphosphate + H2O = a nucleoside monophosphate + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: a ribonucleoside triphosphate + H2O = a ribonucleoside diphosphate + H+ + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6-dihydrouracil + NADP+ = uracil + NADPH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, in the presence of single-stranded DNA; drives the unwinding of a DNA helix.

A multisubunit tethering complex of the CATCHR family (complexes associated with tethering containing helical rods) that has a role in tethering vesicles to the Golgi prior to fusion. Composed of 8 subunits COG1-8.

The movement of a population of phospholipid molecules from one leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet, resulting in loss of lipid asymmetry and surface exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE).

A protein complex capable of protein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity, the addition of nucleotide-activated sugars onto the polypeptide according to reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + protein = UDP + 4-N-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-protein. The complex has different compositions in different species: In mammals it is often a homotrimer, in bacteria a heterotetramer of 2 different subunits.

Binding to a SH3 domain (Src homology 3) of a protein, small protein modules containing approximately 50 amino acid residues found in a great variety of intracellular or membrane-associated proteins.

Catalysis of the movement of phospholipids from one membrane bilayer leaflet to the other, by an ATP-independent mechanism.

Catalysis of the reaction: histone N6-acetyl-L-lysine + H2O = histone L-lysine + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from a histone.

The self-renewing division of a stem cell. A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell, in the embryo or adult, that can undergo unlimited division and give rise to one or several different cell types.

An assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex. NMDA receptors are composed of assemblies of NR1 subunits (Figure 3) and NR2 subunits, which can be one of four separate gene products (NR2A-D). Expression of both subunits are required to form functional channels. The glutamate binding domain is formed at the junction of NR1 and NR2 subunits. NMDA receptors are permeable to calcium ions as well as being permeable to other ions. Thus NMDA receptor activation leads to a calcium influx into the post-synaptic cells, a signal thought to be crucial for the induction of NMDA-receptor dependent LTP and LTD.

Binding to a Wnt-protein, a secreted growth factor involved in signaling.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.

Catalysis of the reaction: tRNA-uracil + acceptor = tRNA-dihydrouridine + reduced acceptor.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: dicarboxylate(out) + Na+(out) = dicarboxylate(in) + Na+(in).

Combining with a semaphorin, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

The release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell, induced by a rise in cytosolic calcium-ion levels.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-pantetheine + H2O = (R)-pantothenate + cysteamine.

Binding to vinculin, a protein found in muscle, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells that binds actin and appears to mediate attachment of actin filaments to integral proteins of the plasma membrane.

Catalysis of the reaction: CDP + alcohol = CMP + phosphatidyl alcohol.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a substrate by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).

Catalysis of the reaction: L-cysteine + O2 = 3-sulfino-L-alanine + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + phosphatidylinositol = UDP + N-acetyl-D-glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol.

A heterodimeric complex that catalyzes the trimming of glucose residues from N-linked core glycans on newly synthesized glycoproteins.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + diphthine + NH4 = ADP + diphthamide + H+ + phosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptidyl-diphthamide, a modified histidine residue.

The modification of peptidyl-histidine to 2'-(3-carboxamido-3-(trimethylammonio)propyl)-L-histidine, known as diphthamide, found in translation elongation factor EF-2. The process occurs in eukaryotes and archaea but not eubacteria.

The hydroxylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-hydroxylysine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptidyl-pyroglutamic acid, catalyzed by glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase.

The gamma-carboxylation of peptidyl-glutamic acid; catalyzed by the vitamin K dependent gamma-glutamyl carboxylase.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + acetyl-CoA = N-acetyl-L-aspartate + CoA + H+.

The acetylation of the N-terminal aspartic acid of proteins; catalyzed by aspartate N-acetyltransferase.

The acetylation of a glutamine residue in protein to form the N5-methyl-L-glutamine derivative. The occurrence of this modification has not been confirmed. Its annotation in sequence databases is either due to the misidentification of 2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid, or to inappropriate homolog comparisons when proteolytic modification is more probable.

The acetylation of the N-terminal methionine of proteins to form the derivative N-acetyl-L-methionine.

The acetylation of the N-terminal glutamic acid of proteins to form the derivate acetyl-glutamic acid.

The acetylation of the peptidyl-lysine of proteins to form the derivative peptidyl-N6-acetyl-L-lysine.

The myristoylation of the N-terminal glycine of proteins to form the derivative N-myristoyl-glycine.

The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to a nitrogen (N) atom in an N-terminal cysteine residue to form N-palmitoyl-L-cysteine.

The methylation of the N-terminal glycine of proteins to form the derivative N-methylglycine.

The methylation of the N-terminal proline of proteins to form the derivative N,N-dimethyl-L-proline.

The methylation of peptidyl-L-histidine to form peptidyl-L-1'-methyl-L-histidine (otherwise known as tau-methylhistidine, tele-methylhistidine) or peptidyl-L-3'-methyl-L-histidine (otherwise known as pi-methylhistidine, pros-methylhistidine).

The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form either the mono-, di- or trimethylated derivative.

The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone L-lysine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone N6-methyl-L-lysine. The methylation of peptidyl-lysine in histones forms N6-methyl-L-lysine, N6,N6-dimethyl-L-lysine and N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine derivatives.

The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-methyl-L-lysine.

The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6,N6-dimethyl-L-lysine.

Catalysis of the transfer of a myristoyl group to the N6 nitrogen atom on a lysine residue of a peptide or protein molecule.

The oxidation of the terminal amino-methylene groups of peptidyl-L-lysine or peptidyl-5-hydroxy-L-lysine to aldehyde groups to form allysine or hydroxyallysine residues, respectively; these are intermediates in the formation of covalent cross-links between adjacent polypeptide chains in proteins such as collagens.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-histidyl-[protein] + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = N(tele)-methyl-L-histidyl-[protein] + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.

The addition of one or more alpha-linked glutamyl units to the gamma carboxyl group of peptidyl-glutamic acid.

The phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine.

The phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.

The phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine.

The addition of an adenylyl group (adenosine 5'-monophosphate; AMP) to a protein amino acid.

The covalent addition of a nitric oxide (NO) group to the sulphur (S) atom of a cysteine residue in a protein, to form peptidyl-S-nitrosyl-L-cysteine.

The methylation of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-S-methyl-L-cysteine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings).

The formation of a covalent cross-link between DNA and a protein.

The formation of a covalent cross-link between a nucleic acid and a protein.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of keratan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat units consisting of beta-1,4-linked D-galactopyranosyl-beta-(1,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate and with variable amounts of fucose, sialic acid and mannose units; keratan sulfate chains are covalently linked by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylose to peptidyl-threonine or serine residues.

The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within protein chains.

The oxidation of peptidyl-cysteine to peptidyl-L-cysteine sulfinic acid or peptidyl-L-cysteine sulfenic acid.

The modification of a protein amino acid by formation of an ester or amide with octanoic acid.

The octanoylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O3-octanoyl-L-serine, typical of the protein ghrelin.

The addition of a methyl group to an arginine residue in a protein.

The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to a sulfur (S) atom within a cysteine residue to form peptidyl-S-palmitoyl-L-cysteine.

The modification of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-S-diacylglycerol-L-cysteine; the oleate and palmitate actually represent mixtures of saturated (generally at 3') and unsaturated (generally at 2') fatty acids.

The glycosylation of protein via the O3 atom of peptidyl-serine, forming O3-glycosyl-L-serine; the most common forms are N-acetylgalactosaminyl, mannosyl, galactosyl, and xylosyl serine.

The glycosylation of protein via the O3 atom of peptidyl-threonine, forming O3-glycosyl-L-threonine; the most common forms are N-acetylgalactosaminyl, mannosyl, and galactosyl threonine.

The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within peptide chains, where either the amino group or the carboxyl group, or both, are not attached to the alpha carbon.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + biotin + protein = AMP + diphosphate + biotin-protein.

The modification of peptidyl-lysine to form N6-pyridoxal phosphate-L-lysine.

The formation of an isopeptide cross-link between peptidyl-lysine and peptidyl-glycine to produce N6-glycyl-L-lysine. This is distinct from the formation of the thiolester intermediate, which occurs during ubiquitination.

The glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine forming N4-glycosyl-L-asparagine; the most common form is N-acetylglucosaminyl asparagine; N-acetylgalactosaminyl asparagine and N4 glucosyl asparagine also occur. This modification typically occurs in extracellular peptides with an N-X-(ST) motif. Partial modification has been observed to occur with cysteine, rather than serine or threonine, in the third position; secondary structure features are important, and proline in the second or fourth positions inhibits modification.

The formation of a cluster of several metal atoms, including iron, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium, or copper, with one or more bridging (mu-bond) sulfur atoms; amino acids residues in proteins that may ligate the metal sulfur cluster are cysteine, histidine, aspartate, glutamate, serine and cysteine persulfide.

The formation of a linkage between a protein amino acid and flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD).

The modification of a protein by the addition of a succinyl group (CO-CH2-CH2-CO) to an amino acid residue.

The covalent attachment of a prenyl group to a protein; geranyl, farnesyl, or geranylgeranyl groups may be added.

The formation of a linkage between a protein amino acid and pyridoxal-5-phosphate.

The addition of a methyl group to a glutamine residue in a protein.

The addition of an acetyl group to a non-terminal lysine residue in a protein.

The hydroxylation of peptidyl-lysine to peptidyl-5-hydroxy-L-lysine.

The modification of peptidyl-proline to form 4-hydroxy-L-proline; catalyzed by procollagen-proline,2-oxoglutarate-4-dioxygenase.

The alteration of the C-terminal amino acid residue in a protein.

A heterodimeric complex involved in the release of a nascent polypeptide chain from a ribosome.

Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NAD(P)+ = an aldehyde + NAD(P)H + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: formaldehyde + H2O + NAD+ = formate + 2 H+ + NADH.

Catalysis of the reaction: benzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = benzoate + NADH + H+.

Catalysis of the removal of one or more nitrite (NO2-) groups from nitroglycerin or a derivative.

Catalysis of the reaction: methanethiol + O2 + H2O = formaldehyde + hydrogen sulfide + hydrogen peroxide.

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-nitrophenol + H+ + NADH + O2 = 4-nitrocatechol + H2O + NAD+.

Catalysis of the reaction: phenanthrene + O2 + NADH + H+ = H2O + NAD+ + phenanthrene-9,10-oxide.

Catalysis of the reaction: octane + reduced rubredoxin + O2 = 1-octanol + oxidized rubredoxin + H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a thiol = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a thioether.

Catalysis of the reaction: acetylpyruvate + H2O = acetate + H+ + pyruvate.

Catalysis of the reaction: alkene-CoA + H2O = alcohol-CoA. Substrates are crotonoyl-CoA (producing 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA) and 2,3-didehydro-pimeloyl-CoA (producing 3-hydroxypimeloyl-CoA).

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + benzoate + CoA = AMP + benzoyl-CoA + diphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving arsonoacetate, a synthetic, organic compound containing a single arsenic atom. Arsonoacetate and other arsenic containing compounds are used in agricultural applications as animal feed additives, cotton defoliants and post-emergence grass herbicides.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic ethers, any anhydride of the general formula R1-O-R2, formed between two identical or nonidentical organic hydroxy compounds.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrobenzene (nitrobenzol), a derivative of benzene with an NO2 group attached to the ring. It is a yellow aromatic liquid used in perfumery and manufactured in large quantities in the preparation of aniline.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 4-nitrophenol, a nitroaromatic compound which is used in the production of dyes, leather treatment agents, fungicides and as an intermediate in the production of the insecticide parathion.

Binding to a guanyl nucleotide, consisting of guanosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate.

A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul1 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a Skp1 adaptor and an F-box protein. SCF complexes are involved in targeting proteins for degradation by the proteasome. The best characterized complexes are those from yeast and mammals (with core subunits named Cdc53/Cul1, Rbx1/Hrt1/Roc1).

A protein complex that possesses molybdopterin synthase activity. In E. coli, the complex is a heterotetramer consisting of two MoaD and two MoaE subunits.

The process in which a virus effects a change in the structure or processes of its host organism.

Any viral process that inhibits apoptosis of infected host cells, facilitating prolonged cell survival during viral replication.

The process in which a virus effects a change in the processes and activities of its host organism.

A set of processes which all viruses follow to ensure survival; includes attachment and entry of the virus particle, decoding of genome information, translation of viral mRNA by host ribosomes, genome replication, and assembly and release of viral particles containing the genome.

The process by which a virion protein binds to molecules on the host cellular surface or host cell surface projection.

Fusion of a viral membrane with the host cell membrane during viral entry. Results in release of the virion contents into the cytoplasm.

Any receptor-mediated endocytosis that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell; successive instances of virus endocytosis result in the accumulation of virus particles within the cell.

A late phase of the viral life cycle during which all the components necessary for the formation of a mature virion collect at a particular site in the cell and the basic structure of the virus particle is formed.

The packaging of viral RNA (single-stranded or double-stranded) into a nucleocapsid.

The refolding and structural rearrangements of virion parts to transition from the intermediate virion to the more mature virion. Maturation usually involves proteolysis events and changes in the folding of the virion proteins. Can occur inside the host cell or after release.

The dissemination of mature viral particles from a host cell, e.g. by cell lysis or the budding of virus particles from the cell membrane.

Any process involved directly in viral genome replication, including viral nucleotide metabolism.

A process by which a viral gene is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes viral transcription, processing to produce a mature RNA product, and viral translation.

A process by which viral mRNA is translated into viral protein, using the host cellular machinery.

Any protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a viral protein.

The process by which a viral genome, or part of a viral genome, is transcribed within the host cell.

The first phase of viral transcription that occurs after entry of the virus into the host cell, but prior to viral genome replication. It involves the transcription of genes for non-structural proteins, and for lytic viruses, the early gene products are involved in establishing control over the host cell.

The transcription of the final group of viral genes of the viral life cycle, following middle transcription, or where middle transcription doesn't occur, following early transcription. Involves the transcription of genes encoding structural proteins.

The specific behavior of an organism that is associated with reproduction.

Binding to a pyrimidine nucleotide, a pyrimidine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate.

Catalysis of the removal of damaged bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site.

Catalysis of the transfer of a myristoyl (CH3-[CH2]12-CO-) group to an acceptor molecule.

Catalysis of the reaction: benzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O = benzoate + NAD(P)H + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: a phenanthrene dioxide + H2O = a dihydrodiolphenanthrene.

Catalysis of the reaction: phenanthrene-9,10-oxide + H2O = trans-9,10-dihydrodiolphenanthrene.

Catalysis of the reaction: protein N6-(4-aminobutyl)-L-lysine + donor-H2 + O2 = protein N6-((R)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)-L-lysine + acceptor + H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 2'-deoxynucleoside = ADP + 2'-deoxynucleoside 5'-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-sugar + H2O = AMP + sugar 1-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-aminobutanal + NAD+ + H2O = 4-aminobutanoate + NADH + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-ribulose = ADP + D-ribulose 5-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glutathione + protein-disulfide = oxidized glutathione + protein-dithiol.

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + NADP+ = trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + NADPH + H+.

The biosynthetic process in which peptide bond formation occurs in the absence of the translational machinery. Examples include the synthesis of antibiotic peptides, and glutathione.

A protein complex that recognizes the proximal sequence element of RNA polymerase II and III snRNA promoters.

Catalysis of the transfer of a mannose residue to an oligosaccharide, forming a beta-(1->4) linkage.

Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: a phosphoprotein + H2O = a protein + phosphate.

Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP.

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a carbohydrate substrate molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to an amino acid substrate.

Catalysis of the reaction: carbohydrate phosphate + H2O = carbohydrate + phosphate.

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP or GTP, to a nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide or polynucleotide substrate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nucleoside = ADP + nucleoside monophosphate.

Modulates the activity of a kinase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.

Binds to and modulates the activity of a phosphatase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the removal of a phosphate group from a substrate molecule.

Binds to and increases the activity of a kinase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a kinase.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a phosphatase.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of an acetyl group or groups from a substrate molecule.

Binding to an intermediate filament, a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of higher eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.

Any cellular process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a cytokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.

The neurological system process in which a signal is transmitted through the nervous system by a combination of action potential propagation and synaptic transmission.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels.

The series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Pain is medically defined as the physical sensation of discomfort or distress caused by injury or illness, so can hence be described as a harmful stimulus which signals current (or impending) tissue damage. Pain may come from extremes of temperature, mechanical damage, electricity or from noxious chemical substances. This is a neurological process.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a cyclic amidine, a compound of the form R-C(=NH)-NH2, in a reaction that involves the opening of a ring.

Catalysis of the removal of an amino group from a substrate, producing a substituted or nonsubstituted ammonia (NH3/NH2R).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of citrulline, N5-carbamoyl-L-ornithine, an alpha amino acid not found in proteins.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactate, the anion of lactic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving carnitine, where metabolism is linked to CoA.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of N-acetylneuraminate, the anion of 5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-3-ulosonic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine by the transamination of glyoxylate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-ribose (ribo-pentose).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pentose, any monosaccharide with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pentose, any monosaccharide with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pentose, any monosaccharide with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, via the intermediate cystathionine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.

The interconversion of homocysteine and cysteine via cystathionine. In contrast with enteric bacteria and mammals, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two transsulfuration pathways employing two separate sets of enzymes.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dolichols, any 2,3-dihydropolyprenol derived from four or more linked isoprene units.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide nucleotides, any nucleotide that contains combined nicotinamide.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyridine nucleotide, a nucleotide characterized by a pyridine derivative as a nitrogen base.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyridine nucleotide, a nucleotide characterized by a pyridine derivative as a nitrogen base.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyridine nucleotide, a nucleotide characterized by a pyridine derivative as a nitrogen base.

Elongation of a fatty acid chain into which one or more C-C double bonds have been introduced.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving arachidonic acid, a straight chain fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms and four double bonds per molecule. Arachidonic acid is the all-Z-(5,8,11,14)-isomer.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways by which prostaglandins are formed from arachidonic acid, and in which prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (cyclooxygenase) catalyzes the committed step in the conversion of arachidonic acid to the prostaglandin-endoperoxides PGG2 and PGH2.

The chemical reactions and pathways by which an unsaturated fatty acid (such as arachidonic acid or linolenic acid) is converted to other compounds, and in which the first step is hydroperoxide formation catalyzed by lipoxygenase.

The chemical reactions and pathways by which arachidonic acid is converted to other compounds including epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactolipids, any glycolipid containing one of more residues of galactose and/or N-acetylgalactosamine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactolipids, any glycolipid containing one of more residues of galactose and/or N-acetylgalactosamine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactolipids, any glycolipid containing one of more residues of galactose and/or N-acetylgalactosamine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycolipid, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucuronosides, any compound formed by combination in glycosidic linkage of a hydroxy compound with the anomeric carbon atom of a glucuronate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucuronosides, compound composed of a hydroxy compound linked to a glucuronate residue.

The removal of one or more electrons from a fatty acid, with or without the concomitant removal of a proton or protons, by reaction with an electron-accepting substance, by addition of oxygen or by removal of hydrogen.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving alditols, any polyhydric alcohol derived from the acyclic form of a monosaccharide by reduction of its aldehyde or keto group to an alcoholic group.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alditols, any polyhydric alcohol derived from the acyclic form of a monosaccharide by reduction of its aldehyde or keto group to an alcoholic group.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alditols, any polyhydric alcohol derived from the acyclic form of a monosaccharide by reduction of its aldehyde or keto group to an alcoholic group.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hexitols, any alditol with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichols, any 2,3-dihydropolyprenol derived from four or more linked isoprene units.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the conversion of sulfide to elemental sulfur in a higher oxidation state, or to sulfite or sulfate.

Any process, acting at the cellular level, involved in removing superoxide radicals (O2-) from a cell or organism, e.g. by conversion to dioxygen (O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan into other compounds, including indole-3-acetate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan into other compounds, including kynurenine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-cysteine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid, i.e. (2R)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine by oxidative cleavage to carbon dioxide, ammonia, and a methylene group, mediated by enzymes of the glycine cleavage complex.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 4-hydroxyproline, C5H9NO3, a derivative of the amino acid proline.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 4-hydroxyproline, C5H9NO3, a derivative of the amino acid proline. The presence of hydroxyproline is essential to produce stable triple helical tropocollagen, hence the problems caused by ascorbate deficiency in scurvy. This unusual amino acid is also present in considerable amounts in the major glycoprotein of primary plant cell walls.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-lysine into other compounds, including acetyl-CoA.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-lysine, the L-enantiomer of (S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-amino acids, the D-enantiomers of amino acids.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-alanine by transamination.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving beta-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid), an achiral amino acid and an isomer of alanine. It occurs free (e.g. in brain) and in combination (e.g. in pantothenate) but it is not a constituent of proteins.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid), an achiral amino acid and an isomer of alanine. It occurs free (e.g. in brain) and in combination (e.g. in pantothenate) but it is not a constituent of proteins.

The generation of L-methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid) from methylthioadenosine.

The hydroxylation of peptidyl-proline to form peptidyl-hydroxyproline.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the conversion of lactate to other compounds, such as pyruvate, with concomitant loss of electrons.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pentitols, any alditol with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pentitols, any alditol with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), a sulphur-containing amino acid derivative important in the metabolism of fats.

Enables the transfer of oxalate from one side of a membrane to the other. Oxalate, or ethanedioic acid, occurs in many plants and is highly toxic to animals.

The directed movement of oxalate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oxalate, or ethanedioic acid, occurs in many plants and is highly toxic to animals.

Enables the transfer of a toxin from one side of a membrane to the other. A toxin is a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. Includes protein modification.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucuronate, any salt or ester of glucuronic acid, the uronic acid formally derived from glucose by oxidation of the hydroxymethylene group at C-6 to a carboxyl group.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving urea, the water soluble compound O=C-(NH2)2.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving organophosphates, any phosphate-containing organic compound.

A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to oxygen to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving GDP-mannose, a substance composed of mannose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; catabolism may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, an important intermediate in glycolysis.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving deoxyribose phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 2-deoxy-erythro-pentose.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ribose phosphate, any phosphorylated ribose sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving alkanesulfonates, the anion of alkanesulfonic acids, sulfonic acid derivatives containing an aliphatic hydrocarbon group.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium), an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl (systematic name, hexadecanoyl) group to a sulfur atom on the cysteine of a protein molecule, in the reaction hexadecanoyl-CoA + L-cysteinyl-[protein] = CoA + S-hexadecanoyl-L-cysteinyl-[protein].

Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to a sulfur atom on the cysteine of a protein molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the Mo-molybdopterin cofactor, essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo) ion coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via calcium ions.

Any process involved with the carrying out of an immune response by a B cell, through, for instance, the production of antibodies or cytokines, or antigen presentation to T cells.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the cell.

An immune response against microbes mediated through a body fluid. Examples of this process are seen in the antimicrobial humoral response of Drosophila melanogaster and Mus musculus.

An immune response against bacteria mediated through a body fluid. Examples of this process are the antibacterial humoral responses in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.

An immune response against a fungus mediated through a body fluid. An example of this process is the antifungal humoral response in Drosophila melanogaster.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoids.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in many of the chemical changes of compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon. In multicellular organisms secondary metabolism is generally carried out in specific cell types, and may be useful for the organism as a whole. In unicellular organisms, secondary metabolism is often used for the production of antibiotics or for the utilization and acquisition of unusual nutrients.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polyol, any alcohol containing three or more hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).

The directed movement of one-carbon compounds into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Combining with the Fc region of an immunoglobulin protein and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with an immunoglobulin of an IgG isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with high affinity with an immunoglobulin of an IgG isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with low affinity with an immunoglobulin of an IgG isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

The proteasome core subcomplex that constitutes the two outer rings of the proteasome core complex. An example of this component is found in Mus musculus.

Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier FAT10, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.

Catalysis of the initiation of the NEDD8 (RUB1) conjugation cascade.

Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier ISG15, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.

An isopeptidase activity that cleaves ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins (ULP; e.g. ATG8, ISG15, NEDD8, SUMO) from target proteins.

An isopeptidase activity that cleaves NEDD8 from a target protein to which it is conjugated.

A thiol-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves ISG15 from a target protein to which it is conjugated.

A thiol-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves APG8 from a target protein to which it is conjugated.

Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin-like from one protein to another via the reaction X-ULP + Y --> Y-ULP + X, where both X-ULP and Y-ULP are covalent linkages. ULP represents a ubiquitin-like protein.

Catalysis of the transfer of NEDD8 from one protein to another via the reaction X-NEDD8 + Y --> Y-NEDD8 + X, where both X-NEDD8 and Y-NEDD8 are covalent linkages.

Catalysis of the transfer of SUMO from one protein to another via the reaction X-SUMO + Y --> Y-SUMO + X, where both X-SUMO and Y-SUMO are covalent linkages.

Catalysis of the reaction: procollagen L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = procollagen trans-3-hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2.

Catalysis of the reaction: procollagen L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = procollagen trans-hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2.

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + (alpha-tubulin) L-lysine = CoA + (alpha-tubulin) N6-acetyl-L-lysine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of quinolinate, the anion of quinolinic acid, also known as 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid.

A protein complex that in its canonical form is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds and sometimes complexed with additional proteins. An immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.

Binding to and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of oxygen (O2).

The process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of stem cells of a single type. This can be achieved by a number of mechanisms: stem cell asymmetric division maintains stem cell numbers; stem cell symmetric division increases them; maintenance of a stem cell niche maintains the conditions for commitment to the stem cell fate for some types of stem cell; stem cells may arise de novo from other cell types.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of aspartic-type endopeptidases.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + cation(out) = ADP + phosphate + cation(in).

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of phospholipase A2.

Binding to a growth factor, proteins or polypeptides that stimulate a cell or organism to grow or proliferate.

Binding to an isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.

Binding to retinol, vitamin A1, 2,6,6-trimethyl-1-(9'-hydroxy-3',7'-dimethylnona-1',3',5',7'-tetraenyl)cyclohex-1-ene, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A. Retinol is an intermediate in the vision cycle and it also plays a role in growth and differentiation.

Binding to a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-ascorbic acid, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate; L-ascorbic acid is vitamin C and has co-factor and anti-oxidant activities in many species.

Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a calcium channel.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 5-methylcytosine, a methylated base of DNA.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, one of the pyrimidine bases occurring in RNA, but not in DNA.

The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of an organelle envelope; usually highly selective to most ions and metabolites.

The external membrane of Gram-negative bacteria or certain organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts; freely permeable to most ions and metabolites.

Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a chloride channel.

Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a potassium channel.

Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a sodium channel.

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein.

Modulates the activity of a protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein.

Interacting selectively and non-covalently and stoichiometrically with kinesin, a member of a superfamily of microtubule-based motor proteins that perform force-generating tasks such as organelle transport and chromosome segregation.

The directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in nerve cell axons.

The component of a plasma membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

The component of a membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

Binding to a kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group.

Binding to a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate.

Binding to a syntaxin, a SNAP receptor involved in the docking of synaptic vesicles at the presynaptic zone of a synapse.

A cyclin-dependent kinase activating kinase complex capable of activating cyclin-dependent kinases by threonine phosphorylation, thus regulating cell cycle progression. consists of a kinase, cyclin and optional assembly factors, in human CDK7, CCNH and MNAT1. CAK activity is itself regulated throughout the cell cycle by T-loop phosphorylation of its kinase component (CDK7 in human). Phosphorylation of serine residues during mitosis inactivates the enzyme. Also capable of CAK phosphorylating the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II and other transcription activating proteins, as part of the general transcription factor TFIIH.

Cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) complex found in the nucleus.

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the myelin sheath of a nerve.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein; increases the activity of a cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK).

The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.

The process of methylation of peptidyl-arginine to form peptidyl-N(omega),N'(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine.

The process of methylation of peptidyl-arginine to form peptidyl-N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine.

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via a second messenger; a small molecule or ion that can be quickly generated or released from intracellular stores, and can diffuse within the cell. Second-messenger signaling includes production or release of the second messenger, and effectors downstream of the second messenger that further transmit the signal within the cell.

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via cyclic AMP (cAMP). Includes production of cAMP, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell.

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via cyclic GMP (cGMP). Includes production of cGMP, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell.

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via a cyclic nucleotide. Includes production or release of the cyclic nucleotide, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent modification of the target protein.

Catalysis of the activation of the proteolytically processed small ubiquitin-related modifier SUMO, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.

A type of reproduction that combines the genetic material of two gametes (such as a sperm or egg cell or fungal spores). The gametes have an haploid genome (with a single set of chromosomes, the product of a meiotic division) and combines with one another to produce a zygote (diploid).

Binding to a cytokine, any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity.

Binding to a chemokine. Chemokines are a family of small chemotactic cytokines; their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria.

Binding to a C-C chemokine; C-C chemokines do not have an amino acid between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four-cysteine motif.

Binding to a C-X-C chemokine; C-X-C chemokines have a single amino acid between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four cysteine motif.

Binding to a C-X3-C chemokine; C-X3-C chemokines have three amino acids between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four-cysteine motif.

Binding to an interferon, a protein produced by the immune systems of many animals in response to a challenge by a foreign agent.

The replication of damaged DNA by synthesis across a lesion in the template strand; a specialized DNA polymerase or replication complex inserts a defined nucleotide across from the lesion which allows DNA synthesis to continue beyond the lesion. This process can be mutagenic depending on the damaged nucleotide and the inserted nucleotide.

The covalent alteration of an amino acid charged on a tRNA before it is incorporated into a protein, as in N-formylmethionine, selenocysteine or pyrrolysine.

Binding to a diacylglycerol, a diester of glycerol and two fatty acids.

Invagination of the plasma membrane from which a cilium (also called flagellum) protrudes.

That part of the plasma membrane found in the ciliary pocket (also called flagellar pocket).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving hemoglobin, including its uptake and utilization.

Binding to a heme, a compound composed of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spinal cord primarily conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses between the brain and the peripheral nervous tissues.

The regionalization process that regulates the coordinated growth and establishes the non-random spatial arrangement of the spinal cord.

The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random dorsal-ventral spatial arrangement of the spinal cord.

The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of ventral spinal cord interneurons. Ventral spinal cord interneurons are cells located in the ventral portion of the spinal cord that transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons and are required for reflexive responses. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the spinal cord. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral region of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neurons of the ventral region of the mature spinal cord participate in motor output.

The regionalization process that regulates the coordinated growth that establishes the non-random spatial arrangement of the neural tube.

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cells of the hindbrain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the diencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The diencephalon is the paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus are derived; these regions regulate autonomic, visceral and endocrine function, and process information directed to the cerebral cortex.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the telencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The telencephalon is the paired anteriolateral division of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis from which the olfactory lobes, cerebral cortex, and subcortical nuclei are derived.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the corpus callosum are generated and organized. The corpus callosum is a thick bundle of nerve fibers comprising a commissural plate connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. It consists of contralateral axon projections that provides communications between the right and left cerebral hemispheres.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pallium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pallium is the roof region of the telencephalon.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the subpallium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The subpallium is the base region of the telencephalon.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cranial nerves over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. In mice, the cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.

The process in which the anatomical structure of the central nervous system is generated and organized. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the optic nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain.

The process that gives rise to the central nervous system. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the oculomotor nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This motor nerve innervates all extraocular muscles except the superior oblique and the lateral rectus muscles. The superior division supplies the levator palpebrae superioris and superior rectus muscles. The inferior division supplies the medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles. This nerve also innervates the striated muscles of the eyelid. Pupillary constriction and lens movement are mediated by this nerve for near vision. In the orbit the inferior division sends branches that enter the ciliary ganglion where they form functional contacts (synapses) with the ganglion cells. The ganglion cells send nerve fibers into the back of the eye where they travel to ultimately innervate the ciliary muscle and the constrictor pupillae muscle.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the trigeminal nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the abducens nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The motor function of the abducens nerve is to contract the lateral rectus which results in abduction of the eye.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vestibulocochlear nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This sensory nerve innervates the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The vestibular branch innervates the vestibular apparatus that senses head position changes relative to gravity. The auditory branch innervates the cochlear duct, which is connected to the three bony ossicles which transduce sound waves into fluid movement in the cochlea.

The process in which the anatomical structure of the hindbrain is generated and organized. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions.

The process in which the anatomical structure of the cerebellum is generated and organized. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain ventricular system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain ventricular system consists of four communicating cavities within the brain that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord. These cavities include two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle. Cerebrospinal fluid fills the ventricles and is produced by the choroid plexus.

The process in which the anatomical structure of the abducens nerve is generated and organized. The motor function of the abducens nerve is to contract the lateral rectus which results in abduction of the eye.

The process that gives rise to the abducens nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The motor function of the abducens nerve is to contract the lateral rectus which results in abduction of the eye.

The process in which the anatomical structure of the cranial nerves are generated and organized. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.

The process that gives rise to the cranial nerves. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the central nervous system to attain its fully functional state. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.

The process in which the anatomical structure of the vestibulocochlear nerve is generated and organized. This sensory nerve innervates the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The vestibular branch innervates the vestibular apparatus that senses head position changes relative to gravity. The auditory branch innervates the cochlear duct, which is connected to the three bony ossicles which transduce sound waves into fluid movement in the cochlea.

The process that gives rise to the vestibulocochlear nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. This sensory nerve innervates the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The vestibular branch innervates the vestibular apparatus that senses head position changes relative to gravity. The auditory branch innervates the cochlear duct, which is connected to the three bony ossicles which transduce sound waves into fluid movement in the cochlea.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral ventricles over time, from the formation to the mature structure. The two lateral ventricles are a cavity in each of the cerebral hemispheres derived from the cavity of the embryonic neural tube. They are separated from each other by the septum pellucidum, and each communicates with the third ventricle by the foramen of Monro, through which also the choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third ventricle.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the third ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The third ventricle is the narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma, and it communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar granule layer over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.

The process in which the anatomical structure of the cerebellar granular layer is generated and organized. The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.

The process that gives rise to the cerebellar granule layer. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.

The process in which the anatomical structure of the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer is generated and organized. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function.

The process in which the anatomical structure of the cranial nerves are generated and organized. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function.

The process that gives rise to the cerebellar cortex. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function.

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure, cell or cellular component to attain its fully functional state.

The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar granule cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a granule cell fate. A granule cell is a glutamatergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.

The progression of the striatum over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The striatum is a region of the forebrain consisting of the caudate nucleus, putamen and fundus striati.

The progression of the caudate nucleus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The caudate nucleus is the C-shaped structures of the striatum containing input neurons involved with control of voluntary movement in the brain.

The progression of the putamen over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The putamen is the lens-shaped basal ganglion involved with control of voluntary movement in the brain.

The progression of the globus pallidus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The globus pallidus is one of the basal ganglia involved with control of voluntary movement in the brain.

The progression of the limbic system over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The limbic system is a collection of structures in the brain involved in emotion, motivation and emotional aspects of memory.

The progression of the hippocampus over time from its initial formation until its mature state.

The progression of the olfactory bulb over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory bulb coordinates neuronal signaling involved in the perception of smell. It receives input from the sensory neurons and outputs to the olfactory cortex.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a medium spiny neuron residing in the striatum.

The process aimed at the progression of a glial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a preganglionic parasympathetic fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A preganglionic parasympathetic fiber is a cholinergic axonal fiber projecting from the CNS to a parasympathetic ganglion.

The process in which the thalamus changes over time, from its initial formation to its mature state.

The orderly movement of cells from one site to another in the cerebral cortex.

The formation of specific regional progenitor domains along the dorsal-ventral axis in the developing forebrain.

The migration of cells in the developing cerebral cortex in which cells move from the ventricular and/or subventricular zone toward the surface of the brain.

The migration of cells in the cerebral cortex in which cells move orthogonally to the direction of radial migration and do not use radial glial cell processes as substrates for migration.

The radial migration of neuronal or glial precursor cells along radial glial cells during the development of the cerebral cortex.

The changes in adhesion between neuronal cells and glial cells as a component of the process of cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial cell migration.

The movement of a cell along the process of a radial glial cell involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration.

Rearrangements of the microtubule cytoskeleton that contribute to the movement of cells along radial glial cells as a component of the process of cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration.

The rearrangements of the microtubule cytoskeleton that result in the extension of a leading process, where this process is involved in the movement of cells along radial glial cells.

The process in which neurons interact with each other to promote migration along a tangential plane.

The process where neuronal precursors migrate tangentially in the cerebral cortex, primarily guided through physical cell-cell interactions.

The migration of olfactory bulb interneuron precursors in the cerebral cortex that occurs after birth.

The directional movement of a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone producing neuron from the nasal placode to the hypothalamus.

The creation and reception of signals that repel olfactory bulb interneurons from the subventricular zone as a component process in tangential migration.

The creation of greater cell numbers in the forebrain due to cell division of progenitor cells.

The migration of a pyramidal neuron precursor from the ventricular zone to the correct layer of the cerebral cortex.

The progression of the hypothalamus region of the forebrain, from its initial formation to its mature state.

The directed movement of a cell into the hypothalamus region of the forebrain.

The movement of a hypothalamic neuronal precursor tangentially through the forebrain using an interaction of the migrating cells with axons of other neurons.

The process in which a neuroblast or one of its progeny commits to a pyramidal neuron fate, migrates from the ventricular zone to the appropriate layer in the cortex and develops into a mature neuron.

The progression of a pyramidal neuron from its initial formation to its mature state.

The regionalization process resulting in the creation of areas within the forebrain that will direct the behavior of cell migration in differentiation as the forebrain develops.

The process in which nerve cells are generated in the forebrain. This includes the production of neuroblasts from and their differentiation into neurons.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron that will reside in the forebrain.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron that resides in the forebrain, from its initial commitment to its fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.

The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another at least one of which is located in the forebrain.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron located in the hypothalamus. These neurons release gonadotrophin-releasing hormone as a neural transmitter.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a hypothalamus gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neuron over time, from initial commitment of its fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.

The process in which a neuroblast acquires specialized features of an interneuron residing in the olfactory bulb.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an interneuron residing in the olfactory bulb, from its initial commitment, to the fully functional differentiated cell.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a GABAergic interneuron residing in the cerebral cortex.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron residing in the cerebral cortex.

The process in which the neural tube is divided into specific regions along the rostrocaudal axis.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to the spatial identity of regions along the dorsal-ventral axis of the spinal cord.

Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells in a different central nervous system region.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the central nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron.

Generation of a long process from a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system. The process carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.

Generation of a long process of a pyramidal cell, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in cerebral cortex layer V towards target cells in the gray matter of the spinal cord. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the corticospinal tract.

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a neuron that is part of the corticospinal tract is directed from the cerebral cortex layer V to the spinal cord dorsal funiculus in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a pyramidal cell that is part of the corticospinal tract is directed after decussation through the spinal cord in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

The differentiation of cells that will contribute to the structure and function of the hypothalamus.

The progression of the pituitary gland over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands.

The progression of the cerebral cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The cerebral cortex is the outer layered region of the telencephalon.

The progression of the olfactory lobe over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory lobe is the area of the brain that process the neural inputs for the sense of smell.

The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random anterior-posterior spatial arrangement of the neural plate.

The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes in the central nervous system. The capillary endothelial cells in the brain are specialized to form the blood-brain barrier.

The process in which neuronal axons and dendrites become coated with a segmented lipid-rich sheath (myelin) to enable faster and more energetically efficient conduction of electrical impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.

The process in which neuronal axons and dendrites become coated with a segmented lipid-rich sheath (myelin) to enable faster and more energetically efficient conduction of electrical impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.

The migration of cells in the telencephalon from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb in which cells move orthogonally to the direction of radial migration and do not use radial glial cell processes as substrates for migration.

The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another at least one of which is located in the telencephalon.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the corpus callosum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The corpus callosum is a thick bundle of nerve fibers comprising a commissural plate connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. It consists of contralateral axon projections that provide communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rhodopsin-mediated signaling.

The negative regulation of a signal transduction pathway in response to a stimulus upon prolonged exposure to that stimulus.

The cellular process that ensures successive accurate and complete genome replication and chromosome segregation.

A multicellular organismal process involved in the periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin.

A multicellular organismal process involved in the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body.

The initial attachment of a membrane or protein to a target membrane. Docking requires only that the proteins come close enough to interact and adhere.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.

A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cellular component.

A process, occurring at the cellular level, that is involved in the reproductive function of a multicellular organism.

A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals by one or two organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents.

The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure that results in the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.

A physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.

A process involved in the sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anatomical structure morphogenesis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis. Cell morphogenesis is the developmental process in which the shape of a cell is generated and organized.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cellular component.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a gland are generated and organized.

A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a complex containing RNA and proteins. Includes the biosynthesis of the constituent RNA and protein molecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the ribonucleoprotein complex.

The initial attachment of a membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the two membranes. Docking requires only that the membranes come close enough for the proteins to interact and adhere.

The initial attachment of a protein to a target membrane, mediated by a proteins protruding from the target membrane. Docking requires only that the proteins come close enough to interact and adhere.

The DNA metabolic process in which an existing DNA strand is extended by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand.

A process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a ribonucleoprotein complex.

A protein complex, that caps one or both ends of the proteasome core complex and regulates entry into, or exit from, the proteasome core complex.

Enables the transfer of a single solute from one side of a membrane to the other by a mechanism involving conformational change, either by facilitated diffusion or in a membrane potential dependent process if the solute is charged.

Enables the transfer of a specific substance or related group of substances from one side of a membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction.

Enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism involving conformational change, where energy for active transport is derived from membrane potential if the solute is charged.

Catalysis of the active transport of a potassium ion across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported in opposite directions in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific neurotransmitter has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Enables the transport of a solute across a membrane via a large pore, un-gated channel. Examples include gap junctions, which transport substances from one cell to another; and porins which transport substances in and out of bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens when a specific neurotransmitter has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens in response to a specific stimulus.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens in response to a specific ion stimulus.

Enables the transport of a solute across a membrane via a narrow pore channel that is open even in an unstimulated or 'resting' state.

Enables the transport of a potassium ion across a membrane via a narrow pore channel that is open even in an unstimulated or 'resting' state.

Enables the transport of a solute across a membrane via a narrow pore channel that may be gated or ungated.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a voltage-gated channel. A cation is a positively charged ion. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Selectively enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens upon binding acetylcholine.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when glutamate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when serotonin has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens when GABA has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens when glycine has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Enables the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other up the solute's concentration gradient. This is carried out by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction.

Enables the transfer of a substance, usually a specific substance or a group of related substances, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of alanine from one side of a membrane to the other. Alanine is 2-aminopropanoic acid.

Enables the transfer of a zinc ion or zinc ions from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane.

Enables the transfer of a macromolecule from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of serine from one side of a membrane to the other. Serine is 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.

Enables the transfer of inorganic cations from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge that do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane transporter activity.

A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors.

A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression as a consequence of a process in which a signal is released and/or conveyed from one location to another.

The signaling process in which signal transduction is brought to an end rather than being reversibly modulated.

Binding to a major histocompatibility complex class Ib molecules.

Binding to a major histocompatibility complex class Ib molecules via the antigen binding groove.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the cell surface receptor CD40 to one of its physiological ligands, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The process in which an activated neuronal cell receptor conveys information down a signaling pathway, resulting in a change in the function or state of a cell. This process may be intracellular or intercellular.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.

The entirety of a process in which information is transmitted within a biological system. This process begins with an active signal and ends when a cellular response has been triggered.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.

The regulation of a signal transduction pathway in response to a stimulus upon prolonged exposure to that stimulus.

The process in which a signal is secreted or discharged into the extracellular medium from a cellular source.

The directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of anions at the level of a cell. Monatomic anions (also called simple anions) are anions consisting of exactly one atom.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cations at the level of a cell. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are cations consisting of exactly one atom.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of potassium ions at the level of a cell.

A large complex that acts as a tethering factor involved in transporting vesicles from the ER through the Golgi to the plasma membrane. A TRAPP (transport protein particle) complex has a core set of proteins which are joined by specific subunits depending on the cellular component where a given TRAPP complex is active.

The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.

The maintenance of established anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.

The Ccr4-Not complex is an eukaryotically conserved deadenylase that can initiate cytoplasmic mRNA decay, and reduce translation by releasing poly(A)-binding protein (Pab1/PABPC1). Ccr4-Not contains seven core subunits, including two poly(A)-specific exonucleases, Ccr4/CNOT6/CNOT6L and Caf1/Pop2/CNOT7/CNOT8.

The contractile element of skeletal and cardiac muscle; a long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism.

The repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.

Platelike region of a muscle sarcomere to which the plus ends of actin filaments are attached.

A constituent of the extracellular matrix that enables the matrix to resist longitudinal stress.

A constituent of the extracellular matrix that enables the matrix to resist compressive forces; often a proteoglycan.

A thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a migrating cell or extending cell process; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments.

Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.

Formation of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.

Formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.

Formation of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell.

Assembly of the parallel bundle of actin filaments at the core of a microvillus.

Formation of a microspike, a dynamic, actin-rich projection extending from the surface of a migrating animal cell.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.

Assembly of actin filament bundles in which the filaments are loosely packed (approximately 30-60 nm apart) and arranged with opposing polarities; the loose packing allows myosin (usually myosin-II) to enter the bundle.

Assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament.

Disassembly of actin filaments by the removal of actin monomers from a filament.

Assembly of actin filament bundles in which the filaments are tightly packed (approximately 10-20 nm apart) and oriented with the same polarity.

Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins.

The sliding of actin thin filaments and myosin thick filaments past each other in muscle contraction. This involves a process of interaction of myosin located on a thick filament with actin located on a thin filament. During this process ATP is split and forces are generated.

Movement of a vesicle along an actin filament, mediated by motor proteins.

A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells, or between a cell and the extracellular matrix, or between two membrane-bound components of a cell, such as flagella.

A cell junction that forms a connection between a cell and the extracellular matrix.

A cell-substrate junction (attachment structure) found in epithelial cells that links intermediate filaments to extracellular matrices via transmembrane complexes. In vertebrates, hemidesmosomes mediate contact between the basal side of epithelial cells and the basal lamina. In C. elegans, hemidesmosomes connect epithelial cells to distinct extracellular matrices on both the apical and basal cell surfaces.

A cell-cell junction in which: on the cytoplasmic surface of each interacting plasma membrane is a dense plaque composed of a mixture of intracellular anchor proteins; a bundle of keratin intermediate filaments is attached to the surface of each plaque; transmembrane adhesion proteins of the cadherin family bind to the plaques and interact through their extracellular domains to hold the adjacent membranes together by a Ca2+-dependent mechanism.

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+.

Any of the inward folds of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Their number, extent, and shape differ in mitochondria from different tissues and organisms. They appear to be devices for increasing the surface area of the mitochondrial inner membrane, where the enzymes of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation are found. Their shape can vary with the respiratory state of the mitochondria.

Any of the heteromeric enzymes, located in the mitochondrion, that act in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.

The formation of mature insulin by proteolysis of the precursor preproinsulin. The signal sequence is first cleaved from preproinsulin to form proinsulin; proinsulin is then cleaved to release the C peptide, leaving the A and B chains of mature insulin linked by disulfide bridges.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin.

The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin. In vertebrates, insulin is secreted from B granules in the B cells of the vertebrate pancreas and from insulin-producing cells in insects.

The process of restoring a protein to its original state after damage by such things as oxidation or spontaneous decomposition of residues.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires specialized features of a lymphocyte. A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.

The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell in response to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water within an organism or cell.

Combining with a MHC class I molecule of the HLA-A subclass to mediate signaling that inhibits activation of a lymphocyte.

Combining with a MHC class I molecule of the HLA-A subclass to mediate signaling that activates a lymphocyte.

Combining with a MHC class I molecule of the HLA-B subclass to mediate signaling that inhibits activation of a lymphocyte.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the Wnt signal transduction pathway.

Any of several different proteinaceous coats that can associate with membranes. Membrane coats include those formed by clathrin plus an adaptor complex, the COPI and COPII complexes, and possibly others. They are found associated with membranes on many vesicles as well as other membrane features such as pits and perhaps tubules.

A membrane coat found on coated pits and some coated vesicles; consists of polymerized clathrin triskelions, each comprising three clathrin heavy chains and three clathrin light chains, linked to the membrane via one of the AP adaptor complexes.

Any of several heterotetrameric complexes that link clathrin (or another coat-forming molecule, as hypothesized for AP-3 and AP-4) to a membrane surface; they are found on coated pits and coated vesicles, and mediate sorting of cargo proteins into vesicles. Each AP complex contains two large (a beta and one of either an alpha, gamma, delta, or epsilon) subunits (110-130 kDa), a medium (mu) subunit (approximately 50 kDa), and a small (sigma) subunit (15-20 kDa).

A heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta1, gamma, mu1 and sigma1 subunits and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle; vesicles with AP-1-containing coats are normally found primarily in the trans-Golgi network. In at least humans, the AP-1 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different genes (gamma1 and gamma2, mu1A and mu1B, and sigma1A, sigma1B and sigma1C).

A heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of alpha, beta2, mu2 and sigma2 subunits, and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle, and the cargo receptors during receptor/clathrin mediated endocytosis. Vesicles with AP-2-containing coats are normally found primarily near the plasma membrane, on endocytic vesicles. In at least humans, the AP-2 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different alpha genes (alphaA and alphaC).

A heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta3, delta, mu3 and sigma3 subunits and is found associated with endosomal membranes. AP-3 does not appear to associate with clathrin in all organisms. In at least humans, the AP-3 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different genes (beta3A and beta3B, mu3A and mu3B, and sigma3A and sigma3B).

An AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta4, epsilon, mu4 and sigma4 subunits and is found associated with membranes in the trans-Golgi network; it is not clear whether AP-4 forms clathrin coats in vivo.

One of two multimeric complexes that forms a membrane vesicle coat. The mammalian COPI subunits are called alpha-, beta-, beta'-, gamma-, delta-, epsilon- and zeta-COP. Vesicles with COPI coats are found associated with Golgi membranes at steady state.

One of two multimeric complexes that forms a membrane vesicle coat. COPII is best characterized in S. cerevisiae, where the subunits are called Sar1p, Sec13p, Sec31p, Sec23p, and Sec24p. Vesicles with COPII coats are found associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes at steady state.

A membrane coat adaptor complex that links clathrin to a membrane.

The coat found on coated pits and the coated vesicles derived from coated pits; comprises clathrin and the AP-2 adaptor complex.

Any of the vesicles of the constitutive secretory pathway, which carry cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, between Golgi cisternae, from the Golgi to the ER (retrograde transport) or to destinations within or outside the cell.

A vesicle with a coat formed of the COPII coat complex proteins. The COPII coat complex is formed by the Sec23p/Sec24p and the Sec13p/Sec31p heterodimers. COPII-associated vesicles transport proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus (anterograde transport).

Small membrane-bounded organelle formed by pinching off of a coated region of membrane. Some coats are made of clathrin, whereas others are made from other proteins.

A vesicle with a coat formed of clathrin connected to the membrane via one of the clathrin adaptor complexes.

A vesicle with a coat formed of the COPI coat complex proteins. COPI-coated vesicles are found associated with Golgi membranes at steady state, are involved in Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum (retrograde) vesicle transport, and possibly also in intra-Golgi transport.

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance. Endocytic vesicles fuse with early endosomes to deliver the cargo for further sorting.

A vesicle that mediates transport between the trans-Golgi network and other parts of the cell.

A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. Secretory granules move towards the periphery of the cell and upon stimulation, their membranes fuse with the cell membrane, and their protein load is exteriorized. Processing of the contained protein may take place in secretory granules.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3(6)-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl,1,6(3))-beta-D-mannosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-R = UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,6)-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3(6)-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,6(3))-beta-D-mannosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-R. Only branched mannose glycopeptides with non-reducing N-acetylglucosamine terminal residues act as acceptors.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).

The import of proteins across the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes into the matrix. Unfolded proteins enter the mitochondrial matrix with a chaperone protein; the information required to target the precursor protein from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix is contained within its N-terminal matrix-targeting sequence. Translocation of precursors to the matrix occurs at the rare sites where the outer and inner membranes are close together.

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix.

The regulated release of pancreatic juice by the exocrine pancreas into the upper part of the intestine. Pancreatic juice is slightly alkaline and contains numerous enzymes and inactive enzyme precursors including alpha-amylase, chymotrypsinogen, lipase, procarboxypeptidase, proelastase, prophospholipase A2, ribonuclease, and trypsinogen. Its high concentration of bicarbonate ions helps to neutralize the acid from the stomach.

Catalysis of the transfer of a beta-D-xylosyl residue from UDP-D-xylose to the serine hydroxyl group of an acceptor protein substrate.

The binding activity of a molecule that provides a physical support for the assembly of a multiprotein receptor signaling complex.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.

Binding to a PDZ domain of a protein, a domain found in diverse signaling proteins.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.

A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug.

Binding to a low-density lipoprotein particle, a lipoprotein particle that is rich in cholesterol esters and low in triglycerides, is typically composed of APOB100 and APOE, and has a density of 1.02-1.06 g/ml and a diameter of between 20-25 nm.

Binding to pyridoxal 5' phosphate, 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl4-pyridine carboxaldehyde 5' phosphate, the biologically active form of vitamin B6.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a proton by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Binding to troponin C, the calcium-binding subunit of the troponin complex.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of DNA-dependent DNA replication; the process in which DNA becomes competent to replicate. In eukaryotes, replication competence is established in early G1 and lost during the ensuing S phase.

Thin, stiff, actin-based protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal or dendritic growth cone, or a dendritic shaft.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signal transduction.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron.

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell. A B cell is a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.

Enables the transfer of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide, from one side of a membrane to the other.

The directed movement of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine).

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix.

Any process that determines the size and arrangement of collagen fibrils within an extracellular matrix.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proteoglycan containing heparan sulfate, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans that have repeat units consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4) linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues, the former being a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic and L-iduronic acids, and the latter being either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any proteoglycan containing heparan sulfate, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans that have repeat units consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues, the former being a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic and L-iduronic acids, and the latter being either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans found mainly as an intracellular component of mast cells. They are similar to heparan sulfates but are of somewhat higher average Mr (6000-20000) and contain fewer N-acetyl groups and more N-sulfate and O-sulfate groups; they may be attached in the same manner to protein, forming proteoglycans. They consist predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate. They usually occur linked to a protein to form proteoglycans. Two subgroups exist, one in which the sulfate is on the 4-position (chondroitin sulfate A) and the second in which it is in the 6-position (chondroitin sulfate C). They often are polydisperse and often differ in the degree of sulfation from tissue to tissue. The chains of repeating disaccharide are covalently linked to the side chains of serine residues in the polypeptide backbone of a protein by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide unit galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl. Chondroitin sulfate B is more usually known as dermatan sulfate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dermatan sulfate, any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units. They are important components of ground substance or intercellular cement of skin and some connective tissues.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dermatan sulfate, any glycosaminoglycan with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dermatan sulfate, any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans of average Mr (6000-20000), consisting predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans of average Mr (6000-20000), consisting predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte.

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires characteristics of a more mature T-cell. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose definin characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.

The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte.

The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of a megakaryocyte.

The process in which platelets bud from long processes extended by megakaryocytes.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires specialized features of a basophil cell.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specializes features of an eosinophil.

The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a neutrophil.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a monocyte.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a macrophage.

Combining with an apolipoprotein to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with a lipoprotein particle and delivering the lipoprotein particle into the cell via endocytosis. A lipoprotein particle, also known as a lipoprotein, is a clathrate complex consisting of a lipid enwrapped in a protein host without covalent binding in such a way that the complex has a hydrophilic outer surface consisting of all the protein and the polar ends of any phospholipids.

Combining with a very-low-density lipoprotein particle and delivering the very-low-density lipoprotein into the cell via endocytosis.

Formation of myofibrils, the repeating units of striated muscle.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the actin-based thin filaments of myofibrils in skeletal muscle.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the myosin-based thick filaments of myofibrils in skeletal muscle.

The process in which peroxisomes are delivered to a type of vacuole and degraded in response to changing nutrient conditions.

Binding to a carbohydrate, which includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as substances derived from monosaccharides by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates.

Binding to a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of guanylate cyclase.

The regulated release of growth hormone from secretory granules into the blood.

The covalent alteration of one or more fatty acids in a lipid, resulting in a change in the properties of the lipid.

The progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells.

Alterations undergone by nuclei at the molecular and morphological level as part of the execution phase of apoptosis.

Catalysis of the reaction: glycolate + NADP+ = glyoxylate + NADPH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: 5-formyltetrahydrofolate + ATP = 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + ADP + H+ + phosphate.

Binding to a LIM domain (for Lin-11 Isl-1 Mec-3) of a protein, a domain with seven conserved cysteine residues and a histidine, that binds two zinc ions and acts as an interface for protein-protein interactions.

Binding to a clathrin heavy or light chain, the main components of the coat of coated vesicles and coated pits, and which also occurs in synaptic vesicles.

Protection of epithelial surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract from proteolytic and caustic digestive agents.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of an epidermal cutaneous structure.

The deposition of hydroxyapatite, a form of calcium phosphate with the formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, in bone tissue.

Catalysis of the reaction: testosterone + NAD(P)+ = androst-4-ene-3,17-dione + NAD(P)H + H+.

Combining with estrogen and transmitting the signal within the cell to trigger a change in cell activity or function.

Any of several large complexes that contain two or three dynein heavy chains and several light chains, and have microtubule motor activity.

A protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex formed by the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 4 plus one or more regulatory subunits.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein serine/threonine kinase.

Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein tyrosine kinase.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase.

Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a receptor signaling protein tyrosine kinase.

Binds to and increases the activity of a protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein.

Increases the activity of a protein tyrosine kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a tyrosyl phenolic group on a protein.

Binds to and increases the activity of a transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase.

Binds to and increases the activity of a receptor signaling protein tyrosine kinase.

Uptake of cholesterol into the blood by absorption from the small intestine.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of absorption of cholesterol into the blood, and the exclusion of other sterols from absorption.

The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Catalysis of the cleavage of heparan sulfate; can degrade both heparan sulfate and heparin glycosaminoglycan chains.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving poly-N-acetyllactosamine, a carbohydrate composed of N-acetyllactosamine repeats (Gal-beta-1,4-GlcNAc-beta-1,3)n.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of poly-N-acetyllactosamine, a carbohydrate composed of N-acetyllactosamine repeats (Gal-beta-1,4-GlcNAc-beta-1,3)n.

A structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the entire cell or cells. This does not include the periplasmic space.

Invagination of the plasma membrane of a muscle cell that extends inward from the cell surface around each myofibril. The ends of T-tubules make contact with the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of an osteoclast. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue.

The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium (aka flagellum) that contributes to the movement of a flagellated sperm.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a melanocyte.

The directed movement of chloride ions from one side of an epithelium to the other.

The accomplishment of a non-fluctuating membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the respiratory tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The respiratory tube is assumed to mean any tube in the respiratory tract.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adrenal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This gland can either be a discrete structure located bilaterally above each kidney, or a cluster of cells in the head kidney that perform the functions of the adrenal gland. In either case, this organ consists of two cells types, aminergic chromaffin cells and steroidogenic cortical cells.

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of prenylated proteins.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of prenylcysteine, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl-cysteine, a derivative of the amino acid cysteine formed by the covalent addition of a prenyl residue.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving prenylcysteine, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl-cysteine, a derivative of the amino acid cysteine formed by the covalent addition of a prenyl residue.

A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.

Binding to cyclins, proteins whose levels in a cell varies markedly during the cell cycle, rising steadily until mitosis, then falling abruptly to zero. As cyclins reach a threshold level, they are thought to drive cells into G2 phase and thus to mitosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.

An enzyme regulator activity that increases the processivity of polymerization by DNA polymerase, by allowing the polymerase to move rapidly along DNA while remaining topologically bound to it.

Catalysis of the hydroxylation of C-24 of 1-alpha,25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3; calcitriol).

Catalysis of the reaction: vitamin D3 + NADPH + H+ + O2 = calcidiol + NADP+ + H2O.

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of tooth enamel.

Binding to an iron-responsive element, a regulatory sequence found in the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of mRNAs encoding many iron-binding proteins.

Catalysis of the conversion of precursor Z to molybdopterin, the final step in molybdopterin biosynthesis.

Combining with any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with ICAM-3, intercellular adhesion molecule 3, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. ICAM-3, or CD50, are constitutively expressed on monocytes, granulocytes and lymphocytes; on physiological stimulation, they become transiently phosphorylated on serine residues.

Antagonizes ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide.

A transcription coactivator activity that activates or increases the transcription of specific gene sets via binding to a DNA-bound nuclear receptor, either on its own or as part of a complex. Coactivators often act by altering chromatin structure and modifications. For example, one class of transcription coregulators modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second class remodels the conformation of chromatin in an ATP-dependent fashion. A third class modulates interactions of DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factors with other transcription coregulators. A fourth class of coactivator activity is the bridging of a DNA-binding transcription factor to the general (basal) transcription machinery. The Mediator complex, which bridges sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factors and RNA polymerase, is also a transcription coactivator.

Combining with neurotensin, a neuropeptide active in the central and peripheral nervous system in mammals, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other by a mechanism independent of coupling to G proteins.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, also known as FBP. The D enantiomer is a metabolic intermediate in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructosamine, a fructose molecule containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructosamine, a fructose molecule containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.

Binding to lactose, a disaccharide of glucose and galactose, the carbohydrate of milk.

The controlled breakdown of any cell membrane in the context of a normal process such as autophagy.

Catalysis of the reaction: 5-formimidoyltetrahydrofolate + L-glutamate = tetrahydrofolate + N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a peptidase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis peptide bonds.

A process leading to the generation of a functional small interfering RNA (siRNA). Includes the cleavage of double-stranded RNA to form small interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) of 21-23 nucleotides. May also include amplification of the siRNA by RNA-directed RNA polymerase.

The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.

A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, morphology. Dendrites receive and integrate signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conduct nerve impulses towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body.

The migrating motile tip of a growing neuron projection, where actin accumulates, and the actin cytoskeleton is the most dynamic.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine.

A wavelike sequence of involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation that passes along a tubelike structure, such as the intestine, impelling the contents onwards.

The series of steps necessary to target endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident proteins for degradation by the cytoplasmic proteasome. Begins with recognition of the ER-resident protein, includes retrotranslocation (dislocation) of the protein from the ER to the cytosol, protein ubiquitination necessary for correct substrate transfer, transport of the protein to the proteasome, and ends with degradation of the protein by the cytoplasmic proteasome.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the classical pathway of complement activation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the alternative pathway of complement activation.

Polarized accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins (including F-actin) and regulatory proteins in a cell. An example of this is the actin cap found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in a tRNA molecule.

Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Small SubUnit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature SSU-rRNA molecule.

Binding to hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin.

A thin cytoplasmic bridge formed between daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. The midbody forms where the contractile ring constricts, and may persist for some time before finally breaking to complete cytokinesis.

The elongation of a fatty acid chain by the sequential addition of two-carbon units.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization.

Enables the transfer of inorganic diphosphate across a membrane.

The directed movement of inorganic diphosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Binding to ankyrin, a 200 kDa cytoskeletal protein that attaches other cytoskeletal proteins to integral membrane proteins.

Binding to spectrin, a protein that is the major constituent of the erythrocyte cytoskeletal network. It associates with band 4.1 (see band protein) and actin to form the cytoskeletal superstructure of the erythrocyte plasma membrane. It is composed of nonhomologous chains, alpha and beta, which aggregate side-to-side in an antiparallel fashion to form dimers, tetramers, and higher polymers.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any BMP receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway activity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of BMP signaling pathway activity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the BMP signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the rate, direction or extent of axon extension.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon outgrowth.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a steroid binding to an intracellular steroid hormone receptor.

The series of molecular signals initiated by estrogen binding to an intracellular receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by androgen binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a receptor located within a cell.

The heterodimeric receptor for granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of chromatin.

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains at least one RNA of the small nuclear RNA (snRNA) class and as well as its associated proteins. These are typically named after the snRNA(s) they contain, e.g. U1 snRNP, U4/U6 snRNP, or 7SK snRNP. Many, of these complexes become part of the spliceosome involved in splicing of nuclear mRNAs. Others are involved in regulation of transcription elongation or 3'-end processing of replication-dependent histone pre-mRNAs.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female genitalia over time, from formation to the mature structure.

Binding to a Hsp70 protein, heat shock proteins around 70kDa in size.

The function of interacting (directly or indirectly) with receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is increased.

Interacting (directly or indirectly) with acetylcholine receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is changed.

Interacting (directly or indirectly) with acetylcholine receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is increased.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of an acetylcholine receptor.

Binding to a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.

Binding to cAMP, the nucleotide cyclic AMP (adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).

Binding to cGMP, the nucleotide cyclic GMP (guanosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).

Binding to an adenyl nucleotide, an adenosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction involving the transfer of a phosphatidate (otherwise known as diacylglycerol 3-phosphosphate) group.

The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of any of the extra-nucleolar nuclear domains usually visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescent antibodies to specific proteins.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of Cajal bodies, nuclear bodies that appear ultrastructurally as a tangle of coiled, electron-dense threads roughly 0.5 micrometers in diameter and are enriched in ribonucleoproteins, and certain general RNA polymerase II transcription factors.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of PML bodies, a class of nuclear body; they react against SP100 auto-antibodies (PML = promyelocytic leukemia).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of SMAD signaling proteins by ubiquitination and targeting to the proteasome.

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine during the synthesis of quinone cofactors such as ubiquinone (coenzyme Q), menaquinone (vitamin K2), plastoquinone and phylloquinone (vitamin K1).

The directed movement of a symbiont's proteins within a cell of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Catalysis of the reaction: [methionine synthase]-cob(II)alamin + NADPH + H+ + S-adenosyl methionine = [methionine synthase]-methylcob(I)alamin + S-adenosylhomocysteine + NADP+.

The covalent attachment of an ADP-ribosyl group to a residue in double-stranded DNA.

The directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.

Combining with a neurotransmitter and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.

The movement of a leukocyte in response to an external stimulus.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving polyketides, any of a diverse group of natural products synthesized via linear poly-beta-ketones, which are themselves formed by repetitive head-to-tail addition of acetyl (or substituted acetyl) units indirectly derived from acetate (or a substituted acetate) by a mechanism similar to that for fatty acid biosynthesis but without the intermediate reductive steps.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions (protons) within a cell or between a cell and its external environment.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of phosphate ions at the level of a cell.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of chloride ions at the level of a cell.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving an aminoglycoside antibiotic, any member of a group of broad spectrum antibiotics, of similar toxicity and pharmacology, that contain an aminodeoxysugar, an amino- or guanidino-substituted inositol ring, and one or more residues of other sugars. The group includes streptomycin, neomycin, framycetin, kanamycin, paromomycin, and gentamicin.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.

The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle associated with the Golgi apparatus.

The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle.

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding an axon; it is a specialized trilaminar random mosaic of protein molecules floating within a fluid matrix of highly mobile phospholipid molecules, 7-8 nm in thickness.

The binding activity of a protein that brings together two or more macromolecules in contact, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. The adaptor can bring together two proteins, or a protein and another macromolecule such as a lipid or a nucleic acid.

A ribonucleoprotein complex that catalyzes cleavage of the leader sequence of precursor tRNAs (pre-tRNAs), generating the mature 5' end of tRNAs.

A ribonuclease P complex located in the mitochondrion of a eukaryotic cell, where it catalyzes the 5' endonucleolytic cleavage of precursor tRNAs to yield mature tRNAs. The subunit composition of mitochondrial ribonuclease P complexes varies between species. The complex contains a single RNA molecule and a single protein molecule in yeast (PMID:12045094), but comprises three proteins and lacks an RNA component in humans.

A ribonuclease P complex that generally contains a single RNA molecule and several protein molecules. Examples of this complex are found in Archaeal species.

Any complex of pre-rRNAs, ribosomal proteins, and associated proteins formed during ribosome biogenesis.

A large ribonucleoprotein complex considered to be the earliest preribosomal complex. In S. cerevisiae, it has a size of 90S and consists of the 35S pre-rRNA, early-associating ribosomal proteins most of which are part of the small ribosomal subunit, the U3 snoRNA and associated proteins.

A preribosomal complex consisting of 27SA, 27SB, and/or 7S pre-rRNA, 5S rRNA, ribosomal proteins including late-associating large subunit proteins, and associated proteins; a precursor of the eukaryotic cytoplasmic large ribosomal subunit.

A preribosomal complex consisting of 20S pre-rRNA, ribosomal proteins including late-associating small subunit proteins, and associated proteins; a precursor of the eukaryotic cytoplasmic small ribosomal subunit.

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from a donor to the C5 atom of the uridine residue at position 54 in a tRNA molecule.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing thymine at position U54 of a transfer RNA. This occurs in most Gram-negative bacteria, some archae, and eukaryotes.

The directed movement of substances along cytoskeletal fibers such as microfilaments or microtubules within a cell.

The process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanidinoacetate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + creatine + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + carnosine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + anserine + H+.

Binding to a protein or protein complex when at least one of the interacting partners is in the GTP-bound state.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + an amine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a methylated amine.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + arsenite = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + methylarsonate.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + methylarsonite = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + dimethylarsinate.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides.

Any process that controls the length of actin filaments in a cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the disassembly of actin filaments by the removal of actin monomers from a filament.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin depolymerization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin depolymerization.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin polymerization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin polymerization.

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway which proceeds with inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC) activity and a subsequent decrease in the levels of cellular inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the prostate gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The prostate gland is a partly muscular, partly glandular body that is situated near the base of the mammalian male urethra and secretes an alkaline viscid fluid which is a major constituent of the ejaculatory fluid.

The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a granulocyte. Granulocytes are a class of leukocytes characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. These cells are active in allergic immune reactions such as arthritic inflammation and rashes. This class includes basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a polarized epithelial cell. The polarized epithelial cell can be any of the cells within an epithelium where the epithelial sheet is oriented with respect to the planar axis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of polarized epithelial cell differentiation.

The portion of the cytoskeleton that lies just beneath the plasma membrane.

The portion of the actin cytoskeleton, comprising filamentous actin and associated proteins, that lies just beneath the plasma membrane.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of actin-based cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane.

Trimeric protein complex that possesses endonuclease activity; involved in meiotic recombination, DNA repair and checkpoint signaling. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the complex comprises Mre11p, Rad50p, and Xrs2p; complexes identified in other species generally contain proteins orthologous to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins.

The portion of nuclear chromatin associated with the nucleolus; includes the DNA encoding the ribosomal RNA.

A cytoplasmic protein complex containing glycogen synthase kinase-3-beta (GSK-3-beta), the adenomatous polyposis coli protein (APC), and the scaffolding protein axin, among others; phosphorylates beta-catenin, targets it for degradation by the proteasome.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thyroid gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thyroid gland is an endoderm-derived gland that produces thyroid hormone.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk. Its development starts with the formation of the mammary line and ends as the mature gland cycles between nursing and weaning stages.

Any complex that possesses RNA polymerase activity; generally comprises a catalytic subunit and one or more additional subunits.

Binding to an exogenous lipid antigen (examples include microbial lipids and glycolipids).

Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of myeloid dendritic cell activation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid dendritic cell activation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of B cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of B cell proliferation.

A cohesin complex that mediates sister chromatid cohesion during mitosis; has a subunit composition distinct from that of the meiotic cohesin complex.

A cohesin complex that mediates sister chromatid cohesion during meiosis; has a subunit composition distinct from that of the mitotic cohesin complex.

A multi-component enzymatic machine at the replication fork which mediates DNA replication. Includes DNA primase, one or more DNA polymerases, DNA helicases, and other proteins.

Protein complex that mediates editing of the mRNA encoding apolipoprotein B; catalyzes the deamination of C to U (residue 6666 in the human mRNA). Contains a catalytic subunit, APOBEC-1, and other proteins (e.g. human ASP; rat ASP and KSRP).

A multimeric protein complex that associates with the vacuolar membrane, late endosomal (multivesicular body) and lysosomal membranes. HOPS is a tethering complex involved in vesicle fusion.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate. This reaction requires the presence of calcium ion (Ca2+).

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions).

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles).

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium).

A conserved hetero-pentameric membrane-associated complex involved in retrograde transport from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus. The budding yeast retromer comprises Vps35p, Vps29p, Vps26p, Vps5p, and Vps17p. The mammalian complex shows slight variation in composition compared to yeast, and comprises SNX1 or SNX2, SNX5 or SNX6, VPS26A or VPS26B, VPS29, and VPS35.

The dimeric subcomplex of the retromer, believed to be peripherally associated with the membrane. This dimeric complex is responsible for remodelling endosomal membranes to form a tube-structure to which cargo molecules are selected for recycling. The budding yeast complex comprises Vps5p and Vps17p, and may contain multiple copies of a Vps5p/Vps17p dimer. The mammalian complex contains SNX1 or SNX2 dimerized with SNX5 or SNX6.

The trimeric subcomplex of the retromer, believed to be closely associated with the membrane. This trimeric complex is responsible for recognizing and binding to cargo molecules. The complex comprises three Vps proteins in both yeast and mammalian cells: Vps35p, Vps29p, and Vps26p in yeast, and VPS35, VPS29 and VPS26A or VPS26B in mammals.

Binding to a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain of a protein, the consensus sequence of which is defined by a pattern of small and large hydrophobic amino acids and a structure composed of helices.

Formation of the junction between an axon and the glial cell that forms the myelin sheath. Paranodal junctions form at each paranode, i.e. at the ends of the unmyelinated nodes of Ranvier.

A conserved complex that contains a heterodimer of SMC proteins (Smc5p and Smc6p, or homologs thereof) and several other proteins, and is involved in DNA repair and maintaining cell cycle arrest following DNA damage. In S. cerevisiae, this is an octameric complex called Mms21-Smc5-Smc6 complex, with at least five of its subunits conserved in fission yeast and humans.

A protein complex consisting of three collagen chains assembled into a left-handed triple helix. These trimers assemble into a sheet.

Binding to an endoplasmic reticulum signal peptide, a specific peptide sequence that acts as a signal to localize the protein within the endoplasmic reticulum.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized actin-based cytoskeletal structures.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized microtubule-based cytoskeletal structures.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of astral microtubules, any of the spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles.

The 'de novo' formation of an astral microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule.

A protein complex that possesses glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase activity, and therefore creates Gln-tRNA by amidating Glu-tRNA; usually composed of 3 subunits: A, B, and C. Note that the C subunit may not be required in all organisms.

Binding to Tat, a viral transactivating regulatory protein from the human immunodeficiency virus, or the equivalent protein from another virus.

The hydroxylation of peptidyl-arginine to form peptidyl-hydroxyarginine.

An integral membrane complex that possesses NADH oxidoreductase activity. The complex is one of the components of the electron transport chain. It catalyzes the transfer of a pair of electrons from NADH to a quinone.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or other ER-related stress; results in changes in the regulation of transcription and translation.

The directed movement of unfolded or misfolded proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol through the translocon.

Binding to a receptor that possesses protein tyrosine kinase activity.

The process in which thiamine pyrophosphate is transported across a membrane.

Binding to thiamine pyrophosphate, the diphosphoric ester of thiamine. Acts as a coenzyme of several (de)carboxylases, transketolases, and alpha-oxoacid dehydrogenases.

The portion of the microtubule cytoskeleton that lies just beneath the plasma membrane.

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing one or more mismatches.

A nonmembrane-bound oligomeric protein complex that participates in bidirectional transport of molecules (cargo) along axonemal microtubules.

The smaller subcomplex of the intraciliary transport particle; characterized complexes have molecular weights of 710-760 kDa.

The larger subcomplex of the intraciliary transport particle; characterized complexes have molecular weights around 550 kDa.

Any process that modulates the extent to which the two centrioles within a centrosome remain tightly paired; may be mediated by the assembly and disassembly of a proteinaceous linker.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a caffeine stimulus. Caffeine is an alkaloid found in numerous plant species, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding upon them.

Binding to a filamin, any member of a family of high molecular mass cytoskeletal proteins that crosslink actin filaments to form networks and stress fibers. Filamins contain an amino-terminal alpha-actinin-like actin binding domain, which is followed by a rod-domain composed of 4 to 24 100-residue repetitive segments including a carboxy-terminal dimerization domain.

Any nuclear protein complex that contains an ATPase subunit of the imitation switch (ISWI) family. ISWI ATPases are involved in assembling chromatin and in sliding and spacing nucleosomes to regulate transcription of nuclear RNA polymerases I, II, and III and also DNA replication, recombination and repair.

A multisubunit protein complex that contains the Ino80p ATPase; exhibits chromatin remodeling activity.

A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support, biochemical or biomechanical cues for cells or tissues.

Binding to troponin I, the inhibitory subunit of the troponin complex.

Binding to troponin T, the tropomyosin-binding subunit of the troponin complex.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating hormones.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin.

A microtubule organizing center found in interphase cells, which organize a longitudinal array of three to five MT bundles from the nuclear envelope during interphase. Each MT bundle is composed of two to seven MTs arranged in an antiparallel configuration, with the dynamic MT plus ends extending toward the cell tips and stable minus ends near the nucleus.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microtubule organizing center, a structure from which microtubules grow.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin or paramyosin. The myosin may be organized into filaments.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a filament composed of myosin molecules.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a filament composed of myosin molecules.

Electron-dense organelle with a granular internal matrix; contains proteins destined to be secreted.

A process in which an RNA molecule reduces expression of target genes. This can occur pre-transcriptionally by assembly of heterochromatin and prevention of transcription or co- or post-transcriptionally by targeting RNAs for degradation or by interfering with splicing or translation. This process starts once the inhibitory RNA molecule has been transcribed, and includes processing of the RNA such as cleavage, modifications, transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, loading onto the RISC complex, and the effect on transcription or translation.

A heterochromatin formation-based gene silencing process mediated by a small RNA molecule that occur before the beginnning of trancription.

A process involved in the conversion of a primary microRNA transcript into a pre-microRNA molecule.

A process involved in the conversion of a pre-microRNA transcript into a mature microRNA molecule.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of a histone.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of a histone.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of a histone.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of methyl groups to histones.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of methyl groups to histones.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of methyl groups to histones.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the removal of acetyl groups from histones.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the removal of acetyl groups from histones.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the removal of acetyl groups from histones.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the hair follicle are generated and organized.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-cysteine + [enzyme]-cysteine = L-alanine + [enzyme]-S-sulfanylcysteine.

Binding to a heat shock protein, a protein synthesized or activated in response to heat shock.

Catalysis of the hydroxylation of cholesterol at position 26 of the side chain, to produce 26-hydroxycholesterol.

Any complex that acts to move proteins or RNAs into or out of the nucleus through nuclear pores.

The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

A subcomplex of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) that forms the outer rings of the core scaffold, a lattice-like structure that gives the NPC its shape and strength. In S. cerevisiae, the two outer rings each contain multiple copies of the following proteins: Nup133p, Nup120p, Nup145Cp, Nup85p, Nup84p, Seh1p, and Sec13p. In vertebrates, the two outer rings each contain multiple copies of the following proteins: Nup133, Nup160, Nup96, Nup75, Nup107, Seh1, Sec13, Nup43, Nup37, and ALADIN. Components are arranged in 8-fold symmetrical 'spokes' around the central transport channel. A single 'spoke', can be isolated and is sometimes referred to as the Nup84 complex (S. cerevisiae) or the Nup107-160 complex (vertebrates).

Any of several protein complexes required for the biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes, platelet dense granules, and other related organelles; acronym for biogenesis of lysosomal-related organelles complex.

A protein complex required for the biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules. Many of the protein subunits are conserved between mouse and human; the mouse complex contains the Pallidin, Muted, Cappuccino, Dysbindin, Snapin, BLOS1, BLOS2, AND BLOS3 proteins.

A protein complex required for the biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules. The human complex contains the Hps3, Hps5, and Hps6 proteins; the mouse complex contains ru2 and ru.

A protein complex required for the biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules. The human complex contains the Hps1 and Hps4 proteins.

A pathway of degradation of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that proceeds through a series of steps that is independent of deadenylation, but requires decapping followed by transcript decay, and that can regulate mRNA stability.

A membrane that is one of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope or the outermost membrane of single membrane bound organelle.

A secretory organelle found in blood platelets, which is unique in that it exhibits further compartmentalization and acquires its protein content via two distinct mechanisms: (1) biosynthesis predominantly at the megakaryocyte (MK) level (with some vestigial platelet synthesis) (e.g. platelet factor 4) and (2) endocytosis and pinocytosis at both the MK and circulating platelet levels (e.g. fibrinogen (Fg) and IgG).

A network of membrane-bounded compartments found in blood platelets, where they regulate platelet activation by sequestering or releasing calcium. The dense tubular network exists as thin elongated membranes in resting platelets, and undergoes a major ultrastructural change, to a rounded vesicular form, upon addition of thrombin.

The lipid bilayer surrounding the platelet dense tubular network.

The series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) cascade relays a signal.

The regrowth of a lost or destroyed body part, such as an organ or tissue. This process may occur via renewal, repair, and/or growth alone (i.e. increase in size or mass).

A protein complex containing septins. Typically, these complexes contain multiple septins and are oligomeric.

Assembly or disassembly of microtubules by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization.

The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine in an rRNA molecule.

The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine in a tRNA molecule.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cytoplasm of a cell.

Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an RNA molecule.

Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an mRNA molecule.

Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a snoRNA family molecule, also referred to as an sRNA in Archaea.

A developmental process involving two tissues in which one tissue (the inducer) produces a signal that directs cell fate commitment of cells in the second tissue (the responder).

The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids establish stable attachments to microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles.

A temporary protrusion or retractile process of a cell, associated with flowing movements of the protoplasm, and serving for locomotion and feeding.

Any process in which the proteasome is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by an SCF (Skp1/Cul1/F-box protein) complex, and mediated by the proteasome.

The incorporation of a metal and exogenous sulfur into a metallo-sulfur cluster.

The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in an rRNA molecule.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).

The covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a peptide, resulting in a change in the properties of that peptide.

A protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers. One well-characterized example is the neuronal SNARE complex formed of synaptobrevin 2, syntaxin 1a, and SNAP-25.

The process in which a protein translocates through the ER membrane posttranslationally.

Binding to a POZ (poxvirus and zinc finger) domain of a protein, a protein-protein interaction domain found in many transcription factors.

A pentameric complex that includes orthologues of human PIR121, Nap1, Abi, SCAR, and HSPC300 and regulates actin polymerization and/or depolymerization through small GTPase mediated signal transduction.

Binding to a phosphatidylcholine, a glycophospholipid in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.

A complex of the endoplasmic reticulum that catalyzes S-palmitoylation, the addition of palmitate (C16:0) or other long-chain fatty acids to proteins at a cysteine residue.

An ISWI complex that contains an ATPase subunit of the ISWI family (SNF2H in mammals) and an RSF1 homolog. It mediates nucleosome deposition and generates regularly spaced nucleosome arrays. In mammals, RSF is involved in regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoters).

Formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds, and also contain a small amounts of organic matrices that are believed to play important roles in their formation.

The component of a plasma membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to its external surface, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

The component of a plasma membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to its cytoplasmic surface, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

The assembly of actin rods, a cellular structure consisting of parallel, hexagonally arranged actin tubules.

A complex that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to a protein acceptor molecule.

A complex that possesses poly(A)-specific ribonuclease activity; catalyzes the message-specific shortening of mRNA poly(A) tails. Contains at least two subunits, known as Pan2p and Pan3p in Saccharomyces.

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a plasma membrane bounded cell surface projection.

The area of a motile cell opposite to the direction of movement.

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the leading edge of a motile cell.

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the trailing edge of a motile cell.

A protein-DNA complex assembled at eukaryotic DNA replication origins immediately prior to the initiation of DNA replication. The preinitiation complex is formed by the assembly of additional proteins onto an existing prereplicative complex. In budding yeast, the additional proteins might include Cdc45p, Sld2p, Sld3p, Dpb11p, DNA polymerases, and others; in fission yeast the GINS complex is present.

An essential outer kinetochore complex involved in the attachment of microtubule ends to the chromosomes during mitosis.

A protein complex formed by the association of signaling proteins with a death receptor upon ligand binding. The complex includes procaspases and death domain-containing proteins in addition to the ligand-bound receptor, and may control the activation of caspases 8 and 10.

A protein complex formed upon binding of Fas/CD95/APO-1 to its ligand. The complex includes FADD/Mort1, procaspase-8/10 and c-FLIP in addition to the ligand-bound receptor.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pseudopodium, a temporary protrusion or retractile process of a cell, associated with cellular movement.

The assembly of a pseudopodium by rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton and overlying membrane.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of pseudopodia.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of pseudopodia.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the activity of a cyclase.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of guanylate cyclase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of guanylate cyclase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of guanylate cyclase activity.

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ran family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.

The proteolytic cleavage of a transmembrane protein leading to the release of an intracellular domain.

The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the B- or T cell receptor to augment B- or T cell activation.

The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the T cell receptor to augment T cell activation.

The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the B cell receptor to augment B cell activation.

The process in which a DNA replication fork that has stalled is restored to a functional state and replication is restarted. The stalling may be due to DNA damage, DNA secondary structure, bound proteins, dNTP shortage, or other causes.

The component of an organelle membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

The component of an endosome membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

The component of mitochondrial inner membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

The component of a mitochondrial outer membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.

Any protein complex that mediates the effects of small interfering RNAs on gene expression. Most known examples contain one or more members of the Argonaute family of proteins.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell killing, the process in which a cell brings about the death of another cell, either in the same or a different organism.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell killing.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell killing.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response.

The alteration of the N-terminal amino acid residue in a protein.

Binding to a translation initiation factor, any polypeptide factor involved in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation.

Binding to eukaryotic initiation factor 4G, a polypeptide factor involved in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation.

Any complex that possesses ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity.

A heterodimeric ubiquitin conjugating enzyme complex that catalyzes assembly of K63-linked polyubiquitin chains, which act as a signal to promote error-free DNA postreplication repair; in Saccharomyces the complex comprises Ubc13p and Mms2p.

A protein complex that possesses RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity.

A heptameric complex related to replication factor C, which loads the DNA polymerase processivity factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) onto DNA and plays a vital role in chromosome cohesion. In Saccharomyces the subunits are known as Ctf18p, Rfc2p, Rfc3p, Rfc4p, Rfc5p, Dcc1p, and Ctf8p.

A pentameric replication factor C (RLC) complex, which unloads the DNA polymerase processivity factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) from chromatin and has roles in telomere length regulation and other aspects of genome stability. In Saccharomyces the subunits are known as Elg1p, Rfc2p, Rfc3p, Rfc4p, and Rfc5p.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandin.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandin.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandin.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.

Binding to a carboxylic acid, an organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).

A complex that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to the N-terminal residue of a protein acceptor molecule.

A conserved complex that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to an N-terminal Ser, Ala, Gly, or Thr residue of a protein acceptor molecule. In Saccharomyces the complex includes Nat1p and Ard1p, and may contain additional proteins.

A conserved complex that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to the N-terminal residue of a protein acceptor molecule that has a Met-Glu, Met-Asp, Met-Asn, or Met-Met N-terminus. In Saccharomyces the complex includes Nat3p and Mdm20p.

A conserved complex that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to the N-terminal residue of a protein acceptor molecule that has a Met-Ile, Met-Leu, Met-Trp, or Met-Phe N-terminus. In Saccharomyces the complex includes Mak3p, Mak10p, and Mak31p.

Binding to L-ascorbic acid, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate; L-ascorbic acid is vitamin C and has co-factor and anti-oxidant activities in many species.

Binding to cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.

Binding to an alkali metal ion; alkali metals are those elements in group Ia of the periodic table, with the exception of hydrogen.

A complex containing a RecQ family helicase and a topoisomerase III homologue (a member of the topoisomerase type IA subfamily); may also include one or more additional proteins; conserved from E. coli to human.

The process in which the cytoplasm of the outermost cells of the vertebrate epidermis is replaced by keratin. Keratinization occurs in the stratum corneum, feathers, hair, claws, nails, hooves, and horns.

A ribonucleoprotein complex containing a box C/D type RNA that can carry out ribose-2'-O-methylation of target RNAs. Box C/D type RNAs are widespread in eukaryotes and in Archaea, suggesting that an RNA-based guide mechanism for directing specific RNA 2'-O-ribose methylations was present in the common ancestor of Archaea and Eukarya.

The midline of aligned thick filaments in a sarcomere; location of specific proteins that link thick filaments. Depending on muscle type the M band consists of different numbers of M lines.

Binding to titin, any of a family of giant proteins found in striated and smooth muscle. In striated muscle, single titin molecules span half the sarcomere, with their N- and C-termini in the Z-disc and M-line, respectively.

Binding to telethonin, a protein found in the Z disc of striated muscle and which is a substrate of the titin kinase.

Binding to a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, a protein that can phosphorylate a MAP kinase.

Binding to a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, a protein that can phosphorylate a MAP kinase kinase.

A heterodimeric complex comprising BRCA1 and BARD1, which possesses ubiquitin ligase activity and is involved in genome maintenance, possibly by functioning in surveillance for DNA damage.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA cleavage, any process in which a pre-mRNA or mRNA molecule is cleaved at specific sites or in a regulated manner.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA cleavage.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA 3'-end processing, any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an mRNA molecule.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA 3'-end processing.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or location of heterochromatin formation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fast-twitch skeletal muscle contraction.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fast-twitch skeletal muscle contraction.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of slow-twitch skeletal muscle contraction.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heterochromatin formation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heterochromatin formation.

Any ubiquitin ligase complex in which the catalytic core consists of a member of the cullin family and a RING domain protein; the core is associated with one or more additional proteins that confer substrate specificity.

A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul2 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by an elongin-BC adaptor and a SOCS/BC box protein.

A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul3 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a BTB-domain-containing protein.

A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul4A subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by an adaptor protein.

A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul4B subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by unknown subunits.

A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul5 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by an elongin-BC adaptor and a SOCS/BC box protein.

A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul7 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a Skp1 linker and an F-box protein.

The reformation of the nuclear membranes following their breakdown in the context of a normal process.

Binding to a class V myosin; myosin V is a dimeric molecule involved in intracellular transport.

Binding to a nucleosome, a complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA into higher order structures.

A multiprotein complex having distributive polyadenylation activity of a variety of RNA substrates including hypomodified and incorrectly folded tRNAs, pre-snRNAs, pre-snoRNAs, incorrectly spliced or processed pre-mRNAs, cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs), pre-rRNAs and rRNA fragments released as part of rRNA processing. In S. cerevisiae, the complex consists of either Pap2 (also known as Trf4) or Trf5, Air1 or Air2, and Mtr4, and is involved in RNA 3'-end processing and in RNA surveillance and quality control.

A localization process that acts on a protein complex; the complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

An epigenetic gene silencing mechanism in which chromatin is compacted into heterochromatin, resulting in a chromatin conformation refractory to transcription. This process starts with heterochromatin nucleation, its spreading, and ends with heterochromatin boundary formation.

The compaction of chromatin located adjacent to the CENP-A rich centromere 'central core' and characterized by methylation of histone H3K9, into heterochromatin, resulting in the repression of transcription at pericentric DNA.

The compaction of chromatin into heterochromatin at the subtelomeric region.

A conserved heterodimeric complex with SUMO activating enzyme activity.

A cilium which may have a variable arrangement of axonemal microtubules and also contains molecular motors. It may beat with a whip-like pattern that promotes cell motility or transport of fluids and other cells across a cell surface, such as on epithelial cells that line the lumenal ducts of various tissues; or they may display a distinct twirling motion that directs fluid flow asymmetrically across the cellular surface to affect asymmetric body plan organization. Motile cilia can be found in single as well as multiple copies per cell.

A protein complex involved in the catalysis of the formation of the modified nucleotide 1-methyladenosine (m1A) in tRNA. In yeast, it is a heterotetramer of two subunits, Gcd10p and Gcd14p, while in bacteria and archaea it is a homotetramer.

A chromatin-associated multiprotein complex containing Polycomb Group proteins. In Drosophila, Polycomb group proteins are involved in the long-term maintenance of gene repression, and PcG protein complexes associate with Polycomb group response elements (PREs) in target genes to regulate higher-order chromatin structure.

A multisubunit complex consisting of Myb and other proteins that regulates site specific DNA replication, gene amplification and transcriptional repression.

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the brush border.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a ruffle, a projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell.

Binding to a receptor for thyrotropin-releasing hormone, a tripeptide hormone that is produced by the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin by the anterior pituitary.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in dynamic structural changes to the arrangement of constituent parts of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.

A protein complex that consists of an RNA 5' triphosphatase and a guanyl transferase (Cet1p and Ceg1p in S. cerevisiae; Pct1 and Ceg1 in S. pombe) and is involved in mRNA capping.

Any process that activates or increases the rate of progression from anaphase/telophase (high mitotic CDK activity) to G1 (low mitotic CDK activity).

Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = peptidyl hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2.

Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = peptidyl trans-3-hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2.

Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = peptidyl trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent, or location of DNA-templated transcription termination, the process in which transcription is completed; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA.

Catalysis of the cyclization of (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene to form a triterpene.

A signaling process that controls cell cycle progression in response to changes in DNA structure by monitoring the integrity of the DNA. The DNA integrity checkpoint begins with detection of DNA damage, defects in DNA structure or DNA replication, and progresses through signal transduction and ends with cell cycle effector processes.

A signal transduction process that contributes to a mitotic cell cycle G1/S transition DNA damage checkpoint.

A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that slows DNA synthesis in response to DNA damage by the prevention of new origin firing and the stabilization of slow replication fork progression.

A signaling process that that controls a cell cycle checkpoint that originates from the mitotic or meiotic spindle.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of membrane rafts, small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes.

The process that establishes the spatial arrangement of membrane rafts within a cellular membrane.

Assembly of hemidesmosomes, integrin-containing protein complexes that bind to laminin in the basal lamina. Hemidesmosomes form the contact between the basal surface of epithelial cells and the underlying basal lamina.

Any process that initiates the activity of inactive phospholipase D.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel.

A protein complex that possesses nucleotide-dependent protein kinase activity. The nucleotide can be AMP (in S. pombe and human) or ADP (in S. cerevisiae).

The attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving wybutosine, 3H-imidazo[1,2-alpha]purine-7-butanoic acid, 4,9-dihydro- alpha-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]- 4,6-dimethyl-9-oxo- 3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl methyl ester, a modified nucleoside found in some tRNA molecules.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of wybutosine, 3H-imidazo[1,2-alpha]purine-7-butanoic acid, 4,9-dihydro- alpha-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]- 4,6-dimethyl-9-oxo- 3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl methyl ester, a modified nucleoside found in some tRNA molecules.

An amorphous structure surrounding the core of the centrosome, from which microtubules are nucleated; contains gamma-tubulin.

Binding to a protein upon poly-ubiquitination of the target protein.

The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential.

A centrosome from which one pole of a mitotic or meiotic spindle is organized.

A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the movement of receptors from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell. The process begins when cell surface receptors are monoubiquitinated following ligand-induced activation. Receptors are subsequently taken up into endocytic vesicles from where they are either targeted to the lysosome or vacuole for degradation or recycled back to the plasma membrane.

Binding to a ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, any of the E2 proteins.

Binding to a ubiquitin protein ligase enzyme, any of the E3 proteins.

The process in which linear telomeric DNA is remodeled into duplex loops, by the invasion of a 3' single-stranded overhang into the duplex region.

An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by an opioid binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

The proteolytic processing of an inactive enzyme to an active form.

The process in which inactive plasminogen is processed to active plasmin. This process includes cleavage at an internal Arg-Val site to form an N-terminal A-chain and C-terminal B-chain held together by a disulfide bond, and can include further proteolytic cleavage events to remove the preactivation peptide.

Any process in an organism that results in the killing of cells of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the nervous system.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process.

Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein, altering the likelihood of its degradation or aggregation.

Any process that decreases the stability of a protein, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes or aggregation.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Lipopolysaccharides are major components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, making them prime targets for recognition by the immune system.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling in response to detection of lipopolysaccharide.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling in response to detection of lipopolysaccharide.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling in response to detection of lipopolysaccharide.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of nutrients.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an extracellular stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of nutrients.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus.

The dark-staining region of a sarcomere, in which myosin thick filaments are present; the center is traversed by the paler H zone, which in turn contains the M line.

A region of a sarcomere that appears as a light band on each side of the Z disc, comprising a region of the sarcomere where thin (actin) filaments are not overlapped by thick (myosin) filaments; contains actin, troponin, and tropomyosin; each sarcomere includes half of an I band at each end.

Binding to a haptoglobin, any alpha2 globulin of blood plasma that can combine with free oxyhemoglobin to form a stable complex.

Binding to an endothelial differentiation G protein-coupled receptor.

A protein complex formed by the stable binding of a haptoglobin to hemoglobin.

A process that prevents non-homologous end joining at telomere, thereby ensuring that telomeres do not fuse.

The formation of the single stranded telomeric 3' overhang, a conserved feature that ranges in length from 12 nt in budding yeast to approximately 500 nt in humans.

The series of molecular signals mediated by TOR (Target of rapamycin) proteins, members of the phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase related kinase (PIKK) family that act as serine/threonine kinases in response to nutrient availability or growth factors.

A protein complex that contains at least TOR (target of rapamycin) and Raptor (regulatory-associated protein of TOR), or orthologs of, in complex with other signaling components. Mediates the phosphorylation and activation of S6K. In Saccharomyces, the complex contains Kog1p, Lst8p, Tco89p, and either Tor1p or Tor2p.

A protein complex that contains at least TOR (target of rapamycin) and Rictor (rapamycin-insensitive companion of TOR), or orthologs of, in complex with other signaling components. Mediates the phosphorylation and activation of PKB (also called AKT). In Saccharomyces, the complex contains Avo1p, Avo2p, Tsc11p, Lst8p, Bit61p, Slm1p, Slm2p, and Tor2p.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of the phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own residues.

Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of the phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own residues.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own residues.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a medium-chain carboxylic acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA; a medium-chain fatty acid is any fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a very-long-chain fatty acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA; a very long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.

The series of molecular signals initiated by corticosteroid binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticosteroid hormone stimulus. A corticosteroid is a steroid hormone that is produced in the adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids are involved in a wide range of physiologic systems such as stress response, immune response and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte levels, and behavior. They include glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.

Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space.

Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope.

A double membrane structure enclosing an organelle, including two lipid bilayers and the region between them. In some cases, an organelle envelope may have more than two membranes.

The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing in a cellular organelle, lipid bilayer of an organelle envelope.

The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope.

The enclosed volume within a sealed membrane or between two sealed membranes. Encompasses the volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the space between the two lipid bilayers of a double membrane surrounding an organelle, e.g. nuclear envelope lumen.

A multilayered structure surrounding all or part of a cell; encompasses one or more lipid bilayers, and may include a cell wall layer; also includes the space between layers.

Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane.

The volume enclosed by the membrane or protein that forms a vesicle.

A compartment that consists of a lumen and an enclosing membrane, and is part of an organelle.

Any of the thin, flattened membrane-bounded compartments that form the central portion of the Golgi complex.

The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for the organism; in particular, a process that enables an organism withstand exposure to temperatures that would otherwise lethally impair poly(A)+ mRNA-nucleus export.

Binding to the N-terminus of a protein that has the potential to be, or has been, modified by N-terminal myristoylation. Binding affinity is typically altered by myristoylation; for example, N-terminal myristoylation of HIV Nef increases its affinity for calmodulin.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid bbeta-oxidation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid beta-oxidation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid beta-oxidation.

A protein complex that binds interleukin-28 and interleukin-29. It is composed of an alpha and a beta receptor subunit (in human IFNLR1/IL28Ralpha & IL10RB) and either Interleukin-28 (IFNL2 or IFNL3) or Interleukin-29 (IFNL1).

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of TOR signaling.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of TOR signaling.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TOR signaling.

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle as initially formed upon the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis.

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by maturation of an early phagosome following the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis; during maturation, phagosomes acquire markers of late endosomes and lysosomes.

The covalent addition to a protein of ISG15, a ubiquitin-like protein.

A complex of five proteins, designated NELF-A, -B, -C, -D, and -E in human, that can physically associate with RNP polymerase II to induce transcriptional pausing.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cobalt ion stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a magnesium ion stimulus.

A protein complex that stably associates with the C-terminus of RNA polymerase II and mediates 3'-end processing of small nuclear RNAs generated by RNA polymerase II.

A large ribonucleoprotein complex that is an early preribosomal complex. In S. cerevisiae, it has a size of 80S and consists of the 35S pre-rRNA, early-associating ribosomal proteins most of which are part of the small ribosomal subunit, the U3 snoRNA and associated proteins.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving mitochondrial DNA.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mitochondrial DNA.

A heterodimeric protein complex formed of Spt4 and Spt5 proteins which is expressed in eukaryotes from yeast to man. DSIF is an inhibitory elongation factor that promotes RNA polymerase II transcriptional pausing, but can also stimulate transcriptional elongation under certain conditions, and may play a role in RNA processing via its physical association with mRNA capping enzymes.

A protein complex that stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cardiolipin, 1,3-bis(3-phosphatidyl)glycerol.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cardiolipin, 1,3-bis(3-phosphatidyl)glycerol.

Binding to a bile acid, a steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a ciliary basal body, a short cylindrical array of microtubules and associated proteins found at the base of a eukaryotic cilium (also called flagellum).

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.

A cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Blebs are formed during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses.

The assembly of a bleb, a cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Plasma membrane blebbing occurs during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endodeoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity, the catalysis of endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA in a site-specific manner, resulting in double-strand breaks.

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of endodeoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endodeoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB.

Binding to a NACHT (NAIP, CIITA, HET-E and TP1) domain. The NACHT domain consists of seven distinct conserved motifs, including an ATP/GTPase specific P-loop, a Mg2+-binding site and five more specific motifs.

Binding to a Pyrin (PAAD/DAPIN) domain, a protein-protein interaction domain that has the same fold as the Death domain.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.

Binding to a SAM (Sterile Alpha Motif) domain, which is a 70-amino acid protein sequence that participates in protein-protein, protein-lipid, and protein-RNA interactions and is conserved from lower to higher eukaryotes.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a food stimulus; food is anything which, when taken into the body, serves to nourish or build up the tissues or to supply body heat.

Any process which modulates appetite, the desire or physical craving for food.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to an external stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an extracellular stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of carbohydrate phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphate from a carbohydrate phosphate.

A protein complex required for the loading of a structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) complex, such as cohesin, condensin or SMC5/SMC6, onto DNA. Appears to be eukaryotically conserved.

The process of binding or confining zinc ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 9) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 9) + acetate. This reaction represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.

A eukaryotically conserved protein complex that localizes to kinetochores in early mitosis, the spindle mid-zone in anaphase B and to the telophase midbody. It has been proposed that the passenger complex coordinates various events based on its location to different structures during the course of mitosis. Complex members include the BIR-domain-containing protein Survivin, Aurora kinase, INCENP and Borealin.

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing an insertion or a deletion.

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a G/T mispair.

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a single base insertion or deletion.

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a dinucleotide insertion or deletion.

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a single guanine insertion or a deletion that results in an unpaired guanine.

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a single thymine insertion or a deletion that results in an unpaired thymine.

A homodimeric protein complex that possesses 4-aminobutyrate transaminase activity.

Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive protein kinase.

Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase B.

The eventual plane of cell division (also known as cell cleavage or cytokinesis) in a dividing cell. In Eukaryotes, the cleavage apparatus, composed of septin structures and the actomyosin contractile ring, forms along this plane, and the mitotic, or meiotic, spindle is aligned perpendicular to the division plane. In bacteria, the cell division site is generally located at mid-cell and is the site at which the cytoskeletal structure, the Z-ring, assembles.

The cleavage furrow is a plasma membrane invagination at the cell division site. The cleavage furrow begins as a shallow groove and eventually deepens to divide the cytoplasm.

The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of septins and associated proteins. Includes septin cytoskeleton-associated complexes.

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a dinucleotide repeat insertion or a deletion resulting in unpaired dinucleotide repeats.

Binding to a small conjugating protein such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising septin complexes and their associated proteins.

Binding to acrosin, a protein that is found in the acrosomes of sperm and possesses protease and carbohydrate binding activities.

Any process involved in mediating the movement of discrete segments of DNA between nonhomologous sites. For elements that are transcribed as the first step of transposition, the process starts with the transcription of the transposable element, its translation and maturation, and ending with integration into DNA. For elements that are cut out, the process starts with the excision of the donor DNA and integrated into another site.

Any process involved in a type of transpositional recombination which occurs via an RNA intermediate.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of telomeres, terminal regions of a linear chromosome that include the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.

The process in which telomeric DNA is synthesized semi-conservatively by the conventional replication machinery and telomeric accessory factors as part of cell cycle DNA replication.

A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a telomere at a non-telomeric double-stranded DNA end. A telomere is a terminal region of a linear chromosome that includes telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.

A cellular process that results in the formation of a telomere at a non-telomeric double-stranded DNA end that involves the activity of a telomerase enzyme.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a recombinational process involved in the maintenance of proper telomeric length.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a recombinational process involved in the maintenance of proper telomeric length.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase.

Enables the transfer of riboflavin from one side of a membrane to the other. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin, converted in the cell to FMN and FAD, cofactors required for the function of flavoproteins.

The directed movement of riboflavin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin, converted in the cell to FMN and FAD, cofactors required for the function of flavoproteins.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles.

A process that initiates the activity of an inactive store-operated calcium channel.

The directed movement of adenosine, adenine riboside, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a nucleoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a nucleoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process in which a secretory granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

Any process in which a dense core granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

The process in which a methyl group is covalently attached to a molecule.

Any process which produces a purine nucleotide from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.

Any process which produces a pyrimidine nucleotide from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.

Any process which produces guanosine monophosphate from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.

Binding to phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3' position.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.

The regulated release of a gonadotropin, any hormone that stimulates the gonads, especially follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.

The regulated release of luteinizing hormone, a gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a gonadotropin.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a gonadotropin.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a gonadotropin.

A type of synapse occurring between an axon and a dendritic spine or dendritic shaft. Asymmetric synapses, the most abundant synapse type in the central nervous system, involve axons that contain predominantly spherical vesicles and contain a thickened postsynaptic density. Most or all synapses of this type are excitatory.

The process in which the structure and material content of mature central nervous system myelin is kept in a functional state.

The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon in the central or peripheral nervous system.

The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon by an oligodendrocyte in the central nervous system.

The process in which a glial cell membrane closes around an axon in the central nervous system. This can be a myelinating or a non-myelinating neuron-glial interaction.

The process in which a Schwann cell membrane closes around an axon in the peripheral nervous system. This can be a myelinating or a non-myelinating neuron-glial interaction.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in double-stranded RNA molecules.

A protein complex that possesses ribonuclease H activity, in which the catalytic subunit is a member of the RNase H2 (or HII) class. For example, in Saccharomyces the complex contains Rnh201p, Rnh202p and Rnh203p.

A heterodimer involved in the recognition and repair of base-base and small insertion/deletion mismatches. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MSH2 and MSH6.

A heterodimer involved in binding to and correcting insertion/deletion mutations. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MSH2 and MSH3.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of an icosanoid from a cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of an icosanoid from a cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of an icosanoid from a cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a prostaglandin from a cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a prostaglandin from a cell.

The controlled release of icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids from a cell or a tissue.

The regulated release of a prostaglandin, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring, from a cell or a tissue.

A stable heterodimer of angiogenin and placental ribonuclease inhibitor; interaction between angiogenin and PRI prevents angiogenin binding to its receptor to stimulate angiogenesis.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the molybdopterin cofactor (Moco), essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes, e.g. sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo-molybdopterin) or tungsten ion (W-molybdopterin) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.

The directed movement of alanine, 2-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of L-serine, 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone, a corticosteroid hormone that is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and regulates salt (sodium and potassium) and water balance.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldosterone, a corticosteroid hormone that is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and regulates salt (sodium and potassium) and water balance.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldosterone.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldosterone.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldosterone.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hormones.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen.

Binding to a DNA region containing an oxidized pyrimidine residue.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxal phosphorylated at the hydroxymethyl group of C-5, the active form of vitamin B6.

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of oxygen within a cell.

The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, within cells.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols within cells.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols within cells.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols within cells.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol within cells.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol within cells.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol within cells.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.

The portion of the photoreceptor cell cilium linking the photoreceptor inner and outer segments. It's considered to be equivalent to the ciliary transition zone.

The process in which a transformation is induced in the geometry of a DNA double helix, resulting in a change in twist, writhe, or both, but with no change in linking number. Includes the unwinding of double-stranded DNA by helicases.

Combining with an MHC class I protein complex to initiate a change in cellular activity. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.

Combining with an MHC class Ib protein complex and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 or HLA-E gene families.

Combining with an MHC class II protein complex and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with a MHC class I protein complex to mediate signaling that inhibits activation of a lymphocyte.

Combining with a MHC class I protein complex to mediate signaling that activates a lymphocyte.

A transmembrane protein complex composed of a MHC class Ib alpha chain and, in most cases, an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide or lipid antigen. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 or HLA-E gene families.

Binding to a HECT, 'Homologous to the E6-AP Carboxy-Terminus', domain of a protein.

Any process in which a melanosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

The directed movement of melanosomes into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a transporter.

Any process that activates or increases the activity of a transporter.

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an ion transporter.

Any process that activates or increases the activity of an ion transporter.

Any process that modulates the activity of a sodium:hydrogen antiporter, which catalyzes the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out).

Any process that activates or increases the activity of a sodium:hydrogen antiporter, which catalyzes the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out).

Any process in which a lysosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.

An actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of auditory and vestibular hair cells and of neuromast cells. These protrusions are supported by a bundle of cross-linked actin filaments (an actin cable), oriented such that the plus (barbed) ends are at the tip of the protrusion, capped by a tip complex which bridges to the plasma. Bundles of stereocilia act as mechanosensory organelles.

A bundle of cross-linked stereocilia, arranged around a kinocilium on the apical surface of a sensory hair cell (e.g. a neuromast, auditory or vestibular hair cell). Stereocilium bundles act as mechanosensory organelles by responding to fluid motion or fluid pressure changes.

Binding to a 30-bp purine-rich negative regulatory element; the best characterized such element is found in the first intronic region of the rat cardiac alpha-myosin heavy chain gene, and contains two palindromic high-affinity Ets-binding sites (CTTCCCTGGAAG). The presence of this element restricts expression of the gene containing it to cardiac myocytes.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mismatch repair.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mismatch repair.

Binding to a GTPase protein binding domain (GDB) domain. The GBD is a short motif, including a minimum region of 16 amino acids, identified in proteins that bind to small GTPases such as Cdc42 and Rac.

Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2.

Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2.

Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme phospholipase A2.

An assembly of actin filaments that are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.

A dense network of actin filaments found beneath the apical cell surface of hair cells, and into which stereocilia are inserted.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a melanosome. A melanosome is a tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored.

Catalysis of the reaction: n-alkanal + NAD(P)+ = alk-2-enal + NAD(P)H + H+.

A transcriptionally active complex that binds to an activin response element (ARE) in the promoter of target genes, and is composed of two SMAD2 proteins, one SMAD4 protein and a Forkhead activin signal transducer (FAST) transcription factor.

A protein modification process in which one or more groups of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are covalently attached to a target protein.

Binding to a DNA region containing a hairpin. A hairpin structure forms when a DNA strand folds back on itself and intrachain base pairing occurs between inverted repeat sequences.

A protein complex comprising Bcl10, MALT1 and a CARD domain-containing protein (CARD9, CARD10 or CARD11); plays a role in signal transduction during NF-kappaB activation.

Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a modified lysine residue at position 4 of the histone H3 protein.

Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a modified lysine residue at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.

The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from endosomes back to the plasma membrane, a trafficking pathway that promotes the recycling of internalized transmembrane proteins.

The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from deep (non-peripheral) compartments endocytic compartments back to the plasma membrane where they are recycled for further rounds of transport.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein oligomerization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein oligomerization.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein homooligomerization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein homooligomerization.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the Golgi apparatus of a cell or between the Golgi and its surroundings.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell or between the endoplasmic reticulum and its surroundings.

Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Any process that decreases the concentration of calcium ions in the endoplasmic reticulum.

The directed movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus.

The external (cytoplasmic) face of the mitochondrial outer membrane.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon type I production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of type I interferon production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type I interferon production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rab protein signal transduction.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Ral protein signal transduction.

The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rap family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rap protein signal transduction.

The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by the Cdc42 protein switching to a GTP-bound active state.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Cdc42 protein signal transduction.

The series of events in which a stimulus from a molecule of bacterial origin is received and converted into a molecular signal.

The series of events in which a stimulus from a molecule of fungal origin is received and converted into a molecular signal.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bacterial lipoprotein stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptidoglycan stimulus. Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall macromolecule.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muramyl dipeptide stimulus. Muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.

The series of events in which a lipopolysaccharide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.

The series of events in which a muramyl dipeptide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan.

The series of events in which a peptidoglycan stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall macromolecule.

Interacting selectively and non-covalently, in a non-covalent manner, with muramyl dipeptide; muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan.

Any biological process, occurring at the level of a multicellular organism, pertinent to its function.

A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition.

The biological process in which new individuals are produced by one or two multicellular organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents.

A cellular process that is involved in cytokinesis (the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells).

Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.

The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating a region of unpaired single strands.

The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes or vacuoles by a pathway in which molecules are sorted into multivesicular bodies, which then fuse with the target compartment.

The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes by a pathway in which molecules are sorted into multivesicular bodies, which then fuse with the lysosome.

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a phosphoprotein phosphatase.

Any process that activates or increases the activity of a phosphoprotein phosphatase.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus.

The directed movement of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microvillus.

A cortical network of highly dynamic tubules that are juxtaposed to the plasma membrane and undergo ring closure and tubule-branching movements.

Catalysis of the reaction: peroxiredoxin-(S-hydroxy-S-oxocysteine) + ATP + 2 R-SH = peroxiredoxin-(S-hydroxycysteine) + ADP + phosphate + R-S-S-R.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in a mitochondrion. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein; the mitochondrion has its own ribosomes and transfer RNAs, and uses a genetic code that differs from the nuclear code.

Binding to a deoxyribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a deoxyribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose moiety.

Binding to a ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a ribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.

Binding to a purine deoxyribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine deoxyribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose moiety.

Binding to a purine ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine ribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.

Binding to a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a pyrimidine ribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.

Binding to an adenyl ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of adenosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.

Binding to a guanyl deoxyribonucleotide, any compound consisting of guanosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose moiety.

Binding to a guanyl ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of guanosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a progesterone stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin K stimulus.

Unwinding of an RNA helix in the 5' to 3' direction, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the thin, flattened compartments that form the central portion of the Golgi complex.

A process of peroxisome organization in which assembly or arrangement of constituent parts takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum.

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments that make up the trans-Golgi network.

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a neuron projection.

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a dendritic spine.

A small membrane-bounded vesicle that releases its contents by exocytosis in response to insulin stimulation; the contents are enriched in GLUT4, IRAP and VAMP2.

The directed movement of a protein from one location to another within a lipid bilayer.

The directed movement of a B cell receptor within a lipid bilayer.

The directed movement of a protein into a membrane raft. Membrane rafts are small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes.

The directed movement of a B cell receptor into a membrane raft.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of connective tissue growth factor production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of fractalkine production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of hepatocyte growth factor production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-alpha production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 alpha production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-13 production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-15 production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-16 production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-18 production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-23 production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-3 production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-5 production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of TRAIL production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphotoxin A production.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of connective tissue growth factor production.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of hepatocyte growth factor production.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-alpha production.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-13 production.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-18 production.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-23 production.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-3 production.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-5 production.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tumor necrosis factor production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of fractalkine production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-alpha production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 alpha production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-13 production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-15 production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-16 production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-23 production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-5 production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of TRAIL production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphotoxin A production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell cytokine production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell cytokine production.

Binding to a protein or protein complex, in the presence of copper.

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a monooxygenase.

Any process that activates or increases the activity of a monooxygenase.

Any process that activates or increases the activity of a tyrosinase enzyme monophenol oxygenase.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. Includes polymerization of ribonucleotide monomers. Refers not only to transcription but also to e.g. viral RNA replication.

The covalent transfer of a methyl group to N-6 of adenine in a DNA molecule.

The covalent transfer of a methyl group to C-5 or N-4 of cytosine in a DNA molecule.

A heterotrimeric H4/H2A histone acetyltransferase complex with a substrate preference of chromatin over free histones. It contains a subset of the proteins found in the larger NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex; for example, the S. cerevisiae complex contains Esa1p, Yng2p, and Epl1p.

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of an ATP-dependent activity.

Any process that activates or increases the rate of an ATP-dependent activity.

The regulated release of bile acid, composed of any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, by a cell or a tissue.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving saturated monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-) and fully saturated C-C bonds.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving unsaturated monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-) and one or more unsaturated C-C bonds.

The disaggregation of a ribosome into its constituent components; includes the dissociation of ribosomal subunits.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the transcription factor CREB.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor CREB.

A protein complex that contains the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein and at least eight additional integral components, including the Gemin2-8 and Unrip proteins; the complex is found in the cytoplasm and in nuclear Gems, and is involved in spliceosomal snRNP assembly in the cytoplasm and in pre-mRNA splicing in the nucleus.

A conserved DNA recombinase mediator complex that contains two Swi5 monomers and one Sfr1 monomer in Schizosaccharomyces, or orthologs thereof (e.g. Sae3p and Mei5p in Saccharomyces).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving low-density lipoprotein receptors.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a low-density lipoprotein particle receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of low-density lipoprotein particle receptors.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of low-density lipoprotein receptors.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of low-density lipoprotein particle receptors.

A protein complex that phosphorylates amino acid residues of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain repeats; phosphorylation occurs mainly on Ser2 and Ser5.

A eukaryotically conserved protein complex that contains DNA ligase IV and is involved in DNA repair by non-homologous end joining; in addition to the ligase, the complex also contains XRCC4 or a homolog, e.g. Saccharomyces Lif1p.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lacrimal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lacrimal gland produces secretions that lubricate and protect the cornea of the eye.

The plasma membrane of a neuron cell body - excludes the plasma membrane of cell projections such as axons and dendrites.

Binding to a sterol response element (SRE), a nonpalindromic sequence found in the promoters of genes involved in lipid metabolism.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of epinephrine.

Binding to a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells as part of an immune response.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells as part of an immune response.

The progression of the glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney. The glomerulus is part of the nephron and is restricted to one body segment.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the glomerular basement membrane over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The glomerular basement membrane is the basal laminal portion of the glomerulus which performs the actual filtration.

All of the contents of a plasma membrane bounded cell projection, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the projection.

All of the contents of a dendrite, excluding the surrounding plasma membrane.

Binding to calcitonin, a peptide hormone responsible for reducing serum calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclastic bone reabsorption and promoting renal calcium excretion. It is synthesized and released by the C cells of the thyroid.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a process that reduces the internal pH of a cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a process that reduces the internal pH of a cell.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA endoreduplication.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA endoreduplication.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving polysaccharides.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the spindle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the mitotic spindle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription.

The appearance of a neurotrophin due to biosynthesis or secretion by cells in a neuron's target field, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. A neurotrophin is any of a family of growth factors that prevent apoptosis in neurons and promote nerve growth.

The appearance of nerve growth factor (NGF) due to biosynthesis or secretion by cells in a neuron's target field, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

The appearance of transforming growth factor-beta1 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta1.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta2.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta3.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta1.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta2.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta3.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta1.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression such that an expression pattern recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to an activin receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of enzymatic generation of superoxide by a cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of enzymatic generation of superoxide by a cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of enzymatic generation of superoxide by a cell.

The series of molecular signals from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus generated as a consequence of decreased levels of one or more sterols (and in some yeast, changes in oxygen levels) and which proceeds through activation of a sterol response element binding transcription factor (SREBP) to result in up-regulation of target gene transcription.

Binding to a sterol, a steroid containing a hydroxy group in the 3 position, closely related to cholestan-3-ol.

Binding to and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of a sterol.

A protein complex formed by the association of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP), SREBP-cleavage-activating protein (SCAP), and an Insig protein (Insig-1 or Insig-2) in the ER membrane.

The expansion of a mononuclear cell population by cell division. A mononuclear cell is a leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cytokinetic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving myo-inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with three phosphate groups attached.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol trisphosphate.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol trisphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides, catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle filament sliding.

The process in which enzymes, such as aspartate aminotransferase, are enabled to move from the mitochondrial matrix into the cytosol, as part of the apoptotic process.

Binds transmembrane domain-containing proteins and mediates their integration into a membrane.

The process in which a protein is incorporated into a lipid bilayer, e.g., the prokaryotic, mitochondrial, or chloroplast inner membrane, from the inner side.

The process in which a protein is incorporated into the mitochondrial inner membrane from the matrix side. This includes membrane insertion of newly synthesized mitochondrially-encoded proteins, and insertion of nuclear-encoded proteins after their import into the mitochondrial matrix.

A change in the morphology or behavior of a keratinocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. Upon activation, keratinocytes become migratory and hyperproliferative, and produce growth factors and cytokines.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I.

A supramolecular fiber containing myosin heavy chains, plus associated light chains and other proteins, in which the myosin heavy chains are arranged into a filament.

The disaggregation of a protein-containing macromolecular complex into its constituent components.

The disaggregation of a protein-DNA complex into its constituent components.

The disaggregation of a protein-RNA complex into its constituent components.

The process in which cellular structures, including whole cells or cell parts, are generated and organized.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a cell part are generated and organized.

A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together.

A macromolecular complex containing both protein and DNA molecules.

A macromolecular complex containing separate protein and lipid molecules. Separate in this context means not covalently bound to each other.

A protein complex containing Bcl3 and Bcl10, which forms when Akt1 is activated by TNF-alpha to phosphorylate Bcl10; the Bcl3-Bcl10 complex is translocated to the nucleus.

A protein complex composed of a subunit or subunits capable of binding the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin with additional signaling components. The complex functions as a receptor for immunoglobulin.

A protein complex composed of an Fc-epsilon RI alpha chain and an Fc-epsilon RI gamma chain dimer with or without an Fc-episilon RI beta chain and additional signaling components. The complex functions primarily as an activating receptor for IgE.

A protein complex composed of an Fc-gamma RIII alpha chain and an Fc-epsilon RI gamma chain dimer with or without an Fc-epsilon RI beta chain and additional signaling components. The complex functions primarily as an activating receptor for IgG.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation as part of an immune response.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation as part of an immune response.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation as part of an immune response.

A condensed cytoplasmic structure that covers the nucleus of mammalian spermatozoa except for a narrow zone around the insertion of the tail. It shows two distinct regions, a subacrosomal layer and, continuing caudally beyond the acrosomic system, the postacrosomal sheath. The perinuclear theca has been considered a cytoskeletal scaffold responsible for maintaining the overall architecture of the mature sperm head; however, recent studies indicate that the bulk of its constituent proteins are not traditional cytoskeletal proteins but rather a variety of cytosolic proteins.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.

The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.

The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.

Any apoptotic process in a myeloid cell, a cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil apoptotic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil apoptotic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a myeloid cell apoptotic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptotic process.

Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Combining with soluble bitter compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of bitter taste.

Combining with soluble sweet compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of sweet taste.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a chromosome.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.

Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another along an axis.

A protein complex containing accessory proteins which bind a recombinase (e.g. Rad51) and bind single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), and promote nucleation of the recombinase onto ssDNA through facilitating recombinase-RPA exchange.

A DNA recombinase mediator complex that contains the Rad51 paralogs RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD51D, and XRCC2, or orthologs thereof.

A DNA recombinase mediator complex that contains the Rad51 paralogs RAD51C and XRCC3, or orthologs thereof.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoquinoline alkaloids, alkaloid compounds that contain bicyclic N-containing aromatic rings and are derived from a 3,4-dihydroxytyramine (dopamine) precursor that undergoes a Schiff base addition with aldehydes of different origin.

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a T cell via a differentiation pathway dependent upon transit through the thymus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus.

A large, elongated, rod-shaped secretory granule characteristic of vascular endothelial cells that contain a number of structurally and functionally distinct proteins, of which the best characterized are von Willebrand factor (VWF) and P-selectin. Weibel-Palade bodies are formed from the trans-Golgi network in a process that depends on VWF, which is densely packed in a highly organized manner, and on coat proteins that remain associated with the granules. Upon cell stimulation, regulated exocytosis releases the contained proteins to the cell surface, where they act in the recruitment of platelets and leukocytes and in inflammatory and vasoactive responses.

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments that make up the cis-Golgi network.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a mitochondrial respiratory chain complex.

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartment system.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucokinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a glucose molecule.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucokinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a glucose molecule.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway.

Binding to a FFAT motif, a short motif containing diphenylalanine in an acidic tract that targets proteins to the cytosolic surface of the ER and to the nuclear membrane by binding directly to members of the VAP (VAMP-associated protein) protein family.

The process in which immune receptor V, D, and J, or V and J gene segments, depending on the specific receptor, are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS).

The process in which immunoglobulin gene segments are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS). For immunoglobulin heavy chains V, D, and J gene segments are joined, and for immunoglobulin light chains V and J gene segments are joined.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.

The modification of histone H3 by the removal of a methyl group from lysine at position 9 of the histone.

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell by activation of a member of the NFAT protein family as a consequence of NFAT dephosphorylation by Ca(2+)-activated calcineurin. The cascade begins with calcium-dependent activation of the phosphatase calcineurin. Calcineurin dephosphorylates multiple phosphoserine residues on NFAT, resulting in the translocation of NFAT to the nucleus. The cascade ends with regulation of transcription by NFAT. The calcineurin-NFAT cascade lies downstream of many cell surface receptors, including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that signal to mobilize calcium ions (Ca2+).

A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex that couples ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across a concentration gradient. The resulting transmembrane electrochemical potential of H+ is used to drive a variety of (i) secondary active transport systems via H+-dependent symporters and antiporters and (ii) channel-mediated transport systems. The complex comprises a membrane sector (V0) that carries out proton transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (V1) that catalyzes ATP hydrolysis. V-type ATPases are found in the membranes of organelles such as vacuoles, endosomes, and lysosomes, and in the plasma membrane.

A protein complex that forms part of a proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex and catalyzes ATP hydrolysis or synthesis. The catalytic domain (F1, V1, or A1) comprises a hexameric catalytic core and a central stalk, and is peripherally associated with the membrane when the two-sector ATPase is assembled.

A protein complex that forms part of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase and catalyzes ATP hydrolysis. The V1 complex consists of: (1) a globular headpiece with three alternating copies of subunits A and B that form a ring, (2) a central rotational stalk composed of single copies of subunits D and F, and (3) a peripheral stalk made of subunits C, E, G and H. Subunits A and B mediate the hydrolysis of ATP at three reaction sites associated with subunit A.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of a ubiquitin group to a histone protein.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of a ubiquitin group to a histone protein.

A protein complex that possesses dolichyl-phosphate beta-D-mannosyltransferase activity; contains a catalytic subunit, a regulatory subunit, and a third subunit that stabilizes the complex. In human and several other metazoa, the subunits are named DPM1, DPM2 and DPM3, respectively.

A conserved heterotrimeric protein complex that promotes histone H3 and H4 deposition onto newly synthesized DNA during replication or DNA repair; specifically facilitates replication-dependent nucleosome assembly with the major histone H3 (H3.1). In many species the CAF-1 subunits are designated p150, p60, and p48.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + ceramide = 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + sphingomyelin.

Catalysis of the reaction: protein serine/threonine phosphate + H2O = protein serine/threonine + phosphate, dependent on the presence of calcium-bound calmodulin.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroperoxide stimulus. Hydroperoxides are monosubstitution products of hydrogen peroxide, HOOH.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) stimulus.

The series of molecular signals initiated by tumor necrosis factor binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by leptin binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Leptin is a hormone manufactured primarily in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue, and the level of circulating leptin is directly proportional to the total amount of fat in the body.

The series of molecular signals initiated by adiponectin binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The directed movement of iron ions from outside of a cell into the cytoplasmic compartment. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis.

Binding to an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.

The directed movement of dsRNA, double-stranded ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Enables the transfer of cysteine from one side of a membrane to the other.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of SUMO groups to a protein.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of SUMO groups to a protein.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of SUMO groups to a protein.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform amines.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines.

A protein complex containing an inhibitory-kappaB (I-kappaB/IKB) protein and one or more copies of an NF-kappaB protein. In the resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to I-kappaB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm.

A protein complex containing one Bcl protein and one or more copies of NF-kappaB2; formation of complexes of different stoichiometry depends on the Bcl3:NF-kappaB2 ratio, and allow Bcl3 to exert different regulatory effects on NF-kappaB2-dependent transcription.

The DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of The DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle.

An axon part that is located between the nodes of Ranvier and surrounded by compact myelin sheath.

An axon part that is located adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier and surrounded by lateral loop portions of myelin sheath.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin stimulus.

The sliding movement of actin thin filaments and myosin thick filaments past each other.

A protein complex that does not contain either a TATA-binding protein (TBP) or a TBP-like factor, but is composed of several TAFIIs and other proteins, including a histone acetyltransferase. This complex is able to nucleate transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II, can mediate transcriptional activation, and has histone acetyltransferase activity.

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the midbrain.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin D stimulus.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + organic acid(out/in) = ADP + phosphate + organic acid(in/out).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + carboxylic acid(out/in) = ADP + phosphate + carboxylic acid(in/out).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + monocarboxylic acid(out/in) = ADP + phosphate + monocarboxylic acid(in/out).

A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the T-tubule. A T-tubule is an invagination of the plasma membrane of a muscle cell that extends inward from the cell surface around each myofibril.

Binding to a monocarboxylic acid, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-).

Enables the transfer of dehydroascorbate, 5-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)furan-2,3,4(5H)-trione, from one side of a membrane to the other.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytol, (2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol.

A signaling process that contributes to a meiotic cell cycle checkpoint that ensures accurate chromosome replication and segregation by preventing progression through a meiotic cell cycle until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage.

A signal transduction process that contributes to a mitotic DNA replication checkpoint.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-D-xylose, uridinediphosphoxylose, a substance composed of xylose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-D-xylose, uridinediphosphoxylose, a substance composed of xylose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.

The regulated release of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the choroid plexus of the lateral, third and fourth ventricles. The cerebrospinal fluid is a clear liquid that located within the ventricles, spinal canal, and subarachnoid spaces.

Binding to a peroxisomal membrane targeting sequence, any of several sequences of amino acids within a protein that can act as a signal for the localization of the protein into the peroxisome membrane.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collagen binding.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of collagen binding.

The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, via the intermediate L-aspartate.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an organelle.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving geranyl diphosphate, the universal precursor of the monoterpenes.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving geranylgeranyl diphosphate, a polyprenol compound involved in the biosynthesis of a variety of terpenoids including chlorophylls, carotenoids, tocopherols, plastoquinones, and the plant hormones gibberellins.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta-alanine via the intermediate 3-ureidopropionate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving S-methyl-methionine (SMM). SMM can be converted to methionine by donating a methyl group to homocysteine, and concurrent operation of this reaction and that mediated by MMT sets up the SMM cycle.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, via the intermediate desmosterol.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactose, via the intermediate UDP-galactose.

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a carbohydrate within an organism or cell.

A ubiquitin ligase complex that contains two RING finger proteins, which have ubiquitin ligase activity, in addition to a protein with ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme activity; catalyzes the ubiquitination of histone H2B at lysine 119 (or the equivalent residue). In Schizosaccharomyces the subunits are Rhp6, Shf1, Brl2/Rfp1 and Brl1/Rfp2.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-lysine into other compounds, including acetyl-CoA, via the intermediate L-pipecolate.

The modification of histone H2A by addition of one or more ubiquitin groups.

The modification of histone H2B by addition of ubiquitin groups.

A fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway in which the initial step of each oxidation cycle, which converts an acyl-CoA to a trans-2-enoyl-CoA, is catalyzed by acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; the electrons removed by oxidation pass through the respiratory chain to oxygen and leave H2O as the product. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and ends when only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).

A fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway in which the initial step, which converts an acyl-CoA to a trans-2-enoyl-CoA, is catalyzed by acyl-CoA oxidase; the electrons removed by oxidation pass directly to oxygen and produce hydrogen peroxide, which is cleaved by peroxisomal catalases. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and ends when only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).

Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphorylated MAP kinase + H2O = a MAP kinase + phosphate.

A region of heterochromatin located at the rDNA repeats in a chromosome.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a multicellular organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).

A heterodimeric protein complex that possesses an endonuclease activity that specifically cleaves certain types of branched DNA structures; because such structures often form during the replication ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeats, the complex plays a role in the maintenance of rDNA. The subunits are known as Slx1 and Slx 4 in budding and fission yeasts, and are conserved in eukaryotes.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N6-acetyl-L-lysyl-[protein] = acetate + L-lysyl-[protein].

The chemical reactions and pathways involving an unsaturated fatty acid, any fatty acid containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.

A protein complex required for the recycling of Golgi proteins, formation of lumenal membranes and sorting of ubiquitinated proteins into those membranes. This complex includes Vps1p and Hse1p in yeast and the Hrs and STAM proteins in mammals.

Any process in which a gamma-tubulin complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

The DNA metabolic process, occurring during lagging strand synthesis, by which RNA primers are removed from Okazaki fragments, the resulting gaps filled by DNA polymerization, and the ends ligated to form a continuous strand.

The directed movement of transferrin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a testosterone stimulus.

A heterohexameric protein complex composed two discrete heterotrimeric subcomplexes that is involved in modification of wobble nucleosides in tRNA.

An activity that facilitates the formation of a complementary double-stranded RNA molecule.

A heterodimeric protein complex formed of BRCA2 and MAGE-D1; may mediate the synergistic activities of the two proteins in regulating cell growth.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroxyisoflavone stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a genistein stimulus.

A protein complex consisting of at least tumerin and hamartin; its formation may regulate hamartin homomultimer formation. The complex acts as a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for the small GTPase (Rheb), and inhibits the TOR signaling pathway.

A multiprotein complex that functions as a mitotic checkpoint inhibitor of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). In budding yeast this complex consists of Mad2p, Mad3p, Bub3p and Cdc20p, and in mammalian cells it consists of MAD2, BUBR1, BUB3, and CDC20.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxalate, the organic acid ethanedioate.

Binding to a receptor that possesses protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a proton-transporting ATP synthase in the mitochondrial inner membrane.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex IV (also known as cytochrome c oxidase) in the mitochondrial inner membrane.

The proteolytic cleavage of a transmembrane protein leading to the release of its intracellular or ecto-domains.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits, that lead to the increased affinity of the integrin for its extracellular ligands.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of integrin activation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of integrin activation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of integrin activation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of integrin activation by cell surface receptor linked signal transduction. This can occur by increased affinity of an integrin for its extracellular ligands.

The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cell adhesion mediated by integrin.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cell adhesion mediated by integrin.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cell adhesion mediated by integrin.

The attachment of one cell to another cell via an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin.

Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.

Unwinding of a DNA/RNA duplex, i.e. a double helix in which a strand of DNA pairs with a complementary strand of RNA, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Unwinding of a DNA/RNA duplex in the 5' to 3' direction, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Unwinding of a DNA/RNA duplex in the 3' to 5' direction, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

The multiplication or reproduction of osteoblasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoblast cell population. An osteoblast is a bone-forming cell which secretes an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of osteoblast proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of osteoblast proliferation.

Binding to a sialic acid, a N- or O- substituted derivative of neuraminic acid, a nine carbon monosaccharide. Sialic acids often occur in polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides, polymers of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically, occurring at the level of an individual cell.

The assembly of neurofilaments into bundles, in which the filaments are longitudinally oriented, with numerous crossbridges between them. Neurofilament bundles may be cross-linked to each other, to membrane-bounded organelles or other cytoskeletal structures such as microtubules.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a quinone or similar acceptor molecule.

Catalysis of the reaction: 5'-AMP-DNA + H2O = AMP + DNA; nucleophilic release of a covalently linked adenylate residue from a DNA strand, leaving a 5' phosphate terminus.

The directed movement of a phospholipid out of a cell or organelle.

Catalysis of the reaction: peptide-L-methionine + H2O + thioredoxin disulfide = peptide-L-methionine (R)-S-oxide + thioredoxin. Can act on oxidized methionine in peptide linkage with specificity for the R enantiomer. Thioredoxin disulfide is the oxidized form of thioredoxin.

Catalysis of the removal of the methyl group from a modified arginine residue at position 2 of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.

Catalysis of the removal of the methyl group from a modified arginine residue at position 3 of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.

A process in which a ribosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.

Catalysis of the reaction: tryptophan + O2 = N-formylkynurenine. The product of the reaction depends on the substrate; D-tryptophan produces N-formyl-D-kynurenine, and L-tryptophan produces N-formyl-L-kynurenine.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucagon stimulus.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP, and in which one substrate is a sterol derivative.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor, and in which one substrate is a sterol derivative.

Catalysis of the reaction: cholesterol + H+ + NADPH + O2 = (24S)-24-hydroxycholesterol + H2O + NADP+.

Catalysis of the reaction: cob(I)alamin + hydrogen cyanide + NADP+ = cyanocob(III)alamin + H+ + NADPH.

Catalysis of the reaction: (25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oyl-CoA + H2O + acceptor = (24R,25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oyl-CoA + reduced acceptor.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H+ = L-thyroxine + AH2.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + 5-(D-galactosyloxy)-L-lysine-procollagen = UDP + 1,2-D-glucosyl-5-D-(galactosyloxy)-L-lysine-procollagen.

Catalysis of the transfer of a beta-D-GlcNAc residue from UDP-D-GlcNAc to the fucose residue of a fucosylated protein acceptor.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 5-diphosphate pentakisphosphate = ADP + 1D-myo-inositol bisdiphosphate tetrakisphosphate.

Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase.

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase.

Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.

Catalysis of the reactions: diacylglycerol + H2O = monoacylglycerol + a carboxylate; triacylglycerol + H2O = diacylglycerol + a carboxylate; and monoacylglycerol + H2O = glycerol + a carboxylate.

Catalysis of the reaction: pyridoxal 5'-phosphate + H2O = pyridoxal + phosphate.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 3-sulfate groups of the N-sulfo-D-glucosamine 3-O-sulfate units of heparin.

Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of 1,3-linkages between beta-D-glucuronate and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in hyaluronate.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal (1->3)-alpha-D-glucosidic links in 1,3-alpha-D-glucans.

Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of the N,N'-diacetylchitobiosyl unit in high-mannose glycopeptides and glycoproteins containing the -[Man(GlcNAc)2]Asn-structure. One N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residue remains attached to the protein; the rest of the oligosaccharide is released intact.

Catalysis of the reaction: cis-stilbene oxide + H2O = (+)-(1R,2R)-1,2-diphenylethane-1,2-diol.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a cytoplasmic mRNA processing body.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving box C/D type small nucleolar RNA.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving box H/ACA type small nucleolar RNA.

Catalysis of the reaction: D-dopachrome + H+ = 5,6-dihydroxyindole + CO2.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid stimulus.

Catalysis of the reaction: FAD = AMP + riboflavin cyclic-4',5'-phosphate.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a triglyceride stimulus.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine nucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine nucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.

Catalysis of the reaction: [eIF5A-precursor]-lysine + spermidine = [eIF5A-precursor]-deoxyhypusine + propane-1,3-diamine. Four sub-reactions have been identified,in which the intermediates remain tightly associated with the enzyme: spermidine + NAD+ = dehydrospermidine + NADH; dehydrospermidine + [enzyme]-lysine = N-(4-aminobutylidene)-[enzyme]-lysine + propane-1,3-diamine; N-(4-aminobutylidene)-[enzyme]-lysine + [eIF5A-precursor]-lysine = N-(4-aminobutylidene)-[eIF5A-precursor]-lysine + [enzyme]-lysine; N-(4-aminobutylidene)-[eIF5A-precursor]-lysine + NADH + H+ = [eIF5A-precursor]-deoxyhypusine + NAD+.

Catalysis of the removal of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the oxidized purine and the deoxyribose sugar.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + lipid(in) = ADP + phosphate + lipid(out).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + sterol(in) = ADP + phosphate + sterol(out).

A cellular membrane associated with the phagophore assembly site.

Binding to an estrogen response element (ERE), a conserved sequence found in the promoters of genes whose expression is regulated in response to estrogen.

The homotypic fusion of endocytic vesicles to form or add to an early endosome.

Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1); the synthesis of DNA from deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates in the presence of a nucleic acid template and a 3'hydroxyl group.

Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1); the synthesis of RNA from ribonucleotide triphosphates in the presence of a nucleic acid template, via extension of the 3'-end.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a stress granule.

A protein complex that acts as a nucleotide exchange factor for the GTPase Ypt6p, and is required for fusion of endosome-derived vesicles with the Golgi.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the Golgi apparatus.

The formation of chromatin containing the histone H3 variant CENP-A to form centromeric chromatin. This specialised chromatin occurs at centromeric region in point centromeres, and the central core in modular centromeres.

The process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome become associated with each other during S phase.

The process in which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained as chromosomes condense, attach to the spindle in a bipolar orientation, and congress to the metaphase plate.

The process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome become joined along the entire length of the chromosome during S phase during a mitotic cell cycle.

The process in which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained as chromosomes condense, attach to the spindle in a bipolar orientation, and congress to the metaphase plate during a mitotic cell cycle.

The process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome become joined along the entire length of the chromosome during S phase during a meiotic cell cycle.

Any process that modulates the extent to which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained.

Any process that decreases the extent to which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained.

Any process that increases the extent to which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus.

A multiprotein ATPase complex required for the efficient dislocation of ER-lumenal degradation substrates, and their subsequent proteolysis by the proteasome. In budding yeast, this complex includes Cdc48p, Npl4p and Ufd1p proteins. In mammals, this complex includes a hexamer of VCP/p97 (a cytosolic ATPase) and trimers of each of its cofactors UFD1L and NPL4 (NPLOC4) (e.g. a 6:3:3 stoichiometry).

Any process of regulating the production and elimination of erythrocytes within an organism.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tissue remodeling.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tissue remodeling.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tissue remodeling.

The attachment of a cell to a second cell of the identical type via adhesion molecules.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of homotypic cell-cell adhesion.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of homotypic cell-cell adhesion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of homotypic cell-cell adhesion.

The attachment of a cell to a cell of a different type via adhesion molecules.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 2.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to the endolysosomal toll-like receptor 3.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 4.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to the endolysosomal toll-like receptor 7.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to the endolysosomal toll-like receptor 8.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 8 signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 8 signaling pathway.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to the endolysosomal toll-like receptor 9.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the extent to which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained during a mitotic cell cycle.

Any process that decreases the extent to which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained during a mitotic cell cycle.

Any process that increases the extent to which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained during a mitotic cell cycle.

Binding to an apolipoprotein, the protein component of a lipoprotein complex.

Combining with an apolipoprotein A-I receptor ligand and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Binding to a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle that is typically composed of APOB100, APOE and APOCs and has a density of about 1.006 g/ml and a diameter of between 20-80 nm.

The directed movement of an acylglycerol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An acylglycerol is any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids.

The directed movement of triglyceride into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Triglycerides are important components of plant oils, animal fats and animal plasma lipoproteins.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of amino acids.

The translocation, or flipping, of lipid molecules from one monolayer of a membrane bilayer to the opposite monolayer.

The generation of amyloid-beta by cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP).

GTP dependent catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein serine/threonine = ADP + protein serine/threonine phosphate.

Catalysis of the acetylation of an amino acid residue of a peptide or protein, according to the reaction: acetyl-CoA + peptide = CoA + N-acetylpeptide.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of quinolinate, the anion of quinolinic acid, also known as 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid.

The formation of a protein hexamer, a macromolecular structure consisting of six noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.

The process in which a carbohydrate is transported across a membrane.

Binding to a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. GPI anchors serve to attach membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of cell membranes.

Binding to one or both of the catalytic subunits of protein kinase A.

Binding to one or both of the regulatory subunits of protein kinase A.

The binding and fusion of a macrophage to one or more other cells to form a multinucleated cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage fusion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage fusion.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides, catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides, catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.

Interacting with the mitochondrial promoter DNA to modulate transcription by the mitochondrial RNA polymerase.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase.

A protein complex required for the expansion of the autophagosomal membrane. In budding yeast, this complex consists of Atg12p, Atg5p and Atg16p.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monosaccharide stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disaccharide stimulus.

The series of events in which a stimulus from a monosaccharide is received and converted into a molecular signal.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving primary alcohols. A primary alcohol is any alcohol in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of primary alcohols. A primary alcohol is any alcohol in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of primary alcohols. A primary alcohol is any alcohol in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a diol, a compound that contains two hydroxy groups, generally assumed to be, but not necessarily, alcoholic.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a diol, any alcohol containing two hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms.

The actin nucleation process in which actin monomers combine to form a new branch on the side of an existing actin filament; mediated by the Arp2/3 protein complex and its interaction with other proteins.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin nucleation mediated by the Arp2/3 complex and interacting proteins.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin nucleation mediated by the Arp2/3 complex and interacting proteins.

A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a cell junction.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell junction. A cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix.

The organization process that preserves a cell junction in a stable functional or structural state. A cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an adherens junction. An adherens junction is a cell-cell junction composed of the epithelial cadherin-catenin complex at which the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is attached to actin filaments.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an adherens junction. An adherens junction is a cell-cell junction composed of the epithelial cadherin-catenin complex at which the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is attached to actin filaments.

The maintenance of an adherens junction. An adherens junction is a cell-cell junction composed of the epithelial cadherin-catenin complex at which the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is attached to actin filaments.

The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single or multimeric RNAs into the correct tertiary structure.

Catalysis of the reaction: a carboxylic ester + H2O = an alcohol + a carboxylic anion, where the carboxylic chain has 8 or fewer carbon atoms.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a type I interferon stimulus. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a type III interferon stimulus. Interferon lambda is the only member of the type III interferon found so far.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type III interferon production. Interferon lambda is the only member of the type III interferon found so far.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of type III interferon production. Interferon lambda is the only member of the type III interferon found so far.

Any apoptotic process in a glial cell, a non-neuronal cell of the nervous system.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process.

A spherical particle with a hydrophobic core of triglycerides and/or cholesterol esters, surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol and apolipoproteins. Plasma lipoprotein particles transport lipids, which are non-covalently associated with the particles, in the blood or lymph.

A chylomicron that contains apolipoprotein C2 (APOC2), a cofactor for lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, and has a mean diameter of 500 nm and density of 0.95g/ml. Mature chylomicron particles transport exogenous (dietary) lipids from the intestines to other body tissues, via the blood and lymph.

A triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle that is typically composed of APOB100, APOE and APOCs and has a density of about 1.006 g/ml and a diameter of between 20-80 nm. It is found in blood and transports endogenous products (newly synthesized cholesterol and triglycerides) from the liver.

A lipoprotein particle, rich in cholesterol esters and low in triglycerides that is typically composed of APOB100 and APOE and has a density of 1.02-1.06 g/ml and a diameter of between 20-25 nm. LDL particles are formed from VLDL particles (via IDL) by the loss of triglyceride and gain of cholesterol ester. They transport endogenous cholesterol (and to some extent triglycerides) from peripheral tissues back to the liver.

A triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle that typically contains APOB100, APOE and APOCs and has a density of 1.006-1.019 g/ml and a diameter of between 25-30 nm. IDL particles are found in blood and are formed by the delipidation of very-low-density lipoprotein particles (VLDL). IDL particles are removed from blood by the liver, following binding to the APOE receptor, or are converted to low-density lipoprotein (LDL).

A lipoprotein particle with a high density (typically 1.063-1.21 g/ml) and a diameter of 5-10 nm that contains APOAs and may contain APOCs and APOE; found in blood and carries lipids from body tissues to the liver as part of the reverse cholesterol transport process.

A newly formed high-density lipoprotein particle; consists of a phospholipid bilayer surrounded by two or more APOA1 molecules. The discoidal HDL particle is formed when lipid-free or lipid-poor APOA1 acquires phospholipids and unesterified cholesterol from either cell membranes or triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (undergoing lipolysis by lipoprotein lipase).

A mature high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle, converted from discoidal HDL particles following the esterification of cholesterol in the particle by phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase (lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase; LCAT).

The acquisition, loss, or modification of macromolecules within a complex, resulting in the alteration of an existing complex.

The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a protein-lipid complex.

The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a plasma lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the esterification of cholesterol by phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase (lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase; LCAT).

The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by lipoprotein lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the transfer of cholesterol esters to a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), with the simultaneous transfer of triglyceride from a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle.

The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a chylomicron, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.

The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase or lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.

The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the transfer of cholesterol esters from LDL to a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), with the simultaneous transfer of triglyceride to LDL.

The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a high-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the transfer of cholesterol esters from LDL to a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), with the simultaneous transfer of triglyceride to LDL.

The non-covalent aggregation and arrangement of proteins and lipids to form a plasma lipoprotein particle.

The non-covalent aggregation and arrangement of proteins and lipids in the liver to form a very-low-density lipoprotein particle.

The non-covalent aggregation and arrangement of proteins and lipids to form a high-density lipoprotein particle.

The process in which a lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

The process in which a chylomicron remnant is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis into liver cells and its constituent parts degraded.

The process in which a low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

The process in which a high-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

A plasma lipoprotein particle that has a hydrophobic core enriched in triglycerides surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol and apolipoproteins. Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles transport lipids, which are non-covalently associated with the particles, in the blood.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lipid particle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.

The portion of the nuclear lumen proximal to the inner nuclear membrane.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluid shear stress stimulus. Fluid shear stress is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is moving across a solid surface.

Endonucleolytic cleavage of the 3'-end of the pre-tRNA as part of the process of generating the mature 3'-end of the tRNA.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-diphosphoglycerate + H2O = phosphoglycerate + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-diphosphoglycerate + H2O = 2-phospho-D-glycerate + phosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of urate, the anion of uric acid, 2,6,8-trioxypurine.

The addition of an acetyl group to one or more amino acids in a protein, occurring after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome.

The directed movement of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The removal of one or more electrons from a lipid, with or without the concomitant removal of a proton or protons, by reaction with an electron-accepting substance, by addition of oxygen or by removal of hydrogen.

The modification of a lipid or protein within a plasma lipoprotein particle by oxidation of the lipid or one or more amino acids.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipoprotein oxidation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lipoprotein oxidation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipoprotein oxidation, occurring in the blood plasma.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lipoprotein particle oxidation, occurring in the blood plasma.

The morphogenetic process that results in flattening of a cell as a consequence of its adhesion to a substrate.

The process in which a very-low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

Isoenergetic transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to an existing ubiquitin chain via the reaction X-ubiquitin + Y-ubiquitin -> Y-ubiquitin-ubiquitin + X, where both the X-ubiquitin and Y-ubiquitin-ubiquitin linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.

A small (70-100 nm) cytoplasmic granule that contains a number of centrosomal proteins; centriolar satellites traffic toward microtubule minus ends and are enriched near the centrosome.

Binding to a dynactin complex; a large protein complex that activates dynein-based motor activity.

Any process in which a microtubule is maintained in a specific location in a cell.

Any process in which a microtubule is maintained in a specific location in a cell by attachment to a centrosome.

A protein complex that forms a subcomplex of the 90S preribosome and is required for the subsequent assembly of the rest of the preribosome. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of Utp5p, Utp4p, Nan1p, Utp8p, Utp9p, Utp10 and Utp15p.

A protein complex that forms a subcomplex of the 90S preribosome. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of Mpp10p, Imp3p and Imp4p.

Unwinding of an RNA helix in the 3' to 5' direction, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a small-subunit processome.

A ciliary protein complex involved in cilium biogenesis. It consists of at least seven Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) proteins and BBIP10. It moves in association with IFT trains through cilia (likely as an IFT-A/B adaptor or cargo), and is required for the integrity of IFT-A and IFT-B.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbon monoxide (CO) stimulus.

Any process that results in the conversion of one or more primary non-coding RNA (ncRNA) transcripts into one or more mature ncRNA molecules.

Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an snRNA molecule.

Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a U6 snRNA molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylglycerols, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of glycerol.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + chondroitin = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + chondroitin sulfate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + heparan sulfate = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + sulfated heparan sulfate.

Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.

The process in which a solute is transported from one side of the vacuolar membrane to the other.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the phagophore assembly site (PAS).

The directed movement of substances from early endosomes to the Golgi.

The directed movement of substances from late endosomes to the Golgi.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the kinetochore.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a specific location on a chromosome.

A process in which a protein transports or maintains the localization of another protein to the nucleus.

The process in which calcium salts are deposited into calcareous tooth structures such as dental enamel, dentin and cementum.

The innermost portion of the centromeric region of a chromosome, encompassing the core region of a chromosome centromere and the proteins that bind to it.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and centromeric DNA molecules to form a centromeric protein-DNA complex. Includes the formation of the chromatin structures which form a platform for the kinetochore, and assembly of the kinetochore onto this specialized chromatin. In fission yeast and higher eukaryotes this process also includes the formation of heterochromatin at the outer repeat (pericentric) regions of the centromere.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the mitochondrial matrix; results in transcriptional upregulation of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial stress proteins.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin B6 stimulus. Vitamin B6 encompasses pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.

Any protein complex that binds to a specialized RNA cap structure at any time in the lifetime of the RNA.

Catalysis of the reaction: fumarylpyruvate + H2O = fumarate + pyruvate + H+.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the cytochrome bc(1) complex (also known as ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase), in the mitochondrial inner membrane.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex II.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex II, in the mitochondrial inner membrane.

Binding to a piRNA, a Piwi-associated RNA, a 24- to 30-nucleotide RNA derived from repeat or complex DNA sequence elements and processed by a Dicer-independent mechanism.

A process leading to the generation of a functional piRNA. piRNAs (Piwi-associated RNAs) are a class of 24- to 30-nucleotide RNAs derived from repeat or complex DNA sequence elements and processed by a Dicer-independent mechanism.

The directed movement of hydroxyproline into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Enables the transfer of L-hydroxyproline from one side of a membrane to the other.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol bisphosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol phosphate + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate + phosphate.

Catalysis of the removal of the 5-phosphate group of a phosphatidylinositol phosphate.

Catalysis of the removal of the 4-phosphate group of a phosphatidylinositol phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + phosphate.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.

Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + CoA + NAD(P)+ = acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NAD(P)H.

Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ = acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tumor necrosis factor stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a laminar fluid shear stress stimulus. Laminar fluid flow is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is moving across a solid surface in parallel layers. As an example, laminar shear stress can be seen where blood flows against the luminal side of blood vessel walls.

Binding to a tetrahydrobiopterin, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin or a derivative thereof; tetrahydrobiopterins are enzyme cofactors that carry electrons in redox reactions.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus.

Elongation of a fatty acid chain into which one C-C double bond has been introduced.

Elongation of a fatty acid chain into which two or more C-C double bonds have been introduced.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), beginning with the synthesis of tryptophan or aspartate from simpler precursors; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.

Enables the transfer of retinol from one side of a membrane to the other. Retinol is vitamin A1, 2,6,6-trimethyl-1-(9'-hydroxy-3',7'-dimethylnona-1',3',5',7'-tetraenyl)cyclohex-1-ene, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A.

The directed movement of retinol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Retinol is vitamin A1, 2,6,6-trimethyl-1-(9'-hydroxy-3',7'-dimethylnona-1',3',5',7'-tetraenyl)cyclohex-1-ene, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A.

Enables the transfer of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, from one side of a membrane to the other.

The directed movement of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, carried out by individual cells.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds, as carried out by individual cells.

The directed movement of a mitochondrion along a microfilament, mediated by motor proteins.

The directed movement of the mitochondrion to a specific location, by a process involving microtubules.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass, carried out by individual cells.

Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a tri, a di or a monomethyl-lysine residue at position 4 of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cortisol, the steroid hormone 11-beta-17,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. Cortisol is synthesized from cholesterol in the adrenal gland and controls carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism and has anti-inflammatory properties.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cortisol, the steroid hormone 11-beta-17,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. Cortisol is synthesized from cholesterol in the adrenal gland and controls carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism and has anti-inflammatory properties.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving non-coding RNA transcripts (ncRNAs).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of non-coding RNA transcripts (ncRNAs). Includes the breakdown of cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs).

A protein complex that is located in the endoplasmic reticulum and is composed of chaperone proteins, including BiP, GRP94; CaBP1, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), ERdj3, cyclophilin B, ERp72, GRP170, UDP-glucosyltransferase, and SDF2-L1.

An integrin complex that comprises one alpha1 subunit and one beta1 subunit.

An integrin complex that comprises one alpha2 subunit and one beta1 subunit.

An integrin complex that comprises one alpha3 subunit and one beta1 subunit.

An integrin complex that comprises one alpha4 subunit and one beta1 subunit.

An integrin complex that comprises one alpha4 subunit and one beta7 subunit.

A protein complex that consists of inhibin, type III transforming growth factor beta receptor (also known as betaglycan), and the type II activin receptor ActRII. The complex is thought to negatively regulate the activity of activin B.

An integrin complex that comprises one alpha5 subunit and one beta1 subunit.

An integrin complex that comprises one alpha10 subunit and one beta1 subunit.

An integrin complex that comprises one alpha11 subunit and one beta1 subunit.

An integrin complex that comprises one alphav subunit and one beta3 subunit.

An integrin complex that comprises one alphav subunit and one beta5 subunit.

An integrin complex that comprises one alphav subunit and one beta6 subunit.

An integrin complex that comprises one alphav subunit and one beta8 subunit.

An integrin complex that comprises one alphaL subunit and one beta2 subunit.

A ribonucleoprotein complex that is formed by the association of the U11 and U12 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin E stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gonadotropin stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a luteinizing hormone stimulus.

A protein complex that spans a membrane and forms a water-filled channel across the phospholipid bilayer allowing selective ion transport down its electrochemical gradient.

A large (20 S) protein complex that possesses protein arginine methyltransferase activity and modifies specific arginines to dimethylarginines in the arginine- and glycine-rich domains of several spliceosomal Sm proteins, thereby targeting these proteins to the survival of motor neurons (SMN) complex for assembly into small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) core particles. Proteins found in the methylosome include the methyltransferase JBP1 (PRMT5), pICln (CLNS1A), MEP50 (WDR77), and unmethylated forms of SM proteins that have RG domains.

Binding to an inhibin monomer, any of the polypeptides that combine to form activin and inhibin dimers.

A protein complex that contains pICln (CLNS1A) and several Sm proteins, including SmD1, SmD2, SmE, SmF, and SmG.

A protein complex that contains the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein and Gemin2; may form the stable core of the larger SMN complex.

A protein complex formed by the association of several methylated Sm proteins with the SMN complex; the latter contains the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein and at least eight additional integral components, including the Gemin2-8 and unrip proteins; additional proteins, including galectin-1 and galectin-3, are also found in the SMN-SM complex. The SMN-Sm complex is involved in spliceosomal snRNP assembly in the cytoplasm.

The modification of histone H3 by the removal of a methyl group from lysine at position 4 of the histone.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of one or more nucleosomes.

The modification of histone H3 by addition of a methyl group to lysine at position 79 of the histone.

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + cholesterol = a cholesterol ester + CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 16) + H2O = histone H4 L-lysine (position 16) + acetate. This reaction represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 16 of the histone H4 protein.

A protein complex that contains the Scribble protein (a cell polarity determinant), the tumor suppressor protein adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), and beta-catenin; may be involved in the control of cell proliferation.

A protein complex that acts as an aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor. Cytosolic and nuclear Ah receptor complexes have different subunit composition, but both contain the ligand-binding subunit AhR.

An aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) complex found in the nucleus; ; consists of ligand-bound AhR and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT).

A process in which an iron ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions (Fe) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions (Fe) from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

The controlled breakdown of the basement membrane in the context of a normal process such as imaginal disc eversion.

The modification of histone H4 by addition of one or more methyl groups to lysine at position 20 of the histone.

The modification of histone H4 by addition of three methyl groups to lysine at position 20 of the histone.

A process in which glutathione is transported across a membrane.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a histamine stimulus. Histamine, the biogenic amine 2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethanamine, is involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter.

Catalysis of the reaction: caffeine + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid + H2O.

The process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of endothelin by conversion of Big-endothelin substrate into mature endothelin.

Any process involved in the conversion of a primary box C/D type small RNA transcript into a mature box C/D RNA.

Any process involved in the conversion of a primary box H/ACA type small RNA transcript into a mature box H/ACA RNA.

The modification of a histone by addition of one or more methyl groups to a lysine residue.

The modification of a histone by addition of a methyl group to an arginine residue.

A protein folding process that takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Secreted, plasma membrane and organelle proteins are folded in the ER, assisted by chaperones and foldases (protein disulphide isomerases), and additional factors required for optimal folding (ATP, Ca2+ and an oxidizing environment to allow disulfide bond formation).

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stress acting at the endoplasmic reticulum. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen.

Catalysis of the removal of one or more acetyl groups from a protein, requiring NAD.

The peptide cleavage of mitochondrial proteins, including cleavage contributing to their import.

The removal of an acetyl group from an acetylated lysine residue in a peptide or protein.

Directly binding to and delivering iron ions to a target protein.

Binding to one or more specific sites on an immunoglobulin receptor molecule.

Binding to one or more specific sites on the Fc-gamma receptor I complex. The complex functions primarily as an activating receptor for IgG.

A region of the nuclear envelope to which a microtubule organizing center (MTOC) attaches; protein complexes embedded in the nuclear envelope mediate direct or indirect linkages between the microtubule cytoskeleton and the nuclear envelope.

A nuclear membrane protein complex which connects the nuclear outer and inner membranes together, and links links the nuclear lumen to cytoplasmic microtubules during meiosis.

An oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex that contains at least seven polypeptides and is the major OST complex in mammalian cells. Of the three forms of mammalian OST complex identified, the OSTI complex has the weakest affinity for ribosomes.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a phosphatidylinositol = ADP + a phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. This reaction is the addition of a phosphate group to phosphatidylinositol or one of its phosphorylated derivatives at the 3' position of the inositol ring.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + ATP = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Modulates the activity of any of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks). Regulatory subunits can link a PI3K catalytic subunit to upstream signaling events and help position the catalytic subunits close to their lipid substrates.

Any process by which an organism retains a population of somatic stem cells, undifferentiated cells in the embryo or adult which can undergo unlimited division and give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rac protein signal transduction.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Rac protein signal transduction.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction.

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of leading edge cells, cells at the front of a migrating epithelial sheet.

A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex that contains a catalytic class III phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) subunit bound to a regulatory (adaptor) subunit. Additional adaptor proteins may be present. Class III PI3Ks have a substrate specificity restricted to phosphatidylinositol (PI).

Binds to and modulates the activity of histone acetyltransferase.

The initial contact step made between the sperm plasma membrane and outer layer of the egg during fertilization.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryonic heart tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart tube forms as the heart rudiment from the heart field.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell that will form part of the cardiac organ of an individual.

A class of nuclear body measuring 20-25 nm in diameter and distributed throughout the interchromatin space, linked together by thin fibrils. They are believed to be storage centers for various snRNAs, snRNPs, serine/arginine-rich proteins and RNA polymerase II. A typical mammalian cell contains 25-50 clusters of interchromatin granules. Interchromatin granule clusters do not contain the heterogeneous nuclear RNA-binding proteins (hnRNPs).

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of nuclear specks, a class of nuclear body in which splicing factors are localized.

Binding to a histone in which a residue has been modified by methylation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to a histone protein.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to a histone protein.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to a histone protein.

The assembly and organization of an axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance polarization of a cell's architecture along its apical/basal axis so that the apical and basal regions of the cell have different membrane, extracellular matrix and sub-membrane cellular components.

The specification and formation of the polarity of a cell along its apical/basal axis.

Retaining the established polarization of a cell along its apical/basal axis.

Binding to an inositol-containing glycerophospholipid, i.e. phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and its phosphorylated derivatives.

The progressive compaction of the spermatid chromatin so that it reaches a level of condensation that is not compatible with nuclear activities such as transcription or DNA replication.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nicotine stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a nicotine stimulus.

A multimeric complex that is able to catalyze the addition of methyl groups to histone proteins.

A multimeric protein complex that can methylate lysine-27 and lysine-9 residues of histone H3. In Drosophila the core subunits of the complex include ESC, E(Z), CAF1 (NURF-55) and SU(Z)12. In mammals the core subunits of the complex include EED, EZH2, SUZ12 and RBBP4.

A histone chaperone complex that facilitates nucleosome disassembly and reassembly upon DNA or RNA polymerase passage.

A multiprotein complex that mediates monoubiquitination of lysine residues of histone H2A (lysine-118 in Drosophila or lysine-119 in mammals). The complex is required for stable long-term maintenance of transcriptionally repressed states and is involved in chromatin remodeling.

The process in which the anatomical structures of appendages are generated and organized. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a limb are generated and organized. A limb is a paired appendage of a tetrapod used for locomotion or grasping.

The process in which the anatomical structures of genitalia are generated and organized. The genitalia are the organs of reproduction or generation, external and internal.

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the appendage are generated and organized. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch.

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal, e.g. the arms of a human.

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the hindlimbs are generated and organized. The hindlimbs are the posterior limbs of an animal.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal, e.g. the arms of a human.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindlimb are generated and organized.

A multi-subunit complex deposited by the spliceosome upstream of messenger RNA exon-exon junctions. The exon-exon junction complex provides a binding platform for factors involved in mRNA export and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.

Creation of the central hole of a tube in an anatomical structure through which gases and/or liquids flow.

Ensuring that a tube is of the correct length and diameter. Tube size must be maintained not only during tube formation, but also throughout development and in some physiological processes.

The stages of blood cell formation that take place within the embryo.

The stages of blood cell formation that take place after completion of embryonic development.

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to a serine residue of a histone.

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the serine-10 residue of the N-terminal tail of histone H3.

Behavior directed towards society, or taking place between members of the same species. Occurs predominantly, or only, in individuals that are part of a group.

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to a threonine residue of a histone.

A multiprotein complex containing a heterodimeric E2F transcription factor and a Retinoblastoma (Rb) family member. This complex is capable of repressing transcription of E2F-regulated genes in order to regulate cell cycle progression.

A posttranscriptional gene silencing pathway in which regulatory RNAs elicit silencing of specific target genes, either by mRNA destabilization or inhibition of translation.

A post-transcriptional gene silencing pathway in which regulatory microRNAs (miRNAs) elicit silencing of specific target genes. miRNAs are endogenous 21-24 nucleotide small RNAs processed from stem-loop RNA precursors (pre-miRNAs). Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), miRNAs can downregulate gene expression by either of two posttranscriptional mechanisms: endonucleolytic cleavage of the RNA (often mRNA) or mRNA translational repression, usually accompanied by poly-A tail shortening and subsequent degradation of the mRNA. miRNAs are present in all the animals and in plants, whereas siRNAs are present in lower animals and in plants.

A process leading to the generation of a functional miRNA. Includes the cleavage of stem-loop RNA precursors into microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are a class of small RNAs that primarily silence genes by blocking the translation of mRNA transcripts into protein, or by increasing the degradation of non-protein-coding RNA transcripts.

Binding to a small interfering RNA, a 21-23 nucleotide RNA that is processed from double stranded RNA (dsRNA) by an RNAse enzyme.

Binding to a microRNA, a 21-23 nucleotide RNA that is processed from a stem-loop RNA precursor (pre-miRNA) that is encoded within plant and animal genomes.

Competitive interactions within multicellular organisms between cell populations that differ in growth rates, leading to the elimination of the slowest-growing cells.

The series of molecular signals initiated by glutamate binding to a glutamate receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by the movement of ions through a channel in the receptor complex, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system.

Binding to dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter formed by aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase from 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine.

Catalysis of the addition of a methyl group to either of the unmethylated terminal nitrogen atoms (also called omega nitrogen) in peptidyl-arginine to form an omega-N-G-monomethylated arginine residue. The reaction is S-adenosyl-L-methionine + [protein]-L-arginine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + [protein]-Nomega-methyl-L-arginine.

Catalysis of the addition of a second methyl group to methylated peptidyl-arginine. Methylation is on the same terminal nitrogen (omega nitrogen) residue that was previously methylated, resulting in asymmetrical peptidyl-N(omega),N(omega)-dimethylated arginine residues.

Catalysis of the addition of a second methyl group to methylated peptidyl-arginine. Methylation is on the terminal nitrogen (omega nitrogen) residue that is not already methylated, resulting in symmetrical peptidyl-N(omega),N'(omega)-dimethyled arginine residues.

The addition of a methyl group onto a nitrogen atom of an arginine residue in a protein.

The addition of a methyl group onto a terminal nitrogen (omega nitrogen) atom of an arginine residue in a protein.

Catalysis of the transfer of an N-acetylgalactosaminyl residue from UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine to an acceptor molecule, forming an alpha-1,4 linkage.

Catalysis of the transfer of a galactose group from UDP-galactose to an acceptor molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of a glucosyl group from UDP-glucose to an acceptor molecule.

Catalysis of the transfer of a xylosyl group from UDP-xylose to an acceptor molecule.

Binding to an ionotropic glutamate receptor. Ionotropic glutamate receptors bind glutamate and exert an effect through the regulation of ion channels.

Binding to a G protein-coupled glutamate receptor (a metabotropic glutamate receptor).

The process in which the anatomical structures of the external genitalia are generated and organized. The external genitalia are the outer sex organs, such as the penis or vulva in mammals.

The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth.

The increase in size or mass of an organ. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that function together as to perform a specific function.

A complex having histone acetylase activity on chromatin, as well as ATPase, DNA helicase and structural DNA binding activities. The complex is thought to be involved in double-strand DNA break repair. Subunits of the human complex include HTATIP/TIP60, TRRAP, RUVBL1, BUVBL2, beta-actin and BAF53/ACTL6A. In yeast, the complex has 13 subunits, including the catalytic subunit Esa1 (homologous to human Tip60).

The addition of a mannose residue to a protein acceptor molecule.

The transfer of mannose from dolichyl activated mannose to the hydroxyl group of a seryl or threonyl residue of a protein acceptor molecule, to form an O-linked protein-sugar linkage.

Progression of the endocrine system over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The endocrine system is a system of hormones and ductless glands, where the glands release hormones directly into the blood, lymph or other intercellular fluid, and the hormones circulate within the body to affect distant organs. The major glands that make up the human endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathryoids, adrenals, pineal body, and the reproductive glands which include the ovaries and testes.

Progression of the exocrine system over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The exocrine system is a system of hormones and glands, where the glands secrete straight to a target site via ducts or tubes. The human exocrine system includes the salivary glands, sweat glands and many glands of the digestive system.

An RNA interference pathway in which microRNAs (miRNAs) block the translation of target mRNAs into proteins. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a miRNA will typically mediate repression of translation if the miRNA imperfectly base-pairs with the 3' untranslated regions of target mRNAs.

An RNA interference pathway in which microRNAs (miRNAs) direct the cleavage of target mRNAs. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a miRNA base pairing with near-perfect complementarity to the target mRNA will typically direct targeted endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA. Many plant miRNAs downregulate gene expression through this mechanism.

Transport of pre-microRNAs (pre-miRNAs) from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Pre-miRNAs are a ~60-70 nucleotide stem loop intermediate in miRNA production, produced by the nuclear cleavage of a primary miRNA (pri-mRNA) transcript. Pre-miRNAs are transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where further cleavage occurs to produce a mature miRNA product.

The regionalization process that divides an organism or part of an organism into a series of semi-repetitive parts, or segments, often arranged along a longitudinal axis.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tube over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues including lung and trachea, kidney, the mammary gland, the vascular system and the gastrointestinal and urinary-genital tracts.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol hexakisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a molecule.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein.

Any process the stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a molecule.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a molecule.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein.

Any process the stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein.

Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' terminus of a DNA molecule.

The migration of an epidermal cell along or through a wound gap that contributes to the reestablishment of a continuous epidermis.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hair cell.

Binding to a Toll-like protein, a pattern recognition receptor that binds pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.

The series of molecular signals mediated by the serine/threonine kinase Hippo or one of its orthologs. In Drosophila, Hippo in complex with the scaffold protein Salvador (Sav), phosphorylates and activates Warts (Wts), which in turn phosphorylates and inactivates the Yorkie (Yki) transcriptional activator. The core fly components hippo, sav, wts and mats are conserved in mammals as STK4/3 (MST1/2), SAV1/WW45, LATS1/2 and MOB1.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hippo signaling.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hippo signaling.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hippo signaling.

The removal of phosphoric residues from peptidyl-O-phospho-tyrosine to form peptidyl-tyrosine.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths of C13 or more.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a fatty-acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group.

A multiprotein complex at least composed of serine palmitoyltransferases and ORM proteins (known as ORMDL proteins in mammals and other higher vertebrates) that plays a key role in sphingolipid homeostasis.

The directed movement of the purine ribonucleoside inosine, also known as hypoxanthine riboside, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxypurine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The process in which coenzyme A is transported across a membrane. Coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, is an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.

The process in which flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is transported across a membrane. FAD forms the coenzyme of the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, in which it functions as an electron acceptor by being reversibly converted to its reduced form.

The process in which heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The process in which a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is transported across a membrane; transport may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.

A heterodimeric protein complex containing Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2).

A heterodimeric protein complex containing Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6).

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of triglyceride within a cell or between a cell and its external environment.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to any of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (alpha, beta or gamma) in the nuclear membrane, and ending with the initiation or termination of the transcription of target genes.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway.

A nuclear body associated with the histone gene locus that is thought to contain all of the factors necessary for histone mRNA transcription and pre-mRNA processing. In Drosophila, U7 snRNP is located in the histone locus body rather than the distinct Cajal body.

A heterodimeric ubiquitin conjugating enzyme complex that catalyzes assembly of K63-linked polyubiquitin chains and is involved in NF-kappaB activation. In humans at least, the complex comprises the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBC13 and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme variant 1A (UEV1A).

The growing (plus) end of a microtubule. In vitro, microtubules polymerize more quickly at the plus end than at the minus end. In vivo, microtubule growth occurs only at the plus end, and the plus end switches between periods of growth and shortening, a behavior known as dynamic instability.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a microtubule.

Binding to chondroitin sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan made up of two alternating monosaccharides: D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc).

The directed movement of water (H2O) from one side of an epithelium to the other.

The process in which carbon dioxide (CO2) is transported across a membrane.

Enables the transfer of carbon dioxide (CO2) from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when ATP has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

The process in which a sterol is transported across a membrane. Sterols are steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a thioester, a compound of general formula RC(=O)SR' in which the linking oxygen in an ester is replaced by a sulfur atom. They are the product of esterification between a carboxylic acid and a thiol.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a thioester, a compound of general formula RC(=O)SR' in which the linking oxygen in an ester is replaced by a sulfur atom. They are the product of esterification between a carboxylic acid and a thiol.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a SLIT protein binding to a Roundabout (ROBO) family receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9.

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a histone.

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the tyrosine-41 residue of histone H3.

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the threonine-11 residue of the N-terminal tail of histone H3.

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the threonine-6 residue of the N-terminal tail of histone H3.

Catalysis of the reaction: 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone + NAD+ = 5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione + NADH.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell.

Signaling between cells of the same type. The signal produced by the signaling cell binds to a receptor on, and affects a cell of the same type.

The process in which a phosphate is transported across a membrane.

Any process in which a protein is maintained in the endoplasmic reticulum and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration within the endoplasmic reticulum, protein stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that escape the endoplasmic reticulum.

Binding to cyclic-di-GMP, cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate.

The directed movement of a dipeptide across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A dipeptide is a combination of two amino acids linked together by a peptide (-CO-NH-) bond.

The directed movement of a tripeptide across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A tripeptide is a compound containing three amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-alpha stimulus. Interferon-alpha is a type I interferon.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-beta stimulus. Interferon-beta is a type I interferon.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-alpha stimulus. Interferon-alpha is a type I interferon.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-beta stimulus. Interferon-beta is a type I interferon.

The formation of a macromolecular complex between the coat proteins and proteins and/or lipoproteins that are going to be transported by a vesicle.

The process in which a vitamin is transported across a membrane. A vitamin is one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.

Determination of the asymmetric location of the pancreas with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to damaged vasculature.

Binding to a chylomicron, a large lipoprotein particle (diameter 75-1200 nm) composed of a central core of triglycerides and cholesterol surrounded by a protein-phospholipid coating. The proteins include one molecule of apolipoprotein B-48 and may include a variety of apolipoproteins, including APOAs, APOCs and APOE.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the synthesis or release of any leukotriene following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the synthesis or release of any leukotriene following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a SNARE complex, a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers.

Binding to a cyclic AMP response element (CRE), a short palindrome-containing sequence found in the promoters of genes whose expression is regulated in response to cyclic AMP.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the dipeptide beta-alanyl-L-histidine (carnosine).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the dipeptide beta-alanyl-L-histidine (carnosine).

Binding to a MH2 (MAD homology 2) protein domain. The MH2 domain is found at the carboxy-terminus of MAD related proteins such as Smads. The MH2 domain mediates interaction with a wide variety of proteins and provides specificity and selectivity to Smad function and also is critical for mediating interactions in Smad oligomers.

Binding to a MH1 (MAD homology 1) protein domain. The MH1 domain is found at the amino terminus of MAD related proteins such as Smads and can mediate DNA binding in some proteins. Smads also use the MH1 domain to interact with some transcription factors.

The development of the portion of the ureteric bud tube that contributes to the morphogenesis of the metanephros.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myosin light chain kinase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myosin light chain kinase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity.

The removal of an alkyl group from one or more nucleotides within an DNA molecule.

Removal of the methyl group from one or more nucleotides within a DNA molecule involving the oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms.

The removal of the methyl group from one or more nucleotides within an RNA molecule involving oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms.

Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from one or more nucleosides within a DNA molecule.

Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from one or more nucleosides within a RNA molecule involving the oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms.

Catalysis of the reaction: a methylated nucleobase within DNA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = a nucleobase within DNA + formaldehyde + succinate + CO2.

A multimeric protein complex that removes monoubiquitin from histone H2A. In Drosophila and mammals, the core of the complex is composed of Calypso/BAP1 and Asx/ASXL1, respectively.

The modification of histone H2A by addition of a single ubiquitin group.

A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 29 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K29-linked ubiquitination targets the substrate protein for degradation.

The removal of the ubiquitin group from a monoubiquitinated protein.

The removal of the ubiquitin group from a monoubiquitinated histone protein.

The removal of the ubiquitin group from a monoubiquitinated histone H2A protein.

A protein deubiquitination process in which a K29-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 29 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.

The directed movement of proline, pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of substances from the plasma membrane back to the trans-Golgi network, mediated by vesicles.

Catalysis of the reaction: 8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanosine-triphosphate (8-oxo-dGTP) + H2O = 8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanosine phosphate (8-oxo-dGMP) + diphosphate. 8-oxo-dGTP is the oxidised form of the free guanine nucleotide and can act as a potent mutagenic substrate for DNA synthesis causing transversion mutations. 8-oxo-dGTPase hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP to its monophosphate form to prevent the misincorporation of 8-oxo-dGTP into cellular DNA.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of assembly of the SNARE complex. The SNARE complex is a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of assembly of the SNARE complex. The SNARE complex is a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of assembly of the SNARE complex. The SNARE complex is a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers.

Removal of the initiating methionine or formylmethionine residue from a protein that contributes to protein maturation, the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.

Removal of the methyl group from one or more nucleotides within a single-stranded DNA molecule involving the oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms.

Removal of the methyl group from one or more nucleotides within a single-stranded RNA molecule involving the oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms.

The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.

Any process that stops or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via effectors other than beta-catenin.

The dimethylation of the N-terminal serine of proteins to form the derivative N,N-dimethylserine.

The trimethylation of the N-terminal serine of proteins to form the derivative N,N,N-trimethylserine.

Catalysis of the removal of the methyl group from a modified lysine residue at position 20 of the histone H4 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.

The lipid bilayer surrounding an azurophil granule, a primary lysosomal granule found in neutrophil granulocytes that contains a wide range of hydrolytic enzymes and is released into the extracellular fluid.

The volume enclosed by the membrane of an azurophil granule, a primary lysosomal granule found in neutrophil granulocytes that contains a wide range of hydrolytic enzymes and is released into the extracellular fluid.

The lipid bilayer surrounding a specific granule, a granule with a membranous, tubular internal structure, found primarily in mature neutrophil cells. Most are released into the extracellular fluid. Specific granules contain lactoferrin, lysozyme, vitamin B12 binding protein and elastase.

The process of binding or confining an extracellular signaling ligand, such that the ligand is unable to bind to its cell surface receptor.

Confining a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) to the extracellular matrix (ECM), such that it is separated from other components of the signaling pathway, including its cell surface receptor. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are secreted as homodimers, non-covalently associated with N-terminal pro-peptides, and are targeted to the extracellular matrix through interaction with matrix proteins.

Confining TGFbeta to the extracellular matrix (ECM) such that it is separated from other components of the signaling pathway, including its cell surface receptor. TGFbeta is secreted as part of a latent complex that is targeted to the extracellular matrix through latent-TGFbeta-binding protein (LTBP)-mediated association with matrix proteins.

The series of molecular signals in which a cell uses calcium ions released from an intracellular store to convert a signal into a response.

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular purine nucleotide binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two or more molecules in a signaling pathway, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. Adaptor molecules themselves do not have catalytic activity.

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location within the extracellular region.

Binding to a ganglioside, a ceramide oligosaccharide carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues.

The removal of an acyl group, any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group, from a protein amino acid.

Transfer of a nitric oxide (NO) group from one cysteine residue to another.

The removal of a glutamate residue from a protein. Glutamate residues in proteins can be gene-encoded, or added as side chains during the protein modification process of polyglutamylation.

The removal of a C-terminal, gene-encoded glutamate residue from a protein.

The removal of a glutamate residue from the side chain of a protein. Glutamate side chains are added to glutamic acid residues within the primary protein sequence during polyglutamylation.

Binding to an AP-2 adaptor complex. The AP-2 adaptor complex is a heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of alpha, beta2, mu2 and sigma2 subunits and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle. In at least humans, the AP-2 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different alpha genes (alphaA and alphaC).

Binding to a stem-loop in an RNA molecule. An RNA stem-loop is a secondary RNA structure consisting of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) stem and a terminal loop.

Bringing together a cargo protein with clathrin, responsible for the formation of endocytic vesicles.

A histone deubiquitination process in which a ubiquitin monomer is removed from a conserved lysine residue in the C-terminus of histone H2B. The conserved lysine residue is K119 in fission yeast, K123 in budding yeast, or K120 in mammals.

The disaggregation of a stress granule into its constituent protein and RNA parts.

The directed movement of a ceramide from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi. Ceramides are a class of lipid composed of sphingosine linked to a fatty acid.

A renal system process in which glucose is taken up from the collecting ducts and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures.

The process in which a receptor is activated by another receptor. Receptor transactivation can occur through different mechanisms and includes cross-talk between signaling pathways where one receptor activates a receptor for a different ligand, and also activation of subunits within a receptor oligomer.

The directed movement of ceramides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Ceramides are a class of lipid composed of sphingosine linked to a fatty acid.

The deposition of hydroxyapatite, involved in the progression of the skeleton from its formation to its mature state.

A complex composed of two proteins, prohibitin 1 and prohibitin 2 (PHB1/PHB-1 and PHB2/PHB-2) that is highly conserved amongst eukaryotes and associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. The mitochondrial prohibitin complex is a macromolecular supercomplex composed of repeating heterodimeric subunits of PHB1 and PHB2. The mitochondrial prohibitin complex plays a role in a number of biological processes, including mitochondrial biogenesis and function, development, replicative senescence, and cell death.

Maintaining the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier, thus ensuring specific regulated transport of substances (e.g. macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into the brain, and out of the brain into the blood circulation.

Binding to a purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

The specific behavior of an organism in response to a novel environment or stimulus.

The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to a novel environment.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (histone H3)-arginine (position 17) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (histone H3)-N-methyl-arginine (position 17). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the arginine residue at position 17 of histone H3.

Combining with L-DOPA to initiate a change in cell activity. L-DOPA is the modified amino acid (2S)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) propanoic acid, and is the precursor to dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine.

The directed movement of substances from endosomes to the melanosome, a specialised lysosome-related organelle.

Binding to an AP-1 adaptor complex. The AP-1 adaptor complex is a heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta1, gamma, mu1 and sigma1 subunits and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle. In at least humans, the AP-1 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different genes (gamma1 and gamma2, mu1A and mu1B, and sigma1A, sigma1B and sigma1C).

Binding to an AP-3 adaptor complex. The AP-3 adaptor complex is a heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta3, delta, mu3 and sigma3 subunits and is found associated with endosomal membranes. In at least humans, the AP-3 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different genes (beta3A and beta3B, mu3A and mu3B, and sigma3A and sigma3B).

The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-18 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

A protein complex that functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) and converts Rab-GDP to Rab-GTP. In S. cerevisiae, this complex consists of at least Mon1 and Ccz1, and serves as a GEF for the Rab Ypt7p.

Binding to a Toll-like 4 protein, a pattern recognition receptor that binds bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate an innate immune response.

Binding to a Toll-like 2 protein, a pattern recognition receptor that binds microbial pattern motifs to initiate an innate immune response.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor where the TIRAP/MAL adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor 4 where the TIRAP/MAL adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like 4 receptors are pattern recognition receptors that bind bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate an innate immune response.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor where the TRIF adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor where the TRAM adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor 4 where the TRAM adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like 4 receptors are pattern recognition receptors that bind bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate an innate immune response.

Catalysis of the reaction: an enone + NADPH + H+ = a ketone + NADP+.

The process in which an oligopeptide is transported across a membrane. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.

Enables the transfer of oligopeptides from one side of a membrane to the other. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.

The process in which a tricarboxylic acid is transported across a membrane.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuromast hair cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuromast hair cell is a hair cell that acts as a sensory receptor of the neuromast; it is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a posterior lateral line neuromast hair cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuromast hair cell is a hair cell that acts as a sensory receptor of the neuromast; it is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.

The migration of a memory T cell from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue. A memory T cell is a distinctly differentiated long-lived T cell that has the phenotype CD45RO-positive and CD127-positive.

A cytoskeletal structure surrounding the axoneme and outer dense fibers of the sperm flagellum. Consists of two longitudinal columns connected by closely arrayed semicircular ribs that assemble from distal to proximal throughout spermiogenesis. The fibrous sheath probably influences the degree of flexibility, plane of flagellar motion, and the shape of the flagellar beat.

A protein complex that binds macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Comprises CD74 and CD44 cell surface proteins.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a mitochondrial protein. This process is necessary to maintain the healthy state of mitochondria and is thought to occur via the induction of an intramitochondrial lysosome-like organelle that acts to eliminate the damaged oxidised mitochondrial proteins without destroying the mitochondrial structure.

The process in which cells degrade mitochondria by inducing a vacuole-like structure which directly engulfs and degrades the unhealthy mitochondria by accumulating lysosomes.

The migration of a monocyte from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.

The orderly movement of a hematopoietic stem cell from one site to another. A hematopoietic stem cell is a cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system.

The change in morphology and behavior of a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.

The change in morphology and behavior of a T-helper 1 cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.

Binding to the cytokine, macrophage migration inhibitory factor.

The directed movement of large protein complexes along microtubules from the cell body toward the tip of a cilium (also called flagellum), mediated by motor proteins.

The directed movement of large protein complexes along microtubules from the tip of a cilium (also called flagellum) toward the cell body, mediated by motor proteins.

The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-12 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-15 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

A process in which a sodium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Binding to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a phospholipid derivative that acts as a potent mitogen due to its activation of high-affinity G protein-coupled receptors.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hepatocyte growth factor stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hepatocyte growth factor stimulus.

Binding to S-nitrosoglutathione, a nitrosothiol considered to be a natural nitric oxide (NO) donor involved in S-nitrosylation, and in the storage and transport of nitric oxide in biological systems.

Binding to a dinitrosyl-iron complex. Nitric oxide (NO) is stored as dinitrosyl-iron complexes, which form spontaneously from Glutathione (GSH), S-nitrosoglutathione, and trace amounts of ferrous ions, or by reaction of iron-sulfur centers with NO.

The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium that contributes to cilium assembly.

The directed movement of a natural killer cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).

Any process that modulates the pH of the lysosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.

Any process that increases the pH of the lysosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.

The directed movement of a B cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of cardiolipin (1,3-bis(3-phosphatidyl)glycerol), releasing phosphatidic acid (PA).

The binding of a mesangial cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules. A mesangial cell is a cell that encapsulates the capillaries and venules in the kidney.

The directed movement of a motile cell in response to the presence of fibroblast growth factor (FGF).

The directed movement of an endothelial cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).

The directed movement of an endothelial cell in response to the presence of fibroblast growth factor (FGF).

A non-membranous macromolecular complex containing proteins and translationally silenced mRNAs. RNA granules contain proteins that control the localization, stability, and translation of their RNA cargo. Different types of RNA granules (RGs) exist, depending on the cell type and cellular conditions.

The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-4 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules (B granules) in the B cells of the pancreas; accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin, in response to a glucose stimulus.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin that contributes to the response of a cell to glucose.

The directed movement of a mature natural killer cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). A mature natural killer cell is a natural killer cell that is developmentally mature and expresses a variety of inhibitory and activating receptors that recognize MHC class and other stress related molecules.

The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the T cell receptor to augment CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.

The series of molecular signals initiated a ligand binding to an alpha-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFalpha) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand to a beta-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFbeta) on the surface of a signal-receiving cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration resulting from the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane.

Catalysis of the reaction: n-alkanal + NADP+ = alk-2-enal + NADPH + H+.

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of an egg coat. An egg coat is a specialized extracellular matrix that surrounds the ovum of animals. The egg coat provides structural support and can play an essential role in oogenesis, fertilization and early development.

A specialized extracellular matrix that surrounds the plasma membrane of the ovum of animals. The egg coat provides structural support and can play an essential role in oogenesis, fertilization and early development.

Any process that modulates the amount of urine excreted from the body over a unit of time.

The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or processes of another organism.

A DNA recombination process that results in the unidirectional transfer of genetic material from a donor sequence to a highly homologous acceptor. The resulting acceptor sequence is identical to that of the donor.

A DNA recombination process that results in the exchange of an equal amount of genetic material between highly homologous DNA molecules.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cloaca over time, from it's formation to the mature structure. The cloaca is the common chamber into which intestinal, genital and urinary canals open in vertebrates.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level and results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the outer segment of a photoreceptor cell, a sensory cell that reacts to the presence of light. The outer segment of the photoreceptor cell contains the light-absorbing materials.

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of an epithelial cell that characterize the cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.

Binding to a Krueppel-associated box (KRAB) domain of a protein. The approximately 75 amino acid KRAB domain is enriched in charged amino acids, and is found in the N-terminal regions of many zinc finger-containing transcription factors.

A cellular protein complex localization that acts on a chromosome passenger complex; as a result, the complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location at the spindle midzone. A chromosome passenger complex is a protein complex that contains the BIR-domain-containing protein Survivin, Aurora B kinase, INCENP and Borealin, and coordinates various events based on its location to different structures during the course of mitosis. The spindle midzone is the area in the center of the spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap.

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a eosinophil cell. A eosinophil is any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by one or more slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and which can be stained by the dye eosin.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a megakaryocyte cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Megakaryocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a megakaryocyte fate. A megakaryocyte is a giant cell 50 to 100 micron in diameter, with a greatly lobulated nucleus, found in the bone marrow.

A GTPase-activating protein (GAP) complex that regulates TORC1 signaling by interacting with the Rag GTPase. In S. cerevisiae the complex contains Seh1p, Sec13p, Npr2p, Npr3p, Iml1p, Mtc5p, Rtc1p, and Sea4p.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor.

A region of a chromosome at which a DNA double-strand break has occurred. DNA damage signaling and repair proteins accumulate at the lesion to respond to the damage and repair the DNA to form a continuous DNA helix.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a potassium ion stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a potassium ion stimulus.

A protein complex that consists of an alphav-beta3 integrin complex bound to protein kinase C alpha.

A protein complex that consists of an alphav-beta3 integrin complex bound to insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R). IGF1R is a heterotetramer that consists of two alpha-subunits and two beta-subunits.

A protein complex that consists of an alphav-beta3 integrin complex bound to high mobility group box 1 protein.

A region of the cilium between the basal body and proximal segment that is characterized by Y-shaped assemblages that connect axonemal microtubules to the ciliary membrane. The ciliary transition zone appears to function as a gate that controls ciliary membrane composition and separates the cytosol from the ciliary plasm.

A protein deubiquitination process in which a K11-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 11 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor (NLR), and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process. NLRs are cytoplasmic receptors defined by their tripartite domain architecture that contains: a variable C-terminus, a middle nucleotide-binding domain, and a LRR domain that is variable in the repeats composition and number.

The process in which lactate is transported across a membrane. Lactate is 2-hydroxypropanoate, CH3-CHOH-COOH; L(+)-lactate is formed by anaerobic glycolysis in animal tissues, and DL-lactate is found in sour milk, molasses and certain fruit juices.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of copper ions.

Binding to a DED domain (death effector domain) of a protein, a homotypic protein interaction module composed of a bundle of six alpha-helices that is related in structure to the death domain (DD).

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nail over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nail is a horn-like envelope covering the outer end of a finger or toe, and consists of the nail plate, the nail matrix and the nail bed below it, and the grooves surrounding it.

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of a nail plate are generated and organized. The nail plate is the hard and translucent portion of the nail, composed of keratin, and serves to protect the tips of digits.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of an enteroendocrine cell. Enteroendocrine cells are hormonally active epithelial cells in the gut that constitute the diffuse neuroendocrine system.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a vascular smooth muscle cell.

The movement of an organism out of a cell of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

The progression of the aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.

The process in which the anatomical structures of an aorta are generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a skeletal muscle cell, a somatic cell located in skeletal muscle.

The controlled breakdown of a desmosome. A desmosome is a patch-like intercellular junction found in vertebrate tissues, consisting of parallel zones of two cell membranes, separated by an space of 25-35 nm, and having dense fibrillar plaques in the subjacent cytoplasm.

The morphogenetic process in which the foramen ovale closes after birth, to prevent blood flow between the right and left atria. In the fetal heart, the foramen ovale allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium. Closure of the foramen ovale after birth stops this blood flow.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus.

Binding to a region containing frequent adenine and uridine bases within the 3' untranslated region of a mRNA molecule or in pre-mRNA intron. The ARE-binding element consensus is UUAUUUAUU. ARE-binding proteins control the stability and/or translation of mRNAs.

The process in which a rRNA, ribosomal ribonucleic acid, is transported from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix.

The process in which a rRNA, ribosomal ribonucleic acid, transported from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix.

The regulated release of any steroid that acts as a hormone into the circulatory system.

The set of processes involved in identifying and degrading defective or aberrant non-coding RNA transcripts (ncRNAs) within the mitochondrion.

The set of processes involved in identifying and degrading messenger RNA (mRNA) within the mitochondrion.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-13 stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-13 stimulus.

The evagination of a Golgi membrane, resulting in formation of a COPI-coated vesicle.

Remodeling the acyl chains of premature (de novo synthesized) cardiolipin (1,3-bis(3-phosphatidyl)glycerol), through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate mature cardiolipin containing high-levels of unsaturated fatty acids.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a protein that is not folded in its correct three-dimensional structure.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a protein that is not folded in its correct three-dimensional structure.

The removal of phosphoric residues from peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine to form peptidyl-threonine.

The removal of phosphoric residues from peptidyl-O-phospho-L-histidine to form peptidyl-histidine.

A heterodimeric transcription factor complex composed of proteins from the c-Fos, c-Jun, activating transcription factor (ATF) or JDP families. The subunits contain a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) domain that is essential for dimerization and DNA binding. Jun-Fos heterodimers bind preferentially to a heptamer consensus sequence (TPA responsive element (TRE)), whereas Jun-ATF dimers bind the cyclic AMP responsive element (CRE) to regulate transcription of target genes.

The removal of sugar residues from a glycosylated protein that contributes to the breakdown of a glycoprotein.

A transcriptionally-silent heterochromatin structure present in senescent cells. Contains the condensed chromatin of one chromosome and is enriched for histone modifications. Thought to repress expression of proliferation-promoting genes.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an endoderm cell, a cell of the inner of the three germ layers of the embryo.

The multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the deltoid tuberosity over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The deltoid tuberosity is the region on the shaft of the humerus to which the deltoid muscle attaches. The deltoid tuberosity develops through endochondral ossification in a two-phase process; an initiating tendon-dependent phase, and a muscle-dependent growth phase.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a myofibril being extended beyond its slack length.

The series of events by which a muscle stretch stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.

The chemical reactions and pathways by which one-carbon (C1) units are transferred between tetrahydrofolate molecules, to synthesise other tetrahydrofolate molecules.

Binding to a pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA), an intermediate molecule between DNA and protein that may contain introns and, at least in part, encodes one or more proteins. Introns are removed from pre-mRNA to form a mRNA molecule.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein L-glutamine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein N-methyl-L-glutamine.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an endosome.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-3 stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-3 stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an erythropoietin stimulus. Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone that controls erythropoiesis.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an erythropoietin stimulus.

An transient hybrid organelle formed by fusion of a late endosome with a lysosome, and in which active degradation takes place.

The lipid bilayer surrounding an endolysosome. An endolysosome is a transient hybrid organelle formed by fusion of a late endosome with a lysosome.

A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and transmembrane protease serine 7 (TMPRSS7); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of transmembrane protease serine 7.

A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and transmembrane protease serine 11E (TMPRSS11E); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of transmembrane protease serine 11E.

A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (PLAT); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of tissue-type plasminogen activator.

A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (PLAU); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of urokinase-type plasminogen activator.

A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and thrombin (F2); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of thrombin.

A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and prostate-specific antigen (KLK3); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of prostate-specific antigen.

A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and plasma kallikrein (KLK1B); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of plasma kallikrein.

The process in which the guanylyltransferase enzyme responsible for adding a 7-methylguanosine cap on pre-mRNA becomes associated with the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complex and the 5' end of a transcript.

Binding to a mediator complex. The mediator complex is a protein complex that interacts with the carboxy-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and plays an active role in transducing the signal from a transcription factor to the transcriptional machinery. The Saccharomyces complex contains several identifiable subcomplexes: a head domain comprising Srb2, -4, and -5, Med6, -8, and -11, and Rox3 proteins; a middle domain comprising Med1, -4, and -7, Nut1 and -2, Cse2, Rgr1, Soh1, and Srb7 proteins; a tail consisting of Gal11p, Med2p, Pgd1p, and Sin4p; and a regulatory subcomplex comprising Ssn2, -3, and -8, and Srb8 proteins. Metazoan mediator complexes have similar modular structures and include homologs of yeast Srb and Med proteins.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a osteoclast from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue.

The change in morphology and behavior of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.

A protein complex that is located at the ciliary transition zone and consists of several proteins some of which are membrane bound. Acts as an organiser of transition zone inner structure, specifically the Y-shaped links, in conjunction with the NPHP complex. The MKS complex also acts as part of the selective barrier that prevents diffusion of proteins between the ciliary cytoplasm and cellular cytoplasm as well as between the ciliary membrane and plasma membrane.

Binding to a long-chain fatty acid. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.

Binding to a long-chain fatty acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths of C13 or more.

The removal of a malonyl group (CO-CH2-CO), from an amino acid residue within a protein or peptide.

The process of removing a malonyl group (CO-CH2-CO) from an malonylated lysine residue in a peptide or protein.

The removal of a succinyl group (CO-CH2-CH2-CO) from a residue in a peptide or protein.

The removal of a succinyl group (CO-CH2-CH2-CO) from a succinylated lysine residue in a peptide or protein.

Catalysis of the reaction: protein-malonyllysine + H2O => protein-lysine + malonate. This reaction is the removal of a malonyl group (CO-CH2-CO) from a malonylated lysine residue of a protein or peptide.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N(6)-succinyl-L-lysyl-[protein] + NAD+ = 2''-O-succinyl-ADP-D-ribose + L-lysyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.

A specialized cell-cell junction found between the cells of the excretory system, which provides a barrier for filtration of blood or hemolymph.

A specialized cell-cell junction found between the interdigitating foot processes of the glomerular epithelium (the podocytes) in the vertebrate kidney, which is adapted for facilitating glomerular filtration.

A membrane-tethered, short cylindrical array of microtubules and associated proteins found at the base of a eukaryotic cilium (also called flagellum) that is similar in structure to a centriole and derives from it. The cilium basal body is the site of assembly and remodelling of the cilium and serves as a nucleation site for axoneme growth. As well as anchoring the cilium, it is thought to provide a selective gateway regulating the entry of ciliary proteins and vesicles by intraflagellar transport.

The covalent attachment of a fucosyl group to an acceptor molecule.

The process of transferring a fucosyl group to a serine or threonine residues in a protein acceptor molecule, to form an O-linked protein-sugar linkage.

The process of transferring a fucosyl group to an N-glycan. An N-glycan is the carbohydrate portion of an N-glycoprotein when attached to a nitrogen from asparagine or arginine side-chains.

Ossification that requires the replacement of a preexisting tissue prior to bone tissue formation.

Enables the transfer of a purine nucleotide-sugar from one side of a membrane to the other. Purine nucleotide-sugars are purine nucleotides in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.

The directed movement of GDP-fucose into the Golgi lumen. GDP-fucose is a substance composed of fucose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-serine, the D-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.

Generation of the cleavage furrow, a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate that marks the site of cytokinesis. This process includes the recruitment and localized activation of signals such as RhoA at the site of the future furrow to ensure that furrowing initiates at the correct site in the cell.

Advancement of the cleavage furrow from the outside of the cell inward towards the center of the cell. The cleavage furrow acts as a 'purse string' which draws tight to separate daughter cells during cytokinesis and partition the cytoplasm between the two daughter cells. The furrow ingresses until a cytoplasmic bridge is formed.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, a phosphatidylinositol monophosphate carrying the phosphate group at the 3-position.

Binding to a small molecule, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of leukotriene B4, a leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving leukotriene B4, a leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents.

Binding to a class I peroxisomal membrane targeting sequence, any of several sequences of amino acids within a protein that can act as a signal for the localization of the protein into the peroxisome membrane in a PEX19-dependent manner.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving very long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a medium-chain fatty-acyl group. A very long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving medium-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. A medium-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of very long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a medium-chain fatty-acyl group. A very long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of medium-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a medium-chain fatty-acyl group. A medium-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fatty-acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a medium-chain fatty-acyl group. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.

A cable structure, surrounding some cell types (e.g. proximal or bronchial tubular epithelial cells), and composed of hyaluranon (HA), a ubiquitous connective tissue glycosaminoglycan.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a platelet-derived growth factor stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a platelet-derived growth factor stimulus.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, in the presence of double-stranded DNA; drives the unwinding of a DNA helix.

Binding to a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family.

The modification of histone H3 by addition of three methyl groups to lysine at position 9 of the histone.

A multienzyme complex possessing three kinds of enzymes that catalyze the chain reactions in the fatty acid beta-oxidation cycle, enoyl-CoA hydratase (ECH), 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HACD), and acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (KACT).

A microtubule-based flagellum (or cilium) that is part of a sperm, a mature male germ cell that develops from a spermatid.

Catalysis of the reaction: 15-keto-prostaglandin + NAD(P)H + H+ -> 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin + NAD(P)+. This reaction is the reduction of 15-keto-prostaglandin.

Catalysis of the transfer of an amino group from kynurenine to an acceptor, usually a 2-oxo acid.

Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl L-histidine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = peptidyl hydroxy-L-histidine + succinate + CO2.

Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl L-asparagine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = peptidyl 3-hydroxy-L-asparagine + succinate + CO2.

Binding to a kringle domain. Kringle domains are protein domains that fold into large loops stabilized by 3 disulfide linkages, and are important in protein-protein interactions with blood coagulation factors.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mycotoxin stimulus. A mycotoxin is a toxic chemical substance produced by fungi.

Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylglycerol, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylglycerol containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.

Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylinositol, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylinositol containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.

Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylserine, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylserine containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.

Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylcholine, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylcholine containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.

Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylethanolamine, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylethanolamine containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.

Remodeling the acyl chains of triacylglycerol, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate triacylglycerol containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.

Remodeling the acyl chains of an acylglycerol, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate an acylglycerol containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.

Inner arm structure present on the outer doublet microtubules of ciliary and flagellar axonemes. The structure of inner dynein arms is complex and may vary within the axoneme. Inner dynein arms are heteromeric, comprising 8 different heavy chains and various subunits. Inner and outer dynein arms have different functions in the generation of microtubule-based motility.

Outer arm structure present on the outer doublet microtubules of ciliary and flagellar axonemes. Outer dynein arms contain 2-3 heavy chains, two or more intermediate chains and a cluster of 4-8 light chains. Inner and outer dynein arms have different functions in the generation of microtubule-based motility.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an axonemal dynein outer arm, an outer arm structure present on the outer doublet microtubules of ciliary and flagellar axonemes.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an axonemal dynein inner arm, an inner arm structure present on the outer doublet microtubules of ciliary and flagellar axonemes.

The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification).

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stem cell factor (SCF) stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stem cell factor (SCF) stimulus.

The change in morphology and behavior of a granulocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a menadione stimulus. Menadione (also called vitamin K3) is a naphthoquinone having a methyl substituent at the 2-position.

The directed movement of a peroxisome along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amiloride stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amiloride stimulus.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a multivesicular body. A multivesicular body is a type of late endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a multivesicular body, a type of late endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm.

The sequence of enzymatic reactions by which a cap structure is added to the 5' end of nascent RNA polymerase transcripts. Examples of RNA capping include 7-methyl-G caps found on all RNA polymerase II transcripts and nucleotide-containing cofactor caps, such as NAD(H) or FAD, found on bacterial trancripts.

Hypermethylation of the 7-(mono)methylguanosine (m(7)G) cap structure at the 2' position of the guanosine residue to convert a mono-methylated cap to a 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine cap structure. This type of cap modification occurs on small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and is dependent on prior guanine-N7 methylation.

The addition of a methyl group to the N7 atom in the base portion of a guanine nucleotide residue in an RNA molecule.

The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own serine amino acid residues, or a serine residue on an identical protein.

The phosphorylation by a protein of a residue on an identical protein. For example, phosphorylation by the other kinase within a homodimer.

The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) are reformed to regenerate double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). ssDNA is often bound and stabilized by proteins such as replication protein A (RPA) to form ssDNA bubbles. The bubbles can be rewound by ATP-dependent motors to reform base pairs between strands and thus dsDNA.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting a decline in the level of oxygen.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting a decline in the level of oxygen.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting an increase in the level of oxygen.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting an increase in the level of oxygen.

Removal of a DNA interstrand crosslink (a covalent attachment of DNA bases on opposite strands of the DNA) and restoration of the DNA. DNA interstrand crosslinks occur when both strands of duplex DNA are covalently tethered together (e.g. by an exogenous or endogenous agent), thus preventing the strand unwinding necessary for essential DNA functions such as transcription and replication.

Removal of a DNA interstrand crosslink (a covalent attachment of DNA bases on opposite strands of the DNA) and restoration of the DNA by a mechanism that involves the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the broken DNA molecule and a homologous DNA region.

The progression of the atrioventricular canal over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The atrioventricular canal is the part of the heart connecting the atrium to the cardiac ventricle.

The process in which the anatomical structures of lymph vessels are generated and organized. The lymph vessel is the vasculature carrying lymph.

An ATP-dependent activity that facilitates the formation of a complementary double-stranded DNA molecule.

Binding to a regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. The regulatory subunit associates with the catalytic subunit to regulate both its activity and subcellular location.

Binding to the catalytic subunit of a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. The catalytic subunit catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group to an inositol lipid at the 3' position of the inositol ring.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sterol stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sterol stimulus.

Any process in which the SREBP-SCAP complex is maintained in the endoplasmic reticulum and prevented from moving elsewhere. The SREBP-SCAP complex is formed by the association of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) and SREBP-cleavage-activating protein (SCAP). In the absence of sterols, the SREBP-SCAP complex is packaged into COPII vesicles and travels to the Golgi apparatus to be processed. In the presence of sterols, the complex binds ER-resident proteins such as INSIG, which retain the complex in the ER.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a 5' tyrosyl-RNA phosphodiester bond between a protein and RNA. In picornaviruses, this covalent bond connects VPg, a viral-encoded protein essential for RNA replication, to the 5' end of all nascent picornavirus genomes; it is cleaved from viral RNA prior to its engaging in protein synthesis.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The progression of an avascular cornea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Corneal avascularity (the absence of blood vessels in the cornea) is required for optical clarity and optimal vision. Avascular corneas are present in most animals, except Manatees.

Combining with placental growth factor (PlGF) receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.

The movement of a dendritic cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand to a Fas receptor on the surface of the cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Fas is a death domain-containing member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily.

The specific behavior of an organism that combines cognitive functions and physical movement. For example, driving a car, throwing a ball, or playing a musical instrument.

Generation and organization of a platelet, a non-nucleated disk-shaped cell formed by extrusion from megakaryocytes, found in the blood of all mammals, and mainly involved in blood coagulation.

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a platelet to attain its fully functional state. A platelet is a non-nucleated disk-shaped cell formed by extrusion from megakaryocytes, found in the blood of all mammals, and mainly involved in blood coagulation.

The modification of histone H2A by addition of ubiquitin group at lysine 13 (H2A-K13) in metazoans, and at the equivalent residue in other organisms. Monoubiquitin is first attached to H2A-K13 and K63-linked ubiquitin chains are then extended from this monoubiquitin.

The modification of histone H2A by addition of ubiquitin group at lysine 15 (H2A-K15) in metazoans, and at the equivalent residue in other organisms. Monoubiquitin is first attached to H2A-K15 and K63-linked ubiquitin chains are then extended from this monoubiquitin.

The modification of histone H2A by addition of a single ubiquitin group to lysine-119 (H2A- K119) in metazoans, and at the equivalent residue in other organisms.

Catalysis of the interconversion of the two enantiomers of a chiral amino acid or amino acid derivative.

The release of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) from its latent state. TGF-beta is secreted as part of a large latent complex (LLC) that is targeted to the extracellular matrix. Release of TGFbeta from its latent state is required for TGFbeta to bind to its receptors, and can occur by a variety of mechanisms.

The release of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) from its latent state.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factor by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.

The directed movement of an opsin (a G protein-coupled receptor of photoreceptor cells) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Catalysis of the reaction: glutathione + H2O = L-cysteinylglycine + L-glutamate.

The directed movement of sodium ions from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.

Conversion of vitamin D3 from its largely inactive form (calciol, also called cholecalciferol) into a hormonally active form (calcitriol). Conversion requires 25-hydroxylation of calciol in the liver to form calcidiol, and subsequent 1,alpha-hydroxylation of calcidiol in the kidney to form calcitriol.

Any of the smallest contractile units of a myofibril (striated muscle fiber).

Catalysis of the reaction: thiocyanate (SCN-) + hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) = hypothiocyanite (OSCN-) + 2 H2O. Catalyzes the hydrogen peroxide oxidation of thiocyanate.

A RNA methyltransferase complex that catalyzes the post-transcriptional methylation of adenosine to form N6-methyladenosine (m6A). In budding yeast, the MIS complex consists of Mum2p, Ime4p and Slz1p. In vertebrates, the complex consists of METTL3, METTL14 and associated components WTAP, ZC3H13, VIRMA, CBLL1/HAKAI and in some cases of RBM15 (RBM15 or RBM15B).

A multi-protein complex containing at least the T-cell receptor complex and the LAT (linker for activation of T cells) scaffold protein. Also contains a variety of signaling proteins including co-receptors, kinases, phosphatases and adaptors such as CD8. Connects events on the plasma membrane to distal signaling cascades to ultimately modulate T cell biology.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, which promotes unfolding of protein substrates, and channel opening of the core proteasome.

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 14) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 14).

A protein complex that can catalyze the acetylation of lysine at position 14 in histone H3.

Catalysis of the reaction: O-phospho-L-serine + H2O = L-serine + phosphate, on a free amino acid.

Binding to a protein upon poly-ubiquitination formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 in the target protein.

A homeostatic process in which the lens is maintained in a highly refractive, transparent state to allow for optimal focusing of light on the retina.

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + H2O + oxaloacetate = citrate + CoA.

A process in which a calcium ion (Ca2+) is transported from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix.

The end of a microtubule that does not preferentially grow (polymerize).

Methylation of the 2'-O-ribose of the first or second transcribed nucleotide of a 5'-capped mRNA.

An endosomal sorting complex involved in membrane fission processes related to sorting of multivesicular bodies (MVB) in the endocytic pathway, cytokinesis and viral budding among other processes.

A cytoplasmic, non-membrane bound granule of, at least, keratinocyte. Associated to keratin intermediate filaments and partially crosslinked to the cell envelope.

Binding to a BLOC-2 complex, a protein complex required for the biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules.

An extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway initiated by the binding of the ligand TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) to a death receptor on the cell surface.

Combining with the ligand TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) and transmitting the signal from one side of the plasma membrane to the other to initiate apoptotic cell death.

The trafficking of synaptic vesicles from the pre-synaptic membrane so the vesicle can dock and prime for another round of exocytosis and neurotransmitter release. Recycling occurs after synaptic vesicle exocytosis, and is necessary to replenish presynaptic vesicle pools, sustain transmitter release and preserve the structural integrity of the presynaptic membrane. Recycling can occur following transient fusion with the presynaptic membrane (kiss and run), or via endocytosis of presynaptic membrane.

Binds to and increases the activity of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (tyrosine hydroxylase).

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glyoxal stimulus.

Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell upon exposure to an oxidative stress stimulus.

Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell upon exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).

Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a neuron upon exposure to an oxidative stress stimulus.

The region of a neuron that includes the cell body (cell soma) and dendrite(s), but excludes the axon.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of peroxidase.

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of nitric oxide synthase.

A heterodimeric protein complex that is composed of the transcription factor CHOP (GADD153) and a member of the C/EBP family of transcription factors.

Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation, as a result of endoplasmic reticulum stress.

The addition of a phosphate group on to the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha, as a result of endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Any process that activates, or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation in response to stress by the dephosphorylation of eIF2 alpha.

The series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor IRE1 (Inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endonuclease). Begins with activation of IRE1 in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. One target of activated IRE1 is the transcription factor HAC1 in yeast, or XBP1 in mammals; IRE1 cleaves an intron of a mRNA coding for HAC1/XBP1 to generate an activated HAC1/XBP1 transcription factor, which controls the up regulation of UPR-related genes. At least in mammals, IRE1 can also signal through additional intracellular pathways including JNK and NF-kappaB.

The series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor PERK (PKR-like ER kinase). Begins with activation of PERK in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The main substrate of PERK is the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha. Serine-phosphorylation of eIF2alpha by PERK inactivates eIF2alpha and inhibits general protein translation. In addition, eIF2alpha phosphorylation preferentially increases the translation of selective mRNAs such as ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4), which up regulates a subset of UPR genes required to restore folding capacity.

A dimeric protein complex that contains the co-factors for the ATPase VCP/p97 (Cdc48p in budding yeast). In mammals, this complex consists of UFD1L (UFD1) and NPLOC4 (NPL4). In budding yeast, the complex is a dimer of Ufd1p and Npl4p.

A protein complex containing, in mammals, Derlin-1 and VCP-interacting membrane protein (VIMP). The complex links the p97/VCP-containing ATPase complex with Derlin-1 during translocation of protein substrates from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol for degradation by the cytosolic proteasome.

The protein catabolic pathway which targets endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident proteins for degradation by the cytoplasmic proteasome. It begins with recognition of the ER-resident protein, includes retrotranslocation (dislocation) of the protein from the ER to the cytosol, protein modifications necessary for correct substrate transfer (e.g. ubiquitination), transport of the protein to the proteasome, and ends with degradation of the protein by the cytoplasmic proteasome.

Combining with prosaposin to initiate a change in cell activity. Prosaposin is the glycoprotein precursor of four cleavage products (saposins A, B, C and D).

The removal of one or more mannose residues from a mannosylated protein.

The removal of one or more alpha 1,2-linked mannose residues from a mannosylated protein.

The removal of an alpha-1,2-linked mannose from the B-chain of a glycoprotein oligosaccharide in the endoplasmic reticulum.

A protein complex that functions in the retrotranslocation step of ERAD (ER-associated protein degradation), and includes at its core Derlin-1 oligomers forming a retrotranslocation channel.

Catalysis of the removal of a sugar or dicarbonyl from a lysine residue of a glycated protein.

The removal of a sugar or dicarbonyl from a cysteine residue of a glycated protein.

The removal of a sugar or dicarbonyl from an arginine residue of a glycated protein.

The removal of a sugar or dicarbonyl from a lysine residue of a glycated protein.

The removal of glyoxal from a glycated protein, to form glycolate and a deglycated protein.

The removal of methylglyoxal from a glycated protein, to form lactate and a deglycated protein.

The removal of a sugar or dicarbonyl from glycated glutathione. Glutathione is the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine.

The transfer of information from one cell to another, where the signal travels from the signal-producing cell to the receiving cell by passive diffusion or bulk flow in intercellular fluid. The signaling cell and the receiving cell are usually in the vicinity of each other.

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by an opioid binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

Any process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a ligand for an epidermal growth factor receptor. The ligand is functional when it can bind to and activate an epidermal growth factor receptor.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction by the movement of a signaling receptor from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell. Receptor internalization can have a positive or negative effect on a signaling pathway.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a Wnt receptor. Internalized Wnt receptors can be recycled to the plasma membrane or sorted to lysosomes for protein degradation.

The process that results in the return of an insulin receptor to an active state at the plasma membrane. An active state is when the receptor is ready to receive an insulin signal. Internalized insulin receptors can be recycled to the plasma membrane or sorted to lysosomes for protein degradation.

Combining with the fat-cell specific hormone leptin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Receiving a signal and transmitting it in the cell to initiate a change in cell activity. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response.

Binding specifically to a substance (cargo) to deliver it to a transport vesicle. Cargo receptors span a membrane (either the plasma membrane or a vesicle membrane), binding simultaneously to cargo molecules and coat adaptors, to efficiently recruit soluble proteins to nascent vesicles.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of reelin (a secreted glycoprotein) to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by apolipoprotein A-I binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

An epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the MAPKKK cascade.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a Wnt protein binding to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of a target cell, where the signal is passed on via the MAPKKK cascade.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the signal is passed on via the JNK cascade.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to its receptor on the surface of a cell, which activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the absence of a ligand or the withdrawal of a ligand from a receptor.

Combining with the sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.

A protein complex that contains two G protein-coupled receptors.

A protein complex that contains two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) of the same subtype. Formation of a GPCR homodimer may be important for the transport of newly formed receptors to the cell surface, and the function of the receptor.

A protein complex that contains two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) of different subtypes. Formation of a GPCR heterodimer may alter the functional property of the GPCR.

Inhibition of one protomer of a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) heterodimer by the associated subunit. For example, agonist activation of one cytokine receptor can prevent activation of its associated cytokine receptor subunit.

Combining with an enkephalin, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein. A enkephalin is a pentapeptide (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met or Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu) involved in regulating nociception in the body.

Combining with a dynorphin peptide, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein. Dynorphin is any opioid peptide that is generated by cleavage of the precursor protein prodynorphin.

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell by nitric oxide (NO) activating soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC). Includes synthesis of nitric oxide, guanylyl cyclase activity, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell following activation by cGMP.

The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell through the NIK-dependent processing and activation of NF-KappaB. Begins with activation of the NF-KappaB-inducing kinase (NIK), which in turn phosphorylates and activates IkappaB kinase alpha (IKKalpha). IKKalpha phosphorylates the NF-Kappa B2 protein (p100) leading to p100 processing and release of an active NF-KappaB (p52).

Combining with collagen and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate.

The series of molecular signals initiated by collagen binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Combining with a collagen and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

The series of molecular signals initiated by collagen binding to a cell surface receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a p38 MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.

The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own tyrosine amino acid residues, or a tyrosine residue on an identical protein.

The series of molecular signals initiated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) binding its receptor on the surface of the target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) binding to a platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, which activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the orderly movement of a cell from one site to another.

The series of molecular signals initiated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) binding to a platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) on the surface of a cell, which activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation.

The series of molecular signals initiated by nodal protein binding to an activin receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin to an Fc receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G (IgG) to an Fc-gamma receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the Fc portion of immunoglobulin E (IgE) to an Fc-epsilon receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.

An Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway that contributes to the endocytic engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes.

Binding to a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) in the extracellular region, and inhibiting BMP signaling by preventing BMP from binding to its cell surface receptor.

Binding to a nodal protein, a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily.

Interacting with an activin receptor complex to reduce the action of another ligand, the agonist. A receptor antagonist does not initiate signaling upon binding to a receptor, but instead blocks an agonist from binding to the receptor.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of stem cell factor to the tyrosine kinase receptor KIT on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Stem cell factor (KIT ligand) binding to the receptor Kit mediates receptor dimerization, activation of its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and autophosphorylation. The activated receptor then phosphorylates various substrates, thereby activating distinct signaling cascades within the cell that trigger a change in state or activity of the cell.

The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-2 binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-8 binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Combining with the C-C motif chemokine 19 (CCL19) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with the C-C motif chemokine 21 (CCL21) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding of a heterodimeric TLR6:TLR2 complex, followed by transmission of the signal by the activated receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to a member of the ERBB family of receptor tyrosine kinases on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB2 on the surface of a cell. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. ERBB2 receptors are themselves unable to bind to ligands, but act as a signal-amplifying tyrosine kinase within a heterodimeric pair.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB3 on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. ERBB3 receptors have impaired kinase activity and rely on the kinase activity of the heterodimer partner for activation and signal transmission.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB4 on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Combining with a neuregulin, a member of the EGF family of growth factors, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Binding to a neuregulin, a member of the EGF family of growth factors.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to a ERBB3 receptor on the surface of a cell, followed by transmission of the signal by a heterodimeric complex of ERBB2 and ERBB3. ERBB2, which does not bind any known ligand, is activated through formation of a heterodimer with another ligand-activated ERBB family member such as ERBB3. ERBB3 also has impaired kinase activity and relies on ERBB2 for activation and signal transmission.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ERBB1) on the surface of a cell, followed by transmission of the signal by a heterodimeric complex of ERBB2 and EGFR. ERBB2, which does not bind any known ligand, is activated through formation of a heterodimer with another ligand-activated ERBB family member such as EGFR.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to a ERBB4 receptor on the surface of a cell, followed by transmission of the signal by a heterodimeric complex of ERBB2 and ERBB4. ERBB2, which does not bind any known ligand, is activated through formation of a heterodimer with another ligand-activated ERBB family member such as ERBB4.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB4, followed by ligand-induced homodimerization of ERBB4 and transmission of the signal into the cell by the homodimeric ERBB4 complex. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

A heterodimeric complex between the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB2 and a ligand-activated receptor ERBB3. ERBB2, which does not bind any known ligand, is activated through formation of a heterodimer with another ligand-activated ERBB family member such as ERBB3.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the chemokine CXCL12 to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Combining with the C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the cytokine granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. GM-CSF binds to a heterodimer receptor (CSF2R) consisting of an alpha ligand-binding subunit, and a common beta subunit that is shared with other cytokine receptors.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the cytokine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. G-CSF binds to the receptor (CSF3R).

The series of molecular signals initiated by a the C-X-C chemokine type 4 receptor on the surface of a cell binding to one of it's physiological ligands, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the C-X-C chemokine CXCL12 to a C-X-C chemokine type 4 receptor (CXCR4) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by erythropoietin (EPO) binding to the erythropoietin receptor (EPO-R) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by thrombopoietin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Combining with the glycoprotein thrombopoietin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

The series of molecular signals initiated by oncostatin-M (OSM) binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. OSM can signal via at least two different receptors (a specific receptor and a LIF receptor) to activate different downstream signal transduction pathways.

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by angiotensin II binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a cannabinoid binding to its receptor on the cell surface, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Cannabinoids are a class of diverse chemical compounds that include the endocannabinoids and the phytocannabinoids.

The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-17A binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a C5a component of the complement pathway binding to a complement receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process. C5a is a peptide derived from the C5 complement factor.

The series of molecular signals initiated by neurotrophin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Neurotrophins are a family of secreted growth factors that induce the survival, development, and function of neurons.

The series of molecular signals initiated by nerve growth factor (NGF) binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Combining with a bile acid and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity. A bile acid is any member of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile.

Combining with an extracellular bile acid and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

The series of molecular signals initiated by bile acid binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a bile acid to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a bile acid binding to an receptor located within a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Combining with lithocholic acid and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), a structure conserved among microbial species to initiate an innate immune response.

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by cholecystokinin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a neuropilin protein on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) binding to a neuropilin protein on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin) binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by urokinase plasminogen activator binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

A protein complex that contains at least TOR (target of rapamycin) in complex with other signaling components. Mediates the phosphorylation and activation of downstream signaling components including PKB (AKT) or S6K.

A series of intracellular molecular signals mediated by TORC1; TOR (target of rapamycin) in complex with at least Raptor (regulatory-associated protein of TOR), or orthologs of, and other signaling components.

A series of intracellular molecular signals mediated by TORC2; TOR (rapamycin-insensitive companion of TOR) in complex with at least Rictor (regulatory-associated protein of TOR), or orthologs of, and other signaling components.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephric nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pronephric nephron is the functional unit of the pronephros.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pronephric nephron tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephric nephron and connects the filtration unit (glomerulus or glomus) of the pronephros to the pronephric duct.

Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy in the host.

Any process in which a virus modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptosis of infected host cells.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding ssRNA or dsRNA from another organism to the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) RIG-1 (also known as DDX58). RIG-I detects RNA synthesized during viral replication or shed by non-viral pathogens, and triggers a signaling pathway to protect the host against infection, for example by inducing the expression of cytokines.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of dsRNA from another organism to the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) MDA-5 (also known as IFIH1). MDA-5 detects RNA synthesized during viral replication or shed by non-viral pathogens, and triggers a signaling pathway to protect the host against infection, for example by inducing the expression of cytokines.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway in response to a virus.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the series of a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway in response to a virus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) MDA-5 (also known as IFIH1) binding to viral RNA.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the series of the MDA-5 signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the RIG-I signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the RIG-I signaling pathway.

Binding to RIG-I, a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor that initiates an antiviral signaling pathway upon binding to viral RNA.

Fusion of a virus membrane with a host endosome membrane. Occurs after internalization of the virus through the endosomal pathway, and results in release of the virus contents into the cell.

Merging of the virion membrane and a host membrane (host plasma membrane or host organelle membrane) that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell.

A viral genome replication where the template is single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), and which proceeds via a double stranded DNA (dsDNA) intermediate molecule. Viral genomic RNA is first reverse transcribed into dsDNA, which integrates into the host chromosomal DNA, where it is transcribed by host RNA polymerase II.

Viral budding which uses a host ESCRT protein complex, or complexes, to mediate the budding process.

Binding to a coreceptor. A coreceptor acts in cooperation with a primary receptor to transmit a signal within the cell.

The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of the mitotic spindle to a specific location in the cell occurs.

The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the growth of all or part of an organism so that it occurs at its proper speed, either globally or in a specific part of the organism's development.

Any process that modulates the rate of growth of all or part of an organism.

Any process that increases the rate of growth of all or part of an organism.

Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic nuclear division, the process in which the nucleus of a diploid cell divides twice forming four haploid cells, one or more of which usually function as gametes.

A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression through chromatin remodelling either by modifying higher order chromatin fiber structure, nucleosomal histones, or the DNA. Once established, this regulation may be maintained over many cell divisions. It can also be heritable in the absence of the instigating signal.

The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within snRNA, resulting in a change in the properties of the snRNA.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.

Combining with interleukin-18 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with interleukin-15 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with interleukin-16 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with interleukin-22 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Combining with interleukin-23 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

A protein complex that binds interleukin-12 and that consists of, at a minimum, a dimeric interleukin and its two receptor subunits as well as optional additional kinase subunits.

The process carried out by a cell that restores the biological activity of an unfolded or misfolded protein, using helper proteins such as chaperones.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces an ATP hydrolysis activity.

Binding to a neurexin, a synaptic cell surface protein related to latrotoxin receptor, laminin and agrin. Neurexins act as cell recognition molecules at nerve terminals.

The directed movement of substances that are in liquid form in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + methyl-histone. Histone methylation generally occurs on either an arginine or a lysine residue.

Providing the environmental signal that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of that signal.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.

The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.

The process that results in the generation of glial cells. This includes the production of glial progenitors and their differentiation into mature glia.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamines.

The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium, mediated by motor proteins.

The migration of individual cells within the blastocyst to help establish the multi-layered body plan of the organism (gastrulation). For example, the migration of cells from the surface to the interior of the embryo (ingression).

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule; dependent on the presence of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate.

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule; dependent on the presence of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate.

An immune response which is associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and pathological conditions such as arthritis, and which is typically orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines by T-helper 1 cells, most notably interferon-gamma, IL-2, and lymphotoxin.

An immune response which is associated with resistance to extracellular organisms such as helminths and pathological conditions such as allergy, which is orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines, most notably IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, by any of a variety of cell types including T-helper 2 cells, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and nuocytes, resulting in enhanced production of certain antibody isotypes and other effects.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized thymocyte acquires specialized features of a T-helper cell.

The expansion of a T cell population by cell division. Follows T cell activation.

The expansion of a B cell population by cell division. Follows B cell activation.

A protein complex that contains a disulfide-linked heterodimer of T cell receptor (TCR) chains, which are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and mediates antigen recognition, ultimately resulting in T cell activation. The TCR heterodimer is associated with the CD3 complex, which consists of the nonpolymorphic polypeptides gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and, in some cases, eta (an RNA splice variant of zeta) or Fc epsilon chains.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of T cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation.

A T cell receptor complex in which the TCR heterodimer comprises alpha and beta chains, associated with the CD3 complex; recognizes a complex consisting of an antigen-derived peptide bound to a class I or class II MHC protein.

The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.

The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.

A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.

The change in morphology and behavior of a monocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.

The change in morphology and behavior of an endothelial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.

The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrates, inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of T cell proliferation.

Catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + H2O = D-fructose 6-phosphate + phosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving neurotransmitters, any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.

The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from endosomes back to the trans-Golgi network where they are recycled for further rounds of transport.

The process in which the nucleoprotein complex (composed of the broken single-strand DNA and the recombinase) searches and identifies a region of homology in intact duplex DNA. The broken single-strand DNA displaces the like strand and forms Watson-Crick base pairs with its complement, forming a duplex in which each strand is from one of the two recombining DNA molecules.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of glucose.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.

Binding to a telomere, a specific structure at the end of a linear chromosome required for the integrity and maintenance of the end.

Binding to a neurotransmitter, any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.

Binding to acetylcholine, an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline that functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring.

Binding to a SH2 domain (Src homology 2) of a protein, a protein domain of about 100 amino-acid residues and belonging to the alpha + beta domain class.

Catalysis of the transfer of acyl groups from an acyl-CoA to lysophosphatidic acid to form phosphatidic acid.

The continuous network of membranes encompassing the nuclear outer membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms, as carried out by individual cells. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving terpenes, any of a large group of hydrocarbons that are made up of isoprene (C5H8) units which may be cyclic, acyclic or multicyclic, saturated or unsaturated, and may contain various functional groups.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cocaine stimulus. Cocaine is a crystalline alkaloid obtained from the leaves of the coca plant.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus.

A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the mature ribosome and of its subunits.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the large and small ribosomal subunits into a functional cytosolic ribosome. Distinct stages of this process take place first in the nucleolus, then in the nucleus and finally in the cytosol.

Any process in which DNA is protected from damage by, for example, oxidative stress.

The directed killing of a target cell by a natural killer cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.

The process of protecting a cell from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.

The process of causing a cell to become susceptible to natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.

A protein complex that contains two proteins (know in several organisms, including Drosophila, as NXF1 and NXF2) and is required for the export of the majority of mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm; localized in the nucleoplasm and at both the nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic faces of the nuclear pore complex; shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a large ribosomal subunit; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.

A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a small ribosomal subunit; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.

The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA after replication by using a specialized DNA polymerase or replication complex to insert a defined nucleotide across the lesion. This process does not remove the replication-blocking lesions and causes an increase in the endogenous mutation level. For example, in E. coli, a low fidelity DNA polymerase, pol V, copies lesions that block replication fork progress. This produces mutations specifically targeted to DNA template damage sites, but it can also produce mutations at undamaged sites.

Binding to a peptide, an organic compound comprising two or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

Catalysis of the reaction: a dihydroceramide + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+ -> a sphingosine ceramide (aka (4E)-sphing-4-enine ceramide) + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + 2 H2O.

Catalysis of the transfer of a xylosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.

Binding to a major histocompatibility complex molecule; a set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for lymphocyte recognition and antigen presentation.

Binding to a major histocompatibility complex class I molecule; a set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for lymphocyte recognition and antigen presentation.

Binding to a major histocompatibility complex class II molecule; a set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for lymphocyte recognition and antigen presentation.

Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier URM1, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.

Catalysis of the transfer of ISG15 from one protein to another via the reaction X-ISG15 + Y --> Y-ISG15 + X, where both X-ISG15 and Y-ISG15 are covalent linkages.

A behavioral process whose outcome is a relatively long-lasting behavioral change whereby an organism modifies innate vocalizations to imitate sounds produced by others.

The periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin, etc.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.

A decrease in the diameter of blood vessels, especially arteries, due to constriction of smooth muscle cells that line the vessels, and usually causing an increase in blood pressure.

An increase in the internal diameter of blood vessels, especially arterioles or capillaries, due to relaxation of smooth muscle cells that line the vessels, and usually resulting in a decrease in blood pressure.

Any process resulting in the inhibition or termination of the activity of protein kinase C.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the duration or quality of sleep, a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the duration or quality of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into a molecule.

Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule.

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to an external stimulus.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cuticle, the outer layer of some animals and plants, which acts to prevent water loss.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving keratan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat units consisting of beta-1,4-linked D-galactopyranosyl-beta-(1,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate and with variable amounts of fucose, sialic acid and mannose units; keratan sulfate chains are covalently linked by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylose to peptidyl-threonine or serine residues.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-L-fucose, a substance composed of L-fucose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-L-fucose from GDP-D-mannose via GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose, requiring the functions of GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (EC:4.2.1.47) and GDP-L-fucose synthase (EC:1.1.1.271).

The formation of GDP-L-fucose from L-fucose, without de novo synthesis. L-fucose is phosphorylated by fucokinase and then converted by fucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (EC:2.7.7.30).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin E, tocopherol, which includes a series of eight structurally similar compounds. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of menaquinones, any of the quinone-derived compounds synthesized by intestinal bacteria. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents and relatively insoluble in water.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents and relatively insoluble in water.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the forms of vitamin K, quinone-derived vitamins which are involved in the synthesis of blood-clotting factors in mammals.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the forms of vitamin K, quinone-derived vitamins which are involved in the synthesis of blood-clotting factors in mammals. Vitamin K substances share a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and vary in the aliphatic side chains attached to the molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phylloquinone, a quinone-derived compound synthesized by green plants. Phylloquinone has vitamin K activity and is known as vitamin K1.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phylloquinone, vitamin K1, a quinone-derived compound synthesized by green plants.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of the forms of vitamin K, quinone-derived vitamins which are involved in the synthesis of blood-clotting factors in mammals.

Discrete subnuclear bodies in the interchromatin nucleoplasmic space, often located adjacent to nuclear specks. 10-20 paraspeckles are typically found in human cell nuclei.

The outer membrane of a muscle cell, consisting of the plasma membrane, a covering basement membrane (about 100 nm thick and sometimes common to more than one fiber), and the associated loose network of collagen fibers.

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.

Catalysis of the reaction: sphingosine 1-phosphate + H2O = sphingosine + phosphate.

Binding to a histone, any of a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of eukaryotic or archaeal chromosomes. They are involved in the condensation and coiling of chromosomes during cell division and have also been implicated in gene regulation and DNA replication. They may be chemically modified (methylated, acetlyated and others) to regulate gene transcription.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.

The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells resulting in the formation of any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.

The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells resulting in the breakdown of biogenic amines, any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, largely thyroxine and triiodothyronine.

An intranuclear focus at which aggregated proteins have been sequestered.

The component of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

The assembly of cristae, the inwards folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), a sulphur-containing amino acid derivative important in the metabolism of fats.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium), an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol) and compounds derived from it.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any purine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine or pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine or pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.

Development of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light.

A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored. Melanosomes are synthesized in melanocyte cells.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the ear are generated and organized. The ear is the sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the outer ear are generated and organized. The outer ear is the part of the ear external to the tympanum (eardrum). It consists of a tube (the external auditory meatus) that directs sound waves on to the tympanum, and may also include the external pinna, which extends beyond the skull.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the middle ear are generated and organized. The middle ear is the air-filled cavity within the skull of vertebrates that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It is linked to the pharynx (and therefore to outside air) via the Eustachian tube and in mammals contains the three ear ossicles, which transmit auditory vibrations from the outer ear (via the tympanum) to the inner ear (via the oval window).

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a dentin-containing tooth over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dentin-containing tooth is a hard, bony organ borne on the jaw or other bone of a vertebrate, and is composed mainly of dentin, a dense calcified substance, covered by a layer of enamel.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tooth or teeth over time, from formation to the mature structure(s). A tooth is any hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mechanoreceptor, a cell specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic cell acquires specialized features of a gamma-delta T cell. A gamma-delta T cell is a T cell that expresses a gamma-delta T cell receptor complex.

The series of events in which a bacterial lipoprotein stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Bacterial lipoproteins are lipoproteins characterized by the presence of conserved sequence motifs called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).

The series of events in which a triacylated bacterial lipoprotein stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Triacylated bacterial lipoproteins are lipopeptides of bacterial origin containing a nonprotein moiety consisting of three acyl groups.

The series of events in which a diacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Diacylated bacterial lipoproteins are lipopeptides of bacterial origin containing a nonprotein moiety consisting of two acyl groups.

Binding to a lipopeptide containing a nonprotein moiety consisting of three acyl groups.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of nonterminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain, occurring within a membrane.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving benzene, C6H6, a volatile, very inflammable liquid, contained in the naphtha produced by the destructive distillation of coal, from which it is separated by fractional distillation, or any of its derivatives.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, an increase in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus.

The glycosylation of protein via peptidyl-arginine, omega-N-glycosyl-L-arginine.

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a neuron to attain its fully functional state.

The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.

The enzymatic generation of superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species, by a cell in response to environmental stress, thereby mediating the activation of various stress-inducible signaling pathways.

A hexameric protein complex required for the initiation and regulation of DNA replication.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any compound containing pteridine (pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine)), e.g. pteroic acid, xanthopterin and folic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any compound containing pteridine (pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine)), e.g. pteroic acid, xanthopterin and folic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any compound containing pteridine (pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine)), e.g. pteroic acid, xanthopterin and folic acid.

Binding to an hormone, a naturally occurring substance secreted by specialized cells that affect the metabolism or behavior of cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone. Hormones may be produced by the same, or different, cell as express the receptor.

A dimer consisting of an alpha and a beta-subunit that imports proteins with an NLS into the nucleus through a nuclear pore.

A complex which usually consists of three components, e.g. in Xenopus and yeast, the export receptor CRM1 (also known as exportin 1), the Ran protein and any RNA with a nuclear export sequence (NES). The complex acts to export RNA molecules with a NES from the nucleus through a nuclear pore.

A complex of three proteins, which in animals is approximately 150kDa and consists of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF), the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), or -5 (IGFBP-5) and an acid-labile subunit (ALS). The complex plays a role in growth and development.

A complex of two proteins, which in animals is 50kDa and consists of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and one of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), -2 (IGFBP-2), -4 (IGFBP-4) and -6 (IGFBP-6). The complex plays a role in growth and development.

An immunoglobulin complex that is secreted into extracellular space and found in mucosal areas or other tissues or circulating in the blood or lymph. In its canonical form, a circulating immunoglobulin complex is composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. Some forms of are polymers of the basic structure and contain additional components such as J-chain and the secretory component.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A.

A protein complex that possesses DNA polymerase activity and is involved in template directed synthesis of DNA.

Catalysis of the reaction: a phospholipid + H2O = a lipid + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: RPO-R' + H2O = RPOOH + R'H. This reaction is the hydrolysis of any phosphoric ester bond, any ester formed from orthophosphoric acid, O=P(OH)3.

Cytoplasmic organelles, spherical or oval in shape, that are bounded by a single membrane and contain oxidative enzymes, especially those utilizing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).

Granule with a membranous, tubular internal structure, found primarily in mature neutrophil cells. Most are released into the extracellular fluid. Specific granules contain lactoferrin, lysozyme, vitamin B12 binding protein and elastase.

Primary lysosomal granule found in neutrophil granulocytes. Contains a wide range of hydrolytic enzymes and is released into the extracellular fluid.

Specialized secretory vesicle found in the cells of adrenal glands and various other organs, which is concerned with the synthesis, storage, metabolism, and secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

The lipid bilayer surrounding a chromaffin granule, a specialized secretory vesicle found in the cells of adrenal glands and various other organs, which is concerned with the synthesis, storage, metabolism, and secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Catalysis of the reaction: formyl-L-methionyl peptide + H2O = formate + methionyl peptide.

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.

Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within an organism or cell.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of nourishment.

A membrane-bounded organelle, specialized for the storage and secretion of various substances (surfactant phospholipids, glycoproteins and acid phosphates) which are arranged in the form of tightly packed, concentric, membrane sheets or lamellae. Has some similar properties to, but is distinct from, a lysosome.

Catalysis of the reaction: reduced riboflavin + NADP+ = riboflavin + NADPH + 2 H+.

Binding to a T cell receptor, the antigen-recognizing receptor on the surface of T cells.

Binding to a CD4, a receptor found on the surface of T cells, monocytes and macrophages.

Binding to a CD8, a receptor found on the surface of thymocytes and cytotoxic and suppressor T-lymphocytes.

A transmembrane protein complex composed of an MHC alpha chain and, in most cases, either an MHC class II beta chain or an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide, lipid, or polysaccharide antigen.

A transmembrane protein complex composed of a MHC class I alpha chain and an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide antigen. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.

A transmembrane protein complex composed of an MHC class II alpha and MHC class II beta chain, and with or without a bound peptide or polysaccharide antigen.

The membrane surrounding the outer segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor.

Enables the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other, driven by the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate.

Primary active transporter of a solute across a membrane, via the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to directly drive the transport of a substance across a membrane. The transport protein may be transiently phosphorylated (P-type transporters), or not (ABC-type transporters and other families of transporters). Primary active transport occurs up the solute's concentration gradient and is driven by a primary energy source.

A large lipoprotein particle (diameter 75-1200 nm) composed of a central core of triglycerides and cholesterol surrounded by a protein-phospholipid coating. The proteins include one molecule of apolipoprotein B-48 and may include a variety of apolipoproteins, including APOAs, APOCs and APOE. Chylomicrons are found in blood or lymph and carry lipids from the intestines into other body tissues.

Coarse, bluish-black staining cytoplasmic granules, bounded by a plasma membrane and found in mast cells and basophils. Contents include histamine, heparin, chondroitin sulfates, chymase and tryptase.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cholesterol within an organism or cell.

The cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair.

Binding to the antigen binding groove of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules.

Any process that mediates the adoption of a specific fate by a cell.

Any process that activates or enables a cell to adopt a specific fate.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm cell fate specification.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm cell fate specification.

Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into an endoderm cell.

Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into an ectoderm cell.

Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into an ectoderm cell.

Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a muscle cell.

The process in which the cellular identity of muscle cells is acquired and determined.

The type of sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years.

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by follicle-stimulating hormone binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by luteinizing hormone binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

The regulated release of progesterone, a steroid hormone, by the corpus luteum of the ovary and by the placenta.

A heterodimeric enzyme complex, usually composed of an alpha and beta chain. Functions in the TCA cycle, hydrolyzing succinyl-CoA into succinate and CoA, thereby forming ATP or GTP.

Soluble complex of the mitochondrial intermembrane space composed of various combinations of small Tim proteins; acts as a protein transporter to guide proteins to the Tim22 complex for insertion into the mitochondrial inner membrane.

A multi-subunit complex embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane that mediates the inner membrane insertion of multi-transmembrane spanning proteins that contain internal targeting elements. In yeast cells, TIM22 is a 300-kDa complex, consisting of four membrane integral subunits, Tim22, Tim54, Tim18 and Sdh3, and a peripheral chaperone complex consisting of the small TIM proteins, Tim9-Tim10-Tim12.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiamine (vitamin B1), and compounds derived from it.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine (vitamin B1), and related compounds.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a flavin, any derivative of the dimethylisoalloxazine (7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione) skeleton, with a substituent on the 10 position.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a flavin, any derivative of the dimethylisoalloxazine (7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione) skeleton, with a substituent on the 10 position.

A process that solubilizes fibrin in the bloodstream of a multicellular organism, chiefly by the proteolytic action of plasmin.

Binding to a PH domain (pleckstrin homology) of a protein, a domain of about 100 residues that occurs in a wide range of proteins involved in intracellular signaling or as constituents of the cytoskeleton.

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the digit are generated and organized. A digit is one of the terminal divisions of an appendage, such as a finger or toe.

A specialized area of membrane of the axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction; many synaptic junctions exhibit structural presynaptic characteristics, such as conical, electron-dense internal protrusions, that distinguish it from the remainder of the axon plasma membrane.

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the circadian sleep/wake cycle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm. A circadian rhythm is a biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm behavior.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm behavior.

The specific behavior of an organism relating to the intake of food, any substance (usually solid) that can be metabolized by an organism to give energy and build tissue.

The specific behavior of an organism relating to the intake of liquids, especially water.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of long-chain fatty acids, a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of long-chain fatty acids, any fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur, the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur.

An enzyme complex which in humans and yeast consists of at least five proteins; for example, the complex contains GAA1, GPI8, PIG-S, PIG-U, and PIG-T in human, and Gaa1p, Gab1p, Gpi8p, Gpi16p, and Gpi17p in yeast. Catalyzes the posttranslational attachment of the carboxy-terminus of a precursor protein to a GPI-anchor.

A cascade of processes induced by the detection of DNA damage within a cell.

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.

A cascade of processes initiated in response to the detection of DNA damage, and resulting in the induction of transcription.

The transfer of electrons through a series of electron donors and acceptors, generating energy that is ultimately used for synthesis of ATP.

The transfer of electrons through a series of electron donors and acceptors, generating energy that is ultimately used for synthesis of ATP in the plasma membrane.

The transfer of electrons through a series of electron donors and acceptors, generating energy that is ultimately used for synthesis of ATP, as it occurs in the mitochondrial inner membrane or chloroplast thylakoid membrane.

The transport of protons across a mitochondrial membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis.

Cleavage of the 3'-end of the pre-tRNA as part of the process of generating the mature 3'-end of the tRNA; may involve endonucleolytic or exonucleolytic cleavage, or both.

The process in which the 3' end of a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to that of a mature tRNA.

The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter.

The synthesis of the large ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript which encodes several rRNAs, e.g. in mammals 28S, 18S and 5.8S, from a nuclear DNA template transcribed by RNA polymerase I.

The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II promoter.

The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III promoter.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H4 L-lysine (position 20) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H4 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 20). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the lysine residue at position 20 of the histone H4 protein.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 4) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 4). This reaction is the addition of up to three methyl groups to the lysine residue at position 4 of the histone H3 protein.

Binding to actinin, any member of a family of proteins that crosslink F-actin.

Binding to a nuclear vitamin D receptor, a nuclear receptor that mediates the action of vitamin D by binding DNA and controlling the transcription of hormone-sensitive genes.

Combining with a Wnt protein and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the vitamin B6 compounds: pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the vitamin B6 compounds; pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of the vitamin B6 compounds; pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxal phosphorylated at the hydroxymethyl group of C-5, the active form of vitamin B6.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxal phosphorylated at the hydroxymethyl group of C-5, the active form of vitamin B6.

A large, multisubunit complex which consists of the MHC class I-beta 2 microglobulin dimer, the transporter associated with antigen presentation (TAP), tapasin (an MHC-encoded membrane protein), the chaperone calreticulin and the thiol oxidoreductase ERp57. Functions in the assembly of peptides with newly synthesized MHC class I molecules.

A heterodimer composed of the subunits TAP1 and TAP2 (transporter associated with antigen presentation). Functions in the transport of antigenic peptides from the cytosol to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Electron-dense granule occurring in blood platelets that stores and secretes adenosine nucleotides and serotonin. They contain a highly condensed core consisting of serotonin, histamine, calcium, magnesium, ATP, ADP, pyrophosphate and membrane lysosomal proteins.

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a protozoan that act to protect the cell or organism.

Interacting selectively and non-covalently, in a non-covalent manner, with peptidoglycan, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-alanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-aminopropanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-alanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-aminopropanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate.

The directed movement of cysteine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of an amide, any compound containing one, two, or three acyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Enables the transfer of an amide, any compound containing one, two, or three acyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl(alpha-tubulin) + H2O = alpha-tubulin + acetate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative.

The directed movement of a xenobiotic into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A xenobiotic is a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.

Enables the directed movement of a xenobiotic from one side of a membrane to the other. A xenobiotic is a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.

The directed movement of an alkanesulfonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Alkanesulfonates are organic esters or salts of sulfonic acid containing an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical.

The series of molecular signals initiated by glucocorticoid binding to its receptor.

Binding to one or more specific sites on a neuromedin U receptor.

Interacting selectively and non-covalently and stoichiometrically with neuropeptides, peptides with direct synaptic effects (peptide neurotransmitters) or indirect modulatory effects on the nervous system (peptide neuromodulators).

Interacting selectively and non-covalently and stoichiometrically with neuromedin U, a hypothalamic peptide involved in energy homeostasis and stress responses.

Enables the transfer of a tripeptide, a compound containing three amino acids linked together by peptide bonds, from one side of a membrane to the other.

The directed movement of a dipeptide, a combination of two amino acids by means of a peptide (-CO-NH-) link, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of a tripeptide, a compound containing three amino acids linked together by peptide bonds, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of the D-enantiomer of an amino acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Enables the transfer of D-amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. D-amino acids are the D-enantiomers of amino acids.

The directed movement of glucosides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Glucosides are glycosides in which the sugar group is a glucose residue.

Enables the transfer of glucosides from one side of a membrane to the other. Glucosides are glycosides in which the sugar group is a glucose residue.

The directed movement of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Enables the directed movement of alkanesulfonate from one side of a membrane to the other.

Binding to a nuclear retinoic acid receptor, a ligand-regulated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily.

Binding to a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor, alpha, beta or gamma.

The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.

Binds to and modulates the activity of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase.

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease.

The selective interaction of actin monomers with specific molecules that inhibit their polymerization by preventing their access to other monomers.

The selective interaction of a transcription factor with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its translocation into the nucleus.

A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.

The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane.

A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.

Binding to a protein or protein complex using energy from ATP hydrolysis.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through a stage including a notochord and neural tube until birth or egg hatching.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field.

The process in which a monocyte acquires the specialized features of a dendritic cell, an immunocompetent cell of the lymphoid and hemopoietic systems and skin.

A enzyme complex of which the core is a heterodimer composed of a light (alpha) and heavy (beta) chain, and requires several other water-soluble proteins of cytosolic origin for activity. Functions in superoxide generation by the NADPH-dependent reduction of O2.

The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process.

Binds to and modulates the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process.

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of T cells such that the total number of T cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of macrophage activation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage activation.

Any process that stimulates, induces or increases the rate of macrophage activation.

Regular periodic sub membranous arrays of vinculin in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, these arrays link Z-discs to the sarcolemma and are associated with links to extracellular matrix.

Interacting selectively and non-covalently and stoichiometrically with a chromatin insulator sequence, a DNA sequence that prevents enhancer-mediated activation or repression of transcription.

The modification of an amino acid to an active form, for incorporation into a peptide, protein or other macromolecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways by which the various amino acids become bonded to their corresponding tRNAs. The most common route for synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA is by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA and the alpha carboxylic acid group of an amino acid, usually catalyzed by the cognate aminoacyl-tRNA ligase. A given aminoacyl-tRNA ligase aminoacylates all species of an isoaccepting group of tRNA molecules.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptides, compounds of 2 or more (but usually less than 100) amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another. This may include the translation of a precursor protein and its subsequent processing into a functional peptide.

The covalent transfer of a methyl group to C-5 of cytosine that contributes to the epigenetic regulation of embryonic gene expression.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichyl diphosphate, a phosphorylated dolichol derivative.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures in the space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane, and also covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.

The nucleus of a germ cell, a reproductive cell in multicellular organisms.

The nucleus of a megasporocyte, a diploid cell that undergoes meiosis to produce four megaspores, and its descendents.

The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes, into which neurotransmitter is released.

Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme.

Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase.

Any process which produces a useful metabolic compound from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis, as carried out by individual cells.

Any process that generates purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis.

Any process that generates a purine-containing compound, any nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide or nucleic acid that contains a purine base, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis.

Any process which produces an amino acid from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.

Any process that generates hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication by impeding the progress of the DNA replication fork. Replication fork arrest is one of the 'quality control' processes ensuring that DNA-dependent DNA replication occurs correctly. DNA replication fork arrest during DNA-dependent DNA replication is not known to occur outside of cases where a replication error needs to be prevented or corrected.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.

The receptor metabolic process that results in grouping of a set of receptors at a cellular location, often to amplify the sensitivity of a signaling response.

Any process that modulates the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid.

Any process that reduces the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid.

Any process that increases the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid.

Binding to tumor necrosis factor, a proinflammatory cytokine produced by monocytes and macrophages.

Binding to a neurotrophin, any of a family of growth factors that prevent apoptosis in neurons and promote nerve growth.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of -kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling.

Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase.

Any process that activates or increases the activity of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase.

Any process involved in the maintenance of a steady-state level of a surface-active agent that maintains the surface tension of a liquid.

Binding to ubiquitin, a protein that when covalently bound to other cellular proteins marks them for proteolytic degradation.

The directed movement of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore; transport may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.

Catalysis of the reaction: glycerol 3-phosphate + H2O = glycerol + phosphate.

Removal of the Okazaki RNA primer from the lagging strand of replicating DNA, by a combination of the actions of DNA polymerase, DNA helicase and an endonuclease.

Unwinding a DNA helix in the direction 5' to 3', driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Unwinding a DNA helix in the 5' to 3' direction, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Any process involved in the conversion of a primary snoRNA family RNA transcript into a mature snoRNA (eukaryota) or sRNA (archaea).

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a stress fiber. A stress fiber is a contractile actin filament bundle that consists of short actin filaments with alternating polarity.

Any process in which infecting bacteria are clumped together by a host organism.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in the apoptotic process.

A structural framework, or 'dense core' at the interior of an acrosome. May regulate the distribution of hydrolases within the acrosome and their release during the acrosome reaction.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide covalently tagged with ubiquitin, via the multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway; ubiquitin-tagged proteins are sorted into MVBs, and delivered to a lysosome/vacuole for degradation.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cell envelope, everything external to, but not including, the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria, encompassing the periplasmic space, cell wall, and outer membrane if present.

Binding to an anion, a charged atom or group of atoms with a net negative charge.

Binding to a cation, a charged atom or group of atoms with a net positive charge.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptides, compounds of 2 or more (but usually less than 100) amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another.

Any process which produces a nucleotide, a compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.

Any process which produces a nucleotide, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose (a deoxyribonucleotide), from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.

Binding to an RNA polymerase core enzyme, containing a specific subunit composition defined as the core enzyme.

Binding to an amine, a weakly basic organic compound that contains an amino or a substituted amino group.

Binding to an organic acid, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.

Binding to an alcohol, any of a class of alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group.

The process of transporting a substance into, and confining within, a vacuole.

A multisubunit complex that catalyzes the acetylation of histones H4 and H2A.

A complex for the transport of metabolites into and out of the cell, typically comprised of four domains; two membrane-associated domains and two ATP-binding domains at the intracellular face of the membrane, that form a central pore through the plasma membrane. Each of the four core domains may be encoded as a separate polypeptide or the domains can be fused in any one of a number of ways into multidomain polypeptides. In Bacteria and Archaebacteria, ABC transporters also include substrate binding proteins to bind substrate external to the cytoplasm and deliver it to the transporter.

Portion of the axon proximal to the neuronal cell body, at the level of the axon hillock. The action potentials that propagate along the axon are generated at the level of this initial segment.

Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it.

A small, membranous protrusion from a dendrite that forms a postsynaptic compartment, typically receiving input from a single presynapse. They function as partially isolated biochemical and an electrical compartments. Spine morphology is variable:they can be thin, stubby, mushroom, or branched, with a continuum of intermediate morphologies. They typically terminate in a bulb shape, linked to the dendritic shaft by a restriction. Spine remodeling is though to be involved in synaptic plasticity.

Cylindric portion of the dendrite, directly stemming from the perikaryon, and carrying the dendritic spines.

Binding to sulfate, SO4(2-), a negatively charged small molecule.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amino acid stimulus. An amino acid is a carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leucine stimulus.

The portion of the cell soma (neuronal cell body) that excludes the nucleus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external biotic stimulus, an external stimulus caused by, or produced by living things.

Binding to glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.

An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system.

Binding to alkanesulfonates, the anion of alkanesulfonic acids, sulfonic acid derivatives containing an aliphatic hydrocarbon group.

The process of preserving the structure and function of mature myelin. This includes maintaining the compact structure of myelin necessary for its electrical insulating characteristics as well as the structure of non-compact regions such as Schmidt-Lantermann clefts and paranodal loops. This does not include processes responsible for maintaining the nodes of Ranvier, which are not part of the myelin sheath.

The portion of the myelin sheath in which layers of cell membrane are tightly juxtaposed, completely excluding cytoplasm. The juxtaposed cytoplasmic surfaces form the major dense line, while the juxtaposed extracellular surfaces form the interperiod line visible in electron micrographs.

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, and prokaryotic structures such as anammoxosomes and pirellulosomes. Excludes the plasma membrane.

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes.

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring outside the cell. Includes, for example, extracellular membrane vesicles (EMVs) and the cellulosomes of anaerobic bacteria and fungi.

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes.

The internal volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle; includes the volume enclosed by a single organelle membrane, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the volume enclosed by the innermost of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope, e.g. nuclear lumen.

Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.

Binding to a laminin, a major glycoprotein constituent of the basement membrane of cells.

Binding to laminin-1, a glycoprotein trimer with the subunit composition alpha1, beta1, gamma1.

A protein complex composed of the Fanconi anaemia (FA) proteins including A, C, E, G and F (FANCA-F). Functions in the activation of the downstream protein FANCD2 by monoubiquitylation, and is essential for protection against chromosome breakage.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components.

Any process that occur in response to the presence of critically short or damaged telomeres.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a mature, active proteasome complex.

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state.

The directed, sodium-independent, movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates.

A large, extracellular glycoprotein complex composed of three different polypeptide chains, alpha, beta and gamma. Provides an integral part of the structural scaffolding of basement membranes.

A laminin complex composed of alpha4, beta1 and gamma1 polypeptide chains.

A laminin complex composed of alpha5, beta1 and gamma1 polypeptide chains.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + H2O = CDP + H+ + phosphate. May or may not be coupled to another reaction.

Apoptosis triggered by inadequate or inappropriate adherence to substrate e.g. after disruption of the interactions between normal epithelial cells and the extracellular matrix.

The recognition and removal of an apoptotic cell by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alkaloid stimulus. Alkaloids are a large group of nitrogenous substances found in naturally in plants, many of which have extracts that are pharmacologically active.

Any process that activates or increases the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process.

Any process that modulates the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in apoptosis.

Fibers, composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins, found in cells of smooth or striated muscle.

A multisubunit protein complex involved in the signaling phase of the apoptotic process. In mammals it is typically composed of seven Apaf-1 subunits bound to cytochrome c and caspase-9. A similar complex to promote apoptosis is formed from homologous gene products in other eukaryotic organisms.

Binding to glutathione; a tripeptide composed of the three amino acids cysteine, glutamic acid and glycine.

A functional unit located near the cell apex at the points of contact between epithelial cells, which in vertebrates is composed of the tight junction, the zonula adherens, and desmosomes and in some invertebrates, such as Drosophila, is composed of the subapical complex (SAC), the zonula adherens and the septate junction. Functions in the regulation of cell polarity, tissue integrity and intercellular adhesion and permeability.

The formation of an apical junction, a functional unit located near the cell apex at the points of contact between epithelial cells composed of the tight junction, the zonula adherens junction and the desmosomes, by the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of its constituents.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte degranulation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of leukocyte degranulation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte degranulation.

The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine, serotonin, and neutral proteases by a mast cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell degranulation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of mast cell degranulation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mast cell degranulation.

The change in morphology and behavior of a eosinophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.

The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as major basic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, and eosinophil cationic protein by an eosinophil.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of eosinophil degranulation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil degranulation.

The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as proteases, lipases, and inflammatory mediators by a neutrophil.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil degranulation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil degranulation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cytotoxic T cell degranulation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of cytotoxic T cell degranulation.

The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as perforin and granzymes by a natural killer cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell degranulation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of natural killer cell degranulation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell degranulation.

Binding to phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3' and 4' positions.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an exogenous double-stranded RNA stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a double-stranded RNA stimulus.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-octaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2-octaprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.

The process of assisting in the disassembly of non-covalent linkages in a protein or protein aggregate, often where the proteins are in a non-functional or denatured state.

Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-diacylglycerol + phosphatidylglycerol = CMP + diphosphatidylglycerol.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell.

The process of sparing immature T cells which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death.

The process in which an immature T cell commits to CD4-positive T cell lineage or the CD8-positive lineage of alpha-beta T cells.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

The process in which an immature T cell becomes committed to becoming a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of memory T cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of memory T cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of memory T cell differentiation.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a mycotoxin, any poisonous substance produced by a fungus.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

Any process that stops or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.

Binding to a proteoglycan, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.

Binding to a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, any proteoglycan containing heparan sulfate as the glycosaminoglycan carbohydrate unit.

Binding to a Helix Loop Helix domain, a domain of 40-50 residues that occurs in specific DNA-binding proteins that act as transcription factors. The domain is formed of two amphipathic helices joined by a variable length linker region that can form a loop and it mediates protein dimerization.

The series of molecular signals mediated by a steroid hormone binding to a receptor.

The regrowth of skeletal muscle tissue to repair injured or damaged muscle fibers in the postnatal stage.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPKKK cascade.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade.

The covalent alteration of one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological macromolecule, resulting in a change in its properties.

The covalent attachment of a glycosyl residue to one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological macromolecule.

The covalent attachment of a methyl residue to one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological macromolecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving anthranilate (2-aminobenzoate).

Binding to protein kinase B, an intracellular kinase that is important in regulating glucose metabolism.

Binding to a basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) superfamily of transcription factors, important regulatory components in transcriptional networks of many developmental pathways.

Binding to Myogenic Regulatory Factor (MRF), a member of the basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) superfamily of transcription factors.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulus. Corticotropin-releasing hormone is a peptide hormone involved in the stress response.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any oxoacid; an oxoacid is a compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the pentose-phosphate shunt, the process in which glucose is oxidized, coupled to NADPH synthesis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular respiration, the enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a proton-transporting ATP synthase (also known as F-type ATPase), a two-sector ATPase found in the inner membrane of mitochondria and chloroplasts, and in bacterial plasma membranes.

Any process that modulates the rate of an ATP-dependent activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and the processes involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, carried out by individual cells.

The accumulation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell, either by increased deposition or by increased number of cells.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, resulting in the deposition or aggregation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell.

The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in an organism, tissue or cell, occurring in response to some external stimulus.

The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in a cell, occurring in response to some external stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing, the process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA.

The directed movement of substances from endosomes to pigment granules.

Any process that modulates the propensity of RNA molecules to degradation. Includes processes that both stabilize and destabilize RNAs.

Any process that modulates the propensity of mRNA molecules to degradation. Includes processes that both stabilize and destabilize mRNAs.

The process of transferring reducing equivalents from the cytosol into the mitochondria; NADH is used to synthesise malate in the cytosol; this compound is then transported into the mitochondria where it is converted to oxaloacetate using NADH, the oxaloacetate reacts with gluamate to form aspartate, and the aspartate then returns to the cytosol to complete the cycle.

A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B (also called AKT), which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a protein or a protein complex with a membrane, or bringing together two membranes, either via membrane lipid binding or by interacting with a membrane protein, to establish or maintain the localization of the protein, protein complex or organelle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein homodimerization, interacting selectively with an identical protein to form a homodimer.

A process in which muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle adaptation.

A form of nucleosome located only at the centromere, in which the histone H3 is replaced by the variant form CENP-A (sometimes known as CenH3).

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity.

A nonsteroidal regulator, composed of two covalently linked inhibin beta-A subunits (sometimes known as activin beta-A or activin/inhibin beta-A).

Heterodimeric hormone composed of an inhibin alpha subunit complexed with either an inhibin beta-A subunit, to form inhibin A, or an inhibin beta-B subunit, to form inhibin B.

Heterodimeric hormone composed of an inhibin alpha subunit complexed with an inhibin beta-A subunit.

A protein complex that is composed of an interleukin-12 alpha (p35, product of the IL12A gene) and an interleukin-12 beta subunit (p40, product of the IL12B gene) and is secreted into the extracellular space.

Binding to a kinetochore, a proteinaceous structure on a condensed chromosome, beside the centromere, to which the spindle fibers are attached.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.

Binding to a leucine zipper domain, a protein secondary structure exhibiting a periodic repetition of leucine residues at every seventh position over a distance covering eight helical turns.

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptotic process.

A multimeric protein complex involved in the methylation of specific nucleotides in tRNA.

An endoplasmic reticulum protein-containing complex that is conserved in eukaryotics and that mediates the insertion of tail-anchored proteins into the ER membrane. In yeast, includes Get1p, Get2p and Get3p proteins.

Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine 5'-monophosphoramidate + H2O = AMP + NH4+. Other substrates include AMP-morpholidate, AMP-N-alanine methyl ester and AMP-alpha-acetyl lysine methyl ester.

Binding to angiostatin, a proteolytic product of plasminogen or plasmin containing at least one intact kringle domain, and which is an inhibitor of angiogenesis.

The orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels during angiogenesis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transfer of one or more phosphate groups to an actin molecule.

Binds to and increases the activity of a protein serine/threonine kinase.

A homodimeric, bifunctional enzyme complex which catalyzes the synthesis and degradation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, and is required for both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.

A multienzyme, heterooligomeric complex involved in dolichyl-linked oligosaccharide synthesis. In yeast the complex is composed of Alg7p, which catalyzes the first step (GlcNAc1-PP-Dol from dolichol-phosphate and UDP-GlcNAc), and Alg13p plus Alg14p, the catalytic and anchoring subunits respectively, which together catalyze the second step (GlcNAc2-PP-dolichol from GlcNAc1-PP-Dol and UDP-GlcNAc) of dolichyl-linked oligosaccharide synthesis.

The orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.

The addition of an acyl group, any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group, to a protein amino acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the molybdopterin cofactor (Moco), essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes, e.g. sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo-molybdopterin) or tungsten ion (W-molybdopterin) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.

Binding to a molybdopterin cofactor (Moco), essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes, e.g. sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo-molybdopterin) or tungsten ion (W-molybdopterin) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.

Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase.

Binding to a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group to an inositol lipid at the 3' position of the inositol ring.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a simple or complex lipid.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to an inositol lipid at the 3' position of the inositol ring.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity.

Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation, as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.

Binding to insulin, a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.

Binding to an insulin receptor substrate (IRS) protein, an adaptor protein that bind to the transphosphorylated insulin and insulin-like growth factor receptors, are themselves phosphorylated and in turn recruit SH2 domain-containing signaling molecules to form a productive signaling complex.

Heterodimeric protein complex composed of a 70 kDa and a 80 kDa subunit, binds DNA through a channel formed by the heterodimer. Functions in DNA double stranded break repair, chromosome maintenance, transcription regulation, V(D)J recombination, and activation of DNA-PK.

Binding to DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling.

Any process involved in sustaining the fidelity and copy number of DNA repeat elements.

Transport of substances into, out of or within a peroxisome, a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear matrix, the dense fibrillar network lying on the inner side of the nuclear membrane.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ear is the sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nose over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity).

The process in which the anatomical structures of the nose are generated and organized. The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity).

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the tongue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in many other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the tongue are generated and organized. The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in man other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the skin are generated and organized. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner, sensitive and vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue.

The Y-shaped region of a nuclear replicating DNA molecule, resulting from the separation of the DNA strands and in which the synthesis of new strands takes place. Also includes associated protein complexes.

A multi-component enzymatic machine at the nuclear replication fork, which mediates DNA replication. Includes DNA primase, one or more DNA polymerases, DNA helicases, and other proteins.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of carbohydrate utilization.

The orderly movement of an astrocyte, a class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system, the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord.

The multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Keratinocytes are epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo a characteristic change as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).

Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.

Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from a DNA template as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane of a cell.

A multimeric DNA polymerase enzyme complex which differs in composition amongst species; in humans it is a heterotetramer of four subunits of approximately 125, 50, 68 and 12kDa, while in S. cerevisiae, it has three different subunits which form a heterotrimer, and the active enzyme is a dimer of this heterotrimer. Functions in DNA replication, mismatch repair and excision repair.

A protein complex composed of three identical PCNA monomers, each comprising two similar domains, which are joined in a head-to-tail arrangement to form a homotrimer. Forms a ring-like structure in solution, with a central hole sufficiently large to accommodate the double helix of DNA. Originally characterized as a DNA sliding clamp for replicative DNA polymerases and as an essential component of the replisome, and has also been shown to be involved in other processes including Okazaki fragment processing, DNA repair, translesion DNA synthesis, DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling and cell cycle regulation.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by an estrogen, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics.

Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a regulatory non-coding RNA molecule.

The enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues at the 3' end of a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule. In eukaryotes, substrates include nuclear non-coding RNAs such as precursors and a variety of incorrectly processed forms of snRNAs, snoRNAs, rRNAs, and tRNAs, as well as discarded RNA fragments which have been removed from ncRNA primary transcripts. Polyadenylation of precursors is often linked to termination of transcription, but polyadenylation of RNAs targeted for degradation may also occur post-transcriptionally. This polyadenylation is important both for 3'-end processing to produce mature ncRNA species and also for targeting incorrectly processed or discarded RNA molecules for degradation.

The enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3' end of a non-coding RNA, occurring as part of the process of polyadenylation-dependent non-coding RNA catabolism.

The enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues at the 3' end of an RNA molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, initiated by covalent modification of the target molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an RNA molecule, initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3'-end of the target RNA.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a noncoding RNA (ncRNA) molecule, initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3' end the target ncRNA.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (-COOH) groups.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (-COOH) groups.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving linoleic acid, an unsaturated omega-6 fatty acid that has the molecular formula C18H32O2.

The removal of the apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte.

The change in the morphology of the mitochondria in an apoptotic cell from a highly branched network to a fragmented vesicular form.

The process in which a cell interprets signals (in the form of specific proteins and lipids) on the surface of a dying cell which it will engulf and remove by phagocytosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphate from a phosphoprotein.

Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal button is a specialized region of it.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Cu2+(in) -> ADP + phosphate + Cu2+(out).

The process of covalently altering one or more amino acids in a protein after translation has begun but before the protein has been released from the ribosome.

The process of covalently altering one or more amino acids in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome.

The directed movement of peripheral cell cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, towards the liver for catabolism.

The process in which a specialized structure (cell, tissue or organ) loses structural or functional features that characterize it in the mature organism, or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Under certain conditions, these structures can revert back to the features of their ancestors.

The process in which a specialized cell loses the structural or functional features that characterize it in the mature organism, or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Under certain conditions, these cells can revert back to the features of the stem cells that were their ancestors.

Catalysis of the oxidative demethylation of N1-methyladenine and N3-methylcytosine in DNA, with concomitant decarboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate and releases oxidized methyl group on N1-methyladenine and N3-methylcytosine as formaldehyde.

Catalysis of the removal of uracil from a U*G mispair by the cleavage the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free uracil and leaves an apyrimidinic (AP) site.

Catalysis of the reaction: A + D-glyceraldehyde + H2O = (R)-glycerate + AH2 + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-4-phosphate + H2O = phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ADP + D-glucose = AMP + D-glucose 6-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-CoA + protein-cysteine = S-palmitoyl protein + CoA, specific for Ras proteins.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a cyclic nucleotide has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Enables the transfer of methionine from one side of a membrane to the other.

Catalysis of the reactions: 5-(methylthio)-2,3-dioxopentyl phosphate + H2O = 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + phosphate; (1a) 5-(methylthio)-2,3-dioxopentyl phosphate = 2-hydroxy-5-(methylthio)-3-oxopent-1-enyl phosphate; (1b) 2-hydroxy-5-(methylthio)-3-oxopent-1-enyl phosphate + H2O = 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + phosphate.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiosis, an interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association.

Any process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription.

Any process in which a host organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription.

Any process in which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription, the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA.

Binding to suramin, a naphthalenesulfonic acid compound which is used in the treatment of diseases caused by trypanosomes and worms.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the transcript body of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA that occurs when the ends are not protected by the 3'-poly(A) tail.

The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone, involved in the progression of the skeleton from its formation to its mature state.

The formation or growth of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone, involved in response to injury or other physical, physiological or environmental stress stimuli.

Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein complex.

Any process which modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signaling.

Any process which activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signaling.

Any process which stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signaling.

The organization process that preserves a cellular component in a stable functional or structural state.

The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an acetyl group.

The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group.

The modification of histone H2A by the addition of an acetyl group.

The modification of histone H2B by the addition of an acetyl group.

The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 23 of the histone.

The modification of histone H2A by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 5 of the histone.

The modification of histone H2B by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 12 of the histone.

The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 5 of the histone.

The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 8 of the histone.

The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 12 of the histone.

The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 16 of the histone.

The modification of histone H4 by addition of a methyl group to arginine at position 3 of the histone.

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 23) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 23).

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 L-lysine (position 5) = CoA + histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 5).

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 L-lysine (position 8) = CoA + histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 8).

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 L-lysine (position 12) = CoA + histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 12).

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H2A L-lysine = CoA + histone H2A N6-acetyl-L-lysine.

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H2A L-lysine (position 5) = CoA + histone H2A N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 5).

The process in which an organism or its progeny spreads from one location to another within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

The process in which a symbiont organism effects a change in the structure or processes of its host organism.

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H2B L-lysine = CoA + histone H2B N6-acetyl-L-lysine.

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 4) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 4).

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (histone H4)-arginine (position 3) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (histone H4)-N-methyl-arginine (position 3). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the arginine residue at position 3 of histone H4, producing histone H4R3me.

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the serine-28 residue of histone H3.

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the serine-1 residue of the N-terminal tail of histone H2A.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an endocrine process, a process involving the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of excretion, the elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a respiratory system process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the respiratory system.

Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell, in its host organism.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component. Includes biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the cellular component.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular component biogenesis, a process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular component biogenesis, a process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.

A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a membrane.

Any process that stops or reduces the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom, as carried out by individual cells.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom, carried out at the level of an individual cell.

The progression of an organism from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring when the organism is in a symbiotic interaction.

The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 14 of the histone.

Binding to a protein or a protein-containing complex to assist the protein folding process.

A specialized secretory lysosome that is present in cells with cytolytic capability such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Cytolytic granules mediate the storage and regulated excretion of lytic molecules for killing of target cells.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UMP, uridine monophosphate, starting with the synthesis of (S)-dihydroorotate from bicarbonate; UMP biosynthesis may either occur via reduction by quinone, NAD+ or oxygen.

Any process which produces UMP, uridine monophosphate, from derivatives of it (e.g. cytidine, uridine, cytosine) without de novo synthesis.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) from inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP).

Any process which produces cytidine 5'-triphosphate (CTP) from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.

Any constituent part of a secondary organism with which the first organism is interacting.

A region of an axon near a node of Ranvier that is between the paranode and internode regions.

A zone of apposition between the membranes of an organelle with another membrane, either another membrane of the same organelle, a membrane of another organelle, or the plasma membrane. Membrane contact sites (MCSs) are structured by bridging complexes. They are specialized for communication, including the efficient traffic of small molecules such as Ca2+ ions and lipids, as well as enzyme-substrate interactions.

A zone of apposition between endoplasmic-reticulum and mitochondrial membranes, structured by bridging complexes. These contact sites are thought to facilitate inter-organelle calcium and phospholipid exchange.

The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving those compounds which are formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism.

The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by living organisms to break down ingested lipids into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, as carried out by individual cells.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of polysaccharides, polymers of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically, as carried out by individual cells.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, as carried out by individual cells.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass, as carried out by individual cells.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving polysaccharides, polymers of more than 10 monosaccharide residues joined by glycosidic linkages, as carried out by individual cells.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any large molecule including proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates, as carried out by individual cells.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerol ethers, any anhydride formed between two organic hydroxy compounds, one of which is glycerol.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells.

The disruption of the cell wall of another organism, leading to damage or temporary subversion of the cell wall.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.

A tubular structure of relatively uniform size that connects a mitochondrial crista to the mitochondrial inner boundary membrane.

Extended zone of intimate apposition between two cells containing one or more types of intercellular junctions, e.g., the intercalated disk of muscle.

The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections.

The plasma membrane of a cell that bears surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella, excluding the plasma membrane on cell projections.

The main axonal trunk, as opposed to the collaterals; i.e., excluding collaterals, terminal, spines, or dendrites.

The specialized, terminal region of a neuron projection such as an axon or a dendrite.

A small membranous protrusion, often ending in a bulbous head and attached to the neuron by a narrow stalk or neck.

A protein deubiquitination process in which a K6-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 6 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.

A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 27 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein.

The migration of a cell along or through a wound gap that contributes to the reestablishment of a continuous surface.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leptin stimulus. Leptin is a hormone manufactured primarily in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue, and the level of circulating leptin is directly proportional to the total amount of fat in the body. It plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leptin stimulus. Leptin is a hormone manufactured primarily in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue, and the level of circulating leptin is directly proportional to the total amount of fat in the body. It plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism].

A subcompartment of the endoplasmic reticulum in which proteins with improper or incorrect folding accumulate. Enzymes in this compartment direct proteins with major folding problems to translocation to the cytosol and degradation, and proteins with minor folding problems to the ER, to interact with chaperon proteins.

Binding to a retinoic acid-responsive element, a variable direct repeat of the sequence PuGGTCA spaced by five nucleotides (DR5) found in the promoters of retinoic acid-responsive genes, to which retinoic acid receptors bind.

Binding to a transmembrane transporter, a protein or protein complex that enables the transfer of a substance, usually a specific substance or a group of related substances, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Distal part of the dendritic spine, that carries the post-synaptic density.

The attachment of one cell to another cell via a cadherin, transmembrane proteins having repeating extracellular calcium ion binding domains.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in the positive regulation of epithelial cell to mesenchymal cell transition.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in osteoblast differentiation.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contributes to modulating the rate or frequency of cell proliferation.

The multiplication or reproduction of pancreatic B cells, resulting in the expansion of an pancreatic B cell population. Pancreatic B cell are cells of the pancreas that secrete insulin.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an fibroblast growth factor stimulus.

An endocytosis process that results in the uptake of liquid material by cells from their external environment by the 'ruffling' of the cell membrane to form heterogeneously sized intracellular vesicles called macropinosomes, which can be up to 5 micrometers in size.

A membrane-bounded, uncoated intracellular vesicle formed by the process of pinocytosis.

A membrane-bounded, uncoated intracellular vesicle formed by the process of macropinocytosis.

A defense process that protects an organism from invading foreign DNA.

Any process that modulates the propensity of rRNA molecules to degradation. Includes processes that both stabilize and destabilize rRNAs.

A process in which an organism has a negative effect on the functioning of the second organism's cells.

Any process that modulates the volume of a peroxisome, a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.

The activity of binding selectively and non-covalently to DNA in a sequence-independent manner and distorting the original structure of DNA, typically a straight helix, into a bend, or increasing the bend if the original structure was intrinsically bent due to its sequence.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the cytoskeleton.

The stopping, prevention, or reduction in frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity as a result of regulating the phosphorylation status of that protein kinase.

Binding to a small protein activating enzyme, such as ubiquitin-activating enzyme.

Binding to a ubiquitin-like protein ligase, such as ubiquitin-ligase.

Binding to a ubiquitin-like protein conjugating enzyme such as ubiquitin conjugating enzyme.

Either of the two subunits of a ribosome: the ribosomal large subunit or the ribosomal small subunit.

A dynamic, actin-rich projection extending from the surface of a migrating animal cell.

A process carried out by gene products in an organism that enable the organism to engage in a symbiotic relationship, a more or less intimate association, with another organism. The various forms of symbiosis include parasitism, in which the association is disadvantageous or destructive to one of the organisms; mutualism, in which the association is advantageous, or often necessary to one or both and not harmful to either; and commensalism, in which one member of the association benefits while the other is not affected. However, mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism are often not discrete categories of interactions and should rather be perceived as a continuum of interaction ranging from parasitism to mutualism. In fact, the direction of a symbiotic interaction can change during the lifetime of the symbionts due to developmental changes as well as changes in the biotic/abiotic environment in which the interaction occurs. Microscopic symbionts are often referred to as endosymbionts.

The attachment of a symbiont to its host via either adhesion molecules, general stickiness, or other mechanisms. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Entry of a symbiont into the body, tissues, or cells of a host organism as part of the symbiont life cycle. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

The directed movement of a molecule(s) produced by an organism to a location inside its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Any process evolved to enable an interaction with an organism of a different species.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a motile cilium.

Combining with glucagon-like peptide 1 and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.

The modification of a protein amino acid by the addition of sulfur.

Any process that modulates the propensity of mitochondrial mRNA molecules to degradation. Includes processes that both stabilize and destabilize mitochondrial mRNAs.

Multicomponent complex of RNA and proteins that is composed of four active spliceosomes, termed native spliceosomes, connected to each other by the pre-mRNA. The supraspliceosome is the nuclear machine where the pre-mRNA processing takes place, like the 5'-end capping, 3'-end cleavage, splicing and editing.

The directed movement of a long-chain fatty acid from outside of a cell into a cell. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-cystine + H2O = pyruvate + NH3 + thiocysteine. Thiocysteine is also known as cysteine persulfide.

A histone acetyltransferase complex that catalyzes the acetylation of a histone H4 lysine residues at several positions. In human, it contains the catalytic subunit MOF, NSL1/KIAA1267, NSL2/KANSL2, NSL3/KANSL3, MCRS1, PHF20, OGT1, WDR5 and HCF1.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the NLRP3 inflammasome complex, occurring at the level of an individual cell.

Binding to a S100 protein. S100 is a small calcium and zinc binding protein produced in astrocytes that is implicated in Alzheimer's disease, Down Syndrome and ALS.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of secondary metabolites, the compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon.

The incorporation of two iron atoms and two sulfur atoms into an iron-sulfur cluster.

The incorporation of four iron atoms and four sulfur atoms into an iron-sulfur cluster.

Catalysis of the reaction: a 17-beta-hydroxysteroid + NAD+ = a 17-oxosteroid + NADH + H+.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving daunorubicin, a chemotherapeutic of the anthracycline family that is given as a treatment for some types of cancer.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving doxorubicin, an anthracycline antibiotic, used in cancer chemotherapy.

A protein complex that associates with mRNP particles and RNA polymerase II and is proposed to integrate transcript elongation with the regulation of alternative splicing. In humans it is composed of the proteins KIAA1967/DBC1 and ZNF326/ZIRD.

Enables the directed movement of flavine mononucleotide (FMN) from one side of a membrane to the other.

Filamentous extensions on cytoplasmic face of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). In S. cerevisiae, Nup159p, Nup82p, and Nup42p contribute to the cytoplasmic filaments. In vertebrates, Nup358 is a major component.

A filamentous, cage-like assembly on the nuclear face of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). In S. cerevisiae, Mlp1p and Mlp2p are two major components of the NPC nuclear basket. In vertebrates, Tpr is a major component.

The modification of histone H3 by addition of two methyl groups to lysine at position 4 of the histone.

The attachment of a symbiont to a host cell via adhesion molecules, general stickiness etc., either directly or indirectly.

A protein complex that can methylate lysine-4 of histone H3, and which contains either of the protein subunits MLL1 or MLL2 in human, or equivalent in other species.

A protein complex that can methylate lysine-4 of histone H3, and which contains either of the protein subunits MLL3 or MLL4 in mammals, or equivalent in other species.

The tooth development process in which the teeth enter the mouth and become visible.

A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals, involving another organism.

A multicellular organism process which involves another multicellular organism of the same or different species.

Catalysis of the reaction 8-oxo-dGDP + H2O = 8-oxo-dGMP + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction 8-oxo-GDP + H2O = 8-oxo-GMP + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 8-hydroxy-dADP + H2O = 8-hydroxy-dAMP + phosphate.

The process by which the cargo protein is released into the peroxisomal matrix, following translocation across the membrane.

The process of adding or removing a methyl group from one or more nucleotides within an DNA molecule.

Binding to double-stranded hemi-methylated DNA at replication foci (one strand methylated, while the other strand is unmethylated). Methylation of cytosine or adenine in DNA is an important mechanism for establishing stable heritable epigenetic marks.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a neuronal, voltage-insensitive channel that opens when an extracellular proton has been bound by the channel complex.

The directed movement of proteins into an intracellular organelle, across a membrane.

Intermediate organelles formed during macroautophagy through the fusion between autophagosomes and endosomes.

A type of secondary lysosome in which a primary lysosome has fused with the outer membrane of an autophagosome. It is involved in the second step of autophagy in which it degrades contents with acidic lysosomal hydrolases.

Enables the transfer of ions from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + ion(in) = ADP + phosphate + ion(out), by a rotational mechanism.

The cell cycle process by which a cell commits to entering the next cell cycle phase.

The cell cycle process by which a cell commits to entering the next mitotic cell cycle phase.

A signal transduction process involved in mitotic DNA damage checkpoint.

A signaling process that controls cell cycle progression in response to changes in DNA structure by monitoring the integrity of the DNA during mitosis. The DNA integrity checkpoint begins with detection of DNA damage, defects in DNA structure or DNA replication, and ends with signal transduction.

A signal transduction process that contributes to a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a meiotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and that the chromosomes are attached to the spindle.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.

The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase as part of the cell cycle.

The DNA-dependent DNA replication that takes place as part of the cell cycle.

A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any of a process being mediated by a virus with which it is infected.

A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the release of a virus with which it is infected, from its cells.

A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process being mediated by a virus with which it is infected.

A process in which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of a process being mediated by a virus with which it is infected.

A protein complex which is capable of increasing the processivity of nucleotide polymerization by DNA polymerase as a part of DNA replication.

The process by which G-quadruplex (also known as G4) DNA, which is a four-stranded DNA structure held together by guanine base pairing, is unwound or 'melted'.

A protein complex that plays a role in the process of DNA packaging.

A cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression from G2 to M phase as part of a mitotic cell cycle.

A cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression from G1 to S phase as part of a mitotic cell cycle.

A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.

A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.

A process in which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.

A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral RNA genome replication.

A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an actomyosin contractile ring.

The cell cycle process by which a cell in G2 phase commits to M phase.

The cell cycle process by which a cell in G1 phase commits to S phase.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a plasma membrane raft.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of plasma membrane rafts.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a plasma membrane raft.

The process in which a host organism effects a change in viral exo-alpha-sialidase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein.

The process in which a host organism effects a change in the enzyme activity of a virus with which it is infected.

A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any molecular function being mediated by a virus with which it is infected.

The process in which a host organism decreases viral exo-alpha-sialidase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein.

A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral glycoprotein metabolic process.

A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral glycoprotein metabolic process.

Any process in which a lipoprotein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

A process in which a lipoprotein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in a membrane.

A signaling process that contributes to a mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that detects a defect in cytokinesis and prevents further rounds of nuclear division until cytokinesis is completed.

Repair of a DSB made between two repeated sequences oriented in the same direction occurs primarily by the single strand annealing pathway. The ends of the break are processed by a 5' to 3' exonuclease, exposing complementary single-strand regions of the direct repeats that can anneal, resulting in a deletion of the unique DNA between the direct repeats.

SDSA is a major mechanism of double-strand break repair in mitosis which allows for the error-free repair of a double-strand break without the exchange of adjacent sequences. The broken DNA searches for and base pairs with a homologous region in an intact chromosome. DNA synthesis initiates from the 3' end of the invading DNA strand, using the intact chromosome as the template. Newly synthesized DNA is then displaced from the template and anneal with its complement on the other side of the double-strand break.

A DNA metabolic process that prevents or corrects errors to ensure that DNA is replicated accurately. Errors can be corrected either by intrinsic DNA polymerase proofreading activity or via mismatch repair.

The removal of an amino group from a nucleotide base in DNA. An example is the deamination of cytosine to produce uracil.

An intracellular membrane-bounded particle found in fungi and containing chitin synthase; it synthesizes chitin microfibrils. Chitin synthase activity exists in chitosomes and they are proposed to act as a reservoir for regulated transport of chitin synthase enzymes to the division septum.

The initial step in the formation of an actin filament, in which actin monomers combine to form a new filament. Nucleation is slow relative to the subsequent addition of more monomers to extend the filament.

The process in which a magnesium ion (Mg2+) is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerolipids, any lipid with a glycerol backbone.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide.

The directed movement of substances, in membrane-bounded vesicles, from the early sorting endosomes to the late sorting endosomes; transport occurs along microtubules and can be experimentally blocked with microtubule-depolymerizing drugs.

The mitotic cell cycle phase transition whose occurrence commits the cell from the G0 quiescent state to the G1 phase. Under certain conditions, cells exit the cell cycle during G1 and remain in the G0 state as nongrowing, non-dividing (quiescent) cells. Appropriate stimulation of such cells induces them to return to G1 and resume growth and division. The G0 to G1 transition is accompanied by many changes in the program of gene expression.

A mitochondrial protein complex with 3' to 5' exoribonuclease activity that participates in intron-independent turnover and processing of mitochondrial transcripts. In humans, the mitochondrial degradosome is a pentameric complex, and in yeast it exists as a heterodimer.

The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane that surround a cell with that of another cell, producing a single cell.

Binding to DNA ends exposed by the creation of double-strand breaks (DSBs).

Combining with a purine nucleotide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Combining with a nucleotide and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity, activated by UDP.

Combining with a nucleotide and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity, activated by UTP.

Combining with ATP and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

The processes mediating the insertion of proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. Mitochondrial inner membrane proteins can get inserted from the cytosol, by crossing the outer membrane and being guided by an inner membrane translocase complex into their final destination in the inner membrane. Some proteins present in the intermembrane space can get inserted into the inner mitochondrial membrane. Finally, some proteins are inserted into the inner membrane from the matrix side of the membrane.

The process comprising the insertion of proteins from outside the organelle into the mitochondrial outer membrane, mediated by large outer membrane translocase complexes.

The import of proteins into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.

The targeting of proteins into the peroxisomal membrane. The process is not well understood, but both signals and mechanism differ from those involved in peroxisomal matrix protein import.

The process of directing proteins towards the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) using signals contained within the protein. One common mechanism uses a 16- to 30-residue signal sequence, typically located at the N-terminus of the protein and containing positively charged amino acids followed by a continuous stretch of hydrophobic residues, which directs the ribosome to the ER membrane and initiates transport of the growing polypeptide across the ER membrane.

The process that results in incorporation of a protein into an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. It depends on specific topogenic sequences of amino acids that ensure that a protein acquires the proper orientation during its insertion into the ER membrane.

A process of protein insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane in which stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequences become an ER membrane spanning helix.

The retention of proteins within the Golgi apparatus. Golgi-localized carbohydrate-modifying enzymes have a short N-terminal domain that faces the cytosol, a single transmembrane alpha helix, and a large C-terminal domain that faces the Golgi lumen and that contains the catalytic site. How the membrane-spanning alpha helix in a Golgi enzyme causes its localization and prevents its movement to the plasma membrane is not known.

A process of exocytosis found in all eukaryotic cells, in which transport vesicles destined for the plasma membrane leave the trans-Golgi network in a steady stream. Upon exocytosis, the membrane proteins and lipids in these vesicles provide new components for the plasma membrane, and the soluble proteins inside the vesicles are released into the extracellular space.

A process of exocytosis in which soluble proteins and other substances are initially stored in secretory vesicles for later release. It is found mainly in cells that are specialized for secreting products such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or digestive enzymes rapidly on demand.

The directed movement of endocytosed material through the cell and its exocytosis from the plasma membrane at the opposite side.

The process in which T cells that express T cell receptors that are restricted by self MHC protein complexes and tolerant to self antigens are selected for further maturation.

The process of sparing immature T cells in the thymus which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires the specialized features of a T-helper 1 (Th1) cell. A Th1 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype T-bet-positive and produces interferon-gamma.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a T-helper 2 (Th2) cell. A Th2 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype GATA-3-positive and produces interleukin-4.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a regulatory T cell. Regulatory T cells control or suppress immune responses through a variety of mechanisms and subsets include the CD4+CD25+ cell type as well as certain CD8+ cell types.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.

Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate.

A protein complex that binds interleukin-18; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit.

A filament composed of acidic and basic keratins (types I and II), typically expressed in epithelial cells. The keratins are the most diverse classes of IF proteins, with a large number of keratin isoforms being expressed. Each type of epithelium always expresses a characteristic combination of type I and type II keratins.

A type of intermediate filament, typically made up of one or more of the proteins vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and peripherin. Unlike the keratins, the type III proteins can form both homo- and heteropolymeric IF filaments.

Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the intermediate filament cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising intermediate filaments and their associated proteins.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising intermediate filaments and their associated proteins.

Control of the spatial distribution of intermediate filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking.

The formation of the bundles of intermediate filaments. Intermediate filament-associated proteins (IFAPs) cross-link intermediate filaments with one another, forming a bundle or a network, and with other cell structures, including the plasma membrane. The organization of intermediate filaments and their supportive function in various cells types depends in large part on their linkage to other cell structures via IFAPs.

Cytoskeletal structure made from intermediate filaments, typically organized in the cytosol as an extended system that stretches from the nuclear envelope to the plasma membrane. Some intermediate filaments run parallel to the cell surface, while others traverse the cytosol; together they form an internal framework that helps support the shape and resilience of the cell.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins, a large family of transmembrane proteins that act as receptors for cell-adhesion molecules.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins.

Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 (RUB1) to another protein.

The directed movement of azoles, heterocyclic compounds found in many biologically important substances, across a lipid bilayer, across a membrane.

Any of the small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions.

The migration of a leukocyte from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone tissue loss (resorption).

Combining with a bioactive lipid and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. A bioactive lipid is a lipid for which changes in lipid levels result in functional consequences in a variety of cellular processes.

Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + ATP = N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + keratan = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + keratan 6'-sulfate.

The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during M phase of the meiotic cell cycle.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. The primary sexual characteristics are the testes in males and the ovaries in females and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion.

Binding to a DNA triple helix. The formation of triple helical DNA has been evoked in several cellular processes including transcription, replication, and recombination.

The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the first division of the meiotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner; this pairing off, referred to as synapsis, permits genetic recombination. One homolog (both sister chromatids) of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.

The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and randomly apportioned to two sets during the second division of the meiotic cell cycle.

Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of nucleotides (such as mononucleotides or dinucleotides) from a free 5' terminus of a single-stranded DNA molecule.

Binding to a class II myosin, any member of the class of 'conventional' double-headed myosins that includes muscle myosin.

The process in which voltage-gated ion channels become localized to distinct subcellular domains in the neuron. Specific targeting, clustering, and maintenance of these channels in their respective domains are essential to achieve high conduction velocities of action potential propagation.

The process in which voltage-gated sodium channels become localized together in high densities. In animals, nodes of Ranvier differ dramatically from internodal axonal regions in very high densities of voltage-dependent sodium (Nav) channels responsible for the rapid, inward ionic currents that produce membrane depolarization.

The process in which voltage-gated potassium channels become localized together in high densities. In animals, voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels are clustered beneath the myelin sheath in regions immediately adjacent to paranodes, called juxtaparanodes, and along the inner mesaxon within the internode.

The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.

Signaling at long or short range between cells that results in the commitment of a cell to a certain fate.

A direct connection between the cytoplasm of two cells that is formed following the completion of cleavage furrow ingression during cell division. They are usually present only briefly prior to completion of cytokinesis. However, in some cases, such as the bridges between germ cells during their development, they become stabilised.

Catalysis of the reaction: dehydroascorbate + 2 glutathione = L-ascorbate + glutathione disulfide.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, apical regions of the cell.

The region of a polarized cell that forms a tip or is distal to a base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the apical region has an exposed surface and lies opposite to the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue.

The region of a cell situated near the base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the basal surface rests on the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue.

The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the apical edge of a cell.

The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the basal edge of a cell.

Any molecular function involved in the initiation, activation, perpetuation, repression or termination of polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.

Any process in which a protein is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration, stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that do move away.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sleep; a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-rapid eye movement sleep.

The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of other isotypes of immunoglobulin, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion involving switch regions that reside 5' of each constant region gene segment in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.

The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.

The maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.

The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system.

The junction between an axon of one neuron and a dendrite of another neuron, a muscle fiber or a glial cell. As the axon approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic terminal bouton, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the terminal bouton is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic terminal bouton secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.

The directed movement of a MAP kinase from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.

The myofibril assembly process that results in the organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell-cell junction. A cell-cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells.

Maintaining the zonula adherens junction, the cell-cell adherens junction formed near the apex of epithelial cells.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of external structures that lie outside the plasma membrane and surround the entire cell.

A protein complex that possesses alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity.

Complex that possesses isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity.

A heterodimeric enzyme complex, usually composed of an alpha and beta chain. Functions in the TCA cycle, hydrolyzing succinyl-CoA into succinate and CoA, thereby forming GTP.

A protein complex facilitating the electron transfer from an acyl-CoA molecule to ubiquinone via its flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor. Usually contains an alpha and a beta subunit and the structural cofactor adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Part of a system that oxidizes an acyl-CoA molecule and reduces ubiquinone and other acceptors in the electron transport system.

A complex of multiple copies of three enzymatic components: oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase (E2) and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3); catalyzes the overall conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to succinyl-CoA and carbon dioxide (CO2).

Complex that carries out the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA; comprises subunits possessing three catalytic activities: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3).

A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex that catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP during oxidative phosphorylation. The complex comprises a membrane sector (F0) that carries out proton transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (F1) that catalyzes ATP synthesis by a rotational mechanism; the extramembrane sector (containing 3 a and 3 b subunits) is connected via the d-subunit to the membrane sector by several smaller subunits. Within this complex, the g and e subunits and the 9-12 c subunits rotate by consecutive 120 degree angles and perform parts of ATP synthesis. This movement is driven by the hydrogen ion electrochemical potential gradient.

The sector of a hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase complex in which the catalytic activity resides; it comprises the catalytic core and central stalk, and is peripherally associated with a membrane, such as the plasma membrane or the mitochondrial inner membrane, when the entire ATP synthase is assembled.

Respiratory chain complex I is an enzyme of the respiratory chain. It consists of several polypeptide chains and is L-shaped, with a horizontal arm lying in the membrane and a vertical arm that projects into the matrix. The electrons of NADH enter the chain at this complex.

A protein complex that transfers electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c and translocates two protons across a membrane. The complex contains a core structure of three catalytic subunits: cytochrome b, the Rieske iron sulfur protein (ISP), and cytochrome c1, which are arranged in an integral membrane-bound dimeric complex; additional subunits are present, and vary among different species.

A part of the respiratory chain, containing the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2).

The joining together, after removal of an intervening sequence composed of one or more introns, of two segments of the same RNA molecule via spliceosomal catalysis to produce an mRNA composed only of exon sequences that all came from the same primary transcript.

A protein complex that posttranscriptionally catalyzes insertion, deletion or substitution of nucleotides at multiple sites within nascent mRNA transcripts to produce mature mRNAs in eukaryotes.

Binding to cadherin, a type I membrane protein involved in cell adhesion.

A heterodimer of tubulins alpha and beta that constitutes the protomer for microtubule assembly.

Binding to a phosphorylated amino acid residue within a protein.

A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.

Binding to uan nmethylated CpG motif. Unmethylated CpG dinucleotides are often associated with gene promoters.

The directed movement of substances from late endosomes to the vacuole. In yeast, after transport to the prevacuolar compartment, endocytic content is delivered to the late endosome and on to the vacuole. This pathway is analogous to endosome to lysosome transport.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

The movement of a phospholipid molecule from one leaflet of a membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet.

The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration).

A clathrin-coated, membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance.

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle that arises from the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving farnesyl diphosphate, an intermediate in carotenoid, sesquiterpene, squalene and sterol biosynthesis, as well as a substrate in protein farnesylation.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of farnesyl diphosphate.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class I.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class I.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class I.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class II.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class II.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class II.

Blocks the binding of interleukin-1 to interleukin-1 type I receptors.

Blocks the binding of interleukin-1 to interleukin-1 type II receptors.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into striated muscle fibers.

The process in which a mesodermal, bone marrow or neural crest cell acquires specialized features of an endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell. A layer of such cells lines the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium.

The process in which specialized cells known as osteoclasts degrade the organic and inorganic portions of bone, and endocytose and transport the degradation products.

Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ether stimulus.

Any process preventing the degeneration of the photoreceptor, a specialized cell type that is sensitive to light.

Providing the environmental signal that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of that signal.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol.

Binding to syndecan, an integral membrane proteoglycan (250-300 kDa) associated largely with epithelial cells.

Catalysis of the condensation of isopentenyl diphosphate and farnesyl diphosphate in the cis-configuration to form dehydrodolichyl diphosphate.

Catalysis of the formation of phytyl group from the stepwise reduction of a geranylgeranyl group.

The change in morphology and behavior of a basophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the basophil has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors.

The change in morphology and behavior of a mast cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the mast cell has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytotoxic T cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytotoxic T cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytotoxic T cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of regulatory T cells.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of differentiation of regulatory T cells.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of regulatory T cells.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.

Catalysis of the reduction of a ketone group to form the corresponding alcohol.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a cilium.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.

A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases, that occurs in neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages shortly after phagocytosing material. An enhanced uptake of oxygen leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals, which play a part in microbiocidal activity.

A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA repair.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA repair.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway activity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Tl signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acid.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acid.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension.

Any process in which the force of blood traveling through the circulatory system is decreased.

Any process in which the force of blood traveling through the circulatory system is increased.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of uptake of cholesterol into the blood by absorption from the intestine.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.

An epigenetic process that silences gene expression at specific genomic regions through chromatin remodelling either by modifying higher order chromatin fiber structure, nucleosomal histones, or the DNA.

A chromatin remodeling process that capacitates gene expression by either modifying the chromatin fiber, the nucleosomal histones, or the DNA.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoid.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mitosis. Mitosis is the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development.

Any process that reduces the internal pH of an organism, part of an organism or a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retroviral genome replication.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid cohesion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid cohesion.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational elongation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational elongation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasoconstriction.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasoconstriction.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamine.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction.

Any cellular process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.

Any cellular process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.

Any process that activates or increases the duration or quality of sleep, a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase I.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase III.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.

Any process that inhibits or decreases the rate of DNA recombination during mitosis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of natural killer mediated cytotoxicity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the alternative pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the classical pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine.

Any process that reduces the rate of growth of all or part of an organism.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.

A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one carbon source leads to the modulation of the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources.

A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one carbon source leads to an increase in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the duration or quality of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.

Any process involving glucose that modulates the frequency, rate or extent or transcription.

Any process involving glucose that activates or increases the rate of transcription.

Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol trisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol bisphosphate + phosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving AMP, adenosine monophosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ATP, adenosine triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving CTP, cytidine triphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving GMP, guanosine monophosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of GMP, guanosine monophosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving GTP, guanosine triphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving IMP, inosine monophosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ITP, inosine triphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP, uridine (5'-)diphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving UMP, uridine monophosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dAMP, deoxyadenosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dGMP, deoxyguanosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dGMP, deoxyguanosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dADP, deoxyadenosine diphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dADP, deoxyadenosine diphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dAMP, deoxyadenosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dCMP, deoxycytidine monophosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dCTP, deoxycytidine triphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate, (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-diphosphate).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate, (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-diphosphate).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dGTP, guanosine triphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dTDP, deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dTMP, deoxyribosylthymine monophosphate (2'-deoxyribosylthymine 5'-phosphate).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving adenosine, adenine riboside, a ribonucleoside found widely distributed in cells of every type as the free nucleoside and in combination in nucleic acids and various nucleoside coenzymes.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cytidine, cytosine riboside, a widely distributed nucleoside.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving deoxyadenosine, 2-deoxyribosyladenine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving deoxyinosine, hypoxanthine deoxyriboside.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, a purine that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of a number of phosphorylated guanosine derivatives whose metabolic or regulatory functions are important.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, a purine that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of a number of phosphorylated guanosine derivatives whose metabolic or regulatory functions are important.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, an intermediate in the degradation of adenylate. Its ribonucleoside is known as inosine and its ribonucleotide as inosinate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, an intermediate in the degradation of adenylate. Its ribonucleoside is known as inosine and its ribonucleotide as inosinate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving inosine, hypoxanthine riboside, a nucleoside found free but not in combination in nucleic acids except in the anticodons of some tRNAs.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inosine, hypoxanthine riboside, a nucleoside found free but not in combination in nucleic acids except in the anticodons of some tRNAs.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving thymidine, deoxyribosylthymine thymine 2-deoxyriboside, a deoxynucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in deoxynucleotides and deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thymidine, deoxyribosylthymine thymine 2-deoxyriboside, a deoxynucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in deoxynucleotides and deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving uridine, uracil riboside, a ribonucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving xanthine, 2,6-dihydroxypurine, a purine formed in the metabolic breakdown of guanine but not present in nucleic acids.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any purine ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any purine ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which a pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrahydrobiopterin, the reduced form of biopterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pteridine). It functions as a hydroxylation coenzyme, e.g. in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving heme a, a derivative of heme found in cytochrome aa3.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, an important intermediate in glycolysis.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerol-3-phosphate, a phosphoric monoester of glycerol.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polyol, any alcohol containing three or more hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a polyol, any alcohol containing three or more hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving nor-spermidine, a compound related to spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of spermine, a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses and involved in nucleic acid packaging.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving aflatoxin, a fungal metabolite found as a contaminant in moldy grains that induces liver cancer. Aflatoxin induces a G to T transversion at codon 249 of p53, leading to its inactivation. Aflatoxin is converted to a chemical carcinogen by P450.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of coumarins, compounds derived from the phenylacrylic skeleton of cinnamic acids.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of terpenes, any of a large group of hydrocarbons made up of isoprene units.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic derivatives of trans-cinnamic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of stilbenes, a class of polyketide compounds formed from cinnamic acid and three molecules of malonyl CoA.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of flavonoids, a group of phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving formaldehyde (methanal, H2C=O), a colorless liquid or gas with a pungent odor, commonly used as a fixative or an antibacterial agent.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of formaldehyde (methanal, H2C=O), the simplest aldehyde.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycolate, the anion of hydroxyethanoic acid (glycolic acid).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycolate, the anion of hydroxyethanoic acid (glycolic acid).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alkanesulfonates, the anion of alkanesulfonic acids, sulfonic acid derivatives containing an aliphatic hydrocarbon group.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid oxidation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid oxidation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid oxidation.

The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade.

Signaling between cells of equivalent developmental potential that results in these cells adopting different developmental fates. An example is the suppression by cells with a particular fate of the adoption of the same fate by surrounding cells.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine. It is a major structural phospholipid in mammalian systems. It tends to be more abundant than phosphatidylcholine in the internal membranes of the cell and is an abundant component of prokaryotic membranes.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving diacylglycerol, a glyceride in which any two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of diacylglycerol, a glyceride in which any two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving CDP-diacylglycerol, CDP-1,2-diacylglycerol, a substance composed of diacylglycerol in glycosidic linkage with cytidine diphosphate. It is a common intermediate in phospholipid biosynthesis.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of disaccharides, sugars composed of two monosaccharide units.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monosaccharides, polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monosaccharides, polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving GDP-L-fucose, a substance composed of L-fucose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-acetylneuraminate, the anion of 5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-3-ulosonic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of deoxyribose phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 2-deoxy-erythro-pentose.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyribose phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 2-deoxy-erythro-pentose.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ribose phosphate, any phosphorylated ribose sugar.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-glucuronate, a substance composed of glucuronic acid in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphopolynucleotide + H2O = a polynucleotide + phosphate. Hydrolyzes the free 3'-phosphate resulting from single strand breaks in DNA due to oxidative damage.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 5'-dephospho-DNA = ADP + 5'-phospho-DNA.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving urate, the anion of uric acid, 2,6,8-trioxypurine, the end product of purine metabolism in certain mammals and the main excretory product in uricotelic animals.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-amino acids, the D-enantiomers of amino acids.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor signaling via JAK-STAT.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway activity.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organophosphates, any phosphate-containing organic compound.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-alanine, the D-enantiomer of the amino acid alanine, i.e. (2R)-2-aminopropanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-amino acids, the D-enantiomers of amino acids.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-cysteine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid, i.e. (2R)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-lysine, the L-enantiomer of (S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving creatinine, 2-amino-1,5-dihydro-1-methyl-4H-imidazol-4-one, an end product of creatine metabolism and a normal constituent of urine.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dihydrofolate, the dihydroxylated derivative of folate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostanoids, any compound based on or derived from the prostanoate structure.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving hexadecanal, the C16 straight chain aldehyde.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids with a chain length of less than C6.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving monoacylglycerol, any ester of glycerol in which any one of its hydroxyl groups has been acylated with a fatty acid, the other being non-esterified.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acylglycerol, any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acylglycerol, any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dolichyl diphosphate, a diphosphorylated dolichol derivative. In eukaryotes, these function as carriers of mono- and oligosaccharide residues in the glycosylation of lipids and proteins within intracellular membranes.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving platelet activating factor, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine, where alkyl = hexadecyl or octadecyl. Platelet activating factor is an inflammatory mediator released from a variety of cells in response to various stimuli.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline. They are important constituents of cell membranes.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylglycerols, any of a class of phospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of glycerol. They are important constituents of cell membranes.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidic acid, any derivative of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta-(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group. They are the precursors of both gangliosides and globosides.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ether lipids, lipids that contain (normally) one lipid alcohol in ether linkage to one of the carbon atoms (normally C-1) of glycerol.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerolipids, any lipid with a glycerol backbone. Diacylglycerol and phosphatidate are key lipid intermediates of glycerolipid biosynthesis.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glyoxylate, the anion of glyoxylic acid, HOC-COOH.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which a sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving isopentenyl diphosphate, an isomer of dimethylallyl diphosphate and the key precursor of all isoprenoids.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-methylmalonyl-CoA, the L-enantiomer of 2-carboxypropanoyl-CoA. S-methylmalonyl-CoA is an intermediate in the beta oxidation of odd-numbered fatty acids in animals.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide riboside, the product of the formation of a glycosidic bond between ribose and nicotinamide.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide nucleotides, any nucleotide that contains combined nicotinamide.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving S-adenosylmethionine, S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving protoporphyrinogen IX, the specific substrate for the enzyme ferrochelatase, which catalyzes the insertion of iron to form protoheme. It is probably also the substrate for chlorophyll formation.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving uroporphyrinogen III, a precursor for synthesis of vitamin B12, chlorophyll, and heme in organisms that produce these compounds.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerolipids, any lipid with a glycerol backbone.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerol ethers, any anhydride formed between two organic hydroxy compounds, one of which is glycerol.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingosine (sphing-4-enine), trans-D-erytho-2-amino-octadec-4-ene-1,3-diol, a long chain amino diol sphingoid base that occurs in most sphingolipids in animal tissues.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ceramides, any N-acetylated sphingoid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingoids, any of a class of compounds comprising sphinganine and its homologues and stereoisomers, and derivatives of these compounds.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingoids, any of a class of compounds comprising sphinganine and its homologues and stereoisomers, and derivatives of these compounds.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + O-beta-D-xylosylprotein = UDP + 4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein.

Catalysis of the transfer of a glucosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.

The specialization of organization of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phospho-D-glycerate = 3-phospho-D-glycerate; this reaction requires the cofactor 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + histamine = N(tau)-methylhistamine + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.

A ribonucleoprotein complex that is formed by the association of the U4/U6 and U5 snRNPs.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary female sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structure. The primary female sexual characteristics are the ovaries, and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary male sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. The primary male sexual characteristics are the testes, and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-methyl-5-thio-D-ribulose 1-phosphate = 5-(methylthio)-2,3-dioxopentyl phosphate + H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 long-chain alcohol + O2 = 2 long-chain aldehyde + 2 H2O.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction.

Enables the transfer of a cation or cations from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane.

Catalysis of the oxidative degradation or interconversion of polyamines.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the viral entry into the host cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the entry of viral entry into a host cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of viral entry into the host cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a daughter centriole of an existing centriole.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of centriole replication.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of centriole replication.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the separation of duplicated centrosome components at the beginning of mitosis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome separation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome separation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the centrosome cycle, the processes of centrosome duplication and separation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the centrosome cycle.

A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex found in the lysosomal membrane, where it acts as a proton pump to mediate acidification of the lysosomal lumen.

The directed movement of a xenobiotic from a cell, into the extracellular region. A xenobiotic is a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.

Catalysis of the movement of a sphingolipid from the cytosolic to the exoplasmic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.

Enables the directed movement of sphingolipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Sphingolipids are a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).

Binding to a sphingolipid, a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling.

The change in morphology and behavior of a gamma-delta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.

The change in morphology and behavior of an alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an alpha-beta T cell. An alpha-beta T cell is a T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor complex.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell activation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell activation.

A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrahydrofolate, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid, a folate derivative bearing additional hydrogens on the pterin group.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrofolate, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid, a folate derivative bearing additional hydrogens on the pterin group.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid.

The establishment of the sex of a female organism by physical differentiation.

The establishment of the sex of a male organism by physical differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antibiotic stimulus. An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organophosphorus stimulus. Organophosphorus is a compound containing phosphorus bound to an organic molecule; several organophosphorus compounds are used as insecticides, and they are highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitors.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an arsenic stimulus from compounds containing arsenic, including arsenates, arsenites, and arsenides.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cadmium (Cd) ion stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a copper ion stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mercury ion stimulus.

An apical plasma membrane part that forms a narrow enfolded luminal membrane channel, lined with numerous microvilli, that appears to extend into the cytoplasm of the cell. A specialized network of intracellular canaliculi is a characteristic feature of parietal cells of the gastric mucosa in vertebrates.

A multiprotein complex that consists of at least three proteins, CD14, TLR4, and MD-2, each of which is glycosylated and which functions as a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor that primes the innate immune response against bacterial pathogens.

The cellular and vascular changes occurring in the endometrium of the pregnant uterus just after the onset of blastocyst implantation. This process involves the proliferation and differentiation of the fibroblast-like endometrial stromal cells into large, polyploid decidual cells that eventually form the maternal component of the placenta.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving GDP, guanosine 5'-diphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of GDP, guanosine 5'-diphosphate.

The directed movement of borate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Borate is the anion (BO3)3-; boron is a group 13 element, with properties which are borderline between metals and non-metals.

Enables the transport of borate across a membrane against the concentration gradient.

The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a muscle cell in a stable functional or structural state.

The process that occurs after viral attachment by which a virus, or viral nucleic acid, breaches the plasma membrane or cell envelope and enters the host cell. The process ends when the viral nucleic acid is released into the host cell cytoplasm.

Any virus-mediated process that modulates the levels of viral proteins in a cell.

Any process where the infecting virus reduces the levels of viral proteins in a cell.

Any process where the infecting virus increases the levels of viral proteins in a cell.

The process in which a capsid acquires another membrane envelope, subsequent to acquiring an initial membrane envelope.

The exit of a viral particle from a host cell that does not involve cell lysis.

The exit of a fully formed virion particles from the host cell by exocytosis via a host vesicle.

A viral process by which enveloped viruses acquire a host-derived membrane enriched in viral proteins to form their external envelope. The process starts when nucleocapsids, assembled or in the process of being built, induce formation of a membrane curvature in the host plasma or organelle membrane and wrap up in the forming bud. The process ends when the bud is eventually pinched off by membrane scission to release the enveloped particle into the lumenal or extracellular space.

A viral budding that starts with formation of a curvature in the host plasma membrane around which the virion particle assembles.

The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on an identical protein (trans-autophosphorylation).

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transcription of the viral genome.

The directed movement of intronless viral mRNA from the host nucleus to the cytoplasm for translation.

The addition of tubulin heterodimers to one or both ends of a microtubule.

Binding to a virion, either by binding to components of the capsid or the viral envelope.

The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, into, out of, or within a host cell.

The process by which a virion attaches to a host cell by binding to a receptor on the host cell surface.

The process by which a virion attaches to a host cell by binding to a co-receptor on the host cell surface.

Interacts with chemokine receptors to reduce the action of a chemokine.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of directed movement of proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of RNA from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of directed movement of RNA from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a lipid, any member of a group of substances soluble in lipid solvents but only sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents.

The process of introducing a phosphate group into a carbohydrate, any organic compound based on the general formula Cx(H2O)y.

The directed movement of glycolipids, compounds containing (usually) 1-4 linked monosaccharide residues joined by a glycosyl linkage to a lipid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The process of removing a phosphate group from a phosphorylated carbohydrate, any organic compound based on the general formula Cx(H2O)y with a phosphate group attached to it.

The process of removing one or more phosphate groups from a phosphorylated lipid, any member of a group of substances soluble in lipid solvents but only sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents.

The assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.

Binding to hydroxyapatite, the calcium phosphate mineral of formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 found both in rocks of nonorganic origin and as a component of bone and dentin.

The continuous turnover of bone matrix and mineral that involves first, an increase in resorption (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive bone formation (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium homeostasis. An imbalance in the regulation of bone resorption and bone formation results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as osteoporosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone remodeling, the processes of bone formation and resorption that combine to maintain skeletal integrity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone remodeling.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol phosphate.

The process of removing a phosphate group from any mono- or polyphosphorylated inositol.

The process of removing one or more phosphate groups from a phosphatidylinositol.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a nitrogenous group, excluding NH and NH2 groups, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.

The directed movement of isoprenoids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Isoprenoids comprise a group of compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.

The directed movement of terpenoids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Terpenoids are a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure and include derivatives with various functional groups.

Enables the transfer of metal ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving quinolinate, the anion of quinolinic acid, also known as 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of saliva from a cell or a tissue.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of saliva.

The regulated release of hormones, substances with a specific regulatory effect on a particular organ or group of cells.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell.

The regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone, a gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hormones.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hormones.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.

Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + AMP = nucleoside diphosphate + ADP.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate, a folate derivative comprising tetrahydrofolate attached to a chain of glutamate residues.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate, a folate derivative comprising tetrahydrofolate attached to a chain of glutamate residues.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane.

Binding to a tetrapyrrole, a compound containing four pyrrole nuclei variously substituted and linked to each other through carbons at the alpha position.

The formation of bonds from two or more atoms within the same ligand to a metal atom in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring.

Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor), with the acyl group being converted into alkyl on transfer.

Binding to a transition metal ions; a transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.

Enables the transfer of transition metal ions from one side of a membrane to the other. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of transition metal ions at the level of a cell. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.

Catalysis of the transfer of an L-fucosyl group from GDP-beta-L-fucose to an acceptor molecule to form an alpha-(1->3) linkage.

Catalysis of the transfer of an L-fucosyl group from GDP-beta-L-fucose to an acceptor molecule to form an alpha-(1->6) linkage.

Catalysis of the transfer of an alpha-L-fucosyl residue from GDP- beta-L-fucose to the serine hydroxy group of a protein acceptor.

Binding to an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention sequence, a specific peptide sequence that ensures a protein is retained within the ER.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter from a cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.

A protein complex providing a discrete opening in a membrane that allows the passage of gases and/or liquids.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a pore complex. A pore complex is a small opening in a membrane that allows the passage of liquids and/or gases.

Enables the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate by the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other by a rotational mechanism driven by a gradient according to the reaction: ADP + H2O + phosphate + H+(in) -> ATP + H+(out).

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-deoxyadenosine + H2O = deoxyinosine + NH3.

The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a nucleotide to produce a phosphorylated nucleoside.

The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a nucleoside monophosphate to produce a polyphosphorylated nucleoside.

The directed movement of carboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).

Enables the transfer of carboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving hydroxylysine (5-hydroxy-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid), a chiral alpha-amino acid. Hydroxylysine is found in collagen and commonly has galactose and then glucose added sequentially by glycosyltransferases.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydroxylysine (5-hydroxy-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid), a chiral alpha-amino acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ketone bodies, any one of the three substances: acetoacetate, D-3-hydroxybutyrate (beta-hydroxybutyrate) or acetone, as carried out by individual cells. Although 3-hydroxybutyrate is not a ketone, it is classed as a ketone body because it exists in an equilibrium with acetoacetate. Ketone bodies may accumulate in excessive amounts in the body in starvation, diabetes mellitus or in other defects of carbohydrate metabolism.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ketone bodies, any one of the three substances: acetoacetate, D-3-hydroxybutyrate (beta-hydroxybutyrate) or acetone. Biosynthesis involves the formation of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA, which is cleaved to acetate and acetyl-CoA.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ketone bodies, any one of the three substances: acetoacetate, D-3-hydroxybutyrate (beta-hydroxybutyrate) or acetone. Ketone bodies can be used as an energy source as an alternative to glucose. Utilization of ketone bodies in peripheral tissues involves conversion of acetoacetate to acetoacetyl-CoA, which is then converted to two molecules of acetyl-CoA.

Enables the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.

The directed movement of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, a naturally occurring mixed anhydride synthesized from adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Enables the transfer of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, a naturally occurring mixed anhydride synthesized from adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, from one side of a membrane to the other.

The directed movement of substances from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell.

The directed movement of a peptide antigen into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from an endogenous or exogenous protein.

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 9) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 9) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 16) + H2O = histone H4 L-lysine (position 16) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 16 of the histone H4 protein.

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 L-lysine (position 16) = CoA + histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 16). This reaction represents the addition of an acetyl group to the lysine at position 16 of histone H4.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 9) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 9). This reaction is the addition of up to three methyl groups to the lysine residue at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 36) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 36). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the lysine residue at position 36 of the histone H3 protein.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 27) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 27). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the lysine residue at position 27 of the histone H3 protein.

Binding to TAP protein, transporter associated with antigen processing protein. TAP protein is a heterodimeric peptide transporter consisting of the subunits TAP1 and TAP2.

Binding to the TAP1 subunit of TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) protein.

Binding to the TAP2 subunit of TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) protein.

The formation of a protein dimer, a macromolecular structure consists of two noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which X-H and Y-H form X-Y.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a flavin.

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA = NADH + H+ + 2-methylaceto-acetyl-CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9-alpha,15-dihydroxy-11-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate = NADPH + H+ + (5Z,13E)-9-alpha-hydroxy-11,15-dioxoprosta-5,13-dienoate.

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + androsterone = NAD(P)H + H+ + 5-alpha-androstane-3,17-dione.

Catalysis of the reaction: 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol + NADP+ = 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one + H+ + NADPH.

Catalysis of the reaction: testosterone + NAD+ = androst-4-ene-3,17-dione + NADH.

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + androsterone = NAD(P)H + H+ + 5-alpha-androstane-3,17-dione. The reaction is B-specific (i.e. the pro-S hydrogen is transferred from the 4-position of reduced nicotinamide cofactor) with respect to NAD(P)+.

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + androstan-3-alpha,17-beta-diol = 17-beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one + NADH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + testosterone = NADPH + H+ + androst-4-ene-3,17-dione.

Catalysis of the reaction: phylloquinol + a protein with a disulfide bond = phylloquinone + a protein with reduced L-cysteine residues.

Catalysis of the reaction: a hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid + 2 glutathione = a hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid + glutathione disulfide + H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + NADPH + progesterone = H2O + NADP+ + testosterone acetate.

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + 4-trimethylammoniobutanal = NADH + 4-trimethylammoniobutanoate.

Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol = NADPH + catechol.

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + thiomorpholine-3-carboxylate = NAD(P)H + 3,4-dehydro-1,4-thiomorpholine-3-carboxylate.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-saccharopine + H2O + NADP+ = 2-oxoglutarate + L-lysine + H+ + NADPH.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-saccharopine + H2O + NAD+ = L-glutamate + allysine + H+ + NADH.

Catalysis of the reaction: protein-dithiol + NAD(P)+ = protein-disulfide + NAD(P)H + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-homocysteine + betaine = N,N-dimethylglycine + L-methionine.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-alkenylglycerophosphoethanolamine + acyl-CoA = 1-alkenyl-2-acyl-glycerophosphoethanolamine + CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: retinol-[cellular-retinol-binding-protein] + phosphatidylcholine = retinyl-ester-[cellular-retinol-binding-protein] + 2-acylglycerophosphocholine.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-radyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospholipid + 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = 1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + 1-radyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phospholipid.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + acyl-CoA = phosphatidylcholine + CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylneuraminate + acetyl-CoA = N-acetyl-7-O(or 9-O)-acetylneuraminate + CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + acyl-CoA = 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + acetyl-CoA = 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: a long-chain-alcohol + acyl-CoA = a long-chain ester + CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-substituted L-cysteine + acetyl-CoA = S-substituted N-acetyl-L-cysteine + CoA + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein + UDP-galactose = 3-beta-D-galactosyl-4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein + UDP.

Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-galactosyl-1,3-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,6)-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-R + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,3-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,6)-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-R + UDP.

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucuronyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosylproteoglycan + UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine = N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-1,4-beta-D-glucuronyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosylproteoglycan + UDP.

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucuronyl-N-acetyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosaminylproteoglycan + UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine = N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-1,4-beta-D-glucuronyl-N-acetyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosaminylproteoglycan + UDP.

Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactosyl-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-D-galactosyl-D-glucosylceramide + CMP-N-acetylneuraminate = N-acetylneuraminyl-D-galactosyl-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-D-galactosyl-D-glucosylceramide + CMP.

Catalysis of the reaction: cytolipin-H + CMP-N-acetylneuraminate = alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide + CMP. Alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide is also known as GM3.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = 4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate + glycine.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + ADP.

Catalysis of the reaction: beta-L-fucose 1-phosphate + GTP + H+ = diphosphate + GDP-beta-L-fucose.

Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribitol 5-phosphate + CTP = CDP-ribitol + diphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 5'-adenylyl sulfate + NH4 = adenosine 5'-phosphoramidate + 2 H+ + sulfate.

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate + succinyl-CoA = 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA + succinate.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + acylglycerol = a fatty acid + glycerol.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + dodecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = dodecanoate + [acyl-carrier protein].

Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H2O = choline phosphate + glycerol + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + protein alpha-D-glucosyl-1,2-beta-D-galactosyl-L-hydroxylysine = protein beta-D-galactosyl-L-hydroxylysine + beta-D-glucose. The enzyme specifically hydrolyzes glucose from alpha-D-glucosyl- (1->2)-beta-D-galactosyl disaccharide units that are linked to hydroxylysine residues of collagen and collagen-like proteins.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + 1-(1-alkenyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = L-1-glycero-3-phosphocholine + an aldehyde.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + 1-(1-alkenyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine = sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + an aldehyde.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine = ethanolamine + a fatty acid.

Catalysis of the reaction: a nucleoside triphosphate + H2O = a nucleotide + H+ + diphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone = acetaldehyde + 4-androstene-3,17-dione.

Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-6beta-hydroxy-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + ATP = ADP + 3 H+ + NADH + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: heparosan-N-sulfate D-glucuronate = heparosan-N-sulfate L-iduronate.

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the response to osmotic stress.

Binding to a protein N-terminus, the end of any peptide chain at which the 2-amino (or 2-imino) function of a constituent amino acid is not attached in peptide linkage to another amino-acid residue.

Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-choline + ceramide = CMP + H+ + sphingomyelin.

The directed movement of a vesicle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of a vesicle to a microtubule, and ends when the vesicle reaches its final destination.

The directed movement of a mitochondrion along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins.

Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate. This reaction requires Ca2+.

Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate. This reaction does not require Ca2+.

Catalysis of the reaction: (5Z)-(15S)-11-alpha-hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprostanoate + NAD(P)+ -> (5Z)-(15S)-11-alpha-hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprosta-13-enoate + NAD(P)H + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-2-aminoadipate = 2-oxoadipate + L-glutamate.

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + acceptor = 2-oxoglutarate + reduced acceptor.

Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + sphinganine = 3-dehydrosphinganine + H+ + NADPH.

Catalysis of the reaction: cholesterol + NADP+ = cholesta-5,7-dien-3-beta-ol + NADPH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: cis-aconitate + H+ = CO2 + itaconate.

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + H2O = CoA + a carboxylate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acylglycerol = ADP + acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: an adenosine-phosphate + H20 = an inosine phosphate + NH3. Catalyzes the deamination of AMP, ADP or ATP.

Catalysis of the reaction: 5'-adenylyl sulfate + H2O = AMP + 2 H+ + sulfate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-ribose + H2O = AMP + D-ribose 5-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + a 2-oxo acid = pyruvate + an L-amino acid.

Catalysis of the reaction: an alpha-amino acid ester + H2O = an alpha-amino acid + an alcohol.

Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + ATP + CoA = AMP + arachidonoyl-CoA + diphosphate + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + an amine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + a sulfamate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + beta-adrenergic receptor = ADP + phospho-beta-adrenergic receptor.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + taurolithocholate = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + taurolithocholate sulfate.

Catalysis of the reaction: P(1),P(3)-bis(5'-adenosyl) triphosphate + H2O = ADP + AMP + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-diacyl-3-beta-D-galactosyl-sn-glycerol + 2 H2O = 3-beta-D-galactosyl-sn-glycerol + 2 carboxylates.

Catalysis of the reaction: indan-1-ol + NAD(P)+ = indanone + NAD(P)H + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-histidine + beta-alanine = AMP + diphosphate + carnosine.

Catalysis of the reaction: chlordecone alcohol + NADP+ = chlordecone + H+ + NADPH.

Catalysis of the reactions: (1) ATP + cholate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + choloyl-CoA and (2) ATP + (25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + (25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: 5-beta-cholestane-3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-triol + NADPH + O2 = 5-beta-cholestane-3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha,26-tetraol + NADP+ + H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + chondroitin = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + chondroitin 4'-sulfate.

Catalysis of the reaction: chondroitin D-glucuronate = dermatan L-iduronate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + an acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: (3S)-citramalyl-CoA = acetyl-CoA + pyruvate.

Catalysis of the reactions: (1) 5beta-cholestan-3-one + NADP+ = cholest-4-en-3-one + NADPH + H+ and (2) 17,21-dihydroxy-5beta-pregnane-3,11,20-trione + NADP+ = cortisone + NADPH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-cysteine + 2-oxoglutarate = mercaptopyruvate + L-glutamate.

Catalysis of the reaction: RS-CH2-CH(NH3+)COO- = RSH + NH3 + pyruvate.

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + hypotaurine + NADPH + O2 = H2O + NADP+ + taurine.

Catalysis of the reaction: dCTP + H2O = dCMP + H+ + diphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: deoxycytidine + H2O = deoxyuridine + NH3.

Catalysis of the reaction: deoxyuridine + phosphate = uracil + deoxy-D-ribose 1-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: N,N-dimethylglycine + electron-transfer flavoprotein + H2O = sarcosine + formaldehyde + reduced electron-transfer flavoprotein.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate + quercetin = adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + H+ + quercetin 3-sulfate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate + alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + alpha-D-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-gulonate + NADP+ = D-glucuronate + H+ + NADPH.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-gulono-1,4-lactone + NADP+ = D-glucurono-3,6-lactone + H+ + NADPH.

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + L-glutamine = CoA + N-acyl-L-glutamine.

Catalysis of the reaction: glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate.

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + glycine = CoA + N-acylglycine.

Catalysis of the reaction: benzoyl-CoA + glycine = N-benzoylglycine + CoA + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: choloyl-CoA + glycine = CoA + glycocholate.

Catalysis of the reaction: glyoxylate + H2O + O2 = H2O2 + H+ + oxalate.

Catalysis of the reaction: guanosine + phosphate = guanine + D-ribose 1-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoate + 2-oxoglutarate = acetoacetate + (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate.

Catalysis of the reaction: erythro-5-hydroxy-L-lysine + GTP = 5-phosphonooxy-L-lysine + GDP + 2 H+.

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses peptide antigen in association with an MHC protein complex on its cell surface, including proteolysis and transport steps for the peptide antigen both prior to and following assembly with the MHC protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from an endogenous or exogenous protein.

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses lipid antigen in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface, including lipid extraction, degradation, and transport steps for the lipid antigen both prior to and following assembly with the MHC protein complex. The lipid antigen may originate from an endogenous or exogenous source of lipid. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 family.

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses lipid antigen of endogenous origin in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 family.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a platelet-derived growth factor receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to an insulin-like growth factor receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) on the surface of the target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by neurotrophin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a hepatocyte growth factor receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by ephrin binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals initiated by an angiopoietin binding to the Tie receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling to convert a signal into a response. Phosphatidylinositols include phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and its phosphorylated derivatives.

A intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is transmitted within the cell via an inositol phosphate. Includes production of the inositol phosphate, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell. Inositol phosphates are a group of mono- to poly-phosphorylated inositols, and include inositol monophosphate (IP), inositol trisphosphate (IP3), inositol pentakisphosphate (IP5) and inositol hexaphosphate (IP6).

The series of molecular signals in which a cell uses an inositol-containing lipid to convert a signal into a response. Inositol lipids include the phosphoinositides (phosphatidylinositol and its phosphorylated derivatives), ceramides containing inositol, and inositol glycolipids.

The activity of a gene product that interacts with a receptor to effect a change in the activity of the receptor. Ligands may be produced by the same, or different, cell that expresses the receptor. Ligands may diffuse extracellularly from their point of origin to the receiving cell, or remain attached to an adjacent cell surface (e.g. Notch ligands).

The activity of a gene product that interacts with a receptor to decrease the ability of the receptor agonist to bind and activate the receptor.

Any process that alters the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanin.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanin.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanin.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA splicing via a spliceosomal mechanism.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mRNA splicing via a spliceosomal mechanism.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of mRNA splicing via a spliceosomal mechanism.

Binding to a monosaccharide. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates; they are polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H or polyhydroxy ketones H[CHOH]nC(=O)[CHOH]mH with three or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides.

Binding to a disaccharide. Disaccharides are sugars composed of two monosaccharide units.

Binding to a quinone, any member of a class of diketones derivable from aromatic compounds by conversion of two CH groups into CO groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds.

Binding to ubiquinone, a quinone derivative with a tail of isoprene units.

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = CO2 + UDP-alpha-D-xylose.

The aggregation and bonding together of a set of components to form a focal adhesion, a complex of intracellular signaling and structural proteins that provides a structural link between the internal actin cytoskeleton and the ECM, and also function as a locus of signal transduction activity.

The process occurring in the embryo by which the anatomical structures of the post-embryonic eye are generated and organized.

The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. The eye is the organ of sight.

The developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell.

Establishment of a pattern of pigment in the eye of an organism.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism.

A form of programmed cell death that is accompanied by the formation of autophagosomes. Autophagic cell death is characterized by lack of chromatin condensation and massive vacuolization of the cytoplasm, with little or no uptake by phagocytic cells.

A change in morphology and behavior of an astrocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.

The multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells, resulting in the expansion of the fibroblast population.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells.

Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a cocaine stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of an ethanol stimulus.

Binding to tau protein. tau is a microtubule-associated protein, implicated in Alzheimer's disease, Down Syndrome and ALS.

A process that modulates synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.

A process that modulates neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.

A process that modulates long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change long-term as circumstances require. Long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increase or decrease in actual synapse numbers.

A process that modulates short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change in the short-term as circumstances require. Short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increasing or decreasing synaptic sensitivity.

A protein complex that acts as an activin receptor. Heterodimeric activin receptors, comprising one Type I activin receptor and one Type II receptor polypeptide, and heterotrimeric receptors have been observed.

A nonsteroidal regulator, composed of two covalently linked inhibin beta subunits, inhibin beta-A and inhibin beta-B (sometimes known as activin beta or activin/inhibin beta). There are three forms of activin complex, activin A, which is composed of 2 inhibin beta-A subunits, activin B, which is composed of 2 inhibin beta-B subunits, and activin AB, which is composed of an inhibin beta-A and an inhibin beta-B subunit.

A conserved protein complex that catalyzes methylation of histone H3. In Saccharomyces the complex contains Shg1p, Sdc1p, Swd1p, Swd2p, Swd3p, Spp1p, Bre2p, and the trithorax-related Set1p; in mammals it contains the catalytic subunit (SETD1A or SETD1B), WDR5, WDR82, RBBP5, ASH2L/ASH2, CXXC1/CFP1, HCFC1 and DPY30.

The directed movement of substances into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus, mediated by vesicles.

The evagination of the Golgi membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle.

The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes during transport to, from or within the Golgi apparatus; mediated by the addition of specific coat proteins, including COPI and COPII proteins and clathrin, to the membrane during vesicle formation.

The addition of specific coat proteins to Golgi membranes during the formation of transport vesicles.

The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes during transport from the trans-Golgi to the endosome.

The addition of COPI proteins and adaptor proteins to Golgi membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat.

The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes during transport from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the cis-Golgi.

The addition of COPII proteins and adaptor proteins to ER membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat.

The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a Golgi transport vesicle to the target lipid bilayer membrane.

The binding of specific proteins to the t-SNARE/v-SNARE/SNAP25 complex, by which the Golgi vesicle prefusion complex is stabilized.

The directed movement of substances from one Golgi cisterna to another, mediated by small transport vesicles.

Transport of a vesicle from the plasma membrane to the endosome.

Generation of the male gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a female gamete takes part in sexual reproduction.

The volume enclosed by the membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of genetic recombination within the telomere.

A process required for sperm to reach fertilization competence. Sperm undergo an incompletely understood series of morphological and molecular maturational processes, termed capacitation, involving, among other processes, protein tyrosine phosphorylation and increased intracellular calcium.

The directed movement of epinephrine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + phytanoyl-CoA = 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA + CO2 + succinate.

The movement of an eosinophil in response to an external stimulus.

The movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.

The directed movement of a lymphocyte in response to an external stimulus.

Assembly of the extracellular matrix fibers that enables the matrix to recoil after transient stretching.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lauric acid, a fatty acid with the formula CH3(CH2)10COOH. Derived from vegetable sources.

Any process in which small nucleolar RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Prevention of degradation of mRNA molecules. In the absence of compensating changes in other processes, the slowing of mRNA degradation can result in an overall increase in the population of active mRNA molecules.

Catalysis of the cleavage of a flap structure in DNA, but not other DNA structures; processes the ends of Okazaki fragments in lagging strand DNA synthesis.

Catalysis of the cleavage of a 3' flap structure in DNA, but not other DNA structures; processes the 3' ends of Okazaki fragments in lagging strand DNA synthesis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport.

Determination of asymmetry from the dorsal to the ventral side; as, the dorsoventral axis.

Determination of the identity of part of an organism or organ where those parts are of the type that occur in the dorsal region. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.

The process that results in the assembly of clathrin triskelia into the ordered structure known as a clathrin cage.

A multimeric enzyme complex composed of variable numbers of catalytic alpha subunits, and noncatalytic beta subunits. The beta subunits are believed to have a regulatory function. The enzyme complex catalyzes the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), which is the major methyl group donor, participating in the methylation of proteins, DNA, RNA, phospholipids, and other small molecules.

Binds to and modulates the activity of methionine adenosyltransferase.

Binding to mitogen-activated protein kinase p38, an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate from ATP to hydroxyl side chains on proteins in response to mitogen activation.

The initial attachment of a transport vesicle membrane to the target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane. Docking requires only that the two membranes come close enough for these proteins to interact and adhere.

The creation of two or more organelles by division of one organelle.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the alveolus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The alveolus is a sac for holding air in the lungs; formed by the terminal dilation of air passageways.

The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of an IgG isotype, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion between switch regions that reside 5' of the IgM and one of the IgG constant region gene segments in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgA isotypes.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgA isotypes.

Binding to a protein or protein complex in the presence of calcium.

The partitioning of organelles between daughter cells at cell division.

Any process that establishes the spatial arrangement of mitochondria between and within cells.

Any process that establishes the spatial arrangement of mitochondria within the cell.

The partitioning of Golgi apparatus between daughter cells at cell division.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesoderm are generated and organized.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a mesoderm cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm cell fate specification.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesendoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, mesendoderm development gives rise to both mesoderm and endoderm tissues.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a retinoic acid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway activity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway activity.

Any process that reduces the pH of the endosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the intermediate mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The intermediate mesoderm is located between the lateral mesoderm and the paraxial mesoderm. It develops into the kidney and gonads.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the intermediate mesoderm are generated and organized.

The process that gives rise to the intermediate mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an intermediate mesoderm cell.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell to attain its fully functional state.

A single or double lipid bilayer with any of several different proteinaceous coats that can associate with membranes. Membrane coats include those formed by clathrin plus an adaptor complex, the COPI and COPII complexes.

An endodeoxyribonuclease complex that resolves the 4-way DNA intermediates of a Holliday junction into two separate duplex DNA molecules. Can be branch-migration associated.

The complete process of formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell. Examples of this process are found in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.

Any process that prevents the collapse of stalled replication forks.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the autonomic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the enteric nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The enteric nervous system is composed of two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gallbladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the parasympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerves emerge cranially as pre ganglionic fibers from oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus and from the sacral region of the spinal cord. Most neurons are cholinergic and responses are mediated by muscarinic receptors. The parasympathetic system innervates, for example: salivary glands, thoracic and abdominal viscera, bladder and genitalia.

A vesicle-mediated transport process, in which the synaptic vesicle membrane constituents are retrieved from the presynaptic membrane on the axon terminal after neurotransmitter secretion by exocytosis. Synaptic vesicle endocytosis can occur via clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent mechanisms.

Binding to Roundabout (ROBO) receptor, a transmembrane receptor.

The process in which the identity of an animal organ is maintained. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the membrane surrounding a synaptic vesicle.

A complex of protein and RNA which facilitates translocation of proteins across membranes.

Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism.

Development of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.

The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant.

Catalysis of the transfer of a galactose residue from a donor molecule to an oligosaccharide, forming a beta-1,3-linkage.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of any organ involved in hematopoiesis (also known as hemopoiesis) or lymphoid cell activation over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Such development includes differentiation of resident cell types (stromal cells) and of migratory cell types dependent on the unique microenvironment afforded by the organ for their proper differentiation.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spleen over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spleen is a large vascular lymphatic organ composed of white and red pulp, involved both in hemopoietic and immune system functions.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thymus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thymus is a symmetric bi-lobed organ involved primarily in the differentiation of immature to mature T cells, with unique vascular, nervous, epithelial, and lymphoid cell components.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the bone marrow over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a steroid hormone stimulus.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pinocytosis. Pinocytosis is the process in which cells take in liquid material from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane. These vesicles then move into the cell and pass their contents to endosomes.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of pinocytosis. Pinocytosis is the process in which cells take in liquid material from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane. These vesicles then move into the cell and pass their contents to endosomes.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pinocytosis. Pinocytosis is the process in which cells take in liquid material from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane. These vesicles then move into the cell and pass their contents to endosomes.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized during embryonic development. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.

The process that determines the orientation of an anatomical structure with reference to an axis.

Morphogenesis, during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.

Morphogenesis, during the post-embryonic phase, of an animal tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis pertains to process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gut over time, from its formation to the mature structure during embryonic development. The gut is the region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the ectodermal digestive tract are generated and organized. The ectodermal digestive tract includes those portions of the digestive tract that are derived from ectoderm.

Development, taking place during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.

Development, taking place during the post-embryonic phase of an animal tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus.

The growth of a cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from one condition to another.

The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized during embryonic development.

The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The embryonic phase begins with zygote formation. The end of the embryonic phase is organism-specific. For example, it would be at birth for mammals, larval hatching for insects and seed dormancy in plants.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.

The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of somatic structures that will be used in the process of creating new individuals from one or more parents, from their formation to the mature structures.

The process, occurring above the cellular level, that is pertinent to the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. This includes the integrated processes at the level of tissues and organs.

The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectodermal gut over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, by which the anatomical structures of the ectodermal digestive tract are generated and organized.

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.

The increase in size or mass of a skeletal muscle. This may be due to a change in the fiber number or size.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle growth.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle growth.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of muscle development.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of developmental growth.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle tissue development.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle tissue development.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle tissue development.

The process in which the anatomical structures of muscle are generated and organized.

The process pertaining to the initial formation of an animal organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment. Organs are a natural part or structure in an animal or a plant, capable of performing some special action (termed its function), which is essential to the life or well-being of the whole. The heart and lungs are organs of animals, and the petal and leaf are organs of plants. In animals the organs are generally made up of several tissues, one of which usually predominates, and determines the principal function of the organ.

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.

The multiplication or reproduction of smooth muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.

The process in which the structures of a neuron are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a neuron.

The process in which outgrowths develop from the shafts of existing axons.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting.

Long distance growth of a single axon process involved in cellular development.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an axon injury stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon regeneration.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon regeneration.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sprouting of an injured axon.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sprouting of an injured axon.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in regeneration.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in regeneration.

The process in which nerve cells are generated. This includes the production of neuroblasts and their differentiation into neurons.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the cranial skeleton are generated and organized during the embryonic phase.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the neurocranium are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The neurocranium is the portion of the vertebrate skull surrounding the brain.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the viscerocranium are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The viscerocranium is the part of the skull comprising the facial bones.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized during the embryonic phase.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized.

The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an astrocyte. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oligodendrocyte. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons of neurons in the central nervous system.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a tissue are generated and organized.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the epidermis are generated and organized. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A gland is an organ specialised for secretion.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sebaceous gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an appendage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal muscle fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the semicircular canals are generated and organized.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pigment granule.

The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in an epithelial tube are generated and organized. A tube is a long hollow cylinder.

Steps required to form a membrane-bounded organelle into a pigment granule containing pigment. Maturation is a developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell or structure to attain its fully functional state.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal cell. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types.

Enables transmembrane transfer of calcium ions from an intracellular store to the cytosol on induction by increased calcium concentration.

The process in which sarcomeres are added in series within a fiber.

A small, subcellular membrane-bounded vesicle containing pigment and/or pigment precursor molecules. Pigment granule biogenesis is poorly understood, as pigment granules are derived from multiple sources including the endoplasmic reticulum, coated vesicles, lysosomes, and endosomes.

The reorganization or renovation of existing tissues. This process can either change the characteristics of a tissue such as in blood vessel remodeling, or result in the dynamic equilibrium of a tissue such as in bone remodeling.

A specialized region of the plasma membrane and cell cortex of a presynaptic neuron; encompasses a region of the plasma membrane where synaptic vesicles dock and fuse, and a specialized cortical cytoskeletal matrix.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensable for larval life.

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an animal organ to attain its fully functional state. An organ is a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a neuron projection are generated and organized. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendrite are generated and organized.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle maturation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle maturation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle maturation.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an erythrocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inner ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in axon guidance.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in axon guidance.

The process in which the anatomical structures of arterial blood vessels are generated and organized. Arteries are blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the body and its organs.

The process in which the anatomical structures of venous blood vessels are generated and organized. Veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the body and its organs to the heart.

The long distance growth of a single cell process, that is involved in the migration of an axon growth cone, where the migration is directed to a specific target site by a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the brain are generated and organized. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an anatomical structure from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neural nucleus from its initial condition to its mature state. A neural nucleus is an anatomical structure consisting of a discrete aggregate of neuronal soma.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a cell projection are generated and organized.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a leukemia inhibitory factor to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stem cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to its specific fate.

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a stem cell.

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a stem cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.

A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cell over time from an initial condition to a later condition.

Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the multicellular organism.

Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells.

The biological process involved in maintaining the steady-state number of cells within a population of free-living cells such as the bacteria in the gut.

Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a chemical.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sensory system over time from its formation to the mature structure.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mechanosensory lateral line system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mechanosensory lateral line system consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head and body of all fishes and most amphibians. The neuromasts are innervated by several lateral line nerves, which project primarily to the hindbrain. The mechanosensory lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral line over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lateral line consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head and body of all fishes and most amphibians. The lateral line develops from cranial ectodermal placodes situated behind the ear and between the eye and ear.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neuromast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neuromast is the sensory organ of the lateral line and is composed of a population of sensory hair cells, and nonsensory supporting cells and mantle cells. Neuromasts are located superficially on the epithelium or in lateral line canals.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuromast hair cell. Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the neuromast and are located in a portion of the neuromast called the sensory strip. Each hair cell of the neuromast is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. There are approximately seven hair cells within each neuromast, with each hair cell innervated by afferent and efferent neurons.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the posterior lateral line system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The posterior lateral line system develops from cranial ectodermal placodes, situated behind the ear, that give rise to both the neuromasts and the posterior lateral line sensory nerves that innervate the neuromasts. The posterior lateral line system consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head of all fishes and most amphibians. The neuromasts are innervated by several lateral line nerves, which project primarily to the hindbrain. The posterior mechanosensory lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the posterior lateral line over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The posterior lateral line consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the body and trunk of all fishes and most amphibians. The posterior lateral line develops from cranial ectodermal placodes situated behind the ear.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the posterior lateral line neuromast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neuromast is the sensory receptor of the anterior lateral line system and is composed of a population of sensory hair cells, and nonsensory supporting cells and mantle cells. Neuromast are located superficially on the epithelium or in lateral line canals.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a posterior lateral line neuromast hair cell. (N.B. This may be development of neuromast hair cell type or a set of cell of neuromast hair cell type. This will involve the change of a cell or set of cells from one cell identity to another). Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the neuromast and are located in a portion of the neuromast called the sensory strip. Each hair cell of the neuromast is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. There are approximately seven hair cells within each neuromast, with each hair cell innervated by afferent and efferent neurons.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral line system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lateral line system is a network of sensory organs (neuromasts) and lateral line nerves located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head and body of all fishes and most amphibians. The lateral line system develops from cranial ectodermal placodes situated between the eye and ear.

Any process in which a chromosome is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-fuconate = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-fuconate + H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-pipecolate + O2 = 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylate + H2O2 + H+. Delta1-piperideine-6-carboxylate is also known as 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylate.

Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + xylitol = L-xylulose + H+ + NADPH.

Catalysis of the reaction: leukotriene B4 + O2 + reduced [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] = 20-hydroxy-leukotriene B4 + H+ + H2O + oxidized [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase].

Catalysis of the reaction: a long-chain aldehyde + NAD+ = a long-chain carboxylate + NADH + H+. A long-chain aldehyde is one with more than 12 carbons.

Catalysis of the reaction: a long-chain aldehyde + CoA + NADP+ = a long-chain acyl-CoA + NADPH.

Catalysis of the reaction: 7-methylguanosine 5'-triphospho-5'-polynucleotide + H2O = 7-methylguanosine 5'-phosphate + polynucleotide.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-methionine + glyoxylate = 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate + glycine.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-gulonate + NAD+ = 3-dehydro-L-gulonate + H+ + NADH.

Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol + O2 = D-glucuronate + H2O + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: myosin light-chain phosphate + H2O = myosin light chain + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: N-acyl-D-glucosamine = N-acyl-D-mannosamine.

Catalysis of the reaction: N-acylneuraminate 9-phosphate + H2O = N-acylneuraminate + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: NADH + H+ + a quinone = NAD+ + a quinol.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nucleoside monophosphate = ADP + nucleoside diphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: a nucleotide + a 2'-deoxynucleoside = a nucleoside + a 2'-deoxynucleoside 5'-monophosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: a monoamide of a dicarboxylic acid + H2O = a dicarboxylate + NH3.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-ornithine = H2O + L-glutamate + 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate.

Catalysis of the reaction: keto-phenylpyruvate = enol-phenylpyruvate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + CoA + phytanate = AMP + diphosphate + H+ + phytanoyl-CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-fucose + ATP = beta-L-fucose 1-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: O-1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + donor-H2 + O2 = O-1-alk-1-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + acceptor + 2 H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + procollagen 5-hydroxy-L-lysine = UDP + procollagen 5-(D-galactosyloxy)-L-lysine.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + propanoate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + propanoyl-CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: prostaglandin H(2) = prostaglandin E(2).

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + retinol = CoA + retinyl ester.

Catalysis of the reaction: retinyl palmitate + H2O = retinol + palmitate + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + rhodopsin = ADP + phosphorhodopsin.

Catalysis of the reaction: N-ribosylnicotinamide + ATP = ADP + 2 H+ + nicotinamide mononucleotide.

Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1).

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + sedoheptulose = ADP + 2 H+ + sedoheptulose 7-phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + sphingomyelin = ceramide 1-phosphate + choline + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + sphingosine = CoA + N-acylsphingosine.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + a phenolic steroid = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + steroid O-sulfate.

Catalysis of the reaction: cholesteryl-beta-D-glucoside + H2O = D-glucose + cholesterol.

Catalysis of the reaction: sugar phosphate + H2O = sugar + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + sugar phosphorylated on the terminal carbon = a sugar + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + tau-protein = ADP + O-phospho-tau-protein.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + thiamine triphosphate = thiamine diphosphate + H+ + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: thymidylate + H2O = thymidine + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + N(6),N(6),N(6)-trimethyl-L-lysine + O2 = 3-hydroxy-N(6),N(6),N(6)-trimethyl-L-lysine + CO2 + succinate.

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde + ATP = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + inorganic triphosphate = diphosphate + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: nitric oxide + H2O + ferricytochrome c = nitrite + ferrocytochrome c + 2 H+.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, a naturally occurring mixed anhydride. It is an intermediate in the formation of a variety of sulfo compounds in biological systems.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, a naturally occurring mixed anhydride. It is an intermediate in the formation of a variety of sulfo compounds in biological systems.

Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1,2-diacylglycerol + choline phosphate. This reaction requires Ca2+.

Binding to TGF-beta, transforming growth factor beta, a multifunctional peptide that controls proliferation, differentiation and other functions in many cell types.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of catecholamines.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving amyloid-beta, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease, and its precursor, amyloid precursor protein (APP).

Binding to a microfibril, any small fibril occurring in biological material.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + phosphoethanolamine = acetaldehyde + NH4 + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + O2 = (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-(15S)-15-hydroperoxyicosa-5,8,11,13-tetraenoate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-alkyl-sn-glycerol + O2 + (tetrahydrobiopterin/tetrahydropteridine) = 1-hydroxyalkyl-sn-glycerol + H2O + (dihydrobiopterin/dihydropteridine).

The controlled release of arachidonic acid from a cell or a tissue.

Catalysis of the reaction: 5'-GMP + H2O = guanosine + phosphate.

Catalysis of the transfer of a hydroxyl group from one position to another within a single molecule.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-D-glucuronate + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = [beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)](n) + 2n UDP.

Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1,4)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-proteoglycan + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1,4)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-proteoglycan + UDP.

Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-proteoglycan + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1,3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-proteoglycan + UDP.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-(acyloxy)acyl group of bacterial toxin = 3-hydroxyacyl group of bacterial toxin + a fatty acid.

Binding to icosanoids, any C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids or their derivatives, including the leukotrienes and the prostanoids.

Binding to icosatetraenoic acid, any straight-chain fatty acid with twenty carbon atoms and four double bonds per molecule.

Binding to arachidonic acid, a straight chain fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms and four double bonds per molecule. Arachidonic acid is the all-Z-(5,8,11,14)-isomer.

Catalysis of the reaction: tRNA(Asx) + L-aspartate + ATP = aspartyl-tRNA(Asx) + diphosphate + AMP.

Catalysis of the reaction: tRNA(Glx) + L-glutamate + ATP = glutamyl-tRNA(Glx) + diphosphate + AMP.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamine + glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) + ATP = L-glutamate + glutaminyl-tRNA(Gln) + phosphate + ADP.

Catalysis of the reaction: protein L-glutamine + H2O = protein L-glutamate + NH3.

Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-L-fucose + NAD+ = GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose + NADH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + 4,4-dimethyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-beta-ol = NADPH + H+ + 4,4-dimethyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,14,24-trien-3-beta-ol.

Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + 5-alpha-cholest-7-en-3-beta-ol = NADPH + H+ + 5-alpha-cholesta-7,24-dien-3-beta-ol.

Catalysis of the reaction: 4,8,12-trimethyltridecanoyl-CoA + propanoyl-CoA = 3-oxopristanoyl-CoA + CoA.

Binding to 5-oxo-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-icosatetraenoic acid, a straight-chain fatty acid with twenty carbon atoms and four double bonds.

Binding to 5-hydroxy-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-icosatetraenoic acid, a straight-chain fatty acid with twenty carbon atoms and four double bonds.

Binding to 5(S)-hydroxyperoxy-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-icosatetraenoic acid, a straight-chain fatty acid with twenty carbon atoms and four double bonds.

Catalysis of the reaction: testosterone + donor-H2 + O2 = 6-beta-hydroxytestosterone + H2O.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, any glycoprotein whose glycosaminoglycan units are chondroitin sulfate. Chondroitin sulfates are a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues; the repeat units consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, any glycoprotein whose glycosaminoglycan units are dermatan sulfate (chondroitin sulfate B). Dermatan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units.

The elongation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan chains by alternate addition of N-acetylhexosamine and GlcUA residues to the GAG-protein linkage region tetrasaccharide of chondroitin sulfate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, any glycoprotein whose glycosaminoglycan units are chondroitin sulfate. Chondroitin sulfates are a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues; the repeat units consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, any glycoprotein whose glycosaminoglycan units are dermatan sulfate (chondroitin sulfate B). Dermatan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units.

Binding to 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), a naturally occurring mixed anhydride. It is an intermediate in the formation of a variety of sulfo compounds in biological systems.

The directed movement of nucleic acids, single or double-stranded polynucleotides involved in the storage, transmission and transfer of genetic information, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of RNA, ribonucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Catalysis of the reactions: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + dermatan = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + dermatan 6'-sulfate and 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + chondroitin = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + chondroitin 6'-sulfate.

Binding to FAD, flavin-adenine dinucleotide, the coenzyme or the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, in either the oxidized form, FAD, or the reduced form, FADH2.

Binding to nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; binding may be to either the oxidized form, NADP+, or the reduced form, NADPH.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an oxygen molecule.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid. Homocysteine is an important intermediate in the metabolic reactions of its S-methyl derivative, methionine.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation.

The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Epithelial cells make up the epithelium, the covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and other small cavities. It consists of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances.

The multiplication or reproduction of urothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Urothelial cells make up a layer of transitional epithelium in the wall of the bladder, ureter, and renal pelvis, external to the lamina propria.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of urothelial cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of urothelial cell proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.

Binding to an AF-2 protein domain, a highly conserved ligand-dependent transactivation domain which is essential for receptor-mediated transcriptional activation.

Binding to an AF-1 protein domain, a ligand-independent transactivation domain which is required for the full transcriptional activity of the receptor.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing, those processes involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into a mature mRNA prior to its translation into polypeptide.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of antiviral mechanisms, thereby facilitating viral replication.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the antiviral response of a cell or organism.

Any host process that results in the inhibition of antiviral immune response mechanisms, thereby facilitating viral replication. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Any host process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the antiviral response of a host cell or organism.

Binding to a protein's ligand binding domain (LBD) domain, found in nuclear receptors. In general, the LBDs consist of three layers comprised of twelve alpha-helices and several beta-strands that are organized around a lipophilic ligand-binding pocket.

Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyllactosamine + 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate = 3-sulfo-N-acetyllactosamine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate. N-acetyllactosamine residues are found in a number of different carbohydrate types. N-acetyllactosamine can also be written as Gal-beta-(1,4)-GlcNAc.

Binding to a WW domain of a protein, a small module composed of 40 amino acids and plays a role in mediating protein-protein interactions via proline-rich regions.

Binding to a CARD (N-terminal caspase recruitment) domain, a protein-protein interaction domain that belongs to the death domain-fold superfamily. These protein molecule families are similar in structure with each consisting of six or seven anti-parallel alpha-helices that form highly specific homophilic interactions between signaling partners. CARD exists in the N-terminal prodomains of several caspases and in apoptosis-regulatory proteins and mediates the assembly of CARD-containing proteins that participate in activation or suppression of CARD carrying members of the caspase family.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoproteins, any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoproteins, any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoproteins, any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the process in which phagocytes engulf external particulate material.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells in the nervous system.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis, the generation of an axon, the long process of a neuron.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite development.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.

Any process that decreases the stability of an RNA molecule, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes.

Binding to a RAGE receptor, the receptor for advanced glycation end-products.

Any process that reduce or remove the toxicity of mercuric ion. These include transport of mercury away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of mercury ion and/or reduction of mercury ion (Hg[II]) to metallic mercury (Hg[0]).

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the viral life cycle, the set of processes by which a virus reproduces and spreads among hosts.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.

The expansion of a T cell population following activation by an antigenic stimulus.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ions within an organism or cell. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.

Any process that modulates the physical form or the activity of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).

Any process that modulates the frequency or amplitude of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. Amplitude, in this case, refers to the change in postsynaptic membrane potential due to a single instance of synaptic transmission.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.

Any process that modulates the physical form of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.

Binding to a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) receptor.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acyl-CoA.

The process in which a fluid solution, or part of it, changes into a solid or semisolid mass.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation, the process in which a fluid solution, or part of it, changes into a solid or semisolid mass.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation.

Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation.

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-negative bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-positive bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a fungus that act to protect the cell or organism.

Enables the transfer of pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate, from one side of a membrane to the other.

The series of molecular signals initiated by progesterone binding to its receptor in the cytoplasm.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling, the process in which a cell uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B or T cell.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B- or T cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B- or T cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B- or T cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell activation, the change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell activation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a white adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in energy storage. White adipocytes have cytoplasmic lipids arranged in a unique vacuole.

A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of neurological system.

Any physiological process involved in changing the position of a multicellular organism or an anatomical part of a multicellular organism.

The movement of an organism or part of an organism using mechanoreceptors, the nervous system, striated muscle and/or the skeletal system.

The movement of an organism or part of an organism using mechanoreceptors, the nervous system, striated muscle and/or the skeletal system that can be controlled at will.

Any process in which an organism voluntarily modulates its posture, the alignment of its anatomical parts.

Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors.

The process that involves the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system.

The operation of the mind by which an organism becomes aware of objects of thought or perception; it includes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water within a tissue, organ, or a multicellular organism.

Any process in which nutrients are taken up from the contents of the intestine.

Any neural process required for an organism to sense and interpret the dimensions of a sensory experience: modality, location, intensity and affect.

Any process in which an emotional response is associated with a particular sensory stimulation.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism.

The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

Transient adhesive interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells lining blood vessels. Carbohydrates on circulating leukocytes bind selectins on the vessel wall causing the leukocytes to slow down and roll along the inner surface of the vessel wall. During this rolling motion, transitory bonds are formed and broken between selectins and their ligands. Typically the first step in cellular extravasation (the movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system, towards the site of tissue damage or infection).

The passage of a leukocyte between the tight junctions of endothelial cells lining blood vessels, typically the fourth and final step of cellular extravasation.

Any process pertaining to the functions of the nervous and muscular systems of an organism.

The series of events involved in sensory perception in which a sensory stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.

The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception.

The series of events involved in visual perception in which a light stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.

The series of events required for an organism to receive a gustatory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Gustation involves the direct detection of chemical composition, usually through contact with chemoreceptor cells. This is a neurological process.

The series of events involved in the perception of sound vibration in which the vibration is received and converted into a molecular signal.

The series of events involved in the perception of taste in which a gustatory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.

The series of events required to receive a bitter taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.

The series of events required to receive a sour taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.

The series of events required to receive a sweet taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.

The series of events required to receive an umami taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Umami taste is the savory taste of meats and other foods that are rich in glutamates. This is a neurological process.

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a chemical.

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of a chemical.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.

Any process that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.

Any process that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a pigmented cell, such as a melanocyte.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pigmented cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pigment cell differentiation.

The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory temperature stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.

The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory light stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.

The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory mechanical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.

The series of events required for an organism to receive a temperature stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Thermoception in larger animals is mainly done in the skin; mammals have at least two types of sensor, for detecting heat (temperatures above body temperature) and cold (temperatures below body temperature).

The series of events required for an organism to receive an orientational stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Equilibrioception refers to a combination of processes by which an organism can perceive its orientation with respect to gravity. In animals, stimuli come from labyrinth system of the inner ears, monitoring the direction of motion; visual stimuli, with information on orientation and motion; pressure receptors, which tell the organism which body surfaces are in contact with the ground; and proprioceptive cues, which report which parts of the body are in motion.

The series of events in which a temperature stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception.

The series of events in which a light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal as part of the sensory perception of light.

The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a temperature stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.

The series of events in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception.

The series of events by which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids.

Binding to a quaternary ammonium group, including glycine betaine, choline, carnitine and proline. A quaternary ammonium group is any compound that can be regarded as derived from ammonium hydroxide or an ammonium salt by replacement of all four hydrogen atoms of the NH4+ ion by organic groups.

Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase.

Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase.

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase.

Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase.

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase.

Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase.

The process in which a microtubule is broken down into smaller segments. Severing enzymes remove dimers from the middle of the filament to create new ends, unlike depolymerizing kinesins that use ATP to uncap microtubules at their ends.

The process in which an actin filament is broken down into smaller filaments.

Binding to an actin filament, also known as F-actin, a helical filamentous polymer of globular G-actin subunits.

The binding of a protein or protein complex to the barbed (or plus) end of an actin filament, thus preventing the addition, exchange or removal of further actin subunits.

The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness.

Binding to a GTPase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP.

The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of rRNA, ribosomal ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of snRNA, small nuclear ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of tRNA, transfer ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that modulates the volume of an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain (extracellular domain).

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane protein ectodomain peptidolysis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction.

Binding to NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters.

The controlled breakdown of the nuclear membranes, for example during cellular division.

The process of assisting in the correct noncovalent folding of newly formed polypeptides or folding intermediates of polypeptides that have exited the ribosome and/or have been stabilized and transferred by other chaperone proteins. This process could involve several cycles of ATP hydrolysis.

The process of assisting in the correct posttranslational noncovalent assembly of proteins, which is dependent on additional protein cofactors. This process occurs over one or several cycles of nucleotide hydrolysis-dependent binding and release.

The process of assisting in the correct noncovalent assembly of posttranslational proteins and does not depend on additional protein cofactors. This function occurs over one or more cycles of nucleotide-dependent binding and release.

Binding to a chaperone protein, a class of proteins that bind to nascent or unfolded polypeptides and ensure correct folding or transport.

The proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain that occurs constantly, regardless of environmental conditions or demands.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of helicase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the activity of a helicase.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.

Any process that stops or reduces the rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

The re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase, that contributes to DNA repair.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA ligation, the re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA ligation, the re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase.

Binding to an ATPase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP.

Enables the transfer of a sugar from one side of a membrane to the other. A sugar is any member of a class of sweet, water-soluble, crystallizable carbohydrates, which are the monosaccharides and smaller oligosaccharides.

Catalysis of the reaction: 12S-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-12-hydro(pero)xy-eicosa-5,8,10,14-tetraenoic acid = (5Z,9E,14Z)-(8,11R,12S)-11,12-epoxy-8-hydroxyicosa-5,9,14-trienoate. 12S-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-12-hydro(pero)xy-eicosa-5,8,10,14-tetraenoic acid is also known as 12S-HpETE, and (5Z,9E,14Z)-(8,11R,12S)-11,12-epoxy-8-hydroxyicosa-5,9,14-trienoate as hepoxilin A3.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving hepoxilins, a class of bioactive icosanoids with roles in the regulation of cell physiology.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hepoxilins, a class of bioactive icosanoids with roles in the regulation of cell physiology.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on an RNA polymerase II promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription by RNA polymerase.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin nucleation, the initial step in the formation of an actin filament in which actin monomers combine to form a new filament.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin nucleation, the initial step in the formation of an actin filament in which actin monomers combine to form a new filament.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin nucleation, the initial step in the formation of an actin filament in which actin monomers combine to form a new filament.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex, mediated by chaperone molecules that do not form part of the finished complex.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell activation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell activation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell activation.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: metal ion(in) + H+(out) = metal ion(out) + H+(in).

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell proliferation.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell; smooth muscle lacks transverse striations in its constituent fibers and are almost always involuntary.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a striated muscle cell; striated muscle fibers are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and voluntary muscle are types of striated muscle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose 6-phosphate, a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-6.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-xylitol, a five-carbon sugar alcohol derived from xylose by reduction of the carbonyl group.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-xylitol, a five-carbon sugar alcohol derived from xylose by reduction of the carbonyl group. It is as sweet as sucrose and is used as a noncariogenic sweetner and as a sugar substitute in diabetic diets.

The directed movement of substances into, out of, or within the nucleus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur or compounds containing sulfur.

The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the entire length of the chromosome during meiosis.

Any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported, tethered to or otherwise maintained in a specific location. In the case of substances, localization may also be achieved via selective degradation.

The directed movement of vitamins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A vitamin is one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a prosthetic group, the non-amino acid portion of certain protein molecules. Prosthetic groups may be inorganic or organic and are usually required for the biological activity of the protein.

The process that results in the incorporation of a protein into a mitochondrial membrane.

The process that results in the incorporation of a protein into a biological membrane. Incorporation in this context means having some part or covalently attached group that is inserted into the the hydrophobic region of one or both bilayers.

The process of binding or confining calcium ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.

The process in which calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus or mitochondria are released into the cytosolic compartment.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which both atoms of oxygen from one molecule of O2 are incorporated into the (reduced) product(s) of the reaction. The two atoms of oxygen may be distributed between two different products.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cartilage element over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage elements are skeletal elements that consist of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.

The selective interaction of a protein with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its transport into other areas of the cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart.

The controlled breakdown of the spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.

The controlled breakdown of the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart.

The cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the spindle.

The area in the center of the spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap.

Any process that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation.

Any process in which a cell, substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere.

The process of binding or confining metal ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a multicellular organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of a multicellular organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, any of the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA.

The cell cycle process in which aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle midzone. The spindle midzone is the area in the center of the spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap.

The cell cycle process in which the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components forms the spindle midzone.

The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein.

The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of component monomers; protein oligomers may be composed of different or identical monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.

The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.

The process in which protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers, are broken down. Depolymerization occurs by the successive removal of monomers from an existing poly- or oligomeric protein.

The formation of a protein tetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.

Catalysis of the reaction: mono-olein + mono-olein = diolein + glycerol. Mono-olein, also known as mono-oleoylglycerol, is the monoglyceride formed from oleic acid, 9-octodecenoic acid; diolein is also known as dioleoylglycerol.

Catalysis of the reaction: diolein + mono-olein = triolein + glycerol. Mono-olein, also known as mono-oleoylglycerol, is the monoglyceride formed from oleic acid, 9-octodecenoic acid; diolein is also known as dioleoylglycerol, and triolein as trioleoylglycerol and olein.

Catalysis of the reaction: ethanolamine phosphate + Man-alpha-(1,2)-Man-alpha-(1,2)-Man-alpha-(1,6)-R = Man-alpha-(1,2)-Man-alpha-6-P-EtN-(1,2)-Man-alpha-(1,6)-R; R is Man-alpha(1,4)-GlcNH2-inositol-PO4-lipid. This reaction is the transfer of ethanolamine phosphate to C6 of second mannose in the GPI lipid precursor CP2.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. This term covers covalent modifications at the molecular level as well as spatial relationships among the major components of a chromosome.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the binding or confining calcium ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the binding or confining calcium ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the binding or confining calcium ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.

Binding to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; binding may be to either the oxidized form, NAD+, or the reduced form, NADH.

The formation of a protein homotetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical subunits.

The formation of a protein heterotetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated subunits, of which not all are identical.

The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of component monomers that are not all identical. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a nuclear pore complex.

The directed movement of the spindle to a specific location in the cell.

Any process that set the alignment of spindle relative to other cellular structures.

The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of the meiotic spindle to a specific location in the cell occurs.

The replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.

The process in which duplicated centrosome components move away from each other. The centriole pair within each centrosome becomes part of a separate microtubule organizing center that nucleates a radial array of microtubules called an aster. The two asters move to opposite sides of the nucleus to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle.

The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells.

The cell cycle process in which paired chromosomes are detached from each other. Chromosome separation begins with the release of cohesin complexes from chromosomes; in budding yeast, this includes the cleavage of cohesin complexes along the chromosome arms, followed by the separation of the centromeric regions. Chromosome separation also includes formation of chromatid axes mediated by condensins, and ends with the disentangling of inter-sister catenation catalyzed by topoisomerase II (topo II).

The directed movement of chromosomes in the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles, mediated by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes.

The process in which sister chromatids are physically detached from each other during mitosis.

The alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate (spindle equator), a plane halfway between the poles of the spindle.

The cell cycle process in which spindle microtubules become physically associated with the proteins making up the kinetochore complex as part of mitotic metaphase plate congression.

Progression through the phases of the meiotic cell cycle, in which canonically a cell replicates to produce four offspring with half the chromosomal content of the progenitor cell via two nuclear divisions.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lyase activity, the catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ligase activity, the catalysis of the ligation of two substances with concomitant breaking of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate. Ligase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 6.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: nucleotide 3',5'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleotide 5'-phosphate.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: nucleotide 3',5'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleotide 5'-phosphate.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds.

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor.

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lyase activity, the catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond.

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of lyase activity, the catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ligase activity, the catalysis of the ligation of two substances with concomitant breaking of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered.

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered.

Binding to muscle isoforms of actinin. Muscle alpha-actinin isoforms are found in skeletal and cardiac muscle and are localized to the Z-disc.

Binding to a member of the FATZ family of proteins, filamin-, actinin-, and telethonin-binding proteins of the Z-disc of striated muscle. FATZ proteins are located in the Z-disc of the sarcomere and are involved in a complex network of interactions with other Z-band components.

Catalysis of the transfer of ethanolamine phosphate to a mannose residue in the GPI lipid precursor.

Binding to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.

Binding to epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.

Binding to norepinephrine, (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol), a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the kinetochore, a multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the kinetochore, a multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway.

Binding to alpha-actinin, one of a family of proteins that cross-link F-actin as antiparallel homodimers. Alpha-actinin has a molecular mass of 93-103 KDa; at the N-terminus there are two calponin homology domains, at the C-terminus there are two EF-hands. These two domains are connected by the rod domain. This domain is formed by triple-helical spectrin repeats.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor.

Binding to a Bcl-2 homology (BH) protein domain. Bcl-2-related proteins share homology in one to four conserved regions designated the Bcl-2 homology (BH) domains BH1, BH2, BH3 and BH4. These domains contribute at multiple levels to the function of these proteins in cell death and survival. Anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family have four BH domains (BH1-BH4). Pro-apoptotic members have fewer BH domains.

Any apoptotic process in a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system.

The series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated MAP kinase cascade relays a signal; MAP kinase cascades involve at least three protein kinase activities and culminate in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrosative stress stimulus. Nitrosative stress is a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of nitric oxide (NO) or the highly reactive oxidant peroxynitrite, which is produced following interaction of NO with superoxide anions.

Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of nitrogenous compounds which are dangerous or toxic. This includes the aerobic conversion of toxic compounds to harmless substances.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cortisol stimulus. Cortisol is the major natural glucocorticoid synthesized in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex; it affects the metabolism of glucose, protein, and fats and has appreciable mineralocorticoid activity. It also regulates the immune system and affects many other functions.

The 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, mediated by the microtubule organizing center.

Binding to corticotropin-releasing hormone, a polypeptide hormone involved in the stress response. It is released by the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary gland.

Binding to a phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) Binding to a phosphotyrosine-bindin domain.

Binding to a receptor for corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), a polypeptide hormone involved in the stress response. It is released by the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary gland.

Binding to a BH3 protein domain, present in Bcl-2 family members. The BH3 domain is a potent death domain and has an important role in protein-protein interactions and in cell death.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin transferase activity.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin transferase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin transferase activity.

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.

The multiplication or reproduction of myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of a myoblast cell population. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.

The orderly movement of a myoblast from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. A myoblast is a cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.

Any process that reduces the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.

Any process that modulates the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.

Any process that increases the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.

Any process in which a protein is maintained in the nucleus and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration within the nucleus, protein stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that escape the nucleus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of corticotropic hormone from a cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of corticotropic hormone from a cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of corticotropin hormone from a cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of cortisol from a cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of cortisol from a cell.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the cytosol of a cell or between the cytosol and its surroundings.

Any process that decreases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol.

Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol that occurs as part of a PLC-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway. G-protein-activated PLC hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol-bisphosphate (PIP2) to release diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol trisphosphate (IP3). IP3 then binds to calcium release channels in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to trigger calcium ion release into the cytosol.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a stress fiber, a bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a stress fiber, a bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly a stress fiber, a bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts.

The directed movement of adenine nucleotides, ATP, ADP, and/or AMP, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Binding to NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) proteins, a family of transcription factors. NFAT proteins have crucial roles in the development and function of the immune system.

Binding to an iron-sulfur cluster, a combination of iron and sulfur atoms.

Binding to a 2 iron, 2 sulfur (2Fe-2S) cluster; this cluster consists of two iron atoms, with two inorganic sulfur atoms found between the irons and acting as bridging ligands.

Binding to a 3 iron, 4 sulfur (3Fe-4S) cluster; this cluster consists of three iron atoms, with the inorganic sulfur atoms found between the irons and acting as bridging ligands. It is essentially a 4Fe-4S cluster with one iron missing.

Binding to a 4 iron, 4 sulfur (4Fe-4S) cluster; this cluster consists of four iron atoms, with the inorganic sulfur atoms found between the irons and acting as bridging ligands.

Binding to a cluster of atoms including both metal ions and nonmetal atoms, usually sulfur and oxygen. Examples include iron-sulfur clusters and nickel-iron-sulfur clusters.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving elastin, a glycoprotein which is randomly coiled and crosslinked to form elastic fibers that are found in connective tissue.

The directed movement of a keratinocyte, epidermal cells which synthesize keratin, from one site to another.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte migration.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte migration.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte migration.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving flavones, a class of pigmented plant compounds based on 2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (2-phenylchromone).

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the cytoplasm of a cell or between mitochondria and their surroundings.

Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in mitochondria.

Any process that decreases the concentration of calcium ions in mitochondria.

The modification of histone H3 by addition of one or more methyl groups to lysine at position 9 of the histone.

The modification of histone H3 by addition of one or more methyl groups to lysine at position 4 of the histone.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 4 of histone H3.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 9 of histone H3.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 4 of histone H3.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 4 of histone H3.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 9 of histone H3.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 9 of histone H3.

Catalysis of the beta-elimination of the 5' deoxyribose-5-phosphate at an abasic site in DNA where a DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase has already cleaved the C-O-P bond 3' to the apurinic or apyrimidinic site.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into a neuron or glial cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into a neuron or glial cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into a neuron or glial cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the catecholamine neurotransmitter dopamine into a cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of dopamine into a presynaptic neuron or glial cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of dopamine into a cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a folic acid stimulus.

The series of events in which a glucose stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methylglyoxal stimulus. Methylglyoxal is a 2-oxoaldehyde derived from propanal.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methylglyoxal, CH3-CO-CHO, the aldehyde of pyruvic acid.

A signaling process that contributes to a meiotic recombination checkpoint, that acts during late prophase I (pachytene) and prevents segregation of homologous chromosomes until recombination is completed, ensuring proper distribution of the genetic material to the gametes.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrostatic pressure stimulus. Hydrostatic pressure is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is at rest (as opposed to moving). The weight of the fluid above the object creates pressure on it.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus.

The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein as part of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by individual cells.

Any process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.

The series of events in which a stimulus is received by a cell or organism and converted into a molecular signal.

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a virus that act to protect the cell or organism.

The directed movement of histamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Histamine is a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.

The directed movement of serotonin into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin into a cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of serotonin into a cell.

The directed movement of histamine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Histamine is a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.

The directed movement of norepinephrine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine into a cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of norepinephrine into a cell.

The directed movement of epinephrine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Epinephrine is a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.

The directed movement of acetylcholine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.

The assembly of a network of actin filaments; actin filaments on different axes and with differing orientations are crosslinked together to form a mesh of filaments.

Any process in which an organelle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.

A cellular localization process whereby a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within a cell including the localization of substances or cellular entities to the cell membrane.

Any process in which a centrosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

Any process in which endoplasmic reticulum is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

Any process in which the Golgi is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

Any process in which a mitochondrion or mitochondria are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

Any process in which the nucleus is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

Any process in which a vesicle or vesicles are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.

Any process, occuring in a cell, that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation.

Any process in which a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is maintained in a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.

Any process in which is the spindle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.

The directed movement of the mitochondrion to a specific location.

Any process in which an organelle is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.

Any process in which a mitochondrion is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.

Any process in which a centrosome is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.

Any process in which nuclear pores are transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Any process in which membrane rafts are transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. Membrane rafts are small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes.

Any process in which a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within a membrane.

Any process in which the Golgi is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages, as carried out by individual cells.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages, as carried out by individual cells.

The binding of a protein or protein complex to the end of an actin filament, thus preventing the addition, exchange or removal of further actin subunits.

The removal of capping protein from the end of actin filaments to free the ends for addition, exchange or removal of further actin subunits.

The breakage of covalent bonds to detach lipid groups from a protein.

An interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association. The term host is used for the larger (macro) of the two members of a symbiosis; the various forms of symbiosis include parasitism, commensalism and mutualism.

An interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association. The term symbiont is used for the smaller (macro) of the two members of a symbiosis; the various forms of symbiosis include parasitism, commensalism and mutualism.

Any process in which an organism has an effect on an organism of the same species.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from another living organism.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the killing by an organism of cells in another organism.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the killing by an organism of cells in another organism.

The killing by an organism of a cell in another organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus by a cell and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell.

Catalysis of the reaction: inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: C-terminal protein amino acid methyl ester + H2O = protein amino acid + methanol.

Catalysis of the reaction: protein amino acid methyl ester + H2O = protein amino acid + methanol.

Enables the transfer of NAD from one side of a membrane to the other.

The process of removing one or more ADP-ribose residues from a protein.

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.

Catalysis of the reaction: NTP + 5'-dephosphopolynucleotide = NDP + 5'-phosphopolynucleotide. The polynucleotide may be DNA or RNA.

Catalysis of the reaction: NTP + 5'-dephospho-RNA = NDP + 5'-phospho-RNA.

Catalysis of the reaction: NTP + 5'-dephospho-DNA = NDP + 5'-phospho-DNA.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 5'-dephosphopolynucleotide = ADP + 5'-phosphopolynucleotide. The polynucleotide may be DNA or RNA.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 5'-dephospho-RNA = ADP + 5'-phospho-RNA.

Catalysis of the reaction: methyl-dCpdG DNA + H2O = dCpdG DNA + methanol. This reaction is the hydrolytic removal of the methyl group on the 5 position of cytosine in DNA.

Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + a monosaccharide 1-phosphate = diphosphate + UDP-monosaccharide.

The process in which two or more actin filaments are connected together by proteins that act as crosslinks between the filaments. The crosslinked filaments may be on the same or differing axes.

Catalysis of the reaction: inositol tetrakisphosphate + ATP = inositol pentakisphosphate + ADP.

Catalysis of the reaction: inositol trisphosphate + ATP = inositol tetrakisphosphate + ADP.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nitric-oxide synthase enzyme.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nitric oxide synthase enzyme.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nitric-oxide synthase enzyme.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating redox state. Redox state refers to the balance of oxidized versus reduced forms of electron donors and acceptors in an organelle, cell or organ; plastoquinone, glutathione (GSH/GSSG), and nicotinamide nucleotides (NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH) are among the most important.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell division.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell division.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a misfolded protein stimulus.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids with a chain length of less than C6.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving medium-chain fatty acids, any fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of timing of catagen, the regression phase of the hair cycle.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of timing of catagen, the regression phase of the hair cycle.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of timing of catagen, the regression phase of the hair cycle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + phosphate.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse structural plasticity. Synapse structural plasticity is a type of cytoskeletal remodeling; this remodeling is induced by stimuli that can lead to long term potentiation and it can be activity-dependent or -independent. Examples of cytoskeletal changes include the formation of new spines and increase in spine size; this can be accompanied by the insertion of greater numbers of glutamate (or other neurotransmitter) receptors into the post-synaptic membrane.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic structural plasticity.

The killing by an organism of a cell in its symbiont organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or processes of a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Binding to a glycolipid, any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic group such as an acylglycerol, a sphingoid, a ceramide (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate.

Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a modified lysine residue at position 36 of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.

The ubiquitination by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein. Ubiquitination occurs on the lysine residue by formation of an isopeptide crosslink.

Any process mediated by an organism that results in the death of cells in the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Any process in which a pigment granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

Binding to Hsp90 proteins, any of a group of heat shock proteins around 90kDa in size.

Binding to G-quadruplex DNA structures, in which groups of four guanines adopt a flat, cyclic Hoogsteen hydrogen-bonding arrangement known as a guanine tetrad. The stacking of guanine tetrads results in G-quadruplex DNA structures. G-quadruplex DNA can form under physiological conditions from some G-rich sequences, such as those found in telomeres, immunoglobulin switch regions, gene promoters, fragile X repeats, and the dimerization domain in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genome.

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of the mitochondrial membrane potential, the electric potential existing across the mitochondrial membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.

The process in which the potential difference across the mitochondrial membrane is reduced from its steady state level.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of focal adhesion formation, the establishment and maturation of focal adhesions.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of focal adhesion assembly, the establishment and maturation of focal adhesions.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of focal adhesion assembly, the establishment and maturation of focal adhesions.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase B signaling, a series of reactions mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase B signaling, a series of reactions mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase B signaling, a series of reactions mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B.

The process in which membrane potential decreases with respect to its steady-state potential, usually from negative potential to a more positive potential. For example, the initial depolarization during the rising phase of an action potential is in the direction from the negative steady-state resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the change in the membrane potential of the mitochondria from negative to positive.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the change in the membrane potential of the mitochondria from negative to positive.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the change in the membrane potential of the mitochondria from negative to positive.

The directed movement of pigment granules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of a pigment granule to a specific location.

Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' terminus of a double-stranded DNA molecule.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibrinolysis, an ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibrinolysis, an ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibrinolysis, an ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots.

Catalysis of the reaction: [protein]-dithol + ROOH = [protein]-disulfide + H2O + ROH.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the sensory perception of pain, the series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception, the series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal.

The directed movement of catecholamines, a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.

The directed movement of L-glutamate, the L-enantiomer of the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into a cell or organelle.

The directed movement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) into a cell or organelle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of catecholamine neurotransmitters into a neuron or glial cell.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of catecholamine neurotransmitters into a neuron or glial cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of catecholamine neurotransmitters into a neuron or glial cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of methotrexate, 4-amino-10-methylformic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Methotrexate is a folic acid analogue and a potent competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). Telomerases catalyze extension of the 3'- end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time using an internal RNA template that encodes the telomeric repeat sequence.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1).

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme telomerase, which catalyzes of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1).

The directed movement of phospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A lysophospholipid is a phospholipid that lacks one of its fatty acyl chains; it is an intermediate formed during digestion of dietary and biliary phospholipids.

Enables the directed movement of lysophospholipids from one side of a membrane to the other. A lysophospholipid is a phospholipid that lacks one of its fatty acyl chains; it is an intermediate formed during digestion of dietary and biliary phospholipids.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of spindle microtubules to the kinetochore.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of spindle microtubules to the kinetochore.

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate + acceptor = 2-oxoglutarate + reduced acceptor.

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to a carboxyl group on a protein.

Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

The process in which a host organism destabilizes an anatomical part or a cellular component of the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

The process in which a host organism destabilizes a symbiont membrane. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent to which it enters into the host organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.

Catalysis of the reaction: dimethylallyl diphosphate + tRNA = diphosphate + tRNA containing 6-dimethylallyladenosine.

Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont enzyme activity. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

The process in which a host organism effects a change in the enzyme activity of its symbiont organism.

Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of its symbiont's transcription.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.

Catalysis of the reaction: a diamine + H2O + O2 = a monoamine + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 5-phosphate + phosphate + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: lysophosphatidic acid + H2O = phosphate + monoacylglycerol.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving alditol phosphates, any phosphorylated polyhydric alcohol derived from the acyclic form of a monosaccharide by reduction of its aldehyde or keto group to an alcoholic group.

Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-retinol + NADP+ = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H+.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monoacylglycerol, any ester of glycerol in which any one of its hydroxyl groups has been acylated with a fatty acid, the other being non-esterified.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue and the base is a purine.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-leucine = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamatic acid.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-valine = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid + L-glutamatic acid.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-isoleucine = (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid + L-glutamic acid.

Catalysis of the reaction: GMP + diphosphate = guanine + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2'-O-methylcytosine.

The modification of an organic chemical by the conjugation of glucuronic acid. The substances resulting from glucuronidation are known as glucuronosides (or glucuronides) and are often much more water-soluble than the non-glucuronic acid-containing precursor.

The modification of a flavonoid by the conjugation of glucuronic acid. The resultant flavonoid glucuronosides are often much more water-soluble than the precursor.

The modification of a xenobiotic substance by the conjugation of glucuronic acid. The resultant glucuronosides are often much more water-soluble than the xenobiotic precursor, enabling efficient excretion.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages immediately 5' to an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP; also called abasic) site within a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule by creating internal breaks, generating a single-strand break with 5'-deoxyribose phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl ends.

Catalysis of the reaction: fatty acid + O2 + 2 NADPH + H+ = fatty acid with in-chain hydroxy group + 2 NADP+ + H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: choline phosphate + H2O = choline + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: O-phosphoethanolamine + H2O = ethanolamine + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 3-methylcytosine.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a phosphatidylinositol = ADP + a phosphatidylinositol phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol trisphosphate + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol monophosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: inositol phosphate(n) + H2O = inositol phosphate(n-1) + phosphate. This reaction is the removal of a phosphate group from an inositol phosphate.

The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into inositol. Inositol is the cyclic alcohol 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, which is widely distributed in nature and acts as a growth factor in animals and microorganisms.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-(2->3)-glycosidic linkages of terminal sialic residues in substrates.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-(2->8)-glycosidic linkages of terminal sialic residues in substrates.

Catalysis of the transfer of sialyl residues alpha-2,3-linked to a beta galactosyl residue on the donor to form an alpha-2,3 linkage to a terminal beta galactosyl residue on the acceptor.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving imidazoles, five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of imidazoles, five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 5-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate = ADP + a phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: a medium-chain aldehyde + NAD+ = a medium-chain carboxylate + NADH + H+. Medium-chain aldehydes have a chain length of between 8 and 12 carbons.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a medium-chain acyl-CoA = a medium-chain carboxylate + CoA. A medium chain is a chain of between eight and twelve carbons in length.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a long-chain acyl-CoA = a long-chain carboxylate + CoA. A long chain is a chain of greater than 12 carbons in length.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a very long chain acyl-CoA = a very long chain carboxylate + CoA. A very long chain has chain length greater than C18.

Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol phosphate + H2O = myo-inositol + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: diphospho-1D-myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol pentakisphosphate + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: diphospho-1D-myo-inositol pentakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol hexakisphosphate + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 Fe3+-siderophore + NADP+ + H+ -> 2 Fe2+-siderophore + NADPH.

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl phosphate + peptidyl-L-lysine = phosphate + peptidyl-N6-acetyl-L-lysine.

Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol phosphate(n) + H2O = phosphatidylinositol phosphate(n-1) + phosphate. This reaction is the removal of a phosphate group from a phosphatidylinositol phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonic acid + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 20-HETE + NADP+ + H2O. Arachidonic acid is also known as (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid, and 20-HETE is also known as (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-20-hydroxyicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid.

Catalysis of the reaction: tocopherol + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 13'-hydroxy-tocopherol + NADP+ + H2O .

Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-tocopherol + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 13'-hydroxy-alpha-tocopherol + NADP+ + H2O .

Catalysis of the reaction: tocotrienol + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 13'-hydroxy-tocotrienol + NADP+ + H2O .

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + all-trans-retinyl palmitate = 11-cis-retinol + H+ + palmitate.

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a flavin.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanine(9) in tRNA = N(1)-methylguanine(9) in tRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle cell development does not include the steps involved in committing an unspecified cell to the muscle cell fate.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle cells contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. A cardiac cell is a cell that will form part of the cardiac organ of an individual.

The process in which a cardiac muscle precursor cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.

The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac muscle tissue are generated and organized.

The process in which the anatomical structure of cardiac atrium muscle is generated and organized.

The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac ventricle muscle is generated and organized.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state.

The increase in size or mass of a cardiac muscle, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.

Arrays of microtubules underlying and connected to the plasma membrane in the cortical cytosol.

A protein complex, located in the nucleus, that possesses DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity.

An organelle consisting of a network of tubules that functions in targeting molecules, such as receptors transporters and lipids, to the plasma membrane.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart, in the absence of centrosomes. Formation is initiated by the nucleation of microtubules (MTs) in the vicinity of condensed chromatin. MTs then attach to and congress around the chromatin due to activity of microtubule motors. A bipolar spindle is formed by focusing of the terminal ends of the MT array into spindle poles by molecular motors and cross-linking proteins.

Enables the transfer of the D-enantiomer of the hexose monosaccharide glucose from one side of a membrane to the other.

The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into daughter cells. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.

The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into two daughter cells with different developmental potentials.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of phosphate ions within an organism or cell.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of chloride ions within an organism or cell.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of metal ions within an organism or cell.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of zinc ions within an organism or cell.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of copper ions within an organism or cell.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of iron ions within an organism or cell.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cadmium ions within an organism or cell.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within an organism or cell.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of potassium ions within an organism or cell.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of transition metal ions within an organism or cell. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.

A wide pore channel activity that enables the transport of a solute across a membrane via a gap junction hemi-channel. Two gap junction hemi-channels coupled together form a complete gap junction.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sodium ions within an organism or cell.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cations within an organism or cell. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are cations consisting of exactly one atom.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of anions within an organism or cell. Monatomic anions (also called simple anions) are anions consisting of exactly one atom.

Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a chemical at the level of the cell.

The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.

The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide.

A protein complex that regulates RNA degradation by the exosome complex. In Saccharomyces the complex has a heterotetrameric stoichiometry consisting of one copy each of Ski2p and Ski3 and two copies of Ski8p.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of lipid within an organism or cell.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of fatty acid within an organism or cell.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of acylglycerol within an organism or cell.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of phospholipid within an organism or cell.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sterol within an organism or cell.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating increased oxygen tension.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipoprotein particle stimulus.

The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a lipoprotein particle.

The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of low-density lipoprotein particle.

Binding to adiponectin, a protein hormone produced by adipose tissue that modulates a number of metabolic processes, including glucose regulation and fatty acid catabolism.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a lipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a lipid.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a ubiquitin-protein transferase.

Binds to and modulates the activity of a ubiquitin-protein transferase, an enzyme that catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to lysine in a substrate protein.

The expansion of one cell sheet over other cells involved in deuterostomic gastrulation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction.

The process in which the extent of cardiac muscle contraction is reduced.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive system is the entire structure in which digestion takes place. Digestion is all of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-proline, an L-enantiomer of a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-alanine, the D-enantiomer of the amino acid alanine.

Binding to a C3HC4-type zinc finger domain of a protein. The C3HC4-type zinc finger is a variant of RING finger, is a cysteine-rich domain of 40 to 60 residues that coordinates two zinc ions, and has the consensus sequence: C-X2-C-X(9-39)-C-X(1-3)-H-X(2-3)-C-X2-C-X(4-48)-C-X2-C, where X is any amino acid. Many proteins containing a C3HC4-type RING finger play a key role in the ubiquitination pathway.

A motor activity that generates movement along a microfilament towards the plus end, driven by ATP hydrolysis. The minus end of an actin filament is the end that does not preferentially add actin monomers.

The directed movement of copper ions out of a cell or organelle.

The vesicular release of glycine from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of glycine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the parathyroid gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The parathyroid gland is an organ specialised for secretion of parathyroid hormone.

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the roof of the mouth from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The roof of the mouth is the partition that separates the nasal and oral cavities.

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hard palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. The hard palate is the anterior portion of the palate consisting of bone and mucous membranes.

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the soft palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. The soft palate is the posterior portion of the palate extending from the posterior edge of the hard palate.

The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis.

The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis usually resulting in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.

The developmental process in which an anatomical stucture is destroyed as a part of its normal progression.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pharyngeal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pharyngeal system is a transient embryonic complex that is specific to vertebrates. It comprises the pharyngeal arches, bulges of tissues of mesoderm and neural crest derivation through which pass nerves and pharyngeal arch arteries. The arches are separated internally by pharyngeal pouches, evaginations of foregut endoderm, and externally by pharyngeal clefts, invaginations of surface ectoderm. The development of the system ends when the stucture it contributes to are forming: the thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, maxilla, mandible, aortic arch, cardiac outflow tract, external and middle ear.

The expansion of a cardiac muscle cell population by cell division.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pericardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pericardium is a double-walled sac that contains the heart and the roots of the aorta, vena cava and the pulmonary artery.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.

The process in which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the acrosome reaction.

The multicellular organismal process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein glycosylation. Protein glycosylation is the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the glycosylation of one or more amino acid residues within a protein. Protein glycosylation is the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation, contributing to the restoration of integrity to a damaged tissue following an injury.

Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.

The process in which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized in a camera-type eye during the embryonic life stage.

Formation of the specialized region on the dorsalmost side of the embryo that acts as the main signaling center establishing the vertebrate body plan.

The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the uterus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of potassium by a channel with a unit conductance of 100 to 220 picoSiemens that opens in response to stimulus by concerted actions of internal calcium ions and membrane potential. Large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels are less sensitive to calcium than are small or intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.

The regulation of body fluids process in which parasympathetic nerves stimulate the bladder wall muscle to contract and expel urine from the body.

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a resting potential, the electrical charge across the plasma membrane, with the interior of the cell negative with respect to the exterior. The resting potential is the membrane potential of a cell that is not stimulated to be depolarized or hyperpolarized.

A synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell increases the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell.

The process in which membrane potential increases with respect to its steady-state potential, usually from negative potential to a more negative potential. For example, during the repolarization phase of an action potential the membrane potential often becomes more negative or hyperpolarized before returning to the steady-state resting potential.

The process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in the urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue involved in the expulsion urine from the body.

The process of communication from a neuron to a smooth muscle in the bladder that contributes to the expulsion of urine from the body.

A compound molecular function in which an effector function is controlled by one or more regulatory components.

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two or more molecules through a selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric interaction, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of growth hormone from a cell.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of growth hormone from a cell.

The process in which a startle magnitude is reduced when the startling stimulus is preceded by a low-intensity prepulse.

A reproductive process occurring in the mother that allows an embryo or fetus to develop within it.

A reproductive process occurring in the embryo or fetus that allows the embryo or fetus to develop within the mother.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inactivation of gene expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inactivation of gene expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the inactivation of gene expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism.

Any process in which a peroxisome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. A peroxisome is a small membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.

The microtubule-based process in which a peroxisome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. A peroxisome is a small membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a platelet dense granule. A platelet dense granule is an electron-dense granule occurring in blood platelets that stores and secretes adenosine nucleotides and serotonin. They contain a highly condensed core consisting of serotonin, histamine, calcium, magnesium, ATP, ADP, pyrophosphate and membrane lysosomal proteins.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urinary bladder over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The urinary bladder is an elastic, muscular sac situated in the anterior part of the pelvic cavity in which urine collects before excretion.

A phospholipase C-activating receptor G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by dopamine binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a dopamine receptor signaling pathway activity. A dopamine receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dopamine receptor protein signaling pathway activity. A dopamine receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the dopamine receptor protein signaling pathway. A dopamine receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the adenosine receptor signaling pathway. The adenosine receptor pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adenosine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the adenosine receptor signaling pathway. The adenosine receptor pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adenosine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the adenosine receptor signaling pathway. The adenosine receptor pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adenosine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. Examples include legs, arms or some types of fin.

The process pertaining to the initial formation of a limb bud from unspecified parts. This process begins with the formation of a local condensation of mesenchyme cells within the prospective limb field, and ends when a limb bud is recognizable.

Combining with a brain-derived neurotrophic factor and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving angiotensin.

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by apelin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipase activity, the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of lipase activity, the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipase activity, the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.

The separation of the single opening of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts, the cloaca, into multiple isolated openings during development.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of poly(A) tail shortening of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA. Poly(A) tail shortening is the decrease in length of the poly(A) tail of an mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of poly(A) tail shortening of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA. Poly(A) tail shortening is the decrease in length of the poly(A) tail of an mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of poly(A) tail shortening of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA. Poly(A) tail shortening is the decrease in length of the poly(A) tail of an mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hematopoietic stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell in a camera-type eye.

Binds to and increases the activity of phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase.

Binds to and increases the activity of a lipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a lipid.

Binds to and increases the activity of a lipoprotein lipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a lipid within a lipoprotein.

A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell.

The process of negative regulation of cell adhesion that results in a cell or sheet of cells splitting off from an existing epithelial sheet.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.

The series of events in which information about the density of cells in a population is received by direct cell-cell contact and is converted into a molecular signal, resulting in the cessation of cell growth or proliferation.

The negative regulation of cell growth in response to increased cell density.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation in response to cell density.

The series of events in which information about the density of cells in a population is received and converted into a molecular signal.

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined anatomical structure of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.

Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the behavior associated with the intake of food.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a process involved in starting transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a process involved in starting transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.

Any process that increases the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.

Any process that decreases the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.

The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.

The process in which the anatomical structures of skeletal joints are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. A skeletal joint is the connecting structure between the bones of the skeleton.

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.

Any process that decreases the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.

Cell motility due to the motion of one or more eukaryotic cilia. A eukaryotic cilium is a specialized organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.

The movement of cilia of epithelial cells of the Left Right Organizer (LRO), also referred to as the node in mouse or the Kupffer's vesicle in zebrafish, resulting in the leftward fluid flow across the LRO and generation or transport of a signal which determines asymmetry in an organism's body plan with respect to the left and right halves.

The conversion of a differentiated cell of one fate into a differentiated cell of another fate without first undergoing cell division or reversion to a more primitive or stem cell-like fate.

A process that modulates synaptic plasticity such that synapses are changed resulting in the increase in the rate, or frequency of synaptic transmission at the synapse.

Movement of cilia mediated by motor proteins that contributes to the movement of a cell.

Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of cilium movement involved in ciliary motility.

Any process that modulates the frequency of cilium beating involved in ciliary motility.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the activity of a molecule that controls the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the activity of a molecule that controls the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reaction involving the removal of one or more phosphate groups from a phosphatidylinositol.

Any process that modulates the diameter of a cell, the length of a line segment that crosses through the center of a circular section through a cell.

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential, usually from positive to negative.

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential in a ventricular cardiomyocyte.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of elastin. Elastin is a glycoprotein which is randomly coiled and crosslinked to form elastic fibers that are found in connective tissue.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of elastin catabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of elastin.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of elastin catabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of elastin.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of blood vessel remodeling, the reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of blood vessel remodeling, the reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels.

Any process that modulates the activity of a ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel. The ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel catalyzes the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when a ryanodine class ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Any process that decreases the activity of a ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel. The ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel catalyzes the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when a ryanodine class ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Any process that increases the activity of a ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel. The ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel catalyzes the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when a ryanodine class ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

A transition where a cardiac epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a head from an initial condition to its mature state. The head is the anterior-most division of the body.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the head are generated and organized. The head is the anterior-most division of the body.

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the face are generated and organized. The face is the ventral division of the head.

The directed movement of a motile cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).

The actin filament-based movement by which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in a contraction that propels the cell from one place to another.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a response to type II interferon (interferon-gamma). Response to interferon gamma is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a response to type II interferon (interferon-gamma). Response to interferon gamma is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a response to type II interferon (interferon-gamma). Response to interferon gamma is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus.

The series of molecular signals initiated by interferon-gamma binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of an interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of an interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of an interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway.

The series of molecular signals initiated by type I interferon binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in a specific location within or in the membrane of a cell.

The membrane surrounding the inner segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor. The photoreceptor inner segment contains mitochondria, ribosomes and membranes where opsin molecules are assembled and passed to be part of the outer segment discs.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of bone over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Bone is the hard skeletal connective tissue consisting of both mineral and cellular components.

The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of initial cartilaginous anlage into bone.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones.

The appearance of a cell adhesion molecule due to biosynthesis or secretion.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cell adhesion molecule production. Cell adhesion molecule production is the appearance of a cell adhesion molecule as a result of its biosynthesis or a decrease in its catabolism.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cell adhesion molecule production. Cell adhesion molecule production is the appearance of a cell adhesion molecule as a result of its biosynthesis or a decrease in its catabolism.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of cell adhesion molecule production. Cell adhesion molecule production is the appearance of a cell adhesion molecule as a result of its biosynthesis or a decrease in its catabolism.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of leucine import. Leucine import is the directed movement of leucine into a cell or organelle.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of leucine import. Leucine import is the directed movement of leucine into a cell or organelle.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ammonium stimulus.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway..

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway.

The process of causing a cell to become susceptible to T cell mediated cytotoxicity.

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the depolarizing direction away from the resting potential in an atrial cardiomyocyte.

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential in an atrial cardiomyocyte.

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the depolarizing direction away from the resting potential in a ventricular cardiomyocyte.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac myoblast. A cardiac myoblast is a precursor cell that has been committed to a cardiac muscle cell fate but retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of binding to single-stranded telomeric DNA.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of single-stranded telomeric DNA binding.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of DNA strand elongation. DNA strand elongation is the DNA metabolic process in which an existing DNA strand is extended by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of DNA strand elongation. DNA strand elongation is the DNA metabolic process in which an existing DNA strand is extended by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand.

The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a pathway restricted SMAD protein. A pathway restricted SMAD protein is an effector protein that acts directly downstream of the transforming growth factor family receptor.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of SMAD protein signal transduction. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of SMAD protein signal transduction. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the SMAD protein signaling pathway. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.

An intracellular signal transduction process that starts with the activation of a SMAD protein, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell, for e. g. transcription. SMAD proteins are activated by protein serine/threonine kinase cell surface receptors.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of growth hormone receptor binding to its physiological ligand.

The process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) are activated by members of the JAK (janus activated kinase) family of tyrosine kinases, following the binding of physiological ligands to the growth hormone receptor. Once activated, STATs dimerize and translocate to the nucleus and modulate the expression of target genes.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the growth hormone receptor signaling pathway. The growth hormone receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of growth hormone receptor binding to its physiological ligand.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the growth hormone receptor signaling pathway. The growth hormone receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of growth hormone receptor binding to its physiological ligand.

The process in which the anatomical structure of a cardiac septum is generated and organized. A cardiac septum is a partition that separates parts of the heart.

The developmental process in which a ventricular septum is generated and organized. A ventricular septum is an anatomical structure that separates the lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart from one another.

The developmental process in which atrial septum is generated and organized. The atrial septum separates the upper chambers (the atria) of the heart from one another.

The process in which the structure of the smooth muscle tissue surrounding the aorta is generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.

The process in which the anatomical structures of muscle tissue are generated and organized. Muscle tissue consists of a set of cells that are part of an organ and carry out a contractive function.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth hormone stimulus. Growth hormone is a peptide hormone that binds to the growth hormone receptor and stimulates growth.

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart.

Any process that increases the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a peptidyl-dipeptidase. Peptidyl-dipeptidase activity catalyzes the release of C-terminal dipeptides from a polypeptide chain.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the lung are generated and organized.

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung vasculature from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lung vasculature and ends with the mature structure. The lung vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs.

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung epithelium from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung epithelium and ends with the mature structure. The lung epithelium is the specialized epithelium that lines the inside of the lung.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung saccule from an initial condition to its mature state. The lung saccule is the primitive gas exchange portion of the lung composed of type I and type II cells.

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bronchus from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the bronchus and ends with the mature structure. The bronchus is the portion of the airway that connects to the lungs.

The increase in size or mass of a lung. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a trachea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches.

The process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched epithelial tubes of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.

The process in which anatomical structures of the mammary gland are generated and organized. Morphogenesis refers to the creation of shape. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.

The process in which a region of the lung epithelium initiates an outgrowth.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pharynx from an initial condition to its mature state. The pharynx is the part of the digestive system immediately posterior to the mouth.

The process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol after fertilization or the physiological activation of an egg.

A secretory vesicle that is stored under the cell membrane of an egg. These vesicles fuse with the egg plasma membrane as part of egg activation and are part of the block to polyspermy.

The process in which the controlled movement of a flagellated sperm cell is initiated as part of the process required for flagellated sperm to reach fertilization competence.

The calcium ion regulated exocytosis which results in fusion of the acrosomal vesicle with the plasma membrane of the sperm as part of the acrosome reaction.

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung-associated mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung-associated mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Lung-associated mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the lung.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesenchymal tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A mesenchymal tissue is made up of loosely packed stellate cells.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell projection assembly.

Any process that increases the rate or frequency of epithelial cell proliferation that results in the lung attaining its shape.

The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the lung.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a prostate gland are generated and organized.

The process in which the anatomical structures of cartilage are generated and organized.

The progression of muscle tissue over time, from its initial formation to its mature state. Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers.

The progression of a skeletal muscle organ over time from its initial formation to its mature state. A skeletal muscle organ includes the skeletal muscle tissue and its associated connective tissue.

The progression of the diaphragm over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle that is responsible for contraction and expansion of the lungs.

The progression of the respiratory system over time from its formation to its mature structure. The respiratory system carries out respiratory gaseous exchange.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of strand invasion. Strand invasion is the process in which the nucleoprotein complex (composed of the broken single-strand DNA and the recombinase) searches and identifies a region of homology in intact duplex DNA. The broken single-strand DNA displaces the like strand and forms Watson-Crick base pairs with its complement, forming a duplex in which each strand is from one of the two recombining DNA molecules.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a necroptotic process, a necrotic cell death process that results from the activation of endogenous cellular processes, such as signaling involving death domain receptors or Toll-like receptors.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a necroptotic process, a necrotic cell death process that results from the activation of endogenous cellular processes, such as signaling involving death domain receptors or Toll-like receptors.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a necroptotic process, a necrotic cell death process that results from the activation of endogenous cellular processes, such as signaling involving death domain receptors or Toll-like receptors.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of necrotic cell death. Necrotic cell death is a cell death process that is morphologically characterized by a gain in cell volume (oncosis), swelling of organelles, plasma membrane rupture and subsequent loss of intracellular contents.

Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + H2O = D-fructose 6-phosphate + phosphate.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + H2O = D-fructose 6-phosphate + phosphate.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolism. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolism is the chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, also known as FBP. The D enantiomer is a metabolic intermediate in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolism. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolism is the chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, also known as FBP. The D enantiomer is a metabolic intermediate in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of a vitamin D biosynthetic process. Vitamin D biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a vitamin D biosynthetic process. Vitamin D biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity. Calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity is catalysis of the reaction: calcidiol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = calcitriol + NADP+ + H2O.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity. Calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: calcidiol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = calcitriol + NADP+ + H2O.

The increase in size or mass of an anatomical structure that contributes to the structure attaining its shape.

Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an anatomical structure.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from an epithelium. Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system.

The process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of DNA-templated transcription termination, the process in which transcription is completed; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of DNA-dependent transcription termination, the process in which transcription is completed; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process in which the anatomical structure of the pulmonary venous blood vessels are generated and organized. Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the lungs to the heart.

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a ventral spinal cord interneuron. Ventral spinal cord interneurons are cells located in the ventral portion of the spinal cord that transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons and are required for reflexive responses.

The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells within a field of cells that will exhibit a certain pattern of differentiation. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a developmental field resulting in specification of a cell type. Those signals are then interpreted in a cell-autonomous manner resulting in the determination of the cell type.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + donor-H2 + 2 O2 = prostaglandin H2 + acceptor + H2O.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + donor-H2 + 2 O2 = prostaglandin H2 + acceptor + H2O.

Any process involved in the maintenance of the distribution of iron stores within tissues and organs of a multicellular organism.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of lipoprotein lipid oxidation. Lipoprotein lipid oxidation is the modification of a lipoprotein by oxidation of the lipid group.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of lipoprotein lipid oxidation. Lipoprotein lipid oxidation is the modification of a lipoprotein by oxidation of the lipid group.

Binds to and modulates the activity of an ATP hydrolysis activity.

The process in which a mesenchymal cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondroblast. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a chondroblast fate. A chondroblast is a precursor cell to chondrocytes.

The process pertaining to the initial formation of the mammary gland from unspecified parts. The process begins with formation of the mammary line and ends when the solid mammary bud invades the primary mammary mesenchyme.

The regionalization process in which the mammary line is specified. The mammary line is a ridge of epidermal cells that will form the mammary placodes.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a fibroblast growth factor to its receptor on the surface of al cell in the epidermis resulting in the formation of the mammary line. The mammary line is a ridge of epidermal cells that will form the mammary placodes.

The growth process in which a branch increases in length from its base to its tip.

Creation of the central hole of a tube in an anatomical structure by sealing the edges of an epithelial fold.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of adipose tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Adipose tissue is specialized tissue that is used to store fat.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cholesterol import. Cholesterol import is the directed movement of cholesterol into a cell or organelle.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cholesterol import. Cholesterol import is the directed movement of cholesterol into a cell or organelle.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of chromosome condensation, the progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of vesicle-mediated transport, the directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport, the directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of homologous chromosome segregation, the cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the first division of the meiotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner; this pairing off, referred to as synapsis, permits genetic recombination. One homolog (both sister chromatids) of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of microtubule-based movement, the movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a process involved in starting transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a mesenchymal cell to an epithelial cell where it is received and interpreted.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized epithelial cell becomes a more specialized epithelial cell of the mammary gland.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis as a result of signals being generated by the mesenchyme and received and interpreted by the salivary gland epithelium.

The process in which the ureteric bud is generated and organized.

The developmental growth in which the ureteric bud grows along its axis beginning with the growth of the primary ureteric bud and ending when the branches of the bud have elongated.

Any process that results in the transfer of information from an epithelial cell to a mesenchymal cell where it is interpreted.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching morphogenesis in the salivary gland epithelium.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cholesterol transporter activity.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cholesterol transporter activity.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of phospholipid catabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of phospholipid catabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of endoribonuclease.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of ribonuclease activity, catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in chains of RNA.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of ribonuclease activity, catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in chains of RNA.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of deoxyribonuclease.

The process in which the spongiotrophoblast layer of the placenta progresses from its formation to its mature state.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of intestinal epithelial structure maintenance, a tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of the structure of the intestinal epithelium.

Any process the increases the rate, frequency or extent of intestinal epithelial structure maintenance, a tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of the structure of the intestinal epithelium.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of inositol phosphate biosynthesis. Inositol phosphate biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of eIF2 alpha phosphorylation as a cellular response to double-stranded RNA.

Any process that results in the transfer of information from an epithelial cell to a mesenchymal cell where it is interpreted and contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time.

The process in which the prostate gland stroma is generated and organized. The prostate gland stroma is made up of the mesenchymal or fibroblast cells of the prostate gland.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell chemotaxis. Mast cell chemotaxis is the movement of a mast cell in response to an external stimulus.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell chemotaxis. Mast cell chemotaxis is the movement of a mast cell in response to an external stimulus.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell chemotaxis. Mast cell chemotaxis is the movement of a mast cell in response to an external stimulus.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of a response to cytokine stimulus.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of a response to cytokine stimulus.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of a response to cytokine stimulus.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the androgen receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the androgen receptor signaling pathway.

The commitment of cells to specific cell fates of the endoderm, ectoderm, or mesoderm as a part of gastrulation.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cell differentiation that contributes to the progression of the placenta over time, from its initial condition to its mature state.

Compensating for the two-fold variation in X-chromosome:autosome ratios between sexes by a global inactivation of all, or most of, the genes on either the paternal or maternal X-chromosome in the XX sex.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands contributing to the anterior/posterior pattern of the neural plate.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.

The process in which a venous blood vessel endothelial cell acquires specialized features of a lymphatic vessel endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of lymph vessels.

The commitment of a venous blood vessel endothelial cell to a lymphatic endothelial cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into a lymphatic endothelial cell.

The commitment of a cell to an endothelial cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into an endothelial cell.

The progression of the artery over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to a capillary bed.

The progression of the venous blood vessel over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. Venous blood vessels carry blood back to the heart after the capillary bed.

The progression of the semicircular canal from its initial formation to the mature structure.

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the semicircular canal from the otic vesicle. This process begins with the regionalization of the vesicle that specifies the area where the vesicles will form and continues through the process of fusion which forms the initial tubes.

The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the neural plate to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.

The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of an axis or axes of the neural plate in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment.

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a camera-type eye from unspecified neurectoderm. This process begins with the differentiation of cells that form the optic field and ends when the optic cup has attained its shape.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the hair cycle.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage cytokine production. Macrophage cytokine production is the appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

The commitment of cells to specific cardiac cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into cardiac cells. Cardiac cells are cells that comprise the organ which pumps blood through the circulatory system.

The process involved in cardiac cell fate commitment. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment.

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the heart from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the heart field and the arrival of cardiac neural crest to the heart region. The process ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a pacemaker cell. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node.

The commitment of cells to specific cardiac muscle cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into cardiac muscle cells. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pacemaker cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions.

The commitment of cells to pacemaker cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into pacemaker cells. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions.

The commitment of cells to sinoatrial (SA) node cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into SA node cells. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell. A cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell covers the heart vasculature and lacks transverse striations in its constituent fibers.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an endocardial cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart. The endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.

The commitment of a cell to an endocardial cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into an endocardial cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart.

A process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the downregulation of gene expression through the action of microRNAs (miRNAs).

A process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of gene silencing by a microRNA (miRNA).

Any process that regulates the rate, frequency, or extent of gene silencing by RNA. Gene silencing by RNA is the process in which RNA molecules inactivate expression of target genes.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of gene silencing by RNA. Gene silencing by RNA is the process in which RNA molecules inactivate expression of target genes.

The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of the left/right axis in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment.

The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the heart over time, from its initial formation, to the mature organ.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blood vessels of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels of the heart are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.

The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells that contributes to blood vessel development in the heart, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes.

A macromolecular complex that contains a tube of lipid surrounded by a protein coat.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a macromolecular complex that contains a tube of lipid surrounded by a protein coat involved in membrane shaping of vesicle membranes as they fuse or undergo fission.

Morphogenesis of a kidney. A kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.

Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the kidney to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.

The progression of the hepaticobiliary system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hepaticobiliary system is responsible for metabolic and catabolic processing of small molecules absorbed from the blood or gut, hormones and serum proteins, detoxification, storage of glycogen, triglycerides, metals and lipid soluble vitamins and excretion of bile. Included are the synthesis of albumin, blood coagulation factors, complement, and specific binding proteins.

The progression of the gallbladder over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The gallbladder is a cavitated organ that stores bile.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of a mRNA catabolic process, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of a mRNA catabolic process, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.

The directed movement of snRNA, small nuclear ribonucleic acid into the nucleus.

A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.

The membrane organization process that joins two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane.

The establishment of a barrier between endothelial cell layers, such as those in the brain, lung or intestine, to exert specific and selective control over the passage of water and solutes, thus allowing formation and maintenance of compartments that differ in fluid and solute composition.

The progression of the eyelid in a camera-type eye from its formation to the mature state. The eyelid is a membranous cover that helps protect and lubricate the eye.

The progression of the visceral serous pericardium from its formation to the mature structure. The visceral serous pericardium is the inner layer of the pericardium.

The controlled release of liquid by a lung epithelial cell that contributes to an increase in size of the lung as part of its development.

The progression of the olfactory bulb mitral cell layer over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The mitral cell layer is composed of pyramidal neurons whose cell bodies are located between the granule cell layer and the plexiform layer.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.

The process in which anatomical structures of the uterus are generated and organized.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.

Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to damaged vasculature.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to damaged vasculature.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to damaged vasculature.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.

The progression of a somite from its initial formation to the mature structure. Somites are mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo.

The progression of a muscle structure over time, from its formation to its mature state. Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms.

The process in which the iris is generated and organized. The iris is an anatomical structure in the eye whose opening forms the pupil. The iris is responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and the amount of light reaching the retina.

The process of inhibiting aggregation and assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure that is dependent on interaction with a chaperone.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the production of a cytokine that contributes to the immune response.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of histone H3-K27 methylation. Histone H3-K27 methylation is the modification of histone H3 by addition of a methyl group to lysine at position 27 of the histone.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of histone H3-K27 methylation. Histone H3-K27 methylation is the modification of histone H3 by addition of a methyl group to lysine at position 27 of the histone.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of histone H3-K27 methylation. Histone H3-K27 methylation is the modification of histone H3 by addition of a methyl group to lysine at position 27 of the histone.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of sequestering of zinc ion. Sequestering of zinc ion is the process of binding or confining zinc ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of sequestering of zinc ion. Sequestering of zinc ion is the process of binding or confining zinc ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the translocation, or flipping, of phospholipid molecules from one monolayer of a membrane bilayer to the opposite monolayer.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the translocation, or flipping, of phospholipid molecules from one monolayer of a membrane bilayer to the opposite monolayer.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a neuroendocrine cell. A neuroendocrine cell is a cell that receives input form a neuron which controls the secretion of an endocrine substance.

Any process that decreases the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart.

Binds to and modulates the activity of a peptidase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis peptide bonds.

Binds to and modulates the activity of a peptidase, any enzyme that hydrolyzes nonterminal peptide bonds in polypeptides.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a branched epithelium are generated and organized.

The progression of a primary alveolar septum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A primary alveolar septum is a specialized epithelium that surrounds the saccule as it forms.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from an endothelium. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from the pulmonary artery endothelium. An pulmonary artery endothelium is an epithelium that lines the pulmonary artery.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the pulmonary artery are generated and organized. The pulmonary artery is the artery that carries blood from the heart to the lungs.

Any process that decreases the stability of an mRNA molecule, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes. Messenger RNA is the intermediate molecule between DNA and protein. It includes UTR and coding sequences. It does not contain introns.

An mRNA destabilization process in which one or more RNA-binding proteins associate with the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of an mRNA.

The specification and formation of monopolar intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. Monopolar cell organization is directional organization along an axis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin that contributes to the response of a cell to glucose.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin that contributes to the response of a cell to glucose.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of rDNA heterochromatin formation.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of ribosomal DNA heterochromatin formation.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the paramesonephric duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Mullerian ducts (or paramesonephric ducts) are paired ducts of the embryo that run down the lateral sides of the urogenital ridge and terminate at the mullerian eminence in the primitive urogenital sinus. In the female, they will develop to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and the upper portion of the vagina; in the male, they are lost. These ducts are made of tissue of mesodermal origin.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mesonephros development. Mesonephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.

Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the mesonephros to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of a bipolar intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process in which the vasculature of the retina is generated and organized.

The binding of a smooth muscle cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules.

The progression of the cornea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cornea is the transparent structure that covers the anterior of the eye.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand the binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, which contributes to the progression of the heart over time.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell and contributing to the progression of the heart over time.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contributes to the progression of the heart over time. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin and contributing to cardiac muscle cell fate commitment. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a renal filtration cell. Renal filtration cells are specialized cells of the renal system that filter fluids by charge, size or both. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.

The progression of the renal tubule over time from its formation to the mature form. A renal tubule is a tube that filters, re-absorbs and secretes substances to rid an organism of waste and to play a role in fluid homeostasis.

The process in which the renal tubule is generated by specification of cell fate, through the maintenance of cell polarity, regulated cell proliferation and morphogenetic cell rearrangements, shape changes and growth. A renal tubule is a tube that filters, re-absorbs and secretes substances to rid an organism of waste and to play a role in fluid homeostasis.

Transfer of an organized electrical impulse across the heart to coordinate the contraction of cardiac muscles. The process begins with generation of an action potential (in the sinoatrial node (SA) in humans) and ends with a change in the rate, frequency, or extent of the contraction of the heart muscles.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of monopolar intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. Monopolar cell organization is directional organization along an axis.

The multiplication or reproduction of neural precursor cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A neural precursor cell is either a nervous system stem cell or a nervous system progenitor cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a Wnt protein from a cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a Wnt protein from a cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a Wnt protein from a cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel morphogenesis in the testicle.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of testosterone, an androgen having 17beta-hydroxy and 3-oxo groups, together with unsaturation at C-4 C-5.

Determination of the asymmetric location of the heart with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.

The process of shaping a trabecula in an organ. A trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, which generally has a mechanical function. Trabecula are usually but not necessarily, composed of dense collagenous tissue.

The process of shaping a trabecula in the heart. A trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, which generally has a mechanical function. Trabecula are usually but not necessarily, composed of dense collagenous tissue.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a hypoxia stimulus.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a hypoxia stimulus.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a hypoxia stimulus.

Establishment of the epithelial barrier, the functional barrier in the skin that limits its permeability.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of vasculature of the renal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process in which the renal system vasculature is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.

The process in which the kidney vasculature is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process in which the anatomical structure of a renal artery is generated and organized. Renal arteries supply the kidneys with blood.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an endocardial cushion cell.

The commitment of a cell to an endocardial cushion cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into an endocardial cushion cell.

The progression of a connective tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The progression of the reproductive system over time from its formation to the mature structure. The reproductive system consists of the organs that function in reproduction.

Enables the transfer of L-arginine from one side of a membrane to the other.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a lysosome.

Catalysis of the reaction O-acetyl-ADP-ribose + H2O = ADP-ribose + acetate.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell proliferation.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a TNF agonist stimulus.

Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of hematopoietic stem cells within a population of cells.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GTP = 2 diphosphate + cyclic G-P(2'-5')A-P(3'-5') (cyclic 2',3' GAMP).

Binding to 2',3' cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) nucleotide, a cyclic purine dinucleotide that consists of AMP and GMP units cyclized via 2',5' and 3',5' linkages.

The process of introducing a phosphate group into CDP to produce a CTP.

The centrosome organization process by which a centriole increases in length as part of the process of replication.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cilium.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose 6-phosphate(out) + inorganic phosphate(in) = glucose 6-phosphate(in) + inorganic phosphate(out).

The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-34 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a myeloid cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = UMP + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n)-glucose-1-phosphate.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The progression of an axon over time. Covers axonogenesis (de novo generation of an axon) and axon regeneration (regrowth), as well as processes pertaining to the progression of the axon over time (fasciculation and defasciculation).

The process of introducing a phosphate group into dAMP, deoxyadenosine monophosphate, to produce dADP. Addition of two phosphate groups produces dATP.

The process of introducing a phosphate group into CMP, cytidine monophosphate, to produce CDP. Addition of two phosphate groups produces CTP.

The process of introducing a phosphate group into dCMP, deoxycytidine monophosphate, to produce dCDP. Addition of two phosphate groups produces dCTP.

The process of introducing a phosphate group into GDP, guanosine diphosphate, to produce GTP.

The process of introducing a phosphate group into UDP, uridine diphosphate, to produce UTP.

The process of introducing a phosphate group into dCDP to produce a dCTP.

The process of introducing a phosphate group into TDP to produce a TTP.

A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an actin filament bundle.

A protein complex involved in regulation of mRNA processing and apoptosis. It binds to RNA in a sequence-independent manner and is recruited to the EJC prior to or during the splicing process. In humans the core proteins are RNPS1, SAP18 and ACIN1.

Binds to and increases the activity of a cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase.

A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of a high voltage-gated calcium channel.

Hydrolysis of a ubiquitin unit from a ubiquitinated protein linked via the Lys63 residue of ubiquitin.

The orderly movement of a colonic epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.

The orderly movement of an intestinal epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.

Combining with a nuclear import signal (NIS) on a cargo to be transported, to mediate transport of the cargo through the nuclear pore, from the cytoplasm to the nuclear lumen. The cargo can be either a RNA or a protein.

Catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose-1-phosphate = dihydroxyacetone phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide into pyruvate, occurring through a fructose-6-phosphate intermediate, with the concomitant production of ATP and NADH.

Mitochondrial inner membrane complex involved in maintenance of crista junctions, inner membrane architecture, and formation of contact sites to the outer membrane. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the complex has six subunits: MIC10, MIC12, MIC19, MIC26, MIC27, and MIC60.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, occurring through a glucose-6-phosphate intermediate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP.

The glycolytic process that begins with the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate by glucokinase activity. Glycolytic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H+.

Binding to a histone H3 in which the lysine residue at position 27 has been modified by trimethylation.

Binding to a sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor, any of the factors that interact selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription.

Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ubiquitin + S -> X + S-ubiquitin, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ubiquitin linkage is an amide bond: an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate or, in the linear extension of ubiquitin chains, a peptide bond the between the C-terminal glycine and N-terminal methionine of ubiquitin residues.

Isoenergetic transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to another via the reaction X-ubiquitin + Y -> Y-ubiquitin + X, where both the X-ubiquitin and Y-ubiquitin linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.

Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein complex by altering the likelihood of its assembly or disassembly.

The specialized chromatin located in the centromeric core region or the entire centromeric region in organisms with point centromeres, which is enriched for CENP-A-containing nucleosomes. This chromatin forms a 3-dimensional structure which provides a platform for kinetochore assembly and microtubule attachment.

A cytokinesis that involves the function of a set of proteins that are part of the microfilament or microtubule cytoskeleton.

The modification of histone H3 at a lysine in position 9 of the histone.

Binding to a histone protein in which a residue has been modified by ubiquitination.

Isoenergetic transfer of a ubiquitin-like protein (ULP) from one protein to another via the reaction X-SCP + Y -> Y-SCP + X, where both the X-SCP and Y-SCP linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of SCP and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.

Isoenergetic transfer of NEDD8 from one protein to another via the reaction X-NEDD8 + Y -> Y-NEDD8 + X, where both the X-NEDD8 and Y-NEDD8 linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of NEDD8 and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.

Isoenergetic transfer of SUMO from one protein to another via the reaction X-SUMO + Y -> Y-SUMO + X, where both the X-SUMO and Y-SUMO linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of SUMO and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.

Isoenergetic transfer of UFM1 from one protein to another via the reaction X-UFM1 + Y -> Y-UFM1 + X, where both the X-UFM1 and Y-UFM1 linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of UFM1 and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.

Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin-like protein (ULP) to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ULP + S --> X + S-ULP, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ULP linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ULP linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ULP and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.

Catalysis of the transfer of NEDD8 to a substrate protein via the reaction X-NEDD8 + S --> X + S-NEDD8, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-NEDD8 linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-NEDD8 linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal amino acid of NEDD8 and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.

Catalysis of the transfer of SUMO to a substrate protein via the reaction X-SUMO + S --> X + S-SUMO, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-SUMO linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-SUMO linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal amino acid of SUMO and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.

Catalysis of the transfer of UFM1 to a substrate protein via the reaction X-UFM1 + S --> X + S-UFM1, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-UFM1 linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-UFM1 linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal amino acid of UFM1 and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the mitochondrial ribosome and of its subunits.

Any of the mitotic spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles and are thought to contribute to the forces that separate the poles and position them in relation to the rest of the cell.

The autophagy process which begins when chaperones and co-chaperones recognize a target motif and unfold the substrate protein. The proteins are then transported to the lysosome where they are degraded.

Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of inorganic compounds. These include transport of such compounds away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of inorganic compounds.

An specialized occluding junction where three epithelial cells meet. It is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that run perpendicularly to the bicellular tight junction at the point of contact between three epithelial cells in an epithelial sheet.

Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of hydrogen peroxide. These include transport of hydrogen peroxide away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration.

Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of hydrogen peroxide in a cell. These include transport of hydrogen peroxide away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration.

A transferase complex capable of catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

A protein complex that is a protein hormone secreted by gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary of vertebrates. capable of regulating normal growth, sexual development, and reproductive function.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N(6)-glutaryl-L-lysyl-[protein] + NAD(+) = 2''-O-glutaryl-ADP-D-ribose + L-lysyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.

The removal of a glutaryl group (CO-CH2-CH2-CH2-CO) from a residue in a peptide or protein.

A multiprotein subcomplex of the GATOR complex that regulates TORC1 signaling by interacting with the Rag GTPase. In human, this complex consists of WDR24, WDR59, MIOS, SEH1L, and SEC13. In S. cerevisiae, this complex is referred to as SEACAT and contains the Sea2p, Sea3p, Sea4p, Seh1p, Sec13p proteins.

A cytosolic protein complex that is capable of activating caspase-1.

The selective autohagy process in which parts of the endoplasmic reticulum are loaded into autophagosomes, delivered to the vacuole, and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-threonine + ATP + bicarbonate = L-threonylcarbamoyladenylate + diphosphate + H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-threonylcarbamoyladenylate + adenine(37) in tRNA = AMP + N(6)-L-threonylcarbamoyladenine(37) in tRNA.

Combining selectively with extracellular folic acid and delivering it into the cell via endocytosis.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, with the production of pyruvate.

The selective autophagy process in which cellular glycogen is delivered to the vacuole and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.

The selective autophagy process in which lipid droplets are delivered to the vacuole and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.

The disaggregation of a mitochondrion into its constituent components.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methylglyoxal, CH3-CO-CHO, into lactate.

Catalysis of the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate from ribonucleoside diphosphate, using either thioredoxin disulfide or glutaredoxin disulfide as an acceptor.

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + lysine in peptide = CoA + N-acetyl-lysine-peptide.

A positive regulation of the macromitophagy pathway that is triggered by mitochondrial depolarization and requires the function of a parkin-family molecule.

The membrane invagination process by which an autophagosomal membrane surrounds an object that will be degraded by macroautophagy.

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by leukotriene binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

The protein lipidation process by which phosphatidylethanolamine is conjugated to a protein of the ATG8 family, leading to membrane insertion of the protein as a step in autophagosome assembly.

The targeting of a protein to the lysosome process in which an input protein binds to a chaperone and subsequently to a lysosomal receptor.

The specific neuromuscular movement of a single organism in response to external or internal stimuli.

Unwinding a DNA helix containing forked DNA, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + sphingomyelin = ceramide + choline phosphate + H+ in an acidic environment.

Binding to long non-coding RNA molecules transcribed from subtelomeric regions in most eukaryotes. Telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) molecules consist of subtelomeric-derived sequences and G-rich telomeric repeats.

The localization process by which an autophagic substrate is delivered to a forming autophagosome.

The attachment of a leukocyte to vascular endothelial cell via adhesion molecules.

An defense response against a fungus mediated through an innate immune response. An innate immune response is mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.

The series of molecular signals in which calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity enabled by a CAMKK directly activates an AMPK. The cascade begins with calmodulin binding calcium which in turn binds CAMKK enabling its calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity. The cascade ends with AMP-activated protein kinase activity.

The organelle membrane fusion process in which the membrane of a multivesicular body fuses with a lysosome to create a hybrid organelle.

Catalysis of the reaction: Na+(in) + Mg2+(out) = Na+(out) + Mg2+(in).

Catalysis of the reaction: N-ribosylnicotinate + ATP = ADP + 2 H+ + nicotinate mononucleotide.

Binding to a translation elongation factor, any polypeptide factor involved in the peptide elongation in ribosome-mediated translation.

A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a caloric restriction, insufficient food energy intake.

A chromatin silencing complex that recruits histone-modifying enzymes and upregulates silencing of rDNA in response to glucose starvation.

Facilitating a conformational change to load a cohesin complex around sister chromatids, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of chloride across the membrane of an intracellular compartment. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.

Subunit of the MHC class I peptide loading complex (GO:0042824) (=PLC) involved in the assembly of the heavy-chain-beta2-microglobulin dimers of the MHC class I molecules that fold with eight to ten residue peptides in the endoplasmic reticulum. Required for the inhibition of the reduction of the disulfide bonds of the heavy chains and the assembly and stabilization of the PLC, suggesting it may play a structural rather than a catalytic role.

A catalytic activity that contributes to the degradation of peptidoglycan.

Steps required to transform an immature secretory vesicle into a mature secretory vesicle. Typically proceeds through homotypic membrane fusion and membrane remodelling.

A chromatin silencing complex that binds and bridges separate nucleosomal histones resulting in heterochromatin assembly and chromatin looping.

A gated channel activity that enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens in response to a change in pH.

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + H2O = nicotinamide + ADP-ribose that proceeds in a stepwise fashion by ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity followed by cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase activity.

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD = cyclic ADP-ribose + nicotinamide.

Catalysis of the reaction: cyclic ADP-ribose + H20 = ADP-ribose (ADPR).

The attachment of an endoplasmic reticulum membrane to the plasma membrane via molecular tethers.

A telomere maintenance process that results in the formation of small fragments of circular extrachromosomal DNA elements which contain telomeric DNA. It is speculated that telomeric DNA-containing double minutes are formed through a recombination event between the telomere and chromosome-internal TTAGGG-like sequences. Telomeric DNA-containing double minutes appear as two closely positioned dots in metaphase.

A telomere loop disassembly process that results in the disassembly of telomeric D-loops. A telomeric D-loop is a three-stranded DNA displacement loop that forms at the site where the telomeric 3' single-stranded DNA overhang (formed of the repeat sequence TTAGGG in mammals) is tucked back inside the double-stranded component of telomeric DNA molecule, thus forming a t-loop or telomeric-loop and protecting the chromosome terminus.

Binding to a telomeric D-loop. A telomeric D-loop is a three-stranded DNA displacement loop that forms at the site where the telomeric 3' single-stranded DNA overhang (formed of the repeat sequence TTAGGG in mammals) is tucked back inside the double-stranded component of telomeric DNA molecule, thus forming a t-loop or telomeric-loop and protecting the chromosome terminus.

The process in which an axoneme is exposed entirely or partially to the cytoplasm or by which the cytoplasmic portion is assembled or extended. Cytosolic ciliogenesis can occur following compartmentalized ciliogenesis, in which the cilium is formed within a compartment separated from the cytoplasm.

The part of the late spermatid or spermatozoon that contains the nucleus and acrosome.

Any protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a neuropeptide precursor. Processing leads to the attainment of the full functional capacity of the neuropeptide.

Any process in which the microtubule organizing center is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

An immune response against microbes mediated by anti-microbial peptides in body fluid.

Binding to telomeric G-quadruplex DNA structures, in which groups of four guanines adopt a flat, cyclic Hoogsteen hydrogen-bonding arrangement known as a guanine tetrad. The stacking of guanine tetrads results in G-quadruplex DNA structures in telomeres.

That part of the lamellipodium which represents the distal part of the structure.

Transporter complex that recognises, binds and returns endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident proteins that have trafficked to Golgi compartments. Targets proteins lacking the HDEL motif recognised by COPI-coated vesicles.

The response to endoplasimic reticulum stress in which nascent proteins are degraded by attenuation of their translocation into the ER followed by rerouting to the cytosol without cleavage of the signal peptide, and subsequent degradation by the proteasome.

Facilitating the opening of the ring structure of the PCNA complex, or any of the related sliding clamp complexes, and their removal from the DNA duplex, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Binding to and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of calcium ions (Ca2+).

Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-retinol + 2 H+ + O2 + 2 reduced [adrenodoxin] = all-trans-3,4-didehydro retinol + 2 H2O + 2 oxidized [adrenodoxin].

Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-retinal + 2 H+ + O2 + 2 reduced [adrenodoxin] = all-trans-3,4-didehydro retinal + 2 H2O + 2 oxidized [adrenodoxin].

Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-retinoic acid + 2 H+ + O2 + 2 reduced [adrenodoxin] = all-trans-3,4-didehydro retinoic acid + 2 H2O + 2 oxidized [adrenodoxin].

Catalysis of the reaction: 11-cis-retinal + 2 H+ + O2 + 2 reduced [adrenodoxin] = 11-cis-3,4-didehydro-retinal + 2 H2O + 2 oxidized [adrenodoxin].

A change in morphology and behavior of a glial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.

The process in which autophagosomes, double-membraned vesicles containing cytoplasmic material, fuse with a vacuole (yeast) or lysosome (e.g. mammals and insects). In the case of yeast, inner membrane-bounded structures (autophagic bodies) appear in the vacuole. Fusion provides an acidic environment and digestive function to the interior of the autophagosome.

The process in which an autophagosome fuses with an endosome to create an intermediate autophagic organelle called amphisome.

The macroautophagy process in which specific structures are targeted by the autophagy process.

A cellular process involving delivery of a portion of the cytoplasm to lysosomes or to the plant or fungal vacuole that does not involve direct transport through the endocytic or vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) pathways. This process typically leads to degradation of the cargo; however, it can also be used to deliver resident proteins, such as in the cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway.

Catalysis of the reaction: propionyl-CoA + lysine in peptide = CoA + N-propionyl-lysine-peptide.

Catalysis of the reaction: epsilon-(L-gamma-glutamyl)-L-lysine = L-lysine + 5-oxo-L-proline.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of K48-linked ubiquitination, a protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K48-linked ubiquitination targets the substrate protein for degradation.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of protein K-48-linked ubiquitination, a protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K48-linked ubiquitination targets the substrate protein for degradation.

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a plasma membrane.

The process by which the midbody, the cytoplasmic bridge that connects the two prospective daughter cells, is severed at the end of mitotic cytokinesis, resulting in two separate daughter cells.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + adenine in mRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N(1)-methyladenine in mRNA.

The initial formation of the type asymmetry in an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves.

Binding to a small regulatory RNA, a short RNA (usually 50-200 nt long) that is either independently transcribed or processed from a longer RNA by an RNAse enzyme.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-3-hydroxykynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine.

A process that contributes to the first meiotic division. The first meiotic division is the reductive division resulting in the separation of homologous chromosome pairs.

A process that coontributes to the second meiotic division. The second meiotic division separates chromatids resulting in a haploid number of chromosomes.

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the secondary palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The secondary palate is the part of the palate formed from the fusion of the two palatine shelves, extensions of the maxillary prominences.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a small molecule metabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a small molecule metabolic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a small molecule metabolic process.

An extracellular matrix consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that provides not only essential physical scaffolding for the cellular constituents but can also initiate crucial biochemical and biomechanical cues required for tissue morphogenesis, differentiation and homeostasis. The components are secreted by cells in the vicinity and form a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells.

Any process that modualtes the rate, frequency or extent of SCF-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by an SCF (Skp1/Cul1/F-box protein) complex, and mediated by the proteasome.

Any process that stops or decreases the rate, frequency or extent of SCF-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by an SCF (Skp1/Cul1/F-box protein) complex, and mediated by the proteasome.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of stress granule assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a stress granule.

Any process that starts or increases the rate, frequency or extent of stress-granule assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a stress granule.

Any process that stops or decreases the rate, frequency or extent of stress-granule assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a stress granule.

Any process that starts or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.

Binding to a DNA D-loop. A D-loop is a three-stranded DNA structure formed by the invasion of a single DNA strand that base pairs with one strand of duplex DNA, while the rest of the double-stranded DNA does not unwind.

Binding to a histone H3 in which the lysine residue at position 9 has been modified by trimethylation.

A protein-containing complex composed of a stem-loop binding protein (in most species SLBP) and its interacting partner (SLIP1 or MIF4GD in most species) that binds to the histone mRNA (hmRNA) 3-prime-stem-loop structure. Facilitates hmRNA translation initiation and may also be involved in its processing and nuclear export.

Catalysis of the reaction: (8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H+ + O2 = (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O. Can also use a substrate with 3 double bonds (a (8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA) and add a fourth double bond (a (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoyl-CoA).

Combining with a MHC class Ib protein complex to mediate signaling that inhibits activation of a lymphocyte.

Combining with a MHC class Ib protein complex to mediate signaling that activates a lymphocyte.

Combining with a MHC class Ib molecule of the HLA-A subclass to mediate signaling that inhibits activation of a lymphocyte.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stomach over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The stomach is an expanded region of the vertebrate alimentary tract that serves as a food storage compartment and digestive organ.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed necrotic cell death.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed necrotic cell death.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed necrotic cell death.

Catalysis of the reaction: protein L-aspartate + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = protein 3-hydroxy-L-aspartate + succinate + CO2.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + RNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + RNA containing 2'-O-methylribonucleotide.

The directed import of zinc(2+) from the cytosol, across an organelle membrane, into the organelle.

Combining with 4-hydroxybutyrte to initiate a change in cell activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).

The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.

A protein-containing complex that is capable of catalase activity.

Catalysis of the reaction: a cytidine in mRNA + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = a 5-methylcytidine in mRNA + H+ + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.

Enables the ATP-dependent diffusion of a potassium ion across the mitochondrial inner membrane.

A protein-containing complex that is capable of the ATP-dependent diffusion of a potassium ion across the mitochondrial inner membrane.

A protein-containing complex composed of six subunits of each of the three homologous polypeptide chains C1QA, C1QB, and C1QB. It is a subunit of the complement C1 complex. In addition to complement activation, C1q appears to have roles in homeostasis and cellular development, superoxide (O2-) production by neutrophils, blood coagulation and neurological synapse pruning.

The chemical reactions and pathways by which living organisms transform brexanolone.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of brexanolone.

A DNA metabolic process that results in the disassembly of R-loops. R-loops are three-stranded nucleic acid structures consisitng of an RNA:DNA heteroduplex and a looped-out non-template strand. Aberrant formation and persistence of R-loops block transcription elongation and cause DNA damage. Mechanisms that resolve R-loops are essential for genome stability.

Catalysis of the hydroxylation of C-23 of any form of vitamin D.

Catalysis of the reaction: calcidiol + 2 H+ + O2 + 2 reduced [adrenodoxin] = (23S)-23,25-dihydroxycalciol + H2O + 2 oxidized [adrenodoxin].

Catatlysis of the reaction: calcitriol + 2 H+ + O2 + 2 reduced [adrenodoxin] = 1alpha,23S,25-trihydroxycholecalciferol + H2O + 2 oxidized [adrenodoxin].

Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-retinoate + O2 + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] = all-trans-18-hydroxyretinoate + H+ + H2O + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase].

Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + testosterone = 16beta,17beta-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one + H+ + H2O + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase].

Catalysis of the reaction:2 H+ + O2 + 2 reduced [adrenodoxin] + secalciferol = calcitetrol + H2O + 2 oxidized [adrenodoxin].

Catalysis of the epoxidation of double bonds of the arachidonoyl moiety of anandamide.

Catalysis of the reaction: N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-ethanolamine + O2 + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] = H+ + H2O + N-(8,9-epoxy-5Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatrienoyl)-ethanolamine + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase].

Catalysis of the reaction: N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-ethanolamine + O2 + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] = H+ + H2O + N-(11,12-epoxy-5Z,8Z,14Z-eicosatrienoyl)-ethanolamine + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase].

Catalysis of the reaction: N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-ethanolamine + O2 + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] = H+ + H2O + N-(14,15-epoxy-5Z,8Z,11Z-eicosatrienoyl)-ethanolamine + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase].

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of prostanoids.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of platelet activating factor, 2-O-acetyl-1-O-octadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.

The pattern specification process in which the polarity of a body or organ axis is established and maintained.

The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and DNA molecules to form a protein-DNA complex.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and lipids to form a protein-lipid complex.

Any process that modulates a measurable attribute of any biological process, quality or function.

Any process that modulates a qualitative or quantitative trait of a biological quality. A biological quality is a measurable attribute of an organism or part of an organism, such as size, mass, shape, color, etc.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring outside the cell.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which a water molecule bound by the side chains of aspartic residues at the active center acts as a nucleophile.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the hydroxyl group of a threonine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of C- or N-terminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a single N-terminal amino acid residue from a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond not more than three residues from the N- or C-terminus of a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).

Binding to an armadillo repeat domain, an approximately 40 amino acid long tandemly repeated sequence motif first identified in the Drosophila segment polarity protein armadillo. Arm-repeat proteins are involved in various processes, including intracellular signalling and cytoskeletal regulation.

A protein complex that is formed by the association of a TGF-beta dimeric ligand with 2 molecules of each receptor molecule, TGF-beta type I receptor and TGF-beta type II receptor. The receptor molecules may form homo- or heterodimers but only once bound by the ligand.

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a pseudouridine residue in an rRNA molecule.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing 2'-O-methylguanosine.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing C5-methyluridine.

The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a neuron in a stable, differentiated functional and structural state.

Binding to fibrinogen, a highly soluble hexameric glycoprotein complex that is found in blood plasma and is converted to fibrin by thrombin in the coagulation cascade.

Combining with thrombospondin and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.

Splicing of mRNA substrates via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons.

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to a stimulus indicating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen.

Binding to the D- or L-enantiomer of fructose, the ketohexose arabino-hex-2-ulose.

A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.

Binding to a proline-rich region, i.e. a region that contains a high proportion of proline residues, in a protein.

A protein complex in which at least one of the proteins is a cytochrome, i.e. a heme-containing protein involved in catalysis of redox reactions.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex, proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex that couples ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across a concentration gradient.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex, a large protein complex that catalyzes the synthesis or hydrolysis of ATP by a rotational mechanism, coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex, proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex that couples ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across the vacuolar membrane.

The regulated release of the aqueous layer of the tear film from the lacrimal glands. Tears are the liquid product of a process of lacrimation to clean and lubricate the eyes. Tear fluid contains water, mucin, lipids, lysozyme, lactoferrin, lipocalin, lacritin, immunoglobulins, glucose, urea, sodium, and potassium.

The modification of a histone by the removal of a methyl group from a lysine residue.

The modification of histone H3 by the removal of a methyl group from arginine at position 2 of the histone.

The modification of histone H4 by the removal of a methyl group from arginine at position 3 of the histone.

Binding to a titin Z protein domain, which recognizes and binds to the C-terminal calmodulin-like domain of alpha-actinin-2 (Act-EF34), adopts a helical structure, and binds in a groove formed by the two planes between the helix pairs of Act-EF34.

The protein modification process in which the translation-initiating methionine or formylmethionine residue is removed from a protein.

The covalent attachment and further modification of carbohydrate residues to a substrate molecule.

Endocytosis of a protein that requires the substrate to be modified by ubiquitination. Several plasma membrane proteins, including cell surface permeases and some receptors, are targeted for internalization by endocytosis, and are thereafter delivered to the vacuole or lysosome, where they are degraded.

Binding to a chromo shadow domain, a protein domain that is distantly related, and found in association with, the chromo domain.

Enables the chloride concentration-regulatable energy-independent passage of potassium ions across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a chemokine binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a chemokine-mediated signaling pathway.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a chemokine-mediated signaling pathway.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a chemokine-mediated signaling pathway.

The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-6 binding to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of an interleukin-6-mediated signaling pathway.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of an interleukin-6-mediated signaling pathway.

The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-27 binding to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

A protein complex that acts as a receptor for the cytokine ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). In humans the receptor complex is a hexamer composed of two molecules each of CNTF and CNTFR and one molecule each of gp130 and LIFR.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Combining with transforming growth factor beta to initiate a change in cell activity; facilitates ligand binding to type I and type II TGF-beta receptors.

The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in a mitochondrion. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.

The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis in a mitochondrion.

The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome in a mitochondrion, usually in response to a termination codon (note that mitochondria use variants of the universal genetic code that differ between different taxa).

The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis in a mitochondrion.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA in a mitochondrion.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA in a mitochondrion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA in a mitochondrion.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds between an alpha-carboxyl group and an alpha-amino group within a small protein such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein (e.g. APG8, ISG15, NEDD8, SUMO).

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds between an alpha-carboxyl group and an alpha-amino group within the small conjugating protein SUMO.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-A radiation stimulus. UV-A radiation (UV-A light) spans the wavelengths 315 to 400 nm.

The process of coupling alanine to alanyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by alanyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.

The process of coupling asparagine to asparaginyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.

A cell-cell junction that seals cells together in an epithelium in a way that prevents even small molecules from leaking from one side of the sheet to the other.

A cell junction that mechanically attaches a cell (and its cytoskeleton) to neighboring cells or to the extracellular matrix.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of adiponectin from a cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of adiponectin from a cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of adiponectin from a cell.

The process in which calcium salts, mainly carbonated hydroxyapatite, are deposited in tooth enamel.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of biomineral tissue development, the formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of biomineral tissue development, the formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of biomineral tissue development, the formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tooth mineralization, the deposition of calcium salts in tooth structures.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tooth mineralization, the deposition of calcium salts in tooth structures.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tooth mineralization, the deposition of calcium salts in tooth structures.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of enamel mineralization, the deposition of calcium salts in tooth enamel.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of enamel mineralization, the deposition of calcium salts in tooth enamel.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-serine, the D-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2R)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-serine, the D-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2R)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid. D-serine is often formed by racemization of L-serine.

Binding to large ribosomal subunit RNA (LSU rRNA), a constituent of the large ribosomal subunit. In S. cerevisiae, this is the 25S rRNA.

Binding to small ribosomal subunit RNA (SSU rRNA), a constituent of the small ribosomal subunit. In S. cerevisiae, this is the 18S rRNA.

The process of coupling tyrosine to tyrosyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.

A nuclear telomere cap complex that is formed by the association of telomeric ssDNA- and dsDNA-binding proteins with telomeric DNA, and is involved in telomere protection and recruitment of telomerase. The complex is known to contain TERF1, TERF2, POT1, RAP1, TINF2 and ACD in mammalian cells, and Pot1, Tpz1, Rap1, Rif1, Rif2 and Taz1 in Saccharomyces. Taz1 and Rap1 (or their mammalian equivalents) form a dsDNA-binding subcomplex, Pot1 and Tpz1 form an ssDNA-binding subcomplex, and the two subcomplexes are bridged by Poz1, which acts as an effector molecule along with Ccq1.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving kynurenine, the amino acid 3-(2-aminobenzoyl)-alanine.

A process of chromosome organization that is involved in a meiotic cell cycle.

A receptor complex that consists of two identical subunits and binds growth hormone.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the telomeric region of a chromosome.

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location on a chromosome.

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the telomeric region of a chromosome.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location on a chromosome.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the telomeric region of a chromosome.

The formation of a protein trimer, a macromolecular structure consisting of three noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.

The formation of a protein homotrimer, a macromolecular structure consisting of three noncovalently associated identical subunits.

The transfer of multiple ADP-ribose residues from NAD to a protein amino acid, forming a poly(ADP-ribose) chain.

The ADP-ribosylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein.

A sulfide oxidation process that proceeds via the reaction catalyzed by sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2S (hydrogen sulfide) + a quinone = S0 (sulfane sulfur) + a hydroquinone.

Any apoptotic process in a lymphocyte, a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin.

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of lymphocyte death by apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte death by apoptotic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte death by apoptotic process.

Any apoptotic process in a T cell, a type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of T cell death by apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell death by apoptotic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell death by apoptotic process.

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of activated T cell autonomous cell death.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activated T cell autonomous cell death.

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of thymocyte death by apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte death by apoptotic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte death by apoptotic process.

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of natural killer cell death by apoptotic process.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + pristanate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + pristanoyl-CoA.

The actin filament-based process in which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in contraction of all or part of the cell body.

The regulated release of mucus by the mucosa. Mucus is a viscous slimy secretion consisting of mucins and various inorganic salts dissolved in water, with suspended epithelial cells and leukocytes. The mucosa, or mucous membrane, is the membrane covered with epithelium that lines the tubular organs of the body. Mucins are carbohydrate-rich glycoproteins that have a lubricating and protective function.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphotyrosyl groups formed as covalent intermediates (in DNA backbone breakage) between a DNA topoisomerase and DNA.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of 5'-phosphotyrosyl groups formed as covalent intermediates (in DNA backbone breakage) between DNA topoisomerase II and DNA.

The removal of phosphoric residues from peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine to form peptidyl-serine.

A type of cell death that is morphologically characterized by an increasingly translucent cytoplasm, swelling of organelles, minor ultrastructural modifications of the nucleus (specifically, dilatation of the nuclear membrane and condensation of chromatin into small, irregular, circumscribed patches) and increased cell volume (oncosis), culminating in the disruption of the plasma membrane and subsequent loss of intracellular contents. Necrotic cells do not fragment into discrete corpses as their apoptotic counterparts do. Moreover, their nuclei remain intact and can aggregate and accumulate in necrotic tissues.

A programmed necrotic cell death process which begins when a cell receives a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a death receptor or to a Toll-like receptor), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathways), characterized by activation of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 and/or 3 (RIPK1/3, also called RIP1/3) and by critical dependence on mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL), and which typically lead to common morphological features of necrotic cell death. The process ends when the cell has died. The process is divided into a signaling phase, and an execution phase, which is triggered by the former.

A cellular process that results in swelling of the cell body, and that is morphologically characteristic of necrotic cell death.

A caspase-1-dependent cell death subroutine that is associated with the generation of pyrogenic mediators such as IL-1beta and IL-18.

Binding to phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 4' position.

Binding to a vitamin B6 compound: pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, pyridoxine, or the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an axonemal dynein complex, a dynein complex found in eukaryotic cilia and flagella, in which the motor domain heads interact with adjacent microtubules to generate a sliding force which is converted to a bending motion.

A protein complex that binds iron and acts as a major iron storage system. Intracellular and extracellular ferritin complexes have different ratios of two types of ferritin monomer, the L (light) chain and H (heavy) chain.

Catalysis of the release of N-acylethanolamine from N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE) to generate N-acylethanolamine (NAE).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acylethanolamines. An N-acylethanolamine is an ethanolamine substituted at nitrogen by an acyl group.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines. An N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine is a phosphatidylethanolamine substituted at nitrogen by an acyl group.

A renal system process in which water, ions, glucose and proteins are taken up from the collecting ducts, glomerulus and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures (e.g. protein absorption is observed in nephrocytes in Drosophila, see PMID:23264686).

A renal system process in which sodium ions are taken up from the collecting ducts and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures.

The directed movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) into, out of or within the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Binding to phosphatidic acid, any of a class of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via a stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cGMP (cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lens fiber cell, any of the elongated, tightly packed cells that make up the bulk of the mature lens in the camera-type eye. The cytoplasm of a lens fiber cell is devoid of most intracellular organelles including the cell nucleus, and contains primarily crystallins, a group of water-soluble proteins expressed in vary large quantities.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lens fiber cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a lens fiber cell fate. A lens fiber cell is any of the elongated, tightly packed cells that make up the bulk of the mature lens in a camera-type eye.

The process in which the structures of a lens fiber cell are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a lens fiber cell. A lens fiber cell is any of the elongated, tightly packed cells that make up the bulk of the mature lens in a camera-type eye.

A protein complex that contains the protein kinase ATR and ATR-interacting protein (ATRIP) and binds single-stranded DNA; ssDNA binding affinity is increased in the presence of replication protein A.

A cell cycle arrest process that results in arrest during G1 phase, whereupon the cell enters a specialized resting state known as G0 or quiescence.

A cell cycle arrest process that results in arrest during G1 phase, whereupon the cell enters G0 phase, in the context of cell differentiation.

A cell cycle process that modulates the rate or extent of the transition from the G0 quiescent state to the G1 phase.

A cell cycle process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of the transition from the G0 quiescent state to the G1 phase.

A cell cycle process that activates or increases the rate or extent of the transition from the G0 quiescent state to the G1 phase.

Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of an inwardly rectifying potassium channel.

Binding to thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3), tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland.

The directed movement of thyroid hormone into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of triglyceride within an organism or cell.

Catalysis of the reduction of an aliphatic ring to yield an aromatic ring.

Binding to a flap structure in DNA. A DNA flap structure is one in which a single-stranded length of DNA or RNA protrudes from a double-stranded DNA molecule.

Binding to a 3'-flap structure in DNA. A DNA flap structure is one in which a single-stranded 3'-end of DNA or RNA protrudes from a double-stranded DNA molecule.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bacterial lipopeptide stimulus.

The series of events in which a bacterial lipopeptide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell proliferation.

Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of fat cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of fat cell proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of white fat cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of white fat cell proliferation.

A process involved in the controlled movement of a bacterial cell powered by the continuous polymerization of actin at one pole of the cell.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a hepatocyte. A hepatocyte is specialized epithelial cell that is organized into interconnected plates called lobules, and is the main structural component of the liver.

A protein complex that contains beta-catenin and TCF7L2 (TCF4), binds to the TCF DNA motif within a promoter element, and is involved in the regulation of WNT target gene transcription.

Any process that increases heat tolerance of a cell in response to high temperatures.

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least ERK1 or ERK2 (MAPKs), a MEK (a MAPKK) and a MAP3K. The cascade may involve 4 different kinases, as it can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least ERK5 (also called BMK1; a MAPK), a MEK (a MAPKK) and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK5 cascade.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK5 cascade.

A transport vesicle that mediates transport from the endosome to the plasma membrane, and fuses with the plasma membrane to deliver lipids and membrane proteins to the plasma membrane and to release various cargo molecules, such as proteins or hormones, by exocytosis.

A transport vesicle that mediates transport from an intracellular compartment to the plasma membrane, and fuses with the plasma membrane to release various cargo molecules, such as proteins or hormones, by exocytosis.

The removal of an amino group from a cytosine residue in DNA, forming a uracil residue.

A protein complex that couples SAGA-dependent gene expression to mRNA export at the inner side of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). The TREX-2 complex is tethered to the inner side of the NPC via the nucleoporins Nup1 and Nup60; in S. cerevisiae it contains Sac3p, Thp1p, Sem1, Sus1p and Cdc31p.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipoteichoic acid stimulus; lipoteichoic acid is a major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria and typically consists of a chain of glycerol-phosphate repeating units linked to a glycolipid anchor.

Binding to the oxidized form, NADP+, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions.

Binding to the reduced form, NADPH, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions.

Binding to the oxidized form, NAD, of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions.

Binding to the reduced form, NADH, of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the oxidation of one or more amino acid residues in the protein.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbamoyl phosphate, an intermediate in the urea cycle and other nitrogen compound metabolic pathways.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbamoyl phosphate, an intermediate in the urea cycle and other nitrogen compound metabolic pathways.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving trehalose that occur as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism.

A protein complex that is involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks and, in mammals, V(D)J recombination events. It consists of the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and the DNA end-binding heterodimer Ku.

A protein complex that plays a role in DNA double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining. Such complexes typically contain a specialized DNA ligase (e.g. Lig4 in eukaryotes) and one or more proteins that bind to DNA ends.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand (such as a bacterial peptidoglycan) to a cytoplasmic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing (NOD) protein receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing (NOD) pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing (NOD) pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing (NOD) pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 (NOD1) pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 (NOD1) pathway.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand (such as a bacterial peptidoglycan) to a cytoplasmic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) protein receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) pathway.

A protein complex that contains the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Grb2, and is involved in linking EGFR activation to the p21-Ras pathway.

A transcriptional repressor complex that consists of a heterodimer of the bHLH-ZIP proteins Mad and Max.

A transcription elongation factor complex that suppresses RNA polymerase II pausing, and may act by promoting proper alignment of the 3'-end of nascent transcripts with the polymerase catalytic site. Consists of a transcriptionally active Elongin A subunit (about 100 kDa) and two smaller Elongin B (about 18 kDa) and Elongin C (about 15 kDa) subunits.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme.

Any cellular process that reduces or removes the toxicity of nitrogenous compounds which are dangerous or toxic. This includes the aerobic conversion of toxic compounds to harmless substances.

A histone acetyltransferase complex that acetylates nucleosomal histones H2B, H3, or H4 and is required for the expression of a subset of Pol II-transcribed genes. This complex includes the acetyltransferases GCN5/KAT2A or PCAF/KAT2B, several proteins of the ADA, SGF and SPT families, and several TBP-associate proteins (TAFs).

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate. This reaction requires the presence of a tubulin dimer to accelerate release of ADP and phosphate.

The protein complexes that form the electron transport system (the respiratory chain), associated with a cell membrane, usually the plasma membrane (in prokaryotes) or the inner mitochondrial membrane (on eukaryotes). The respiratory chain complexes transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor and are associated with a proton pump to create a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of uterine smooth muscle contraction.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of uterine smooth muscle contraction.

The addition of a methyl group to an atom in the nucleoside base portion of a nucleotide residue in an rRNA molecule.

The addition of a methyl group to the N7 atom in the base portion of a guanine nucleotide residue in an rRNA molecule.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of oxygen.

The series of events in which a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.

The adhesion of one leukocyte to one or more other leukocytes via adhesion molecules.

The adhesion of one monocyte to one or more other monocytes via adhesion molecules.

The adhesion of one neutrophil to one or more other neutrophils via adhesion molecules.

The adhesion of one T cell to one or more other T cells via adhesion molecules.

Binding to an oligosaccharide, a molecule with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by thrombin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a thrombin-activated receptor signaling pathway activity. A thrombin receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a thrombin-activated receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of thrombin-activated receptor protein signaling pathway activity. A thrombin receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a thrombin-activated receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-1 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Combining with a high-density lipoprotein particle and delivering the high-density lipoprotein into the cell via endocytosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 20 of histone H4.

Binding to a death domain of a protein. The death domain (DD) is a homotypic protein interaction module composed of a bundle of six alpha-helices. DD bind each other forming oligomers. Some DD-containing proteins are involved in the regulation of apoptosis and inflammation through their activation of caspases and NF-kappaB.

A protein complex formed by the association of the cyclin-dependent protein kinase activating kinase (CAK) holoenzyme complex with ERCC2.

A heterodimeric nucleotide-excision repair complex that has endonuclease activity specific for bubble structures characteristic of certain DNA lesions. The subunits are known as XPF/ERCC4 and ERCC1 in mammals, and Rad1p and Rad10p in S. cerevisiae.

Catalysis of the reaction: an 11-beta-hydroxysteroid + NAD+ = an 11-oxosteroid + NADH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: an 11-beta-hydroxysteroid + NADP+ = an 11-oxosteroid + NADPH + H+.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving tRNA threonylcarbamoyladenosine, a modified nucleoside found in some tRNA molecules.

The adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.

A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.

Binding to a protein upon poly-ubiquitination formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 in the target protein.

A protein complex that contains the BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimer, RAP80/UIMC1, BRCC3/BRCC36, BRE/BRCC45, FAM175A/CCDC98/Abraxas and MERIT40/NBA1, and specifically recognizes and binds K63-linked polyubiquitin chains present on histone H2A and H2AX at DNA damage sites.

A protein complex that contains the BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimer, BACH1 and TopBP1, and binds to DNA during S phase at DNA damage sites.

A protein complex that contains the BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimer, CtIP and Mre11/Rad50/NBS1 (M/R/N) complex, and binds to DNA at DNA damage sites. BRCA1-C binding ta damaged DNA is required for DNA damage-induced Chk1 phosphorylation and the G2/M transition checkpoint.

A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K63-linked ubiquitination does not target the substrate protein for degradation, but is involved in several pathways, notably as a signal to promote error-free DNA postreplication repair.

A histone ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a lysine residue in histone H2A or the variant H2AX.

A protein deubiquitination process in which a K63-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.

A protein deubiquitination process in which a K63-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a lysine residue in histone H2A or the variant H2AX.

Binding to oleic acid, the 18-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid (9Z)-octadec-9-enoic acid.

Binding to linoleic acid, the 18-carbon unsaturated fatty acid (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fatty acid stimulus.

A protein complex that is involved in coordinating ribosome biogenesis with cell cycle progression. In human, it is composed of Pes1, Bop1, and WDR12; in Saccharomyces the proteins are known as Nop7p, Erb1 and Ytm1 respectively.

Catalysis of the transfer of an amino group from L-tyrosine to an acceptor, usually a 2-oxo acid.

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA in a double-stranded RNA molecule formed by the base pairing of an mRNA with an siRNA, yielding 5'-phosphomonoesters.

A protein complex that contains the FAM175B/ABRO1, BRCC3/BRCC36, BRE/BRCC45 and MERIT40/NBA1 proteins, and specifically cleaves K63-linked polyubiquitin chains.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-1 stimulus.

A protein complex that contains the cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1 bound to PCNA; formation of the complex inhibits DNA replication.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a vitamin D receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vitamin D receptor signaling pathway activity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the vitamin D receptor signaling pathway activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vitamin D receptor signaling pathway activity.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection regeneration, the regrowth of neuronal processes such as axons or dendrites following their loss or damage.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron projection regeneration, the regrowth of neuronal processes such as axons or dendrites following their loss or damage.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a dipeptide by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.

A process in which a cadmium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Catalysis of the hydroxylation of C-24 of any form of vitamin D.

Binding to a histone in which a lysine residue has been modified by acetylation.

A trimeric protein complex required for the formation of a mature RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). In humans the complex is composed of the endonuclease Dicer (DICER1), TRBP (TARBP2) and the Argonaute protein Ago2 (EIF2C2/AGO2). Within the complex, Dicer and TRBP are required to process precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs) to mature miRNAs and then load them onto Ago2. Ago2 bound to the mature miRNA constitutes the minimal RISC and may subsequently dissociate from Dicer and TRBP. This complex has endoribonuclease activity.

Catalysis of the reaction: methylcytosine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 5-hydroxymethylcytosine + succinate + CO2.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a mitochondrion are generated and organized.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the mitochondrion.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell affecting gastrulation.

A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the length of the centromeric region of the chromosome.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid cohesion in the centromeric region of a chromosome.

A protein complex that contains an ortholog of the Saccharomyces ATPase Swi2/Snf2 as one of the catalytic subunit components (ATPase) and mediates assembly of nucleosomes, changes to the spacing or structure of nucleosomes, or some combination of those activities in a manner that requires ATP.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (histone H3)-arginine (position 2) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (histone H3)-N-methyl-arginine (position 2). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the arginine residue at position 2 of histone H3.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (histone H2A)-arginine (position 3) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (histone H2A)-N-methyl-arginine (position 3). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the arginine residue at position 3 of histone H2A.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein processing, a protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.

A protein complex that possesses UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-lysosomal-enzyme N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase activity; the bovine complex contains disulfide-linked homodimers of 166- and 51-kDa subunits and two identical, noncovalently associated 56-kDa subunits.

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2-(5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido)succinate = fumarate + 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide.

Binding to a proteasome, a large multisubunit protein complex that catalyzes protein degradation.

The directed movement of a substance from one side of an epithelium to the other.

The directed movement of ammonium ions from one side of an epithelium to the other.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any pyridine nucleoside, a nucleoside in which a pyridine base covalently bonded to a sugar, usually ribose.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any pyridine nucleoside, a nucleoside in which a pyridine base covalently bonded to a sugar, usually ribose.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin D3, (3S,5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trien-3-ol.

Catalysis of the hydroxylation of C-25 of any form of vitamin D.

Binding to a vitamin D response element (VDRE), a short sequence with dyad symmetry found in the promoters of some of the cellular immediate-early genes, regulated by serum.

A protein modification process in which one or more covalently attached groups of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are removed from a target protein.

A protein modification process in which one or more groups of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are covalently attached to or removed from a target protein.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a formin-nucleated actin cable. A formin-nucleated actin cable is an actin filament bundle that consists of short filaments organized into bundles of uniform polarity, and is nucleated by formins.

A protein complex that localizes to interphase centrosomes and to mitotic spindle tubules and regulates mitotic spindle assembly and centrosome integrity; in human, the complex consists of eight subunits, some of which are homologous to subunits of the Drosophila Augmin complex.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mast cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of mast cell proliferation.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-2 stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-4 stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-12 stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-15 stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-18 stimulus.

Catalysis of the reaction: hypoxanthine + NAD+ + H2O = xanthine + NADH + H+.

The invagination of the endosome membrane and resulting formation of a vesicle within the lumen of the endosome.

A tRNA aminoacylation process in which glutaminyl-tRNAGln is formed by a tRNA-dependent two-step pathway. In the first step a non-discriminating glutamyl-tRNAGlx synthetase generates the misacylated L-glutamyl-tRNAGln species, and in the second step it is amidated to the correctly charged L-glutaminyl-tRNAGln by a glutamyl-tRNAGln amidotransferase.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a mature, active proteasome regulatory particle complex.

The reproductive process in which coagulated semen becomes liquid following ejaculation, allowing the progressive release of motile spermatozoa.

A cell projection that forms at the site of macropinocytosis, a form of endocytosis that results in the uptake of relatively large amounts of extracellular fluid. The macropinocytic cup membrane selectively excludes certain proteins, such as H36 or PM4C4 in Dictyostelium, and the underlying cytoskeleton is enriched in F-actin and coronin.

A dimeric positive transcription elongation factor complex b that comprises a cyclin-dependent kinase containing the catalytic subunit, Cdk9, and a regulatory subunit, cyclin T.

Catalysis of the reaction: a deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate + H2O = deoxyribose 5-monophosphate + a purine or pyrimidine base.

A protein complex that is composed of AKTIP/FTS, FAM160A2/p107FHIP, and one or more members of the Hook family of proteins, HOOK1, HOOK2, and HOOK3. The complex is thought to promote vesicle trafficking and/or fusion, and associates with the homotypic vesicular sorting complex (the HOPS complex).

Binding to a receptor that spans a cell membrane and possesses protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

An extracellular region part that consists of a protective layer of mucus secreted by epithelial cells lining tubular organs of the body such as the colon or secreted into fluids such as saliva. Mucus is a viscous slimy secretion consisting of mucins (i.e. highly glycosylated mucin proteins) and various inorganic salts dissolved in water, with suspended epithelial cells and leukocytes.

Catalysis of the introduction of a double bond into a sterol molecule.

The directed, sodium-dependent, movement of organic cations into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

A mismatch repair process that corrects errors introduced that ensures the accuracy of DNA replication.

Binding to a stretch of purines (adenine or guanine) in an RNA molecule.

A transcription factor complex that consists of a Stat1-Stat2 heterodimer and the IRF9 protein.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cholesterol stimulus.

A protein complex that acts as a receptor for bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs); a homo- or heterodimer of type I and/or type II BMP receptor subunits.

Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location at the level of a cell. Localization at the cellular level encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell.

The directed movement of a cyclic nucleotide, any nucleotide in which phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue, into, out of or within a cell.

The directed movement of cyclic AMP (cAMP), into, out of or within a cell.

The directed movement of cyclic GMP (cGMP), into, out of or within a cell.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + protein = diphosphate + adenylyl-protein; mediates the addition of an adenylyl (adenosine 5'-monophosphate; AMP group) to specific residues of target proteins.

The modification of histone H3 by addition of one or more methyl groups to lysine at position 27 of the histone.

Catalysis of the posttranslational transfer of one or more glycine residues to a specific glutamate residue on a target protein.

Catalysis of the posttranslational transfer of one or more glutamate residues to a specific residue on a target protein.

Catalysis of the posttranslational transfer of one or more glutamate residues to the gamma-carboxyl group(s) of one or more specific glutamate residues on a tubulin molecule.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-6 stimulus.

Binding to a C2H2-type zinc finger domain of a protein. The C2H2 zinc finger is the classical zinc finger domain, in which two conserved cysteines and histidines co-ordinate a zinc ion.

A protein complex that is composed of an interleukin-23 alpha (p19, product of the IL23A gene) and an interleukin-12 beta (p40, product of the IL12B gene) subunit and is secreted into the extracellular space.

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains a precursor small nucleolar RNA (pre-snoRNA) and associated proteins, and forms during small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein complex (snoRNP) assembly. Pre-snoRNP complexes may contain proteins not found in the corresponding mature snoRNP complexes.

A protein complex that has aspartic-type endopeptidase activity and contains a presenilin catalytic subunit (either PSEN1 or PSEN2), an APH1 subunit (multiple genes and splice variants exist), nicastrin (NCT), and presenilin enhancer (aka PEN-2 or Psenen), as the core complex. Variants of the complex with different subunit compositions differ in localization and specific substrates. Additionally, variants of the complex exist that contain a additional regulatory subunit as well as the four core subunits; known regulatory subunits include gamma-secretase-activating protein (aka gSAP), TMP1 (aka TMED10), and CD147 antigen (aka basigin). Gamma-secretase cleaves type I transmembrane protein substrates, including the cell surface receptor Notch and the amyloid-beta precursor protein.

Catalysis of the reaction: a phytoceramide + H2O = a fatty acid + phytosphingosine.

A multisubunit complex that catalyzes the acetylation of histone H3.

A histone acetyltransferase complex that has histone H3 acetyltransferase and coactivator activities. Subunits of the human complex include MYST3/MOZ, MYST4/MORF, ING5, EAF6 and one of BRPF1, BRD1/BRPF2 and BRPF3.

The directed movement of D-aspartate, the D-enantiomer of the anion of (2R)-2-aminobutanedioic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed import of D-aspartate from the extracellular region across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotin stimulus.

A phospholipid scrambling process that results in the appearance of phosphatidylserine on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane of an apoptotic cell, which acts as an 'eat-me' signal for engulfing cells. Phosphatidylserine is exposed on the apoptotic cell surface by a phospholipid scramblase activity.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen sulfide, H2S.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen sulfide, H2S.

Catalysis of the reaction: protein L-lysine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = protein 5-hydroxy-L-lysine + succinate + CO2.

The process of introducing a phosphate group on to an amino acid residue in the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. Typically, this occurs during the transcription cycle and results in production of an RNA polymerase II enzyme where the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit is extensively phosphorylated, often referred to as hyperphosphorylated or the II(0) form. Specific types of phosphorylation within the CTD are usually associated with specific regions of genes, though there are exceptions. The phosphorylation state regulates the association of specific complexes such as the capping enzyme or 3'-RNA processing machinery to the elongating RNA polymerase complex.

Catalysis of the reaction: protoporphyrinogen IX + acceptor = protoporphyrin IX + reduced acceptor.

A secretory granule that contains cathepsin and gelatinase and is readily exocytosed upon cell activation; found primarily in mature neutrophil cells.

Any of a number of evolutionarily conserved histone deacetylase complexes (HDACs) containing a core consisting of a paired amphipathic helix motif protein (e.g. Sin3p in S. cerevisiae, Pst1 in S. pombe or Sin3A in mammals) at least one class I histone deacetylase (e.g. Rpd3p in S. cerevisiae, Clr6 in S. pombe, or HDAC1 and HDAC2 in mammals), and at least one WD40 repeat protein (e.g. Ume1p in S. cerevisiae, Prw1 in S. pombe, or RbAp46 and RbAp48 in mammals). These complexes also contain a variable number of other proteins that direct histone binding, DNA binding, or add other functionality to the complex.

A cytoplasmic protein complex that contains integrin, mobilferrin and a flavin monooxygenase, is capable of reducing Fe(III) to Fe(II) utilizing NADPH, and is involved in iron transport. Fe(II) is required in the cell as the substrate for ferrochelatase in the synthesis of heme.

Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic heterochromatin, a compact and highly condensed form of chromatin.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a tight junction, an occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a basement membrane, a part of the extracellular region that consists of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a caveola. A caveola is a plasma membrane raft that forms a small pit, depression, or invagination that communicates with the outside of a cell and extends inward, indenting the cytoplasm and the cell membrane.

The directed movement of dehydroascorbate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Dehydroascorbate, 5-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)furan-2,3,4(5H)-trione, is an oxidized form of vitamin C.

Binding to a dynein complex, a protein complex that contains two or three dynein heavy chains and several light chains, and has microtubule motor activity.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an inclusion body.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an aggresome; requires the microtubule cytoskeleton and dynein.

The directed movement of misfolded proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell.

The directed movement of polyubiquitinated proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell.

The directed movement of misfolded polyubiquitinated proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell.

A protein complex that interacts with the carboxy-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and plays an active role in transducing the signal from a transcription factor to the transcriptional machinery. The core mediator complex has a stimulatory effect on basal transcription, and contains most of the same subdomains as the larger form of mediator complex -- a head domain comprising proteins known in Saccharomyces as Srb2, -4, and -5, Med6, -8, and -11, and Rox3 proteins; a middle domain comprising Med1, -4, and -7, Nut1 and -2, Cse2, Rgr1, Soh1, and Srb7 proteins; and a tail consisting of Gal11p, Med2p, Pgd1p, and Sin4p -- but lacks the regulatory subcomplex comprising Ssn2, -3, and -8, and Srb8 proteins. Metazoan core mediator complexes have similar modular structures and include homologs of yeast Srb and Med proteins.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epidermal growth factor stimulus.

Binding to a class VI myosin. The myosin VI heavy chain has a single IQ motif in the neck and a tail region with a coiled coil domain followed by a unique globular domain, a unique insertion that enables myosin VI to move towards the pointed or minus end of actin filaments.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids.

A RNA polymerase I-specific transcription factor complex that is required for the transcription of rDNA by RNA polymerase I. In yeast the complex consists of Rrn6p, Rrn7p, and Rrn11p.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of directed movement of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen.

A protein complex that functions downstream of the MRN complex to promote DNA repair and the G2/M checkpoint. The SOSS complex associates with single-stranded DNA at DNA lesions and is composed of SOSS-B (SOSS-B1/OBFC2B or SOSS-B2/OBFC2A), SOSS-A/INTS3 and SOSS-C/C9orf80.

A protein complex that binds to heme and to pri-miRNAs, and is required for the formation of a pre-microRNA (pre-miRNA), the initial step of microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis. The complex is composed of the double-stranded-RNA-specific RNase Drosha (also called RNASEN) and the RNA-binding protein DGCR8 (heme-free or heme-bound forms). Within the complex, DGCR8 function as a molecular anchor necessary for the recognition of pri-miRNA at dsRNA-ssRNA junction and directs RNASEN/Drosha to cleave the 3' and 5' strands of a stem-loop to release hairpin-shaped pre-miRNAs.

Binding to a primary microRNA (pri-miRNA) transcript, an RNA molecule that is processed into a short hairpin-shaped structure called a pre-miRNA and finally into a functional miRNA. Both double-stranded and single-stranded regions of a pri-miRNA are required for binding.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of proline transport.

Binding to a precursor microRNA (pre-miRNA) transcript, a stem-loop-containing precursor of microRNA.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus.

Binding to an E-box, a DNA motif with the consensus sequence CANNTG that is found in the promoters of a wide array of genes expressed in neurons, muscle and other tissues.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a platelet alpha granule. A platelet alpha granule is a secretory organelle found in blood platelets.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of regulation of transposon integration, a process in which a transposable element is incorporated into another DNA molecule.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transposon integration, a process in which a transposable element is incorporated into another DNA molecule.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), required for transcription.

The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within a mitochondrial tRNA molecule to produce a mitochondrial tRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.

The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in a mitochondrial tRNA molecule.

The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine in a mitochondrial tRNA molecule.

A DNA repair process that is initiated by an endonuclease that introduces a single-strand incision immediately 5' of a UV-induced damage site. UV-damage excision repair acts on both cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and pyrimidine-pyrimidone 6-4 photoproducts (6-4PPs).

Combining with the phospholipid derivative lysophosphatidic acid, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.

A process leading to the generation of a functional regulatory non-coding RNA.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of small RNA involved in gene silencing by RNA.

The process in which a single-stranded small RNA is incorporated within the RNA-initiated silencing complex (RISC). The assembly includes the maturation of the small RNA, the stabilization of the complex by accessory proteins of the RISC complex, duplex separation and the release of the second strand, forming a base-pairing completent complex that mediates gene silencing by small RNA.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an organelle. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.

Any process that modulates the activity of an ATP:ADP antiporter.

The modification of histone H3 by the removal of one or more acetyl groups.

The modification of histone H4 by the removal of one or more acetyl groups.

An mRNA stabilization process in which one or more RNA-binding proteins associate with a sequence in the open reading frame called the coding region instability determinant (CRD).

An mRNA stabilization process in which one or more RNA-binding proteins associate with the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of an mRNA.

A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K48-linked ubiquitination targets the substrate protein for degradation.

A protein complex that binds to, and promotes stabilization of, mRNA molecules containing the coding region instability determinant (CRD). In human, it may consist of IGF2BP1, HNRNPU, SYNCRIP/HNRNPQ, YBX1, and DHX9.

A cytoskeletal structure composed of filamentous protein that forms beneath the membrane of many cells or organelles, in the plane of cell or organelle division. Ring contraction is associated with centripetal growth of the membrane that divides the cytoplasm of the two daughter cells or organelles.

A multisubunit tethering complex, i.e. a protein complex involved in mediating the initial interaction between vesicles and the membranes with which they fuse, that is involved in trafficking from the Golgi apparatus to the ER. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the Dsl1p complex contains Dsl1p, Tip20p, and Sec39p.

The process of removing a phosphate group from an amino acid residue in the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. Some dephosphorylation occurs during transcription while some may occur after the enzyme is released from the template in order to prepare it for the beginning of the transcription cycle again. RNA polymerase II with little or no phosphorylation is referred to as the hypophosphorylated or II(A) form.

The directed killing of a symbiont target cell by a neutrophil. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

The directed killing of a gram-negative bacterium by a neutrophil.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neutrophil mediated killing of a target cell, the directed killing of a target cell by a neutrophil.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neutrophil mediated killing of a symbiont cell, the directed killing of a symbiont target cell by a neutrophil.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neutrophil mediated killing of a bacterium, the directed killing of a bacterium by a neutrophil.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neutrophil mediated killing of a gram-negative bacterium, the directed killing of a gram-negative bacterium by a neutrophil.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neutrophil mediated killing of a fungal cell, the directed killing of a fungal cell by a neutrophil.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed killing of a target cell by a neutrophil.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed killing of a symbiont target cell by a neutrophil.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed killing of a bacterium by a neutrophil.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed killing of a gram-negative bacterium by a neutrophil.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed killing of a fungal cell by a neutrophil.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the transcript body of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA with stalls in translation elongation.

An endoplasmic reticulum part at which COPII-coated vesicles are produced.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the endoplasmic reticulum.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location at an endoplasmic reticulum exit site.

Binding to a FHA domain of a protein. The FHA domain is a phosphopeptide recognition domain found in many regulatory proteins, and consists of approximately 80-100 amino acid residues folded into an 11-stranded beta sandwich.

Binding to a Toll-Interleukin receptor (TIR) domain of a protein. The TIR domain is an intracellular 200 residue domain that is found in the Toll protein, the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R), and MyD88; it contains three highly-conserved regions, and mediates protein-protein interactions between the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and signal-transduction components.

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for bone to attain its fully functional state.

A protein ubiquitination process in which ubiquitin monomers are attached to a protein, and then ubiquitin polymers are formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 11 of the ubiquitin monomers. K11-linked polyubiquitination targets the substrate protein for degradation. The anaphase-promoting complex promotes the degradation of mitotic regulators by assembling K11-linked polyubiquitin chains.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-asparagine, (2S)-2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid.

A transcription factor complex that forms part of the holo TFIIH complex. In Saccharomyces/human, TFIIK contains Ccl1p/Cyclin H, Tfb3p/MAT1 and Kin28p/CDK7.

The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA after replication by using a specialized DNA polymerase or replication complex to insert a defined nucleotide across the lesion. This process does not remove the replication-blocking lesions but does not causes an increase in the endogenous mutation level. For S. cerevisiae, RAD30 encodes DNA polymerase eta, which incorporates two adenines. When incorporated across a thymine-thymine dimer, it does not increase the endogenous mutation level.

The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule.

The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule, involving the oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms in the substrate.

Catalysis of the reaction: a medium-chain 2,3-saturated fatty acyl-CoA + H+ + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] = a medium-chain trans-(2E)-enoyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein]. A medium chain fatty acid is any fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains the small ribosomal subunit, a translation initiation ternary complex (i.e. an initiator tRNA, GTP, and an IF2 or eIF2 complex), and an mRNA.

A metabolic process that results in the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADPH, to the oxidized form, NADP.

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains the extensively base paired small nuclear RNAs U4 and U6, a heptameric ring of Sm proteins associated with U4, the Lsm2-8 heptameric ring complex associated with U6, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U4 snRNP or U6 snRNPs, some of which remain associated with the U4/U6 snRNA both while the U4 snRNP is free or assembled into a series of spliceosomal complexes.

A spliceosomal complex that is formed by association of the 5' splice site with the U1 snRNP, while the branch point sequence is recognized by the U2 snRNP. The prespliceosome includes many proteins in addition to those found in the U1 and U2 snRNPs. Commitment to a given pair of 5' and 3' splice sites occurs at the time of prespliceosome formation.

A spliceosomal complex that is formed by the recruitment of the preassembled U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP to the prespliceosome. Although all 5 snRNPs are present, the precatalytic spliceosome is catalytically inactive. The precatalytic spliceosome includes many proteins in addition to those found in the U1, U2 and U4/U6.U5 snRNPs.

A spliceosomal complex that is formed by the displacement of the U1 and U4 snRNPs from the precatalytic spliceosome; the U2, U5 and U6 snRNPs remain associated with the mRNA. This complex, sometimes called the activated spliceosome, is the catalytically active form of the spliceosome, and includes many proteins in addition to those found in the U2, and U5 and U6 snRNPs.

A spliceosomal complex that contains the U2, U5 and U6 snRNPs bound to a splicing intermediate in which the first catalytic cleavage of the 5' splice site has occurred. The precise subunit composition differs significantly from that of the catalytic step 1, or activated, spliceosome, and includes many proteins in addition to those found in the U2, U5 and U6 snRNPs.

A spliceosomal complex that is formed following the release of the spliced product from the post-spliceosomal complex and contains the excised intron and the U2, U5 and U6 snRNPs.

A spliceosomal complex that is formed by association of the 5' splice site and the branch point sequence with specific snRNPs. The prespliceosome includes many proteins in addition to those found in the bound snRNPs. Commitment to a given pair of 5' and 3' splice sites occurs at the time of prespliceosome formation. Prespliceosome complexes are not active for splicing, but are instead an early step in the assembly of a spliceosomal complex.

A spliceosomal complex that is formed by the recruitment of a preassembled U5-containing tri-snRNP to the prespliceosome. Although all 5 snRNPs are present, the precatalytic spliceosome is catalytically inactive. The precatalytic spliceosome includes many proteins in addition to those found in the associated snRNPs.

A spliceosomal complex that is formed by the displacement of the two snRNPs from the precatalytic spliceosome; three snRNPs including U5 remain associated with the mRNA. This complex, sometimes called the activated spliceosome, is the catalytically active form of the spliceosome, and includes many proteins in addition to those found in the associated snRNPs.

A spliceosomal complex that contains three snRNPs, including U5, bound to a splicing intermediate in which the first catalytic cleavage of the 5' splice site has occurred. The precise subunit composition differs significantly from that of the catalytic step 1, or activated, spliceosome, and includes many proteins in addition to those found in the associated snRNPs.

A spliceosomal complex that is formed following the release of the spliced product from the post-spliceosomal complex and contains the excised intron and three snRNPs, including U5.

A process that identifies and degrades defective or aberrant RNAs.

The set of processes involved in identifying and degrading defective or aberrant RNAs within the cytoplasm.

A process that identifies and degrades defective or aberrant RNAs within the nucleus.

A process that identifies and degrades defective or aberrant mRNAs within the nucleus.

The set of processes involved in identifying and degrading defective or aberrant ncRNAs within the nucleus.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs).

The chemical reactions and pathways occurring in the nucleus and resulting in the breakdown of a ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule, including RNA fragments released as part of processing the primary transcript into multiple mature rRNA species, initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3' end the target rRNA.

The chemical reactions and pathways occurring in the nucleus and resulting in the breakdown of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3' end the target mRNA.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs), which are transcribed from intergenic regions. Many intergenic regions are heavily transcribed, but the transcripts are rarely detected due to rapid degradation by the nuclear exosome.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histone messenger RNA (mRNA).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histone messenger RNA (mRNA) within the nucleus.

The chemical reactions and pathways occurring in the nucleus and resulting in the breakdown of a noncoding RNA (ncRNA) molecule, initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3' end the target ncRNA.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3' end the target mRNA.

The enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues at the 3' end of snoRNA class molecule (referred to as an sRNA in Archaea). In eukaryotes, this occurs in conjunction with termination of transcription of precursor snoRNA molecules and may occur post-transcriptionally on incorrectly processed molecules targeted for degradation.

Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a snoRNA molecule linked to prior polyadenylation of the 3'-end of the precursor snoRNA.

A protein complex that consists of an alpha9-beta1 integrin complex bound to vascular cell adhesion molecule-1.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids.

Binding to eukaryotic initiation factor eIF2, a protein complex involved in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation.

The enzymatic addition of a sequence of uridylyl residues at the 3' end of an RNA molecule.

Enables the transfer of adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate from one side of a membrane to the other.

A cellular process that results in a change in the spatial configuration of a DNA molecule. A conformation change can bend DNA, or alter the, twist, writhe, or linking number of a DNA molecule.

The process in which adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate is transported across a membrane.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a parathyroid hormone stimulus.

A protein deubiquitination process in which a K48-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the superior temporal gyrus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The superior temporal gyrus is a portion of the cerebral cortex that extends from the lateral sulcus to the superior temporal sulcus.

The cleavage and rejoining of intermediates, such as Holliday junctions, formed during DNA recombination to produce two intact molecules in which genetic material has been exchanged.

The cleavage and rejoining of intermediates, mitotic recombination to produce two intact molecules in which genetic material has been exchanged.

A protein complex that consists of only SMAD proteins; may be homomeric or heteromeric. Heteromeric complexes act as transcription factors while homomeric complexes exist but are transcriptionally inactive. Hetero- versus homotrimerization is largely enthalpy driven.

A protein complex composed of a single type of SMAD family proteins. In the absence of Smad4, phosphorylation of R-SMADs results in their homotrimerization. However, these complexes do not appear to import into the nucleus and are assumed to be transcriptionally inactive.

A protein complex composed of SMAD family proteins, a transcription factor complex which binds to the promoters of target genes and recruits co-activators and histone acetyltransferases, facilitating transcription. Phosphorylation of the non-SMAD4 subunit(s) enables binding of SMAD4 to form heteromeric complexes that enter the nucleus to initiate gene transcription. DNA-binding specificity is conferred by other transcription factors binding to SMAD complexes. Interactions with coactivators or corepressors modulate their transcriptional activity. Can be heterotrimeric or heterodimeric.

A protein complex that consists of a homo- or heterodimer of members of a family of structurally related proteins that contain a conserved N-terminal region called the Rel homology domain (RHD). In the nucleus, NF-kappaB complexes act as transcription factors. In unstimulated cells, NF-kappaB dimers are sequestered in the cytoplasm by IkappaB monomers; signals that induce NF-kappaB activity cause degradation of IkappaB, allowing NF-kappaB dimers to translocate to the nucleus and induce gene expression.

A protein complex that contains the GINS complex, Cdc45p, and the heterohexameric MCM complex, and that is involved in unwinding DNA during replication.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the DNA replication preinitiation complex, a protein-DNA complex that is assembled at DNA replication origins immediately prior to the initiation of DNA replication. The complex consists of proteins that initiate the DNA binding, melt the helix and enable helicase activity.

Catalysis of two successive methyl transfer reactions from AdoMet to the N-2 atom of guanosine, thereby converting 7-methylguanosine in an RNA cap to 2,2,7 trimethylguanosine.

Any process in which a ribonucleoprotein complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location within a cell.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin.

The directed movement of a protein to a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin.

A signaling process that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.

A signaling process that contributes to a mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that originates from the spindle and delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a mitotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and oriented, the completion of anaphase until chromosomes are attached to the spindle, or mitotic exit and cytokinesis when the spindle does not form.

A protein complex that localizes at the surface of endosomes, where it recruits and activates the Arp2/3 complex to induce actin polymerization. In human, the WASH complex is composed of F-actin-capping protein subunits alpha and beta, WASH1, FAM21, KIAA1033, KIAA0196 and CCDC53.

The process of directing proteins towards the vacuole using signals contained within the protein, occurring as part of autophagy, the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (non-living) stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a misfolded protein stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of bacterial origin such as peptides derived from bacterial flagellin.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bacterial lipoprotein stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bacterial lipopeptide stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipoteichoic acid stimulus; lipoteichoic acid is a major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria and typically consists of a chain of glycerol-phosphate repeating units linked to a glycolipid anchor.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptidoglycan stimulus. Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall macromolecule.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muramyl dipeptide stimulus. Muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of fungal origin such as chito-octamer oligosaccharide.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a tumor cell.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of the dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amino acid stimulus. An amino acid is a carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a folic acid stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leucine stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antibiotic stimulus. An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inorganic substance stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ammonium stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an arsenic stimulus from compounds containing arsenic, including arsenates, arsenites, and arsenides.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus.

Binding to a connexin, any of a group of related proteins that assemble to form gap junctions.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-methionine, the L-enantiomer of (2S)-2-amino-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-methionine, the L-enantiomer of (2S)-2-amino-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanoic acid, from simpler components.

Any process that generates L-methionine from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cadmium (Cd) ion stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cobalt ion stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a copper ion stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron ion stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lithium (Li+) ion stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a magnesium ion stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a manganese ion stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mercury ion stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a zinc ion stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin D stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin K stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alkaloid stimulus. Alkaloids are a large group of nitrogenous substances found in naturally in plants, many of which have extracts that are pharmacologically active.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a caffeine stimulus. Caffeine is an alkaloid found in numerous plant species, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding upon them.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cocaine stimulus. Cocaine is a crystalline alkaloid obtained from the leaves of the coca plant.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nicotine stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cGMP (cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbohydrate stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disaccharide stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monosaccharide stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sucrose stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hexose stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of hair follicle cell proliferation.

A protein complex that can methylate lysine-4 of histone H3. MLL1/MLL is the catalytic methyltransferase subunit, and the complex also contains the core components ASH2L, HCFC1/HCF1 WDR5 and RBBP5.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving diphosphate, the anion or salt of diphosphoric acid.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-1 stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-12 stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-15 stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-18 stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-2 stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-4 stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-6 stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tumor necrosis factor stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a type I interferon stimulus. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a double-stranded RNA stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an exogenous double-stranded RNA stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ether stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epidermal growth factor stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gonadotropin stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a luteinizing hormone stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a parathyroid hormone stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulus. Corticotropin-releasing hormone is a peptide hormone involved in the stress response.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucagon stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth hormone stimulus. Growth hormone is a peptide hormone that binds to the growth hormone receptor and stimulates growth.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin E stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a steroid hormone stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticosteroid hormone stimulus. A corticosteroid is a steroid hormone that is produced in the adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids are involved in a wide range of physiologic systems such as stress response, immune response and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte levels, and behavior. They include glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cortisol stimulus. Cortisol is the major natural glucocorticoid synthesized in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex; it affects the metabolism of glucose, protein, and fats and has appreciable mineralocorticoid activity. It also regulates the immune system and affects many other functions.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by an estrogen, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a progesterone stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a testosterone stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a jasmonic acid stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cholesterol stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fatty acid stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a triglyceride stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipoprotein particle stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a high density lipoprotein particle stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a genistein stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroxyisoflavone stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a purine-containing compound stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organonitrogen stimulus. An organonitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a histamine stimulus. Histamine, the biogenic amine 2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethanamine, is involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter.

A process in which a manganese ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The process in which succinate is transported across a membrane.

Catalysis of the reaction: a cytidine in rRNA + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = an N(4)-methylcytidine in rRNA + H+ + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.

The expansion of a hematopoietic stem cell population by cell division. A hematopoietic stem cell is a stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop.

A protein complex that consists of three clathrin heavy chains and three clathrin light chains, organized into a symmetrical three-legged structure called a triskelion. In clathrin-coated vesicles clathrin is the main component of the coat and forms a polymeric mechanical scaffold on the vesicle surface.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to histone H3 at position 14 of the histone.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to histone H3 at position 14 of the histone.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to histone H3 at position 14 of the histone.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroperoxide stimulus. Hydroperoxides are monosubstitution products of hydrogen peroxide, HOOH.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid hydroperoxide stimulus. Lipid hydroperoxide is the highly reactive primary oxygenated products of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen radical stimulus. An oxygen radical is any oxygen species that carries a free electron; examples include hydroxyl radicals and the superoxide anion.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a superoxide stimulus. Superoxide is the anion, oxygen-, formed by addition of one electron to dioxygen (O2) or any compound containing the superoxide anion.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of oxygen.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating increased oxygen tension.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the centromeric region of a chromosome.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of water.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrostatic pressure stimulus. Hydrostatic pressure is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is at rest (as opposed to moving). The weight of the fluid above the object creates pressure on it.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organism exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus with pH < 7. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus with pH > 7. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hyperosmotic environment, i.e. an environment with a higher concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, an increase in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hypotonic environment, i.e. an environment with a lower concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz).

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-A radiation stimulus. UV-A radiation (UV-A light) spans the wavelengths 315 to 400 nm.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-B radiation stimulus. UV-B radiation (UV-B light) spans the wavelengths 280 to 315 nm.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-C radiation stimulus. UV-C radiation (UV-C light) spans the wavelengths 100 to 280 nm.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus arising within the organism.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluid shear stress stimulus. Fluid shear stress is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is moving across a solid surface.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a laminar fluid shear stress stimulus. Laminar fluid flow is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is moving across a solid surface in parallel layers.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrosative stress stimulus. Nitrosative stress is a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of nitric oxide (NO) or the highly reactive oxidant peroxynitrite, which is produced following interaction of NO with superoxide anions.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating deprivation of sterols. Sterols are a group of steroids characterized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heparin stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heparin stimulus.

The establishment of epigenetic modifications (imprints) during gametogenesis, leading to an asymmetry in the heterochromatin between the maternal and paternal alleles, and differential expression of the corresponding alleles. This asymmetry results from the different epigenetic pathways acting in maternal and paternal gametes.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a semaphorin receptor (composed of a plexin and a neurophilin) binding to a semaphorin ligand.

Binding to an ankyrin repeat of a protein. Ankyrin repeats are tandemly repeated modules of about 33 amino acids; each repeat folds into a helix-loop-helix structure with a beta-hairpin/loop region projecting out from the helices at a 90-degree angle, and repeats stack to form an L-shaped structure.

Binding to a RING-like zinc finger domain domain of a protein. The RING-like domain is a zinc finger domain that is related to the C3HC4 RING finger domain.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the centrosome.

The process in which a neuroblast acquires the specialized structural and functional features of a dopaminergic neuron, a neuron that secretes dopamine.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a diphosphoinositol polyphosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol with one or more diphosphate groups and multiple monophosphate groups attached.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a diphosphoinositol polyphosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol with one or more diphosphate groups and multiple monophosphate groups attached.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dexamethasone stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dexamethasone stimulus.

A process of protein complex assembly in which the arrangement and bonding together of the set of components that form the protein complex is mediated by a death domain (DD) interaction, as part of the extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Combining with a pyrimidine nucleotide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a tri- or a dimethyl-lysine residue at position 27 of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transforming growth factor beta stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transforming growth factor beta stimulus.

A SWI/SNF-type complex that is found in neural stem or progenitor cells, and in human contains actin and proteins encoded by the ARID1A/BAF250A or ARID1B/BAF250B, SMARCD1/BAF60A, SMARCD3/BAF60C, SMARCA2/BRM/BAF190B, SMARCA4/BRG1/BAF190A, SMARCB1/BAF47, SMARCC1/BAF155, SMARCE1/BAF57, SMARCC2/BAF170, PHF10/BAF45A, ACTL6A/BAF53A genes. The npBAF complex is essential for the self-renewal/proliferative capacity of the multipotent neural stem cells.

Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier UFM1, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.

A thiol-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves UFM1 from a target protein to which it is conjugated.

Catalysis of the transfer of UFM1 from one protein to another via the reaction X-UFM1 + Y --> Y-UFM1 + X, where both X-UFM1 and Y-UFM1 are covalent linkages.

Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein UFM1 to another protein.

A process in which a zinc II ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of zinc(2+) ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of zinc ions (Zn2+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of cadmium ion. These may include transport of cadmium away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of cadmium ion.

The second process in a series of specific posttranslational modifications to the CAAX box region of CAAX box proteins, in which the last three amino acids of the protein (AAX) are removed by proteolysis.

The adhesion of one lymphocyte to one or more other lymphocytes via adhesion molecules.

A protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex that is involved in nuclear envelope organization, and contains proteins known in budding yeast as Nem1p and Spo7p.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the otic vesicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The otic vesicle is a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytosphingosine, (2S,3S,4R)-2-aminooctadecane-1,3,4-triol.

The attachment of an endothelial cell to another endothelial cell via adhesion molecules.

The appearance of any member of the transforming growth factor-beta family of cytokines due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Transforming growth factor-beta family members include TGF-B1, TGF-B2, and TGF-B3.

Catalysis of an NADPH- and oxygen-dependent reaction that converts linoleic acid to a cis-epoxyoctadecenoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with an acyl group.

Catalysis of the transfer of acyl groups from an acyl-CoA to a lysophospholipid.

The process of introducing a phosphate group onto a serine residue at position 2 within the heptapeptide repeat (YSPTSPS) of the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. Typically, phosphorylation of serine 2 (Ser2) occurs subsequent to phosphorylation of serine 5 and is thus seen in the middle and 3' ends of genes. In vivo, Ser2 phosphorylation is primarily performed by CTDK-I in S. cerevisiae or CDK9 in metazoans.

The process of introducing a phosphate group onto a serine residue at position 5 within the heptapeptide repeat (YSPTSPS) of the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. Typically, phosphorylation of serine 5 (Ser5) occurs near the 5' ends of genes. It is generally still observed in the middle of genes, overlapping with phosphorylation of serine 2, but is generally not present at the 3' ends of genes. In vivo, Ser5 phosphorylation occurs primarily through the action of TFIIH (KIN28 in S. cerevisiae, CKD7 in metazoans).

The movement of a granulocyte in response to an external stimulus.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of granulocyte chemotaxis. Granulocyte chemotaxis is the movement of a granulocyte in response to an external stimulus.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of granulocyte chemotaxis. Granulocyte chemotaxis is the movement of a granulocyte in response to an external stimulus.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of granulocyte chemotaxis. Granulocyte chemotaxis is the movement of a granulocyte in response to an external stimulus.

The behavior in which an organism produces sounds by a mechanism involving its respiratory system.

The process of biting and mashing food with the teeth prior to swallowing.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded proteins in the cytoplasm, which are targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded proteins via a mechanism in which the proteins are transported to the nucleus for ubiquitination, and then targeted to proteasomes for degradation.

Catalysis of the reaction: a dihydroceramide + H2O = a fatty acid + dihydrosphingosine.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of monocyte chemotactic protein-1.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of monocyte chemotactic protein-1.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of monocyte chemotactic protein-1.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of granulocyte colony stimulating factor.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of IP-10.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of IP-10.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of IP-10.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of granzyme B.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of granzyme B.

A protein complex that contains a catenin and TCF7L2 (TCF4), binds to the TCF DNA motif within a promoter element, and is involved in the regulation of WNT target gene transcription.

A protein complex that contains gamma-catenin and TCF7L2 (TCF4), binds to the TCF DNA motif within a promoter element, and is involved in the regulation of WNT target gene transcription.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis.

The movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an indole-3-methanol stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an indole-3-methanol stimulus.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the myosin-based thick filaments of myofibrils in striated muscle.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the actin-based thin filaments of myofibrils in cardiac muscle.

Any process in which a protein is transported from one specific location in the extracellular region to another, or maintained in a specific extracellular location.

The directed movement of proteins in the extracellular region, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location within the extracellular region and is prevented from moving elsewhere.

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure to attain its fully functional state.

The directed movement of organic substances into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An organic substance is a molecular entity that contains carbon.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon.

The directed movement of nitrogen-containing compounds into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a membrane.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the basement membrane.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded proteins transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation.

Enables the transfer of icosanoids from one side of a membrane to the other.

The directed movement of icosanoids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Icosanoids are unsaturated C20 fatty acids and skeletally related compounds.

The directed movement of leukotrienes into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Leukotrienes are linear C20 endogenous metabolites of arachidonic acid (icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid) containing a terminal carboxy function and four or more double bonds (three or more of which are conjugated) as well as other functional groups.

Binding to a lipopeptide, any of a group of organic compounds comprising two or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds and containing a nonprotein group consisting of a lipid or lipids.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a diacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a triacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a diacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a triacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitric oxide stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitric oxide stimulus.

A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgG isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. An IgG immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.

A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgA isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and sometimes complexed with J chain or J chain and secretory component. An IgA immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.

A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgA isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, sometimes complexed with J chain or J chain and secretory component, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.

A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgA isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.

A protein complex composed of two, three, or four monomeric IgA immunoglobulin complexes linked through both direct disulfide bonds and through disulfide binded monomers of J chain acting as a bridge. Each IgA monomer consists of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgA isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. Dimeric IgA is sometimes complexed additionally with secretory component, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.

A protein complex composed of two monomeric IgA immunoglobulin complexes linked through both direct disulfide bonds and through a disulfide binded monomer of J chain acting as a bridge. Each IgA monomer consists of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgA isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. Dimeric IgA is sometimes complexed additionally with secretory component, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.

A polymeric IgA immunoglobulin complex that is complexed with one chain of secretory component (SC). Polymeric IgA is present in mucosal areas, having been transported via a transcytosis mechanism in mucosal epithelial cells relying on the polymeric Ig receptor, a portion of which then remains bound to the polymeric IgA as secretory component.

A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgM isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and in its circulating form complexed with J chain in polymeric forms. An IgM immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.

A polymer of five or six IgM core units each composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgM isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds; the individual IgM core units are held together via disulfide bonds with a single J chain polypeptide acting as a bridge between two of the polymeric units. Circulating IgM is present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or in the blood or lymph.

A circulating form of IgM consisting of a pentamer of IgM core units with a single J chain polypeptide.

A circulating form of IgM consisting of a hexamer of IgM core units with a single J chain polypeptide.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear inner or outer membrane.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear inner membrane.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fibroblast growth factor stimulus.

A subcompartment of the endoplasmic reticulum consisting of tubules having membranes with high curvature in cross-section.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubular network. The ER tubular network is the ER part that that has membranes with high curvature in cross-section.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubular network. The ER tubular network is the ER part that comprises the membranes with high curvature in cross-section.

The organization process that preserves the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubular network in a stable functional or structural state. The ER tubular network is the ER part that comprises the membranes with high curvature in cross-section.

Binding to a protein upon poly-ubiquitination formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 11 in the target protein.

Binding to a protein upon poly-ubiquitination formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 6 in the target protein.

A ubiquitin ligase complex that catalyzes linear head-to-tail polyubiquitin conjugation on its targets. In human the complex consists of RBCK1, RNF31 and SHARPIN, and has an MW of approximately 600 kDa, suggesting a heteromultimeric assembly of its subunits. LUBAC stands for Linear Ubiquitin Chain Assembly Complex.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin D stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin D stimulus.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a podosome, an actin-rich adhesion structure characterized by formation upon cell substrate contact and localization at the substrate-attached part of the cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of podosome assembly.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of podosome assembly.

A process in which a potassium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other.

The process in which a protein is transported across a membrane.

Binding to a lipoprotein particle. A lipoprotein particle, also known as a lipoprotein, is a clathrate complex consisting of a lipid enwrapped in a protein host without covalent binding in such a way that the complex has a hydrophilic outer surface consisting of all the protein and the polar ends of any phospholipids.

Binding to a protein-lipid complex, any macromolecular complex that contains both protein and lipid molecules.

A process of protein insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane in which a tail-anchored (TA) transmembrane protein is incorporated into an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. TA transmembrane protein, also named type II transmembrane proteins, contain a single C- terminal transmembrane region.

A protein complex that contains the proteins MMS19, MIP18 and XPD, localizes to mitotic spindle during mitosis, and is required for proper chromosome segregation.

A protein complex found in mammals that transfers tail-anchored (TA) proteins from SGTA to GET3 (ASNA1/TRC4) for targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Also chaperones polypeptides from the endoplasmic reticulum retrotranslocation machinery to the proteasome, maintaining the solubility of substrates to improve ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). Consists of BAG6 (BAT3) and its cofactors GET4 (TRC35) and UBL4A.

A protein complex that forms part of SAGA-type complexes SAGA and SLIK, and mediates deubiquitination of histone H2B. In S. cerevisiae, the DUBm consists of the proteins Ubp8p, Sgf11p, Sus1p, and Sgf73p.

A protein complex contains the proteins FANCM and MHF, or their orthologs, plays an essential role in DNA remodeling, protects replication forks, and is conserved in eukaryotes.

Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein-DNA complex.

Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein-lipid complex.

Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a ribonucleoprotein complex.

A protein-lipid complex subunit organization process that results in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a plasma lipoprotein particle. A plasma lipoprotein particle is a spherical particle with a hydrophobic core of triglycerides and/or cholesterol esters, surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol and apolipoproteins.

The process in which a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

The process in which a intermediate-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

Binding to an HMG box domain, a protein domain that consists of three helices in an irregular array. HMG-box domains are found in one or more copies in HMG-box proteins, which form a large, diverse family involved in the regulation of DNA-dependent processes such as transcription, replication, and strand repair, all of which require the bending and unwinding of chromatin.

A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11 (TNFSF11) to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Any TNFSF11-mediated signaling process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.

A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in the bone marrow.

A process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in the bone marrow.

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in the bone marrow.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in the bone marrow.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monoamine stimulus. A monoamine is any of a group of molecular messengers that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monoamine stimulus. A monoamine is any of a group of molecular messengers that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a catecholamine stimulus. A catecholamine is any of a group of biogenic amines that includes 4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] and derivatives formed by substitution.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a catecholamine stimulus. A catecholamine is any of a group of biogenic amines that includes 4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] and derivatives formed by substitution.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epinephrine stimulus. Epinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C9H13NO3; it is secreted by the adrenal medulla to act as a hormone, and released by certain neurons to act as a neurotransmitter active in the central nervous system.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epinephrine stimulus. Epinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C9H13NO3; it is secreted by the adrenal medulla to act as a hormone, and released by certain neurons to act as a neurotransmitter active in the central nervous system.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a norepinephrine stimulus. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C8H11NO3; it acts as a hormone, and as a neurotransmitter in most of the sympathetic nervous system.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a norepinephrine stimulus. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C8H11NO3; it acts as a hormone, and as a neurotransmitter in most of the sympathetic nervous system.

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a ligand binding to an adrenergic receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor protein signaling pathway activity. An adrenergic receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adrenergic receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

An adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a ligand binding to an adrenergic receptor on the surface of the target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a ligand binding to an adrenergic receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

A phospholipase C-activating receptor G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by ligand binding to an adrenergic receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) to the alpha-amino group of the N-terminal amino or imino acid residue of a protein substrate. For example, yeast Tae1p and mammalian family member METTL11A preferentially modify the N-terminal residue of substrates with the N-terminal sequence X-Pro-Lys, where X can be Pro, Ala, or Ser.

Binding to the amine 1-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine, a serotonin receptor agonist that can act as a psychedelic drug.

Any apoptotic process in a leukocyte, an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue.

Binding to a 14-3-3 protein. A 14-3-3 protein is any of a large family of approximately 30kDa acidic proteins which exist primarily as homo- and heterodimers within all eukaryotic cells, and have been implicated in the modulation of distinct biological processes by binding to specific phosphorylated sites on diverse target proteins, thereby forcing conformational changes or influencing interactions between their targets and other molecules. Each 14-3-3 protein sequence can be roughly divided into three sections: a divergent amino terminus, the conserved core region and a divergent carboxy-terminus. The conserved middle core region of the 14-3-3s encodes an amphipathic groove that forms the main functional domain, a cradle for interacting with client proteins.

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to nephric duct formation.

A histone ubiquitination process in which a ubiquitin monomer is added to a conserved lysine residue in the C-terminus of histone H2B. The conserved lysine residue is K119 in fission yeast, K123 in budding yeast, and K120 in mammals.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell of neural crest origin acquires the specialized features of an odontoblast, a cell on the outer surface of the dental pulp whose biological function is the creation of dentin.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the adherens junction.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Determination of the asymmetric location of various parts of the digestive tract with respect to the left and right halves of the organism. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.

Determination of the asymmetric location of the intestine loops with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.

Determination of the asymmetric location of the stomach with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.

Determination of the asymmetric location of the liver with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.

Enables the transfer of citrate from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.

Enables the transfer of a dipeptide from one side of a membrane to the other. A dipeptide is a combination of two amino acids linked together by a peptide (-CO-NH-) bond.

The process in which urea, the water-soluble compound H2N-CO-NH2, is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

A DNA metabolic process that results in the formation of G-quadruplex DNA structures, in which groups of four guanines adopt a flat, cyclic Hoogsteen hydrogen-bonding arrangement known as a guanine tetrad or G-quartet. The stacking of several layers of G-quartets forms G-quadruplexes, in which one or more DNA single strands are assembled in parallel and/or antiparallel, with interactions that can be either intra- or intermolecular in nature.

A nuclear body that contains proteins involved in pre-mRNA 3'-end cleavage and polyadenylation, such as DDX1, CSTF2 and CPSFs, as well as the transcription factors TFIIE and TFIIF. Cleavage bodies are localized adjacent to Cajal bodies and are involved in mRNA3'-end processing.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an endocannabinoid binding to a cell surface receptor. The pathway proceeds with the receptor transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Endocannabinoids are small molecules derived from arachidonic acid, anandamide (arachidonoylethanolamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol.

The addition of an acetyl group to the lysine 40 residue of alpha-tubulin.

Any process that stop, prevents or decreases transcription as part of the G1/S transition of the mitotic cell cycle.

Any process that activates or increases transcription as part of the G1/S transition of the mitotic cell cycle.

Replication fork processing that involves the unwinding of blocked forks to form four-stranded structures resembling Holliday junctions, which are subsequently resolved.

Binding to an Arp2/3 complex, a protein complex that contains two actin-related proteins, Arp2 and Arp3, and five novel proteins (ARPC1-5).

The process in which thiamine is transported across a membrane. Thiamine is vitamin B1, a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.

In cooperation with a primary Wnt receptor, initiating a change in cell activity through the Wnt signaling pathway.

A nitrogen compound metabolic process that contributes to the nitrogen cycle. The nitrogen cycle is a series of metabolic pathways by which nitrogen is converted between various forms and redox states; it encompasses pathways in which nitrogen is acted upon directly, such as nitrification, denitrification, nitrogen fixation, and mineralization.

A nucleotide-excision repair complex that is involved in damage sensing during global genome nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER). It is part of the pre-incision (or initial recognition) complex bound to sites of DNA damage. In human, it is composed of XPC, RAD23B and CETN2.

A transcription factor complex that consists of a heterodimer of the bHLH-ZIP proteins Myc and Max.

The part of a cell encompassing the cell cortex, the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures.

The removal of one or more ubiquitin groups from a protein as part of a process of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism.

Binding to the oxidized form, FAD, of flavin-adenine dinucleotide, the coenzyme or the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes.

The modification process that results in the conversion of methionine charged on a tRNA(fMet) to N-formyl-methionine-tRNA(fMet).

An supramolecular fiber that consists of an insoluble core of polymerized tropoelastin monomers and a surrounding mantle of microfibrils. Elastic fibers provide elasticity and recoiling to tissues and organs, and maintain structural integrity against mechanical strain.

The directed movement of substances from recycling endosomes to the Golgi.

The cell cycle process in which centromeres of sister chromatids are joined during mitosis.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of a polarized intracellular organization or cell growth patterns that regulate the shape of a cell.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an extracellular vesicular exosome, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Exosomes are defined by their size, which generally ranges from 30 nm to 100 nm.

A vesicle-mediated transport process in which transmembrane proteins are ubiquitylated to facilitate their entry into luminal vesicles of multivesicular bodies (MVBs); upon subsequent fusion of MVBs with lysosomes or vacuoles, the cargo proteins are degraded.

A vacuolar membrane-anchored guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) complex for the Rag GTPases (Gtr1-Gtr2 GTPase complex GO:1990131) in TORC1 signalling pathway. In human, Ragulator is comprised of the membrane anchor subunit LAMTOR1 (Meh1p in S. cerevisiae, Lam1 in S. pombe), a GEF subunit LAMTOR2 ( Slm4 in S. cerevisiae , Lam2 in S. pombe ) , LAMTOR3 (no S. cerevisiae ortholog identified, Lam3 in S. pombe) , LAMTOR4 (no S. cerevisiae ortholog identified, Lam4 in S. pombe), and LAMTOR5 (no S. cerevisiae or S. pombe ortholog identified).

Binding to a WD40 repeat domain of a protein. The WD40 repeat is a short structural motif of approximately 40 amino acids, often terminating in a tryptophan-aspartic acid (W-D) dipeptide. Several of these repeats are combined to form a type of protein domain called the WD domain.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal system maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesangial cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the glomerular mesangial cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nephron epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the glomerular epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The glomerular epithelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the outer surfaces of the glomerulus. The glomerular epithelium consists of both parietal and visceral epithelium. Metanephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport. A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the glomerular endothelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The glomerular endothelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the internal surfaces of the glomerulus.

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerulus vasculature from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the glomerulus vasculature and ends with the mature structure. The glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the glomerulus.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the proximal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the proximal tubule is a nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle. It has a brush border epithelial morphology.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerular visceral epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerular parietal epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the distal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the distal tubule is a nephron tubule that begins at the macula densa and extends to the connecting tubule.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an ascending thin limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ascending thin limb is a segment of a nephron tubule lying in the inner medulla that is permeable to ions but not to water and has a simple epithelium; active transepithelial solute transport is absent.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the nephron are generated and organized. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a collecting duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The collecting duct responds to vasopressin and aldosterone to regulate water, electrolyte and acid-base balance. It is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder.

Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate into the anatomical structures of the renal system.

The process in which the comma-shaped body is generated and organized. The comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of the nephron.

The process in which the S-shaped body is generated and organized. The S-shaped body is the successor of the comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of the nephron.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cortical collecting duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cortical collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the loop of Henle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The loop of Henle is a nephron tubule that connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium in the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a kidney mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of kidney mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Kidney mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the kidney.

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of metanephric mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Metanephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the metanephros.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the renal vesicle are generated and organized. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a nephron tubule are generated and organized. A nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney.

The progression of a nephron tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal vesicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the nephron epithelium are generated and organized. The nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron.

The multiplication or reproduction of stem cells, resulting in the expansion of a stem cell population. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of branch elongation involved in ureteric bud branching, the growth of a branch of the ureteric bud along its axis.

Any process that reduces the frequency, rate or extent of branch elongation involved in ureteric bud branching, the growth of a branch of the ureteric bud along its axis.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor resulting in the reduction of the frequency, rate or extent of branch elongation involved in ureteric bud branching, the growth of a branch of the ureteric bud along its axis.

The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the kidney along the anterior/posterior axis to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.

The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the ureteric bud along the anterior/posterior axis to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.

The establishment of the ureteric bud such that there is a similar arrangement in form and relationship of parts along its anterior/posterior axis.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor that results in the establishment of the ureteric bud such that there is a similar arrangement in form and relationship of parts along its anterior/posterior axis.

Any process that modulates the developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the ureteric bud from the Wolffian duct.

Any process that increases the rate or extent of the developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the ureteric bud from the Wolffian duct.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the glomerular mesangium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The glomerular mesangium is the thin membrane connective tissue composed of mesangial cells, which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glomerular visceral epithelial cell. A glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the pronephros are generated and organized. In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensable for larval life.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. A mesenchymal tissue is made up of loosely packed stellate cells.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glomerular parietal epithelial cell. Glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesangial cell in the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerular mesangial cell in the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into an epithelial cell.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a distal tubule are generated and organized. The distal tubule is a nephron tubule that begins at the macula densa and extends to the connecting tubule.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium in the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.

The progression of a mesonephric tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros.

The progression of a metanephric tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesonephric tubule are generated and organized. A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric tubule are generated and organized from an epithelium. A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros.

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an epithelial tube.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephric duct over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesonephric duct over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. A mesonephric duct is a tube drains the mesonephros.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the nephric duct are generated and organized. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney.

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a nephric duct. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ureter over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or from the Malpighian tubule to the hindgut.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle in the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the ureter gland over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the ureter gland over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the metanephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a collecting duct in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The collecting duct responds to vasopressin and aldosterone to regulate water, electrolyte and acid-base balance. The collecting duct is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesangial cells of the metanephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephron in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric cortex is the outer region of the metanephros.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric ascending thin limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric ascending thin limb is a segment of a nephron tubule in the metanephros lying in the inner medulla that is permeable to ions but not to water and has a simple epithelium; active transepithelial solute transport is absent.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric cortical collecting duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric cortical collecting duct is the portion of the metanephric collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric glomerular mesangium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric glomerular mesangium is the thin membrane connective tissue composed of mesangial cells in the metanephros, which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus.

The progression of the metanephric glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The metanephric glomerulus is a capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the mature vertebrate kidney, or metanephros.

The progression of a metanephric nephron tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephric nephron, the functional part of the metanephros.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric distal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric distal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that begins at the metanephric macula densa and extends to the metanephric connecting tubule.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric loop of Henle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric loop of Henle is a metanephric nephron tubule that connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule in the metanephros.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric proximal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric proximal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle in the metanephros. It has a brush border epithelial morphology.

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric glomerulus vasculature from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the metanephric glomerulus vasculature and ends with the mature structure. The metanephric glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the metanephric glomerulus.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric nephron epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The metanephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the metanephros.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric glomerular epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric glomerular epithelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the outer surfaces of the glomerulus in the metanephros. The metanephric glomerular epithelium consists of both parietal and visceral epithelium. Metanephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport. A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell. A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros.

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the glomerular mesangial cells of the metanephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephric nephron are generated and organized. A metanephric nephron is the functional unit of the metanephros.

The process in which the metanephric comma-shaped body is generated and organized. The metanephric comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the metanephric S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the metanephros.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric nephron tubule are generated and organized. A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephric nephron, the functional part of the metanephros.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephric renal vesicle are generated and organized. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the metanephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells.

The process in which the metanephric S-shaped body is generated and organized. The metanephric S-shaped body is the successor of the metanephric comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the metanephros.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric distal tubule are generated and organized. The metanephric distal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that begins at the macula densa and extends to the metanephric connecting tubule.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerular epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Glomerular epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form part of the glomerulus; there are two types, glomerular parietal epithelial cells and glomerular visceral epithelial cells.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glomerular epithelial cell. Glomerular epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form part of the glomerulus; there are two types, glomerular parietal epithelial cells and glomerular visceral epithelial cells.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a metanephric glomerular epithelial cell. Metanephric glomerular epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form part of the metanephric glomerulus; there are two types, metanephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells and metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cells.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric glomerular epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Metanephric glomerular epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form part of the metanephric glomerulus; there are two types, metanephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells and metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cells.

The disaggregation of a clathrin coat into its constituent components; results in stripping or removing the clathrin coat from clathrin-coated vesicles (CCV) before fusing with their targets. CVVs transport cargo from plasma membrane and trans-Golgi to the endosomal system.

A protein depolymerization process that results in the disassembly of vesicle coat proteins.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a volume-sensitive channel. A volume-sensitive channel is a channel that responds to changes in the volume of a cell.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (-COOH) group.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (-COOH) group.

An intracellular signaling process that is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53 or an equivalent protein.

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.

The process in which UDP-galactose is transported across a membrane.

The directed movement of modified amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lactams, any cyclic amides of amino carboxylic acids, having a 1-azacycloalkan-2-one structure, or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.

A process of translational elongation that takes place when a ribosome has stalled during translation, and results in freeing the ribosome from the stalled translation complex.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

The directed movement of compounds that contain sulfur, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Enables the transfer of modified amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing three carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the threonine-3 residue of the N-terminal tail of histone H3.

A cellular protein complex localization that acts on a chromosome passenger complex; as a result, the complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location at the kinetochore. A chromosome passenger complex is a protein complex that contains the BIR-domain-containing protein Survivin, Aurora B kinase, INCENP and Borealin, and coordinates various events based on its location to different structures during the course of mitosis.

A protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex that contains a catalytic subunit (PPP1CA, PPP1CB or PPP1CC) and the regulatory subunits PPP1R10 (PNUTS), TOX4 and WDR82, and plays a role in the control of chromatin structure and cell cycle progression during the transition from mitosis into interphase.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the circulatory system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The circulatory system is the organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis.

A sequential series of modifications to a set of proteins where the product of one reaction catalyzes the following reaction, ultimately leading to the generation of a mature protein. Modifications typically include proteolysis or covalent modification, and may also include binding events.

A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of events leading from the formation of activated factor X to the formation of active thrombin, the cleavage of fibrinogen by thrombin, and the formation of cleaved fibrin into a stable multimeric, cross-linked complex.

A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of the cascade of enzymatic reactions initiated by physical damage to the wall of a blood vessel, leading to the formation of a formation of a fibrin clot at the site of the injury. The process also includes numerous positive and negative regulatory events.

A protein complex that is involved in the post-translational delivery of tail-anchored (TA) membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum. TA membrane proteins, also called type II transmembrane proteins, contain a single C-terminal transmembrane region. Some ER membrane insertion complex subunits are conserved between different species such as mammals and budding yeast.

The directed movement of a vesicle towards the plus end of a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of a vesicle to a microtubule, and ends when the vesicle reaches its final destination.

The directed movement of an organelle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of an organelle to a microtubule, and ends when the organelle reaches its final destination.

The directed movement of an organelle towards the minus end of a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of an organelle to a microtubule, and ends when the organelle reaches its final destination.

The directed movement of an organelle towards the plus end of a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of an organelle to a microtubule, and ends when the organelle reaches its final destination.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving flavin adenine dinucleotide, which acts as a coenzyme or prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of flavin adenine dinucleotide, which acts as a coenzyme or prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes.

Any process in which a microtubule is maintained in a specific location in a cell by attachment to a microtubule organizing center.

A process that occurs in response to signals generated as a result of cell cycle checkpoint signaling.

A process that occurs in response to signals generated as a result of DNA integrity checkpoint signaling.

A process that occurs in response to signals generated as a result of DNA damage checkpoint signaling.

A process that occurs in response to signals generated as a result of intra-S DNA damage checkpoint signaling.

A histone acetyltransferase complex that catalyzes the acetylation of a histone H4 lysine residue at position 16. In human, it contains the catalytic subunit MOF, and MSL1, MSL2 and MSL3.

The process in which ammonium is transported across a membrane. Ammonium is the cation NH4+.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal stem cell. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells.

The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal joints over time, from formation to mature structure.

Rho GTPase-dependent catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains purine or a formal derivative thereof.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains purine or a formal derivative thereof.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains purine or a formal derivative thereof.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyridine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyridine or a formal derivative thereof.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyridine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyridine or a formal derivative thereof.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyridine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyridine or a formal derivative thereof.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyrimidine or a formal derivative thereof.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyrimidine or a formal derivative thereof.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyrimidine or a formal derivative thereof.

The process in which a purine-containing compound is transported across a membrane. A purine-containing compound is any compound that contains purine or a formal derivative thereof.

The process in which a pyrimidine-containing compound is transported across a membrane. A pyrimidine-containing compound is any compound that contains pyrimidine or a formal derivative thereof.

A protein complex that binds interleukin-23 and that consists of, at a minimum, a dimeric interleukin and its two receptor subunits as well as optional additional kinase subunits.

A change in the morphology or behavior of a fibroblast resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.

An immune response which is associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria with a key role in inflammation and tissue injury. This immune response is associated with pathological autoimmune conditions such as multiple sclerosis, arthritis and psoriasis which is typically orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines by T-helper 17 cells, most notably interleukin-17, IL-21 and IL-22.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires the specialized features of a T-helper 17 (Th17) cell. A Th17 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype RORgamma-t-positive that produces IL-17.

The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper 17 cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype RORgamma-t-positive that produces IL-17.

Binding to L-DOPA, the modified amino acid (2S)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.

A transmembrane protein complex located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) involved in the insertion of newly synthesized proteins in the membrane of the ER. In S. cerevisiae, it has six members: EMC1, EMC2, AIM27, EMC4, KRE27, and EMC6.

Catalysis of the reaction: a 17-beta-ketosteroid + NADPH + H+ = a 17-beta-hydroxysteroid + NADP+.

An inflammasome complex that consists of two components, NLRP1 (NALP1) and caspase-1 or caspase-5. The exact mechanisms of NLRP1 activation remain obscure, but potassium ion efflux appears to be essential.

An inflammasome complex that consists of three components, NLRP3 (NALP3), PYCARD and caspase-1. It is activated upon exposure to whole pathogens, as well as a number of structurally diverse pathogen- and danger-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs) and environmental irritants. Whole pathogens demonstrated to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome complex include the fungi Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, bacteria that produce pore-forming toxins, including Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, and viruses such as Sendai virus, adenovirus, and influenza virus.

Binding to ADP-D-ribose, an ADP-aldose having ribose as the aldose fragment.

Binding to monomeric ADP-D-ribose, an ADP-aldose having ribose as the aldose fragment.

Binding to polymeric ADP-D-ribose, a polymer that is composed of poly-ADP-D-ribose units linked through 1,2-glycosidic bonds at the ribose ring.

The multiplication or reproduction of hepatocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Hepatocytes form the main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.

The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the liver.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the liver are generated and organized.

Any apoptotic process in an endothelial cell. An endothelial cell comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures and can be squamous or cuboidal.

The receptor clustering process in which neurotransmitter-gated ion channels are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.

Catalysis of the reaction: a 17-beta-hydroxysteroid + NADP+ = a 17-oxosteroid + NADPH + H+.

An endocytosis process that begins when material is taken up into clathrin-coated pits, which then pinch off to form clathrin-coated endocytic vesicles.

An endocytosis process that begins when material is taken up into plasma membrane caveolae, which then pinch off to form endocytic caveolar carriers.

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains an RNA of the box H/ACA type and the four core proteins dyskerin, NOP10, NHP2, and GAR1 (human protein nomenclature). RNA pseudouridylation (isomerization of uridine to pseudouridine) is the major, and most likely the ancestral, function of H/ACA RNPs. Pseudouridylation targets include both large and small ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and small nuclear RNA (U2 snRNA). In addition to these catalytic H/ACA RNPs, a less abundant but more diverse class of structural H/ACA RNPs exists, which does not have pseudouridylation activity. These include the vertebrate telomerase RNP complex.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers.

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location on or in an organelle. Encompasses establishment of localization in the membrane or lumen of a membrane-bounded organelle.

Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location a specific location on or in an organelle, and is prevented from moving elsewhere. Encompasses establishment of localization in the membrane or lumen of a membrane-bounded organelle.

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the endoplasmic reticulum.

The directed movement of a protein to the mitochondrion or a part of the mitochondrion.

Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location in a mitochondrion, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in a membrane.

Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location in a membrane, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane.

Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location in the plasma membrane, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location in a peroxisome.

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a peroxisome.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location in a vacuole.

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a vacuole.

A protein complex that catalyzes the ligation of cleaved pre-tRNAs by directly joining spliced tRNA halves to mature-sized tRNAs by incorporating the precursor-derived splice junction phosphate into the mature tRNA as a canonical 3',5'-phosphodiester.

The migration of a neutrophil from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level and in which the structure of a lamellipodium is organized.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a multinuclear osteoclast. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue.

The plasma membrane fusion process that results in fusion of mononuclear osteoclasts to form a multinuclear osteoclast.

The movement of a lymphocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

The movement of an eosinophil within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

The movement of a T cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

The migration of a T cell from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.

Endonucleolytic cleavage of the 3'-end of the pre-tRNA as part of the process of generating the mature 3'-end of the tRNA in the mitochondrion.

A spindle that forms as part of mitosis. Mitotic and meiotic spindles contain distinctive complements of proteins associated with microtubules.

A spindle that forms as part of meiosis. Several proteins, such as budding yeast Spo21p, fission yeast Spo2 and Spo13, and C. elegans mei-1, localize specifically to the meiotic spindle and are absent from the mitotic spindle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination within the telomere.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the cell cortex.

A cellular protein localization process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location within the microtubule cytoskeleton.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sorbitol stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sorbitol stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroxyurea stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroxyurea stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an actinomycin D stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an actinomycin D stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cisplatin stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cisplatin stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dithiothreitol stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dithiothreitol stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a staurosporine stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a staurosporine stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a diamide (N,N,N',N'-tetramethyldiazene-1,2-dicarboxamide) stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a diamide (N,N,N',N'-tetramethyldiazene-1,2-dicarboxamide) stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an anisomycin stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an anisomycin stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytochalasin B stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a rapamycin stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a camptothecin stimulus.

Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy in the host cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent to which it enters into the host organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.

Viral penetration into the host nucleus where the viral genome passes through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) using the cellular importin transport machinery.

Any endocytosis that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell.

Process by which viral mRNA translation is initiated, where a domain in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the viral mRNA called an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) binds the host 43S preinitiation complex, circumventing regular cap-dependent translation initiation.

A process which occurs during viral translation, which involves a translational recoding mechanism called programmed ribosomal frameshifting. This causes the ribosome to alter its reading of the mRNA to an a different open reading frame to produce alternate viral proteins.

A process which occurs as part of viral mRNA translation which allows expression of a downstream open reading frame (ORF) in a dicistronic mRNA. In this process, ribosomes translate the upstream ORF but following termination, a proportion of 40S subunits remain tethered to the mRNA and go on to re-initiate translation at the start codon of the downstream ORF.

The crossing by the virus of the host nuclear membrane, either as naked viral genome or for small viruses as an intact capsid.

The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, within the host cell.

A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul4 family and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by an adaptor protein.

The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in an mRNA molecule.

Catalysis of the reaction: a very long chain fatty acyl-CoA + NADPH + H+ = a very long chain primary alcohol + NADP+ + CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3R-hydroxyacyl-CoA = 2E-enoyl-CoA + H2O.

Binding to phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3' and 5' positions.

Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-alpha-D-glucose + phosphate = alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate + GDP.

Binding to a 5S rDNA sequence, encoding ribosomal 5S rRNA, which is individually transcribed by RNA polymerase III, rather than by RNA polymerase I, in species where it exists.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism involving those compounds formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism.

The removal of a methyl group from one or more nucleotides within an DNA molecule.

A series of specific posttranslational modifications to the CAAX box region of CAAX box proteins. CAAX box proteins are eukaryotic proteins that contain a CAAX motif where the C is a cysteine, the two A residues are aliphatic amino acids and the X can be one of several amino acids. The CAAX-box proteins undergo three sequential, enzymatic, post-translational modifications essential to their targeting: First, the proteins are prenylated by one of two prenyltransferases called farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase-I. Prenylation results in the covalent attachment of either farnesyl or geranylgeranyl isoprenoid groups to the cysteine in the CAAX box motif. Prenylation is followed by proteolytic removal of the last three amino acids of the protein (AAX). Finally, the newly exposed carboxylate group of the isoprenylcysteine is methylated by an ER-associated prenyl-dependent carboxylmethyltransferase.

The directed movement of AMP, adenosine monophosphate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Enables the transfer of AMP, adenosine monophosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Catalysis of the conversion of a fatty acid to an alpha-hydroxylated fatty acid. A hydroxyl group is added to the second carbon, counted from the carboxyl end, of a fatty acid chain.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to stress. Response to stress is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular response to stress. Cellular response to stress is a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of amino acid within a cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity: catalysis of the reaction: protein serine/threonine phosphate + H2O = protein serine/threonine + phosphate.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water.

The process in which hydrogen peroxide is transported across a membrane.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lytic vacuole.

The modification of histone H3 by addition of three methyl groups to lysine at position 4 of the histone.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as the result of a phenylpropanoid stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism. A phenylpropanoid is any of secondary metabolites with structures based on a phenylpropane skeleton. The class includes phenylpropanoid esters, flavonoids, anthocyanins, coumarins and many small phenolic molecules. Phenylpropanoids are also precursors of lignin.

A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 6 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K6-linked ubiquitination is involved in DNA repair.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the extracellular matrix.

An action potential that occurs in a cardiac muscle cell and is involved in its contraction.

The actin filament-based process in which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in contraction of a cardiac muscle cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell contraction.

An action potential that occurs in a ventricular cardiac muscle cell.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of a cardiac muscle cell contributing to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel across the plasma membrane of a cardiac muscle cell that contributes to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of a cardiac muscle cell contributing to the repolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the membrane potential changes in the repolarizing direction, toward the steady state potential. For example, the repolarization during an action potential is from a positive membrane potential towards a negative resting potential.

The process in which membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.

The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential.

The process in which cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.

The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the cardiac muscle cell plasma membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential.

An action potential that occurs in an atrial cardiac muscle cell.

An action potential that occurs in a sinoatrial node cardiac muscle cell.

An action potential that occurs in an atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell.

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an SA node cardiomyocyte to an atrial cardiomyocyte.

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the heart process that regulates cardiac muscle contraction; beginning with the generation of an action potential in the sinoatrial node and ending with regulation of contraction of the myocardium.

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an atrial cardiomyocyte to an AV node cell.

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an AV node cardiac muscle cell to a bundle of His cardiomyocyte.

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a bundle of His cardiomyocyte to a Purkinje myocyte.

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a Purkinje myocyte to a ventricular cardiac muscle cell.

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in a cardiac muscle cell (a cardiomyocyte). A membrane potential is the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.

A calcium-transporting P-type ATPase activity involved in regulation of the plasma membrane potential.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of an SA node cardiac muscle cell contributing to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

The attachment of one cardiomyocyte to another cardiomyocyte via adhesion molecules.

The process that mediates signaling interactions between an atrial cardiomyocyte and an AV node cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.

The process in which AV node cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.

The process in which SA node cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.

The process in which Purkinje myocyte membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.

The process in which bundle of His cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.

The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the bundle of His cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential.

The process in which an SA node cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential.

The process that mediates signaling interactions between an AV node cardiomyocyte and a bundle of His cardiac muscle cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.

The process that mediates signaling interactions between a bundle of His cardiac muscle cell and a Purkinje myocyte by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel across the plasma membrane of an AV node cardiac muscle cell that contributes to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel across the plasma membrane of a bundle of His cardiac muscle cell that contributes to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel across the plasma membrane of an SA node cardiac muscle cell that contributes to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of an AV node cardiac muscle cell contributing to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of a bundle of His cardiac muscle cell contributing to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of a Purkinje myocyte contributing to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of an SA node cardiac muscle cell contributing to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

The process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels and contributes to the process of cardiac conduction.

Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.

The process that mediates interactions between an atrial cardiomyocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the atrial cardiomyocyte communicating with an AV node cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.

The process that mediates interactions between an AV node cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the AV node cell communicating with a bundle of His cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.

The process that mediates interactions between a Purkinje myocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the Purkinje myocyte communicating with a ventricular cardiac muscle cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.

The process that mediates interactions between a bundle of His cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the bundle of His cell communicating with a Purkinje myocyte in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.

The process that mediates interactions between an SA node cardiomyocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the SA node cardiomyocyte communicating with an atrial cardiomyocyte in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.

The attachment of a bundle of His cell to a Purkinje myocyte via adhesion molecules that results in the cells being juxtaposed so that they can communicate.

A wide pore channel activity that enables a direct cytoplasmic connection from one cardiomyocyte to an adjacent cardiomyocyte. The gap junction passes electrical signals between the cells contributing to cardiac conduction.

A wide pore channel activity that enables a direct cytoplasmic connection from an atrial cardiomyocyte to an AV node cell. The gap junction passes electrical signals between the cells contributing to cardiac conduction.

A wide pore channel activity that enables a direct cytoplasmic connection from an AV node cell to a bundle of His cell. The gap junction passes electrical signals between the cells contributing to cardiac conduction.

A wide pore channel activity that enables a direct cytoplasmic connection from a bundle of His cell to a Purkinje myocyte. The gap junction passes electrical signals between the cells contributing to cardiac conduction.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of a bundle of His cell contributing to the repolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of an atrial cardiomyocyte contributing to the repolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of an SA node cell contributing to the repolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

A cardiac conduction process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction.

A cardiac conduction process that modulates the extent of heart contraction, changing the force with which blood is propelled.

A phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by angiotensin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by endothelin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase D, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.

A heterodimeric protein complex consisting of conserved large and small U2AF subunits that contributes to spliceosomal RNA splicing by binding to consensus sequences at the 3' splice site. U2AF is required to stabilize the association of the U2 snRNP with the branch point.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA containing N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing N6-methylthreonylcarbamoyladenosine.

The directed movement of an amino acid from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophil chemotaxis is the directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophil chemotaxis is the directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophil chemotaxis is the directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte chemotaxis.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte chemotaxis.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte chemotaxis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroid hormones,compounds with a 1, 2, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus that act as hormones.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroid hormones,compounds with a 1, 2, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus that act as hormones.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroid hormones,compounds with a 1, 2, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus that act as hormones.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly. Chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex, mediated by chaperone molecules that do not form part of the finished complex.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly. Chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex, mediated by chaperone molecules that do not form part of the finished complex.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of a series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.

The removal of an acetyl group from tubulin. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tubulin deacetylation. Tubulin deacetylation is the removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of tubulin deacetylation. Tubulin deacetylation is the removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of deacetylase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of an acetyl group or groups from a substrate molecule.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis. Cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis is the orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels contributing to the process of sprouting angiogenesis.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis. Cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis is the orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels contributing to the process of sprouting angiogenesis.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis. Cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis is the orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels contributing to the process of sprouting angiogenesis.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of microtubule nucleation. Microtubule nucleation is the 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell.

Any process that modulates the size of the thalamus. The thalamus is a part of the diencephalon that is composed of the dorsal thalamus and the ventral thalamus.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of protein homodimerization, interacting selectively with an identical protein to form a homodimer.

A process in which the extent of muscle contraction is reduced. Muscle relaxation can involve a number of processes including the removal of calcium from the cytoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen through the action of Ca2+ ATPases. In some muscles, calcium-independent pathways also play a role in muscle relaxation by decreasing the phosphorylation state of myosin light chain.

A process in which the extent of skeletal muscle tissue contraction is reduced. Muscle relaxation involves the removal of calcium from the cytoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen through the action of Ca2+ ATPases.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.

Any selective and non-covalent interaction with a nucleic acid involved in the initiation, activation, perpetuation, repression or termination of polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of inclusion body assembly. Inclusion body assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an inclusion body.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of inclusion body assembly. Inclusion body assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an inclusion body.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein deubiquitination. Protein deubiquitination is the removal of one or more ubiquitin groups from a protein.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of protein deubiquitination. Protein deubiquitination is the removal of one or more ubiquitin groups from a protein.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor serine/threonine kinase binding to its physiological ligand.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor serine/threonine kinase binding to its physiological ligand.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor serine/threonine kinase binding to its physiological ligand.

The progression of the cochlea over time from its formation to the mature structure. The cochlea is the snail-shaped portion of the inner ear that is responsible for the detection of sound.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell-substrate junction assembly. Cell-substrate junction assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between a cell and its substrate.

The formation of a macromolecular complex between the COPII coat proteins and proteins and/or lipoproteins that are going to be transported by the COPII vesicle to the Golgi.

The evagination of an endoplasmic reticulum membrane, resulting in formation of a COPII-coated vesicle.

The covalent transfer of a methyl group to C-5 of cytosine in a DNA molecule.

The directed movement of low-density lipoprotein particle from endosomes to lysosomes.

A receptor-mediated endocytosis process involved in intracellular cholesterol transport.

The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, or cholesterol-containing compounds, by membrane-bounded vesicles.

Any process that modulates the extent of synapse maturation, the process that organizes a synapse so that it attains its fully functional state.

The process in which the population of cells that make up a tissue undergo directed movement.

The process in which the population of cells that make up an epithelium undergo directed movement.

The formation of daughter actin filament branches at an angle on the sides of preexisting mother filaments.

The attachment of an epithelial cell to another epithelial cell via adhesion molecules.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mitochondrial fission. Mitochondrial fission is the division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mitochondrial fission. Mitochondrial fission is the division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleoid. The nucleoid is the region of a bacterial cell, virion, mitochondrion or chloroplast to which the DNA is confined.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial nucleoid. The mitochondrial nucleoid is the region of a mitochondrion to which the DNA is confined.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the separation of a single continuous membrane into two membranes.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the separation of a single continuous mitochondrial membrane into two membranes and contributes to mitochondrial fission.

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a membrane.

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the mitochondrial membrane.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Sphingolipid biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Sphingolipid biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Sphingolipid biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).

Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sphingolipids at the level of the cell.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an endoplasmic reticulum membrane.

The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to lysosomes.

The formation of a continuous ribbon of interconnected Golgi stacks of flat cisternae.

The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization of an epithelial cell.

The asymmetric formation of a continuous ribbon of interconnected Golgi stacks of flat cisternae that contributes to the establishment of epithelial cell polarity.

A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a Golgi apparatus that contributes to Golgi inheritance.

The reformation of the Golgi following its breakdown and partitioning contributing to Golgi inheritance.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of spindle assembly. Spindle assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart.

The joining of two lipid bilayers to form a single organelle membrane.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the establishment of planar polarity, the coordinated organization of groups of cells in a tissue, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cholesterol metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of kidney development. Kidney development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of kidney development. Kidney development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of kidney development. Kidney development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis, the process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis, the process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis, the process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of glomerulus development, the progression of the glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of glomerulus development, the progression of the glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, the process in which cytochrome c is enabled to move from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is an early step in apoptosis and leads to caspase activation.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, the process in which cytochrome c is enabled to move from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is an early step in apoptosis and leads to caspase activation.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, the process in which cytochrome c is enabled to move from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is an early step in apoptosis and leads to caspase activation.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cholesterol metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cholesterol metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate = ADP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate = ADP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate = ADP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipid kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a simple or complex lipid.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of lipid kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a simple or complex lipid.

The 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates from the centrosome.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle.

The series of molecular signals in which a Ran GTPase relays a signal resulting in the modulation of the rate, frequency or extent of microtubule nucleation.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of centromere complex assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and centromeric DNA molecules to form a centromeric protein-DNA complex.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the spindle checkpoint, a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and oriented, and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the spindle checkpoint, a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and oriented, and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the spindle checkpoint, a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and oriented, and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of kinetochore assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the kinetochore, a multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of metaphase plate congression, the alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the spindle.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of arachidonic acid secretion, the controlled release of arachidonic acid from a cell or a tissue.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of arachidonic acid secretion, the controlled release of arachidonic acid from a cell or a tissue.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of histone H4 acetylation, the modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of histone H4 acetylation, the modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of histone H4 acetylation, the modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a muscle system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in a muscle system.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of mitochondrial fission. Mitochondrial fission is the division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of retinal ganglion cell axon guidance, the process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of retinal ganglion cell axon guidance, the process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of inclusion body assembly. Inclusion body assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an inclusion body.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-excision repair process that carries out preferential repair of DNA lesions on the actively transcribed strand of the DNA duplex. In addition, the transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair pathway is required for the recognition and repair of a small subset of lesions that are not recognized by the global genome nucleotide excision repair pathway.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process of immune complex clearance by monocytes or macrophages.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process of immune complex clearance by monocytes or macrophages.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the mitotic cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint, a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a mitotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the mitotic cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint, a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a mitotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the appearance of a fibroblast growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the appearance of a fibroblast growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the appearance of a fibroblast growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of osteoclasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoclast cell population.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of osteoclasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoclast cell population.

The process in which the nuclear matrix, the dense fibrillar network lying on the inner side of the nuclear membrane, is directly or indirectly linked to the nuclear membrane.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized in the mitochondrion.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized in the mitochondrion.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized in the mitochondrion.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.

The nucleic acid metabolic process in which the phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides are cleaved by hydrolysis.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle that contributes to the process of meiosis.

Mitotic bipolar spindle assembly begins with spindle microtubule nucleation from the separated spindle pole body, includes spindle elongation during prometaphase, and is complete when all kinetochores are stably attached the spindle, and the spindle assembly checkpoint is satisfied.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein deacetylation, the removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein deacetylation, the removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of superoxide metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of DNA-templated DNA replication, the process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of platelet aggregation. Platelet aggregation is the adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of platelet aggregation. Platelet aggregation is the adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of brown fat cell differentiation. Brown fat cell differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of brown fat cell differentiation. Brown fat cell differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving organohalogen compounds, as carried out by individual cells.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving organofluorine compounds, as carried out by individual cells.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving organohalogen compounds, as carried out by individual cells.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving organofluorine compounds, as carried out by individual cells.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving organohalogen compounds, as carried out by individual cells.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving organofluorine compounds, as carried out by individual cells.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol efflux. Cholesterol efflux is the directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of heart induction. Heart induction is the close range interaction between mesoderm and endoderm or ectoderm that causes cells to change their fates and specify the development of the heart.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the arrangement of constituent parts of a phagosome within a cell. Phagosome maturation begins with endocytosis and formation of the early phagosome and ends with the formation of the hybrid organelle, the phagolysosome.

Any process that reduces the pH of the phagosome, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.

The creation of a phagolysosome from a phagosome and a lysosome.

Any process that prevents the establishment or decreases the extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which is a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.

A cell aging process stimulated in response to cellular stress, whereby normal cells lose the ability to divide through irreversible cell cycle arrest.

A cell aging process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to telomere shortening and/or cellular aging.

A cellular senescence process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to environmental factors such as hydrogen peroxide or X-rays.

A cellular senescence process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to oncogenic stress, such as the activation of the Ras oncogenic family.

A cellular senescence process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to oxidative stress, e.g. high levels of reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of deoxyribose phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 2-deoxy-erythro-pentose.

Catalysis of the reaction: malonate + ATP + coenzyme A = malonyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of malonate, the propanedioate ion.

Enables the transfer of nicotinate from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of thiamine pyrophosphate a substance from one side of a membrane to the other.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + palmitic acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + palmitoyl-CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + oleic acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + oleoyl-CoA.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location within a nuclear envelope.

A conserved protein phosphatase type 2A complex which contains a protein phosphatase type 2A, a protein phosphatase regulatory subunit, a striatin, an FHA domain protein and other subunits (at least six proteins). In fission yeast this complex negatively regulate the septation initiation network at the spindle pole body.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glutamate within a cell.

Any protein processing achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond after two basic amino acids within a protein.

The process in which a purine nucleotide-sugar is transported across a membrane. Purine nucleotide-sugars are purine nucleotides in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.

The process in which a pyrimidine nucleotide-sugar is transported across a membrane. Pyrimidine nucleotide-sugars are pyrimidine nucleotides in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.

Enables the transfer of a vitamin from one side of a membrane to the other.

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the oxygen atom of a nucleoside residue in a small RNA molecule. Reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + small RNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + small RNA containing a 3'-terminal 2'-O-methylnucleotide.

The orderly movement of a mesenchymal cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.

The component of a Golgi membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

The RNA metabolic process in which the phosphodiester bonds between ribonucleotides are cleaved by hydrolysis.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the hydrolysis of internal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of ribonucleotides.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the hydrolysis of terminal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of ribonucleotides.

The expansion of one cell sheet over other cells involved in wound healing.

The orderly movement of a podocyte from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism or multicellular structure. A podocyte is a specialized kidney epithelial cell.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in dynamic structural changes to the arrangement of actin filaments.

Protein complex that carries out the reaction: ATP + H2O + cation(out) = ADP + phosphate + cation(in).

Protein complex that carries out the reaction: ATP + H2O + Ca2+(out) = ADP + phosphate + Ca2+(in).

An ISWI complex that contains an ATPase subunit of the ISWI family (specifically SNF2H in mammals, which contain two ISWI homologs) and WSTF (Williams Syndrome Transcription Factor). WICH plays roles in regulation of RNAP I and III transcription and in DNA replication and repair.

An ISWI complex that contains an ATPase subunit of the ISWI family (specifically SNF2L in mammals, which contain two ISWI homologs) and a CECR2 homolog. In mammals, CERF is involved in regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoters.

Binding to a MIT protein domain. The MIT domain is found in vacuolar sorting proteins, spastin (probable ATPase involved in the assembly or function of nuclear protein complexes), and a sorting nexin, which may play a role in intracellular trafficking.

A cell part that is the central region of the midbody characterized by a gap in alpha-tubulin staining. It is a dense structure of antiparallel microtubules from the central spindle in the middle of the intercellular bridge.

A SWI/SNF-type complex that contains a subunit from the CHD(Chromodomain helicase DNA-binding) family. The CHD family is characterized by two signature sequence motifs: tandem chromodomains located in the N-terminal region, and the SNF2-like ATPase domain located in the central region of the protein structure.

Catalysis of the movement of phosphatidylcholine from the cytosolic to the exoplasmic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.

Catalysis of the movement of phosphatidylethanolamine from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.

Catalysis of the movement of phosphatidylserine from the cytosolic to the exoplasmic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.

The establishment of a barrier between endothelial cell layers of the intestine to exert specific and selective control over the passage of water and solutes, thus allowing formation and maintenance of compartments that differ in fluid and solute composition.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by a membrane.

Catalysis of the reaction S-adenosyl-L-methionine + L-histidine-[translation elongation factor 2] = S-methyl-5-thioadenosine + 2-[(3S)-3-amino-3-carboxypropyl]-L-histidine-[translation elongation factor 2].

A protein complex, located in the nucleus, that possesses activity that prevents or downregulates transcription from a RNA polymerase II promoter.

A transcription factor complex that acts at a regulatory region of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II.

A transcription factor complex that acts at a regulatory region of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase III.

Catalysis of the hydrolytic removal of phosphoglycolate from the 3'-terminus of a 3'-phosphoglycolate-terminated DNA strand.

The immediate defensive reaction by vertebrate tissue to injury caused by chemical or physical agents.

Morphogenesis of a sensory organ. A sensory organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to receive and transmit signals from external or internal stimuli. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-linked alpha-D-glucose residue with release of alpha-D-glucose.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-(1->3)-linked alpha-D-glucose residues with release of alpha-D-glucose.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide, via the multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway; proteins are sorted into MVBs, and delivered to a lysosome/vacuole for degradation. This process is independent of ubiquitination.

Steps involved in processing precursor RNAs arising from transcription of operons in the mitochondrial genome into mature mRNAs.

Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an mRNA molecule that derives from the mitochondrial genome.

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA in a double-stranded RNA molecule formed by the base pairing of an mRNA with an miRNA.

An siRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing pathway in which small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) direct the cleavage of target mRNAs. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), an siRNA will typically direct cleavage by base pairing with perfect or near-perfect complementarity to the target mRNA.

Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive GTPase through the replacement of GDP by GTP.

The process in which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group, in the mitochondrion.

A telomere maintenance process that results in the formation of a telomeric circle, or t-circle. A t-circle is an extrachromosomal duplex or single-stranded circular DNA molecule composed of t-arrays. T-circles are involved in the control of telomere length via alternative-lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway and telomere rapid deletion (TRD).

The telomere maintenance process in which telomeric loops are disassembled to permit efficient telomere replication.

A box H/ACA ribonucleoprotein complex that contains the RNA component of vertebrate telomerase, the enzyme essential for the replication of chromosome termini in most eukaryotes. This ribonucleoprotein complex is a structural box H/ACA RNP, which does not have the catalytic pseudouridylation function shared by the majority of H/ACA RNPs present in the cell.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the peptide neurotransmitter galanin binding to a cell surface receptor.

A protein complex containing at least one glycosylated protein, may be held together by both covalent and noncovalent bonds.

A process in which a small Cajal body-specific RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a Cajal body.

The directed movement of a motile cell in response to the presence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).

The directed movement of an endothelial cell in response to the presence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).

A process in which an RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a Cajal body.

A process in which telomerase RNA (TERC) is transported to, or maintained in, a Cajal body.

Any process in which telomerase RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

The cell-cell adhesion process by which adjacent microvilli attach to each other through Ca(2+)-dependent adhesion links made of protocadherin-24 and mucin-like protocadherin.

A macromolecular localization process in which RNA is transported to and maintained in a location within the nucleus.

A eukaryotically conserved heterodimeric protein complex (comprising adherin and the chromatid cohesion factor MAU2/Scc4/Ssl3) required for the loading of a cohesin, complex onto DNA.

An adaptive immune response against an antigen not previously encountered by immune system.

An adaptive immune response mediated by naive T or B cells against an antigen not previously encountered by immune system.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of two or more different receptor complexes that individually undergo combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to form a higher level receptor complex. The formation of the higher level complex initiates a change in cell function.

A extracellular matrix complex involved in cell adhesion and cell migration. Typically homotrimeric or homohexameric. In mammals, four complexes exist: Tenascin-C, Tenascin-N (also known as Tenascin-W), Tenascin-X and Tenascin-R.

A region of a chromosome at which DNA damage has occurred. DNA damage signaling and repair proteins accumulate at the lesion to respond to the damage and repair the DNA to form a continuous DNA helix.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a DNA repair complex.

A process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure via the activation of telomere shortening pathways that compensate telomerase-dependent excessive telomere elongation. Telomere attrition is mediated by a mechanism which involves the generation of single-stranded C-rich telomeric DNA, and the formation and removal of double-stranded telomeric circular DNA (T-circles). Telomere trimming is an independent pathway to recombination-mediated telomere elongation and the well-documented gradual telomere attrition that accompanies cellular replication.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an acetylcholine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

Binding to a ceramide, a class of lipids composed of sphingosine linked to a fatty acid. Ceramides are a major component of cell membranes.

Combining with an adipokinetic hormone to initiate a change in cell activity. Adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) are protein or peptide hormones that are important for sugar and fat homeostasis in metazoa. In insects, they mobilize sugar and lipids from the insect fat body during energy-requiring activities such as flight and locomotion. They also contribute to hemolymph sugar homeostasis.

Binding to an adipokinetic hormone. Adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) are peptide hormones that are involved in the mobilization of sugar and lipids from the insect fat body during energy-requiring activities such as flight and locomotion. They also contribute to hemolymph sugar homeostasis.

Any process involved in the maintenance of internal levels of plasma lipoprotein particles within an organism.

Any process involved in the balance between food intake (energy input) and energy expenditure.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.

All of the contents of a cilium, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the cilium.

Binding to a L27 domain of a protein. L27 is composed of conserved negatively charged amino acids and a conserved aromatic amino acid. L27 domains can assemble proteins involved in signaling and establishment and maintenance of cell polarity into complexes by interacting in a heterodimeric manner.

A renal system process in which proteins are taken up from the collecting ducts, glomerulus and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures (e.g. protein absorption is observed in nephrocytes in Drosophila, see PMID:23264686).

A heterotrimeric protein complex formed by the association of MMP7, DLG1 and either LIN7A or LIN7C; regulates the stability and localization of DLG1 to cell junctions.

Binds to and increases the activity of a ubiquitin-protein transferase.

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a dendritic cell. A dendritic cell is a leukocyte of dendritic lineage specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation.

The process in which antigen-activated dendritic cells acquire the specialized features of a mature conventional dendritic cell. Mature conventional dendritic cells upregulate the surface expression of MHC molecules, chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules, and increase the number of dendrites (cytoplasmic protrusions) in preparation for migration to lymphoid organs where they present antigen to T cells.

Any process that modulates the proportions or spatial arrangement of lipids in a cellular membrane.

The portion of endoplasmic reticulum, the intracellular network of tubules and cisternae, that occurs near the nucleus. The lumen of the perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum is contiguous with the nuclear envelope lumen (also called perinuclear space), the region between the inner and outer nuclear membranes.

A protein ubiquitination process in which a linear polymer of ubiquitin, formed by the amino-terminal methionine (M1) of one ubiquitin molecule and by the carboxy-terminal glycine (G76) of the next, is added to a protein.

A phospholipid scrambling process that results in the appearance of phosphatidylserine on the surface of activated blood platelets, and triggers the clotting system.

Any apoptotic process in a type B pancreatic cell, a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.

A protein complex comprising tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) and glutathione S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1). This complex is thought to disrupt the TNF signaling cascade, thus down-regulating inflammatory responses.

A heterodimeric protein complex that is composed of cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (product of the CLCF1 gene) and cytokine receptor-like factor 1 (product of the CRLF gene) and is secreted into the extracellular space. The CRLF-CLCF1 complex is a ligand for the ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) receptor complex.

A protein complex that is composed of two soluble ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor alpha subunits (product of the CNTFR gene) and two molecules of cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (product of the CLCF1 gene). The complex is secreted into the extracellular space.

A specialized area of membrane on either the presynaptic or the postsynaptic side of a synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a dendritic spine. A dendritic spine is a specialized protrusion from a neuronal dendrite and is involved in synaptic transmission.

The directed movement of a non-coding RNA transcript (ncRNA) from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a thyroid hormone stimulus.

A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a thyroid hormone stimulus.

The morphogenesis process in which the ductus arteriosus changes to no longer permit blood flow after birth. The ductus arteriosus is the shunt between the aorta and the pulmonary artery which allows blood to bypass the fetus' lungs.

The directed movement of inorganic selenite (HSeO3-1 at physiological pH) across a plasma membrane.

The process aimed at the progression of a vascular smooth muscle cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl-branched fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with methyl branches on the main chain.

A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a presynaptic membrane, including any proteins associated with the membrane, but excluding other cellular components. A presynaptic membrane is a specialized area of membrane of the axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction.

The process in which any suture between cranial and/or facial bones is generated and organized.

Binding to supercoiled DNA. For example, during replication and transcription, template DNA is negatively supercoiled in the receding downstream DNA and positively supercoiled in the approaching downstream DNA.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a presynaptic membrane, including any proteins associated with the membrane, but excluding other cellular components. A presynaptic membrane is a specialized area of membrane of the axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction.

Binding to a member of the hedgehog protein family, signaling proteins involved in development.

Binding to a member of the neuroligin protein family, neuronal cell surface proteins that mediate synapse formation.

Binding to a scaffold protein. Scaffold proteins are crucial regulators of many key signaling pathways. Although not strictly defined in function, they are known to interact and/or bind with multiple members of a signaling pathway, tethering them into complexes.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartment.

The receptor clustering process in which gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.

The glutamate receptor clustering process in which alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.

The receptor clustering process in which N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.

A protein complex consisting of cyclin A2 and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2). Cyclins are characterized by periodicity in protein abundance throughout the cell cycle. Cyclin-dependent kinases represent a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that become active upon binding to a cyclin regulatory partner.

A protein complex consisting of cyclin B1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1). Cyclins are characterized by periodicity in protein abundance throughout the cell cycle. Cyclin-dependent kinases represent a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that become active upon binding to a cyclin regulatory partner.

A protein complex consisting of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). Cyclins are characterized by periodicity in protein abundance throughout the cell cycle. Cyclin-dependent kinases represent a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that become active upon binding to a cyclin regulatory partner.

A protein complex consisting of cyclin D2 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). Cyclins are characterized by periodicity in protein abundance throughout the cell cycle. Cyclin-dependent kinases represent a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that become active upon binding to a cyclin regulatory partner.

A protein complex consisting of cyclin D3 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). Cyclins are characterized by periodicity in protein abundance throughout the cell cycle. Cyclin-dependent kinases represent a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that become active upon binding to a cyclin regulatory partner.

A protein complex that consists of members of the Bcl-2 family of anti- and proapoptotic regulators. Bcl-2 proteins respond to cues from various forms of intracellular stress, such as DNA damage or cytokine deprivation, and interact with opposing family members to determine whether or not the caspase proteolytic cascade should be unleashed.

A heterodimeric protein complex consisting of BAD and BCL-2, members of the Bcl-2 family of anti- and proapoptotic regulators.

An oligomeric protein complex consisting of BAX, a member of the Bcl-2 family of anti- and proapoptotic regulators.

An oligomeric protein complex consisting of BAK, a member of the Bcl-2 family of anti- and proapoptotic regulators.

A heterotetrameric protein complex playing a key role in the formation of the central spindle in mitosis. Made up of two molecules each of a mitotic kinesin (ZEN-4 in Caenorhabditis elegans or MKLP1 in mammals) and of two molecules each of a GTPase activating protein (GAP) factor (CYK-4 in Caenorhabditis elegans or MgcRacGAP in mammals).

Any process in by an organism or tissue maintains a population of neuronal stem cells.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile, and contributing to the apoptotic process.

The process in which a neuroblast acquires the specialized structural and functional features of a GABAergic neuron.

Binding to an intronic sequence of a pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA).

Binding to a pyrimidine-rich (CU-rich) intronic sequence of a pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA).

Binding to an organic cyclic compound, any molecular entity that contains carbon arranged in a cyclic molecular structure.

Binding to a DH (Dbl homology) domain of a protein. The DH domain contains three structurally conserved regions separated by more variable regions. It is composed of 11 alpha helices that are folded into a flattened, elongated alpha-helix bundle in which two of the three conserved regions, conserved region 1 (CR1) and conserved region 3 (CR3), are exposed near the centre of one surface. CR1 and CR3, together with a part of alpha-6 and the DH/PH (pleckstrin homology) junction site, constitute the Rho GTPase interacting pocket.

Covalently binding to sulfur and delivering it to an acceptor molecule.

A dense aggregation in the nucleus composed of proteins and RNAs that appear when the cell is under stress.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA translation with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.

An inflammasome complex that consists of AIM2, ASC, and caspase-1. AIM2 is a member of the HN-200 protein family that appears to be the sensor of cytosolic double-stranded DNA.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving epoxides, compounds in which an oxygen atom is directly attached to two adjacent or non-adjacent carbon atoms of a carbon chain or ring system; thus cyclic ethers.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a ruffle, a projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell; the protrusions are supported by a microfilament meshwork. The formation of ruffles (also called membrane ruffling) is thought to be controlled by a group of enzymes known as Rho GTPases, specifically RhoA, Rac1 and cdc42.

A heterodimeric protein complex that contains a protease inhibitor and a protease; formation of the complex inhibits protease activity.

A heterodimeric protein complex that contains a serine protease inhibitor and a protease; formation of the complex inhibits serine protease activity.

A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and coagulation factor V (F5); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of coagulation factor V.

A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and coagulation factor Xa (F10); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of coagulation factor Xa.

A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and coagulation factor XI (F11); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of coagulation factor XI.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an azide stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an azide stimulus.

The process whose specific outcome is the formation of tooth enamel, occurring in two stages: secretory stage and maturation stage.

The process whose specific outcome is the formation of dentin, the mineralized tissue that constitutes the major bulk of teeth. Dentin may be one of three types: primary dentin, secondary dentin, and tertiary dentin.

The series of molecular signals which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.

The series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with either a ligand binding to a cell surface receptor, or a ligand being withdrawn from a cell surface receptor (e.g. in the case of signaling by dependence receptors), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.

The series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with withdrawal of a ligand from a cell surface receptor, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of an intracellular signal (e.g. DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress etc.), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. The intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway is crucially regulated by permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOMP).

A stage of the apoptotic process that starts with the controlled breakdown of the cell through the action of effector caspases or other effector molecules (e.g. cathepsins, calpains etc.). Key steps of the execution phase are rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.

A protein complex involved in error-free DNA post-replication repair (PRR). In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the complex contains Csm2p, Psy3p, Shu1p, and Shu2p.

A pre-organized unit composed either of adhesion molecules (mainly integrins and members of the Ig superfamily), signaling receptors and/or enzyme-enriched plasma membrane domains that compartmentalizes cellular processes. Tetraspanin-enriched microdomains might be specially suited for the regulation of avidity of adhesion receptors and the compartmentalization of enzymatic activities.

The modification of histone H3 by addition of three methyl groups to lysine at position 36 of the histone.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile, and contributing to the apoptotic signaling pathway.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile, and contributing to the execution phase of apoptosis.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).

Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase.

A renal system process in which fluid circulating through the body is filtered through a barrier system.

A specialized secretory organelle found in type II pneumocytes and involved in the synthesis, secretion, and reutilization of pulmonary surfactant.

A specialized secretory organelle found in keratinocytes and involved in the formation of an impermeable, lipid-containing membrane that serves as a water barrier and is required for correct skin barrier function.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulus. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a peptide hormone responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary. GnRH is synthesized and released by the hypothalamus.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosomal membrane. A lysosomal membrane is the lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the lysosomal membrane.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the lysosomal membrane.

The enzymatic addition of a sequence of 40-60 adenylyl residues at the 3' end of a eukaryotic mitochondrial mRNA primary transcript. Mitochondria contain both stabilizing and destabilizing poly(A) tails.

The segment of the sperm flagellum that attaches to the implantation fossa of the nucleus in the sperm head; from the remnant of the centriole at this point, the axoneme extends throughout the length of the flagellum.

The highly organized segment of the sperm flagellum which begins at the connecting piece and is characterized by the presence of 9 outer dense fibers (ODFs) that lie outside each of the 9 outer axonemal microtubule doublets and by a sheath of mitochondria that encloses the ODFs and the axoneme; the midpiece terminates about one-fourth of the way down the sperm flagellum at the annulus, which marks the beginning of the principal piece.

The ring-like, filamentous structure located at the distal end of the midpiece of the sperm flagellum; the annulus is thought to form a diffusion barrier between the midpiece and the principal piece and serve as a stabilizing structure for tail rigidity.

The segment of the sperm flagellum where the mitochondrial sheath ends, and the outer dense fibers (ODFs) associated with outer axonemal doublets 3 and 8 are replaced by the 2 longitudinal columns of the fibrous sheath (FS) which run the length of the principal piece and are stabilized by circumferential ribs. The principal piece makes up ~2/3 of the length of the sperm flagellum and is defined by the presence of the FS and of only 7 (rather than 9) ODFs which taper and then terminate near the distal end of the principal piece.

The short tip of the sperm flagellum, adjacent to the sperm principal piece and furthest from the sperm head, which contains only the axoneme surrounded by the plasma membrane.

The lipid bilayer surrounding a lamellar body. A lamellar body is a membrane-bounded organelle, specialized for the storage and secretion of various substances (surfactant phospholipids, glycoproteins and acid phosphates) which are arranged in the form of tightly packed, concentric, membrane sheets or lamellae. Has some similar properties to, but is distinct from, a lysosome.

The lipid bilayer surrounding an alveolar lamellar body, a specialized secretory organelle found in type II pneumocytes and involved in the synthesis, secretion, and reutilization of pulmonary surfactant.

The lipid bilayer surrounding an epidermal lamellar body, a specialized secretory organelle found in keratinocytes and involved in the formation of an impermeable, lipid-containing membrane that serves as a water barrier and is required for correct skin barrier function.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methylglyoxal stimulus. Methylglyoxal is a 2-oxoaldehyde derived from propanal.

The process in which chromatin is anchored to the nuclear envelope.

The orderly movement of a hematopoietic stem cell into the bone marrow, and its subsequent positioning within defined functional compartments in that microenvironment. A hematopoietic stem cell is a cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system.

The process in which amyloid-beta is removed from extracellular brain regions by mechanisms involving cell surface receptors.

Binding to a flavonoid, a compound containing two or more aromatic rings, each bearing at least one aromatic hydroxyl and connected with a carbon bridge.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of respiratory enzyme complexes of the mitochondrial inner membrane (including, for example, complex II, complex III, complex IV) to form a large supercomplex.

Any apoptotic process in an oligodendrocyte. Oligodendrocytes belong to a class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system, where they form the insulating myelin sheath of axons.

The elimination of substances from peritubular capillaries (or surrounding hemolymph in invertebrates) into the renal tubules to be incorporated subsequently into the urine. Substances that are secreted include organic anions, ammonia, potassium and drugs.

A highly conserved protein complex comprised of two ATP-dependent DNA helicases (Rvb1p and Rvb2p in yeast, Pontin52 and Reptin52 in humans), Pih1p in yeast or PIH1D1 in humans, and Tah1 in yeast or RPAP3 in humans. The complex associates with Hsp90 and is thought to have a role in assembly of large protein or protein/nucleic acid complexes. In this role it is involved in multiple processes such as box C/D snoRNP biogenesis, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase-related protein kinase (PIKK) signaling, RNA polymerase II assembly, and others.

The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their own peptide bonds.

The chemical reactions and pathways by which arachidonic acid is converted to other compounds initially by omega-hydroxylation.

A subcellular filamentary structure where CTP synthase is compartmentalized in a range of organisms including bacteria, yeast, fruit fly, rat and human.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate + 7 isopentenyl diphosphate = 7 diphosphate + all-trans-decaprenyl diphosphate.

Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ammonium.

Cell killing caused by the membrane attack complex formed following complement activation.

Any apoptotic process in a hepatocyte, the main structural component of the liver.

A renal system process in which phosphate ions are taken up from the collecting ducts and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving XMP, xanthosine monophosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of XMP, xanthosine monophosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of XMP, xanthosine monophosphate, from simpler precursors.

A necrotic cell death process that results from the activation of endogenous cellular processes, such as signaling involving death domain receptors or Toll-like receptors.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alcohol stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alcohol stimulus.

Methylation of the ribose of the first nucleotide of a 5'-capped mRNA.

Methylation of the ribose of the first and second nucleotides of a 5'-capped mRNA.

The attachment of a B cell to another cell via adhesion molecules.

The multiplication or reproduction of melanocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A melanocyte is a pigment cell derived from the neural crest. It contains melanin-filled pigment granules, which give a brown to black appearance.

Any process that prevents the activation of an inactive cysteine-type endopeptidase.

Any process that prevents the proteolytic processing of an inactive enzyme to an active form.

A protein complex whose core components are the receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinases RIPK1 and RIPK3 (also called RIP1 and RIP3). Formation of the ripoptosome can induce an extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway or a necroptotic signaling pathway. The composition of this protein complex may depend on several factors including nature of the signal, cell type and more.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a ripoptosome, a protein complex whose formation can induce an extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway or a necroptotic signaling pathway. The composition of this protein complex may depend on several factors including nature of the signal, cell type and more.

The process by which the mitochondrial outer membrane becomes permeable to the passing of proteins and other molecules from the intermembrane space to the cytosol as part of the apoptotic signaling pathway.

A chromatin remodeling protein complex initially purified from S. cerevisiae and containing more than 10 subunits, including the SWR1-related complexes. INO80 (inositol requiring 80)-type complexes have diverse functions, including promoting transcriptional activation and DNA repair.

The selective elimination of senescent neutrophils from the body by autoregulatory mechanisms.

Removal of PI3P and Atg8/LC3 after the closure of the phagophore and before the fusion with the endosome/lysosome (e.g. mammals and insects) or vacuole (yeast), and that very likely destabilizes other Atg proteins and thus enables their efficient dissociation and recycling.

The covalent attachment of a prenyl group to a molecule; geranyl, farnesyl, or geranylgeranyl groups may be added.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into heterochromatin.

The perinucleolar compartment (PNC) is a subnuclear structure associated with, but structurally distinct from, the nucleolus. The PNC contains large amounts of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex (hnRNP) called hnRNP 1 (PTB). Many RNA binding proteins as well as RNA polymerase III transcripts are highly enriched in this compartment. PTB and pol III transcripts are required for the integrity of the PNC.

The cytosolic iron-sulfur protein assembly (CIA) complex mediates the incorporation of iron-sulfur clusters into apoproteins involved in DNA metabolism and genomic integrity.

A hexameric protein complex composed of MCM8 and MCM9 and involved in homologous recombination repair following DNA interstrand cross-links.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + [protein]-L-serine = UDP + [protein]-3-O-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-serine, or UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + [protein]-L-threonine = UDP + [protein]-3-O-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-threonine.

Binding to a member of the MDM2/MDM4 protein family, comprising negative regulators of p53.

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 18) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 18) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 18 of the histone H3 protein.

Stack of disc membranes located inside a photoreceptor outer segment, and containing densely packed molecules of photoreceptor proteins that traverse the lipid bilayer. Disc membranes arise as evaginations of the ciliary membrane during the development of the outer segment and may or may not remain contiguous with the ciliary membrane.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, as carried out by individual cells.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-17 stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-17 stimulus.

The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-17 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Non-membrane-bound cytoplasmic inclusions composed of 10-40 nm granule-coated fibrils. These inclusions have an abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein protein and are found in association with multiple system atrophy.

The series of molecular signals mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF1) in response to lowered oxygen levels (hypoxia). Under hypoxic conditions, the oxygen-sensitive alpha-subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 dimerizes with a HIF1-beta subunit (also called ARNT or aryl-hydrocarbon-receptor nuclear translocator), translocates to the nucleus and activates transcription of genes whose products participate in responding to hypoxia.

Cytoplasmic, spherical inclusion commonly found in damaged neurons, and composed of abnormally phosphorylated, neurofilament proteins aggregated with ubiquitin and alpha-synuclein.

Cytoplasmic inclusion, 5 to 15 micrometers in diameter, with a dense core surrounded by a halo of 10 to 20 nm wide radially oriented alpha-synuclein fibrils.

Intracellular mass of paired, helically wound protein filaments (also called PHF) lying in the cytoplasm of neuronal cell bodies and neuritic cell processes. Neurofibrillary tangles contain an abnormally phosphorylated form of a microtubule-associated protein, tau. The shape of these inclusions may resemble a flame or a star.

A network of fine tubules in the vicinity of the Golgi complex and around the centriole.

An arrangement of closely apposed microtubules running parallel to each other.

The transfer of an assembled iron-sulfur cluster from a scaffold protein to an acceptor protein that contributes to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.

Either of the ends of a mitotic spindle, a spindle that forms as part of mitosis, where spindle microtubules are organized; usually contains a microtubule organizing center and accessory molecules, spindle microtubules and astral microtubules.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a supramolecular fiber, a polymer consisting of an indefinite number of protein or protein complex subunits that have polymerised to form a fiber-shaped structure.

A dendrite that emerges near the apical pole of a neuron. In bipolar neurons, apical dendrites are located on the opposite side of the soma from the axon.

A multivesicular body surrounded by and connected with multiple tubular compartments with associated vesicles.

The entire complement of dendrites for a neuron, consisting of each primary dendrite and all its branches.

A prolongation or process extending from the soma of an astrocyte and wrapping around neurons.

A protein complex which mediates interferon-gamma-induced transcript-selective translation inhibition in inflammation processes. The complex binds to stem loop-containing GAIT elements in the 3'-UTR of diverse inflammatory mRNAs and suppresses their translation by blocking the recruitment of the 43S ribosomal complex to m7G cap-bound eIF4G. In humans it includes RPL13A, EPRS, SYNCRIP and GAPDH; mouse complexes lack SYNCRIP.

Elongated neuronal process, often with side branches and more than one branching point, described in brains of patients with Parkinson's disease. Lewy neurites stain positively for ubiquitin in brainstem and forebrain regions affected in Parkinson's disease.

An ERAD pathway whereby endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident glycoproteins are targeted for degradation. Includes differential processing of the glycoprotein sugar chains, retrotranslocation to the cytosol and degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. A glycoprotein is a compound in which a carbohydrate component is covalently bound to a protein component.

Cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes and occurring as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.

Cyclin-dependent catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP.

Any process in which a synaptic vesicle or vesicles are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.

Long distance growth of a single dendrite involved in cellular development.

The process in which the migration of a neuron projection is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

A membrane-bounded vesicle wholly contained within a multivesicular body.

The volume enclosed by the membrane of the multivesicular body internal vesicle.

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex or assembly within or outside a cell, providing elasticity and recoiling.

The process of negative regulation of cell adhesion that results in blood vessel endothelial cells splitting off from an existing endothelial sheet.

Any endothelial tube morphogenesis process by which the tube is increased in length.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a non-motile cilium.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis caused by a metal ion stimulus.

The covalent attachment of a mannose residue to a substrate molecule.

Nuclear bodies frequently found near or associated with Cajal bodies (also called coiled bodies or CBs). Gemini of coiled bodies, or 'gems', are similar in size and shape to CBs, and often indistinguishable under the microscope. Unlike CBs, gems do not contain small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs); they contain a protein called survivor of motor neurons (SMN) whose function relates to snRNP biogenesis. Gems are believed to assist CBs in snRNP biogenesis, and to play a role in the etiology of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).

A base-excision repair, AP site formation process occurring via excision of a deaminated base.

A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells.

An actin filament bundle in which the filaments are loosely packed (approximately 30-60 nm apart) and arranged with opposing polarities; the loose packing allows myosin (usually myosin-II) to enter the bundle.

A small ribonucleoprotein complex involved in formation of the spliceosome.

A spliceosomal snRNP complex that is formed by the association of the U4/U6 (or U4atac/U6atac) snRNP with the U5 snRNP.

The series of molecular signals which triggers the necroptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, is characterized by activation of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 and/or 3 (RIPK1/3, also called RIP1/3), and ends when the execution phase of necroptosis is triggered.

The movement of a myeloid leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

The movement of a granulocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

The movement of a mast cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis caused by the chemical structure of the anion portion of a dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in cellular homeostasis caused by the chemical structure of the anion portion of a dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form.

The orderly movement of a lymphoid lineage cell from one site to another. A lymphoid lineage cell, also called a lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell, is a progenitor cell restricted to the lymphoid lineage.

The movement of a lymphoid lineage cell (also called a lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell) into the thymus. Lymphoid lineage cells enter and exit the thymus several times as part of this process.

A nine-bladed, propeller-like protein complex that links the distal end of the basal body and the cilium to the plasma membrane. Functions in protein sorting and gating (i.e. active and passive transport of proteins in and out of the cilium).

Part of the cilium where the axoneme ends. The ciliary tip has been implicated in ciliary assembly and disassembly, as well as signal transduction.

Area of the cilium (also called flagellum) where the basal body and the axoneme are anchored to the plasma membrane. The ciliary base encompasses the distal part of the basal body, transition fibers and transition zone and is structurally and functionally very distinct from the rest of the cilium. In this area proteins are sorted and filtered before entering the cilium, and many ciliary proteins localize specifically to this area.

A protein-DNA complex composed of proteins binding promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription.

A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other into the cytosol by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The region of a polarized cell other than its tips or ends (in some cell types, one end may be called the apex and the other the base). For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the lateral part includes the cell sides which interface adjacent cells.

The region directly beneath the plasma membrane of the lateral portion of the cell.

The process of binding or confining iron ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lamellipodium. A lamellipodium is a thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a crawling fibroblast; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments.

Binding to a member of the cullin family, hydrophobic proteins that act as scaffolds for ubiquitin ligases (E3).

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens in response to a temperature stimulus (e.g. exposure to a temperature range different than the optimal temperature for that organism).

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens in response to a temperature stimulus (e.g. exposure to a temperature range different than the optimal temperature for that organism).

Catalysis of the reaction: RCH2NHR' + H2O + O2 = RCHO + R'NH2 + H2O2.

The directed movement of potassium ions from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.

The component of the omegasome membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

The component of the phagophore assembly site membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

The directed movement of L-arginine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

The directed movement of L-lysine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

The directed movement of L-ornithine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Combining with any member of the calcitonin family (e.g. adrenomedullin, adrenomedullin 2 (intermedin), amylin, calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRPs)) to initiate a change in cell activity.

Binding to a member of the calcitonin family (e.g. adrenomedullin, adrenomedullin 2 (intermedin), amylin, calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRPs)).

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by an extracellular member of the calcitonin family (e.g. adrenomedullin, adrenomedullin 2 (intermedin), amylin, calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRPs)) binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by amylin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex that contains a catalytic and a regulatory subunit of a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) enzyme, plus one or more adaptor proteins. Class I PI3Ks phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol [PI], phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate [PI(4)P] and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], and are divided into subclasses A and B according to the type of adaptor subunit with which they associate. The class I PI3K subfamily of genes comprises members in vertebrates, worm and fly, but none in yeast.

Binding to a member of the serpin protein family (serine protease inhibitors or classified inhibitor family I4). Serpins are a broadly distributed family of protease inhibitors that use a conformational change to inhibit target enzymes. They are central in controlling many important proteolytic cascades. The majority of serpins inhibit serine proteases, but serpins that inhibit caspases and papain-like cysteine proteases have also been identified. Rarely, serpins perform a non-inhibitory function; for example, several human serpins function as hormone transporters and certain serpins function as molecular chaperones or tumor suppressors.

The synthesis of an RNA transcript from a nucleic acid template (DNA or RNA).

The modification of histone H3 by addition of two methyl groups to lysine at position 36 of the histone.

Binding to a member of the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) protein family. STATs are, as the name indicates, both signal transducers and transcription factors. STATs are activated by cytokines and some growth factors and thus control important biological processes including cell growth, cell differentiation, apoptosis and immune responses.

An instance of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining that requires a number of factors important for V(D)J recombination, including the KU70/80 heterodimer (KU), XRCC4, ligase IV, and DNA-PKcs in mammals. It does not produce translocations (as opposed to the alternative nonhomologous end joining).

An instance of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining that is independent of factors important for V(D)J recombination (as opposed to classical nonhomologous end joining). It often results in a deletion with microhomology (i.e. 5-25bp homology) at the repair junction. Among different subclasses of nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), alternative NHEJ appears to play a significant role in the etiology of mutations that arise during cancer development and treatment.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of cations by a channel that opens when phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

The neurotransmitter-gated ion channel clustering process in which glutamate receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.

The modification of histone H3 by addition of one methyl group to lysine at position 4 of the histone.

The directed movement of RNA to a specific location in the telomeric region of a chromosome.

The directed movement of a protein-containing macromolecular complex to a specific location in the telomeric region of a chromosome.

An intracellular signal transduction process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) convey a signal to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. The STAT cascade begins with receptor activation followed by activation of STAT proteins by kinases. It proceeds through STA dimerization and subsequent nuclear translocation of STAT proteins, and ends with regulation of target gene expression by STAT proteins.

A telomere maintenance process that occurs by base-excision repair of telomeric DNA in response to DNA damage. Telomeric sequences are particularly susceptible to oxidative DNA damage, due to their G-rich nature.

The series of events leading to growth of connective tissue when loss of tissues that are incapable of regeneration occurs, or when fibrinous exudate cannot be adequately cleared.

The process in which vesicles formed at the trans-Golgi network are directed to the plasma membrane surrounding the base of the cilium, including the ciliary pocket, mediated by molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces.

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell by activation of a transcription factor as a consequence of dephosphorylation by Ca(2+)-activated calcineurin. The process begins with calcium-dependent activation of the phosphatase calcineurin. Calcineurin is a calcium- and calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase with a conserved function in eukaryotic species from yeast to humans. In yeast and fungi, calcineurin regulates stress signaling and cell cycle, and sporulation and virulence in pathogenic fungi. In metazoans, calcineurin is involved in cell commitment, organogenesis and organ development and immune function of T-lymphocytes. By a conserved mechanism, calcineurin phosphatase activates fungal Crz1 and mammalian NFATc by dephosphorylation and translocation of these transcription factors to the nucleus to regulate gene expression.

Any process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell.

Binding to a LEM domain. The LEM domain (for lamina-associated polypeptide, emerin, MAN1 domain) is present in a group of nuclear proteins that bind chromatin through interaction of the LEM motif with the conserved DNA crosslinking protein, barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF).

A motile cilium where the axoneme has a ring of nine outer microtubule doublets plus two central microtubules (and is therefore called a 9+2 axoneme).

A cilium which may have a variable array of axonemal microtubules but does not contain molecular motors.

A non-motile cilium where the axoneme has a ring of nine outer microtubule doublets but no central microtubules (and is therefore called a 9+0 axoneme).

A specialised 9+0 non-motile cilium found in photoreceptor cells. A ciliary transition zone called 'photoreceptor connecting cilium' links the photoreceptor outer segment to the inner segment.

The assembly and secretion of an extracellular exosome, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane.

Centriole assembly in which a centriole arises de novo, rather than by replication from an existing centriole. This process may occur via different mechanisms. Examples include the deuterosome pathway in multicilated epithelial animal cells and formation of centrioles during parthenogenesis in some insects.

The elimination of urate salt or uric acid from peritubular capillaries (or surrounding hemolymph in invertebrates) into the renal tubules to be incorporated subsequently into the urine.

The process in which the 5' end of a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to that of a mature tRNA in the mitochondrion.

Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1); the synthesis of RNA from ribonucleotide triphosphates in the presence of a nucleic acid template.

A membrane organization process resulting in the formation of a tubular projection. This may face inwardly (as in tubular membrane invaginations) or outwardly (as in endosomal tubules).

A membrane tubulation process occurring in an endosome membrane.

A membrane organization process resulting in the bending of a membrane.

Process by which a transposable element is excised from the donor site and integrated at the target site without replication of the element. Also referred to as cut-and-paste transposition.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of strand invasion. Strand invasion is the process in which the nucleoprotein complex (composed of the broken single-strand DNA and the recombinase) searches and identifies a region of homology in intact duplex DNA. The broken single-strand DNA displaces the like strand and forms Watson-Crick base pairs with its complement, forming a duplex in which each strand is from one of the two recombining DNA molecules.

A DNA-binding transcription factor activity regulated by binding to a ligand and that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets. Examples include the lac and trp repressors in E.coli and steroid hormone receptors.

The modification of histone H3 by addition of three methyl groups to lysine at position 27 of the histone.

A transmembrane protein complex that functions in ATPase dependent active transport across a membrane.

A cellular process that results in the assembly of one or more centrioles.

Centriole assembly in which a centriole arises de novo by a process involving an electron-dense structure known as a deuterosome, rather than by duplication of an existing centriole, and occurring as part of multi-ciliated epithelial cell differentiation.

A spherical, electron dense, cytoplasmic structure that is involved in de novo assembly of centrioles.

The side (leaflet) of the transport vesicle membrane that faces the cytoplasm.

The side (leaflet) of the trans-Golgi network transport vesicle membrane that faces the cytoplasm.

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of another organism that act to protect the cell or organism from damage caused by that organism.

The series of events in which a stimulus from another organism is received and converted into a molecular signal.

A cellular component consisting of one leaflet of a membrane bilayer and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.

The side (leaflet) of the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm.

The side (leaflet) of the early endosome membrane that faces the cytoplasm.

The side (leaflet) of the late endosome membrane that faces the cytoplasm.

The side (leaflet) of the lysosomal membrane that faces the cytoplasm.

Any side (leaflet) of a membrane that faces the lumen of an organelle.

The series of events in which an external biotic stimulus is detected and converted into a molecular signal. An external biotic stimulus is defined as one caused or produced by a living organism other than the one being stimulated.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus.

The lipid bilayer that forms the outer-most layer of an organelle.

The leaflet the apical region of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.

The side (leaflet) of the apical region of the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm.

Vocalisation behavior that is the result of learning, or the process by which new vocalizations are learned.

Catalysis of a hydrolase reaction that removes a palmitoyl moiety from some substrate.

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules.

Catalysis of the reaction: tRNASec + L-Ser + ATP = Ser-tRNASec + AMP + diphosphate.

A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a trans-Golgi network membrane.

The binding by a cell-adhesion protein on a cell surface to an adhesion molecule on another cell surface or an external substrate, to mediate adhesion of the cell to the external substrate or to another cell.

The binding by a cell-adhesion protein on the cell surface to an extracellular matrix component, to mediate adhesion of the cell to another cell.

The binding by a cell-adhesion protein on the cell surface to an extracellular matrix component, to mediate adhesion of the cell to the extracellular matrix.

Any protein complex that is capable of carrying out some part of the process of cell-cell adhesion.

Any protein complex that is capable of carrying out some part of the process of cell adhesion to the cell matrix or to another cell.

Any protein complex that is capable of carrying out some part of the process of cell-matrix adhesion.

Any collagen binding that occurs as part of cell-matrix adhesion.

Any integrin binding that occurs as part of the process of cell-matrix adhesion.

Any cadherin binding that occurs as part of the process of cell-cell adhesion.

A supramolecular assembly of fibrillar collagen complexes in the form of a long fiber (fibril) with transverse striations (bands).

A complex of collagen trimers such as a fibril or collagen network.

A supramolecular complex that consists of collagen triple helices associated to form a network.

A protein complex that consists of collagen triple helices associated to form a sheet-like network.

The directed movement of some substance from outside of a cell into a cell. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis.

The directed movement of inorganic anions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

The directed movement of inorganic cations from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

The process in which an inorganic ion is transported across a membrane.

The process in which an inorganic anion is transported across a membrane.

A process in which an inorganic cation is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G protein-coupled serotonin receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

A protein complex that is capable of serotonin receptor activity.

A protein complex that is capable of G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity.

Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1); the addition of a terminal nucleotide to an RNA molecule in the absence of a nucleic acid template.

A synapse between the Schaffer collateral axon of a CA3 pyramidal cell and a CA1 pyramidal cell.

One of the giant synapses that form between the mossy fiber axons of dentate gyrus granule cells and the large complex spines of CA3 pyramidal cells. It consists of a giant bouton known as the mossy fiber expansion, synapsed to the complex, multiheaded spine (thorny excresence) of a CA3 pyramidal cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synaptic vesicle cycle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurotransmitter receptor localization to postsynaptic specialization membrane.

The active transport of neurotransmitters into a synaptic vesicle. This import is fuelled by an electrochemical gradient across the vesicle membrane, established by the action of proton pumps.

The directed movement of calcium ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

The directed movement of a carbohydrate from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

The directed movement of glucose from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

The directed movement of iron ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

The directed movement of L-glutamate from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

The directed movement of leucine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

The directed movement of serine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

The directed movement of sodium ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Any process by which the numbers of cells of a particular type or in a tissue are maintained.

The removal of an acyl group, any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group, from a macromolecule.

Any process that increases the force of heart muscle contraction.

Any process that decreases the force of heart muscle contraction.

The directed movement of some substance from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that are at least partially embedded in the plasma membrane.

The clustering together and adhesion of initially separate cells to form an aggregate. Examples include the clustering of unicellular organisms or blood cells in suspension and the condensation of mesenchymal cells during cartilage formation.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bone cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.

Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of a toxic substance. These may include transport of the toxic substance away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of the toxic substance.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-8 stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-8 stimulus.

Binding to a member of the FBXO protein family. Members of this family have an F-box protein motif of approximately 50 amino acids that functions as a site of protein-protein interaction.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of inorganic ions within an organism or cell.

A molecular function regulator regulates the activity of its target via non-covalent binding that does not result in covalent modification to the target. Examples of molecular function regulators include regulatory subunits of multimeric enzymes and channels. Mechanisms of regulation include allosteric changes in the target and competitive inhibition.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) in response to the depolarization of one or more mitochondria.

The transcription of non (protein) coding RNA from a DNA template.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress.

A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a biofilm matrix.

Cleavage of an immature mRNA transcript to produce one or more more mature mRNA transcripts, prior to translation into polypeptide.

The targeted, endonucleolytic cleavage of a pre-mRNA, required for polyadenylation of the 3' end. This cleavage is directed by binding sites near the 3' end of the mRNA and leaves a 3' hydoxyl end which then becomes a target for adenylation.

A compartment that consists of a lumen and an enclosing membrane, and is part of the Golgi apparatus.

The selective autophagy process in which a region of cytoplasm containing an intracellular pathogen or some part of an intracellular pathogen (e.g. viral capsid) is enclosed in a double membrane bound autophagosome, which then fuses with the lysosome leading to degradation of the contents.

A posttranscriptional gene silencing pathway that involves the cleavage of mRNAs in a non-gene-specific manner.

Any protein complex that is part of the outer mitochondrial membrane.

Any protein complex that is part of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by the renal system.

Any protein complex that is part of the plasma membrane and which functions as a signaling receptor.

Binding to a 7-methylguanosine (m7G) group or derivative located at the 5' end of an mRNA molecule.

Catalysis of the reaction: nitrite + acceptor = product(s) of nitrate reduction + reduced acceptor.

The directed movement of neurotransmitter molecules from the extrasynaptic space into the presynaptic cytosol.

The process in which genetic material, in the form of nuclear chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. Nuclear chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). EPSP is a process that leads to a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.

Combining with a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family, and transmitting a signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.

A recycling endosome of the postsynapse. In postsynaptic terminals with dendritic spines, it is typically located at the base of a dendritic spine. It is involved in recycling of neurotransmitter receptors to the postsynaptic membrane. In some cases at least, this recycling is activated by postsynaptic signalling and so can play a role in long term potentiation.

The process in which a folic acid, or one of its derivatives (dihydrofolate, tetrahydrofolate, methylene-tetrahydrofolate or methyl-tetrahydrofolate) is transported across a membrane.

The membrane component of the postsynaptic density. This is the region of the postsynaptic membrane in which the population of neurotransmitter receptors involved in synaptic transmission are concentrated.

The directed movement of a protein along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins.

A stably positioned site of clathrin adjacent and physically attached to the postsynaptic specialization, which is the site of endocytosis of post-synaptic proteins.

An endosomal compartment that is part of the post-synapse. Only early and recycling endosomes are typically present in the postsynapse.

A cell projection of a podocyte (glomerular visceral epithelial cell) forming a foot-like structure projecting from a podocyte primary projection, that wraps around capillaries of a renal glomerulus. Adjacent feet (pedicels) interdigitate, leaving thin filtration slits between them, which are covered by slit diaphragms.

Binding to single-stranded DNA of a specific nucleotide composition.

Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of cadmium cations in a cell. These include transport of cadmium cations away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration.

The lipid bilayer surrounding a lytic vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell.

A cation ion channel with a preference for K+ over Na+ ions, which is activated by membrane hyperpolarization, and consists of a tetramer of HCN family members. Some members of this family (HCN1, HCN2 and HCN4) are also activated when cAMP binds to their cyclic nucleotide binding domain (CNBD). Channel complexes of this family play an important role in the control of pacemaker activity in the heart.

Any process in which lipids are taken up from the contents of the intestine.

A membrane region with a lipid composition that is distinct from that of the membrane regions that surround it.

A cell projection supported by an assembly of actin filaments, and which lacks microtubules.

A cell part consisting of multiple, closely packed actin-based cell projections.

The increase in size or mass of a bone that contributes to the shaping of that bone.

Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity superoxide radicals or hydrogen peroxide.

The directed movement of substances to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane by exocytosis.

The directed movement of neurotransmitter receptor to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles.

Any protein complex that is capable of functioning as a neurotransmitter receptor.

Any process that modifies the structure of a postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a cardiac muscle cell. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of membrane depolarization during an action potential. Membrane depolarization is the process in which membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the resting potential.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of membrane repolarization during an action potential. Membrane repolarization is the process in which membrane potential changes in the repolarizing direction, towards the resting potential.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in an atrioventricular node myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a cardiac muscle cell of the bundle of His. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a Purkinje myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in an SA node cardiac myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a neuron. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a cardiac muscle cell contributing to the regulation of its contraction.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in an atrial cardiac muscle cell contributing to the regulation of its contraction. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a ventricular cardiac muscle cell contributing to the regulation of its contraction. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.

The process in which atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.

The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the atrial cardiomyocyte membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential.

The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the ventricular cardiomyocyte membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential.

Cell-cell signaling from pre to post-synapse, across the synaptic cleft.

Cell-cell signaling from post to pre-synapse, across the synaptic cleft.

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a synapse.

Cell-cell signaling from postsynapse to presynapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by a lipid ligand.

Cell-cell signaling from postsynapse to presynapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by an endocannabinoid ligand.

Signal transduction in which the initial step occurs in a postsynapse.

A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles between endosomal compartments, e.g, between early endosome and sorting endosome.

The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in axons.

Neurotransmitter receptor activity occuring in the postsynaptic membrane during synaptic transmission.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurotransmitter receptor activity involved in synaptic transmission. Modulation may be via an effect on ligand affinity, or effector funtion such as ion selectivity or pore opening/closing in ionotropic receptors.

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.

A synapse that uses GABA as a neurotransmitter. These synapses are typically inhibitory.

Combining with glutamate and transmitting a signal from one side of the membrane to the other by activating an associated G-protein, initiating a change in cell activity.

The series of molecular signals initiated by glutamate binding to an NMDA-selective glutamate receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by the movement of ions through a channel in the receptor complex, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

A dense core vesicle (granule) that is part of a neuron. These vesicles typically contain neuropeptides. They can be found in all parts of neurons, including the soma, dendrites, axonal swellings (varicosities) and synaptic terminals.

Any signal transduction pathway involving calmodulin dependent kinase activity.

The volume enclosed by the membranes of the perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum.

The initial, indirect interaction between a vesicle membrane and a membrane to which it is targeted for fusion. This interaction is mediated by tethering factors (or complexes), which interact with both membranes. Interaction can occur via direct binding to membrane phospholipids or membrane proteins, or via binding to vesicle coat proteins. This process is distinct from and prior to interaction between factors involved in fusion.

Catalysis of the movement of ceramide from the cytosolic to the exoplasmic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.

The movement of a sphingolipid molecule from one leaflet of a membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet.

The movement of a ceramide molecule from one leaflet of a membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet.

The initial, indirect interaction between a transport vesicle membrane and the membrane of the Golgi. This interaction is mediated by tethering factors (or complexes), which interact with both membranes. Interaction can occur via direct binding to membrane phospholipids or membrane proteins, or via binding to vesicle coat proteins. This process is distinct from and prior fusion.

The initial, indirect interaction between a transport vesicle membrane and the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. This interaction is mediated by tethering factors (or complexes), which interact with both membranes. Interaction can occur via direct binding to membrane phospholipids or membrane proteins, or via binding to vesicle coat proteins. This process is distinct from and prior fusion.

A defense process that protects an organism from DNA or RNA from an invading organism.

A protein complex that contains TRIP4 (ASC1) and acts a transcriptional coactivator by interacting with transcription factors such as NF-kappa B. In humans this complex has 4 subunits: TRIP4 + ASCC1-3.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a presynapse.

Any process that regulates the the local concentration of neurotransmitter receptor at the postsynaptic membrane.

A vesicle derived via budding from a mitochondrion. These vesicles often contain inner membrane and, much more rarely, cristae.

Transport from the mitochondrion to the lysosome, mediated by mitochondrion-derived vesicles.

Transport from the mitochondrion, mediated by mitochondrion derived vesicles.

A protein complex that is involved in positioning of the lysosome within the cytoplasm and which is composed of BLOC1S1, BLOC1S2, BORCS5, BORCS6, BORCS7, BORCS8, KXD1 and SNAPIN. The BORC complex recruits ARL8 at the cytosolic face of lysosomes and couples them to microtubule plus-end-directed kinesin motors.

A cellular component that consists of an indeterminate number of proteins or macromolecular complexes, organized into a regular, higher-order structure such as a polymer, sheet, network or a fiber.

A proteinaceous scaffold found between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

A process in which a calcium ion (Ca2+) is transported out of the mitochondrial matrix, and into the cytosol.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an inorganic cation by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an inorganic anion by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Direct interaction with a channel (binding or modification), resulting in its opening. A channel catalyzes energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.

Binds to and increases the activity of a potassium channel, resulting in its opening.

Modulates the activity of a channel via direct interaction with it. A channel catalyzes energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.

A microtubule-based process that results in the transport of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules.

A region of the chromosome, adjacent to the telomere (on the centromeric side) that contains repetitive DNA and sometimes genes. This region is usually heterochromatin.

The process in which the 5' end of a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to that of a mature tRNA.

A microtubule-based process that results in the transport of proteins.

Binding to the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II. The CTD is comprised of repeats of a heptapeptide with the consensus sequence YSPTSPS. The number of repeats varies with the species and a minimum number of repeats is required for RNAP II function.

A protein complex consisting of frataxin, cysteine desulfurase, an accessory protein and a Fe-S scaffold protein. In human these genes correspond to FXN, NFS1, ISD11 and ISCU respectively. This complex assembles Fe-S clusters onto the scaffolding protein using the substrates ferrous iron, electrons, and sulfur from l-cysteine.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when ATP has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts on the intracellular side of the plasma membrane.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis of neurotransmitter receptor at the postsynapse.

Cell-cell signaling in which the ligand is carried between cells by an exosome.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of modification of postsynaptic structure.

Any process, acting in the postsynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission.

Any process, acting in the presynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a presynapse.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a postsynapse.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trans-synaptic signaling.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adhesion between pre- and post-synaptic membranes.

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a postsynapse.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising cytoskeletal filaments and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic cytoskeleton.

A membrane microdomain that forms a necklace around the bulb (crater) of a caveola. Intramembrane particles are concentrated in this region and cytoskeletal components, including actin, are highly enriched in the area underlying it.

A cytoplasmic, membrane bound vesicle that is capable of fusing to the plasma membrane to release its contents into the extracellular space.

A biological process in which synaptic vesicles are loaded with neurotransmitters, move to the active zone, exocytose and are then recycled via endocytosis, ultimately leading to reloading with neurotransmitters.

Any ligand-gated ion channel activity, occurring in the presynaptic membrane, that is involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential.

Voltage-gated ion channel activity, occurring in the presynaptic membrane, involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential. This is a key step in synaptic transmission, following the arrival of an action potential at the synapse.

A polymer consisting of an indefinite number of protein or protein complex subunits that have polymerised to form a fiber-shaped structure.

A component of the cytoskeleton consisting of a homo or heteropolymeric fiber constructed from an indeterminate number of protein subunits.

The transport of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another along actin filaments.

The directed movement of a vesicle along a cytoskeletal fiber such as a microtubule or and actin filament, mediated by motor proteins.

The directed movement of dense core granules along cytoskeletal fibers, such as microtubules or actin filaments.

Any (proper) part of the cytosol of a single cell of sufficient size to still be considered cytosol.

The region of the cytosol consisting of all cytosol that is part of the presynapse.

The region of the cytosol consisting of all cytosol that is part of the postsynapse.

The series of molecular signals that conveys information from the postsynapse to the nucleus via cytoskeletal transport of a protein from a postsynapse to the component to the nucleus where it affects biochemical processes that occur in the nucleus (e.g DNA transcription, mRNA splicing, or DNA/histone modifications).

Combining with a neurotransmitter and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Neurotransmitter receptor activity occurring in the postsynaptic membrane that is involved in regulating postsynaptic membrane potential, either directly (ionotropic receptors) or indirectly (e.g. via GPCR activation of an ion channel).

Cell-cell signaling in either direction across the synaptic cleft.

Cell-cell signaling from post to pre-synapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by a lipid.

Cell-cell signaling in either direction across the synaptic cleft, mediated by an endocannabinoid ligand.

Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse mediated by a trans-synaptic protein complex.

A process that preserves the structural organistation and orientation of a synaptic cellular component such as the synaptic cytoskeleton and molecular scaffolds.

The attachment of presynaptic membrane to postsynaptic membrane via adhesion molecules that are at least partially embedded in the plasma membrane.

Any process that modifies the structure/morphology of a synapse.

Any process that regulates the concentration of calcium in the postsynaptic cytosol.

Any (proper) part of the cytoplasm of a single cell of sufficient size to still be considered cytoplasm.

The portion of the cytoskeleton contained within the postsynapse.

A network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.

The directed movement of inorganic ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Combining with the biogenic amine serotonin and transmitting a signal across a membrane by activating some effector activity. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a neurotransmitter and hormone found in vertebrates and invertebrates.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurotransmitter receptor activity. Modulation may be via an effect on ligand affinity, or effector funtion such as ion selectivity or pore opening/closing in ionotropic receptors.

A molecular function that directly (via physical interaction or direct modification) activates, inhibits or otherwise modulates the activity of a neurotransmitter receptor. Modulation of activity includes changes in desensitization rate, ligand affinity, ion selectivity and pore-opening/closing.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ions by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

The cell cycle process in which chromosomes that are laterally attached to one or more mitotic spindle microtubules migrate towards the spindle equator via plus-end-directed movement along the microtubules. This process is part of mitotic metaphase plate congression.

The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids become laterally attached to spindle microtubules as part of mitotic metaphase plate congression. Attachment precedes migration along microtubules towards the spindle equator (metaphase plate).

The side (leaflet) of the mitochondrial inner membrane that faces the matrix.

The process in which ions are transported across the plasma membrane of a cardiac muscle cell such that the membrane potential changes in the repolarizing direction, toward the steady state potential. For example, the repolarization during an action potential is from a positive membrane potential towards a negative resting potential.

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a change in membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential in a cardiomyocyte.

The process in which ions are transported across the plasma membrane of an atrial cardiac muscle cell such that the membrane potential changes in the repolarizing direction, toward the steady state potential. For example, the repolarization during an action potential is from a positive membrane potential towards a negative resting potential.

The process in which ions are transported across the plasma membrane of a ventricular cardiac muscle cell such that the membrane potential changes in the repolarizing direction, toward the steady state potential. For example, the repolarization during an action potential is from a positive membrane potential towards a negative resting potential.

The membrane component of the postsynaptic specialization. This is the region of the postsynaptic membrane in which the population of neurotransmitter receptors involved in synaptic transmission are concentrated.

The directed movement of proteins from the endosome to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles.

The directed movement of neurotransmitter receptor from the endosome to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles.

The directed movement of proteins along microtubules in neuron projections.

The directed movement of proteins along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons.

The complete extent of cell cortex that underlies some some region of the plasma membrane.

Any action potential process that regulates skeletal muscle contraction.

Any canonical Wnt signaling pathway process that regulates heart induction.

An isopeptidase activity that cleaves ubiquitin from a target protein to which it is conjugated.

Catalysis of the reaction: protein histidine phosphate + H2O = protein histidine + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: estrogen + donor-H2 + O2 = 16-alpha-hydroxyestrogen + H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: estrogen + donor-H2 + O2 = 2-hydroxyestrogen + H2O.

A mitotic cell cycle process which results in the assembly, arrangement, or disassembly of the nuclear inner or outer membrane during mitosis.

The modification of a tRNA anticodon loop by replacing guanine with queuonine. Reaction is tRNA guanine + queuine = tRNA queuine + guanine.

A protein complex required for the non-covalent folding or unfolding, maturation, stabilization or assembly or disassembly of macromolecular structures. Usually active during or immediately after completion of translation. Many chaperone complexes contain heat shock proteins.

Catalysis of the reaction: an omega-methyl-long-chain fatty acid + O2 + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] = an omega-hydroxy-long-chain fatty acid + H+ + H2O + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase].

Catalysis of the reaction: gamma-aminobutyric acid + L-histidine + ATP = H+ + homocarnosine + ADP + hydrogenphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: dodecanoate + NADPH + O2 + H+ <=> 11-hydroxylaurate + NADP + H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + [heparan sulfate]-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine = acetate + H+ + [heparan sulfate]-alpha-D-glucosamine.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a [protein]-N6-D-fructosyl-L-lysine <=> ADP + H+ + a [protein]-N6-(3-O-phospho-D-fructosyl)-L-lysine.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + decanoate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + decanoyl-CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + 7-[(3S)-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)]-wyosine37 in tRNAPhe = succinate + carbon dioxide + 7-(2-hydroxy-3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-wyosine37 in tRNAPhe.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + a glucosyl-glycogenin = (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n-glucosyl glucogenin + UDP + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H2O = NADH + hydrogenphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: NADP(3-) + a very-long-chain 2,3,4-saturated fatty acyl CoA <=> NADPH(4-) + H+ + a very-long-chain trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: 16-hydroxypalmitate + NADP <=> H+ + 16-oxo-palmitate + NADPH.

Catalysis of the reaction: 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone + O2 + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] = 11-deoxycortisol + H+ + H2O + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase].

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an environmental stimulus.

A protein complex that binds to, and promotes stabilization of, mRNA molecules containing the major coding region instability determinant (mCRD) by bridging the mCRD domain and the poly(A) tail of the mRNA. In human, it consists of CSDE1, HNRPD, PABPC1, PAIP1 and SYNCRIP.

Protein complex involved in modulation of signaling and synaptic function in the brain, predominantly in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Forms dimers and multimers of amyloid beta peptide 40 and peptide 42 (proteolytic cleavage products of amyloid beta A4 protein, also known as amyloid beta precursor protein). Mostly found in the extracellular space with a proportion occurring as membrane-bound species. Influences synaptic plasticity through various receptors, mediates dendritic spine loss leading to decreased synapse density, inhibits long-term potentiation (LTP) and enhances long-term depression (LTD). Soluble multimeric form is the main pathogenic species linked to Alzheimer's disease.

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a cytoskeletal protein or protein complex and a plasma membrane lipid or membrane-associated protein, in order to maintain the localization of the cytoskeleton at a specific cortical membrane location.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response to wounding.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response to wounding.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol phosphate + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol phosphate + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol phosphate + phosphate.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a neuron, e.g. an axon, or a dendrite.

Catalysis of the reaction: tRNA uridine = tRNA pseudouridine. Conversion of uridine in a tRNA molecule to pseudouridine by rotation of the C1'-N-1 glycosidic bond of uridine in RNA to a C1'-C5.

The transfer of an assembled [2Fe-2S] cluster from a scaffold protein to an acceptor protein that contributes to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.

The transfer of an assembled 4Fe-4S] cluster from a scaffold protein to an acceptor protein that contributes to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.

The removal of methylglyoxal from a glycated guanine, to form lactate and a deglycated guanine.

The removal of glyoxal from a glycated guanine, to form glycolate and a deglycated guanine.

The modification of acetylpolyamine by the removal of acetyl groups.

The modification of acetylspermadine by the removal of acetyl groups.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cellular response to osmotic stress.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing a 2'-O-nucleotide.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcineurin-mediated signaling.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcineurin-mediated signalling.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcineurin-mediated signaling.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.

A protein ligase complex that enables protein sumoylation. Consists of a SUMO-protein transferase and other proteins that may confer substrate specificity of the complex.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Any process which detects an amino-acid acetylated tRNA is charged with the correct amino acid, or removes incorrect amino acids from a charged tRNA. This process can be performed by tRNA synthases, or by subsequent reactions after tRNA aminoacylation.

Catalysis of the acetylation of an amino acid residue of a peptide or protein, according to the reaction: succinyl-CoA + peptide = CoA + N-succinylpeptide.

The modification of a histone by the addition of an succinyl group.

Catalysis of the reaction: succinyl-CoA + histone = CoA + succinyl-histone.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion involved in sprouting angiogenesis.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion involved in sprouting angiogenesis.

A nuclear membrane protein complex which connects the nuclear outer and inner membranes together, and links thereby links the nuclear lumen to cytoplasmic microtubules.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location in a peroxisome via the endoplasmic reticulum.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a sterol biosynthetic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a sterol biosynthetic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a sterol biosynthetic process.

Catalysis of the reaction: RMP + diphosphate = R + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.

The cell surface of a secondary, endosymbiont organism with which the first organism is interacting. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Binding to a histone in which a residue has been modified by phosphorylation.

Catalysis of the reaction: protein L-lysine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = protein 3-hydroxy-L-lysine + succinate + CO2.

Catalyzes the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + [protein]-L-arginine + O2 = [protein]-(3R)-3-hydroxy-L-arginine + CO2 + succinate.

Catalysis of the reaction: a cytidine in mRNA + acetyl-CoA + ATP + H2O = ADP + an N(4)-acetylcytidine in mRNA + CoA + H+ + phosphate.

The process whereby a cytosine in a tRNA is methylated at position 3 of the cytosine.

Catalysis of the reaction: glutaryl-CoA + L-lysyl-[protein] = CoA + H+ + N6-glutaryl-L-lysyl-[protein].

Catalysis of the reaction: glutaryl-CoA + histone = CoA + H+ + N6-glutaryl-histone.

Catalysis of the reaction: ceramide-1-phosphate + H2O = ceramide+ phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-1-phosphatidylethanolamine + L-serine <=> L-1-phosphatidylserine + ethanolamine.

Binding to and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of a lipid.

A hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate <=> an oxoicosatetraenoate + H2O.

Catalysis of the reaction: a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + L-serine = 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine + choline.

Catalysis of the reaction: a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction:a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine + CoA.

Catalysis of the reactions: GTP + L-seryl-[protein] = GDP + H+ + O-phospho-L-seryl-[protein].

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC).

The directed movement of proteins from the cystosol to the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC).

Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginyl-[protein] + NAD+ = H+ + (ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-arginyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.

Catalysis of the reaction: bilirubin + NAD+ = biliverdin + NADH+ H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: chenodeoxycholate + NAD+ = 7-oxolithocholate + H+ + NADH.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3beta,7beta-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oate + NAD+ = 3beta-hydroxy-7-oxo-5beta-cholan-24-oate + H+ + NADH.

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + ursodeoxycholate = 7-oxolithocholate + H+ + NADH.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of deadenylation-dependent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of deadenylation-dependent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA.

Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + progesterone + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] = 21-hydroxyprogesterone + H+ + H2O + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase].

Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate.

Comprised of at least NLRP5, OOEP, TLE6, and KHDC3/KHDC3L with evidence of additional SCMC-associated proteins that interact with one or multiple members of the core complex.

Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2,3-tri-(9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoylglycerol + N-(30-hydroxytriacontanoyl)-sphing-4-enine = di-(9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoylglycerol + N-[30-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyloxy)-triacontanoyl]-sphing-4-enine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of omega-hydroxyceramide/acylceramide.

Catalysis of the reaction: glycolate + NAD(P)+ = glyoxylate + NAD(P)H.

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from a donor to a nucleoside residue in an snRNA molecule.

The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in an snRNA molecule.

Catalysis of the reaction: A 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA = formyl-CoA + a propanol.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-3-methylhexadecanoyl-CoA = 2-methylpentadecanal + formyl-CoA.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-cysteinyl-[protein] + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = H+ + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + S-methyl-L-cysteinyl-[protein].

Catalysis of the reaction: L-histidyl-[protein] + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = N(pros)-methyl-L-histidyl-[protein] + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-deoxyglucosone + H2O + NAD+ = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + 2 H+ + NADH.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-ATP + H2O = 2-hydroxy-AMP + H+ + diphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-dATP + H2O = 2-hydroxy-dAMP + H+ + diphosphate.

Any process which produces a purine ribonucleotide from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.

Any process which produces a purine deoxyribonucleotide from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.

Any process which produces a dAMP from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.

Catalysis of the reaction: 3R-hydroxyacyl-CoA + NAD+ = 3-oxoacyl-CoA + NADH.

Catalysis of the reaction: N1-methylpseudouridine in 18S rRNA + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = H+ + N1-methyl-N3-[(3S)-3-amino-3-carboxypropyl]pseudouridine in 18S rRNA + S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine.

Catalysis of the reaction: an acyl-CoA + H2O = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + an acyl-4'-phosphopantetheine + 2 H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: RNA-uracil + acceptor = RNA-dihydrouridine + reduced acceptor.

Catalysis of the reaction: mRNA-uracil + acceptor = mRNA-dihydrouridine + reduced acceptor.

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-N6-lipoyl-L-lysyl-[protein] + H2O + NAD+ = 2''-O-lipoyl-ADP-D-ribose + L-lysyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N6-biotinyl-L-lysyl-[protein] + NAD+ = 2''-O-biotinyl-ADP-D-ribose + L-lysyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.

Catalysis of the reaction: C-terminal L-alpha-aminoacyl-L-glutamyl-L-glutamyl-L-tyrosyl-[tubulin] + H2O = C-terminal L-alpha-aminoacyl-L-glutamyl-L-glutamyl-[tubulin] + L-tyrosine.

Catalysis of the reaction: a carboxylic ester + H2O = a carboxylate + an alcohol + H(+).

A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a formin-nucleated actin cable.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly, disassembly or arrangement of constituent parts of the basement membrane.

A chromatin remodeling complex that positively regulates histone H3 acetylation, in particular H3K9, by recruiting histone acetyltransferases to rDNA gene regions. Located in the nucleolus where it assembles on RNA Polymerase I (Pol I) and possibly on RNA Polymerase III (Pol III) promoter and coding regions during early G1 phase and activates the post-initiation phases of Pol I transcription. May also activate RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) gene transcription. In mammals, B-WICH contains the WICH complex core of BAZ1B and SMARCA5, additional protein subunits and possibly rRNAs. Although it contains several catalytic subunits it is not clear which functions are carried out by the complex itself.

The process where translation initiation recruits the 40S ribosomal subunits in a cap and 5' end independent fashion before an AUG codon is encountered in an appropriate sequence context to initiate linear mRNA translation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin or paramyosin.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation.

The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of DNA at the site of a stalled replication fork that contributes to replication fork processing.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA strand resection involved in replication fork processing.

Any signalling pathway that modulates the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to MI phase of the meiotic cell cycle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament organization.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the angiotensin-activated signaling pathway.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lncRNAs, non-coding RNAs over 200 nucleotides in length.

A plasma membrane invagination at the site of separation of a multi-nucleate cell or syncytium into individual cells.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ferroptosis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ferroptosis.

A protein complex responsible for the stabilisation of protein levels of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related protein kinase (PIKK) family proteins. The TTT complex can also be found as part of the ASTRA complex (GO:0070209).

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in hippocampal neurons.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in hippocampal neurons.

Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity of an aldehyde. These may include transport of aldehydes away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of the toxic substance.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an aldehyde stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium import into the mitochondrion.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion import into the mitochondrion.

The process of generating multiple mRNA molecules with variable 3'-end length formation from a given pre-mRNA by differential use of cleavage and polyadenylation signals (pA signals).

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lipid transporter activity.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lipid transporter activity.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of lipid transporter activity.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of the cysteine knot protein Norrin to a Frizzled 4 (Fzd4) family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state.

The cytosolic ubiquinone biosynthesis complex is composed of enzymes and accessory factors of the ubiquinone biosynthesis pathway and enables synthesis of the extremely hydrophobic molecule ubiquinone. In E. coli, the complex is composed of seven proteins: UbiE, F, G, H, I, J and K.

Cleavage of the 5'-NAD-cap of an RNA. The NAD-cap is present at the 5'-end of some RNAs in both bacetria and eukaryotes. While it promotes RNA stability in bacteria, it promotes RNA decay in eukaryotes.

Cleavage of the 5'-methylguanosine-cap of an mRNA. The methylguanosine-cap is present at the 5'-end of eukaryotic mRNAs. Decapping inactivates translation initiation and promotes 5'-to-3' decay of mRNA.

An extracellular complex that binds lipoprotein receptors VLDLR and APOER2, cadherin-related neuronal receptors (CNRs) or alpha3beta1 integrin and induces various downstream, reelin-dependent, phosphorylation cascades. It ultimately affects polarization, differentiation, neuronal migration and layer formation in the embryonic brain and neuron growth, maturation, and synaptic activity in the postnatal and adult brain.

A calcium-dependent protease complex that processes its substrate by limited proteolysis rather than degrading it. In some cases limited proteolysis is required for the activation of its substrate.

A part of a cellular organism that is either an immaterial entity or a material entity with granularity above the level of a protein complex but below that of an anatomical system. Or, a substance produced by a cellular organism with granularity above the level of a protein complex.

The transport of lipids between membranes in which a lipid molecule is transported through an aqueous phase from the outer leaflet of a donor membrane to the outer leaflet of an acceptor membrane. This process does not require metabolic energy and can be either spontaneous or mediated by lipid transfer proteins (LTPs).

The transport of sphingolipids between membranes in which a sphingolipid molecule is transported through an aqueous phase from the outer leaflet of a donor membrane to the outer leaflet of an acceptor membrane. This process does not require metabolic energy and can be either spontaneous or mediated by lipid transfer proteins (LTPs).

Removes a lipid from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle. This results in intermembrane transfer of lipids.

Removes a phospholipid from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.

Removes a sterol from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.

Removes a sphingolipid from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.

Removes a ceramide from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.

Removes phosphatidylcholine from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.

Removes cholesterol from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.

Binding to a member of the glucagon family peptide hormone (e.g. glucagon, glucagon-like peptides, oxyntomodulin, glicentin, ADCYAP1, GHRH, secretin, VIP, GIP).

A prolongation or process extending from a cell and that is bounded by plasma membrane, e.g. a cilium, lamellipodium, or axon.

Formation of a prolongation or process extending and that is bounded by plasma membrane, e.g. a cilium, lamellipodium, or axon.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of plasma membrane bounded cell projections.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a plasma membrane bounded prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a cilium or axon.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a plasma membrane bounded cell projection are generated and organized.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage proliferation.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + adenine(43) in U6 snRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N(6)-methyladenine(43) in U6 snRNA.

The posttranscriptional N6-methylation of an adenine residue in an snRNA molecule.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-D-xylose + D-ribitol 5-phosphate-R = UDP + beta1,4-xylosyl-D-ribitol 5-phosphate-R.

Catalysis of the reaction: Acetyl-CoA + [protein]-L-lysine = CoA + [protein]-N(6)-acetyl-L-lysine.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of crotonylation of a lysine residue in a protein.

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of crotonylation of a lysine residue in a protein.

An organelle membrane contact site formed at the junction of the vacuolar membrane and the isolation membrane or phagophore in response to starvation or other stresses, leading to the formation of the autophagosome.

A cellular structure that is the site of a developing centriole, which will become a microtubule organizing center. During the canonical pathway of centriole duplication that occurs during the cell division cycle, procentrioles grow at the proximal ends of both mother and daughter centrioles. In the newly divided cells, the original mother and daughter centrioles become mother centrioles while the procentrioles become the new daughter centrioles. Procentrioles can also arise from de novo pathways that occur in multiciliated cells. In ciliated epithelial cells, numerous procentrioles arise form electron dense material referred to as fibrous granules and deuterosomes. The pathway of procentriole formation in multiciliated protists appears to be similar to that in mammalian multiciliated epithelium. In sperm of primative land plants, multiple procentrioles are formed from a blepharoplast giving rise to multicilated sperm cells.

A protein complex that acts as a chaperone or scaffold for centriolar proteins during the maturation of the procentriole. Some of its members may become integrated into the growing centriole. Examples are the CPAP(CENPJ)-STIL complex, CEP192-PLK4 complex or CEP152-PLK4 complex in vertebrates.

A protein complex which assembles on the mother centriole during cilium formation, adjacent and proximal to a centriolar distal appendage. In human, it contains ODF2, CNTRL, NIN, CCDC120c and CCDC68.

All of the contents of a plasma membrane bounded neuron projection, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the projection.

A protein complex containing members of the Like-Sm family of proteins, which includes both the Sm proteins and the Lsm proteins, and which generally form hexameric or heptameric ring structures which bind to RNA. While some of these ring complexes may form independently of RNA, many only form in association with their target RNA. In addition to Lsm-family proteins, many of these complexes contain additional protein members. Members of this family of complexes include the snRNPs which comprise the majority of the spliceosome. Others are involved in the 5' to 3' degradation pathways of mRNAs in the cytoplasm and of unspliced transcripts in the nucleus, as well as other diverse roles.

A heteroheptameric, nuclear protein complex composed of Lsm2, Lsm3, Lsm4, Lsm5, Lsm6, Lsm7, and Lsm8, or orthologs thereof, that selectively binds to snRNAs, in particular U6 or U6atac snRNAs, and also to unspliced transcripts localized within the nucleus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of copper ion.

The portion of the axoneme that is close to the base of the cilium.

The portion of the axoneme that is close to the tip of the cilium.

Binding to sulfatide, also known as 3-O-sulfogalactosylceramide, SM4, or sulfated galactocerebroside. Sulfatide is a class of sulfoglycolipid, which are glycolipids that contain a sulfate group.

Catalysis of the reaction: A [sulfatase]-L-cysteine + O2 + 2 a thiol = a [sulfatase]-3-oxo-L-alanine + hydrogen sulfide + a disulfide + H2O.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ERBB4 signaling pathway.

A protein kinase complex that is required for the establishment of a cell polarity axis during the cell division cycle. Binds directly to activated CDC42 GTPase and is required for orchestrating a cellular gradient of CDC42. In S. cerevisiae components are: BEM1, CDC24 and CLA4; from worms to vertebrates it contains a PAR6 protein, PAR3 protein and an atypical PKC.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.

Binding to an intraciliary transport particle A (IFT A) complex.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cold-induced thermogenesis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of cold-induced thermogenesis.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any steroid hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of disaggregation of a focal adhesion into its constituent components.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of disaggregation of a focal adhesion into its constituent components.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromatin.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of bile acid from a cell or a tissue.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription.

A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a tight junction. A tight junction seals cells together in an epithelium in a way that prevents even small molecules from leaking from one side of the sheet to the other.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a tight junction. A tight junction seals cells together in an epithelium in a way that prevents even small molecules from leaking from one side of the sheet to the other.

The respiratory system process driven by motile cilia on epithelial cells of the respiratory tract by which mucus and associated inhaled particles and pathogens trapped within it are moved out of the airways.

The outer segment of a vertebrate cone photoreceptor that contains membrane discs that are contiguous with the ciliary membrane and containing opsin photoreceptor proteins.

The outer segment of a vertebrate rod photoreceptor that contains sealed membrane discs that are not connected to the ciliary membrane and containing rhodopsin photoreceptor proteins.

The region of a polarized cell that is just below the apical region. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the apical region has an exposed surface and lies opposite to the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue so the subapical region is further from the exposed surface and closer to the basal lamina.

Binding to coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.

Binding to an acyl-CoA, a thioester that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of any carboxylic acid.

A complex which stabilizes the binding of and correctly positions the outer dynein arm complex along an A-tubule of the flagellar axoneme outer doublet microtubules.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a motile cilium.

Catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of imine intermediates formed by several types of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent dehydratases, such as EC 4.3.1.19 and EC 4.3.1.17.

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-iminobutanoate + H2O = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+).

Catalysis of the reaction: an omega-methyl fatty acid + O2 + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] = an omega-hydroxy fatty acid + H+ + H2O + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase].

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a hydrocarbon, a compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a hydrocarbon, a compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving an olefinic compound, any compound which contains a carbon-carbon double bond (aka C=C).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an olefinic compound, any compound which contains a carbon-carbon double bond (aka C=C).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an olefinic compound, any compound which contains a carbon-carbon double bond (aka C=C).

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains the 7SK snRNA. The 7SK snRNP plays a central role in RNA polymerase II elongation control by regulating the availability of active P-TEFb.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or location of heterochromatin organization.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heterochromatin organization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heterochromatin organization.

Combining with a virus component, and in cooperation with a nearby primary receptor, initiating a change in cell activity.

An aggregation of axonemal dyneins, their specific assembly factors, and broadly-acting chaperones that is located in the cytoplasm.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutaminyl-[protein] + serotonin = 5-serotonyl-L-glutamyl-[protein] + NH4(+).

Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutaminyl-[histone] + serotonin = 5-serotonyl-L-glutamyl-[histone] + NH4(+).

Catalysis of the reaction: dopamine + L-glutaminyl-[protein] = 5-dopaminyl-L-glutamyl-[protein] + NH4(+).

Catalysis of the reaction: dopamine + L-glutaminyl-[histone] = 5-dopaminyl-L-glutamyl-[histone] + NH4(+).

Catalysis of the reaction: histamine + L-glutaminyl-[protein] = 5-histaminyl-L-glutamyl-[protein].

Catalysis of the reaction: (L-lysyl-[protein] + lactoyl-CoA = CoA + H+ + N(6)-lactoyl-L-lysyl-[protein].

Catalysis of the reaction: (L-lysyl-[histone] + lactoyl-CoA = CoA + H+ + N(6)-lactoyl-L-lysyl-[histone].

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition or modulates the distribution of coloring matter in an organism.

The assembly and organization of the sperm flagellum, the microtubule-based axoneme and associated structures that are part of a sperm flagellum (or cilium).

The assembly and organization of the sperm mitochondrial sheath, the tightly packed helical sheath of ATP-producing mitochondria restricted to the midpiece of the sperm flagellum.

Catalysis of the reaction: an (omega-1)-ethyl long-chain fatty acid + O2 + reduced [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] = an (omega-1)-hydroxy-long-chain fatty acid + H+ + H2O + oxidized [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase.

A lipid modification process in which one or more groups of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are covalently attached to a target lipid.

The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a lipid.

A protein complex that regulates the TORC1 signaling pathway in response to nutrients. The KICSTOR complex is composed of KPTN, ITFG2, C12orf66 and SZT2.

The directed movement of L-aspartate from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Enables the transfer of D-aspartate from one side of a membrane to the other.

One of the two nuclear divisions that occur as part of the meiotic cell cycle.

A mitotic cell cycle process comprising the steps by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides; the process involves condensation of chromosomal DNA into a highly compacted form. Canonically, mitosis produces two daughter nuclei whose chromosome complement is identical to that of the mother cell.

The process in which ADP is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.

Binding to a protein upon post-translation modification of the target protein.

Binding to a protein upon phosphorylation of the target protein.

Binding to a protein upon modification by a ubiquitin-like protein of the target protein.

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules as a result of an extracellular stimulus.

Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity of methylglyoxal.

A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts of a lipid droplet.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxidized lipoprotein particle stimulus.

The process in which a mitochondrial gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

The process by which an organelle membrane interacts with another membrane via molecular tethers that physically bridge the two membranes and attach them to each other.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a neuron projection are generated and organized into branches. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites.

The process in which the terminal anatomical structures of an axon are generated and organized into branches of specialised projections, or boutons. An axon is the long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminal branches.

Catalysis of the reaction: crotonyl-CoA + lysine in peptide = CoA + N-crotonyl-lysine-peptide.

Catalysis of the reaction: butyryl-CoA + lysine in peptide = CoA + N-butyryl-lysine-peptide.

The crotonylation of a lysine residue in a protein. Crotonyl is the univalent radical CH3-CH=CH-CO- derived from crotonic acid.

The butyrylation of a lysine residue in a protein. Butyryl is the univalent radical C3H7COO- derived from butyric acid.

Catalysis of the reaction: crotonyl-CoA + histone = CoA + crotonyl-histone.

Catalysis of the cleavage of an AP site 3' of the baseless site by a beta-lyase mechanism, leaving an unsaturated aldehyde, termed a 3'-(4-hydroxy-5-phospho-2-pentenal) residue, and a 5'-phosphate.

Facilitating the removal of a protein or protein complex from a DNA molecule driven by ATP hydrolysis. This can be achieved for example by introducing non-canonical DNA structures or generating torque to directly inhibit a protein-DNA binding interaction.

Preferential binding of proteins on curved membranes. The binding to curved membranes by insertion (aka wedging) to curved membranes is mediated by both the hydrophobic and hydrophilic faces of the helix of membrane curvature sensing (MCS) proteins.

Catalytic activity that acts to modify RNA, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures in which one of the substrates is a glycoprotein.

Directly binding to a specific ion or molecule and delivering it either to an acceptor molecule or to a specific location.

The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-10 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

A molecular function that controls the rate, timing and/or magnitude of gene transcription. The function of transcriptional regulators is to modulate gene expression at the transcription step so that they are expressed in the right cell at the right time and in the right amount throughout the life of the cell and the organism. Genes are transcriptional units, and include bacterial operons.

The assembly and secretion a set of components to form an extracellular vesicule, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region. Extracellular vesicles include exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies, based on the mechanism by which they are released from cells and differentiated based on their size and content.

The directed movement of some substance from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte chemotaxis.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress.

The process in which a potassium ion is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.

Binding to and carrying a cargo between the nucleus and the cytoplasm by moving along with the cargo. The cargo can be either a RNA or a protein.

The directed movement of an ammonium ion from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: monocarboxylate(out) + Na+(out) = monocarboxylate(in) + Na+(in).

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in some heart process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in some heart process.

The directed movement of an oligopeptide from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

The directed movement of a dipeptide from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: folic acid(out) + H+(out) = folic acid(in) + H+(in). The main folic acid symporter is the Proton-Coupled Folate Transporter (PCFT/SLC46A1), which has similar affinity for transport of reduced folates (5-methyl THF, 5-formyl THF) and folic acid.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of long-chain fatty acid import into a cell.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of long-chain fatty acid import into a cell.

A molecular function required for core promoter activity that mediates the assembly of the RNA polymerase holoenzyme at promoter DNA to form the pre-initiation complex (PIC). General transcription factors (GTFs) bind to and open promoter DNA, initiate RNA synthesis and stimulate the escape of the polymerase from the promoter. Not all subunits of the general transcription factor are necessarily present at all promoters to initiate transcription. GTFs act at each promoter, although the exact subunit composition at individual promoters may vary.

A protein complex that has DNA topoisomerase type I and RNA topoisomerase activities.

A vesicle-mediated transport process in which the presynapse take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at the synapse.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at the presynapse.

A cellular process in which two or more cells combine together, their plasma membrane fusing, producing a single cell. In some cases, nuclei fuse, producing a polyploid cell, while in other cases, nuclei remain separate, producing a syncytium.

Binding to a mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase complex.

A protein-containing complex that monoubiquitinates histone H2A on K119, thus it facilitates the maintenance of the transcriptionally repressive state of some genes, such as BCL6. It consists of the corepressor BCOR or BCORL1, a Polycomb group (PcG) and a SCF ubiquitin ligase subcomplexes. In mammals, the core subunits of the complex include the PcG and PcG-associated proteins NSPC1, RING1, RNF2, and RYBP and the components of the SCF ubiquitin ligase, SKP1, and FBXL10.

A contact site between the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and the plasma membrane, structured by bridging complexes.

The directed movement of hexose from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Binding to a protein or protein complex from a different species, for example a pathogen molecule binding to a host protein.

A contact site between the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and the endosome membrane.

The process by which early and late endosomes undergo budding and fission reactions that separate regions destined for lysosomal degradation from carriers to be recycled to the plasma membrane.

Catalysis of the reaction: (ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-seryl-[protein] + H2O = L-seryl-[protein] + ADP-ribose.

Catalysis of the reaction: (ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-glutamyl-[protein] + H2O = L-glutamyl-[protein] + ADP-ribose.

Catalysis of the transfer of the ADP-ribose group of NAD+ to a residue in double-stranded DNA.

Binding to a general transcription initiation factor, a protein that contributes to transcription start site selection and transcription initiation.

Binding to a DNA-binding transcription factor, a protein that interacts with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within the regulatory region of a gene to modulate transcription.

Uptake of iron into a cell via binding to an extracellular receptor, which is internalized by endocytosis.

Binding to a small molecule and eliciting a change in the protein's activity in response to the intracellular level of that small molecule.

The process in which serine is transported from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix.

Enables the transport of a lipid from a region of a membrane to a different region on the same membrane.

Binding to a protein to prevent it from interacting with other partners or to inhibit its localization to the area of the cell or complex where it is active.

Binding directly to the structural scaffolding elements of a vesicle coat (such as clathrin or COPII), and bridging the membrane, cargo receptor, and membrane deformation machinery.

Binding to a specific molecule to prevent it from interacting with other partners or to inhibit its localization to the area of the cell or complex where it is active.

Binding to a calcium ion to prevent it from interacting with other partners or to inhibit its localization to the area of the cell or complex where it is active.

Directly binding to a specific protein and delivering it to a specific cellular location.

Any process in which a symbiont organism decreases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy in the host cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Catalysis of the movement of lipids from one membrane leaflet to the other, driven by ATP hydrolysis. This includes flippases and floppases.

Catalysis of the movement of lipids from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.

Catalysis of the movement of a lipid from the cytosolic to the exoplasmic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.

The movement of a lysophospholipid molecule from one leaflet of a membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet.

The movement of an aminophospholipid molecule from one leaflet of a membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet.

Catalysis of the movement of a glycerophospholipid from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.

Directly binding to diacylglyceride and delivering it either to an acceptor molecule or to a specific location.

Removes a sphingomyelin from the outer leaflet of a donor membrane, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to the outer leaflet of an acceptor membrane.

Directly binding to phosphatidylglycerol and delivering it either to an acceptor molecule or to a specific location.

Directly binding to a cerebroside and delivering it either to an acceptor molecule or to a specific location.

Removes phosphatidylserine from the outer leaflet of a donor membrane, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to the outer leaflet of an acceptor membrane.

Directly binding to a triglyceride and delivering it either to an acceptor molecule or to a specific location.

Catalysis of the movement of phosphatidylcholine from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.

Catalysis of the movement of phosphatidylserine from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.

Catalysis of the movement of glycosylceramide from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP. Glycosylceramides are ceramides containing a functional group derived from a sugar.

The directed movement of some substance from a cell, into the extracellular region. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via exocytosis.

The directed movement of a lipid from a cell, into the extracellular region.

The directed movement of a lipid from outside of a cell into a cell. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis.

Primary active transporter that auto-phosphorylates (hence P) at a key conserved aspartate residue, generating a conformational change that allows transport of the substrate. Hydrolysis of the phosphorylated Asp residue, catalyzed by the actuator (A) domain, results in another state with occluded substrates. Upon dissociation of Mg2+ and inorganic phosphate (Pi), the enzyme reverts to the initial state, in which the counter-transported substrate is released into the cytosol.

Primary active transporter characterized by two nucleotide-binding domains and two transmembrane domains. Uses the energy generated from ATP hydrolysis to drive the transport of a substance across a membrane.

Enables the transfer of cyclic-GMP-AMP from one side of a membrane to the other.

The directed movement of cyclic-GMP-AMP from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

An defense response against a bacteria mediated through an innate immune response. An innate immune response is mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.

A defense response against viruses mediated through an innate immune response. An innate immune response is mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.

Receiving a signal and transmitting it in a cell to initiate an immune response.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + HCO3-(out) = solute(in) + HCO3-(in).

A molecular function regulator that inhibits the activity of a transcription regulator via direct binding and/or post-translational modification.

Binding to a DNA site that has neither a purine nor a pyrimidine base. Apurinic sites can form spontaneously or when DNA glycosylase removes a damaged base.

The covalent attachment of a stearoyl group to an amino acid in a protein.

Catalysis of the transfer of a stearoyl (systematic name, octadecanoyl) group to a sulfur atom on the cysteine of a protein molecule, in the reaction: octadecanoyl-CoA + L-cysteinyl-[protein] = CoA + S-octadecanoyl-L-cysteinyl-[protein].

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a cytoskeletal protein or protein complex and a nuclear membrane lipid or membrane-associated protein, in order to maintain the localization of the cytoskeleton at a specific location of the nuclear membrane.

A complex of DNA and protein that seals the end of a chromosome. The telomeric repeat DNA consists of simple tandemly repeated sequences specific for each species. Typically one strand is G-rich and the other C-rich. The G-rich strand forms a 3'-terminal overhang, the length of which varies with species. The single strand overhang is bound by a variety of proteins, including telomere capping proteins that bind to the single-stranded DNA and seal the telomeric loop.

The cleavage of a peptide bond in a precursor form of a cytokine, resulting in the mature (active) form of the cytokine.

The cleavage of a peptide bond in a precursor form of a signaling receptor ligand, resulting in the mature (active) form of the ligand.

The process of targeting specific proteins to the Golgi apparatus. Usually requires an organelle-specific protein sequence motif or a protein modification (for example a palmitoylation).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded proteins in the cytoplasm, which are either targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation or protected by chaperones to shield thermosensitive proteins from degradation until conditions allow disaggregation and refolding.

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a protein or a protein complex with a nucleosome, to establish or maintain the chromatin localization of the protein, or protein complex.

The directed movement of iron sulfur clusters from inside the mitochondrion into the cytosol by crossing the inner mitochondrial membrane.

The series of molecular signals generated in response to diverse stress stimuli required to restore cellular homeostasis. The core event in this pathway is the phosphorylation of eIF2 alpha by one of four members of the eIF2a kinase family (EIF2AK1/HRI, EIF2AK2/PKR, EIF2AK3/PERK and EIF2AK4/GCN2), which leads to a decrease in global protein synthesis and the induction of selected genes, including the transcription factor ATF4, that together promote cellular recovery.

A series of reactions in which a signal is passed on to downstream proteins within the cell via HRI (also known as EIF2AK1), an intracellular protein kinase that is activated by stress signals, such as heme deficiency, oxidative stress, osmotic shock, mitochondrial dysfunction and heat shock.

A series of reactions in which a signal is passed on to downstream proteins within the cell via GCN2 (also known as EIF2AK4), an intracellular protein kinase that is activated by stress signals, such as amino acid starvation.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + iron-sulfur cluster(in) = ADP + phosphate + iron-sulfur cluster(out).

The binding activity of a protein that brings the kinetochore and another molecule into contact, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way.

The directed movement of 5-aminolevulinic acid from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Enables the transfer of 5-aminolevulinic acid from one side of a membrane to the other.

Binding to a metal ion to prevent it from interacting with other partners or to inhibit its localization to the area of the cell or complex where it is active.

An metal-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves ubiquitin from a target protein to which it is conjugated.

A fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway acting on fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22 in which the initial step, which converts an acyl-CoA to a trans-2-enoyl-CoA, is catalyzed by acyl-CoA oxidase; the electrons removed by oxidation pass directly to oxygen and produce hydrogen peroxide, which is cleaved by peroxisomal catalases. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and ends when only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of negative regulation of mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling.

The series of molecular signals induced by granzymes which triggers the cell death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a granzyme signal, and ends when the execution phase of cell death is triggered. Granzymes are serine proteases that are secreted by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells to induce cell death in target cells.

A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together in the nucleus.

The binding activity of a protein that brings together another protein and an RNA, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way.

A DNA recombination process that results in the bidirectional exchange of genetic material between highly homologous DNA molecules.

A transcription corepressor activity that represses or decreases the transcription of specific gene sets via binding to a DNA-bound nuclear receptor, either on its own or as part of a complex. Nuclear receptor corepressors often act by altering chromatin structure and modifications. For example, one class of transcription nuclear receptor corepressors modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second class remodels the conformation of chromatin in an ATP-dependent fashion. A third class modulates interactions of DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factors with other transcription coregulators.

A molecular function regulator that increases the activity of a transcription regulator via direct binding and/or post-translational modification.

An ATP-dependent molecular chaperone activity that mediates the solubilization of ordered protein aggregates.

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a symbiont that act to protect the cell or organism from damage caused by that symbiont.

A transcription factor complex that is composed of the one DNA binding protein of the TEAD family and the transcriptional coactivator YAP.

Catalyzes the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-xylose + [protein with EGF-like domain]-3-O-(alpha-D-xylosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucosyl)-L-serine <=> UDP + [protein with EGF-like domain]-3-O-(alpha-D-xylosyl-(1->3)-alpha-D-xylosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucosyl)-L-serine. The enzyme, found in animals and insects, is involved in the biosynthesis of the alpha-D-xylosyl-(1->3)-alpha-D-xylosyl-(1->3)- beta-D-glucosyl trisaccharide on epidermal growth factor-like (EGF- like) domains.

A chromatin adaptor that recognizes specific forms of histones, either modified by a post-translational modification, or the unmodified form. Histone readers have roles in many processes, including in centromere function or in modulating the accessibility of cis-regulatory regions to the transcription machinery.

The activity of removing a protein from a membrane, by binding to a transmembrane helical fragment of a tail-anchored protein and releasing it from the the hydrophobic region of one or both lipid bilayers. The reaction is driven by ATP hydrolysis.

The removal of a mislocalized protein from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane.

The removal of a mislocalized protein from the mitochondrial outer membrane.

Oxidation of Fe(3+) to Fe(2+) on the outer side of a membrane coupled to the reduction of L-ascorbate to monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical on the inner side of a membrane. Electrons get transferred across the membrane during the reaction.

Oxidation of monodehydroascorbate outside of a membrane coupled to the reduction of L-ascorbate to monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical on the inner side of a membrane. Electrons get transferred across the membrane during the reaction.

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ascorbate at the level of a cell.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Cu+(in) -> ADP + phosphate + Cu+(out).

Bridging together two cis-regulatory elements, colloquially referred to as promoters and/or enhancers, holding two loop anchors together to maintain a chromatin loop.

Bridging together two DNA loop anchors together, maintaining a chromatin loop.

A chromatin organization process that starts with the loading of an extrusion motor (by an SMC family complex) onto the chromatin, followed by chromatin extrusion that stops at loop anchoring sites on the chromosome.

Binding to and carrying a protein between two different cellular components by moving along with the target protein.

Binds to and increases the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase.

A molecule that recognises toxic DNA structures, for example, double-strand breaks or collapsed replication forks, and initiates a signalling response.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Mn2+(in) = ADP + H+ + Mn2+(out) + phosphate.

Catalyzes the reaction: 2 iodide + L-tyrosine + 2 NADP+ = 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine + H+ + 2 NADPH. Note that this activity has only been demonstrated in the direction of 3-deiodination. 3-bromo-L-tyrosine and 3-chloro-L-tyrosine can also be used as substrates.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide covalently tagged with ubiquitin, via the DesCEND (destruction via C-end degron) pathway. In the DesCEND pathway, C-terminal residues (C-end degrons) in substrates are recognized by Cul2-RING and Cul4-RING E3 ligases, whereupon the substrates are linked to ubiquitin and then delivered to the proteasome for degradation. C-end degrons can be present in full-length proteins, truncated proteins or proteolytically cleaved forms.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an inflammasome complex.

The radial migration of a pyramidal neuron along radial glial cells.

A molecular function characterized by the coupling of ATP hydrolysis to other steps of a reaction mechanism to make the reaction energetically favorable, for example to catalyze a reaction or drive transport against a concentration gradient.

An activity, driven by ATP hydrolysis, that modulates the contacts between histones and DNA, resulting in a change in chromosome architecture within the nucleosomal array, leading to chromatin remodeling.

Binding to a protein or a protein-containing complex to assist the protein folding process, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

A molecule that recognises toxic DNA structures, and initiates a signalling response, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

An activity that facilitates the formation of a complementary double-stranded polynucleotide molecule.

A chromatin remodelling complex that regulates transcription via acetylation primarily of nucleosomal histones H3 and possibly H4. Shares the histone acetylation (HAT) module of GCN5/PCAF-ADA2-ADA3-SGF29 (or orthologs) with the related SAGA complex (GO:0000124). Contains HAT subunits GCN5 or PCAF in a mutually exclusive manner. In addition to the HAT module contains DR1/NC2B, KAT14, MBIP, WDR5, YEATS2 and ZZZ3 or orthologs. Also regulates the activity of non-histone targets and orchestrates mitotic progression by regulating Cyclin A degradation through acetylation.

A chromatin remodeling process that reestablishes the chromatin structure following the passage of RNA polymerase II during transcription elongation.

A molecular function regulator that activates or increases the activity of its target via non-covalent binding that does not result in covalent modification to the target.

A molecular function regulator that inhibits or decreases the activity of its target via non-covalent binding that does not result in covalent modification to the target.

Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a di- or a monomethyl-lysine residue at position 4 of the histone H3 protein. This is a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent amine oxidation reaction.

Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a di or a monomethyl-lysine residue at position 9 of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.

Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a tri or a dimethyl-lysine residue at position 9 of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.

Binding and bringing together two or more macromolecules in contact, permitting those molecules to organize as a molecular condensate.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a non-membrane-bounded organelle.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GTP = 2 diphosphate + cyclic GMP-AMP.

A protein-containing complex localization by which the complex is transported to, or maintained in, the centriolar satellite.

Binding to and carrying a histone or a histone complex to unload or deposit it as a nucleosome. The histone can be newly synthesized or result from nucleosome disassembly (either spontaneously, or by a histone chaperone).

The compaction of chromatin into a conformation that is refactory to transcription but that be converted to euchromatin and allow transcription in specific contexts. These can be temporal (e.g., developmental states or specific cell-cycle stages), spatial (e.g., nuclear localization changes from the center to the periphery or vice versa due to exogenous factors/signals), or parental/heritable (e.g., monoallelic gene expression).

The compaction of chromatin into a conformation that is refactory to transcription.

An inflammasome complex that consists of NLRP6, PYCARD/ASC and caspase-1 or caspase-4/caspase-11.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a NLRP6 inflammasome complex.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of a lncRNA.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of a lncRNA.

The transcription of a small interfering RNA from an RNA template.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription of a non-protein coding gene from a DNA-template.

Catalysis of the reaction: phlorizin + H2O = beta-D-glucose + phloretin.

A chromatin remodeler activity that slides core histone octamers along chromosomal DNA.

A process in intracellular membranes are reorganized by viral proteins that perturb membrane integrity and can cause an extensive rearrangement of cellular membranes, forming membranous webs, which are thought to be the site of replication or certain viruses, for example the HPV virus.

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 56) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 56) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 56 of the histone H3 protein.

A post-transcriptional gene silencing pathway in which small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) elicit silencing of specific target genes. siRNAs are 21-23 nucleotide RNA duplexes that are fully complementary to their target mRNA. siRNAs can be exported and act in other cells, including in germline cells. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), siRNAs can downregulate gene expression by either of two posttranscriptional mechanisms: endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA or mRNA translational repression. siRNAs are present in lower animals and plants, but not found in mammals; whereas miRNAs are present in all the animals and in plants.

An adaptor that brings together an enzyme and its substrate. Adaptors recruit the substrate to its enzyme, thus contributing to substrate selection and specificity.

An enzyme-substrate adaptor that bings together a protein ADP-ribosyl transferase and its substrate.

Catalysis of the reaction: N6-tetradecanoyl-L-lysyl-[protein] + NAD+ + H2O = tetradecanoyl-ADP-D-ribose + L-lysyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.

Catalysis of the reaction: N6-octadecanoyl-L-lysyl-[protein] + NAD+ + H2O = octadecanoyl-ADP-D-ribose + L-lysyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.

A molecular function that involves direct binding to one of the subunits of a protein-containing complex and promoting the dissociation of one or many subunits. This often happens by changing the conformation of the protein being bound, which decreases its affinity for the rest of the complex.

Binding to and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of a metal ion.

Catalysis of the active transport of a phosphate ion across a membrane by a mechanism involving conformational change, where energy for active transport is derived from membrane potential if the solute is charged.

Catalysis of the active transport of a L-glutamate across a membrane by a mechanism involving conformational change, where energy for active transport is derived from membrane potential if the solute is charged.

Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphorylated histone + H2O = a protein + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: histone tyrosine phosphate + H2O = histone tyrosine + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H2 tyrosine phosphate (position 142) + H2O = histone tyrosine (position 142) + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + histone 3 L-arginyl = histone 3 L-citrullyl + NH4+, resulting in histone citrullination.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + histone 3 L-arginyl (position 2)= histone 3 L-citrullyl (position 2) + NH4+, resulting in histone H3 citrullination at position 2.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + histone 3 L-arginyl (position 8)= histone 3 L-citrullyl (position 8) + NH4+, resulting in histone H3 citrullination at position 8.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + histone 3 L-arginyl (position 17)= histone 3 L-citrullyl (position 17) + NH4+, resulting in histone H3 citrullination at position 17.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + histone 3 L-arginyl (position 26)= histone 3 L-citrullyl (position 26) + NH4+, resulting in histone H3 citrullination at position 26.

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the tyrosine-142 residue of the C-terminal tail of histone H2A.

Catalysis of the reaction: [protein]-C-terminal glycine + NAD+ = [protein]-C-terminal O-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-glycine + nicotinamide.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-cysteinyl-[protein] + NAD+ = H+ + nicotinamide + S-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-cysteinyl-[protein].

Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysyl-[protein] + NAD+ = H+ + N(6)-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-lysyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-seryl-[protein] + NAD+ = H+ + nicotinamide + O-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-seryl-[protein].

Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartyl-[protein] + NAD+ = 4-O-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-aspartyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamyl-[protein] + NAD+ = 5-O-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-glutamyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.

Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosyl-[protein] + NAD+ = H+ + nicotinamide + O-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-tyrosyl-[protein].

Catalysis of the reaction: L-histidyl-[protein] + NAD+ = H+ + Nt-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-histidyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.

The directed movement of substances from the cytosol into the Golgi apparatus of a cell.

Catalysis of the reaction: [thioredoxin]-dithiol + a hydroperoxide = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + an alcohol + H2O.

Enables the transfer of zinc from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + Zn2+(in) = H+(in) + Zn2+(out).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + Na+(in) = solute(in) + Na+(out).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(in) + HCO3-(out) = solute(out) + HCO3-(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + monoatomic cation(in) = solute(in) + monoatomic cation(out). Monoatomic cations include H+, Mg2+, Ca2+, etc.

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the threonine-45 residue of histone H3.

A chromatin remodeling process that allows DNA repair enzyme to access genomic DNA and repair DNA lesions.

The series of molecular signals initiated by type II interferon binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Type II interferon is also known as interferon-gamma.

The disruption of nucleosomes during DNA replication to allow the replication machinery to access the DNA.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(in) + amino acid(out) + Na+(out) = H+(out) + amino acid(in) + Na+(in).

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to an endolysosomal pattern recognition receptor (PRR) of the toll-like family. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species.

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a cell surface pattern recognition receptor (PRR) of the toll-like family.

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: chloride(in) + HCO3-(out) = chloride(out) + HCO3-(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: L-asparagine(out) + Na+(out) = L-asparagine(in) + Na+(in).

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: L-glutamine(out) + Na+(out) = L-glutamine(in) + Na+(in).

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 122) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 122).

An activity in which a protein is inserted into the membrane of another cell where it forms transmembrane pores. Pores disrupts the integrity of the cell membrane, resulting in deregulated ion homeostasis, cellular dysfunction, and can result in cell death.

Binding to a membrane and increasing its permeability. This may lead to cell membrane lysis and cell content release.

The directed import of zinc(2+) from the cytosol, across an organelle membrane, into a lysosome.

Enables the transfer of L-kynurenine from one side of a membrane to the other.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a histone H3 = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a methylated histone H3. Histone methylation generally occurs on either an arginine or a lysine residue.

Catalysis of the reaction: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a histone H4 = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a methylated histone H4. Histone methylation generally occurs on either an arginine or a lysine residue.

The disruption of a cellular component of another organism, leading to damage or temporary subversion of that structure. In some cases this can cause malfunctioning of the cells and death of the target organism.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of spontaneous synaptic transmission.

A protein complex capable of activating an enzyme. Activating subunits may dissociate from the catalytic unit before the enzyme is active.

The process in which an oxidised low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

Combining with an oxidised low-density lipoprotein particle and delivering the oxidised low-density lipoprotein particle into the cell via endocytosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to lysosome.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to lysosome.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to lysosome.

That part of an axon close to and including the growth cone or the axon terminus.

A G protein-coupled receptor complex that serves as a receptor for amylin polypeptide (AMY) and consists of a calcitonin receptor (CTR/CALCR) and a receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP) 1. Amylin receptor complex 1 (AMY1) also serves as a receptor for the calcitonin related peptide (CGRP) and adrenomedullin (AM/ADM).

A G protein-coupled receptor complex that serves as a receptor for amylin polypeptide (AMY) and consists of a calcitonin receptor (CTR/CALCR) and a receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP) 2. Amylin receptor complex 2 (AMY2) also serves as a receptor for adrenomedullin (AM/ADM).

A G protein-coupled receptor complex that serves as a receptor for amylin polypeptide (AMY) and consists of a calcitonin receptor (CTR/CALCR) and a receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP) 3. Amylin receptor complex 3 (AMY3) also serves as a receptor for the amyloid-beta complex. Ligand binding to AMY3 results in increased cytosolic calcium ion levels and in activation on multiple intracellular signalling pathways.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the visual system over time, from its formation to the mature structure, including the eye, parts of the central nervous system (CNS) involved in processing of visual inputs, and connecting nerve pathways.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of deacetylase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of deacetylase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of arginase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of arginase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase activity.

The immediate defensive reaction by neural vertebrate tissue to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuroinflammatory response.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuroinflammatory response.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuroinflammatory response.

The process in which amyloid-beta is removed from extracellular brain regions by cell surface receptor-mediated endocytosis, followed by transcytosis across the blood-brain barrier.

The process in which amyloid-beta is removed from extracellular brain regions by cell surface receptor-mediated endocytosis, followed by intracellular degradation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule anchoring at centrosome.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte activation.

The directed movement of substances (e.g. macromolecules, small molecules, ions) through the blood-brain barrier.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained, in a location within a cell-cell junction.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell-cell junction.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell-cell junction.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transepithelial transport.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell-substrate junction. A cell-substrate junction is a specialized region of connection between a cell and the extracellular matrix.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate junction organization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate junction organization.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate junction organization.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-33 production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-33 production.

The disaggregation of a cell junction into its constituent components.

The disaggregation of a cell-cell junction into its constituent components.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylcholine metabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylcholine metabolic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylcholine metabolic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transport across the blood-brain barrier.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transport across blood-brain barrier.

Binding to a protein upon ADP-ribosylation of the target protein.

Binding to a protein upon poly-ADP-ribosylation of the target protein.

The process in which glutathione is transported from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N6-(2E)-butenoyl-L-lysyl-[protein] = (2E)-2-butenoate + L-lysyl-[protein].

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N6-(2E)-butenoyl-L-lysyl-[histone] = (2E)-2-butenoate + L-lysyl-[histone].

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N6-(2-hydroxyisobutanoyl)-L-lysyl-[protein] = 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate + L-lysyl-[protein].

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N6-(2E)-butenoyl-L-lysyl-[protein] + NAD+ = 2''-O-(2E)-but-2-enoyl-ADP-D-ribose + L-lysyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N6-(2E)-butenoyl-L-lysyl-[histone] + NAD+ = 2''-O-(2E)-but-2-enoyl-ADP-D-ribose + L-lysyl-[histone] + nicotinamide.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ferroptosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression by which developmental control passes from the maternal genome to the zygotic genome.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of microfibril.

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another, medaited by a wnt family protein ligand. This process includes wnt signal transduction in the receiving cell, release of wnt ligand from a secreting cell as well as any processes that actively facilitate wnt transport and presentation to receptor on the recieving cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type endopeptidase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type endopeptidase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type endopeptidase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite development.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase C activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase C activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of D-erythro-sphingosine kinase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ruffle assembly.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ruffle assembly.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ruffle assembly.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to heat.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to heat.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to heat.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to hypoxia.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to hypoxia.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein K63-linked ubiquitination.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein K63-linked ubiquitination.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hemostasis.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hemostasis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hemostasis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retinoic acid biosynthetic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retinoic acid biosynthetic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a ceramide biosynthetic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peroxisome organization.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular hyperosmotic salinity response.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to insulin stimulus.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to insulin stimulus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to insulin stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of arginine catabolic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of arginine catabolic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation.

Any signalling pathway that increases or activates a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of plasma cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of plasma cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of plasma cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluranon cable assembly.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluranon cable assembly.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nodal signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K9 dimethylation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K9 dimethylation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K9 trimethylation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K9 trimethylation.

Any regulation of signal transduction that takes place in the extracellular region.

Any negative regulation of signal transduction that takes place in extracellular region.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid binding.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lipid binding.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase A2 activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a nodal signaling pathway, where the nodal signaling pathway is involved in determination of left/right asymmetry.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to fungus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone trabecula formation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone trabecula formation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid scramblase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid scramblase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a nodal signaling pathway, where the nodal signaling pathway is involved in determination of left/right asymmetry in the lateral mesoderm.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of single-species biofilm formation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of single-species biofilm formation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid-beta clearance.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid-beta clearance.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid-beta clearance.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nodal signaling pathway involved in determination of lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of single-species biofilm formation in or on host organism.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of single-species biofilm formation in or on host organism.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of regulation of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration, by platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phenotypic switching.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phenotypic switching.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle endocytosis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle endocytosis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MDA-5 signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RIG-I signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translational elongation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA-directed 5'-3' RNA polymerase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA-directed 5'-3' RNA polymerase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of long-term synaptic potentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of long-term synaptic potentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of long-term synaptic potentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase C activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase C activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell costimulation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell costimulation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA polyadenylation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA polyadenylation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of post-transcriptional gene silencing by RNA.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of post-transcriptional gene silencing by RNA.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of post-transcriptional gene silencing by RNA.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide biosynthetic processes.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide biosynthetic processes.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide biosynthetic processes.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidative stress.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of long term synaptic depression.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of long term synaptic depression.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of long term synaptic depression.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle by stopping, preventing, or reducing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of diacylglycerol biosynthetic process.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of palmitic acid.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide metabolic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide metabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide metabolic process.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving an acetate ester, any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an acetate esteran acetate ester, any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte aggregation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte aggregation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of p38MAPK cascade.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of p38MAPK cascade.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway.

The directed movement of a (R)-carnitine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of a doxorubicin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of D-amino-acid oxidase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of D-amino-acid oxidase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane depolarization during a cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to salt stress.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dextrin.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to reactive oxygen species.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to reactive oxygen species.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to reactive oxygen species.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucosamine-containing compounds (glucosamines).

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucosamine-containing compounds (glucosamines).

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of engulfment of apoptotic cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of engulfment of apoptotic cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of relaxation of muscle.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of relaxation of muscle.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of relaxation of muscle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of relaxation of smooth muscle.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of relaxation of smooth muscle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagosome maturation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagosome maturation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagosome maturation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction in absence of ligand.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate derivative.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrate derivative.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrate derivative.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of insulin.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trophoblast cell migration.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of trophoblast cell migration.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of trophoblast cell migration.

Any neural crest cell migration that is involved in autonomic nervous system development.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of naphthalene.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ERBB signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ERBB signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ERBB signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of formation of translation preinitiation complex.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of formation of translation preinitiation complex.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling.

Enables the transfer of (R)-carnitine from one side of a membrane to the other.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of egress of virus within host cell.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular transport of viral material.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular transport of viral material.

Any nucleotide-excision repair that is involved in interstrand cross-link repair.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage colony-stimulating factor production.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage colony-stimulating factor production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage colony-stimulating factor production.

The directed movement of a carbohydrate derivative into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via single-strand annealing.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside phosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside phosphate.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in cardiac muscle cell fate commitment.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in cardiac muscle cell fate commitment.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cargo loading into COPII-coated vesicle.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cargo loading into a COPII-coated vesicle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of spermidine biosynthetic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of spermidine biosynthetic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H2A K63-linked ubiquitination.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of histone H2A K63-linked ubiquitination.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of flagellated sperm motility.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of flagellated sperm motility.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart induction.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytochalasin B stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of odontoblast differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of odontoblast differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of store-operated calcium channel activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of store-operated calcium channel activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of store-operated calcium channel activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.

Any negative regulation of vasculature development that is involved in developing an avascular cornea of a camera-type eye.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a rapamycin stimulus.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic cyclic compound.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic cyclic compound.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic cyclic compound.

The directed movement of a lipid hydroperoxide into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of an acetate ester into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Enables the transfer of an acetate ester from one side of a membrane to the other.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic heteropentacyclic compound.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transport.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transport.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transport.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated calcium channel activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated calcium channel activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transforming growth factor beta activation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transforming growth factor beta activation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transforming growth factor beta activation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transforming growth factor beta1 activation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transforming growth factor beta1 activation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole metabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole metabolic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to alcohol.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process.

Enables the directed movement of azoles, heterocyclic compound found in many biologically important substances, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Enables the transfer of oleate from one side of a membrane to the other.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription factor catabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription factor catabolic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphangiogenesis.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphangiogenesis.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ether.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ether.

Enables the transfer of carbohydrate derivative from one side of a membrane to the other.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial tube morphogenesis.

Any positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter that is involved in cellular response to chemical stimulus.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of icosanoid.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macromitophagy.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitophagy.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitophagy.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anion channel activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA demethylation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA demethylation.

The addition or removal of methyl groups to DNA that contributes to the epigenetic regulation of embryonic gene expression.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a camptothecin stimulus.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving organonitrogen compound.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organonitrogen compound.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organonitrogen compound.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acid derivative.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fatty acid derivative.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acid derivative.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric RNA transcription from RNA pol II promoter.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric RNA transcription from RNA pol II promoter.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a capsazepine stimulus.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alpha-amino acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an alpha-amino acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an alpha-amino acid.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle transport along microtubule.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle transport along microtubule.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic hydroxy compound.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic hydroxy compound.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic hydroxy compound.

Enables the transfer of organic hydroxy compound from one side of a membrane to the other.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte chemotaxis.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte chemotaxis.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ergosterol stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synoviocyte proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synoviocyte proliferation.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ketone stimulus.

The directed movement of a glycoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosyl compound.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosyl compound.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosyl compound.

The directed movement of calcium ion out of a cell or organelle.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of quinone.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of quinone.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of superoxide dismutase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of superoxide dismutase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic spindle assembly.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K27 acetylation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K27 acetylation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K27 acetylation.

The directed movement of an iron coordination entity into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Enables the transfer of sulfur-containing amino acid from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.

Enables the transfer of a sulfur compound from one side of a membrane to the other.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutathione derivative.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutathione derivative.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cannabinoid.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrogen compound stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrogen compound stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen-containing compound stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen-containing compound stimulus.

Enables the transfer of salt from one side of a membrane to the other.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in kidney development.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in kidney development.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in kidney development.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone deacetylase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of histone deacetylase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histone deacetylase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of platelet aggregation. Platelet aggregation is the adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of quercetin.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast fusion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast fusion.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of leukotriene D4.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leukotriene D4.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leukotriene A4.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction by p53 class mediator.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction by p53 class mediator.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction by p53 class mediator.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of proteasomal protein catabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of proteasomal protein catabolic process.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of beta-glucoside.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of zeaxanthin.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of deadenylation-independent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of deadenylation-independent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription of nuclear large rRNA mediated by RNA polymerase I.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription of nuclear large rRNA transcript mediated by RNA polymerase I.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription of nuclear large rRNA mediated by RNA polymerase I.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication by electrical coupling involved in cardiac conduction.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular respiration.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular respiration.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of post-translational protein modification.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of post-translational protein modification.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of post-translational protein modification.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion binding.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion binding.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of relaxation of cardiac muscle.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of relaxation of cardiac muscle.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic sister chromatid separation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle checkpoint.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle checkpoint.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle checkpoint.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of inward rectifier potassium channel activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of inward rectifier potassium channel activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein acetylation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein acetylation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein acetylation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle phase transition.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle phase transition.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle phase transition.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle phase transition.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle phase transition.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle phase transition.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle phase transition.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle phase transition.

The directed movement of a toxin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The process in which a fatty acid is transported across a membrane.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid-beta formation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid-beta formation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cilium assembly.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cilium assembly.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cilium-dependent cell motility.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cilium-dependent cell motility.

The directed movement of a L-lysine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of a L-histidine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of NADP metabolic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Fas signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Fas signaling pathway.

The process in which a polyamine macromolecule is transported across a membrane.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an L-glutamate stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha signaling pathway.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a salt stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a salt stimulus.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of flagellated sperm motility.

Binding to calcitriol. Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) is the hormonally active form of vitamin D3.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation.

Any regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability that is involved in apoptotic process.

Any negative regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability that is involved in apoptotic process.

Any positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability that is involved in apoptotic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to cell cycle checkpoint signaling.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to DNA integrity checkpoint signaling.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to DNA damage checkpoint signaling.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive nitrogen species stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte apoptotic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte apoptotic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

An apoptotic signaling pathway that starts with a ligand binding to, or being withdrawn from, a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR).

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-2-mediated signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-2-mediated signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-4-mediated signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-4-mediated signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of geranylgeranyl diphosphate.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte apoptotic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of polyamine transmembrane transport.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of polyamine transmembrane transport.

The process in which (R)-carnitine is transported across a membrane.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization.

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of a ventricular cardiomyocyte contributing to the repolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of primary amine oxidase activity.

Any neuron projection extension that is involved in neuron projection guidance.

Any maintenance of fidelity that is involved in cell cycle DNA replication.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transport.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transport.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transport.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-serine dephosphorylation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-serine dephosphorylation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-serine dephosphorylation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome condensation.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chloroquine stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to spindle pole body.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to spindle pole body.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA catabolic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA catabolic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rRNA catabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endoribonuclease activity.

Removes a ceramide 1-phosphate from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.

The directed movement of a ceramide 1-phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a bicellular tight junction.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cytokinesis.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cell junction.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA binding.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA binding.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore involved in mitotic sister chromatid segregation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore involved in mitotic sister chromatid segregation.

A positive regulation of the mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition that results from deactivation of the mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid-beta formation.

Any regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability that is involved in programmed necrotic cell death.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell population maintenance.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell population maintenance.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell proliferation.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cell leading edge.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to synapse.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to synapse.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a mitotic spindle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sperm capacitation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sperm capacitation.

A protein complex which is capable of acetyltransferase activity.

A transmembrane protein complex which enables the transfer of a substance from one side of a membrane to the other.

A process in which an iron-sulfur cluster is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein autoubiquitination.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein autoubiquitination.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic DNA fragmentation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic DNA fragmentation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic DNA fragmentation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of organelle transport along microtubule.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of generation of calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage-gated calcium channel.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein K63-linked ubiquitination.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein K48-linked ubiquitination.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein monoubiquitination.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein monoubiquitination.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein linear polyubiquitination.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein linear polyubiquitination.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA N-glycosylase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA N-glycosylase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of catalase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of catalase activity.

A protein complex which is capable of protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

A protein complex which is capable of endoribonuclease activity.

A protein complex which is capable of H4 histone acetyltransferase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil activation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil activation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil activation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil activation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil activation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil activation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) kinase activity.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a nucleolus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type peptidase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type peptidase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type peptidase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication origin binding.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil migration.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil migration.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil migration.

Any regulation of mRNA stability that is involved in cellular response to UV.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tertiary alcohol.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving secondary alcohol.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of secondary alcohol.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucose mediated signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose mediated signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon guidance.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon guidance.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon guidance.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor localization to synapse.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor localization to synapse.

The process by which the mitochondrial outer membrane becomes permeable to the passing of proteins and other molecules from the intermembrane space to the cytosol as part of a programmed cell death process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuroblast proliferation.

A protein complex which is capable of GABA receptor activity. Upon binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) it transmits the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Major inhibitory receptor in vertebrate brain. Also found in other vertebrate tissues, invertebrates and possibly in plants. Effective benzodiazepine receptor.

A protein complex which is capable of GABA-A receptor activity. In human, it is usually composed of either two alpha, two beta and one gamma chain of the GABA-A receptor subunits or 5 chains of the GABA-A receptor subunits rho1-3 (formally known as GABA-C receptor).

A protein complex which is capable of G protein-coupled GABA receptor activity. In human, it is usually a heterodimer composed of GABA-B receptor subunits 1 and 2.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.

Any apoptotic process that is involved in anatomical structure development.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lamellipodium organization.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lamellipodium organization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lamellipodium organization.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lens fiber cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lens fiber cell differentiation.

Any signalling pathway that modulates the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the cell cycle.

Any signalling pathway that decreases or inhibits the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the cell cycle.

Any signalling pathway that activates or increases the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the cell cycle.

The directed movement of substances from late endosome to lysosome.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit.

Any signalling pathway that modulates the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the cell cycle.

Any signalling pathway that decreases or inhibits the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the cell cycle.

Any signalling pathway that activates or increases the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the cell cycle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to microtubule.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to microtubule.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of late endosome to lysosome transport.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of late endosome to lysosome transport.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of proline import into cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of proline import into cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic spindle elongation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuronal signal transduction.

Any microtubule cytoskeleton organization that is involved in mitosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-motile cilium assembly.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of non-motile cilium assembly.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of non-motile cilium assembly.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of propionyl-CoA.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to oxidative stress.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to oxidative stress.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to oxidative stress.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an astral microtubule.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a spindle microtubule.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microRNA (miRNA) gene transcription.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microRNA (miRNA) gene transcription.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microRNA (miRNA) gene transcription.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagosome assembly.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of supramolecular fiber organization.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibril organization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of supramolecular fiber organization.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of melanosome transport.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of melanosome transport.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuroepithelial cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein polyubiquitination.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein polyubiquitination.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein polyubiquitination.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alcohol biosynthetic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alcohol biosynthetic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alcohol biosynthetic process.

A protein complex which is capable of inward rectifier potassium channel activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular calcium activated chloride channel activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular calcium activated chloride channel activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated chloride channel activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated chloride channel activity.

Any metalloendopeptidase activity that is involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tau-protein kinase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tau-protein kinase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tau-protein kinase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic spine maintenance.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic spine maintenance.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of early endosome to recycling endosome transport.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of early endosome to recycling endosome transport.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aspartic-type endopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aspartic-type endopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aspartic-type endopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metalloendopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metalloendopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to early endosome.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to early endosome.

Any nuclear DNA replication that is involved in a mitotic cell cycle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid efflux.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid efflux.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurofibrillary tangle assembly.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neurofibrillary tangle assembly.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid transport across blood-brain barrier.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipid transport across blood-brain barrier.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein deubiquitination.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein K63-linked deubiquitination.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein K63-linked deubiquitination.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Lys63-specific deubiquitinase activity.

The disaggregation of an organelle into its constituent components.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exo-alpha-sialidase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exo-alpha-sialidase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exo-alpha-sialidase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of opsonization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of opsonization.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to wounding.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to wounding.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to wounding.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a membrane raft.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of proteolysis involved in cellular catabolic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein lipidation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein lipidation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein lipidation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ER-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ER-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ER-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of C-C chemokine receptor CCR7 signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of C-C chemokine receptor CCR7 signaling pathway.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a condensed chromosome.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein K48-linked deubiquitination.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein K48-linked deubiquitination.

A protein complex which is capable of ribonuclease III activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription occuring in the mitochondrion.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament-based movement.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of TRAIL-activated apoptotic signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of TRAIL-activated apoptotic signaling pathway.

A peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation that results in negative regulation of thioredoxin peroxidase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of centriole-centriole cohesion.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a mononuclear cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of endothelial barrier.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of endothelial barrier.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of endothelial barrier.

A transmembrane, G protein-coupled signalling receptor complex which is capable of adrenomedullin receptor activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrion degradation by an autophagic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrion degradation by autophagy.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transport.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transport.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dopamine biosynthetic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dopamine biosynthetic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of SUMO ligase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-dopa biosynthetic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-dopa biosynthetic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-dopa decarboxylase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-dopa decarboxylase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced cell death.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced cell death.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced neuron death.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced neuron death.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron death.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron death.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced cell death.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting to mitochondrion.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting to mitochondrion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced neuron death.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a melanosome, a tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte tethering or rolling.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte tethering or rolling.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte tethering or rolling.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an U2-type prespliceosome.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of citrulline biosynthetic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of citrulline biosynthetic process.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a multi-ciliated epithelial cell.

The disaggregation of an exon-exon junction complex into its constituent components.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion export across the plasma membrane.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion export across the plasma membrane.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium:sodium antiporter activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium:sodium antiporter activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutathione peroxidase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutathione peroxidase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide catabolic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion import.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion import across the plasma membrane.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a Golgi membrane.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hypoxia-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hypoxia-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hexokinase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hexokinase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hexokinase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pyruvate kinase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of regulated secretory pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of regulated secretory pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of regulated secretory pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA metabolic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA metabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA metabolic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein maturation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein maturation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein maturation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of iron-sulfur cluster assembly.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of iron-sulfur cluster assembly.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein folding.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein folding.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein folding.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vacuolar transport.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vacuolar transport.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tight junction assembly.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tight junction assembly.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dopamine stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dopamine stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Golgi organization.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fear response.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum tubular network organization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum tubular network organization.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of homophilic cell adhesion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of homophilic cell adhesion.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adherens junction organization.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adherens junction organization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adherens junction organization.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of renal phosphate excretion.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of renal phosphate excretion.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a nuclear body.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPase activity.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bile acid stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bile acid stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glycoside stimulus.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an endoplasmic reticulum tubular network.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle recycling.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle recycling.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of TORC1 signaling.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of constitutive secretory pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of constitutive secretory pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of constitutive secretory pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cytokinetic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cytokinetic process.

A protein complex which is capable of calcitonin family receptor activity. Calcitonin family receptors may form dimers, trimers or tetramers; adrenomedullin and amylin receptors have only been observed as dimers so far.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a ciliary membrane.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G1 to G0 transition.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G1 to G0 transition.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lactate.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cytokinesis.

A protein complex which is capable of ATPase inhibitor activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic spindle checkpoint.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nucleic acid-templated transcription.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nucleic acid-templated transcription.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nucleic acid-templated transcription.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving mucopolysaccharide.

The directed movement of substances from endoplasmic reticulum to cytosol.

The directed movement of calcium ion from endoplasmic reticulum to cytosol.

The directed movement of calcium ion from cytosol to endoplasmic reticulum.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of single strand break repair.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of single strand break repair.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane tubulation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane tubulation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane tubulation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a photoreceptor outer segment.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to ciliary membrane.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to ciliary membrane.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase D signaling.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase D signaling.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a cornified envelope.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a L-arginine stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a L-arginine stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ATP metabolic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ATP metabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ATP metabolic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone deubiquitination.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histone deubiquitination.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histamine secretion by mast cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histamine secretion by mast cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gap junction assembly.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gap junction assembly.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gap junction assembly.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrion degradation by autophagy.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cytoplasmic stress granule.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of inward rectifier potassium channel activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-dependent ATPase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-dependent ATPase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA catabolic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA catabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA catabolic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein insertion into mitochondrial outer membrane.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein insertion into mitochondrial outer membrane.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chaperone-mediated protein folding.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chaperone-mediated protein folding.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic transport.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic transport.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic transport.

Any phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain serine 5 residues that is involved in positive regulation of transcription elongation from RNA polymerase II promoter.

Any phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain serine 2 residues that is involved in positive regulation of transcription elongation from RNA polymerase II promoter.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of complement-dependent cytotoxicity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement-dependent cytotoxicity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sprouting angiogenesis.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sprouting angiogenesis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sprouting angiogenesis.

Any cleavage furrow formation that is involved in mitotic cell cycle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cap-dependent translational initiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cap-dependent translational initiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cap-independent translational initiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cap-independent translational initiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microvillus assembly.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aerobic respiration.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB phosphorylation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB phosphorylation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of centriole elongation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of centriole elongation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of centriole elongation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid metabolic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid metabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid metabolic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane organization.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hydrogen peroxide.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hydrogen peroxide.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of p38MAPK cascade.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of SUMO transferase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization.

Any gap junction channel activity that is involved in cell communication by electrical coupling.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion export across the plasma membrane.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion export across the plasma membrane.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion export across the plasma membrane.

A protein complex which is capable of sweet taste receptor activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of beta-galactosidase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of beta-galactosidase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral budding via host ESCRT complex.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral budding via host ESCRT complex.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA double-strand break processing.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a vacuolar membrane.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac conduction.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amino acid transmembrane transport.

The process in which a guanyl nucleotide is transported across a membrane.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anion transport.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anion transport.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of inorganic anion transmembrane transport.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of inorganic anion transmembrane transport.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of maturation of miRNAs.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of maturation of miRNAs.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of maturation of miRNAs.

The directed movement of L-leucine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

The directed movement of glycine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

The directed movement of L-histidine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated potassium channel activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated potassium channel activity.

The process in which an organic acid is transported across a membrane.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a protein localization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a protein localization.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA 3'-UTR binding.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA 3'-UTR binding.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an arsenite(3-) stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an arsenite(3-) stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an arsenite ion stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an arsenite ion stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cristae formation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cristae formation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite extension.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite extension.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite extension.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative phosphorylation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the ATF6-mediated unfolded protein response.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the ATF6-mediated unfolded protein response.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the ATF6-mediated unfolded protein response.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the PERK-mediated unfolded protein response.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the PERK-mediated unfolded protein response.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the PERK-mediated unfolded protein response.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral life cycle.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral life cycle.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral life cycle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of T cell polarity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of T cell polarity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of T cell polarity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane raft polarization.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor clustering.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor clustering.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced eiF2alpha phosphorylation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fusion of virus membrane with host plasma membrane.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fusion of virus membrane with host plasma membrane.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced eIF2alpha dephosphorylation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced eIF2alpha dephosphorylation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament severing.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament severing.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA primase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA primase activity.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sodium arsenite stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sodium arsenite stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of TORC2 signaling.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of TORC2 signaling.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte apoptotic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting to mitochondrion.

A protein complex which is capable of nitric-oxide synthase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anion transmembrane transport.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anion transmembrane transport.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anion transmembrane transport.

The directed movement of an arachidonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving monounsaturated fatty acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monounsaturated fatty acid.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell migration.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell migration.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microglial cell activation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microglial cell activation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TRAIL-activated apoptotic signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sebum secreting cell proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sebum secreting cell proliferation.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a serotonin stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a serotonin stimulus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor internalization.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor internalization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor internalization.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cystathionine beta-synthase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cystathionine beta-synthase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of spontaneous neurotransmitter secretion.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of spontaneous neurotransmitter secretion.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of pain.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trophectodermal cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of trophectodermal cell proliferation.

A protein complex which is capable of peptidase inhibitor activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagic cell death.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagic cell death.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagic cell death.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a microvillus.

Removes phosphatidylethanolamine from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microglial cell migration.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microglial cell migration.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an axonemal central apparatus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane depolarization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane depolarization.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity.

Any membrane protein proteolysis that is involved in retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycogen synthase activity, transferring glucose-1-phosphate.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycogen synthase activity, transferring glucose-1-phosphate.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of succinate dehydrogenase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of succinate dehydrogenase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aconitate hydratase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aconitate hydratase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of substrate-dependent cell migration, cell attachment to substrate.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of substrate-dependent cell migration, cell attachment to substrate.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a pericyte cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bile acid metabolic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bile acid metabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bile acid metabolic process.

The directed import of zinc(2+) from the cytosol across the Golgi membrane into the Golgi lumen.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of basement membrane assembly involved in embryonic body morphogenesis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of basement membrane assembly involved in embryonic body morphogenesis.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of TORC1 signaling.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TORC1 signaling.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a pyroptosome complex.

The directed movement of L-proline from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

The directed import of L-alanine from the extracellular region across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic DNA damage checkpoint.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic DNA damage checkpoint.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic DNA damage checkpoint.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ERAD pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ERAD pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ERAD pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction.

Any transmitter-gated ion channel activity that is involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a forskolin stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a forskolin stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of inhibitory G protein-coupled receptor phosphorylation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of inhibitory G protein-coupled receptor phosphorylation.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cytosolic proteasome complex.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process in the vacuole.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process in the vacuole.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process in the vacuole.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomere capping.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomere capping.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomere capping.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery.

Maintaining an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein in an unfolded, soluble state that contributes to its degradation by the cytoplasmic proteasome. Maintaining ER-resident proteins in an unfolded yet soluble state condition after their retro-translocation favors their turnover by the cytosolic proteasome.

Any protein localization to cytosolic proteasome complex that is involved in ERAD pathway. Following their retrotranslocation out of the endoplasmic reticulum, protein substrates must be shuttled to the cytosolic proteasome for degradation.

Any protein alpha-1,2-demannosylation that takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum quality control compartment (ERQC).

The removal of one or more alpha 1,2-linked mannose residues from a mannosylated protein that occurs as part of glycoprotein ER-associated glycoprotein degradation (gpERAD).

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an angiotensin stimulus. Angiotensin is any of three physiologically active peptides (angiotensin II, III, or IV) processed from angiotensinogen.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular junction development.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular junction development.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulus.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nitric oxide metabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nitric oxide metabolic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of xenophagy.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of xenophagy.

A protein complex which is capable of dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of GTP binding.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of GTP binding.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transport.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tubulin deacetylation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of t-circle formation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of t-circle formation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ferrous iron binding.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ferrous iron binding.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transferrin receptor binding.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transferrin receptor binding.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of iron ions import across plasma membrane.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of iron ions import across plasma membrane.

The directed movement of folic acid from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuronal action potential.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of matrix metallopeptidase secretion.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of matrix metallopeptidase secretion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of matrix metallopeptidase secretion.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal absorption.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal absorption.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tetrahydrofolate stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tetrahydrofolate stimulus.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a ciliary transition zone.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipophagy.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipophagy.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomere maintenance in response to DNA damage.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomere maintenance in response to DNA damage.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TORC2 signaling.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location at a cytoplasmic microtubule plus-end.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule binding.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule binding.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule binding.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament binding.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament binding.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament binding.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric loop disassembly.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric loop disassembly.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of free ubiquitin chain polymerization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of free ubiquitin chain polymerization.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular mRNA localization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular mRNA localization.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glycoprotein stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glycoprotein stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein import.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein import.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription.

A protein complex which is capable of serotonin-activated cation-selective channel activity. Mainly found in pre- and postsynaptic membranes of the brain and gastrointestinal tract. Depending on its location it transports Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ or K+. It is always a pentamer, containing at least the 5HT3A subunit forming 5HT3A homopentamers or 5HT3A/B heteropentamers. In human, 5HT3A/C, A/D and A/E heteropentamers also exist.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin binding.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin binding.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin binding.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptotic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptotic process.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a amyloid-beta stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a amyloid-beta stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin protein ligase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin protein ligase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin protein ligase activity.

Enables the transfer of a peptide from one side of a membrane to the other.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metalloendopeptidase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metalloendopeptidase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of metalloendopeptidase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translational initiation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translational initiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translational initiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle contraction.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to adherens junction. An adherens junction is a cell-cell junction composed of the epithelial cadherin-catenin complex at which the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is attached to actin filaments.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of granulosa cell apoptotic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt-Frizzled-LRP5/6 complex assembly.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chaperone-mediated autophagy.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chaperone-mediated autophagy.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chaperone-mediated autophagy.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt-Frizzled-LRP5/6 complex assembly.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal lipid absorption.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal lipid absorption.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of electron transfer activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of electron transfer activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of electron transfer activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA dehydrogenase.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA dehydrogenase.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric DNA binding.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric DNA binding.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric DNA binding.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myofibroblast differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myofibroblast differentiation.

A TORC1 signaling that results in negative regulation of macroautophagy.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell cortex.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell cortex.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell cortex.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to centrosome.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to centrosome.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to centrosome.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a NLRP1 inflammasome complex.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of shelterin complex assembly.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of shelterin complex assembly.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of shelterin complex assembly.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of core promoter binding.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of core promoter binding.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of core promoter binding.

Any regulation of translation that is involved in cellular response to UV.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein oxidation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein oxidation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromosome, telomeric region.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromosome, telomeric region.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromosome, telomeric region.

The process in which a purine nucleobase is transported across a membrane.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location at a microtubule plus-end.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen sulfide biosynthetic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen sulfide biosynthetic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization to telomere.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization to telomere.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an excitatory synapse.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an inhibitory synapse.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of beta-catenin-TCF complex assembly.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of beta-catenin-TCF complex assembly.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a Cajal body.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to Cajal body.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to Cajal body.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase RNA localization to Cajal body.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase RNA localization to Cajal body.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA ligase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA ligase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage-gated calcium channel.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen sulfide stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen sulfide stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase catalytic core complex assembly.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase catalytic core complex assembly.

The disaggregation of a beta-catenin destruction complex into its constituent components.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a Wnt signalosome.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial skeletal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial skeletal system is the skeletal subdivision of the head, and includes the skull (cranium plus mandible), pharyngeal and/or hyoid apparatus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of excitatory synapse assembly.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of excitatory synapse assembly.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor signaling via STAT.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor signaling via STAT.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor signaling pathway via STAT.

The disaggregation of an ESCRT complex into its constituent components.

The disaggregation of an ESCRT III complex into its constituent components.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell-matrix adhesion via fibronectin.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell-matrix adhesion via fibronectin.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell-matrix adhesion via fibronectin.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion, telomeric.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion, telomeric.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of RNA localization to telomere.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of RNA localization to telomere.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy of mitochondrion in response to mitochondrial depolarization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy of the mitochondrion in response to mitochondrial depolarization.

The process in which folic acid is transported from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a midbrain dopaminergic neuron.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization.

Any Wnt signaling pathway that is involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation.

Any canonical Wnt signaling pathway that is involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytochrome-c oxidase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytochrome-c oxidase activity.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of adjacent microvilli through the formation of Ca(2+)-dependent adhesion links between them, forming a brush border.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral translation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral translation.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bleomycin stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bleomycin stimulus.

The orderly movement of a lymphatic endothelial cell from one site to another in the wall of a lymphatic vessel.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endosome organization.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endosome organization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endosome organization.

The process in which glycine is transported from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of quinolinate biosynthetic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of quinolinate biosynthetic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte adhesion to arterial endothelial cell.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte adhesion to arterial endothelial cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte adhesion to arterial endothelial cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane repolarization during ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane repolarization during ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane repolarization during ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane repolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane repolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane repolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an antifungal innate immune response.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an antifungal innate immune response.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an antifungal innate immune response.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an autophagosome.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane lipid metabolic process.

The process in which carboxylic acid is transported across a membrane.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metallopeptidase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metallopeptidase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of metallopeptidase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of base-excision repair.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of base-excision repair.

A calcium-transporting P-type ATPase activity involved in regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration.

A calcium-transporting P-type ATPase activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in heart development.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in heart development.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac jelly over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac jelly is an acellular gelatinous matrix secreted by the myocardium and plays a central role in the septation of the heart.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tight junction disassembly.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tight junction disassembly.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a parkin-mediated process that positively regulates mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of parkin-mediated mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of parkin-mediated mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity.

Any cell surface receptor signaling pathway that is involved in cell-cell signaling.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lateral attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lateral attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic chromosome separation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic chromosome separation.

The directed movement of biotin from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an acetylcholine stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an acetylcholine stimulus.

Any cellular protein catabolic process that takes place in a lysosome.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated sodium channel activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane invagination.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane invagination.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane invagination.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lysosomal protein catabolic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lysosomal protein catabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lysosomal protein catabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity.

A protein complex which is capable of methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of connective tissue replacement.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of connective tissue replacement.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death in response to hydrogen peroxide.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA binding.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA binding.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA binding.

The developmental process by which an epicardium is generated and organized.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a clathrin-coated pit.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulus. TRH increases the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adhesion of symbiont to host epithelial cell.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulus. TRH increases the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in osteoblast differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in osteoblast differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of modification of synaptic structure.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aspartic-type peptidase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aspartic-type peptidase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aspartic-type peptidase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to nitrosative stress.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to nitrosative stress.

Any endonucleolytic RNA phosphodiester bond hydrolysis that is involved in tRNA processing.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of modification of postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial tube formation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial tube formation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi.

A protein complex which is capable of serine-type peptidase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CAMKK-AMPK signaling cascade.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a semi-lunar valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell migration.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell migration.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a telomerase holoenzyme complex.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gastric motility.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aggrephagy.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aggrephagy.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to kinetochore.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to kinetochore.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to kinetochore.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of prostaglandin.

A protein complex which is capable of endodeoxyribonuclease activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intralumenal vesicle formation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intralumenal vesicle formation.

A protein complex which is capable of serine-type endopeptidase activity.

A protein complex which is capable of beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of snRNA transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of snRNA transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of snRNA transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a presynapse.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a flavonoid stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a flavonoid stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of creatine transmembrane transporter activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of creatine transmembrane transporter activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dense core granule exocytosis.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glycine stimulus.

Any non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway that is involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transport.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transport.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA duplex unwinding.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA duplex unwinding.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA duplex unwinding.

Any canonical Wnt signaling pathway that is involved in stem cell proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to membrane.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to membrane.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to membrane.

Binding to acetyl-CoA, an acyl-CoA having acetyl as its S-acetyl component.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a microtubule organizing center.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a non-motile cilium.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage migration.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage migration.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage migration.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein autoubiquitination.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Golgi lumen acidification.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leucine import across plasma membrane.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leucine import across plasma membrane.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F complex assembly.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F complex assembly.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a phenylpropanoid stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel branching.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel branching.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ERBB3 signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ERBB3 signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a fibronectin fibril.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of low-density lipoprotein receptor activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of low-density lipoprotein receptor activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor-mediated endocytosis involved in cholesterol transport.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor-mediated endocytosis involved in cholesterol transport.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor-mediated endocytosis involved in cholesterol transport.

Any process that modulates blood-brain barrier permeability, the quality of the blood-brain barrier that allows for a controlled passage of substances (e.g. macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into and out of the brain.

Any process that decreases blood-brain barrier permeability, the quality of the blood-brain barrier that allows for a controlled passage of substances (e.g. macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into and out of the brain.

Any process that increases blood-brain barrier permeability, the quality of the blood-brain barrier that allows for a controlled passage of substances (e.g. macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into and out of the brain.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of presynapse assembly.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell-matrix adhesion.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA cap binding.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA cap binding.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromatin.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA methylation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA methylation.

The directed movement of proline from outside of a cell into the cytoplasmic compartment.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase RNA reverse transcriptase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase RNA reverse transcriptase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion import across plasma membrane.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion import across plasma membrane.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to endosome.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to endosome.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to endosome.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a TORC1 complex.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lysosome organization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lysosome organization.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adaptive immune memory response.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adaptive immune memory response.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adaptive immune memory response.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane repair.

The disaggregation of a lipid particle into its constituent components.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidic acid biosynthetic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidic acid biosynthetic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of polysome binding.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of polysome binding.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled proton transport.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by a membrane.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by a membrane.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cornification.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cornification.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the perinuclear region of the cytoplasm.

Any microtubule end that is part of a mitotic spindle astral microtubule.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location at a microtubule end.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-proline import across plasma membrane.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-proline import across plasma membrane.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of saliva secretion.

The developmental process by which a hard palate is generated and organized.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endosome to plasma membrane protein transport.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endosome to plasma membrane protein transport.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cytoplasmic microtubule.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protection from non-homologous end joining at telomere.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protection from non-homologous end joining at telomere.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of double-stranded telomeric DNA binding.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of double-stranded telomeric DNA binding.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesodermal cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesodermal cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesodermal cell differentiation.

Binding to 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine an oxidized purine residue found in damaged DNA.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ATP-dependent DNA helicase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ATP-dependent DNA helicase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ATP-dependent DNA helicase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exonuclease activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exonuclease activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylserine exposure on apoptotic cell surface.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylserine exposure on apoptotic cell surface.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a pericentriolar material.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intraciliary retrograde transport.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to manganese ion.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse pruning.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synapse pruning.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome separation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome separation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome separation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome condensation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of prostaglandin catabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of spindle assembly.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule nucleation.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pyrimidine ribonucleotide stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pyrimidine ribonucleotide stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric D-loop disassembly.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric D-loop disassembly.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heparan sulfate binding.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heparan sulfate binding.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pentose-phosphate shunt.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of 3'-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilization.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of 3'-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of 3'-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilization.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to very-low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid fibril formation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid fibril formation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid fibril formation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion export across the plasma membrane.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion export across the plasma membrane.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CoA-transferase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CoA-transferase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial tube morphogenesis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to alcohol.

The generation of amyloid fibrils, insoluble fibrous protein aggregates exhibiting beta sheet structure, from proteins.

Any process that prevents the activation of an inactive cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in an apoptotic process.

A cytoplasmic membrane-bounded vesicle of varying size, but usually larger than 45 nm, with an electron dense granular core, found in noradrenergic and peptidergic cells.

The area in the center of the anaphase spindle consisting of microtubules, microtubule bundling factors and kinesin motors where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap in an antiparallel manner.

The directed movement of calcium ions from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.

The directed movement of calcium ions into a sarcoplasmic reticulum.

The center portion of a Lewy body. In Parkinson's disease, it contains a matted meshwork of filaments.

The periphery of a Lewy body. In Parkinson's disease, it contains spherical accumulations of filaments arranged in a loose, radiating array.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location on or within a lipid droplet.

Merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment, as a result of a disturbance in cellular homeostasis.

A proteinaceous, nuclear-derived structure that embeds the microtubule spindle apparatus from pole to pole in a microtubule-independent manner during mitosis.

Removes a phosphatidic acid from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle. Phosphatidic acid refers to a glycophospholipids with, in general, a saturated fatty acid bonded to carbon-1, an unsaturated fatty acid bonded to carbon-2, and a phosphate group bonded to carbon-3.

Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase C.

A protein complex first characterized in human and comprised of a R2TP module (R2TP complex), a prefoldin-like module (containing both prefoldin-like proteins and canonical prefoldins), WD40 repeat protein Monad/WDR92 and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase subunit RPB5. This complex might have chaperone activity.

A complex that mediates intra-Golgi traffic, Golgi exit, endosome-to-Golgi traffic, and the trafficking of autophagy proteins from Golgi to the phagophore assembly site. Binds to a component of the COPI coat. In yeast it includes the following subunits: Bet3 (as homodimer), Bet5, Tca17, Trs20, Trs23, Trs31, Trs33, Trs65, Trs120, Trs130. The whole complex is thought to dimerize with itself.

A tissue homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium within cartilage, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.

Combining with the biogenic amine trimethylamine to initiate a change in cell activity.

A process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nerve growth factor stimulus.

A process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nerve growth factor stimulus.

The calcium-dependent hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their own peptide bonds.

A protein deubiquitination process in which a linear polymer of ubiquitin, formed by the amino-terminal methionine (M1) of one ubiquitin molecule and by the carboxy-terminal glycine (G76) of the next, is removed from a protein.

A multiprotein complex that forms a stable complex with large ribosomal subunits (60S in eukaryotes and 50S in prokaryotes) containing stalled polypeptides and triggers their degradation (ribosomal quality control). In budding yeast, this complex includes Cdc48p, Rkr1p, Tae2p, Rqc1p, Npl4p and Ufd1p proteins.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the eukaryotic RNA polymerase II core complex.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide encoded by an aberrant message and associated with a stalled ribosome. Degradation is initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the ribosome-associated protein.

An extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules to form a messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complex.

A ribonucleoprotein complex containing both protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules.

A GTPase-activating protein (GAP) complex that regulates TORC1 signaling by interacting with the Rag GTPase. In human, the GATOR1 complex consists of DEPDC5, NPRL2, and NPRL3. In S. cerevisiae, this complex is referred to as SEACIT and contains the Iml1p, Npr2p, and Npr3p proteins.

Long distance growth of a single neuron projection involved in cellular development. A neuron projection is a prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to hypoxia (lowered oxygen tension). Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. The pathway ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.

Suppression of the occurrence of translational errors, such as codon-anticodon mis-paring, during the process of translation of a protein using an mRNA template.

Binding to a talin, a family of related cytoskeletal proteins that play a role in assembly of actin filaments and migration of various cell types.

A homodimeric, extracellular protein complex containing two VEGF-A monomers. Binds to and activates a receptor tyrosine kinase.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a region of a chromosome at which a DNA double-strand break has occurred.

A protein deubiquitination process in which a K27-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 27 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.

A protein deubiquitination process in which a K33-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 33 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis caused by a copper ion stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis caused by a cadmium ion stimulus.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a G protein-coupled receptor.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the nucleoplasm.

Catalysis of the removal of the cap from an unmethylated 5'-end capped RNA resulting in the release of the entire cap structure (GpppN) and a 5' monophosphorylated RNA.

The process in which the 3' end of a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to that of a mature tRNA in the mitochondrion.

The process whereby a membrane-bounded vesicle is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane.

A heteromeric protein complex consisting of a multi-transmembrane spanning subunit (the light chain) and a type II glycoprotein subunit (the heavy chain) that functions to transport amino acids across a plasma membrane.

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + N-terminal L-serine in peptide = CoA + N-acetyl-L-serine-peptide.

A protein complex capable of cysteine desulfurase activity decomposing L-cysteine to L-alanine and sulfur. It belongs to a ubiquitous family of pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes. In E. coli it consists of a SufS dimer.

A protein complex capable of assembling an iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster.

A protein dimer containing two STING monomers. It binds cyclic purine di-nucleotides. Activation of the sting complex by 2',5'-3'-5'-cyclic GMP-AMP activates nuclear transcription factor kB (NF-kB) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) which then induce transcription of the genes encoding type I IFN and cytokines active in the innate immune response.

A protein complex capable of catalyzing the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor).

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the threonine-120 residue of histone H2A.

A calcium channel complex in the mitochondrial inner membrane capable of highly-selective calcium channel activity. Its components include the EF-hand-containing proteins mitochondrial calcium uptake 1 (MICU1) and MICU2, the pore-forming subunit mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) and its paralog MCUb, and the MCU regulator EMRE.

Binding to an RNA molecule modified by N6-methyladenosine (m6A), a modification present at internal sites of mRNAs and some non-coding RNAs.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of DNA damage.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of leucine.

Binding to a keratin filament, an intermediate filament composed of acidic and basic keratins (types I and II), typically expressed in epithelial cells.

The modification of a histone by addition of a methyl group to an glutamine residue.

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (histone)-glutamine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (histone)-N5-methyl-glutamine.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the unspliced pre-mRNA (pre-messenger RNA).

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of anti-Mullerian hormone to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Any peptidyl-tyrosine dephosphorylation that is involved in inactivation of protein kinase activity.

A protein complex consisting of two chains of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) subunits. PDGF dimers bind to PDGF receptors in the plasma membrane and induce receptor dimerisation and activation. PDGFs are involved in a wide variety of signalling processes. PDGFs are found in all vertebrates where at least 2 different chains (A and B) exist. In human (and other mammals), four types of PDGF chains (A, B, C, and D) are known which form five different dimers (AA, AB, BB, CC and DD).

The movement of a neutrophil within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

Binding to phosphorylated serine residues in the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II.

Combining with anti-Mullerian hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the 5'-gamma-phosphate in an RNA molecule.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin-like growth factor stimulus.

A protein complex consisting of Atg1 (or Atg1 homologs e.g. ULK1, ULK2 in mammals) and Atg13 along with other proteins that regulate its function (e.g. Atg17 in yeast or RB1CC1(FIP200) in mammals). This complex has serine/threonine protein kinase activity and is involved in autophagosome formation.

The movement of substances between cells via gap junctions. A gap junction is a fine cytoplasmic channel, found in animal cells, that connects the cytoplasm of one cell to that of an adjacent cell, allowing ions and other molecules to pass freely between the two cells.

A protein complex facilitating transport of molecules (proteins, small molecules, nucleic acids) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.

The directed movement of lipid molecules passing through the blood-brain barrier.

Hydrolysis of a ubiquitin unit from a ubiquitinated protein linked via the Lys48 residue of ubiquitin.

A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 33 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein.

A protein complex involved in DNA repair processes including direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway.

A protein complex, at least composed of CUL7, CCDC8 and OBSL1, that is required for maintaining microtubule and genome integrity.

Binding to a mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit RNA (LSU rRNA).

The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Catalysis of the reaction: amino acyl-[protein] + NAD+ = H+ + (ADP-D-ribosyl)-amino acyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.

A transmembrane, G protein-coupled signalling receptor complex recognized by calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRP).

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) combining with a calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor on the surface of the target cell. Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors may form dimers, trimers or tetramers.

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular adrenomedullin combining with a dimeric adrenomedullin receptor on the surface of the target cell.

The repair of a replication-born double-strand DNA break in which the DNA molecule is repaired using the homologous sequence of the sister chromatid which serves as a template to repair the breaks.

Catalysis of the reaction: glyoxal + H2O = glycolic acid. Catalysis occurs in the absence of a cofactor.

A kinetochore component required for both meiotic and mitotic spindle assembly checkpoints.

Replication fork processing that includes recombination between DNA near the arrested fork and homologous sequences. Proteins involved in homologous recombination are required for replication restart.

The directed movement of microRNA (miRNA) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The posttranscriptional addition of a methyl group to the 2' oxygen atom of a nucleotide residue in an snRNA molecule.

The posttranscriptional addition a methyl group to the 2'-oxygen atom of a nucleotide residue in an U6 snRNA molecule.

Catalysis of the reaction: MAP kinase threonine phosphate + H2O = MAP kinase threonine + phosphate and MAP kinase serine phosphate + H2O = MAP kinase serine + phosphate.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of an endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of an endoplasmic reticulum stress.

The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own threonine amino acid residues, or a threonine residue on an identical protein.

Binding to an exon-exon junction complex, a protein complex deposited by the spliceosome upstream of messenger RNA exon-exon junctions. The exon-exon junction complex provides a binding platform for factors involved in mRNA export and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.

Binding to a linear polymer of ubiquitin. Linear ubiquitin polymers are formed by linking the amino-terminal methionine (M1) of one ubiquitin molecule to the carboxy-terminal glycine (G76) of the next.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in the homeostasis of organismal or cellular pH (with pH < 7). pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.

A ubiquitin ligase complex containing Parkin (PARK2), the F-box protein FBXW7 (also called SEL-10) and a cullin from the Cul1 subfamily; substrate specificity is conferred by the F-box protein.

A type of voltage-dependent calcium channel responsible for excitation-contraction coupling of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. 'L' stands for 'long-lasting' referring to the length of activation.

The attachment of a mitochondrion and an endoplasmic reticulum via molecular tethers that physically bridge their respective membranes and attach them to each other. The tethering may facilitate exchange of metabolites between the organelles.

Omega-shaped (as in the Greek capital letter) intracellular membrane-bounded organelle enriched in phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and dynamically connected to the endoplasmic reticulum. Omegasomes are the first step of the formation of autophagosomes via the phagophore assembly sites.

The sumoylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein.

The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine in an mRNA molecule.

Any microtubule that is part of a mitotic spindle; anchored at one spindle pole.

Component of the core exon-exon-junction complex (EJC). Fairly conserved in eukaryotes; in Drosophila, consists of the Mago and Y14 (tsunagi) gene products. Important for coupling nuclear and cytoplasmic events in gene expression. Inhibits the ATPase activity of eIF4AIII (Q9VHS8) to ensure a stable association of the EJC core with the mRNA.

Steps required to transform a dense core granule generated at the trans-Golgi network into a fully formed and transmissible dense core granule. Dense core granule maturation proceeds through clathrin-mediated membrane remodeling events and is essential for efficient processing of cargo within dense core granules as well as for removing factors that might otherwise interfere with dense core granule trafficking and exocytosis.

Any maintenance of fidelity that is involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication.

Nuclear transcriptional repressor complex that is capable of negatively regulating CLOCK-BMAL-dependent transactivation of genes in a delayed negative feedback manner which generates circadian rhythms.

Transcription factor complex which interacts with E-box regulatory elements in target genes, including Period (Per1, Per2, Per3) and Cryptochrome (Cry1, Cry2), to activate their transcription during the daytime. The CRY-PER complexes inhibit CLOCK-BMAL1-driven transcription in a negative feedback loop to generate circadian rhythms.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, in the presence of single-stranded DNA; drives the unwinding of the DNA helix in the direction 3' to 5'.

The process in which a pyrimidine nucleotide is transported across the mitochondrial inner membrane, into the mitochondrial matrix.

A protein complex that functions as a phospholipid-translocating P-Type ATPase.

The organization process that preserves a neuron projection in a stable functional or structural state. A neuron projection is a prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.

The directed movement of fructose substance from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

The process in which a manganese ion is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.

The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other into, out of or within a mitochondrion.

The process in which ATP is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.

The process in which a tricarboxylic acid is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.

The process in which FAD is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.

The process in which NAD is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.

The process in which alpha-ketoglutarate is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.

Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein UFM1 to a protein, forming an UFM1 chain.

A protein kinase chaperone complex required for the proper folding, maturation and stabilization of target proteins (mostly signalling protein kinases, some steroid hormone receptors), usually during or immediately after completion of translation. The highly conserved, phosphorylated CDC37-Ser13 (vertebrates) or cdc37-Ser14 (yeast) is essential for complex assembly and target protein binding. CDC37-Ser13 (Ser14) is phosphorylated by Casein kinase II (CK2), which in turn is a target of CDC37 creating a positive feedback loop. Complex binding also prevents rapid ubiquitin-dependent proteosomal degradation of target proteins.

The process in which UDP-N-acetylglucosamine is transported across a membrane.

A ribonucleoprotein complex that has RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRP) activity, and is composed of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and the non-coding RNA component of mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease (RMRP).

The directed movement of potassium ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

The process in which L-ornithine is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.

The membrane of the perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum, which is the portion of endoplasmic reticulum, the intracellular network of tubules and cisternae, that occurs near the nucleus.

The phosphorylation of a peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine on an identical protein. For example, phosphorylation by the other kinase within a homodimer.

A complex of accessory proteins (cardiac troponin T, cardiac troponin I and cardiac troponin C) found associated with actin in cardiac muscle thin filaments; involved in calcium regulation important for muscle contraction.

Transcription factor complex consisting of ATF4 and CREB1 subunits that is capable of binding to cAMP response element (CRE) (consensus: 5'-GTGACGT[AC][AG]-3') as part of the positive regulation of transcription. Regulatory targets include the GRP78 (HSPA5) promoter in humans, whose activation by this complex is part of the ER stress response pathway.

Transcription factor complex consisting of ATF1 and ATF4 subunits that is capable of binding to cAMP response element (CRE) (consensus: 5'-GTGACGT[AC][AG]-3') of the GRP78 (HSPA5) promoter. Involved in the ER stress response pathway.

A protein ufmylation process in which a polymer of the ubiquitin-like protein UFM1 is formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 69 of the UFM1 monomers, is added to a protein.

A protein complex consisting of IRE1 (inositol-requiring enzyme-1) bound to AIP1 (ASK1-interacting protein 1/DAB2-interacting protein).

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within 3' overhang single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.

A protein complex of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane that consists of IRE1 (Inositol-requiring enzyme-1), TRAF2 (TNF receptor-associated factor 2) and ASK1 (Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1, a MAP3K).

A heterodimeric transcription factor complex that is composed of CHOP (C/EBP homology protein, GADD153) and ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4, also known as cAMP response element binding protein-2/CREB-2) subunits.

A heterodimeric protein complex that is composed of CHOP (C/EBP homology protein, GADD153) and ATF3 (activating transcription factor 3) subunits.

A protein complex consisting of IRE1 (Inositol-requiring enzyme-1), RACK1 (Receptor of activated protein kinase C 1, GNB2L1) and PP2A (protein phosphatase 2A). RACK1 acts as an adaptor to bridge an interaction between IRE1 and PP2A.

The dendrite of the dendritic tree that is closest to the neuronal cell body (the soma).

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of iron ion.

A dimeric, sequence specific DNA-binding transcription factor complex regulating the expression of genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses. Exists at least as alpha and beta homodimeric forms. Binds to regulatory regions of several acute-phase and cytokines genes and probably plays a role in the regulation of acute-phase reaction, inflammation and hemopoiesis. The consensus recognition site is 5'-T[TG]NNGNAA[TG]-3'. Transcription factor activity is inhibited by binding of CHOP forming heterodimers with alternative transcription factor activities.

A heterotetrameric protein complex comprising two Annexin A2 (AnxA2) monomers and two copies of its binding partner, S100 protein p11 (S100A10).

A protein complex consisting of the serine protease PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin-9) and a low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). Interaction typically occurs through the epidermal growth factor-like repeat A (EGF-A) domain of the LDLR, and complex formation promotes degradation of the LDLR through the endosome/lysosome pathway.

A protein complex consisting of the serine protease PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin-9) and annexin A2 (AnxA2).

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the thin, flattened compartments that form the cis portion of the Golgi complex.

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the thin, flattened compartments that form the medial portion of the Golgi complex.

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the thin, flattened compartments that form the trans portion of the Golgi complex.

The modification of histone H4 by the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 16 of the histone.

A process in which the DNA double-strand breaks are attached to the inner surface of the nuclear envelope proximal to the spindle pole body, or iMTOCs.

The removal of palmitoleyl group, a 16-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid (C16:1), from a lipoprotein.

Catalysis of a hydrolase reaction that removes a palmitoleyl moiety, a 16-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid (C16:1), from some substrate.

Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of nucleolar chromatin.

A protein complex involved in the assembly of the mitotic checkpoint complex that in turn inhibits the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C).

A protein complex containing at least HFE and a transferrin receptor (either TFR1/TFRC or TFR2), proposed to play a role in the sensing of transferrin-bound Fe (Fe2-Tf) on the plasma membrane to regulate hepcidin transcription.

A protein complex that negatively regulates apoptotic processes. In human, this anti-apoptotic complex is a homodimer of BIRC5 (survivin) and provides one survivin molecule to the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC).

A serine/threonine protein kinase complex involved in cell survival, apoptosis and autophagic cell death pathways. DAPK1 is activated by the dephosphorylation of a n-terminal serine and calcium-calmodulin binding.

A homodimeric protein complex that is capable of binding a range of carbohydrates and is involved in anti-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic processes.

A protein complex involved in the assembly of the mitotic checkpoint complex that in turn inhibits the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). The MAD1 dimer recruits the open form of MAD2 (O-MAD2) turning it into the closed form (C-MAD2) upon binding. C-MAD2 inhibits CDC20, a member of the APC/C, upon release from the MAD1-MAD2 complex.

A protein complex formed between the N-terminus of the giant sarcomeric filament protein titin and the Z-disk ligand, telethonin. The complex is part of the Z-disk of the skeletal and cardiac sarcomere. Telethonin binding to titin might be essential for the initial assembly, stabilization and functional integrity of the titin filament, and hence important for muscle contraction relaxation in mature myofibrils.

An extracellular vesicle released from the plasma membrane and ranging in size from about 100 nm to 1000 nm.

A protein modification process that results in the addition of a sialic acid unit to the end of an oligosaccharide chain in a glycoprotein.

A quatrefoil tethering complex required for endocytic recycling.

Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity of a toxic substance. These may include transport of the toxic substance away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of the toxic substance.

Any end of a microtubule. Microtubule ends differ in that the so-called microtubule plus-end is the one that preferentially grows by polymerization, with respect to the minus-end.

The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a microtubule that is part of the mitotic spindle.

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a ubiquitin ligase and its substrate. Usually mediated by F-box BTB/POZ domain proteins.

The mitotic cell cycle process in which sister chromatids establish stable, end-on attachments to the plus ends of microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles, oriented such that separation can proceed. This is the final step in metaphase plate congression.

Binding to a member of the arrestin family, proteins involved in agonist-mediated desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors.

The actin filament-based process in which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in contraction of a myofibroblast.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an angiotensin stimulus. Angiotensin is any of three physiologically active peptides (angiotensin II, III, or IV) processed from angiotensinogen.

A spherical particle containing non-covalently associated proteins and lipids. Examples are plasma lipoprotein particles which transport lipids in the blood or lymph.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the cell periphery.

A transmembrane signalling receptor complex found exclusively on platelets. Involved in haemostasis and thrombosis where it aids blood coagulation.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a double-stranded DNA stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a double-stranded DNA stimulus.

Any process that decreases the activity of a transcription factor that activates transcription of Hedgehog-target genes in response to Smoothened signaling. In Drosophila, Cubitus interruptus (Ci) is the only identified transcription factor so far in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. In vertebrates members of the Gli protein family are activated by Hedgehog signaling.

A protein repressing GLI's transcription factor activity when SMO signalling is inactive. Upon ligand binding to the upstream receptor PTC (Patched) GLI dissociates from SUFU and activates transcription of hedgehog-target genes. In mammals it consists of SUFU and one of the GLI family proteins.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a dorsal root ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a ligand-gated ion channel on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a ligand-gated ion channel and ends with a molecular function that directly regulates a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubular network membrane.

An activity that faciliates the formation of a complementary double-stranded DNA molecule.

Catalysis of the template-independent extension of the 3'- end of an RNA strand by addition of one adenosine molecule at a time. Cannot initiate a chain 'de novo'. The primer, depending on the source of the enzyme, may be an RNA, or oligo(A) bearing a 3'-OH terminal group.

The directed movement of basic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other.

Binding to messenger RNA (mRNA) of a specific nucleotide composition or a specific sequence motif.

Binding to double-stranded DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA, e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding.

Catalysis of 3' exonucleolytic cleavage of poly(U), to form poly(U)-N containing a 3' uridine cyclic phosphate (U>P).

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lectin stimulus. A lectin is a carbohydrate-binding protein, highly specific for binding sugar moieties.

Binding to a section of chromatin that is associated with gene promoter sequences of DNA.

The regulated production of heat in response to short term environmental changes, such as stress, diet or reduced temperature.

Any process in which the vacuole is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

A protein complex containing a secreted Wnt protein associated with its receptor, Frizzled (Fz), and co-receptor low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) or LRP6.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lectin stimulus. A lectin is a carbohydrate-binding protein, highly specific for binding sugar moieties.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemokine stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemokine stimulus.

The side of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) that faces the cytoplasm.

A complex formed by the association of Cdc13 (CTC1 in mammals) with Stn1 in yeast (OBFC1 in mammals) and Ten1 protein (also TEN1 in mammals) with single-stranded telomeric DNA. The CST complex plays a role in telomere protection.

Binding to a histone H4 in which the lysine residue at position 20 has been modified by trimethylation.

A macromolecular complex that contains both RNA and protein molecules.

A protein complex that contains beta-catenin and a member of the T-cell factor (TCF)/lymphoid enhancer binding factor (LEF) family of transcription factors.

A multiprotein protein complex containing membrane-localized Wnt receptors and cytosolic protein complexes, which is capable of transmitting the Wnt signal. Contains at least a Wnt protein, LRP5 or LRP6, a member of the Frizzled (Fz) family, Axin and and a Dishevelled (DVL) protein.

The process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules contained within a lysosome by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell, induced by a rise in cytosolic calcium-ion levels.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of amino acids.

Catalysis of the oxidative demethylation of N1-methyladenosine RNA, with concomitant decarboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate and releases oxidized methyl group on N1-methyladenosine as formaldehyde.

Catalysis of the oxidative demethylation of N6-methyladenosine RNA, with concomitant decarboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate and releases oxidized methyl group on N6-methyladenosine as formaldehyde.

Binding to a protein involved in the process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to form the mature form of the RNA.

The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own aspartate amino acid residues, or an aspartate residue on an identical protein.

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a ubiquitin ligase.

A process that reduces or removes the toxicity of a xenobiotic by exporting it outside the cell.

The directed movement of a xenobiotic through the blood-brain barrier.

Establishment of the barrier between the blood and the retina. The blood-retinal barrier is located at two levels, forming an outer barrier in the retinal pigment epithelium and an inner barrier in the endothelial membrane of the retinal vessels. Both these membranes have tight junctions of the 'nonleaky' type.

The process of generating ATP in the nucleus from poly-ADP-D-ribose. Nuclear ATP generation is required for extensive chromatin remodeling events that are energy-consuming.

A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a viral gene product binding to RNA.

A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a viral RNA-binding transcription factor.

Glycoprotein complex of the C1q/TNF superfamily found in the extracellular matrix (ECM) where it is an important component of the elastic fiber system. A homotrimer that will combine to form supramolecular EMILIN structures.

Glycoprotein complex of the C1q/TNF superfamily involved in cell adhesion. A homotrimer that will combine to form supramolecular Multimerin structures.

The removal of a methyl group from one or more residues within a tRNA molecule.

Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from one or more positions within a tRNA molecule.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a DNA damage checkpoint.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a DNA damage checkpoint.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a DNA damage checkpoint.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric S-shaped body morphogenesis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric S-shaped body morphogenesis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric comma-shaped body morphogenesis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric comma-shaped body morphogenesis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to the cell surface.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to the cell surface.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to the cell surface.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of determination of dorsal identity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of determination of dorsal identity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of determination of dorsal identity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of male gonad development.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of male gonad development.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of male gonad development.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multicellular organismal development.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell division.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell population maintenance.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac cell fate specification.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac cell fate specification.

Any signalling pathway that modulates the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of non-canonical Wnt-activated signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral axis specification.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral axis specification.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signaling pathway involved in digestive tract morphogenesis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signaling pathway involved in digestive tract morphogenesis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cortisol biosynthetic process.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cortisol biosynthetic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cortisol biosynthetic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic B cell development.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of canonical Wnt signaling pathway modulating the rate or frequency of pancreatic B cell proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of canonical Wnt signaling pathway modulating the rate or frequency of pancreatic B cell proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell-matrix adhesion.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell-matrix adhesion.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent DNA replication.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-templated DNA replication.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage apoptotic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of cell polarity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium-dependent phosphate transport.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sodium-dependent phosphate transport.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium-dependent phosphate transport.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of removal of superoxide radicals.

Any signalling pathway that decreases or inhibits the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-templated transcription initiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-templated transcription initiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-templated transcription initiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of regulation of ubiquitin-specific protease activity (deubiquitinase) activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cilium-dependent cell motility.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde vesicle-mediated transport, Golgi to ER.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-specific protease (deubiquitinase) activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-specific protease (deubiquitinase) activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite development.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of androgen biosynthetic process.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel morphogenesis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of progesterone biosynthetic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid transport.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid transport.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid transport.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of female gonad development.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ribonucleoprotein complex localization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ribonucleoprotein complex localization.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ribosomal subunit export from nucleus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ribosomal subunit export from nucleus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ribosomal small subunit export from nucleus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ribosomal small subunit export from nucleus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anoikis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anoikis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate metabolic process.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate metabolic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of testosterone biosynthetic process.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of testosterone biosynthetic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rRNA processing.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of rRNA processing.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of rRNA processing.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin cytoskeleton reorganization.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin cytoskeleton reorganization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin cytoskeleton reorganization.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of feeding behavior.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of feeding behavior.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling receptor activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling receptor activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an amino acid biosynthetic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process.

A receptor internalization process that contributes to canonical Wnt signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide catabolic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide catabolic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Rho-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle exocytosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a ceramide biosynthetic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ceramide biosynthetic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 11 production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 11 production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of N-methyl-D-aspartate selective glutamate receptor activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of AMPA selective glutamate receptor activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of kainate selective glutamate receptor activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in neural plate anterior/posterior pattern formation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 type immune response.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 type immune response.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 type immune response.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of terminal button organization.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood microparticle formation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood microparticle formation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the acrosome reaction.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the CD40 signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the CD40 signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the CD40 signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of binding of sperm to the zona pellucida.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of binding of sperm to the zona pellucida.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of acrosomal vesicle exocytosis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of acrosomal vesicle exocytosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil extravasation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil extravasation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lamellipodium morphogenesis.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lamellipodium morphogenesis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lamellipodium morphogenesis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte migration.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte migration.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte migration.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil migration.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil migration.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil migration.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil extravasation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil extravasation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil chemotaxis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil chemotaxis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic cell clearance.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic cell clearance.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic cell clearance.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein neddylation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein neddylation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein neddylation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte extravasation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte extravasation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage migration inhibitory factor signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage migration inhibitory factor signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte chemotaxis.

Any process that enhances the establishment or increases the extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which is a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte chemotaxis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycogen (starch) synthase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peroxidase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of peroxidase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell migration.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell migration.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell activation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell activation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-18-mediated signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-18-mediated signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell chemotaxis.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell chemotaxis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell chemotaxis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel remodeling.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell chemotaxis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell chemotaxis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of granzyme A production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of granzyme A production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell activation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell activation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell costimulation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell costimulation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid dendritic cell chemotaxis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid dendritic cell chemotaxis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of renal albumin absorption.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of renal albumin absorption.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of entry of bacterium into host cell.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of entry of bacterium into host cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastrulation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell cytokine production.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell cytokine production.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of memory T cell activation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of memory T cell activation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of thyroid hormone generation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of thyroid hormone generation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K9 acetylation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K9 acetylation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H4-K16 acetylation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of histone H4-K16 acetylation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histone H4-K16 acetylation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA catabolic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA catabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA catabolic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA metabolic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA metabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA metabolic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pre-microRNA processing.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pre-microRNA processing.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pre-microRNA processing.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of primary microRNA processing.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of primary microRNA processing.

A process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene silencing by a microRNA (miRNA).

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the SREBP signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the SREBP signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the SREBP signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of early endosome to late endosome transport.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of early endosome to late endosome transport.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of early endosome to late endosome transport.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor catabolic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor catabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor catabolic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of genetic imprinting.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to testosterone stimulus.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to testosterone stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell apoptotic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell apoptotic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription regulatory region DNA binding.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription regulatory region DNA binding.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription regulatory region DNA binding.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to X-ray.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion in the centromeric region.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion in the centromeric region.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucosylceramide catabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucosylceramide catabolic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sphingomyelin catabolic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sphingomyelin catabolic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-lysine acetylation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-lysine acetylation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-lysine acetylation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of N-terminal peptidyl-lysine acetylation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of N-terminal peptidyl-lysine acetylation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular senescence.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular senescence.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular senescence.

Any positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process that is involved in a cellular response to hypoxia.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagosome assembly.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagic vacuole assembly.

Any cell proliferation that is involved in heart valve development.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amniotic stem cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amniotic stem cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription, poly(A)-coupled.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription, poly(A)-coupled.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription, poly(A)-coupled.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tight junction assembly.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anoikis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of barbed-end actin filament capping.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of barbed-end actin filament capping.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic sister chromatid separation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nucleotide-excision repair.

Any negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter that is involved in smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of behavioral fear response.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of androgen receptor activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart morphogenesis.

The set of processes involved in identifying and degrading defective or aberrant RNAs that takes place in the mitochondrion.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of androgen secretion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of androgen secretion.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of corticosteroid hormone secretion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of corticosteroid hormone secretion.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid secretion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid secretion.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mineralocorticoid secretion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mineralocorticoid secretion.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aldosterone secretion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aldosterone secretion.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of estradiol secretion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of estradiol secretion.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of progesterone secretion.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cellobiose.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of AMPA selective glutamate receptor activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pro-B cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pro-B cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of forebrain neuron differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of forebrain neuron differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ATP citrate synthase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ATP citrate synthase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to DNA damage stimulus.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to DNA damage stimulus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to DNA damage stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to drug.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular glucuronidation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular glucuronidation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of integrin-mediated signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of integrin-mediated signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of integrin-mediated signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a reactive nitrogen species.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Rho guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Rho guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lens epithelial cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lens epithelial cell proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to hepatocyte growth factor stimulus.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to hepatocyte growth factor stimulus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to hepatocyte growth factor stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational frameshifting.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational frameshifting.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytic recycling.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endocytic recycling.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endocytic recycling.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid transport.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid transport.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process.

The directed movement of a nicotinateacetate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K79 methylation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K79 methylation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain serine 2 residues.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain serine 2 residues.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ATP biosynthetic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ATP biosynthetic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ATP biosynthetic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mediator complex assembly.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mediator complex assembly.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell activation involved in immune response.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell activation involved in immune response.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast development.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast development.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chloride transport.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chloride transport.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome organization.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome organization.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K36 trimethylation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of store-operated calcium entry.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cation channel activity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cation channel activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cation channel activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of C-C chemokine binding.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of C-C chemokine binding.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of caveolin-mediated endocytosis.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of caveolin-mediated endocytosis.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving malonyl-CoA, the S-malonyl derivative of coenzyme A.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of malonyl-CoA, the S-malonyl derivative of coenzyme A.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a lipoxin. A lipoxin is a non-classic eicosanoid and signalling molecule that has four conjugated double bonds and is derived from arachidonic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a lipoxin. A lipoxin is a non-classic eicosanoid and signalling molecule that has four conjugated double bonds and is derived from arachidonic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoxin A4. Lipoxin A4 is a C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (6R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (7E)- (9E)-, (11Z)- and (13E)-double bonds.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipoxin A4. Lipoxin A4 is a C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (6R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (7E)- (9E)-, (11Z)- and (13E)-double bonds.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoxin B4. Lipoxin B4 is a C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (14R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (6E)- (8Z)-, (10E)- and (12E)-double bonds.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipoxin B4. Lipoxin B4 is a C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (14R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (6E)- (8Z)-, (10E)- and (12E)-double bonds.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a lysobisphosphatidic acid. A lysobisphosphatidic acid is a lysophosphatidic acid having the unusual property of a phosphodiester moiety linked to positions sn-1 and sn1' of glycerol; and two additional fatty acids esterified to the glycerol head group.

Name: mitochondrial genome maintenance.

Type: biological process.

Definition: The maintenance of the structure and integrity of the mitochondrial genome; includes replication and segregation of the mitochondrial chromosome.

Name: reproduction.

Definition: The production of new individuals that contain some portion of genetic material inherited from one or more parent organisms.

Name: trans-hexaprenyltranstransferase activity.

Type: molecular function.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + 4 isopentenyl diphosphate = 4 diphosphate + all-trans-heptaprenyl diphosphate.

Name: single strand break repair.

Definition: The repair of single strand breaks in DNA. Repair of such breaks is mediated by the same enzyme systems as are used in base excision repair.

Name: single-stranded DNA endodeoxyribonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within a single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid molecule by creating internal breaks.

Name: phosphopyruvate hydratase complex.

Type: cellular component.

Definition: A multimeric enzyme complex, usually a dimer or an octamer, that catalyzes the conversion of 2-phospho-D-glycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate and water.

Name: lactase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: lactose + H2O = D-glucose + D-galactose.

Name: alpha-glucoside transport.

Definition: The directed movement of alpha-glucosides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Alpha-glucosides are glycosides in which the sugar group is a glucose residue, and the anomeric carbon of the bond is in an alpha configuration.

Name: regulation of DNA recombination.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination, a DNA metabolic process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents.

Name: regulation of mitotic recombination.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination during mitosis.

Name: mitotic spindle elongation.

Definition: The cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the mitotic spindle. Mitotic spindle elongation begins during mitotic prophase and ends during mitotic anaphase B.

Name: maltose metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose), an intermediate in the catabolism of glycogen and starch.

Name: maltose catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose).

Name: alpha-1,2-mannosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a mannose residue to an oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-(1->2) linkage.

Name: ribosomal large subunit assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of constituent RNAs and proteins to form the large ribosomal subunit.

Name: ribosomal small subunit assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of constituent RNAs and proteins to form the small ribosomal subunit.

Name: mannosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a mannosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.

Name: alpha-1,3-mannosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a mannose residue to an oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-(1->3) linkage.

Name: very long-chain fatty acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.

Name: transition metal ion transport.

Definition: The directed movement of transition metal ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.

Name: autophagosome assembly.

Definition: The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm.

Name: peptidyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-tRNA(1) + aminoacyl-tRNA(2) = tRNA(1) + peptidylaminoacyl-tRNA(2).

Name: tRNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a transfer RNA.

Name: urea cycle.

Definition: The sequence of reactions by which arginine is synthesized from ornithine, then cleaved to yield urea and regenerate ornithine. The overall reaction equation is NH3 + CO2 + aspartate + 3 ATP + 2 H2O = urea + fumarate + 2 ADP + 2 phosphate + AMP + diphosphate.

Name: citrulline metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving citrulline, N5-carbamoyl-L-ornithine, an alpha amino acid not found in proteins.

Name: argininosuccinate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving argininosuccinate, 2-(N(omega)-arginino)succinate, an intermediate in the ornithine-urea cycle, where it is synthesized from citrulline and aspartate.

Name: ribosomal subunit export from nucleus.

Definition: The directed movement of a ribosomal subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

Name: ribosomal large subunit export from nucleus.

Definition: The directed movement of a ribosomal large subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

Name: ribosomal small subunit export from nucleus.

Definition: The directed movement of a ribosomal small subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

Name: fatty-acyl-CoA binding.

Definition: Binding to a fatty-acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty acyl group.

Name: L-ornithine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of L-ornithine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-ornithine is 2,5-diaminopentanoic acid.

Name: mitotic sister chromatid segregation.

Definition: The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.

Name: cell cycle checkpoint signaling.

Definition: A signaling process that controls cell cycle progression by monitoring the integrity of specific cell cycle events. A cell cycle checkpoint begins with detection of deficiencies or defects and ends with signal transduction.

Name: DNA replication checkpoint signaling.

Definition: A signal transduction process that contributes to a DNA replication checkpoint, that prevents the initiation of nuclear division until DNA replication is complete, thereby ensuring that progeny inherit a full complement of the genome.

Name: DNA damage checkpoint signaling.

Definition: A signal transduction process that contributes to a DNA damage checkpoint.

Name: regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Name: G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle.

Definition: The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G1 commits to S phase. The process begins with the build up of G1 cyclin-dependent kinase (G1 CDK), resulting in the activation of transcription of G1 cyclins. The process ends with the positive feedback of the G1 cyclins on the G1 CDK which commits the cell to S phase, in which DNA replication is initiated.

Name: regulation of transcription involved in G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle.

Definition: Any process that regulates transcription such that the target genes are involved in the transition between G1 and S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.

Name: G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle.

Definition: The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G2 commits to M phase. The process begins when the kinase activity of M cyclin/CDK complex reaches a threshold high enough for the cell cycle to proceed. This is accomplished by activating a positive feedback loop that results in the accumulation of unphosphorylated and active M cyclin/CDK complex.

Name: S-adenosyl-L-methionine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of S-adenosylmethionine from one side of a membrane to the other. S-adenosylmethionine is S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism.

Name: sulfur amino acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, homocysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.

Name: sulfur amino acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.

Name: sulfur amino acid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.

Name: sulfur amino acid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of sulfur amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Sulphur amino acids contain sulfur in the form of cystine, methionine or their derivatives.

Name: sulfur amino acid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of amino acids containing sulfur (cystine, methionine and their derivatives) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: sulfate assimilation.

Definition: The pathways by which inorganic sulfate is processed and incorporated into sulfated compounds.

Name: succinate dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: succinate + acceptor = fumarate + reduced acceptor.

Name: nucleotide-excision repair complex.

Definition: Any complex formed of proteins that act in nucleotide-excision repair.

Name: nucleotide-excision repair factor 1 complex.

Definition: One of several protein complexes involved in nucleotide-excision repair; possesses DNA damage recognition and endodeoxynuclease activities. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of Rad1p, Rad10p, and Rad14p; in human the subunits are ERCC4/XPF, ERCC1 and XPA, respectively.

Name: regulation of transcription involved in G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle.

Definition: Any process that regulates transcription such that the target genes are transcribed as part of the G2/M transition of the mitotic cell cycle.

Name: histone deacetylase complex.

Definition: A protein complex that possesses histone deacetylase activity.

Name: RNA polymerase I transcription regulator complex.

Definition: A transcription factor complex that acts at a regulatory region of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase I.

Name: negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.

Name: histone acetyltransferase complex.

Definition: A protein complex that possesses histone acetyltransferase activity.

Name: SAGA complex.

Definition: A SAGA-type histone acetyltransferase complex that deubiquitinates H2A and/or H2B. This complex is organized into several functional submodules: a structural core including the activator binding module and consisting of ADA1 or a homolog, members of the SPT and TAF protein families as well as promotor recruitment factor TRRAP/TRA1, a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) module consisting of GCN5/KAT2A or PCAF/KAT2B, ADA2, ADA3/NGG1, and SGF29 or homologues thereof, a histone deubiquitinase (DUB) module consisting of ATXN7/SGF73, ATXN7L3/SGF11, ENY2/SUS1 and USP22/UBP8 or homologues thereof, and in some taxa a splicing module consisting of SF3B3 and SF3B5 or homologues thereof (not in fungi). In budding yeast also contains Spt8 which distinguishes it from SAGA-like (SLIK) complex (GO:0046695).

Name: transcription factor TFIIIB complex.

Definition: A transcription factor complex that is involved in regulating transcription from RNA polymerase III (Pol III) promoters. TFIIIB contains the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and two Pol III-specific proteins, B'' and BRF.

Name: transcription factor TFIIIC complex.

Definition: A heterotrimeric transcription factor complex that is involved in regulating transcription from RNA polymerase III (Pol III) promoters. TFIIIC contains three conserved subunits that associate with the proximal Pol III promoter element, and additional subunits that associate with sequence elements downstream of the promoter and are more diverged among species. It also functions as a boundary element to partition genome content into distinct domains outside Pol III promoter regions.

Name: establishment of mitotic spindle orientation.

Definition: A cell cycle process that sets the alignment of mitotic spindle relative to other cellular structures.

Name: Golgi cis cisterna.

Definition: The Golgi cisterna closest to the endoplasmic reticulum; the first processing compartment through which proteins pass after export from the ER.

Name: Golgi trans cisterna.

Definition: The Golgi cisterna farthest from the endoplasmic reticulum; the final processing compartment through which proteins pass before exiting the Golgi apparatus; the compartment in which N-linked protein glycosylation is completed.

Name: Golgi membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus.

Name: exocyst.

Definition: A protein complex peripherally associated with the plasma membrane that determines where vesicles dock and fuse. At least eight complex components are conserved between yeast and mammals.

Name: microfilament motor activity.

Definition: A motor activity that generates movement along a microfilament, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Name: SNARE binding.

Definition: Binding to a SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attached protein receptor) protein.

Name: DNA strand exchange activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the identification and base-pairing of homologous sequences between single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA.

Name: ubiquitin ligase complex.

Definition: A protein complex that includes a ubiquitin-protein ligase and enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. The complex also contains other proteins that may confer substrate specificity on the complex.

Name: nuclear ubiquitin ligase complex.

Definition: A ubiquitin ligase complex found in the nucleus.

Name: cytoplasmic ubiquitin ligase complex.

Definition: A ubiquitin ligase complex found in the cytoplasm.

Name: rRNA modification.

Definition: The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an rRNA molecule to produce an rRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.

Name: protein phosphatase type 2A complex.

Definition: A protein complex that has protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity that is polycation-stimulated (PCS), being directly stimulated by protamine, polylysine, or histone H1; it constitutes a subclass of several enzymes activated by different histones and polylysine, and consists of catalytic, scaffolding, and regulatory subunits. The catalytic and scaffolding subunits form the core enzyme, and the holoenzyme also includes the regulatory subunit.

Name: protein phosphatase type 1 complex.

Definition: A protein complex that possesses magnesium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase (AMD phosphatase) activity, and consists of a catalytic subunit and one or more regulatory subunits that dictates the phosphatase's substrate specificity, function, and activity.

Name: MAPK cascade.

Definition: An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.

Name: nucleotide binding.

Definition: Binding to a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose.

Name: ribonuclease MRP complex.

Definition: A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains an RNA molecule of the snoRNA family, and cleaves the rRNA precursor as part of rRNA transcript processing. It also has other roles: In S. cerevisiae it is involved in cell cycle-regulated degradation of daughter cell-specific mRNAs, while in mammalian cells it also enters the mitochondria and processes RNAs to create RNA primers for DNA replication.

Name: 3'-5'-exoribonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 3' terminus of an RNA molecule.

Name: nuclear exosome (RNase complex).

Definition: A ribonuclease complex that has 3-prime to 5-prime processive and distributive hydrolytic exoribonuclease activity and endoribonuclease activity, producing 5-prime-phosphomonoesters. Participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events preventing nuclear export and/or translation of aberrant RNAs. Restricted to processing linear and circular single-stranded RNAs (ssRNA) only. RNAs with complex secondary structures may have to be unwound or pre-processed by co-factors prior to entering the complex, esp if the 3-prime end is structured.

Name: cytoplasmic exosome (RNase complex).

Definition: A ribonuclease complex that has 3-prime to 5-prime processive hydrolytic exoribonuclease activity producing 5-prime-phosphomonoesters. Participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events preventing nuclear export and/or translation of aberrant RNAs. Restricted to processing linear and circular single-stranded RNAs (ssRNA) only. RNAs with complex secondary structures may have to be unwound or pre-processed by co-factors prior to entering the complex, esp if the 3-prime end is structured.

Name: exosome (RNase complex).

Definition: A ribonuclease complex that has 3-prime to 5-prime exoribonuclease activity and possibly endoribonuclease activity, producing 5-prime-phosphomonoesters. Participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events preventing nuclear export and/or translation of aberrant RNAs. Restricted to processing linear and circular single-stranded RNAs (ssRNA) only. RNAs with complex secondary structures may have to be unwound or pre-processed by co-factors prior to entering the complex, esp if the 3-prime end is structured.

Name: rRNA (adenine-N6,N6-)-dimethyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the dimethylation of two adjacent adenine residues in a rRNA, using S-adenosyl-L-methionine as a methyl donor.

Name: rDNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a DNA sequence encoding a ribosomal RNA.

Name: rDNA heterochromatin formation.

Definition: The formation of heterochromatin at ribosomal DNA, characterized by the modified histone H3K9me3.

Name: nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay.

Definition: The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins.

Name: protein polyubiquitination.

Definition: Addition of multiple ubiquitin groups to a protein, forming a ubiquitin chain.

Name: NAD+ diphosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + H2O = AMP + NMN.

Name: meiotic spindle organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a meiotic cell cycle.

Name: tRNA-intron endonuclease complex.

Definition: A protein complex that catalyzes the endonucleolytic cleavage of pre-tRNA, producing 5'-hydroxyl and 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini, and specifically removing the intron.

Name: DNA secondary structure binding.

Definition: Binding to a DNA secondary structure element such as a four-way junction, a bubble, a loop, Y-form DNA, or a double-strand/single-strand junction.

Name: vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V1 domain.

Definition: The V1 domain of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase found in the vacuolar membrane.

Name: peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 4-N-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-protein + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + peptide L-aspartate. This reaction is the hydrolysis of an N4-(acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)asparagine residue in which the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residue may be further glycosylated, to yield a (substituted) N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine and the peptide containing an aspartic residue.

Name: microtubule cytoskeleton organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.

Name: nuclear chromosome.

Definition: A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact.

Name: astral microtubule.

Definition: Any of the spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles and are thought to contribute to the forces that separate the poles and position them in relation to the rest of the cell.

Name: pericentriolar material.

Definition: A network of small fibers that surrounds the centrioles in cells; contains the microtubule nucleating activity of the centrosome.

Name: spliceosomal tri-snRNP complex assembly.

Definition: The formation of a tri-snRNP complex containing U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs and U5 snRNAs and associated proteins. This includes reannealing of U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs released from previous rounds of splicing to reform the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) as well as the subsequent association of the U5 snRNP with the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) to form a tri-snRNP that is ready to reassemble into another spliceosome complex.

Name: spliceosomal complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a spliceosomal complex, a ribonucleoprotein apparatus that catalyzes nuclear mRNA splicing via transesterification reactions.

Name: delta24(24-1) sterol reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ergosterol + NADP+ = ergosta-5,7,22,24(24(1))-tetraen-3beta-ol + H+ + NADPH.

Name: C-5 sterol desaturase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 5,7,24(28)-ergostatrienol + O2 + NADPH = 5,7,22,24(28)-ergostatetraenol + 2 H2O + NADP+.

Name: lanosterol synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene = lanosterol. This is a cyclization reaction that forms the sterol nucleus.

Name: 3-keto sterol reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-beta-hydroxyl sterol + NADP+ = a 3-keto sterol + NADPH + H+.

Name: allantoin metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving allantoin, (2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)urea, an intermediate or end product of purine catabolism.

Name: mitochondrial fission.

Definition: The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments.

Name: peroxisome targeting sequence binding.

Definition: Binding to a peroxisomal targeting sequence, a sequence of amino acids within a protein that acts as a signal for the localization of a protein into the peroxisome.

Name: polysaccharide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.

Name: polysaccharide catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.

Name: mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, catalytic sector F(1).

Definition: The catalytic sector of the mitochondrial hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase; it comprises the catalytic core and central stalk, and is peripherally associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane when the entire ATP synthase is assembled.

Name: mitotic cell cycle.

Definition: Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent.

Name: nuclear division.

Definition: The division of a cell nucleus into two nuclei, with DNA and other nuclear contents distributed between the daughter nuclei.

Name: mitotic cytokinesis.

Definition: A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.

Name: 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate 5-kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Name: magnesium ion binding.

Definition: Binding to a magnesium (Mg) ion.

Name: nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay.

Definition: A major pathway of degradation of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that proceeds through a series of ordered steps that includes poly(A) tail shortening and that can regulate mRNA stability.

Name: nuclear-transcribed mRNA poly(A) tail shortening.

Definition: Shortening of the poly(A) tail of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.

Name: deadenylation-dependent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA.

Definition: Cleavage of the 5'-cap of a nuclear mRNA triggered by shortening of the poly(A) tail to below a minimum functional length.

Name: nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, exonucleolytic.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the transcript body of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA that occurs when the ends are not protected by the 5'-cap or the 3'-poly(A) tail.

Name: ferric-chelate reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2 Fe3+-siderophore + electron donor -> 2 Fe3+-siderophore + electron acceptor.

Name: nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, endonucleolytic cleavage-dependent decay.

Definition: A minor degradation pathway nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that begins with an endonucleolytic cleavage to generate unprotected ends.

Name: adenine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of adenine nucleotides (AMP, ADP, and ATP) from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: spermine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of spermine, N,N-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane, a polyamine formed by the transfer of a propylamine group from decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine to spermidine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: retrograde transport, vesicle recycling within Golgi.

Definition: The retrograde movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by COP I vesicles. Cis-Golgi vesicles are constantly moving forward through the Golgi stack by cisternal progression, eventually becoming trans-Golgi vesicles. They then selectively transport membrane and luminal proteins from the trans- to the medial-Golgi while leaving others behind in the trans-Golgi cisternae; similarly, they selectively move proteins from the medial- to the cis-Golgi.

Name: response to reactive oxygen species.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.

Name: response to superoxide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a superoxide stimulus. Superoxide is the anion, oxygen-, formed by addition of one electron to dioxygen (O2) or any compound containing the superoxide anion.

Name: response to oxygen radical.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen radical stimulus. An oxygen radical is any oxygen species that carries a free electron; examples include hydroxyl radicals and the superoxide anion.

Name: cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex.

Definition: Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) are enzyme complexes that contain a kinase catalytic subunit associated with a regulatory cyclin partner.

Name: cytoplasmic cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex.

Definition: Cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) complex found in the cytoplasm.

Name: nicotinamide-nucleotide adenylyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nicotinamide nucleotide = diphosphate + NAD+.

Name: organellar ribosome.

Definition: A ribosome contained within a subcellular membrane-bounded organelle.

Name: organellar small ribosomal subunit.

Definition: The smaller of the two subunits of an organellar ribosome.

Name: organellar large ribosomal subunit.

Definition: The larger of the two subunits of an organellar ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation: the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site).

Name: lytic vacuole.

Definition: A vacuole that is maintained at an acidic pH and which contains degradative enzymes, including a wide variety of acid hydrolases.

Name: telomerase catalytic core complex.

Definition: The minimal catalytic core of telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex composed of a catalytic reverse transcriptase subunit and an RNA subunit that provides the template for telomeric DNA addition.

Name: 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxyanthranilate + O2 = cis,cis-2-amino-3-(3-oxoprop-1-enyl)but-2-enedioate + H+.

Name: protein deneddylation.

Definition: The removal of a ubiquitin-like protein of the NEDD8 type from a protein.

Name: RNA cap binding.

Definition: Binding to a 7-methylguanosine (m7G) group or derivative located at the 5' end of an RNA molecule.

Name: RNA 7-methylguanosine cap binding.

Definition: Binding to a 7-methylguanosine group added cotranscriptionally to the 5' end of RNA molecules transcribed by polymerase II.

Name: transcription export complex.

Definition: The transcription export (TREX) complex couples transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II to mRNA export. The complex associates with the polymerase and travels with it along the length of the transcribed gene. TREX is composed of the THO transcription elongation complex as well as other proteins that couple THO to mRNA export proteins. The TREX complex is known to be found in a wide range of eukaryotes, including S. cerevisiae and metazoans.

Name: THO complex.

Definition: The THO complex is a nuclear complex that is required for transcription elongation through genes containing tandemly repeated DNA sequences. The THO complex is also part of the TREX (TRanscription EXport) complex that is involved in coupling transcription to export of mRNAs to the cytoplasm. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of four subunits: Hpr1p, Tho2p, Thp1p, and Mft1p, while the human complex is composed of 7 subunits.

Name: RNA splicing, via transesterification reactions.

Definition: Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions.

Name: RNA splicing, via transesterification reactions with bulged adenosine as nucleophile.

Definition: Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions with a bulged adenosine residue from the intron branch point as the initiating nucleophile. When the initial RNA for the splicing reaction is a single molecule (cis splicing), the excised intron is released in a lariat structure.

Name: alternative mRNA splicing, via spliceosome.

Definition: The process of generating multiple mRNA molecules from a given set of exons by differential use of exons from the primary transcript(s) to form multiple mature mRNAs that vary in their exon composition.

Name: regulation of alternative mRNA splicing, via spliceosome.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alternative splicing of nuclear mRNAs.

Name: second spliceosomal transesterification activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the second transesterification reaction of spliceosomal mRNA splicing. Ligation of the two exons occurs via a transesterification reaction where the free 3'-hydroxyl group of the 5' exon is the nucleophile attacking the 3' splice site. Non-expressed sequences are now detached from the exons. In cis splicing, the intron is in a lariat structure.

Name: spliceosomal snRNP assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of one or more snRNA and multiple protein components to form a ribonucleoprotein complex that is involved in formation of the spliceosome.

Name: spliceosome conformational change to release U4 (or U4atac) and U1 (or U11).

Definition: Rearrangement of the pre-catalytic spliceosome containing U4 (or U4atac) and U1 (or U11) snRNPs to unpair U4 (or U4atac) from U6 (or U6atac) and release it from the spliceosomal complex along with U1 (or U11).

Name: mRNA 3'-splice site recognition.

Definition: Recognition of the intron 3'-splice site by components of the assembling U2- or U12-type spliceosome.

Name: spliceosomal complex disassembly.

Definition: Disassembly of a spliceosomal complex with the ATP-dependent release of the product RNAs, one of which is composed of the joined exons. In cis splicing, the other product is the excised sequence, often a single intron, in a lariat structure.

Name: spliceosomal conformational changes to generate catalytic conformation.

Definition: Structural rearrangements of the spliceosome complex, containing RNA to be spliced, to generate a catalytic conformation.

Name: RNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation.

Definition: Splicing of RNA via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons.

Name: mRNA 5'-splice site recognition.

Definition: Recognition of the intron 5'-splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.

Name: mRNA splicing, via spliceosome.

Definition: The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced.

Name: four-way junction DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a DNA segment containing four-way junctions, also known as Holliday junctions, a structure where two DNA double strands are held together by reciprocal exchange of two of the four strands, one strand each from the two original helices.

Name: Y-form DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a DNA segment shaped like a Y. This shape occurs when DNA contains a region of paired double-stranded DNA on one end and a region of unpaired DNA strands on the opposite end.

Name: bubble DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to DNA segment that contains a bubble. A bubble occurs when DNA contains a region of unpaired, single-stranded DNA flanked on both sides by regions of paired, double-stranded DNA.

Name: phagophore assembly site.

Definition: Punctate structures proximal to the endoplasmic reticulum which are the sites where the Atg machinery assembles upon autophagy induction.

Name: EKC/KEOPS complex.

Definition: A protein complex involved in t6A tRNA modification. For example, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae the complex contains Bud32p, Kae1p, Gon7p, Cgi121p, and Pcc1p.

Name: regulation of transcription by galactose.

Definition: Any process involving galactose that modulates the frequency, rate or extent or transcription.

Name: positive regulation of transcription by galactose.

Definition: Any process involving galactose that activates or increases the rate of transcription.

Name: protein peptidyl-prolyl isomerization.

Definition: The modification of a protein by cis-trans isomerization of a proline residue.

Name: regulation of histone H3-K36 methylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 36 of histone H3.

Name: negative regulation of histone H3-K36 methylation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 36 of histone H3.

Name: autophagosome membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding an autophagosome, a double-membrane-bounded vesicle in which endogenous cellular material is sequestered.

Name: autophagy of mitochondrion.

Definition: The autophagic process in which mitochondria are delivered to a type of vacuole and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.

Name: mitophagy.

Definition: The selective autophagy process in which a mitochondrion is degraded by macroautophagy.

Name: pexophagy.

Definition: The selective autophagy process in which a peroxisome is degraded by macroautophagy.

Name: DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex.

Definition: A protein complex that possesses DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity.

Name: carbon catabolite regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter.

Definition: A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one carbon source leads to the modulation of the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription, from an RNA polymerase II promoter, of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources.

Name: regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose.

Definition: Any process involving glucose that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Name: regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by galactose.

Definition: Any process involving galactose that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Name: positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose.

Definition: Any process involving glucose that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Name: positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by galactose.

Definition: Any process involving galactose that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Name: carbon catabolite activation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter.

Definition: Any process involving carbon catabolites that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Name: core TFIIH complex portion of holo TFIIH complex.

Definition: The core TFIIH complex when it is part of the general transcription factor TFIIH.

Name: transcription factor TFIIH core complex.

Definition: The 7 subunit core of TFIIH that is a part of either the general transcription factor holo-TFIIH or the nucleotide-excision repair factor 3 complex. In S. cerevisiae/humans the complex is composed of: Ssl2/XPB, Tfb1/p62, Tfb2/p52, Ssl1/p44, Tfb4/p34, Tfb5/p8 and Rad3/XPD.

Name: MIS12/MIND type complex.

Definition: A multiprotein kinetochore subcomplex that binds to centromeric chromatin and forms part of the inner kinetochore. It helps to recruit outer kinetochore subunits that will bind to microtubules. In humans, it consists of MIS12, DSN1, NSL1 and PMF1.

Name: THO complex part of transcription export complex.

Definition: The THO complex when it is part of the TREX (TRanscription EXport) complex that is involved in coupling transcription to export of mRNAs to the cytoplasm. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of four subunits: Hpr1, Tho2, Thp1, and Mft1, while the human complex is composed of 7 subunits.

Name: enzyme-directed rRNA pseudouridine synthesis.

Definition: The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine during ribosome biogenesis where the enzyme specifies the site that becomes pseudouridylated without using a guide RNA.

Name: maturation of 5.8S rRNA.

Definition: Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor 5.8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature 5.8S rRNA molecule.

Name: maturation of SSU-rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA).

Definition: Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Small SubUnit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature SSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.

Name: maturation of LSU-rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA).

Definition: Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Large SubUnit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature LSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, and Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.

Name: maturation of 5.8S rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA).

Definition: Any process involved in the maturation of an rRNA molecule originally produced as part of a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.

Name: cleavage involved in rRNA processing.

Definition: Any phosphodiester bond hydrolysis involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into a mature rRNA molecule.

Name: maturation of LSU-rRNA.

Definition: Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Large SubUnit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature LSU-rRNA molecule.

Name: endonucleolytic cleavage involved in rRNA processing.

Definition: Any endonucleolytic cleavage involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into a mature rRNA molecule. Some endonucleolytic cleavages produce the mature end, while others are a step in the process of generating the mature end from the pre-rRNA.

Name: endonucleolytic cleavage of tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA).

Definition: Endonucleolytic cleavage of a pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Primary ribosomal RNA transcripts with three genes, in this order, are produced in the nuclei of many eukaryotic species, including S. cerevisiae.

Name: small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and a snoRNA to form a small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) complex.

Name: box C/D snoRNP assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and a box C/D snoRNA to form a box C/D small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) complex.

Name: box C/D RNA 3'-end processing.

Definition: Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a box C/D RNA molecule.

Name: box H/ACA RNA 3'-end processing.

Definition: Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a box H/ACA RNA molecule.

Name: proteasome complex.

Definition: A large multisubunit complex which catalyzes protein degradation, found in eukaryotes, archaea and some bacteria. In eukaryotes, this complex consists of the barrel shaped proteasome core complex and one or two associated proteins or complexes that act in regulating entry into or exit from the core.

Name: glycosylphosphatidylinositol-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GPI-GnT) complex.

Definition: An enzyme complex that catalyzes the transfer of GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc to an acceptor phosphatidylinositol, the first step in the production of GPI anchors for cell surface proteins. The complex contains PIG-A, PIG-C, PIG-H, PIG-Q, PIG-P, and DPM2 in human, and Eri1p, Gpi1p, Gpi2p, Gpi15p, Gpi19p, and Spt14p in budding yeast.

Name: 3-sulfino-L-alanine: proton, glutamate antiporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: 3-sulfino-L-alanine (cysteinesulfinate) (out) + H+(in) + L-glutamate(in) = 3-sulfino-L-alanine(in) + H+(out) + L-glutamate(out).

Name: aspartate:glutamate, proton antiporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + L-aspartate(in) + L-glutamate(out) = H+(in) + L-aspartate(out) + L-glutamate(in).

Name: embryonic axis specification.

Definition: The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or a point in an embryo.

Name: mismatch base pair DNA N-glycosylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of single bases present in mismatches by the cleavage the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site.

Name: purine-specific mismatch base pair DNA N-glycosylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of purines present in mismatches, especially opposite oxidized purines, by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apurinic (AP) site.

Name: oxidized base lesion DNA N-glycosylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of oxidized bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site.

Name: resolution of meiotic recombination intermediates.

Definition: The cleavage and rejoining of intermediates, such as Holliday junctions, formed during meiotic recombination to produce two intact molecules in which genetic material has been exchanged.

Name: nucleotide-excision repair, DNA duplex unwinding.

Definition: The unwinding, or local denaturation, of the DNA duplex to create a bubble around the site of the DNA damage.

Name: pyrimidine dimer repair by nucleotide-excision repair.

Definition: The repair of UV-induced T-T, C-T, and C-C dimers by the recognition and removal of the damaged DNA strand from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase.

Name: telomere maintenance via recombination.

Definition: Any recombinational process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length.

Name: telomere maintenance.

Definition: Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins, the length of telomeric DNA and the replication and repair of the DNA. These processes includes those that shorten, lengthen, replicate and repair the telomeric DNA sequences.

Name: double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.

Definition: The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences. A strand in the broken DNA searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome to serve as the template for DNA synthesis. The restoration of two intact DNA molecules results in the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the intact DNA molecule and the broken DNA molecule.

Name: recombinational repair.

Definition: A DNA repair process that involves the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the broken DNA molecule and a homologous DNA region.

Name: DNA double-strand break processing.

Definition: The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang.

Name: DNA recombinase assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) into higher order oligomers on single-stranded DNA.

Name: DNA synthesis involved in DNA repair.

Definition: Synthesis of DNA that proceeds from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end and uses the homologous intact duplex as the template.

Name: DNA catabolic process, endonucleolytic.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, involving the hydrolysis of internal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of deoxyribonucleotides.

Name: DNA catabolic process, exonucleolytic.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, involving the hydrolysis of terminal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of deoxyribonucleotides.

Name: syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion.

Definition: The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.

Name: adenyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stimulates the hydrolysis and exchange of adenyl nucleotides by other proteins.

Name: chromosome, centromeric region.

Definition: The region of a chromosome that includes the centromeric DNA and associated proteins. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.

Name: kinetochore.

Definition: A multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.

Name: condensed chromosome, centromeric region.

Definition: The region of a condensed chromosome that includes the centromere and associated proteins, including the kinetochore. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.

Name: chromosome, telomeric region.

Definition: The end of a linear chromosome, required for the integrity and maintenance of the end. A chromosome telomere usually includes a region of telomerase-encoded repeats the length of which rarely exceeds 20 bp each and that permits the formation of a telomeric loop (T-loop). The telomeric repeat region is usually preceded by a sub-telomeric region that is gene-poor but rich in repetitive elements. Some telomeres only consist of the latter part (for eg. D. melanogaster telomeres).

Name: telomere cap complex.

Definition: A complex of DNA and protein located at the end of a linear chromosome that protects and stabilizes a linear chromosome.

Name: nuclear telomere cap complex.

Definition: A complex of DNA and protein located at the end of a linear chromosome in the nucleus that protects and stabilizes a linear chromosome.

Name: chromatin.

Definition: The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome.

Name: nucleosome.

Definition: A complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA into higher order structures.

Name: euchromatin.

Definition: A dispersed and relatively uncompacted form of chromatin that is in a transcription-competent conformation.

Name: heterochromatin.

Definition: A compact and highly condensed form of chromatin that is refractory to transcription.

Name: condensed chromosome.

Definition: A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct structure.

Name: condensed nuclear chromosome.

Definition: A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct nuclear chromosome.

Name: synaptonemal complex.

Definition: A proteinaceous scaffold found between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. It consists of 2 lateral elements and a central element, all running parallel to each other. Transverse filaments connect the lateral elements to the central element.

Name: condensin complex.

Definition: A multisubunit protein complex that plays a central role in chromosome condensation in meiosis and mitosis.

Name: lateral element.

Definition: A proteinaceous core found between sister chromatids during meiotic prophase.

Name: sex chromosome.

Definition: A chromosome involved in sex determination.

Name: X chromosome.

Definition: The sex chromosome present in both sexes of species in which the male is the heterogametic sex. Two copies of the X chromosome are present in each somatic cell of females and one copy is present in males.

Name: origin recognition complex.

Definition: A multisubunit complex that is located at the replication origins of a chromosome.

Name: diacylglycerol diphosphate phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-diphosphate + H2O = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + phosphate.

Name: GINS complex.

Definition: A heterotetrameric protein complex that associates with replication origins, where it is required for the initiation of DNA replication, and with replication forks.

Name: Swr1 complex.

Definition: A multisubunit protein complex that is involved in chromatin remodeling. It is required for the incorporation of the histone variant H2AZ into chromatin. In S. cerevisiae, the complex contains Swr1p, a Swi2/Snf2-related ATPase, and 12 additional subunits.

Name: ESCRT I complex.

Definition: An endosomal sorting complex required for transport. It consists of the class E vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) proteins and interacts with ubiquitinated cargoes.

Name: ESCRT II complex.

Definition: An endosomal sorting complex required for transport and functions downstream of ESCRT I complex. It consists of the class E vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) proteins and is required for the membrane recruitment of ESCRT III complex and binds to ubiquitinated cargoes.

Name: ESCRT III complex.

Definition: A complex with membrane scission activity that plays a major role in many processes where membranes are remodelled - including endosomal transport (vesicle budding), nuclear envelope organisation (membrane closure, mitotic bridge cleavage), and cytokinesis (abscission).

Name: sister chromatid segregation.

Definition: The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.

Name: regulation of glutamine family amino acid metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.

Name: regulation of arginine metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.

Name: inositol hexakisphosphate binding.

Definition: Binding to inositol hexakisphosphate.

Name: inositol tetrakisphosphate 6-kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + ADP.

Name: inositol-1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate = ADP + diphospho-1D-myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate. The isomeric configuration of diphospho-1D-myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate is unknown.

Name: inositol hexakisphosphate kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate = ADP + diphospho-1D-myo-inositol-pentakisphosphate. The isomeric configuration of diphospho-1D-myo-inositol-pentakisphosphate (PP-IP5) is unknown.

Name: inositol hexakisphosphate 6-kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol hexakisphosphate = ADP + 6-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,5)pentakisphosphate.

Name: inositol hexakisphosphate 5-kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate = ADP + 5-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,6)pentakisphosphate.

Name: ER ubiquitin ligase complex.

Definition: A ubiquitin ligase complex found in the ER.

Name: Hrd1p ubiquitin ligase complex.

Definition: A multiprotein complex that recognizes and ubiquitinates proteins with misfolded luminal and membrane domains during ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). In S. cerevisiae, this complex contains the ubiquitin ligase Hrd1p. In mammals, this complex contains the ubiquitin ligase HRD1 (Synoviolin) or AMFR (gp78).

Name: Hrd1p ubiquitin ligase ERAD-L complex.

Definition: A multiprotein complex that recognizes and ubiquitinates proteins with misfolded luminal domains during ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). In S. cerevisiae, this complex contains the ubiquitin ligase Hrd1p.

Name: mRNA regulatory element binding translation repressor activity.

Definition: Antagonizes the ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide via direct binding (through a selective and non-covalent interaction) to nucleic acid.

Name: cell morphogenesis.

Definition: The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized.

Name: cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation.

Definition: The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.

Name: cytokinesis.

Definition: The division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane of a cell and its partitioning into two daughter cells.

Name: assembly of actomyosin apparatus involved in cytokinesis.

Definition: The assembly and arrangement of an apparatus composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins that will function in cytokinesis.

Name: actomyosin contractile ring assembly.

Definition: The process of assembly of a ring composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins that will function in cytokinesis.

Name: spindle pole.

Definition: Either of the ends of a spindle, where spindle microtubules are organized; usually contains a microtubule organizing center and accessory molecules, spindle microtubules and astral microtubules.

Name: gamma-tubulin complex.

Definition: A multiprotein complex composed of gamma-tubulin and other non-tubulin proteins. Gamma-tubulin complexes are localized to microtubule organizing centers, and play an important role in the nucleation of microtubules. The number and complexity of non-tubulin proteins associated with these complexes varies between species.

Name: gamma-tubulin ring complex.

Definition: A complex of gamma tubulin and associated proteins thought to be formed by multimerization of gamma-tubulin small complexes. An example of this structure is found in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

Name: P-body.

Definition: A focus in the cytoplasm where mRNAs may become inactivated by decapping or some other mechanism. Protein and RNA localized to these foci are involved in mRNA degradation, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), translational repression, and RNA-mediated gene silencing.

Name: GARP complex.

Definition: A quatrefoil tethering complex required for retrograde traffic from the early endosome back to the late Golgi and biogenesis of cytoplasmic vesicles.

Name: inner kinetochore.

Definition: The region of a kinetochore closest to centromeric DNA which contains many CENP proteins organized in various subcomplexes including CENP-C, CENP-LN, CENP-HIKM, CENP-OPQUR and CENP-TWSX, but excluding the CENP-A containing heterochromatin.

Name: outer kinetochore.

Definition: The region of a kinetochore most external to centromeric DNA; this outer region mediates kinetochore-microtubule interactions.

Name: nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs in eukaryotic cells.

Name: mitochondrial RNA catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion.

Name: mitochondrial mRNA catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion.

Name: mitochondrial RNA metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion.

Name: regulation of mitochondrial RNA catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism in the mitochondrion of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome.

Name: positive regulation of mitochondrial RNA catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism in the mitochondrion of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome.

Name: mitochondrial RNA processing.

Definition: The conversion of a primary RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome into one or more mature RNA molecules; occurs in the mitochondrion.

Name: mitochondrial RNA 5'-end processing.

Definition: Any process involved in forming the mature 5' end of an RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome; occurs in the mitochondrion.

Name: mitochondrial RNA 3'-end processing.

Definition: Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome; occurs in the mitochondrion.

Name: RNA 5'-end processing.

Definition: Any process involved in forming the mature 5' end of an RNA molecule.

Name: Prp19 complex.

Definition: A protein complex consisting of Prp19 and associated proteins that is involved in the transition from the precatalytic spliceosome to the activated form that catalyzes step 1 of splicing, and which remains associated with the spliceosome through the second catalytic step. It is widely conserved, found in both yeast and mammals, though the exact composition varies. In S. cerevisiae, it contains Prp19p, Ntc20p, Snt309p, Isy1p, Syf2p, Cwc2p, Prp46p, Clf1p, Cef1p, and Syf1p.

Name: transcription cis-regulatory region binding.

Definition: Binding to a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls transcription of that section of the DNA. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.

Name: RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase II.

Name: RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in cis relative to the transcription start site (i.e., on the same strand of DNA) of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II.

Name: RNA polymerase II core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a DNA sequence that is part of the core promoter of a RNA polymerase II-transcribed gene.

Name: DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific.

Definition: A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets transcribed by RNA polymerase II.

Name: cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in cis relative to the transcription start site (i.e., on the same strand of DNA) of a gene transcribed by some RNA polymerase. The proximal promoter is in cis with and relatively close to the core promoter.

Name: RNA polymerase III cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in cis relative to the transcription start site (i.e., on the same strand of DNA) of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase III. The transcribed region might be contain a single gene or a cistron containing multiple genes.

Name: RNA polymerase II complex binding.

Definition: Binding to an RNA polymerase II core enzyme, a multisubunit eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase typically composed of twelve subunits.

Name: RNA polymerase III general transcription initiation factor activity.

Definition: A general transcription initiation factor activity that contributes to transcription start site selection and transcription initiation of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase III. Factors required for RNA polymerase III transcription initiation include TFIIIA, TFIIIB and TFIIIC. RNA polymerase III transcribes genes encoding short RNAs, including tRNAs, 5S rRNA, U6 snRNA, the short ncRNA component of RNases P, the mitochondrial RNA processing (MRP) RNA, the signal recognition particle SRP RNA, and in higher eukaryotes a number of micro and other small RNAs, though there is some variability across species as to whether a given small noncoding RNA is transcribed by RNA polymerase II or RNA polymerase III.

Name: RNA polymerase III type 1 promoter sequence-specific DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a sequence of DNA that is a part of a type 1 promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III. Type 1 promoters are found in 5S rRNA genes, downstream of the transcription start site within the sequence of the mature RNA, and require TFIIIA for recognition.

Name: RNA polymerase III type 2 promoter sequence-specific DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a sequence of DNA that is a part of a type 2 promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III. Type 2 promoters consist of an A box and a B box downstream of the transcription start site within the sequence within the sequence of the mature RNA. Type 2 promoters are found in many tRNA genes as well as in other small RNAs.

Name: RNA polymerase III type 3 promoter sequence-specific DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a sequence of DNA that is a part of a type 3 promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III (Pol III). A type 3 Pol III promoter is composed of elements upstream of the transcription start site, including a TATA box. The human U6 snRNA gene has a type 3 promoter. Type 3 Pol III promoters have not been observed in S. cerevisiae.

Name: RNA polymerase III transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a DNA region that controls the transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase III. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors.

Name: mitochondrial promoter sequence-specific DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.

Name: RNA polymerase III general transcription initiation factor binding.

Definition: Binding to an RNA polymerase III transcription factor, a protein required to initiate or regulate transcription by RNA polymerase III.

Name: RNA polymerase I core binding.

Definition: Binding to a RNA polymerase I core enzyme, a multisubunit eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase typically composed of seventeen subunits.

Name: core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a sequence of DNA that is part of a core promoter region. The core promoter is composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for the RNA polymerase and the basal transcription machinery. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.

Name: RNA polymerase I activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains an RNA polymerase I specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyzes DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.

Name: transcription regulatory region nucleic acid binding.

Definition: Binding to a nucleic acid region that regulates a nucleic acid-based process. Such processes include transcription, DNA replication, and DNA repair.

Name: regulatory region RNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a RNA region that regulates a nucleic acid-based process. Such processes include transcription, DNA replication, and DNA repair.

Name: RNA polymerase II general transcription initiation factor binding.

Definition: Binding to a basal RNA polymerase II transcription factor, any of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II and defined as a basal or general transcription factor.

Name: TFIIB-class transcription factor binding.

Definition: Binding to a general RNA polymerase II transcription factor of the TFIIB class, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II.

Name: TFIID-class transcription factor complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a general RNA polymerase II transcription factor belonging to the TFIID complex, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II.

Name: TFIIF-class transcription factor complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a general RNA polymerase II transcription factor belonging to the TFIIF complex, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II.

Name: TFIIH-class transcription factor complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a general RNA polymerase II transcription factor belonging to the TFIIH complex, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II.

Name: basal transcription machinery binding.

Definition: Binding to a component of the basal transcription machinery which is composed of the RNA polymerase core enzyme and the basal transcription factor(s), the minimal set of factors required for formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by the RNA polymerase.

Name: basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery binding.

Definition: Binding to a component of the basal transcription machinery for RNA polymerase II which is composed of the RNA polymerase II core enzyme, a multisubunit eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase typically composed of twelve subunits, and the basal RNA polymerase II transcription factors, the minimal set of factors required for formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by the RNA polymerase.

Name: negative regulation of exit from mitosis.

Definition: Any process involved in the inhibition of progression from anaphase/telophase (high mitotic CDK activity) to G1 (low mitotic CDK activity).

Name: response to acid chemical.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of a dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form.

Name: promoter clearance during DNA-templated transcription.

Definition: Any process involved in the transition from the initiation to the elongation phases of transcription by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, generally including a conformational change from the initiation conformation to the elongation conformation. Promoter clearance often involves breaking contact with transcription factors involved only in the initiation phase and making contacts with elongation specific factors.

Name: RNA polymerase II promoter clearance.

Definition: A process that mediates the transition from the initiation to the elongation phases of transcription by RNA polymerase II, generally including a conformational change from the initiation conformation to the elongation conformation. Promoter clearance often involves breaking contact with transcription factors involved only in the initiation phase and making contacts with elongation specific factors.

Name: DNA-templated transcription open complex formation.

Definition: Any process involved in the melting of the DNA hybrid of the core promoter region within the transcriptional closed complex of an RNA polymerase preinitiation complex (PIC) to produce an open complex where the DNA duplex around the transcription initiation site is unwound to form the transcription bubble.

Name: protein-DNA complex remodeling.

Definition: The acquisition, loss, or modification of macromolecules within a protein-DNA complex, resulting in the alteration of an existing complex.

Name: transcription termination site sequence-specific DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a sequence of DNA that promotes termination by RNA polymerase. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.

Name: TFIIIC-class transcription factor complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a general RNA polymerase III transcription factor belonging to the TFIIC complex, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase III.

Name: intronic transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to an intronic DNA sequence that regulates the transcription of the transcript it is contained within.

Name: RNA polymerase II intronic transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to an RNA polymerase II intronic DNA sequence that regulates the transcription of the transcript it is contained within.

Name: RNA polymerase I transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase I.

Name: RNA polymerase I core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a regulatory region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for transcription factors of the RNA polymerase I transcription machinery. This site is often referred to as the CORE element. In mammalian cells, the CORE element functions in conjunction with the Upstream Control Element (UCE), while in fungi, protozoa, and plants, the CORE element functions without a UCE.

Name: RNA polymerase I cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in cis relative to the transcription start site (i.e., on the same strand of DNA) of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase I. RNA polymerase I elements are referred to either enhancers or upstream control element (UCE, or alternately referred to as the upstream element).

Name: reverse transcription.

Definition: A DNA synthesis process that uses RNA as the initial template for synthesis of DNA, but which also includes an RNase activity to remove the RNA strand of an RNA-DNA heteroduplex produced by the RNA-dependent synthesis step and use of the initial DNA strand as a template for DNA synthesis.

Name: RNA-templated transcription.

Definition: The synthesis of an RNA transcript from an RNA template.

Name: DNA-templated transcriptional start site selection.

Definition: Any process involved in the selection of the specific location within the template strand of a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase promoter for hybridization of the cognate ribonucleotides and formation of first phosphodiester bond within the nascent transcript.

Name: transcriptional start site selection at RNA polymerase II promoter.

Definition: Any process involved in the selection of the specific location within the template strand of an RNA polymerase II promoter for hybridization of the cognate ribonucleotides and formation of first phosphodiester bond within the nascent transcript.

Name: RNA polymerase I general transcription initiation factor activity.

Definition: A general transcription initiation factor activity that contributes to transcription start site selection and transcription initiation of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase I. Factors required for RNA polymerase I transcription initiation include upstream activation factor (UAF), core factor (CF), TATA binding protein (TBP) and RRN3. In all species characterized, RNA polymerase I transcribes a large polycistronic transcript that is processed into several mature rRNAs (3 or 4 depending on the species), including the large subunit rRNA (28S in humans), the small subunit rRNA (18S in humans), as well as one or two additional smaller rRNAs (the 5.8S rRNA in humans). In most species, this large rRNA transcript is the sole product of RNA polymerase I. However there are rare exceptions, such as Trypanosoma brucei, where RNA polymerase I also transcribes certain mRNAs.

Name: RNA polymerase I preinitiation complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter.

Name: DNA-binding transcription activator activity.

Definition: A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that activates or increases transcription of specific gene sets.

Name: DNA-binding transcription repressor activity.

Definition: A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that represses or decreases the transcription of specific gene sets.

Name: transcription coregulator binding.

Definition: Binding to a transcription coregulator, a protein involved in regulation of transcription via protein-protein interactions with transcription factors and other transcription regulatory proteins. Cofactors do not bind DNA directly, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between regulatory transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery.

Name: transcription corepressor binding.

Definition: Binding to a transcription corepressor, a protein involved in negative regulation of transcription via protein-protein interactions with transcription factors and other proteins that negatively regulate transcription. Transcription corepressors do not bind DNA directly, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between repressing transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery.

Name: transcription coactivator binding.

Definition: Binding to a transcription coactivator, a protein involved in positive regulation of transcription via protein-protein interactions with transcription factors and other proteins that positively regulate transcription. Transcription coactivators do not bind DNA directly, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery.

Name: DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific.

Definition: A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that represses or decreases the transcription of specific gene sets transcribed by RNA polymerase II.

Name: DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific.

Definition: A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that activates or increases transcription of specific gene sets transcribed by RNA polymerase II.

Name: formation of extrachromosomal circular DNA.

Definition: Excision from the chromosome and circularization of a region of chromosomal DNA, generally, but not always, via homologous recombination between direct tandem repeats.

Name: SAM complex.

Definition: A large complex of the mitochondrial outer membrane that mediates sorting of some imported proteins to the outer membrane and their assembly in the membrane; functions after import of incoming proteins by the mitochondrial outer membrane translocase complex.

Name: PAM complex, Tim23 associated import motor.

Definition: Protein complex located on the matrix side of the mitochondrial inner membrane and associated with the TIM23 mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase complex (GO:0005744); ATPase motor activity to drive import of proteins into the mitochondrial matrix.

Name: guanine nucleotide transport.

Definition: The directed movement of guanine nucleotides, GTP, GDP, and/or GMP, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: guanine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of guanine nucleotides (GMP, GDP, and GTP) from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: skeletal system development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton).

Name: cartilage condensation.

Definition: The condensation of mesenchymal cells that have been committed to differentiate into chondrocytes.

Name: ossification.

Definition: The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.

Name: neurotransmitter uptake.

Definition: The directed movement of neurotransmitters into neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters.

Name: regulation of neurotransmitter levels.

Definition: Any process that modulates levels of neurotransmitter.

Name: action potential.

Definition: A process in which membrane potential cycles through a depolarizing spike, triggered in response to depolarization above some threshold, followed by repolarization. This cycle is driven by the flow of ions through various voltage gated channels with different thresholds and ion specificities.

Name: RNA methylation.

Definition: Posttranscriptional addition of a methyl group to either a nucleotide or 2'-O ribose in a polyribonucleotide. Usually uses S-adenosylmethionine as a cofactor.

Name: dihydronicotinamide riboside quinone reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide + a quinone = 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)nicotinamide + a hydroquinone.

Name: selenocysteine incorporation.

Definition: The incorporation of selenocysteine into a peptide; uses a special tRNA that recognizes the UGA codon as selenocysteine, rather than as a termination codon. Selenocysteine is synthesized from serine before its incorporation; it is not a posttranslational modification of peptidyl-cysteine.

Name: prostaglandin biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring.

Name: N-acetylglucosamine 6-O-sulfotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate.

Name: voltage-gated sodium channel complex.

Definition: A sodium channel in a cell membrane whose opening is governed by the membrane potential.

Name: peptide amidation.

Definition: The posttranslational conversion of C-terminal glycine-extended peptides to C-terminal alpha-amidated peptides. Occurs to over half of all peptide hormones to give bioactive peptides. This is a two step process catalyzed by a peptidyl-glycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase and a peptidyl-alpha-hydroxyglycine alpha-amidating lyase. In some organisms, this process is catalyzed by two separate enzymes, whereas in higher organisms, one polypeptide catalyzes both reactions.

Name: pseudouridine synthesis.

Definition: The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine within an RNA molecule. This posttranscriptional base modification occurs in tRNA, rRNA, and snRNAs.

Name: retinoid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoids, any member of a class of isoprenoids that contain or are derived from four prenyl groups linked head-to-tail. Retinoids include retinol and retinal and structurally similar natural derivatives or synthetic compounds, but need not have vitamin A activity.

Name: angiogenesis.

Definition: Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.

Name: microfibril.

Definition: Extracellular matrix components occurring independently or along with elastin. Thought to have force-bearing functions in tendon. In addition to fibrillins, microfibrils may contain other associated proteins.

Name: lipopolysaccharide binding.

Definition: Binding to a lipopolysaccharide.

Name: cornified envelope.

Definition: A type of plasma membrane that has been modified through addition of distinct intracellular and extracellular components, including ceramide, found in cornifying epithelial cells (corneocytes).

Name: N-acetylgalactosamine 4-O-sulfotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + N-acetyl-D-galactosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate.

Name: cilium or flagellum-dependent cell motility.

Definition: Cell motility due to movement of eukaryotic cilia or bacterial-type flagella or archaeal-type flagella.

Name: amyloid-beta binding.

Definition: Binding to an amyloid-beta peptide/protein.

Name: ovarian follicle development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ovarian follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: luteinization.

Definition: The set of processes resulting in differentiation of theca and granulosa cells into luteal cells and in the formation of a corpus luteum after ovulation.

Name: luteolysis.

Definition: The lysis or structural demise of the corpus luteum. During normal luteolysis, two closely related events occur. First, there is loss of the capacity to synthesize and secrete progesterone (functional luteolysis) followed by loss of the cells that comprise the corpus luteum (structural luteolysis). Preventing luteolysis is crucial to maintain pregnancy.

Name: oocyte maturation.

Definition: A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an oocyte to attain its fully functional state. Oocyte maturation commences after reinitiation of meiosis commonly starting with germinal vesicle breakdown, and continues up to the second meiotic arrest prior to fertilization.

Name: regulation of cell growth.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.

Name: fatty acid alpha-oxidation.

Definition: A metabolic pathway by which 3-methyl branched fatty acids are degraded. These compounds are not degraded by the normal peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway, because the 3-methyl blocks the dehydrogenation of the hydroxyl group by hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The 3-methyl branched fatty acid is converted in several steps to pristenic acid, which can then feed into the beta-oxidative pathway.

Name: response to protozoan.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a protozoan.

Name: cholesterol 25-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: AH(2) + cholesterol + O2 = 25-hydroxycholesterol + A + H2O.

Name: blood vessel development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.

Name: branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis.

Definition: The process of coordinated growth and sprouting of blood vessels giving rise to the organized vascular system.

Name: vasculogenesis.

Definition: The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes.

Name: lactosylceramide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group. They are the precursors of both gangliosides and globosides.

Name: ganglioside metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving ceramide oligosaccharides carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues.

Name: ganglioside biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramide oligosaccharides carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues.

Name: globoside metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving globosides, globotetraosylceramides, ceramides containing a core structure of GalNAc-beta-(1->3)-Gal-alpha-(1->4)-Glc(I). Globosides are the major neutral glycosphingolipid in normal kidneys and erythrocytes.

Name: globoside biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ceramide with a core structure of GalNAc-beta-(1->3)-Gal-alpha-(1->4)-Glc(I).

Name: microtubule bundle formation.

Definition: A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules.

Name: detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of bitter taste.

Definition: The series of events required for a bitter taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.

Name: detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of sweet taste.

Definition: The series of events required for a sweet taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.

Name: Gq/11-coupled serotonin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with serotonin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activation of the Gq/11 subunit of an associated cytoplasmic heterotrimeric G protein complex. The Gq/11 subunit subsequently activates phospholipase C and results in an increase in inositol triphosphate (IP3) levels.

Name: dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gs.

Definition: Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine and activating adenylate cyclase via coupling to Gs to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gi/Go.

Definition: Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine and activating adenylate cyclase via coupling to Gi/Go to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: trace-amine receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a trace amine to initiate a change in cell activity. Trace amines are biogenic amines that are synthesized from aromatic amino acids and are substrates for monoamine oxidase, and are therefore detectable only at trace levels in mammals.

Name: angiotensin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with angiotensin to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: angiotensin type I receptor activity.

Definition: An angiotensin receptor activity that acts via Gq-mediated activation of phospholipase C followed by phosphoinositide hydrolysis and Ca2+ signaling, and may act via additional signaling mechanisms.

Name: pancreatic polypeptide receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with pancreatic polypeptide PP to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: adrenomedullin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with adrenomedullin to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: neuromedin U receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with neuromedin U to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: G protein-coupled adenosine receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Name: purinergic nucleotide receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a purine nucleotide and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: growth hormone secretagogue receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with ghrelin to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: virus receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a virus component and mediating entry of the virus into the cell.

Name: G protein-coupled ADP receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with ADP and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Name: nociceptin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with the peptide nociceptin, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.

Name: calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a calcitonin gene-related polypeptide (CGRP) to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: G protein-coupled chemoattractant receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a chemoattractant and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Name: adenylate cyclase inhibiting G protein-coupled glutamate receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with glutamate and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex to inhibit downstream adenylate cyclase activity.

Name: group III metabotropic glutamate receptor activity.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by L-AP-4 and inhibits adenylate cyclase activity.

Name: proteinase-activated receptor activity.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor activity that is activated by cleavage by a serine protease, exposing a tethered ligand corresponding to the new N-terminus, which binds to the receptor and activates it.

Name: osteoblast differentiation.

Definition: The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, a mesodermal or neural crest cell that gives rise to bone.

Name: fibrillar center.

Definition: A structure found most metazoan nucleoli, but not usually found in lower eukaryotes; surrounded by the dense fibrillar component; the zone of transcription from multiple copies of the pre-rRNA genes is in the border region between these two structures.

Name: dense fibrillar component.

Definition: A structure found in the nucleolus, which contains newly synthesized preribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) and a collection of proteins.

Name: granular component.

Definition: A structure found in the nucleolus, which contains nearly completed preribosomal particles destined for the cytoplasm.

Name: peptide receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with an extracellular or intracellular peptide to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: eye development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight.

Name: urogenital system development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urogenital system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: metanephros development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.

Name: ureteric bud development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ureteric bud over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.

Name: G protein-coupled receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a G protein-coupled receptor.

Name: alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + glycano-(1->3)-(N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl)-glycoprotein = CMP + glycano-[(2->6)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl]-(N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl)-glycoprotein.

Name: response to hypoxia.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.

Name: ameboidal-type cell migration.

Definition: Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.

Name: acrosomal vesicle.

Definition: A structure in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases, and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization. It lies just beneath the plasma membrane and is derived from the lysosome.

Name: ATPase activator activity.

Definition: Binds to and increases the activity of an ATP hydrolysis activity.

Name: male germ cell nucleus.

Definition: The nucleus of a male germ cell, a reproductive cell in males.

Name: acrosome assembly.

Definition: The formation of the acrosome from the spermatid Golgi.

Name: long-chain fatty acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.

Name: cellular glucose homeostasis.

Definition: A cellular homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within a cell or between a cell and its external environment.

Name: tRNA 3'-terminal CCA addition.

Definition: Post-transcriptional addition of the terminal 3' CCA sequence to a tRNA which does not encode this sequence within the primary transcript. CCA addition proceeds by the sequential addition of CTP, CTP, and then ATP to the 3' end of the tRNA, yielding a diphosphate with each nucleotide addition.

Name: sialate O-acetylesterase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-O-acetylneuraminate (free or glycosidically bound) + H2O = N-acetylneuraminate + acetate.

Name: tRNA 5'-leader removal.

Definition: Generation of the mature 5'-end of the tRNA, usually via an endonucleolytic cleavage by RNase P.

Name: pseudophosphatase activity.

Definition: Maintains the phosphorylation state of certain molecules by associating with them and preventing them from associating with active phosphatases, and thus inhibiting the enzyme activity without interacting with the enzyme. Often pertains to proteins belonging to dual-specificity phosphatase family but lacking critical active site residues.

Name: histamine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.

Name: histamine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.

Name: histamine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.

Name: in utero embryonic development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.

Name: gastrulation with mouth forming second.

Definition: A gastrulation process in which the initial invagination becomes the anus and the mouth forms second.

Name: formation of primary germ layer.

Definition: The formation of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm during gastrulation.

Name: endoderm formation.

Definition: The formation of the endoderm during gastrulation.

Name: mesoderm formation.

Definition: The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.

Name: cell fate specification.

Definition: The process involved in the specification of cell identity. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment.

Name: cell fate determination.

Definition: A process involved in cell fate commitment. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment.

Name: endodermal cell fate commitment.

Definition: The cell differentiation process that results in commitment of a cell to become part of the endoderm.

Name: endodermal cell fate specification.

Definition: The cell fate determination process that results in a cell becoming capable of differentiating autonomously into an endoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.

Name: L-amino-acid oxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a L-amino acid + H2O + O2 = a 2-oxo acid + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.

Name: stress fiber.

Definition: A contractile actin filament bundle that consists of short actin filaments with alternating polarity, cross-linked by alpha-actinin and possibly other actin bundling proteins, and with myosin present in a periodic distribution along the fiber.

Name: ruffle.

Definition: Projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell; the protrusions are supported by a microfilament meshwork.

Name: lipid kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the phosphorylation of a simple or complex lipid.

Name: ceramide kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + ceramide = ADP + ceramide-1-phosphate.

Name: 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP = pppA(2'p5'A)n oligomers. This reaction requires the binding of double-stranded RNA.

Name: formation of translation preinitiation complex.

Definition: The joining of the small ribosomal subunit, ternary complex, and mRNA.

Name: formation of cytoplasmic translation initiation complex.

Definition: Joining of the large ribosomal subunit with the translation preinitiation complex, with release of IF2/eIF2 and IF3/eIF3 or IF5B/eIF5B. This leaves the functional ribosome at the AUG, with the methionyl/formyl-methionyl-tRNA positioned at the P site.

Name: galactosylceramide sulfotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + a galactosylceramide = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + a galactosylceramidesulfate.

Name: mRNA (N6-adenosine)-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + RRACH = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + RRm6ACH; R is a purine, and H is C, A, or U.

Name: prenylcysteine oxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-prenyl-L-cysteine + O2 + H2O = a prenal + L-cysteine + H2O2.

Name: morphogenesis of a polarized epithelium.

Definition: The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of a polarized epithelium are generated and organized. A polarized epithelium is an epithelium where the epithelial sheet is oriented with respect to the planar axis.

Name: Barr body.

Definition: A structure found in a female mammalian cell containing an unpaired X chromosome that has become densely heterochromatic, silenced and localized at the nuclear periphery.

Name: photoreceptor outer segment.

Definition: The outer segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor that contains a stack of membrane discs embedded with photoreceptor proteins.

Name: eye photoreceptor cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, as found in the eye, the primary visual organ of most organisms.

Name: neural crest cell migration.

Definition: The characteristic movement of cells from the dorsal ridge of the neural tube to a variety of locations in a vertebrate embryo.

Name: retinal dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: retinal + NAD+ + H2O = retinoate + NADH. Acts on both 11-trans and 13-cis forms of retinal.

Name: organ induction.

Definition: The interaction of two or more cells or tissues that causes them to change their fates and specify the development of an organ.

Name: aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate 6-semialdehyde + H+ = 2-aminomuconate 6-semialdehyde + CO2.

Name: beta-alanine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of beta-alanine from one side of a membrane to the other. Beta-alanine is 3-aminopropanoic acid.

Name: beta-alanine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of beta-alanine, 3-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: morphogenesis of a branching structure.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem. Examples in animals would include blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and other endothelial or epithelial tubes.

Name: neuron migration.

Definition: The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature.

Name: membrane raft assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a membrane raft, a small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalizes cellular processes.

Name: establishment of lymphocyte polarity.

Definition: The directed orientation of lymphocyte signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with an appropriate activating cell.

Name: establishment of T cell polarity.

Definition: The directed orientation of T cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with antigen presenting cell.

Name: immunological synapse formation.

Definition: The formation of an area of close contact between a lymphocyte (T-, B-, or natural killer cell) and a target cell through the clustering of particular signaling and adhesion molecules and their associated membrane rafts on both the lymphocyte and target cell, which facilitates activation of the lymphocyte, transfer of membrane from the target cell to the lymphocyte, and in some situations killing of the target cell through release of secretory granules and/or death-pathway ligand-receptor interaction.

Name: immunological synapse.

Definition: An area of close contact between a lymphocyte (T-, B-, or natural killer cell) and a target cell formed through the clustering of particular signaling and adhesion molecules and their associated membrane rafts on both the lymphocyte and the target cell and facilitating activation of the lymphocyte, transfer of membrane from the target cell to the lymphocyte, and in some situations killing of the target cell through release of secretory granules and/or death-pathway ligand-receptor interaction.

Name: myeloid dendritic cell activation.

Definition: The change in morphology and behavior of a dendritic cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.

Name: microglial cell activation.

Definition: The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.

Name: cell activation.

Definition: A multicellular organismal process by which exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand results in a change in the morphology or behavior of a cell.

Name: leukocyte homeostasis.

Definition: The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system such that the total number of cells of a particular cell type within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.

Name: plasma membrane repair.

Definition: The resealing of a cell plasma membrane after cellular wounding due to, for instance, mechanical stress.

Name: natural killer cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a natural killer cell.

Name: neutrophil homeostasis.

Definition: The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of neutrophils such that the total number of neutrophils within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.

Name: neutrophil apoptotic process.

Definition: Any apoptotic process in a neutrophil, any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.

Name: B cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.

Name: phosphotyrosine residue binding.

Definition: Binding to a phosphorylated tyrosine residue within a protein.

Name: phosphatidylserine binding.

Definition: Binding to phosphatidylserine, a class of glycophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine.

Name: antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.

Definition: Cytolysis of target cells by natural killer cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, or macrophages following engagement of antibodies bound to the target cells by Fc receptors on the effector cells.

Name: IgM binding.

Definition: Binding to an immunoglobulin of the IgM isotype.

Name: polymeric immunoglobulin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a J-chain-containing polymeric immunoglobulin of the IgA or IgM isotypes via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: type IIa hypersensitivity.

Definition: An inflammatory response resulting in cell death mediated by activation of the classical complement pathway or induction of effector cell phagocytosis or cytolysis mechanisms via complement or Fc receptors following the binding of antibodies to cell surface antigens on a target cell.

Name: regulation of type IIa hypersensitivity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.

Name: positive regulation of type IIa hypersensitivity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.

Name: regulation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.

Name: positive regulation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.

Name: cytokine production.

Definition: The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

Name: regulation of cytokine production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a cytokine.

Name: negative regulation of cytokine production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of production of a cytokine.

Name: positive regulation of cytokine production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of production of a cytokine.

Name: histamine secretion.

Definition: The regulated release of histamine by a cell or tissue. It is formed by decarboxylation of histidine and it acts through receptors in smooth muscle and in secretory systems.

Name: kidney development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.

Name: mesonephros development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the mesonephros is the second of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the mesonephros will form the mature kidney.

Name: blastocyst development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blastocyst over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm.

Name: blastocyst formation.

Definition: The initial formation of a blastocyst from a solid ball of cells known as a morula.

Name: trophectodermal cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a trophectoderm cell.

Name: blastocyst growth.

Definition: An increase in size of a blastocyst due to expansion of the blastocoelic cavity cell shape changes and cell proliferation.

Name: trophectodermal cell proliferation.

Definition: The proliferation of cells in the trophectoderm.

Name: release of cytochrome c from mitochondria.

Definition: The process that results in the movement of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is part of the apoptotic signaling pathway and leads to caspase activation.

Name: epithelial to mesenchymal transition.

Definition: A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.

Name: embryonic epithelial tube formation.

Definition: The morphogenesis of an embryonic epithelium into a tube-shaped structure.

Name: neural tube formation.

Definition: The formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system.

Name: neural tube closure.

Definition: The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline.

Name: protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: The process in which a protein is incorporated into a mitochondrial membrane as the initial phase of the mitochondrial membrane permeabilization that takes place in the apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: phagolysosome assembly.

Definition: The process that results in the fusion of a phagosome, a vesicle formed by phagocytosis, with a lysosome.

Name: opsonin binding.

Definition: Binding to an opsonin, such as a complement component or antibody, deposited on the surface of a bacteria, virus, immune complex, or other particulate material.

Name: opsonin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with an opsonin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: complement binding.

Definition: Binding to a component or product of the complement cascade.

Name: complement component C1q complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a C1q complex, a component of the classical complement cascade.

Name: complement component C3a binding.

Definition: Binding to a C3a product of the complement cascade.

Name: complement component C3b binding.

Definition: Binding to a C3b product of the complement cascade.

Name: complement component C4b binding.

Definition: Binding to a C4b product of the classical complement cascade.

Name: complement component C4b receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with the C4b product of the classical complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: complement activation, lectin pathway.

Definition: Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the lectin pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes.

Name: regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the lectin pathway of complement activation.

Name: negative regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of complement activation by the lectin pathway.

Name: (1->3)-beta-D-glucan binding.

Definition: Binding to a (1->3)-beta-D-glucan.

Name: lipopolysaccharide immune receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a lipopolysaccharide and transmitting the signal across the cell membrane to initiate an innate immune response. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are major components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, making them prime targets for recognition by the immune system.

Name: Mullerian duct regression.

Definition: The process in which the Mullerian ducts, primordia of the oviducts, uterus and upper vagina, undergo regression in male embryos.

Name: receptor recycling.

Definition: The process that results in the return of receptor molecules to an active state and an active cellular location after they have been stimulated by a ligand. An active state is when the receptor is ready to receive a signal.

Name: nucleoside binding.

Definition: Binding to a nucleoside, a compound consisting of a purine or pyrimidine nitrogenous base linked either to ribose or deoxyribose.

Name: purine nucleoside binding.

Definition: Binding to a purine nucleoside, a compound consisting of a purine base linked either to ribose or deoxyribose.

Name: endothelial cell development.

Definition: The progression of an endothelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: endothelial cell morphogenesis.

Definition: The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during the differentiation of an endothelial cell.

Name: glucuronyl-galactosyl-proteoglycan 4-alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl-proteoglycan = UDP + alpha-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl-proteoglycan.

Name: liver development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes.

Name: placenta development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.

Name: phagocytic cup.

Definition: An invagination of the cell membrane formed by an actin dependent process during phagocytosis. Following internalization it is converted into a phagosome.

Name: embryonic placenta development.

Definition: The embryonically driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.

Name: maternal placenta development.

Definition: Maternally driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.

Name: tissue homeostasis.

Definition: A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined tissue of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.

Name: retina homeostasis.

Definition: A tissue homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium within the retina of the eye, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.

Name: cell killing.

Definition: Any process in an organism that results in the killing of its own cells or those of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions.

Name: leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.

Definition: The directed killing of a target cell by a leukocyte.

Name: regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.

Name: negative regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.

Name: positive regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.

Name: T cell mediated cytotoxicity.

Definition: The directed killing of a target cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.

Name: regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.

Name: negative regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.

Name: positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.

Name: photoreceptor inner segment.

Definition: The inner segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor containing mitochondria, ribosomes and membranes where opsin molecules are assembled and passed to be part of the outer segment discs.

Name: farnesylated protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a farnesylated protein.

Name: regulation of receptor recycling.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of receptor recycling.

Name: negative regulation of receptor recycling.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of receptor recycling.

Name: positive regulation of receptor recycling.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor recycling.

Name: uropod.

Definition: A membrane projection with related cytoskeletal components at the trailing edge of a cell in the process of migrating or being activated, found on the opposite side of the cell from the leading edge or immunological synapse, respectively.

Name: regulation of protein phosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein.

Name: negative regulation of protein phosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.

Name: positive regulation of protein phosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.

Name: endothelial cell proliferation.

Definition: The multiplication or reproduction of endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Endothelial cells are thin flattened cells which line the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium.

Name: regulation of endothelial cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.

Name: negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.

Name: postsynaptic membrane organization.

Definition: A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a postsynaptic membrane, the specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft).

Name: hair follicle development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hair follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A hair follicle is a tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open.

Name: vasculature development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The vasculature is an interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism.

Name: lymph vessel development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lymph vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: lymphangiogenesis.

Definition: Lymph vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing vessels.

Name: heart looping.

Definition: The tube morphogenesis process in which the primitive heart tube loops asymmetrically. This looping brings the primitive heart chambers into alignment preceding their future integration. Heart looping begins with dextral-looping and ends when the main regional divisions of the mature heart and primordium of the great arterial trunks become established preceeding septation.

Name: sebaceous gland cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized epidermal cell acquires the specialized features of a sebaceous gland cell.

Name: regulation of cell-matrix adhesion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to the extracellular matrix.

Name: negative regulation of cell-matrix adhesion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix.

Name: positive regulation of cell-matrix adhesion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to an extracellular matrix.

Name: blood vessel maturation.

Definition: A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a blood vessel to attain its fully functional state.

Name: positive regulation of neurotransmitter secretion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.

Name: endochondral ossification.

Definition: Replacement ossification wherein bone tissue replaces cartilage.

Name: regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cytokine mediated signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cytokine mediated signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cytokine mediated signaling pathway.

Name: synaptic transmission, dopaminergic.

Definition: The vesicular release of dopamine. from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of dopamine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.

Name: startle response.

Definition: An action or movement due to the application of a sudden unexpected stimulus.

Name: G-protein alpha-subunit binding.

Definition: Binding to a G-protein alpha subunit. The alpha subunit binds a guanine nucleotide.

Name: fibronectin binding.

Definition: Binding to a fibronectin, a group of related adhesive glycoproteins of high molecular weight found on the surface of animal cells, connective tissue matrices, and in extracellular fluids.

Name: regulation of activation of membrane attack complex.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.

Name: positive regulation of activation of membrane attack complex.

Definition: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.

Name: negative regulation of activation of membrane attack complex.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.

Name: retinoic acid binding.

Definition: Binding to retinoic acid, 3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoic acid.

Name: nervous system process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure.

Definition: The regulation of blood pressure mediated by detection of stimuli and a neurological response.

Name: renal system process involved in regulation of blood volume.

Definition: A slow mechanism of blood pressure regulation that responds to changes in pressure resulting from fluid and salt intake by modulating the quantity of blood in the circulatory system.

Name: regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by hormone.

Definition: The process in which hormones modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. A hormone is one of a group of substances formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which they have a specific regulatory action.

Name: regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by circulatory renin-angiotensin.

Definition: The process in which angiotensinogen metabolites in the bloodstream modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. The process begins when renin is released and cleaves angiotensinogen.

Name: renal response to blood flow involved in circulatory renin-angiotensin regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure.

Definition: The physiological response of the kidneys to a decrease in blood flow.

Name: renin secretion into blood stream.

Definition: The regulated release of renin into the blood stream by juxtoglomerular cells.

Name: regulation of angiotensin levels in blood.

Definition: The process that modulates the level of any of the various angiotensinogen proteolytic products in the blood. This occurs by the proteolytic cleavage of angiotensinogen, and its proteolytic products, to create a variety of active peptide hormones, such as angiotensin I and angiotensin II, as well as through the removal of these peptides from the circulation.

Name: angiotensin maturation.

Definition: The process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of angiotensin by conversion of angiotensinogen into mature angiotensin in the blood.

Name: morphogenesis of an epithelium.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of epithelia are generated and organized. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube.

Name: morphogenesis of an epithelial sheet.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of an epithelial sheet are generated and organized. An epithelial sheet is a flat surface consisting of closely packed epithelial cells.

Name: regulation of blood volume by renin-angiotensin.

Definition: The process in which the renin-angiotensin system controls the rate of fluid intake and output into the blood.

Name: regulation of blood volume by renal aldosterone.

Definition: The process in which the hormone aldosterone decreases the rate of diuresis and natriuresis resulting in increased blood volume.

Name: protease binding.

Definition: Binding to a protease or a peptidase.

Name: response to dietary excess.

Definition: The physiological process in which dietary excess is sensed by the central nervous system, resulting in a reduction in food intake and increased energy expenditure.

Name: reduction of food intake in response to dietary excess.

Definition: An eating behavior process whereby detection of a dietary excess results in a decrease in intake of nutrients.

Name: diet induced thermogenesis.

Definition: The process that results in increased metabolic rate in tissues of an organism. It is triggered by the detection of dietary excess. This process is achieved via signalling in the sympathetic nervous system.

Name: regulation of the force of heart contraction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the extent of heart contraction, changing the force with which blood is propelled.

Name: regulation of heart rate.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction.

Name: regulation of sodium ion transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: desensitization of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway after prolonged stimulation with an agonist of the pathway.

Name: G protein-coupled receptor internalization.

Definition: The process that results in the uptake of a G protein-coupled receptor into an endocytic vesicle.

Name: desensitization of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway by arrestin.

Definition: The process that inhibits the signaling function of a G protein-coupled receptor by uncoupling the receptor from its downstream G proteins.

Name: maintenance of blood vessel diameter homeostasis by renin-angiotensin.

Definition: The process in which the diameter of a blood vessel is changed due to activity of the renin-angiotensin system.

Name: brain renin-angiotensin system.

Definition: The process in which an angiotensin-mediated signaling system present in the brain regulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system.

Name: p53 binding.

Definition: Binding to one of the p53 family of proteins.

Name: sprouting angiogenesis.

Definition: The extension of new blood vessels from existing vessels into avascular tissues, this process includes the specialization of endothelial cells into leading tip and stalk cells, proliferation and migration of the endothelial cells and cell adhesion resulting in angiogenic sprout fusion or lumen formation.

Name: cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis.

Definition: The orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels involved in sprouting angiogenesis.

Name: blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis.

Definition: The multiplication or reproduction of blood vessel endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population contributing to sprouting angiogenesis.

Name: positive regulation of neuroblast proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate of neuroblast proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation.

Definition: The process of activating or increasing the rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized embryonic cells.

Name: nucleobase binding.

Definition: Binding to a nucleobase, any of a class of pyrmidines or purines, organic nitrogenous bases.

Name: purine nucleobase binding.

Definition: Binding to a purine nucleobase, an organic nitrogenous base with a purine skeleton.

Name: chondrocyte differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.

Name: chondrocyte development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.

Name: epithelial cell development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface.

Name: columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.

Name: columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.

Name: glandular epithelial cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glandular epithelial cell. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.

Name: glandular epithelial cell development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glandular epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.

Name: extraocular skeletal muscle development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the extraocular skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The extraocular muscle is derived from cranial mesoderm and controls eye movements. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.

Name: osteoblast development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an osteoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Osteoblast development does not include the steps involved in committing a cranial neural crest cell or an osteoprogenitor cell to an osteoblast fate. An osteoblast is a cell that gives rise to bone.

Name: acrosomal membrane.

Definition: The membrane that surrounds the acrosomal lumen. The acrosome is a special type of lysosome in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization.

Name: regulation of oxidative phosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.

Name: 4-hydroxybenzoate decaprenyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-decaprenyl diphosphate + 4-hydroxybenzoate = 3-decaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate + diphosphate.

Name: protein depalmitoylation.

Definition: The removal of palymitoyl groups from a lipoprotein.

Name: diaphragm contraction.

Definition: A process in which force is generated within involuntary skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the diaphragm. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The diaphragm is a striated muscle that is necessary for the process of respiratory gaseous exchange.

Name: lens development in camera-type eye.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lens over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.

Name: lens morphogenesis in camera-type eye.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the lens are generated and organized. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.

Name: regulation of receptor internalization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.

Name: negative regulation of receptor internalization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.

Name: positive regulation of receptor internalization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.

Name: polyprenyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of multiple prenyl groups from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Name: tRNA wobble base modification.

Definition: The process in which the nucleotide at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally modified.

Name: tRNA wobble uridine modification.

Definition: The process in which a uridine in position 34 of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally modified.

Name: tRNA wobble cytosine modification.

Definition: The process in which a cytosine in position 34 of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally modified.

Name: podosome.

Definition: An actin-rich adhesion structure characterized by formation upon cell substrate contact and localization at the substrate-attached part of the cell, contain an F-actin-rich core surrounded by a ring structure containing proteins such as vinculin and talin, and have a diameter of 0.5 mm.

Name: store-operated calcium entry.

Definition: A calcium ion entry mechanism in the plasma membrane activated by the depletion of calcium ion from the internal calcium ion store in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: semaphorin receptor complex.

Definition: A stable binary complex of a neurophilin and a plexin, together forming a functional semaphorin receptor.

Name: tRNA wobble base cytosine methylation.

Definition: The process in which the base of cytosine at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally methylated at the C5 position.

Name: tRNA nucleoside ribose methylation.

Definition: The process that results in the modification of the sugar of a nucleoside in tRNA at the 2'O position.

Name: polycystin complex.

Definition: A stable heterodimeric complex composed of polycystin-1 and polycystin-2.

Name: UTP binding.

Definition: Binding to UTP, uridine 5'-triphosphate.

Name: retinoic acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A.

Name: G-quadruplex RNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a G-quadruplex RNA structure, in which groups of four guanines adopt a flat, cyclic hydrogen-bonding arrangement known as a guanine tetrad.

Name: bile acid conjugation.

Definition: The process in which bile acids are covalently linked to taurine or glycine.

Name: steroid receptor RNA activator RNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a steroid receptor RNA activator RNA (SRA). SRA enhances steroid hormone receptor transcriptional activity as an RNA transcript by an indirect mechanism that does not involve SRA-steroid receptor binding.

Name: thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a thyroid hormone.

Name: regulation of thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway.

Name: desmosome assembly.

Definition: A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a desmosome. A desmosome is a patch-like intercellular junction found in vertebrate tissues, consisting of parallel zones of two cell membranes, separated by an space of 25-35 nm, and having dense fibrillar plaques in the subjacent cytoplasm.

Name: aminoacyl-tRNA editing activity.

Definition: The hydrolysis of an incorrectly aminoacylated tRNA.

Name: dystroglycan binding.

Definition: Binding to dystroglycan, a glycoprotein found in non-muscle tissues as well as in muscle tissues, often in association with dystrophin. The native dystroglycan cleaved into two non-covalently associated subunits, alpha (N-terminal) and beta (C-terminal).

Name: 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase complex, mitochondrial.

Definition: A mitochondrial protein complex which is capable of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase activity. In mammals, at least, consists as a dodecamer of 6 alpha and 6 beta subunits. MCCC-alpha has a covalently bound biotin essential for the ATP-dependent carboxylation. MCCC-beta possesses carboxyltransferase activity which presumably is essential for binding to 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA.

Name: palmitoyltransferase complex.

Definition: A protein complex with palmitoyltransferase activity.

Name: cytoplasmic translation.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in the cytoplasm. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein.

Name: cytoplasmic translational initiation.

Definition: The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in the cytoplasm. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.

Name: cap-independent translational initiation.

Definition: The process where translation initiation recruits the 40S ribosomal subunits in a Cap and 5' end independent fashion before an AUG codon is encountered in an appropriate sequence context to initiate mRNA or circRNA translation.

Name: cap-dependent translational initiation.

Definition: The process where the cap structure, composed of a 7- methylguanosine (m7G) group and associated cap-binding proteins, located at the 5' end of an mRNA molecule, which serves as a molecular tag that marks the spot where the 40S ribosomal subunit, is recruited and will then scan in a 5' to 3' direction until an AUG codon is encountered in an appropriate sequence context to initiate mRNA translation.

Name: IRES-dependent translational initiation of linear mRNA.

Definition: The process where translation initiation recruits the 40S ribosomal subunits via an internal ribosome entry segment (IRES) before an AUG codon is encountered in an appropriate sequence context to initiate linear mRNA translation.

Name: MAML1-RBP-Jkappa- ICN1 complex.

Definition: A protein complex that consists of the intracellular domain of Notch1 (ICN1), the DNA-binding transcription factor RBP-Jkappa, and the transcriptional coactivator Mastermind-like-1 (MAML1); the complex is involved in transcriptional activation in response to Notch-mediated signaling.

Name: somatic diversification of immune receptors.

Definition: The somatic process allowing for the production of immune receptors whose specificity is not encoded in the germline genomic sequences.

Name: somatic recombination of immunoglobulin genes involved in immune response.

Definition: The process in which immunoglobulin genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, also known as immunoglobulin gene segments, within a single locus following the induction of and contributing to an immune response.

Name: somatic diversification of immunoglobulins involved in immune response.

Definition: The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of immunoglobulins after induction, and contributes to an immune response.

Name: activation of innate immune response.

Definition: Any process that initiates an innate immune response. Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. Examples of this process include activation of the hypersensitive response of Arabidopsis thaliana and activation of any NOD or TLR signaling pathway in vertebrate species.

Name: innate immune response activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a cell surface receptor that leads to the activation of an innate immune response.

Name: pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a pattern recognition receptor (PRR), and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species, or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), endogenous molecules released from damaged cells.

Name: stimulatory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor capable of cellular activation.

Name: stimulatory C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of C-type lectin to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and resulting in cellular activation.

Name: toll-like receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor of a target cell. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.

Name: positive regulation of antimicrobial peptide production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide production.

Name: innate immune response in mucosa.

Definition: Any process of the innate immune response that takes place in the mucosal tissues.

Name: natural killer cell mediated immunity.

Definition: The promotion of an immune response by natural killer cells through direct recognition of target cells or through the release of cytokines.

Name: positive regulation of defense response to virus by host.

Definition: Any host process that results in the promotion of antiviral immune response mechanisms, thereby limiting viral replication.

Name: leukocyte chemotaxis involved in inflammatory response.

Definition: The movement of an immune cell in response to an external stimulus contributing to an inflammatory response.

Name: response to molecule of bacterial origin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of bacterial origin such as peptides derived from bacterial flagellin.

Name: response to molecule of fungal origin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of fungal origin such as chito-octamer oligosaccharide.

Name: hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells.

Name: wound healing involved in inflammatory response.

Definition: The series of events that restore integrity to damaged tissue that contribute to an inflammatory response.

Name: connective tissue replacement involved in inflammatory response wound healing.

Definition: The series of events leading to growth of connective tissue when loss of tissues that are incapable of regeneration occurs, or when fibrinous exudate cannot be adequately cleared, as part of an inflammatory response.

Name: adaptive immune response.

Definition: An immune response mediated by cells expressing specific receptors for antigens produced through a somatic diversification process, and allowing for an enhanced secondary response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory).

Name: organ or tissue specific immune response.

Definition: An immune response taking place in an organ or tissues such as the liver, brain, mucosa, or nervous system tissues.

Name: immune effector process.

Definition: Any process of the immune system that executes a component of an immune response. An effector immune process takes place after its activation.

Name: activation of immune response.

Definition: Any process that initiates an immune response.

Name: kinin cascade.

Definition: A series of reactions that takes place outside the cell that occur as a result of by-products of tissue damage, including collagen, cartilage, and basement membrane. The ultimate product of the kinin cascade include kallidin and bradykinin, agents known to induce smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, and increased vascular permeability.

Name: lymphocyte homeostasis.

Definition: The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of lymphocytes such that the total number of lymphocytes within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.

Name: myeloid cell homeostasis.

Definition: The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of myeloid cells such that the total number of myeloid cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.

Name: cell activation involved in immune response.

Definition: A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

Name: endothelial cell activation involved in immune response.

Definition: A change in the morphology or behavior of an endothelial cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

Name: astrocyte activation involved in immune response.

Definition: A change in the morphology or behavior of an astrocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

Name: leukocyte activation involved in inflammatory response.

Definition: A change in the morphology or behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an inflammatory response.

Name: myeloid leukocyte activation.

Definition: A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.

Name: myeloid cell activation involved in immune response.

Definition: A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

Name: basophil activation involved in immune response.

Definition: A change in morphology and behavior of a basophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the basophil has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

Name: myeloid dendritic cell activation involved in immune response.

Definition: The change in morphology and behavior of a myeloid dendritic cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

Name: eosinophil activation involved in immune response.

Definition: The change in morphology and behavior of a eosinophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

Name: mast cell activation involved in immune response.

Definition: The change in morphology and behavior of a mast cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the mast cell has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

Name: monocyte activation involved in immune response.

Definition: The change in morphology and behavior of a monocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

Name: macrophage activation involved in immune response.

Definition: A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

Name: neutrophil activation involved in immune response.

Definition: The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

Name: lymphocyte activation involved in immune response.

Definition: A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

Name: T cell activation involved in immune response.

Definition: The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

Name: alpha-beta T cell activation involved in immune response.

Definition: The change in morphology and behavior of an alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

Name: T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell.

Definition: The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to an antigen for which its T cell receptor is specific bound to an MHC molecule on an antigen presenting cell, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

Name: T cell differentiation involved in immune response.

Definition: The process in which an antigenically naive T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.

Name: alpha-beta T cell differentiation involved in immune response.

Definition: The process in which an antigenically naive alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell during an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.

Name: CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation involved in immune response.

Definition: The process in which an antigenically naive CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.

Name: T-helper cell lineage commitment.

Definition: The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell specialized to promote various immunological processes.

Name: T-helper 1 cell lineage commitment.

Definition: The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper 1 cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell specialized to promote immunological processes often associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and pathological conditions such as arthritis.

Name: CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation involved in immune response.

Definition: The process in which an antigenically naive CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.

Name: gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.

Name: CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.

Name: T cell proliferation involved in immune response.

Definition: The expansion of a T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.

Name: B cell activation involved in immune response.

Definition: The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell during an immune response, resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.

Name: lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a lymphoid progenitor cell. Lymphoid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the lymphoid lineages.

Name: B cell proliferation involved in immune response.

Definition: The expansion of a B cell population by cell division following B cell activation during an immune response.

Name: natural killer cell activation involved in immune response.

Definition: The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell resulting from exposure a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

Name: immature B cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an immature B cell.

Name: response to tumor cell.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a tumor cell.

Name: histamine production involved in inflammatory response.

Definition: The synthesis or release of histamine following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

Name: plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade.

Definition: A series of reactions that takes place outside the cell occurring in response to tissue damage and initiated within blood plasma by the action of activated Factor XII (Hageman Factor) on prekallikrein to convert it to plasma kallikrein, and the subsequent reaction of plasma kallikrein with high molecular weight kininogen. The ultimate product of the plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade is bradykinin, an agent known to induce smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, and increased vascular permeability.

Name: detection of tumor cell.

Definition: The series of events in which a stimulus from a tumor cell is received and converted into a molecular signal.

Name: defense response to tumor cell.

Definition: Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a tumor cell that act to protect the cell or organism.

Name: T cell lineage commitment.

Definition: The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to becoming any type of T cell.

Name: alpha-beta T cell lineage commitment.

Definition: The process in which a pro-T cell becomes committed to becoming an alpha-beta T cell.

Name: leukocyte activation involved in immune response.

Definition: A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.

Name: immune system process.

Definition: Any process involved in the development or functioning of the immune system, an organismal system for calibrated responses to potential internal or invasive threats.

Name: immunoglobulin production.

Definition: The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

Name: immunoglobulin production involved in immunoglobulin-mediated immune response.

Definition: The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus during an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

Name: hepatic immune response.

Definition: An immune response taking place in the liver.

Name: mucosal immune response.

Definition: An immune response taking place in mucosal tissues, including those of the intestinal tract, nasal and upper respiratory tract, and genital tract.

Name: immune response in gut-associated lymphoid tissue.

Definition: Immune response taking place in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). GALT includes Peyer's patches, appendix, and solitary lymph nodules.

Name: immune response in nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue.

Definition: An immune response taking place in the nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). NALT includes the tonsils and adenoids.

Name: MHC protein complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC protein complex.

Name: MHC class I protein complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.

Name: MHC class Ib protein complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC class Ib protein complex. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules.

Name: MHC class II protein complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC class II protein complex.

Name: dendritic cell chemotaxis.

Definition: The movement of a dendritic cell in response to an external stimulus.

Name: myeloid dendritic cell chemotaxis.

Definition: The movement of a myeloid dendritic cell in response to an external stimulus.

Name: immunoglobulin transcytosis in epithelial cells.

Definition: The process of transporting immunoglobulin, via transcytosis, from one side of an epithelial cell to the other.

Name: immunoglobulin transcytosis in epithelial cells mediated by polymeric immunoglobulin receptor.

Definition: The process of transporting polymeric IgA and polymeric IgM immunoglobulin, via transcytosis mediated by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), from the basolateral surface to apical surface of an epithelial cell. At the apical surface the immunoglobulin binding portion of the pIgRis cleaved and remains bound to the transported immunoglobulin as secretory component (SC). The same process is used for the transport and excretion of IgA immune complexes to the luminal surface of the mucosa.

Name: immune response to tumor cell.

Definition: An immune system process that functions in the response of an organism to a tumor cell.

Name: T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target.

Definition: The directed killing of a tumor cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.

Name: T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.

Definition: An immune response mediated by a T cell triggered in response to the presence of a tumor cell.

Name: antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib.

Definition: The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses peptide antigen in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface. The peptide antigen may originate from an endogenous or exogenous protein. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E family.

Name: immune response-activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of a cell, leading to the activation or perpetuation of an immune response.

Name: complement receptor mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a component of the complement pathway binding to a complement receptor. Such components include both whole complement proteins and fragments of complement proteins generated through the activity of the complement pathway.

Name: Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin by an Fc receptor capable of activating or perpetuating an immune response. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.

Name: immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signaling pathway involved in phagocytosis.

Definition: An immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signaling pathway that contributes to the endocytic engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes.

Name: immune complex clearance.

Definition: A process directed at removing immune complexes from the body. Immune complexes are clusters of antibodies bound to antigen, to which complement may also be fixed, and which may precipitate or remain in solution.

Name: immune complex clearance by erythrocytes.

Definition: The process of immune complex clearance by erythrocytes. The process often starts with binding of complement receptor 1 (CR1) on the surface of erythrocytes to a complement coated immune complex. The complex bound to erythrocyte CR1 is then transported to the liver or spleen where it is presented to phagocytes. The process ends when the complex is removed from CR1, allowing the erythrocyte to return to general circulation.

Name: inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus.

Definition: An inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus, which can be include any number of T cell or B cell epitopes.

Name: acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus.

Definition: An acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. An acute inflammatory response occurs within a matter of minutes or hours, and either resolves within a few days or becomes a chronic inflammatory response.

Name: chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus.

Definition: A chronic inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. A chronic inflammatory response persists indefinitely during days, weeks, or months in the life of an individual.

Name: production of molecular mediator of immune response.

Definition: The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

Name: histamine secretion involved in inflammatory response.

Definition: The regulated release of histamine by a cell as part of an inflammatory response.

Name: leukocyte mediated immunity.

Definition: Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a leukocyte.

Name: myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.

Definition: Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a myeloid leukocyte.

Name: type II hypersensitivity.

Definition: An inflammatory response resulting in cell death or dysfunction mediated by activation of the classical complement pathway or induction of effector cell phagocytosis, cytolysis mechanisms via complement or Fc receptors following the binding of antibodies to cell surface antigens on a target cell, or mediated by the direct binding of antibody to cellular receptors.

Name: neutrophil mediated immunity.

Definition: Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a neutrophil.

Name: eosinophil mediated immunity.

Definition: Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by an eosinophil.

Name: mast cell mediated immunity.

Definition: Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a mast cell.

Name: lymphocyte mediated immunity.

Definition: Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a lymphocyte.

Name: peripheral B cell tolerance induction.

Definition: Tolerance induction of mature B cells in the peripheral lymphoid tissues: the blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue.

Name: humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.

Definition: An immune response dependent upon secreted immunoglobulin. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.

Name: T cell mediated immunity.

Definition: Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a T cell.

Name: adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains.

Definition: An immune response mediated by lymphocytes expressing specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process that includes somatic recombination of germline gene segments encoding immunoglobulin superfamily domains. Recombined receptors for antigen encoded by immunoglobulin superfamily domains include T cell receptors and immunoglobulins (antibodies) produced by B cells. The first encounter with antigen elicits a primary immune response that is slow and not of great magnitude. T and B cells selected by antigen become activated and undergo clonal expansion. A fraction of antigen-reactive T and B cells become memory cells, whereas others differentiate into effector cells. The memory cells generated during the primary response enable a much faster and stronger secondary immune response upon subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). An example of this is the adaptive immune response found in Mus musculus.

Name: tolerance induction dependent upon immune response.

Definition: Tolerance induction dependent upon an immune response, typically a response by a mature T or B cell in the periphery resulting tolerance towards an antigen via induction of anergy, cellular deletion, or regulatory T cell activation.

Name: peripheral tolerance induction.

Definition: Tolerance induction in the peripheral lymphoid tissues: blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues.

Name: dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.

Definition: The process in which a dendritic cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.

Name: myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.

Definition: The process in which a myeloid dendritic cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.

Name: plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.

Definition: The process in which a plasmacytoid dendritic cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.

Name: antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.

Definition: The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.

Name: antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib.

Definition: The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 or HLA-E gene families.

Name: antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib.

Definition: The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.

Name: antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib.

Definition: The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.

Name: antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen.

Definition: The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell.

Name: antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen.

Definition: The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell.

Name: antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway.

Definition: The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via an ER pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class I molecule in the ER. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.

Name: antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway, TAP-dependent.

Definition: The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP-dependent ER pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class I molecule in the ER following TAP-dependent transport from the cytosol. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.

Name: antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway, TAP-independent.

Definition: The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP-independent ER pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class I molecule in the ER following transport from the cytosol via a TAP-independent pathway. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.

Name: antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib via ER pathway.

Definition: The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via an ER pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class Ib molecule in the ER. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.

Name: antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib via ER pathway, TAP-dependent.

Definition: The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and is dependent on TAP transport from the cytosol to ER for association with the MHC class Ib molecule. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.

Name: antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class II.

Definition: The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein.

Name: antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.

Definition: The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein.

Name: peptide antigen assembly with MHC protein complex.

Definition: The binding of a peptide to the antigen binding groove of an MHC protein complex.

Name: peptide antigen assembly with MHC class I protein complex.

Definition: The binding of a peptide to the antigen binding groove of an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.

Name: peptide antigen assembly with MHC class II protein complex.

Definition: The binding of a peptide to the antigen binding groove of an MHC class II protein complex.

Name: antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II.

Definition: The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex.

Name: tolerance induction.

Definition: A process that directly activates any of the steps required for tolerance, a physiologic state in which the immune system does not react destructively against the components of an organism that harbors it or against antigens that are introduced to it.

Name: central tolerance induction.

Definition: Tolerance induction in the central lymphoid organs: the thymus and bone marrow.

Name: central tolerance induction to self antigen.

Definition: Tolerance induction in the central lymphoid organs directed at self antigens.

Name: tolerance induction to self antigen.

Definition: Tolerance induction directed at self antigens.

Name: B cell tolerance induction.

Definition: A process involving any mechanism for tolerance induction in B cells.

Name: natural killer cell tolerance induction.

Definition: Tolerance induction of natural killer cells.

Name: immune system development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system whose objective is to provide calibrated responses by an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat, over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process.

Name: leukocyte differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a leukocyte. A leukocyte is an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue.

Name: leukocyte migration involved in inflammatory response.

Definition: The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body contributing to an inflammatory response.

Name: hypersensitivity.

Definition: An inflammatory response to an exogenous environmental antigen or an endogenous antigen initiated by the adaptive immune system.

Name: acute inflammatory response.

Definition: Inflammation which comprises a rapid, short-lived, relatively uniform response to acute injury or antigenic challenge and is characterized by accumulations of fluid, plasma proteins, and granulocytic leukocytes. An acute inflammatory response occurs within a matter of minutes or hours, and either resolves within a few days or becomes a chronic inflammatory response.

Name: regulation of vascular permeability involved in acute inflammatory response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid contributing to an acute inflammatory response.

Name: production of molecular mediator involved in inflammatory response.

Definition: The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the inflammatory response following an inflammatory stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

Name: activation of plasma proteins involved in acute inflammatory response.

Definition: Any process activating plasma proteins by proteolysis as part of an acute inflammatory response.

Name: Factor XII activation.

Definition: Any process that activates Factor XII (Hageman factor). Factor XII is a protein synthesized by the liver that circulates in an inactive form until it encounters collagen or basement membrane or activated platelets (as occurs at the site of endothelial injury). Factor XII then undergoes a conformational change (becoming factor XIIa), exposing an active serine center that can subsequently cleave protein substrates and activate a variety of mediator systems. Factor XII is a participant in the clotting cascade as well as the kinin cascade.

Name: activation of blood coagulation via clotting cascade.

Definition: Any process that initiates the clotting cascade of blood coagulation, a cascade of plasma enzymes that is triggered following damage to blood vessels, leading to formation of a clot.

Name: chronic inflammatory response.

Definition: Inflammation of prolonged duration (weeks or months) in which active inflammation, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair are proceeding simultaneously. Although it may follow acute inflammation, chronic inflammation frequently begins insidiously, as a low-grade, smoldering, often asymptomatic response.

Name: monocyte chemotaxis.

Definition: The movement of a monocyte in response to an external stimulus.

Name: mast cell chemotaxis.

Definition: The movement of a mast cell in response to an external stimulus.

Name: histamine secretion by mast cell.

Definition: The regulated release of histamine by a mast cell or group of mast cells.

Name: somatic diversification of immune receptors via germline recombination within a single locus.

Definition: The process in which immune receptor genes are diversified through recombination of the germline genetic elements within a single genetic locus.

Name: somatic diversification of immune receptors via somatic mutation.

Definition: The process in which immune receptor genes are diversified through somatic mutation.

Name: myeloid leukocyte differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte lineage.

Name: platelet degranulation.

Definition: The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine and serotonin by a platelet.

Name: regulation of antigen processing and presentation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.

Name: negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.

Name: positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.

Name: regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.

Name: negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.

Name: positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.

Name: regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.

Name: negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.

Name: positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.

Name: regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.

Name: negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.

Name: positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.

Name: regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.

Name: negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.

Name: regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.

Name: negative regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.

Name: regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.

Name: regulation of immunoglobulin production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.

Name: negative regulation of immunoglobulin production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.

Name: positive regulation of immunoglobulin production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.

Name: regulation of tolerance induction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction.

Name: positive regulation of tolerance induction.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction.

Name: regulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response.

Name: positive regulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response.

Name: regulation of peripheral tolerance induction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral tolerance induction.

Name: positive regulation of peripheral tolerance induction.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral tolerance induction.

Name: regulation of T cell tolerance induction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.

Name: positive regulation of T cell tolerance induction.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.

Name: regulation of T cell anergy.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.

Name: positive regulation of T cell anergy.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.

Name: regulation of acute inflammatory response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.

Name: negative regulation of acute inflammatory response.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.

Name: positive regulation of acute inflammatory response.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.

Name: respiratory burst involved in defense response.

Definition: A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as part of a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.

Name: regulation of immune system process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.

Name: negative regulation of immune system process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.

Name: positive regulation of immune system process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.

Name: regulation of leukocyte migration.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.

Name: negative regulation of leukocyte migration.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.

Name: positive regulation of leukocyte migration.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.

Name: regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.

Name: negative regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.

Name: positive regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.

Name: regulation of cellular extravasation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cellular extravasation.

Name: negative regulation of cellular extravasation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cellular extravasation.

Name: positive regulation of cellular extravasation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cellular extravasation.

Name: regulation of leukocyte activation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.

Name: negative regulation of leukocyte activation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.

Name: positive regulation of leukocyte activation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.

Name: regulation of immune effector process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.

Name: negative regulation of immune effector process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.

Name: positive regulation of immune effector process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.

Name: regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.

Name: negative regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.

Name: positive regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.

Name: regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.

Name: negative regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.

Name: positive regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.

Name: regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.

Name: negative regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.

Name: positive regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.

Name: regulation of T cell mediated immunity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.

Name: negative regulation of T cell mediated immunity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.

Name: positive regulation of T cell mediated immunity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.

Name: regulation of B cell mediated immunity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.

Name: negative regulation of B cell mediated immunity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.

Name: positive regulation of B cell mediated immunity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.

Name: regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.

Name: negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.

Name: positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.

Name: regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response.

Name: negative regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production contributing to an immune response.

Name: positive regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response.

Name: regulation of T cell cytokine production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.

Name: negative regulation of T cell cytokine production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.

Name: positive regulation of T cell cytokine production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.

Name: regulation of natural killer cell cytokine production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production.

Name: negative regulation of natural killer cell cytokine production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production.

Name: positive regulation of natural killer cell cytokine production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production.

Name: regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production.

Name: negative regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production.

Name: regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production.

Name: negative regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production.

Name: antigen processing and presentation following phagocytosis.

Definition: Antigen processing and presentation which is initiated by uptake of antigen via phagocytosis.

Name: cell surface pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a cell surface pattern recognition receptor (PRR). PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species.

Name: cytosolic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand from another organism to a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor (PRR). PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species.

Name: MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: A toll-like receptor signaling pathway in which the MyD88 adaptor molecule mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.

Name: MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: A toll-like receptor signaling pathway not relying on the MyD88 adaptor molecule. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate an immune response.

Name: immune response-activating signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals generated by a ligand binding to its receptor that lead to the activation or perpetuation of an immune response.

Name: innate immune response-activating signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals generated by a ligand binding to its receptor that lead to the activation or perpetuation of an innate immune response.

Name: regulation of antimicrobial humoral response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an antimicrobial humoral response.

Name: positive regulation of antimicrobial humoral response.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an antimicrobial humoral response.

Name: regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.

Name: immune response-regulating signaling pathway.

Definition: The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to the activation, perpetuation, or inhibition of an immune response.

Name: immune response-inhibiting signal transduction.

Definition: The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to inhibition of an immune response.

Name: immune response-inhibiting cell surface receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell capable of inhibiting an immune response.

Name: immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell capable of activating, perpetuating, or inhibiting an immune response.

Name: natural killer cell inhibitory signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of a natural killer cell capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response.

Name: Fc receptor mediated inhibitory signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin by an Fc receptor capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.

Name: antimicrobial peptide production.

Definition: The synthesis or release of an antimicrobial peptide during an immune response, resulting in an increase in intracellular or extracellular levels. Such peptides may have protective properties against bacteria, fungi, viruses, or protozoa.

Name: antimicrobial peptide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an antimicrobial peptide. Such peptides may have protective properties against bacteria, fungi, viruses, or protozoa.

Name: antibacterial peptide production.

Definition: The synthesis or release of an antibacterial peptide during an immune response, resulting in an increase in intracellular or extracellular levels.

Name: antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an antibacterial peptide.

Name: regulation of antimicrobial peptide production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide production.

Name: regulation of antibacterial peptide production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide production.

Name: peptide secretion.

Definition: The controlled release of a peptide from a cell or a tissue.

Name: regulation of peptide secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.

Name: negative regulation of peptide secretion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.

Name: positive regulation of peptide secretion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.

Name: positive regulation of antibacterial peptide production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide production.

Name: biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an antibacterial peptide with activity against Gram-negative bacteria.

Name: regulation of adaptive immune response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.

Name: negative regulation of adaptive immune response.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.

Name: positive regulation of adaptive immune response.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.

Name: regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata.

Name: negative regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata.

Name: positive regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata.

Name: regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response.

Name: positive regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response.

Name: regulation of type 2 immune response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.

Name: negative regulation of type 2 immune response.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.

Name: positive regulation of type 2 immune response.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.

Name: regulation of response to biotic stimulus.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.

Name: negative regulation of response to biotic stimulus.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.

Name: positive regulation of response to biotic stimulus.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.

Name: regulation of response to tumor cell.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell.

Name: negative regulation of response to tumor cell.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell.

Name: positive regulation of response to tumor cell.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell.

Name: regulation of immune response to tumor cell.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune response to tumor cell.

Name: negative regulation of immune response to tumor cell.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune response to tumor cell.

Name: positive regulation of immune response to tumor cell.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune response to tumor cell.

Name: regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.

Name: negative regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.

Name: positive regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.

Name: regulation of tolerance induction to tumor cell.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to tumor cell.

Name: positive regulation of tolerance induction to tumor cell.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to tumor cell.

Name: regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against a tumor cell target.

Name: positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against a tumor cell target.

Name: regulation of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell.

Name: negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell.

Name: positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell.

Name: regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target.

Name: negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target.

Name: positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target.

Name: regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.

Name: negative regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.

Name: positive regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.

Name: regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.

Name: negative regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.

Name: positive regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.

Name: regulation of hypersensitivity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity.

Name: positive regulation of hypersensitivity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity.

Name: regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.

Name: negative regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.

Name: positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.

Name: regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response.

Name: negative regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response.

Name: positive regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response.

Name: regulation of type II hypersensitivity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type II hypersensitivity.

Name: positive regulation of type II hypersensitivity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type II hypersensitivity.

Name: regulation of B cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.

Name: negative regulation of B cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.

Name: positive regulation of B cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.

Name: regulation of mature B cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptotic process.

Name: negative regulation of mature B cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptotic process.

Name: regulation of lymphocyte anergy.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte anergy.

Name: positive regulation of lymphocyte anergy.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte anergy.

Name: regulation of humoral immune response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.

Name: negative regulation of humoral immune response.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.

Name: positive regulation of humoral immune response.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.

Name: regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.

Name: negative regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.

Name: response to ischemia.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a inadequate blood supply.

Name: lipid hydroxylation.

Definition: The covalent attachment of a hydroxyl group to one or more fatty acids in a lipid.

Name: desmosome organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a desmosome. A desmosome is a patch-like intercellular junction found in vertebrate tissues, consisting of parallel zones of two cell membranes, separated by an space of 25-35 nm, and having dense fibrillar plaques in the subjacent cytoplasm.

Name: tRNA N1-guanine methylation.

Definition: The process whereby a guanine in tRNA is methylated at position N1 of the guanine.

Name: tRNA N2-guanine methylation.

Definition: The process whereby a guanine in a tRNA is methylated at the N2 position of guanine.

Name: tRNA dihydrouridine synthesis.

Definition: The process whereby a uridine in a transfer RNA is converted to dihydrouridine.

Name: cyclin K-CDK12 complex.

Definition: A protein complex consisting of cyclin Kand cyclin-dependent kinase 12 (CDK12). Cyclins are characterized by periodicity in protein abundance throughout the cell cycle. Cyclin-dependent kinases represent a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that become active upon binding to a cyclin regulatory partner.

Name: cyclin K-CDK13 complex.

Definition: A protein complex consisting of cyclin Kand cyclin-dependent kinase 13 (CDK13). Cyclins are characterized by periodicity in protein abundance throughout the cell cycle. Cyclin-dependent kinases represent a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that become active upon binding to a cyclin regulatory partner.

Name: tRNA C5-cytosine methylation.

Definition: The process whereby a cytosine in a tRNA is methylated at position 5 of the cytosine.

Name: tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily complex.

Definition: A receptor complex that contains one or more members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily.

Name: tRNA threonylcarbamoyladenosine modification.

Definition: The attachment of a carbonyl group and a threonine to the amino group of the adenine residue immediately 3' of the anticodon, in tRNAs that decode ANN codons (where N is any base).

Name: ceramide phosphoethanolamine synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-ethanolamine + a ceramide = CMP + a ceramide phosphoethanolamine.

Name: leukotriene-C(4) hydrolase.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction leukotriene C(4) + H2O= leukotriene D(4) + L-glutamate.

Name: 5'-deoxynucleotidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction:a 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate + H20=a 2'-deoxyribonucleoside + phosphate.

Name: regionalization.

Definition: The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of an axis or axes in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment.

Name: developmental process involved in reproduction.

Definition: A developmental process in which a progressive change in the state of some part of an organism, germline or somatic, specifically contributes to its ability to form offspring.

Name: heart morphogenesis.

Definition: The developmental process in which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.

Name: system process.

Definition: A multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. An organ system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a biological objective.

Name: skeletal muscle contraction.

Definition: A process in which force is generated within skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the skeletal muscle, the muscle contraction takes advantage of an ordered sarcomeric structure and in most cases it is under voluntary control.

Name: involuntary skeletal muscle contraction.

Definition: A process in which force is generated within involuntary skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Involuntary skeletal muscle is skeletal muscle that is not under conscious control.

Name: muscle system process.

Definition: A organ system process carried out at the level of a muscle. Muscle tissue is composed of contractile cells or fibers.

Name: circulatory system process.

Definition: A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the circulatory system. The circulatory system is an organ system that moves extracellular fluids to and from tissue within a multicellular organism.

Name: renal system process.

Definition: A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the renal system. The renal system maintains fluid balance, and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels; in other species, the renal system may comprise related structures (e.g., nephrocytes and malpighian tubules in Drosophila).

Name: heart process.

Definition: A circulatory system process carried out by the heart. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.

Name: respiratory system process.

Definition: A process carried out by the organs or tissues of the respiratory system. The respiratory system is an organ system responsible for respiratory gaseous exchange.

Name: vascular process in circulatory system.

Definition: A circulatory process that occurs at the level of the vasculature.

Name: detection of oxygen.

Definition: The series of events in which an oxygen stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.

Name: regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure mediated by a chemical signal.

Definition: The regulation of blood pressure mediated by biochemical signaling: hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.

Name: regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by atrial natriuretic peptide.

Definition: The regulation of blood pressure mediated by the signaling molecule atrial natriuretic peptide.

Name: angiotensin-mediated drinking behavior.

Definition: The drinking behavior that is mediated by the action of angiotensin in the brain. Angiotensin stimulates the brain centers that control thirst.

Name: regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle contraction.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle contraction.

Name: regulation of the force of heart contraction by chemical signal.

Definition: The regulation of the force of heart muscle contraction mediated by chemical signaling, hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.

Name: regulation of heart rate by chemical signal.

Definition: The regulation of the rate of heart contraction mediated by chemical signaling, hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.

Name: renal system process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure.

Definition: Renal process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.

Name: renal control of peripheral vascular resistance involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure.

Definition: The renal process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system, by impeding blood flow through the peripheral vasculature.

Name: regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure.

Definition: The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.

Name: regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by renin-angiotensin.

Definition: The process in which renin-angiotensin modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system.

Name: positive regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure.

Definition: The process that increases the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system.

Name: negative regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure.

Definition: The process that reduces the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system.

Name: renal water homeostasis.

Definition: Renal process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water in the body.

Name: regulation of glomerular filtration.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration is the process in which blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule.

Name: glomerular filtration.

Definition: The process in which plasma is filtered through the glomerular membrane which consists of capillary endothelial cells, the basement membrane, and epithelial cells. The glomerular filtrate is the same as plasma except it has no significant amount of protein.

Name: pressure natriuresis.

Definition: The process in which the volume of blood increases renal pressure and thereby results in both an increase in urine volume (diuresis) and an increase in the amount of sodium excreted in the urine (natriuresis).

Name: renal sodium ion transport.

Definition: The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) by the renal system.

Name: renal water transport.

Definition: The directed movement of water (H2O) by the renal system.

Name: regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by endothelin.

Definition: The process in which endothelin modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. Endothelin is a hormone that is released by the endothelium, and it is a vasoconstrictor.

Name: negative regulation of the force of heart contraction by chemical signal.

Definition: Any process which decreases the force of heart muscle contraction mediated by chemical signaling, hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.

Name: heart field specification.

Definition: The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area in which the heart will develop.

Name: heart induction.

Definition: The close range interaction between mesoderm and endoderm or ectoderm that causes cells to change their fates and specify the development of the heart.

Name: BMP signaling pathway involved in heart induction.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to heart induction.

Name: mesodermal-endodermal cell signaling.

Definition: Any process that mediates the transfer of information from mesodermal cells to endodermal cells.

Name: endodermal-mesodermal cell signaling.

Definition: Any process that mediates the transfer of information from endodermal cells to mesodermal cells.

Name: endodermal-mesodermal cell signaling involved in heart induction.

Definition: Any process that mediates the transfer of information from endodermal cells to mesodermal cells that contributes to heart induction.

Name: negative regulation of heart induction by canonical Wnt signaling pathway.

Definition: Any canonical Wnt signaling that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of heart induction.

Name: secondary heart field specification.

Definition: The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area which will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, arterial pole (outflow tract) and venous pole (inflow tract).

Name: embryonic heart tube morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the embryonic heart tube are generated and organized. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart.

Name: outflow tract septum morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract septum are generated and organized. The outflow tract septum is a partition in the outflow tract.

Name: outflow tract morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract are generated and organized. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries.

Name: regulation of animal organ formation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of animal organ formation. Organ formation is the process pertaining to the initial formation of an organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment.

Name: endocardium development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.

Name: endothelium development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an endothelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.

Name: morphogenesis of an endothelium.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structure of an endothelium is generated and organized. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.

Name: cardiac conduction system development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac conduction system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat.

Name: sinoatrial node development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sinoatrial (SA) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The SA node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node.

Name: His-Purkinje system development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the His-Purkinje system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The His-Purkinje system receives signals from the AV node and is composed of the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles.

Name: Purkinje myocyte development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a Purkinje myocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The Purkinje myocyte (also known as cardiac Purkinje fiber) is part of the cardiac conduction system that receives signals from the bundle of His and innervates the ventricular cardiac muscle.

Name: heart valve development.

Definition: The progression of a heart valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A heart valve is a structure that restricts the flow of blood to different regions of the heart and forms from an endocardial cushion.

Name: atrioventricular valve development.

Definition: The progression of the atrioventricular valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: mitral valve development.

Definition: The progression of the mitral valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: aortic valve development.

Definition: The progression of the aortic valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: pulmonary valve development.

Definition: The progression of the pulmonary valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: heart valve morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the structure of a heart valve is generated and organized.

Name: aortic valve morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the structure of the aortic valve is generated and organized.

Name: atrioventricular valve morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the structure of the atrioventricular valve is generated and organized.

Name: mitral valve morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the structure of the mitral valve is generated and organized.

Name: pulmonary valve morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the structure of the pulmonary valve is generated and organized.

Name: heart valve formation.

Definition: The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a heart valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.

Name: aortic valve formation.

Definition: The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the aortic valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.

Name: atrioventricular valve formation.

Definition: The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the atrioventricular valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.

Name: mitral valve formation.

Definition: The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the mitral valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.

Name: pulmonary valve formation.

Definition: The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the pulmonary valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.

Name: endocardial cushion development.

Definition: The progression of a cardiac cushion over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.

Name: endocardial cushion morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardial cushion is generated and organized. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.

Name: cardiac chamber development.

Definition: The progression of a cardiac chamber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.

Name: cardiac chamber morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which a cardiac chamber is generated and organized. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.

Name: cardiac chamber formation.

Definition: The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac chamber from unspecified parts. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.

Name: cardiac ventricle morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the cardiac ventricle is generated and organized. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.

Name: cardiac atrium morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the cardiac atrium is generated and organized. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.

Name: cardiac atrium formation.

Definition: The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac atrium from unspecified parts. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.

Name: cardiac ventricle formation.

Definition: The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.

Name: cardiac left ventricle morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the left cardiac ventricle is generated and organized.

Name: cardiac right ventricle morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the right cardiac ventricle is generated and organized.

Name: cardiac left ventricle formation.

Definition: The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a left cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts.

Name: cardiac right ventricle formation.

Definition: The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a right cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts.

Name: right ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the right cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.

Name: ventricular trabecula myocardium morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the trabecular cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.

Name: atrial cardiac muscle tissue development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle of the atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: ventricular cardiac muscle tissue development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of ventricular cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: cardiac atrium development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.

Name: cardiac ventricle development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.

Name: regulation of membrane depolarization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of membrane depolarization. Membrane depolarization is the process in which membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the resting potential, usually from negative to positive.

Name: regulation of cardioblast proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.

Name: endocardial cushion formation.

Definition: The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.

Name: cell migration involved in endocardial cushion formation.

Definition: The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the formation of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.

Name: cardiac septum development.

Definition: The progression of a cardiac septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure.

Name: ventricular septum development.

Definition: The progression of the ventricular septum over time from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: atrial septum development.

Definition: The progression of the atrial septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure.

Name: septum primum development.

Definition: The progression of the septum primum over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: septum secundum development.

Definition: The progression of the septum secundum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure.

Name: atrial septum primum morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which anatomical structure of an atrial septum primum is generated and organized.

Name: atrial septum secundum morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which anatomical structure of an atrial septum secundum is generated and organized.

Name: muscle hypertrophy in response to stress.

Definition: The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis.

Name: cardiac muscle hypertrophy.

Definition: The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division.

Name: Wnt signaling pathway involved in heart development.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, resulting a change in cell state that contributes to the progression of the heart over time.

Name: regulation of Wnt signaling pathway involved in heart development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, resulting a change in cell state that contributes to the progression of the heart over time.

Name: negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway involved in heart development.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, resulting a change in cell state that contributes to the progression of the heart over time.

Name: type B pancreatic cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a type B pancreatic cell. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.

Name: pancreatic A cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features of a pancreatic A cell. A pancreatic A cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes glucagon.

Name: pancreatic A cell development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic A cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pancreatic A cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes glucagon.

Name: type B pancreatic cell development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a type B pancreatic cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.

Name: regulation of extracellular matrix constituent secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the controlled release of molecules that form the extracellular matrix, including carbohydrates and glycoproteins by a cell or a group of cells.

Name: positive regulation of extracellular matrix constituent secretion.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the controlled release of molecules that form the extracellular matrix, including carbohydrates and glycoproteins by a cell or a group of cells.

Name: negative regulation of extracellular matrix constituent secretion.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent the controlled release of molecules that form the extracellular matrix, including carbohydrates and glycoproteins by a cell or a group of cells.

Name: amino acid transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which an amino acid is transported across a membrane.

Name: keratinocyte development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a keratinocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: corneocyte development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the corneocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A corneocyte is the last stage of development of a keratinocyte where the keratinocyte flattens, loses its nucleus and eventually delaminates from the epidermis.

Name: corneocyte desquamation.

Definition: The delamination process that results in the shedding of a corneocyte from the surface of the epidermis.

Name: mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis.

Definition: A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.

Name: metanephros morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephros are generated and organized.

Name: regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.

Name: cilium movement.

Definition: The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.

Name: cardiac endothelial cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardiac endothelial cell.

Name: epithelial cilium movement involved in extracellular fluid movement.

Definition: The directed, self-propelled movement of cilia of epithelial cells. Depending on the type of cell, there may be one or many cilia per cell. This movement is usually coordinated between many epithelial cells, and serves to move extracellular fluid.

Name: regulation of cilium movement.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.

Name: positive regulation of cilium movement.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.

Name: negative regulation of cilium movement.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.

Name: regulation of cilium beat frequency.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.

Name: noradrenergic neuron differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an noradrenergic neuron, a neuron that secretes noradrenaline.

Name: noradrenergic neuron fate commitment.

Definition: The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a noradrenergic neuron.

Name: brainstem development.

Definition: The progression of the brainstem from its formation to the mature structure. The brainstem is the part of the brain that connects the brain with the spinal cord.

Name: lamellipodium assembly involved in ameboidal cell migration.

Definition: Formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell that contributes to the directed self propelled movement of a cell.

Name: cell-matrix adhesion involved in ameboidal cell migration.

Definition: The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix that contributes to the directed movement of an ameboid cell.

Name: dynamin family protein polymerization involved in membrane fission.

Definition: The process of creating dynamin family protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of dynamin family protein monomers. Dynamin family protein polymers form around lipid tubes and contribute to membrane fission.

Name: dynamin family protein polymerization involved in mitochondrial fission.

Definition: The process of creating dynamin protein family polymers, compounds composed of a large number of dynamin family monomers around a lipid tube of a dividing mitochondrion. Dynamin polymers form around lipid tubes and contribute to membrane fission.

Name: sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by sphingosine-1-phosphate binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: epithelial cell morphogenesis.

Definition: The change in form that occurs when an epithelial cell progresses from its initial formation to its mature state.

Name: apical constriction.

Definition: The actin-mediated process that results in the contraction of the apical end of a polarized columnar epithelial cell.

Name: regulation of COPII vesicle coating.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the addition of COPII proteins and adaptor proteins to ER membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat.

Name: axis elongation.

Definition: The developmental growth that results in the elongation of a line that defines polarity or symmetry in an anatomical structure.

Name: neural retina development.

Definition: The progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.

Name: chondrocyte differentiation involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the development of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.

Name: endochondral bone growth.

Definition: The increase in size or mass of an endochondral bone that contributes to the shaping of the bone.

Name: growth plate cartilage development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones as they elongate or grow.

Name: growth plate cartilage axis specification.

Definition: The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the columnar cartilage along the axis of a long bone that contributes to bone growth.

Name: growth plate cartilage morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of growth plate cartilage are generated and organized.

Name: molecular_function.

Definition: A molecular process that can be carried out by the action of a single macromolecular machine, usually via direct physical interactions with other molecular entities. Function in this sense denotes an action, or activity, that a gene product (or a complex) performs. These actions are described from two distinct but related perspectives: (1) biochemical activity, and (2) role as a component in a larger system/process.

Name: nucleic acid binding.

Definition: Binding to a nucleic acid.

Name: DNA binding.

Definition: Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

Name: DNA helicase activity.

Definition: Unwinding of a DNA helix, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Name: minor groove of adenine-thymine-rich DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a DNA structure formed by the minor groove of adenine-thymine-rich DNA regions. Examples of proteins having this function are AT-rich interaction domain (ARID)-containing proteins.

Name: chromatin binding.

Definition: Binding to chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.

Name: damaged DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to damaged DNA.

Name: DNA replication origin binding.

Definition: Binding to a DNA replication origin, a unique DNA sequence of a replicon at which DNA replication is initiated and proceeds bidirectionally or unidirectionally.

Name: DNA clamp loader activity.

Definition: Facilitating the opening of the ring structure of the PCNA complex, or any of the related sliding clamp complexes, and their closing around the DNA duplex, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Name: double-stranded DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to double-stranded DNA.

Name: double-stranded telomeric DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to double-stranded telomere-associated DNA.

Name: single-stranded DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to single-stranded DNA.

Name: DNA-binding transcription factor activity.

Definition: A transcription regulator activity that modulates transcription of gene sets via selective and non-covalent binding to a specific double-stranded genomic DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within a cis-regulatory region. Regulatory regions include promoters (proximal and distal) and enhancers. Genes are transcriptional units, and include bacterial operons.

Name: nuclear steroid receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a steroid hormone and transmitting the signal within the cell to initiate a change in cell activity or function.

Name: transcription elongation factor activity.

Definition: A molecular function that stimulates the elongation properties of the RNA polymerase during the elongation phase of transcription. A subclass of transcription elongation factors enable the transition from transcription initiation to elongation, while another class rescue stalled RNA polymerases.

Name: transcription coregulator activity.

Definition: A transcription regulator activity that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets via binding to a DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factor, either on its own or as part of a complex. Coregulators often act by altering chromatin structure and modifications. For example, one class of transcription coregulators modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second class remodels the conformation of chromatin in an ATP-dependent fashion. A third class modulates interactions of DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factors with other transcription coregulators.

Name: transcription coactivator activity.

Definition: A transcription coregulator activity that activates or increases the transcription of specific gene sets via binding to a DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factor, either on its own or as part of a complex. Coactivators often act by altering chromatin structure and modifications. For example, one class of transcription coactivators modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second class remodels the conformation of chromatin in an ATP-dependent fashion. A third class modulates interactions of DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factors with other transcription coregulators. A fourth class of coactivator activity is the bridging of a DNA-binding transcription factor to the general (basal) transcription machinery. The Mediator complex, which bridges sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factors and RNA polymerase, is also a transcription coactivator.

Name: transcription corepressor activity.

Definition: A transcription coregulator activity that represses or decreases the transcription of specific gene sets via binding to a DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factor, either on its own or as part of a complex. Corepressors often act by altering chromatin structure and modifications. For example, one class of transcription corepressors modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second class remodels the conformation of chromatin in an ATP-dependent fashion. A third class modulates interactions of DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factors with other transcription coregulators.

Name: telomerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). Catalyzes extension of the 3'- end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time using an internal RNA template that encodes the telomeric repeat sequence.

Name: telomerase RNA reverse transcriptase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the extension of the 3' end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time. Cannot initiate a chain de novo; uses the RNA subunit of the telomerase enzyme complex as its template.

Name: RNA binding.

Definition: Binding to an RNA molecule or a portion thereof.

Name: RNA helicase activity.

Definition: Unwinding of an RNA helix, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Name: double-stranded RNA binding.

Definition: Binding to double-stranded RNA.

Name: double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine + H2O = inosine + NH3, in a double-stranded RNA molecule.

Name: single-stranded RNA binding.

Definition: Binding to single-stranded RNA.

Name: mRNA binding.

Definition: Binding to messenger RNA (mRNA), an intermediate molecule between DNA and protein. mRNA includes UTR and coding sequences, but does not contain introns.

Name: mRNA 3'-UTR binding.

Definition: Binding to a 3' untranslated region of an mRNA molecule.

Name: structural constituent of ribosome.

Definition: The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the ribosome.

Name: translation initiation factor activity.

Definition: Functions in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide.

Name: translation elongation factor activity.

Definition: Functions in chain elongation during polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.

Name: translation release factor activity.

Definition: Involved in catalyzing the release of a nascent polypeptide chain from a ribosome.

Name: peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-proline (omega=180) = peptidyl-proline (omega=0).

Name: protein disulfide isomerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the rearrangement of both intrachain and interchain disulfide bonds in proteins.

Name: cytoskeletal motor activity.

Definition: Generation of force resulting in movement, for example along a microfilament or microtubule, or in torque resulting in membrane scission or rotation of a flagellum. The energy required is obtained either from the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate or by an electrochemical proton gradient (proton-motive force).

Name: microtubule motor activity.

Definition: A motor activity that generates movement along a microtubule, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Name: actin binding.

Definition: Binding to monomeric or multimeric forms of actin, including actin filaments.

Name: actin monomer binding.

Definition: Binding to monomeric actin, also known as G-actin.

Name: lysozyme activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the beta-(1->4) linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in a peptidoglycan.

Name: protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: protein glutamine + alkylamine = protein N5-alkylglutamine + NH3. This reaction is the formation of the N6-(L-isoglutamyl)-L-lysine isopeptide, resulting in cross-linking polypeptide chains; the gamma-carboxamide groups of peptidyl-glutamine residues act as acyl donors, and the 6-amino-groups of peptidyl-lysine residues act as acceptors, to give intra- and intermolecular N6-(5-glutamyl)lysine cross-links.

Name: antigen binding.

Definition: Binding to an antigen, any substance which is capable of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, the specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Binding may counteract the biological activity of the antigen.

Name: catalytic activity.

Definition: Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic.

Name: alpha-1,3-mannosylglycoprotein 2-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3-(alpha-D-mannosyl)-beta-D-mannosyl-R + UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine = 3-(2-[N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl]-alpha-D-mannosyl)-beta-D-mannosyl-R + H+ + UDP.

Name: alpha-N-acetylneuraminate alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-R = CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->8)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-R.

Name: beta-1,4-mannosylglycoprotein 4-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-mannosyl-R = UDP + 4-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)-beta-D-mannosyl-R.

Name: beta-N-acetylglucosaminylglycopeptide beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide = UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide.

Name: beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-beta-carotene + O2 = 2 all-trans-retinal.

Name: beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine = CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->6)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine.

Name: beta-galactoside (CMP) alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl-R = CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl-R.

Name: beta-ureidopropionase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine + H2O = beta-alanine + CO2 + NH3.

Name: gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid = 5-oxoproline + L-amino acid.

Name: 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate = CoA + 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate.

Name: 1,4-alpha-glucan branching enzyme activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a segment of a (1->4)-alpha-D-glucan chain to a primary hydroxyl group in a similar glucan chain.

Name: 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase [NAD(P)] activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: an 11-beta-hydroxysteroid + NAD(P)+ = an 11-oxosteroid + NAD(P)H + H+.

Name: 2-acylglycerol O-acyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + 2-acylglycerol = CoA + diacylglycerol.

Name: 1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine esterase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H2O = 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + acetate.

Name: 2-methylacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-methylbutanoyl-CoA + H+ + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] = (2E)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein].

Name: 3-beta-hydroxy-delta5-steroid dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-beta-hydroxy-delta(5)-steroid + NAD+ = a 3-oxo-delta(5)-steroid + NADH + H+.

Name: 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA + NAD+ = 3-oxoacyl-CoA + NADH + H+.

Name: 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate + NAD+ = acetoacetate + H+ + NADH.

Name: 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl-CoA + H2O = CoA + 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate.

Name: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (2-methylpropanoyl-transferring) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + lipoamide = S-(2-methylpropanoyl)dihydrolipoamide + CO2.

Name: 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid + acceptor = a 3-oxo-delta(4)-steroid + reduced acceptor.

Name: 4-aminobutyrate transaminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 4-aminobutanoate + amino group acceptor = succinate semialdehyde + amino acid.

Name: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate + O2 = homogentisate + CO2.

Name: 5-aminolevulinate synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: glycine + H+ + succinyl-CoA = 5-aminolevulinate + CO2 + CoA.

Name: 6-phosphofructokinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-fructose-6-phosphate = ADP + D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.

Name: 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate + ATP = beta-D-fructose 2,6-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Name: ADP-ribosylarginine hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N2-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-arginine + H2O = L-arginine + ADP-ribose.

Name: AMP deaminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + H2O = IMP + NH3.

Name: ATP adenylyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ADP + ATP = phosphate + P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl)tetraphosphate.

Name: ATP citrate synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + ADP + H+ + oxaloacetate + phosphate = ATP + citrate + CoA.

Name: protein C-terminal carboxyl O-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the oxygen atom of a carboxyl group at the C-terminal of a protein.

Name: CDP-diacylglycerol-inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol + CDP-diacylglycerol = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + CMP + H+.

Name: CTP synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + UTP + glutamine + H20= ADP + phosphate + CTP + glutamate.

Name: D-amino-acid oxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a D-amino acid + H2O + O2 = a 2-oxo acid + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.

Name: DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + DNA containing cytosine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + DNA containing 5-methylcytosine.

Name: DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1); the synthesis of DNA from deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates in the presence of a DNA template and a 3'hydroxyl group.

Name: DNA primase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the synthesis of a short RNA primer on a DNA template, providing a free 3'-OH that can be extended by DNA-directed DNA polymerases.

Name: DNA-directed 5'-3' RNA polymerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template, i.e. the catalysis of DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.

Name: DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) endonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the cleavage of the C-O-P bond in the AP site created when DNA glycosylase removes a damaged base, involved in the DNA base excision repair pathway (BER).

Name: DNA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group at the end of one DNA chain and the 5'-phosphate group at the end of another. This reaction requires an energy source such as ATP or NAD+.

Name: DNA ligase (ATP) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + deoxyribonucleotide(n) + deoxyribonucleotide(m) = AMP + diphosphate + deoxyribonucleotide(n+m).

Name: DNA nucleotidylexotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1).

Name: DNA topoisomerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transient cleavage and passage of individual DNA strands or double helices through one another, resulting a topological transformation in double-stranded DNA.

Name: DNA topoisomerase type I (single strand cut, ATP-independent) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of a DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving one DNA strand at a time to allow passage of another strand; changes the linking number by +1 per catalytic cycle.

Name: DNA topoisomerase type II (double strand cut, ATP-hydrolyzing) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of a DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving a pair of complementary DNA strands to form a gate through which a second double-stranded DNA segment is passed, after which the severed strands in the first DNA segment are rejoined, driven by ATP hydrolysis. The enzyme changes the linking number in multiples of 2.

Name: GMP reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: IMP + NADP+ + NH4 = GMP + 2 H+ + NADPH.

Name: GMP synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + XMP + NH4(+) = AMP + diphosphate + GMP + 2H+.

Name: GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + XMP + L-glutamine + H2O = AMP + diphosphate + GMP + L-glutamate + 2H+.

Name: GPI-anchor transamidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the formation of the linkage between a protein and a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. The reaction probably occurs by subjecting a peptide bond to nucleophilic attack by the amino group of ethanolamine-GPI, transferring the protein from a signal peptide to the GPI anchor.

Name: GTPase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + H+ + phosphate.

Name: G protein activity.

Definition: A molecular function regulator that cycles between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states. In its active state, binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular processes. Intrinsic GTPase activity returns the G protein to its GDP-bound state. The return to the GDP-bound state can be accelerated by the action of a GTPase-activating protein (GAP).

Name: GTP cyclohydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the imidazole ring of GTP, releasing formate. Two C-N bonds are hydrolyzed and the pentase unit is isomerized.

Name: GTP cyclohydrolase I activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = formate + 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-triphosphate.

Name: IMP cyclohydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: IMP + H2O = 5-formamido-1-(5-phosphoribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide.

Name: IMP dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: inosine 5'-phosphate + NAD+ + H2O = xanthosine 5'-phosphate + NADH + H+.

Name: L-iditol 2-dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-iditol + NAD+ = L-sorbose + NADH + H+.

Name: L-iduronidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-L-iduronosidic linkages in dermatan sulfate.

Name: L-serine ammonia-lyase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine = pyruvate + NH3.

Name: N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 4-sulfate groups of the N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units of chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate.

Name: N-acetyllactosamine synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = UDP + N-acetyllactosamine.

Name: (N-acetylneuraminyl)-galactosylglucosylceramide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine + (N-acetylneuraminyl)-D-galactosyl-D-glucosylceramide = UDP + N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-D-galactosyl-D-glucosylceramide.

Name: N4-(beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + L-aspartate + H+.

Name: NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + (ADP-D-ribosyl)(n)-acceptor = nicotinamide + (ADP-D-ribosyl)(n+1)-acceptor.

Name: NAD+ kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + NAD+ = ADP + 2 H+ + NADP+.

Name: NAD+ synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + deamido-NAD+ + L-glutamine + H2O = AMP + diphosphate + NAD+ + L-glutamate.

Name: NAD+ nucleosidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + H2O = nicotinamide + ADP-ribose.

Name: NADH dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NADH + H+ + acceptor = NAD+ + reduced acceptor.

Name: NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)H + H+ + a quinone = NAD(P)+ + a hydroquinone.

Name: NADPH-hemoprotein reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + n oxidized hemoprotein = NADP+ + n reduced hemoprotein.

Name: NADPH:quinone reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + quinone = NADP+ + semiquinone.

Name: RNA-3'-phosphate cyclase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + RNA 3'-terminal-phosphate = AMP + diphosphate + RNA terminal-2',3'-cyclic-phosphate.

Name: RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). Catalyzes RNA-template-directed extension of the 3'- end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time.

Name: RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1); uses an RNA template, i.e. the catalysis of RNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time.

Name: RNA ligase (ATP) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + ribonucleotide(n) + ribonucleotide(m) = AMP + diphosphate + ribonucleotide(n+m).

Name: (S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2-hydroxy-acid + O2 = 2-oxo acid + hydrogen peroxide.

Name: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + dolichyl phosphate = UMP + N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-diphosphodolichol.

Name: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-lysosomal-enzyme N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + lysosomal-enzyme D-mannose = UMP + lysosomal-enzyme N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-phospho-D-mannose.

Name: UDP-glucose 4-epimerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose = UDP-galactose.

Name: UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + 2 NAD+ + UDP-alpha-D-glucose = 3 H+ + 2 NADH + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate.

Name: UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the addition of UDP-glucose on to asparagine-linked (N-linked) oligosaccharides of the form Man7-9GlcNAc2 on incorrectly folded glycoproteins.

Name: UTP:glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + UTP = diphosphate + UDP-D-glucose.

Name: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2 acetyl-CoA = CoA + acetoacetyl-CoA.

Name: acetate-CoA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acetate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + acetyl-CoA.

Name: acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + acetyl-CoA = CoA + 3-oxoacyl-CoA.

Name: acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acetyl-CoA + HCO3- = ADP + phosphate + malonyl-CoA.

Name: acetylcholinesterase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetylcholine + H2O = choline + acetate.

Name: acid phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an acid pH optimum.

Name: aconitate hydratase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: citrate = isocitrate. The reaction occurs in two steps: (1) citrate = cis-aconitate + H2O, (2) cis-aconitate + H2O = isocitrate. This reaction is the interconversion of citrate and isocitrate via the labile, enzyme-bound intermediate cis-aconitate. Water is removed from one part of the citrate molecule and added back to a different atom to form isocitrate.

Name: acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein]= 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein] + H+.

Name: acyl-CoA oxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + O2 = trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + hydrogen peroxide.

Name: adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + diphosphate = adenine + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.

Name: adenosine deaminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine + H2O = inosine + NH3.

Name: adenosylhomocysteinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H2O = adenosine + L-homocysteine.

Name: adenylate cyclase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP = 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate.

Name: adenylate kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + AMP = 2 ADP.

Name: N6-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP AMP-lyase (fumarate-forming) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N6-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP = fumarate + AMP.

Name: adenylosuccinate synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + GTP + IMP = N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-AMP + GDP + 3 H+ + phosphate.

Name: adenylylsulfate kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + adenylylsulfate = ADP + 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate.

Name: L-alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-alanine = L-glutamate + pyruvate.

Name: alcohol dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NAD+ = an aldehyde or ketone + NADH + H+.

Name: alcohol dehydrogenase activity, zinc-dependent.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NAD+ = an aldehyde or ketone + NADH + H+, requiring the presence of zinc.

Name: alcohol sulfotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + an alcohol = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + an alkyl sulfate.

Name: aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: an aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = an acid + NADH + H+.

Name: aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: an aldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O = an acid + NAD(P)H + H+.

Name: aldehyde oxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: an aldehyde + H2O + O2 = a carboxylic acid + hydrogen peroxide.

Name: alditol:NADP+ 1-oxidoreductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: an alditol + NADP+ = an aldose + NADPH + H+.

Name: aldo-keto reductase (NADP) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NADP+ = an aldehyde or a ketone + NADPH + H+.

Name: aldose 1-epimerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose = beta-D-glucose. Also acts on L-arabinose, D-xylose, D-galactose, maltose and lactose.

Name: alkaline phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum.

Name: acetyl-CoA:L-glutamate N-acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + acetyl-CoA = N-acetyl-L-glutamate + CoA + H+.

Name: aminoacyl-tRNA hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N-substituted aminoacyl-tRNA + H2O = N-substituted amino acid + tRNA.

Name: aminoacylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: an N-acyl-L-amino acid + H2O = a carboxylate + an L-amino acid.

Name: aminomethyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-tetrahydrofolate + S-aminomethyldihydrolipoylprotein = (6R)-5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NH3 + dihydrolipoylprotein.

Name: arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + O2 = (6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-(5S)-5-hydroperoxycosa-6,8,11,14-tetraenoate.

Name: arachidonate 12(S)-lipoxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + O2 = (5Z,8Z,10E,12S,14Z)-12-hydroperoxyicosa-5,8,10,14-tetraenoate.

Name: arginase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + H2O = L-ornithine + urea.

Name: argininosuccinate synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-citrulline + L-aspartate = AMP + diphosphate + (N(omega)-L-arginino)succinate.

Name: argininosuccinate lyase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N-(L-arginino)succinate = fumarate + L-arginine.

Name: aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-amino acid + H+ = R-H + CO2.

Name: aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + an aralkylamine = CoA + an N-acetylaralkylamine.

Name: aryl sulfotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + a phenol = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + an aryl sulfate.

Name: aryldialkylphosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: aryl dialkyl phosphate + H2O = dialkyl phosphate + an aryl alcohol.

Name: arylesterase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a phenyl acetate + H2O = a phenol + acetate.

Name: arylsulfatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a phenol sulfate + H2O = a phenol + sulfate.

Name: asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine = AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate.

Name: asparaginase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-asparagine + H2O = L-aspartate + NH3.

Name: L-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + 2-oxoglutarate = oxaloacetate + L-glutamate.

Name: biliverdin reductase (NAD(P)+) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: bilirubin + NAD(P)+ = biliverdin + NAD(P)H + H+.

Name: biotin-[propionyl-CoA-carboxylase (ATP-hydrolyzing)] ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + biotin + apo-(propanoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)) = AMP + diphosphate + (propanoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)).

Name: bis(5'-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphatase (asymmetrical) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-nucleosyl)tetraphosphate + H2O = NTP + NMP. Acts on bis(5'-guanosyl)-, bis(5'-xanthosyl)-, bis(5'-adenosyl)- and bis(5'-uridyl)-tetraphosphate.

Name: bisphosphoglycerate mutase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate = 2,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate.

Name: bisphosphoglycerate 2-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate + H2O = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + phosphate.

Name: branched-chain-amino-acid transaminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a branched-chain amino acid + 2-oxoglutarate = L-glutamate + a 2-oxocarboxylate derived from the branched-chain amino acid.

Name: carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (ammonia) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2 ATP + hydrogencarbonate + NH4+ = 2 ADP + carbamoyl phosphate + 2 H+ + phosphate.

Name: carbonate dehydratase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O.

Name: carbonyl reductase (NADPH) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: R-CHOH-R' + NADP+ = R-CO-R' + NADPH + H+.

Name: carnitine O-acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + carnitine = (R)-O-acetylcarnitine + CoA.

Name: carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-CoA + L-carnitine = CoA + L-palmitoylcarnitine.

Name: catalase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2 hydrogen peroxide = O2 + 2 H2O.

Name: choline kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + choline = ADP + choline phosphate + 2 H+.

Name: cholinesterase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: an acylcholine + H2O = choline + a carboxylic acid anion.

Name: choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + choline phosphate = diphosphate + CDP-choline.

Name: citrate (Si)-synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + H2O + oxaloacetate = citrate + CoA, where the acetyl group is added to the si-face of oxaloacetate; acetyl-CoA thus provides the two carbon atoms of the pro-S carboxymethyl group.

Name: coproporphyrinogen oxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: coproporphyrinogen III + 2 H+ + O2 = 2 CO2 + 2 H2O + protoporphyrinogen IX.

Name: creatine kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + creatine = N-phosphocreatine + ADP + 2 H+.

Name: cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a nucleoside cyclic phosphate + H2O = a nucleoside phosphate.

Name: 3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = a nucleoside 5'-phosphate.

Name: 3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3',5'-cyclic AMP + H2O = AMP + H+.

Name: calmodulin-activated dual specificity 3',5'-cyclic-GMP, 3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reactions: 3',5'-cyclic AMP + H2O = AMP + H+ and 3',5'-cyclic GMP + H2O = GMP + H+; this activity is activated by binding to calcium-bound calmodulin.

Name: cGMP-stimulated cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 5'-phosphate; catalytic activity is increased in the presence of cGMP.

Name: cGMP-inhibited cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 5'-phosphate; catalytic activity is decreased in the presence of cGMP.

Name: cystathionine beta-synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + L-homocysteine = cystathionine + H2O.

Name: cystathionine gamma-lyase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-cystathionine + H2O = 2-oxobutanoate + L-cysteine + NH4+.

Name: cytidine deaminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: cytidine + H2O = uridine + NH3.

Name: cytidylate kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + (d)CMP = ADP + (d)CDP.

Name: cytochrome-b5 reductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)H + H+ + 2 ferricytochrome b(5) = NAD(P)+ + 2 ferrocytochrome b(5).

Name: cytochrome-c oxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 4 ferrocytochrome c + O2 + 4 H+ = 4 ferricytochrome c + 2 H2O.

Name: 4-alpha-glucanotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a segment of a (1->4)-alpha-D-glucan to a new 4-position in an acceptor, which may be glucose or (1->4)-alpha-D-glucan.

Name: amylo-alpha-1,6-glucosidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->6)-alpha-D-glucosidic branch linkages in glycogen phosphorylase limit dextrin. Limit dextrin is the highly branched core that remains after exhaustive treatment of glycogen with glycogen phosphorylase. It is formed because these enzymes cannot hydrolyze the (1->6) glycosidic linkages present.

Name: deoxyadenosine kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-deoxyadenosine + ATP = ADP + dAMP + 2 H+.

Name: deoxycytidine kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NTP + deoxycytidine = NDP + CMP.

Name: deoxyguanosine kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-deoxyguanosine + ATP = ADP + dGMP + 2 H+.

Name: deoxyribose-phosphate aldolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-deoxy-D-ribose 5-phosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + acetaldehyde.

Name: dephospho-CoA kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-dephospho-CoA + ATP = ADP + CoA + 2 H+.

Name: diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-choline + 1,2-diacylglycerol = CMP + a phosphatidylcholine.

Name: diacylglycerol kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NTP + 1,2-diacylglycerol = NDP + 1,2-diacylglycerol-3-phosphate.

Name: diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + 1,2-diacylglycerol = CoA + triacylglycerol.

Name: diamine N-acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + an alkane-alpha,omega-diamine = CoA + an N-acetyldiamine.

Name: dihydrofolate reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + NADP+ = 7,8-dihydrofolate + NADPH + H+.

Name: dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: protein N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine + NAD+ = protein N6-(lipoyl)lysine + NADH + H+.

Name: dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: succinyl-CoA + dihydrolipoamide = CoA + S-succinyldihydrolipoamide.

Name: dihydroorotase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-dihydroorotate + H2O = N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate + H+.

Name: 6,7-dihydropteridine reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine = NADPH + H+ + 6,7-dihydropteridine.

Name: dihydropyrimidinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6-dihydrouracil + H2O = 3-ureidopropionate.

Name: diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-5-diphosphomevalonate + ATP = ADP + CO2 + H+ + isopentenyl diphosphate + phosphate.

Name: diphthine synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 2-(3-carboxy-3-aminopropyl)-L-histidine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 2-(3-carboxy-3-(methylammonio)propyl)-L-histidine.

Name: dopachrome isomerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-dopachrome = 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylate.

Name: dolichol kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + dolichol = CDP + dolichyl phosphate.

Name: dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: dolichyl phosphate D-mannose + protein = dolichyl phosphate + O-D-mannosylprotein.

Name: dUTP diphosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: dUTP + H2O = dUMP + H+ + diphosphate.

Name: electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a ubiquinone + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein] = a ubiquinol + H+ + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein].

Name: endopeptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain.

Name: ATP-dependent peptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Name: aminopeptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a single N-terminal amino acid residue from a polypeptide chain.

Name: carboxypeptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a single C-terminal amino acid residue from a polypeptide chain.

Name: metallocarboxypeptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a single C-terminal amino acid residue from a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.

Name: serine-type carboxypeptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a single C-terminal amino acid residue from the C-terminus of a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).

Name: aspartic-type endopeptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which a water molecule bound by the side chains of aspartic residues at the active center acts as a nucleophile.

Name: cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.

Name: calcium-dependent cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of nonterminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism using a cysteine residue at the enzyme active center, and requiring the presence of calcium.

Name: metalloendopeptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.

Name: serine-type endopeptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).

Name: threonine-type endopeptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the hydroxyl group of a threonine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.

Name: enoyl-CoA hydratase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (3S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA = trans-2-enoyl-CoA + H2O.

Name: epoxide hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: an epoxide + H2O = a glycol.

Name: estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: estradiol-17-beta + NADP+ = estrone + NADPH + H+.

Name: ethanolamine kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + ethanolamine = ADP + 2 H+ + phosphoethanolamine.

Name: ethanolamine-phosphate cytidylyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + ethanolamine phosphate = diphosphate + CDP-ethanolamine.

Name: ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-ethanolamine + 1,2-diacylglycerol = CMP + a phosphatidylethanolamine.

Name: exo-alpha-sialidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-(2->3)-, alpha-(2->6)-, alpha-(2->8)-glycosidic linkages of terminal sialic residues in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, colominic acid and synthetic substrates.

Name: farnesyltranstransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate.

Name: fatty acid synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + n malonyl-CoA + 2n NADPH + 2n H+ = long-chain fatty acid + n+1 CoA + n CO2 + 2n NADP+.

Name: [acyl-carrier-protein] S-malonyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: malonyl-CoA + [acyl-carrier protein] = CoA + malonyl-[acyl-carrier protein].

Name: 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + malonyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + CO2 + [acyl-carrier protein].

Name: 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADP+ = 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADPH + H+.

Name: ferroxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 4 Fe2+ + 4 H+ + O2 = 4 Fe3+ + 2 H2O.

Name: ferrochelatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: heme B (protoheme) + H+ = Fe(2+) + protoporphyrin IX.

Name: tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + tetrahydrofolyl-(Glu)(n) + L-glutamate = ADP + phosphate + tetrahydrofolyl-(Glu)(n+1).

Name: formate-tetrahydrofolate ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + formate + tetrahydrofolate = ADP + phosphate + 10-formyltetrahydrofolate.

Name: fructose-2,6-bisphosphate 2-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 2,6-bisphosphate + H2O = D-fructose-6-phosphate + phosphate.

Name: fructose-bisphosphate aldolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate = glycerone phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.

Name: fumarate hydratase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate = fumarate + H2O.

Name: galactokinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactose + ATP = alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Name: galactosylceramidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine + H2O = D-galactose + N-acylsphingosine.

Name: glucokinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-glucose = ADP + D-glucose-6-phosphate.

Name: gluconolactonase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucono-1,5-lactone + H2O = D-gluconate.

Name: glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate + NH4.

Name: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ = D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+.

Name: glucose-6-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucose + phosphate. D-glucopyranose is also known as D-glucose 6-phosphate.

Name: glucose-6-phosphate isomerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose 6-phosphate = D-fructose 6-phosphate.

Name: glucosylceramidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine + H2O = D-glucose + N-acylsphingosine.

Name: glutamate 5-kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + ATP = L-glutamyl 5-phosphate + ADP + H+.

Name: glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + NADP+ + phosphate = L-glutamyl 5-phosphate + H+ + NADPH.

Name: glutamate decarboxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate = 4-aminobutanoate + CO2.

Name: glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + H2O + NAD+ = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + NADH + H+.

Name: glutamate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + H2O + NAD(P)+ = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + NAD(P)H + H+.

Name: glutamate-ammonia ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + ATP + NH3 = L-glutamine + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.

Name: glutamate-cysteine ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-cysteine + L-glutamate + ATP = L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.

Name: glutaminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamine + H2O = L-glutamate + NH3.

Name: glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: 3-methylbutanoyl-CoA + H+ + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] = 3-methyl-(2E)-butenoyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein].

Name: glutathione transferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: R-X + glutathione = H-X + R-S-glutathione. R may be an aliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic group; X may be a sulfate, nitrile or halide group.

Name: glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate = CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.

Name: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (quinone) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + a quinone = glycerone phosphate + a quinol.

Name: glycerol kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + glycerol = sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Name: glycerone kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + glycerone = ADP + glycerone phosphate + 2 H+.

Name: glycine hydroxymethyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + glycine + H2O = tetrahydrofolate + L-serine.

Name: glycogen (starch) synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = UDP + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n+1).

Name: glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: glycine + lipoylprotein = S-aminomethyldihydrolipoylprotein + CO2.

Name: glycylpeptide N-tetradecanoyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: tetradecanoyl-CoA + glycyl-peptide = CoA + N-tetradecanoylglycyl-peptide.

Name: GDP phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: GDP + H2O = GMP + phosphate.

Name: guanylate cyclase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: GTP = 3',5'-cyclic GMP + diphosphate.

Name: guanylate kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GMP = ADP + GDP.

Name: helicase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to drive the unwinding of a DNA or RNA helix.

Name: heme oxygenase (decyclizing) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: heme b + 3 O2 + 3 reduced [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] = biliverdin + CO + Fe2+ + H+ + 3 H2O + 3 oxidized [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase].

Name: hexokinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-hexose = ADP + D-hexose 6-phosphate.

Name: histidine ammonia-lyase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-histidine = urocanate + NH3.

Name: histidine decarboxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-histidine = histamine + CO2.

Name: histone acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone = CoA + acetyl-histone.

Name: histone deacetylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: histone N6-acetyl-L-lysine + H2O = histone L-lysine + acetate. This reaction represents the removal of an acetyl group from a histone, a class of proteins complexed to DNA in chromatin and chromosomes.

Name: holocytochrome-c synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: holocytochrome c = apocytochrome c + heme.

Name: homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: homogentisate + O2 = 4-maleylacetoacetate + H+.

Name: hyalurononglucosaminidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->4) linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate.

Name: hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-(2-hydroxyacyl)glutathione + H2O = glutathione + a 2-hydroxy carboxylate.

Name: hydroxymethylbilane synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + 4 porphobilinogen = hydroxymethylbilane + 4 NH4.

Name: hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA = acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA.

Name: hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-mevalonate + CoA + 2 NADP+ = (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + 2 H+ + 2 NADPH.

Name: hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetoacetyl-CoA + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + CoA + H+.

Name: hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: IMP + diphosphate = hypoxanthine + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.

Name: iduronate-2-sulfatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 2-sulfate groups of the L-iduronate 2-sulfate units of dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate and heparin.

Name: inorganic diphosphate phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: diphosphate + H2O = H+ + 2 phosphate.

Name: 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Name: phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + H2O = 1,2-diacylglycerol + 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H+.

Name: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + phosphate.

Name: phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + phosphate.

Name: inositol-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reactions: D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate, and 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + phosphate.

Name: isocitrate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: isocitrate + NAD(P)+ = 2-oxoglutarate + CO2 + NAD(P)H.

Name: isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: isocitrate + NAD+ = 2-oxoglutarate + CO2 + NADH.

Name: isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: isocitrate + NADP+ = 2-oxoglutarate + CO2 + NADPH.

Name: isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: isopentenyl diphosphate = dimethylallyl diphosphate.

Name: ketohexokinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-fructose = ADP + D-fructose 1-phosphate.

Name: lactate dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: lactate + NAD+ = H+ + NADH + pyruvate.

Name: L-lactate dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-lactate + NAD+ = pyruvate + NADH + H+.

Name: lactose synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + D-glucose = UDP + lactose.

Name: lactoylglutathione lyase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-S-lactoylglutathione = glutathione + methylglyoxal.

Name: leukotriene-A4 hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + leukotriene A(4) = leukotriene B(4).

Name: leukotriene-C4 synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: leukotriene C(4) = glutathione + leukotriene A(4).

Name: lipoprotein lipase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: triacylglycerol + H2O = diacylglycerol + a carboxylate, where the triacylglycerol is part of a lipoprotein.

Name: long-chain-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a long-chain 2,3-saturated fatty acyl-CoA + H+ + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] = a long-chain (2E)-enoyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein].

Name: long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a long-chain fatty acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA; a long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.

Name: lysine N-acetyltransferase activity, acting on acetyl phosphate as donor.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl phosphate + L-lysine = phosphate + N6-acetyl-L-lysine.

Name: malic enzyme activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the oxidative decarboxylation of malate with the concomitant production of pyruvate.

Name: malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP+) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + NADP+ = pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+.

Name: malate synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + glyoxylate + H2O = (S)-malate + CoA + H+.

Name: methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + H2O = 10-formyltetrahydrofolate.

Name: methionine adenosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-methionine + H2O = phosphate + diphosphate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine.

Name: methionyl-tRNA formyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 10-formyltetrahydrofolate + L-methionyl-tRNA + H2O = tetrahydrofolate + N-formylmethionyl-tRNA.

Name: mRNA (guanine-N7-)-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + G(5')pppR-RNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + m7G(5')pppR-RNA. m7G(5')pppR-RNA is mRNA containing an N7-methylguanine cap; R may be guanosine or adenosine.

Name: mRNA (nucleoside-2'-O-)-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + m7G(5')pppR-RNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + m7G(5')pppRm-RNA. R may be guanosine or adenosine.

Name: mRNA guanylyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + (5')pp-Pur-mRNA = diphosphate + G(5')ppp-Pur-mRNA; G(5')ppp-Pur-mRNA is mRNA containing a guanosine residue linked 5' through three phosphates to the 5' position of the terminal residue.

Name: methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methylbut-2-enoyl-CoA + ATP + bicarbonate = trans-3-methylglutaconyl-CoA + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.

Name: methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NAD(P)+ = 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + NAD(P)H + H+.

Name: methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NAD+ = 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + NADH.

Name: methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NADP+ = 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + NADPH.

Name: methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NAD(P)H) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate + NAD(P)+ = 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NAD(P)H + H+.

Name: methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acylating) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + CoA + NAD+ = propanoyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+.

Name: methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-methylmalonyl-CoA = (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA.

Name: methylmalonyl-CoA mutase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-methylmalonyl-CoA = succinyl-CoA.

Name: mevalonate kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-mevalonate + ATP = (R)-5-phosphomevalonate + ADP + 2 H+.

Name: monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water.

Name: calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: calcidiol + H+ + NADPH + O2 = calcitriol + H2O + NADP+.

Name: N,N-dimethylaniline monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N,N-dimethylaniline + NADPH + H+ + O2 = N,N-dimethylaniline N-oxide + NADP+ + H2O.

Name: dopamine beta-monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-ascorbate + dopamine + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + dehydroascorbate + H2O.

Name: kynurenine 3-monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-kynurenine + H+ + NADPH + O2 = 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O + NADP+.

Name: tyrosinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine + O2 = L-DOPAquinone + H2O. This reaction can use both monophenols (such as tyrosine) and catechols (o-diphenols) as substrates.

Name: peptidylglycine monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-glycine + ascorbate + O2 = peptidyl(2-hydroxyglycine) + dehydroascorbate + H2O.

Name: phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-phenylalanine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 = L-tyrosine + 4-alpha-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin.

Name: squalene monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + NADPH + O2 + squalene = (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene + H2O + NADP+.

Name: steroid 11-beta-monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a steroid + reduced adrenal ferredoxin + O2 = an 11-beta-hydroxysteroid + oxidized adrenal ferredoxin + H2O.

Name: steroid 17-alpha-monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a steroid + AH2 + O2 = a 17a-hydroxysteroid + A + H2O.

Name: steroid 21-monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: A C(21) steroid + [reduced NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = a 21-hydroxy-C(21)-steroid + [oxidized NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + H2O.

Name: tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 = 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine + 4-alpha-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin + H2O.

Name: inositol-3-phosphate synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose 6-phosphate = 1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate. This reaction requires NAD, which dehydrogenates the CHOH group to CO at C-5 of the glucose 6-phosphate, making C-6 into an active methylene, able to condense with the aldehyde at C-1. Finally, the enzyme-bound NADH reconverts C-5 into the CHOH form.

Name: neolactotetraosylceramide alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide = CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-D-glucosylceramide.

Name: nicotinate-nucleotide diphosphorylase (carboxylating) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: CO2 + diphosphate + nicotinate D-ribonucleotide = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + 2 H+ + quinolinate.

Name: nicotinate-nucleotide adenylyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nicotinate ribonucleotide = diphosphate + deamido-NAD+.

Name: nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: diphosphate + nicotinate D-ribonucleotide = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + H+ + nicotinate.

Name: nitric-oxide synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + n NADPH + n H+ + m O2 = citrulline + nitric oxide + n NADP+.

Name: nuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.

Name: endonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by creating internal breaks.

Name: endodeoxyribonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.

Name: endoribonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.

Name: ribonuclease A activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA to 3'-phosphomononucleotides and 3'-phosphooligonucleotides ending in C-P or U-P with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate intermediates.

Name: RNA-DNA hybrid ribonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA in RNA-DNA hybrids to 5'-phosphomonoesters.

Name: ribonuclease III activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA with 5'-phosphomonoesters and 3'-OH termini; makes two staggered cuts in both strands of dsRNA, leaving a 3' overhang of 2 nt.

Name: ribonuclease P activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA, removing 5' extra nucleotides from tRNA precursor.

Name: exonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' or 5' end.

Name: phosphodiesterase I activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the sequential hydrolytic removal of 5'-nucleotides from the 3'-hydroxy termini of 3'-hydroxy-terminated oligonucleotides.

Name: exodeoxyribonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' or 3' terminus of a DNA molecule.

Name: exoribonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' or 3' terminus of an RNA molecule.

Name: 5'-3' exoribonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' terminus of an RNA molecule.

Name: poly(A)-specific ribonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage of poly(A) to 5'-AMP.

Name: deoxyribonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.

Name: ribonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in chains of RNA.

Name: tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in tRNA molecules.

Name: nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nucleoside diphosphate = ADP + nucleoside triphosphate.

Name: dinucleotide phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a dinucleotide + H2O = 2 mononucleotides.

Name: hydrolase activity, hydrolyzing O-glycosyl compounds.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any O-glycosyl bond.

Name: alpha,alpha-trehalase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: alpha,alpha-trehalose + H2O = 2 D-glucose.

Name: alpha-amylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides containing three or more alpha-(1->4)-linked D-glucose units.

Name: alpha-galactosidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-galactose residues in alpha-D-galactosides, including galactose oligosaccharides, galactomannans and galactolipids.

Name: alpha-1,4-glucosidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-(1->4)-linked alpha-D-glucose residues with release of alpha-D-glucose.

Name: alpha-mannosidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-mannose residues in alpha-D-mannosides.

Name: alpha-L-fucosidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: an alpha-L-fucoside + H2O = an alcohol + L-fucose.

Name: beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-hexosamine residues in N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminides.

Name: beta-galactosidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-D-galactosides.

Name: beta-mannosidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-mannose residues in beta-D-mannosides.

Name: chitinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-beta linkages of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) polymers of chitin and chitodextrins.

Name: glycoprotein endo-alpha-1,2-mannosidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the terminal alpha-glucosyl-(1,3)-mannosyl unit from Glc-Man(9)-(GlcNAc)(2) oligosaccharide component of the glycoprotein produced in the Golgi membrane.

Name: mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the terminal (1->2)-linked alpha-D-mannose residues in an oligo-mannose oligosaccharide.

Name: oligo-1,6-glucosidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->6)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in some oligosaccharides produced from starch and glycogen by alpha-amylase, and in isomaltose. Releases a free alpha-D-glucose.

Name: oligosaccharyl transferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a oligosaccharyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.

Name: chitobiosyldiphosphodolichol beta-mannosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-mannose + chitobiosyldiphosphodolichol = GDP + beta-D-mannosylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol.

Name: dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide-protein glycotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: dolichyl diphosphooligosaccharide + protein L-asparagine = dolichyl diphosphate + a glycoprotein with the oligosaccharide chain attached by glycosylamine linkage to protein L-asparagine.

Name: dolichyl-phosphate beta-D-mannosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-mannose + dolichyl phosphate = GDP + dolichyl D-mannosyl phosphate.

Name: ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: carbamoyl phosphate + L-ornithine = phosphate + L-citrulline.

Name: ornithine decarboxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-ornithine + H+ = CO2 + putrescine.

Name: orotate phosphoribosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: orotidine 5'-phosphate + diphosphate = orotate + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.

Name: orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + orotidine 5'-phosphate = CO2 + UMP.

Name: oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (succinyl-transferring) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + lipoamide = S-succinyldihydrolipoamide + CO2.

Name: pantothenate kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + pantothenate = ADP + D-4'-phosphopantothenate.

Name: pantetheine-phosphate adenylyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + pantetheine 4'-phosphate = 3'-dephospho-CoA + diphosphate.

Name: peptide alpha-N-acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + peptide = CoA + N-alpha-acetylpeptide. This reaction is the acetylation of the N-terminal amino acid residue of a peptide or protein.

Name: peptidylamidoglycolate lyase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: peptidylamidoglycolate = peptidyl amide + glyoxylate.

Name: peroxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a donor + a peroxide = an oxidized donor + 2 H2O.

Name: glutathione peroxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glutathione + hydrogen peroxide = oxidized glutathione + 2 H2O.

Name: phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phenylethanolamine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-methylphenylethanolamine.

Name: phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + phosphatidate = diphosphate + CDP-diacylglycerol.

Name: phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + a sterol = a sterol ester + 1-acylglycerophosphocholine.

Name: phosphatidylserine decarboxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + phosphatidyl-L-serine = CO2 + phosphatidylethanolamine.

Name: phosphoacetylglucosamine mutase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate = N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate.

Name: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: source of phosphate + oxaloacetate = phosphoenolpyruvate + CO2 + other reaction products.

Name: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + oxaloacetate = GDP + phosphoenolpyruvate + CO2.

Name: phosphoglucomutase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate = alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate.

Name: phosphomannomutase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate = D-mannose 6-phosphate.

Name: phosphoglycerate kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3-phospho-D-glycerate + ATP = 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate + ADP + H+.

Name: phosphoglycerate mutase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phospho-D-glycerate = 3-phospho-D-glycerate.

Name: phospholipase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a glycerophospholipid.

Name: glycosylphosphatidylinositol phospholipase D activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: glycoprotein phosphatidylinositol + H2O = phosphatidate + glycoprotein inositol.

Name: lysophospholipase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-lysophosphatidylcholine + H2O = glycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate.

Name: phospholipase A2 activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospholipid + H2O = 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospholipid + a fatty acid. This reaction removes the fatty acid attached to the sn2-position. Substrates include phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, choline plasmalogen and phosphatides.

Name: phospholipase C activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a phospholipid + H2O = 1,2-diacylglycerol + a phosphatidate.

Name: phospholipase D activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphatidylcholine + H2O = choline + a phosphatidate.

Name: phosphomevalonate kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-5-phosphomevalonate + ATP = (R)-5-diphosphomevalonate + ADP + H+.

Name: phosphopantothenate--cysteine ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate + L-cysteine = CMP + diphosphate + (R)-4'-phosphopantothenoyl-L-cysteine. Cysteine can be replaced by some of its derivatives.

Name: phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N-[(R)-4-phosphonatopantothenoyl]-L-cysteinate + H+ = CO2 + pantetheine 4'-phosphate.

Name: phosphopyruvate hydratase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phospho-D-glycerate = phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O.

Name: phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate + 2 H+ = 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole + CO2.

Name: phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate + L-aspartate + ATP = (2S)-2-[5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido]succinate + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.

Name: phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine cyclo-ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-(formamido)-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidine + ATP = 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.

Name: phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + L-glutamine + ATP + H2O = 2-(formamido)-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidine + L-glutamate + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.

Name: phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 10-formyltetrahydrofolate + N1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide = tetrahydrofolate + N2-formyl-N1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide.

Name: 1,4-alpha-oligoglucan phosphorylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) + phosphate = 1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl(n-1) + alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate. The name should be qualified in each instance by adding the name of the natural substrate, e.g. maltodextrin phosphorylase, starch phosphorylase, glycogen phosphorylase.

Name: poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of poly(ADP-ribose) at glycosidic (1''-2') linkage of ribose-ribose bond to produce free ADP-ribose.

Name: polynucleotide 5'-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 5'-phosphopolynucleotide + H2O = polynucleotide + phosphate.

Name: polynucleotide adenylyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the template-independent extension of the 3'- end of an RNA or DNA strand by addition of one adenosine molecule at a time. Cannot initiate a chain 'de novo'. The primer, depending on the source of the enzyme, may be an RNA or DNA fragment, or oligo(A) bearing a 3'-OH terminal group.

Name: polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine + polypeptide = UDP + N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-polypeptide. This reaction is the modification of serine or threonine residues in polypeptide chains by the transfer of a N-acetylgalactose from UDP-N-acetylgalactose to the hydroxyl group of the amino acid; it is the first step in O-glycan biosynthesis.

Name: polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: RNA(n+1) + phosphate <=> RNA(n) + a nucleoside diphosphate.

Name: porphobilinogen synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2 5-aminolevulinate = 2 H2O + H+ + porphobilinogen.

Name: procollagen-proline 4-dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: procollagen L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = procollagen trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2.

Name: proline dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-proline + acceptor = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + reduced acceptor.

Name: propionyl-CoA carboxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + propanoyl-CoA + HCO3- = ADP + phosphate + (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA.

Name: prenyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a prenyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Name: protein farnesyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: farnesyl diphosphate + protein-cysteine = S-farnesyl protein + diphosphate.

Name: protein geranylgeranyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the covalent addition of a geranylgeranyl (20-carbon isoprenoid) group via thioether linkages to a cysteine residue at or near the C terminus of a protein.

Name: prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + donor-H2 + 2 O2 = prostaglandin H2 + acceptor + H2O.

Name: prostaglandin-D synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: prostaglandin H(2) = prostaglandin D(2).

Name: protein-arginine deiminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + L-arginyl-[protein] = L-citrullyl-[protein] + NH4+, resulting in citrullination of the target protein. This reaction is calcium-dependent.

Name: protein C-terminal S-isoprenylcysteine carboxyl O-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein C-terminal S-farnesyl-L-cysteine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein C-terminal S-farnesyl-L-cysteine methyl ester.

Name: protein kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP.

Name: protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.

Name: transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Definition: Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.

Name: 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase activity.

Definition: Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate-dependent catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein.

Name: DNA-dependent protein kinase activity.

Definition: DNA dependent catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein.

Name: AMP-activated protein kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. This reaction requires the presence of AMP.

Name: calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity.

Definition: Calmodulin-dependent catalysis of the reactions: ATP + a protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate; and ATP + a protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.

Name: elongation factor-2 kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + [elongation factor 2] = ADP + [elongation factor 2] phosphate.

Name: myosin light chain kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + myosin-light-chain = ADP + myosin-light-chain phosphate.

Name: cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase activity.

Definition: cNMP-dependent catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein.

Name: cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.

Definition: cAMP-dependent catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein.

Name: cGMP-dependent protein kinase activity.

Definition: cGMP dependent catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein.

Name: cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Definition: Cyclin-dependent catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.

Name: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2alpha kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + [eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha subunit] = ADP + [eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha subunit] phosphate.

Name: protein kinase C activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. This reaction requires diacylglycerol.

Name: calcium-dependent protein kinase C activity.

Definition: Calcium-dependent catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein.

Name: G protein-coupled receptor kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + G protein-coupled receptor = ADP + G protein-coupled receptor phosphate.

Name: NF-kappaB-inducing kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the phosphorylation of the alpha or beta subunit of the inhibitor of kappaB kinase complex (IKK).

Name: JUN kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: JUN + ATP = JUN phosphate + ADP. This reaction is the phosphorylation and activation of members of the JUN family, a gene family that encodes nuclear transcription factors.

Name: JUN kinase kinase kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: JNKK + ATP = JNKK phosphate + ADP. This reaction is the phosphorylation and activation of JUN kinase kinases (JNKKs).

Name: MAP kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: protein + ATP = protein phosphate + ADP. This reaction is the phosphorylation of proteins. Mitogen-activated protein kinase; a family of protein kinases that perform a crucial step in relaying signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. They are activated by a wide range of proliferation- or differentiation-inducing signals; activation is strong with agonists such as polypeptide growth factors and tumor-promoting phorbol esters, but weak (in most cell backgrounds) by stress stimuli.

Name: MAP kinase kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the concomitant phosphorylation of threonine (T) and tyrosine (Y) residues in a Thr-Glu-Tyr (TEY) thiolester sequence in a MAP kinase (MAPK) substrate.

Name: MAP kinase kinase kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase kinase; each MAP kinase kinase can be phosphorylated by any of several MAP kinase kinase kinases.

Name: protein serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + a protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate; ATP + a protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate; and ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate.

Name: protein tyrosine kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate.

Name: transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity.

Definition: Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate.

Name: non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + protein L-tyrosine = ADP + protein L-tyrosine phosphate by a non-membrane spanning protein.

Name: protein-L-isoaspartate (D-aspartate) O-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein L-beta-aspartate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein L-beta-aspartate methyl ester.

Name: protein-lysine 6-oxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-L-lysyl-peptide + H2O + O2 = peptidyl-allysyl-peptide + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.

Name: phosphoprotein phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphoprotein + H2O = a protein + phosphate. Together with protein kinases, these enzymes control the state of phosphorylation of cellular proteins and thereby provide an important mechanism for regulating cellular activity.

Name: protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: protein serine phosphate + H2O = protein serine + phosphate, and protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate.

Name: calcium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reactions: protein serine phosphate + H2O = protein serine + phosphate; and protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate. These reactions require the presence of calcium ions.

Name: protein tyrosine phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate.

Name: non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine + phosphate.

Name: oxygen-dependent protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3 O2 + protoporphyrinogen IX = 3 H2O2 + protoporphyrin IX.

Name: purine-nucleoside phosphorylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: purine nucleoside + phosphate = purine + alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate.

Name: pyridoxamine-phosphate oxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate + H2O + O2 = pyridoxal 5'-phosphate + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.

Name: pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-proline + NADP+ = 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + NADPH + H+.

Name: pyruvate carboxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + bicarbonate + pyruvate = ADP + 2 H+ + oxaloacetate + phosphate.

Name: pyruvate dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate.

Name: pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + lipoamide = S-acetyldihydrolipoamide + CO2.

Name: pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) = ADP + pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) phosphate.

Name: dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-N6-dihydrolipoyl-L-lysyl-[protein] + acetyl-CoA = (R)-N6-(S8-acetyldihydrolipoyl)-L-lysyl-[protein] + CoA.

Name: pyruvate kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: = ADP + H+ + phosphoenolpyruvate => ATP + pyruvate.

Name: NAD-retinol dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: retinol + NAD+ = retinal + NADH + H+.

Name: ribose phosphate diphosphokinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 5-phosphate + ATP = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + AMP + 2 H+.

Name: D-ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribulose 5-phosphate = D-xylulose 5-phosphate.

Name: ribose-5-phosphate isomerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 5-phosphate = D-ribulose 5-phosphate.

Name: saccharopine dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the cleavage of N6-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine to release an amino acid (lysine or glutamate), with the concomitant reduction of an electron acceptor.

Name: serine C-palmitoyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + H+ + palmitoyl-CoA = 3-dehydrosphinganine + CO2 + CoA.

Name: serine-pyruvate transaminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + pyruvate = 3-hydroxypyruvate + L-alanine.

Name: spermidine synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosylmethioninamine + putrescine = 5'-methylthioadenosine + spermidine.

Name: sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + sphingomyelin = ceramide + choline phosphate + H+.

Name: stearoyl-CoA 9-desaturase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H+ + O2 + octadecanoyl-CoA = (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O.

Name: steroid delta-isomerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-oxo-delta(5)-steroid = a 3-oxo-delta(4)-steroid.

Name: sterol esterase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a steryl ester + H2O = a sterol + a fatty acid.

Name: sterol O-acyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + a sterol = CoA + a sterol ester.

Name: succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: succinate semialdehyde + NAD+ + H2O = succinate + NADH + H+.

Name: succinyl-CoA hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + succinyl-CoA = CoA + H+ + succinate.

Name: sulfate adenylyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an adenylyl group from an adenosine nucleotide (ATP or ADP) to sulfate, forming adenylylsulfate.

Name: sulfate adenylyltransferase (ATP) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + sulfate = diphosphate + adenylylsulfate.

Name: superoxide dismutase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2 superoxide + 2 H+ = O2 + hydrogen peroxide.

Name: thiamine diphosphokinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + thiamine = AMP + thiamine diphosphate.

Name: thioredoxin-disulfide reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + thioredoxin = H+ + NADPH + thioredoxin disulfide.

Name: thiosulfate sulfurtransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: hydrogen cyanide + thiosulfate = H+ + sulfite + thiocyanate.

Name: thromboxane-A synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: prostaglandin H(2) = thromboxane A(2).

Name: thymidine kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + thymidine = ADP + thymidine 5'-phosphate.

Name: thymidylate kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + thymidine 5'-phosphate = ADP + thymidine 5'-diphosphate.

Name: thymidylate synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + dUMP = 7,8-dihydrofolate + thymidylate.

Name: thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3,5,3'-L-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + acceptor + H+ = L-thyroxine + donor-H2.

Name: transaldolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: sedoheptulose 7-phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate = D-erythrose 4-phosphate + D-fructose 6-phosphate.

Name: transketolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reversible transfer of a 2-carbon ketol group (CH2OH-CO-) from a ketose phosphate donor to an aldose phosphate acceptor.

Name: transposase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transposition of transposable elements or transposons. Transposases are involved in recombination required for transposition and are site-specific for the transposon/transposable element.

Name: triglyceride lipase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: triacylglycerol + H2O = diacylglycerol + a carboxylate.

Name: triose-phosphate isomerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate = glycerone phosphate.

Name: tRNA (guanine-N2-)-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA containing guanine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing N2-methylguanine.

Name: CCA tRNA nucleotidyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a tRNA precursor + ATP + 2 CTP = a tRNA with a 3' CCA end + 3 diphosphate.

Name: aminoacyl-tRNA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the formation of aminoacyl-tRNA from ATP, amino acid, and tRNA with the release of diphosphate and AMP.

Name: alanine-tRNA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-alanine + tRNA(Ala) = AMP + diphosphate + L-alanyl-tRNA(Ala).

Name: arginine-tRNA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-arginine + tRNA(Arg) = AMP + diphosphate + L-arginyl-tRNA(Arg).

Name: aspartate-tRNA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-aspartate + tRNA(Asp) = AMP + diphosphate + L-aspartyl-tRNA(Asp).

Name: asparagine-tRNA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-asparagine + ATP + tRNA(Asn) = AMP + Asn-tRNA(Asn) + diphosphate + 2 H+.

Name: cysteine-tRNA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-cysteine + tRNA(Cys) = AMP + diphosphate + L-cysteinyl-tRNA(Cys).

Name: glutamate-tRNA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-glutamate + tRNA(Glu) = AMP + diphosphate + L-glutamyl-tRNA(Glu).

Name: glutamine-tRNA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-glutamine + tRNA(Gln) = AMP + diphosphate + L-glutaminyl-tRNA(Gln).

Name: glycine-tRNA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + glycine + tRNA(Gly) = AMP + diphosphate + glycyl-tRNA(Gly).

Name: histidine-tRNA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-histidine + tRNA(His) = AMP + diphosphate + L-histidyl-tRNA(His).

Name: isoleucine-tRNA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-isoleucine + ATP + tRNA(Ile) = L-isoleucyl-tRNA(Ile) + AMP + diphosphate + 2 H+.

Name: leucine-tRNA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-leucine + ATP + tRNA(Leu) = AMP + diphosphate + 2 H+ + Leu-tRNA(Leu).

Name: lysine-tRNA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-lysine + tRNA(Lys) = AMP + diphosphate + L-lysyl-tRNA(Lys).

Name: methionine-tRNA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-methionine + tRNA(Met) = AMP + diphosphate + L-methionyl-tRNA(Met).

Name: phenylalanine-tRNA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-phenylalanine + tRNA(Phe) = AMP + diphosphate + L-phenylalanyl-tRNA(Phe).

Name: proline-tRNA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-proline + tRNA(Pro) = AMP + diphosphate + L-prolyl-tRNA(Pro).

Name: serine-tRNA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-serine + tRNA(Ser) = AMP + diphosphate + L-seryl-tRNA(Ser).

Name: threonine-tRNA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-threonine + tRNA(Thr) = AMP + diphosphate + L-threonyl-tRNA(Thr).

Name: tryptophan-tRNA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-tryptophan + tRNA(Trp) = AMP + diphosphate + L-tryptophanyl-tRNA(Trp).

Name: tyrosine-tRNA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine + ATP + tRNA(Tyr) = L-tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr) + AMP + diphosphate + 2 H+.

Name: valine-tRNA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-valine + ATP + tRNA(Val) = L-valyl-tRNA(Val) + AMP + diphosphate + 2 H+.

Name: tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine.

Name: tubulin-tyrosine ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine = alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate.

Name: L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate + L-glutamate.

Name: ubiquitin activating enzyme activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: E1 + ubiquitin + ATP--> E1-ubiquitin + AMP + PPi, where the E1-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond between the C-terminal glycine of Ub and a sulfhydryl side group of an E1 cysteine residue. This is the first step in a cascade of reactions in which ubiquitin is ultimately added to a protein substrate.

Name: ubiquitin-protein transferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to another via the reaction X-Ub + Y --> Y-Ub + X, where both X-Ub and Y-Ub are covalent linkages.

Name: cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity.

Definition: An thiol-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves ubiquitin from a target protein to which it is conjugated.

Name: uracil DNA N-glycosylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the cleavage of the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar, releasing a free base and leaving an apyrimidinic (AP) site. Enzymes with this activity recognize and remove uracil bases in DNA that result from the deamination of cytosine or the misincorporation of dUTP opposite an adenine.

Name: uridine kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + uridine = ADP + UMP.

Name: uridine phosphorylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: uridine + phosphate = uracil + alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate.

Name: uroporphyrinogen-III synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: hydroxymethylbilane = H2O + uroporphyrinogen III.

Name: uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: uroporphyrinogen-III = coproporphyrinogen + 4 CO2.

Name: xanthine dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: xanthine + NAD+ + H2O = urate + NADH + H+.

Name: xanthine oxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: xanthine + H2O + O2 = urate + hydrogen peroxide.

Name: xylulokinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: D-xylulose + ATP = D-xylulose 5-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Name: enzyme inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of an enzyme.

Name: phospholipase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a phospholipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a phospholipid.

Name: protein kinase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein kinase.

Name: cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase.

Name: cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cAMP-dependent protein kinase.

Name: protein phosphatase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein phosphatase.

Name: protein serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a serine/threonine protein phosphatase, an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: protein serine/threonine phosphate + H2O = protein serine/threonine + phosphate.

Name: endopeptidase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of an endopeptidase.

Name: serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a serine-type endopeptidase.

Name: cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase.

Name: complement receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with any component or product of the complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: complement component C3a receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with the C3a product of the complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: complement component C3b receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with the C3b product of the complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: complement component C5a receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with the C5a product of the complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: nuclear receptor activity.

Definition: A DNA-binding transcription factor activity regulated by binding to a ligand that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets transcribed by RNA polymerase II. Nuclear receptor ligands are usually lipid-based (such as a steroid hormone) and the binding of the ligand to its receptor often occurs in the cytoplasm, which leads to its tranlocation to the nucleus.

Name: transmembrane signaling receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with an extracellular or intracellular signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity or state as part of signal transduction.

Name: GABA-A receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with the amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) to initiate a change in cell activity. GABA-A receptors function as chloride channels.

Name: cytokine receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a cytokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: erythropoietin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with erythropoietin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: interferon receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with an interferon and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: type I interferon receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a type I interferon and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.

Name: interleukin-1 receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with interleukin-1 to initiate a change in cell activity. Interleukin-1 is produced mainly by activated macrophages and is involved in the inflammatory response.

Name: interleukin-2 receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with interleukin-2 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: interleukin-6 receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with interleukin-6 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: interleukin-8 receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with interleukin-8 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: leukemia inhibitory factor receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: oncostatin-M receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with oncostatin-M and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: prolactin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with prolactin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: G protein-coupled receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Name: extracellularly ATP-gated monoatomic cation channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when ATP is bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane.

Name: adrenergic receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Name: alpha-adrenergic receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of alpha-adrenergic receptors.

Name: alpha2-adrenergic receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of alpha2-adrenergic receptors; the activity involves transmitting the signal to the Gi alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein.

Name: beta-adrenergic receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of beta-adrenergic receptors; the activity involves transmitting the signal to the Gs alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein.

Name: beta2-adrenergic receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of beta2-adrenergic receptors.

Name: angiotensin type II receptor activity.

Definition: An angiotensin receptor activity that acts via Gi protein coupling and cGMP (NO) generation, and may also act via additional signaling mechanisms.

Name: bradykinin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with bradykinin to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: cannabinoid receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a cannabinoid to initiate a change in cell activity. Cannabinoids are a class of diverse chemical compounds that include the endocannabinoids and the phytocannabinoids.

Name: chemokine receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a chemokine, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Chemokines are a family of small chemotactic cytokines; their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria.

Name: cholecystokinin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with cholecystokinin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein to initiate a change in cell activity. Cholecystokinin can act as a neuropeptide or as a gastrointestinal hormone.

Name: dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: icosanoid receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with an icosanoid to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: prostanoid receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a prostanoid, any compound based on or derived from the prostanoate structure, to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: prostaglandin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a prostaglandin (PG) to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: prostaglandin D receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with prostaglandin D (PGD(2)) to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: prostaglandin E receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with prostaglandin E (PGE(2)) to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: prostaglandin F receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with prostaglandin F (PGF (2-alpha)) to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: endothelin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with endothelin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Name: follicle-stimulating hormone receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with follicle-stimulating hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: luteinizing hormone receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with luteinizing hormone (also called lutropin) to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: G protein-coupled GABA receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with the amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Name: galanin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with galanin to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: glucagon receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with glucagon and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Name: ionotropic glutamate receptor activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when glutamate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Name: AMPA glutamate receptor activity.

Definition: An ionotropic glutamate receptor activity that exhibits fast gating by glutamate and acts by opening a cation channel permeable to sodium, potassium, and, in the absence of a GluR2 subunit, calcium.

Name: NMDA glutamate receptor activity.

Definition: An cation channel that opens in response to binding by extracellular glutmate, but only if glycine is also bound and the membrane is depolarized. Voltage gating is indirect, due to ejection of bound magnesium from the pore at permissive voltages.

Name: melanocortin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with melanocortin to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: beta-endorphin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with beta-endorphin, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein. Beta-endorphin is a peptide, 31 amino acids long, resulting from processing of the precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC).

Name: melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with melanocyte-stimulating hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: N-formyl peptide receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with an N-formyl peptide to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: neuropeptide Y receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with neuropeptide Y to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: olfactory receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with an odorant and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity in response to detection of smell.

Name: G protein-coupled opioid receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with an opioid (any narcotic derived from or resembling opium), and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.

Name: parathyroid hormone receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with parathyroid hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: platelet activating factor receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with platelet activating factor to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with the biogenic amine serotonin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a neurotransmitter and hormone found in vertebrates and invertebrates.

Name: somatostatin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with somatostatin to initiate a change in cell activity. Somatostatin is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system by signaling via G protein-coupled somatostatin receptors. Somatostatin has two active forms produced by proteolytic cleavage: a 14 amino acid peptide (SST-14) and a 28 amino acid peptide (SST-28).

Name: tachykinin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a tachykinin neuropeptide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.

Name: thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with thyroid-stimulating hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: transferrin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining selectively with transferrin, and delivering transferrin into the cell via endocytosis. Transferrin is a major iron carrier protein in vertebrates.

Name: vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: vasopressin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with vasopressin to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase activity.

Definition: Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate.

Name: ephrin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with an ephrin receptor ligand to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: GPI-linked ephrin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a GPI-anchored ephrin to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: transmembrane-ephrin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a transmembrane ephrin to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: epidermal growth factor receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with an epidermal growth factor receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: fibroblast growth factor receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a fibroblast growth factor receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: insulin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with insulin receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: insulin-like growth factor receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with insulin-like growth factor receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) receptor ligand and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate.

Name: platelet-derived growth factor receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with platelet-derived growth factor receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: platelet-derived growth factor alpha-receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with platelet-derived growth factor isoform PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB or PDGF-AB to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: platelet-derived growth factor beta-receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with platelet-derived growth factor isoform PDGF-BB or PDGF-AB to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: transforming growth factor beta receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.

Name: transforming growth factor beta receptor activity, type I.

Definition: Combining with a complex of transforming growth factor beta and a type II TGF-beta receptor to initiate a change in cell activity; upon binding, acts as a downstream transducer of TGF-beta signals.

Name: transforming growth factor beta receptor activity, type II.

Definition: Combining with transforming growth factor beta to initiate a change in cell activity; upon ligand binding, binds to and catalyzes the phosphorylation of a type I TGF-beta receptor.

Name: neurotrophin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a neurotrophin, any of a family of growth factors that prevent apoptosis in neurons and promote nerve growth, and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: death receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with an extracellular messenger (called a death ligand), and transmitting the signal from one side of the plasma membrane to the other to initiate apoptotic or necrotic cell death.

Name: low-density lipoprotein particle receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a low-density lipoprotein particle and delivering the low-density lipoprotein particle into the cell via endocytosis.

Name: scavenger receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with any modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or other polyanionic ligand and delivering the ligand into the cell via endocytosis. Ligands include acetylated and oxidized LDL, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, apoptotic cells, amyloid-beta fibrils, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs).

Name: KDEL sequence binding.

Definition: Binding to a KDEL sequence, the C terminus tetrapeptide sequence Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu found in proteins that are to be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: signal recognition particle binding.

Definition: Binding to a signal recognition particle.

Name: signal sequence binding.

Definition: Binding to a signal sequence, a specific peptide sequence found on protein precursors or mature proteins that dictates where the mature protein is localized.

Name: nuclear export signal receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a nuclear export signal (NES) on a cargo to be transported, to mediate transport of a the cargo through the nuclear pore, from the nuclear lumen to the cytoplasm. The cargo can be either a RNA or a protein.

Name: peroxisome matrix targeting signal-1 binding.

Definition: Binding to a type 1 peroxisome targeting signal, a tripeptide with the consensus sequence (S/A/C)-(K/R/H)-L.

Name: peroxisome matrix targeting signal-2 binding.

Definition: Binding to a type 2 peroxisome targeting signal, a nonapeptide with a broad consensus sequence of (R/K)-(L/V/I)-(XXXXX)-(H/Q)-(L/A/F).

Name: laminin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a laminin, a glycoprotein that constitutes the majority of proteins in the basement membrane, to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase adaptor activity.

Definition: The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase and one or more other molecules, permitting them to function in a coordinated way.

Name: MAP-kinase scaffold activity.

Definition: The binding activity of a molecule that functions as a physical support for the assembly of a multiprotein mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) complex. Binds multiple kinases of the MAPKKK cascade, and also upstream signaling proteins, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. Bringing together multiple enzymes and their substrates enables the signal to be transduced quickly and efficiently.

Name: protein kinase C binding.

Definition: Binding to protein kinase C.

Name: guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity.

Definition: Stimulates the exchange of GDP to GTP on a signaling GTPase, changing its conformation to its active form. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) act by stimulating the release of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) to allow binding of guanosine triphosphate (GTP), which is more abundant in the cell under normal cellular physiological conditions.

Name: GDP-dissociation inhibitor activity.

Definition: Prevents the dissociation of GDP from a GTPase, thereby preventing GTP from binding.

Name: Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor activity.

Definition: Prevents the dissociation of GDP from the small GTPase Rho, thereby preventing GTP from binding.

Name: GTPase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP and orthophosphate.

Name: GTPase activator activity.

Definition: Binds to and increases the activity of a GTPase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP.

Name: signaling receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.

Name: fibroblast growth factor receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR).

Name: type 1 fibroblast growth factor receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a type 1 fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR1).

Name: frizzled binding.

Definition: Binding to a frizzled (fz) receptor.

Name: type 2 fibroblast growth factor receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a type 2 fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR2).

Name: Notch binding.

Definition: Binding to a Notch (N) protein, a surface receptor.

Name: patched binding.

Definition: Binding to a patched (ptc) protein, a receptor for hedgehog proteins.

Name: type II transforming growth factor beta receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a type II transforming growth factor beta receptor.

Name: receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor (Ror).

Name: smoothened binding.

Definition: Binding to a smoothened (smo) protein, which interacts with patched to transmit hedgehog signals.

Name: death receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a member of the death receptor (DR) family. The DR family falls within the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and is characterized by a cytoplasmic region of ~80 residues termed the death domain (DD).

Name: scavenger receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to scavenger receptors, a family of proteins that are expressed on myeloid cells and are involved in the uptake of effete cellular components and foreign particles.

Name: cytokine activity.

Definition: The activity of a soluble extracellular gene product that interacts with a receptor to effect a change in the activity of the receptor to control the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.

Name: cytokine receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a cytokine receptor.

Name: ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor.

Name: erythropoietin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an erythropoietin receptor.

Name: growth hormone receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a growth hormone receptor.

Name: type I interferon receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an interferon-type I receptor, a heterodimeric complex composed of an alpha subunit (IFNAR1) and a beta subunit (IFNAR2).

Name: interleukin-2 receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an interleukin-2 receptor.

Name: interleukin-4 receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an interleukin-4 receptor.

Name: interleukin-6 receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an interleukin-6 receptor.

Name: interleukin-7 receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an interleukin-7 receptor.

Name: interleukin-12 receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an interleukin-12 receptor.

Name: leukemia inhibitory factor receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an leukemia inhibitory factor receptor.

Name: oncostatin-M receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an oncostatin-M receptor.

Name: prolactin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a prolactin receptor.

Name: interleukin-1 receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an interleukin-1 receptor.

Name: interleukin-1, type I receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a Type I interleukin-1 receptor.

Name: interleukin-1, type II receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a Type II interleukin-1 receptor.

Name: interleukin-1 receptor antagonist activity.

Definition: Blocks the binding of interleukin-1 to the interleukin-1 receptor complex.

Name: interleukin-8 receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an interleukin-8 receptor.

Name: epidermal growth factor receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an epidermal growth factor receptor.

Name: macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor.

Name: insulin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an insulin receptor.

Name: insulin-like growth factor receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an insulin-like growth factor receptor.

Name: transforming growth factor beta receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a transforming growth factor beta receptor.

Name: platelet-derived growth factor receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a platelet-derived growth factor receptor.

Name: nerve growth factor receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a nerve growth factor receptor.

Name: tumor necrosis factor receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a tumor necrosis factor receptor.

Name: neurotrophin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a neurotrophin receptor.

Name: neurotrophin TRK receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a neurotrophin TRK receptor.

Name: neurotrophin TRKA receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a neurotrophin TRKA receptor.

Name: hepatocyte growth factor receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an hepatocyte growth factor receptor.

Name: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.

Name: CD40 receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to CD40, a receptor found on the surface of all B-lymphocytes.

Name: CD27 receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a CD27, a receptor found on the surface of T cells and some B cells and NK cells.

Name: integrin binding.

Definition: Binding to an integrin.

Name: hormone activity.

Definition: The action characteristic of a hormone, any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action. The term was originally applied to agents with a stimulatory physiological action in vertebrate animals (as opposed to a chalone, which has a depressant action). Usage is now extended to regulatory compounds in lower animals and plants, and to synthetic substances having comparable effects; all bind receptors and trigger some biological process.

Name: neuropeptide hormone activity.

Definition: The action characteristic of a neuropeptide hormone, any peptide hormone that acts in the central nervous system. A neuropeptide is any of several types of molecules found in brain tissue, composed of short chains of amino acids; they include endorphins, enkephalins, vasopressin, and others. They are often localized in axon terminals at synapses and are classified as putative neurotransmitters, although some are also hormones.

Name: structural molecule activity.

Definition: The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex.

Name: structural constituent of cytoskeleton.

Definition: The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a cytoskeletal structure.

Name: extracellular matrix structural constituent.

Definition: The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the extracellular matrix.

Name: transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.

Name: monoatomic ion channel activity.

Definition: Enables the facilitated diffusion of an ion (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. May be either selective (it enables passage of a specific ion only) or non-selective (it enables passage of two or more ions of same charge but different size).

Name: intracellular ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific intracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Name: ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when a ryanodine class ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Name: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Name: intracellular cyclic nucleotide activated monoatomic cation channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when intracellular cyclic nucleotide has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Name: intracellular cAMP-activated cation channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when intracellular cAMP has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Name: intracellular cGMP-activated cation channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when intracellular cGMP has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Name: volume-sensitive anion channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an anion by a volume-sensitive channel. An anion is a negatively charged ion. A volume-sensitive channel is a channel that responds to changes in the volume of a cell.

Name: calcium activated cation channel activity.

Definition: Enables the calcium concentration-regulatable energy-independent passage of cations across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient.

Name: intracellular calcium activated chloride channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of chloride by a channel that opens in response to stimulus by a calcium ion or ions. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.

Name: extracellular ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific extracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Name: excitatory extracellular ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific extracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts, where channel opening contributes to an increase in membrane potential.

Name: extracellularly glutamate-gated ion channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when glutamate is bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane.

Name: inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific extracellular inhibitory ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. Inhibitory ligands, such as GABA or glycine, open chloride-selective channels.

Name: inward rectifier potassium channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an inwardly-rectifying voltage-gated channel. An inwardly rectifying current-voltage relation is one where at any given driving force the inward flow of K+ ions exceeds the outward flow for the opposite driving force. The inward-rectification is due to a voltage-dependent block of the channel pore by a specific ligand or ligands, and as a result the macroscopic conductance depends on the difference between membrane voltage and the K+ equilibrium potential rather than on membrane voltage itself.

Name: gap junction channel activity.

Definition: A wide pore channel activity that enables a direct cytoplasmic connection from one cell to an adjacent cell. The gap junction can pass large solutes as well as electrical signals between cells. Gap junctions consist of two gap junction hemi-channels, or connexons, one contributed by each membrane through which the gap junction passes.

Name: voltage-gated monoatomic ion channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a voltage-gated channel. An ion is an atom or group of atoms carrying an electric charge by virtue of having gained or lost one or more electrons. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Name: voltage-gated calcium channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Name: calcium channel regulator activity.

Definition: Modulates the activity of a calcium channel.

Name: voltage-gated chloride channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Name: voltage-gated sodium channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Name: voltage-gated potassium channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Name: A-type (transient outward) potassium channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an outwardly-rectifying voltage-gated channel that produces a transient outward current upon a step change in membrane potential.

Name: delayed rectifier potassium channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a delayed rectifying voltage-gated channel. A delayed rectifying current-voltage relation is one where channel activation kinetics are time-dependent, and inactivation is slow.

Name: monoatomic anion channel activity.

Definition: Enables the energy-independent passage of anions across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient.

Name: chloride channel activity.

Definition: Enables the facilitated diffusion of a chloride (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.

Name: intracellularly ATP-gated chloride channel activity.

Definition: Enables passage of a chloride ion through a transmembrane channel that opens when ATP is bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts on the intracellular side of the plasma membrane.

Name: monoatomic cation channel activity.

Definition: Enables the energy-independent passage of cations across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient.

Name: calcium channel activity.

Definition: Enables the facilitated diffusion of a calcium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.

Name: potassium channel activity.

Definition: Enables the facilitated diffusion of a potassium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.

Name: sodium channel activity.

Definition: Enables the facilitated diffusion of a sodium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.

Name: amine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of amines, including polyamines, from one side of a membrane to the other. Amines are organic compounds that are weakly basic in character and contain an amino (-NH2) or substituted amino group.

Name: acetylcholine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of acetylcholine from one side of a membrane to the other. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.

Name: acetylcholine:proton antiporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + acetylcholine(in) = H+(in) + acetylcholine(out).

Name: amino acid:proton symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + H+(out) = amino acid(in) + H+(in).

Name: amino acid:sodium symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + Na+(out) = amino acid(in) + Na+(in).

Name: high-affinity basic amino acid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of basic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Acidic amino acids have a pH above 7. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.

Name: high-affinity L-arginine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of arginine from one side of a membrane to the other. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.

Name: L-histidine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of L-histidine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-histidine is 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.

Name: high-affinity lysine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of lysine from one side of a membrane to the other. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.

Name: neutral L-amino acid secondary active transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a neutral L-amino acid from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.

Name: neutral L-amino acid:sodium symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: neutral L-amino acid(out) + Na+(out) = neutral L-amino acid(in) + Na+(in).

Name: proline:proton symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: proline(out) + H+(out) = proline(in) + H+(in).

Name: proline:sodium symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: proline(out) + Na+(out) = proline(in) + Na+(in).

Name: L-tyrosine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of L-tyrosine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-tyrosine is 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.

Name: L-valine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of L-valine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-valine is 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.

Name: choline:sodium symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: choline(out) + Na+(out) = choline(in) + Na+(in).

Name: creatine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of creatine from one side of a membrane to the other. Creatine is a compound synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine that occurs in muscle.

Name: creatine:sodium symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: creatine(out) + Na+(out) = creatine(in) + Na+(in).

Name: dicarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of dicarboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A dicarboxylic acid is an organic acid with two COOH groups.

Name: L-glutamate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of L-glutamate from one side of a membrane to the other. L-glutamate is the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.

Name: high-affinity L-glutamate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of glutamate from one side of a membrane to the other. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.

Name: inorganic phosphate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a inorganic phosphate from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.

Name: lipid transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.

Name: long-chain fatty acid transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.

Name: neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.

Name: dopamine:sodium symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: dopamine(out) + Na+(out) + Cl-(out)= dopamine(in) + Na+(in) + Cl-(in).

Name: gamma-aminobutyric acid:sodium:chloride symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: gamma-aminobutyric acid(out) + Na+(out) + Cl-(out) = gamma-aminobutyric acid(in) + Na+(in) + Cl(in).

Name: norepinephrine:sodium symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: norepinephrine(out) + Na+(out) + Cl-(out) = norepinephrine(in) + Na+(in) + Cl-(in).

Name: serotonin:sodium:chloride symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: serotonin(out) + Na+(out) + Cl-(out) = serotonin(in) + Na+(in)+ Cl-(in).

Name: nucleoside transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide) from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: nucleotide-sugar transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a nucleotide-sugar from one side of a membrane to the other. A nucleotide-sugar is any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.

Name: organic acid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of organic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic acids are acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.

Name: organic acid:sodium symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: organic acid(out) + Na+(out) = organic acid(in) + Na+(in).

Name: purine nucleobase transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: purine ribonucleotide transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a purine ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine ribonucleoside (a purine organic base attached to a ribose sugar) esterified with (ortho)phosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: ATP transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of ATP, adenosine triphosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: pyrimidine nucleobase transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of pyrimidine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: carbohydrate:proton symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: carbohydrate(out) + H+(out) = carbohydrate(in) + H+(in).

Name: fructose transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of fructose from one side of a membrane to the other. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey.

Name: galactose transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of galactose from one side of a membrane to the other. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose.

Name: glucose transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of the hexose monosaccharide glucose from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: glucose:proton symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose + H+ = glucose + H+. Symporter activity enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy.

Name: myo-inositol transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of myo-inositol from one side of a membrane to the other. Myo-inositol is 1,2,3,4,5/4,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.

Name: myo-inositol:proton symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: myo-inositol(out) + H+(out) = myo-inositol(in) + H+(in).

Name: myo-inositol:sodium symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: myo-inositol(out) + Na+(out) = myo-inositol(in) + Na+(in).

Name: taurine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of taurine from one side of a membrane to the other. Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is a sulphur-containing amino acid derivative which is important in the metabolism of fats.

Name: taurine:sodium symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: taurine(out) + Na+(out) = taurine(in) + Na+(in).

Name: tricarboxylate secondary active transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of tricarboxylate from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.

Name: water transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of water (H2O) from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: copper ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of copper (Cu) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: iron ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of iron (Fe) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: manganese ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of manganese (Mn) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: zinc ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of zinc (Zn) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: P-type calcium transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Ca2+(in) = ADP + phosphate + Ca2+(out).

Name: P-type sodium:potassium-exchanging transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Na+(in) + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + Na+(out) + K+(in).

Name: carbohydrate:monoatomic cation symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sugar(out) + cation(out) = sugar(in) + cation(in).

Name: glucose:sodium symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose(out) + Na+(out) = glucose(in) + Na+(in).

Name: nucleoside:sodium symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: nucleoside(out) + Na+(out) = nucleoside(in) + Na+(in).

Name: amino acid:monoatomic cation symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + cation(out) = amino acid(in) + cation(in).

Name: calcium:sodium antiporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + Na+(out) = Ca2+(out) + Na+(in).

Name: sodium:phosphate symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + phosphate(out) = Na+(in) + phosphate(in).

Name: solute:inorganic anion antiporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: inorganic anion(out) + solute(in) = inorganic anion (in) + solute(out).

Name: GDP-fucose transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a GDP-fucose from one side of a membrane to the other. GDP-fucose is a substance composed of fucose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.

Name: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine from one side of a membrane to the other. N-acetylglucosamine is a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.

Name: UDP-xylose transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of UDP-xylose from one side of a membrane to the other. UDP-xylose is a substance composed of xylose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.

Name: ATP:ADP antiporter activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP(out) + ADP(in) = ATP(in) + ADP(out).

Name: SNAP receptor activity.

Definition: Acting as a marker to identify a membrane and interacting selectively with one or more SNAREs on another membrane to mediate membrane fusion.

Name: binding.

Definition: The selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.

Name: steroid binding.

Definition: Binding to a steroid, any of a large group of substances that have in common a ring system based on 1,2-cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene.

Name: androgen binding.

Definition: Binding to an androgen, a male sex hormone.

Name: vitamin D binding.

Definition: Binding to vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).

Name: retinoid binding.

Definition: Binding to a retinoid, a class of isoprenoids that contain or are derived from four prenyl groups linked head-to-tail. Retinoids include retinol and retinal and structurally similar natural derivatives or synthetic compounds, but need not have vitamin A activity.

Name: 11-cis retinal binding.

Definition: Binding to 11-cis retinal, an isomer of retinal that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin or visual purple. Retinal is one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A.

Name: all-trans retinal binding.

Definition: Binding to all-trans retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. All-trans retinal (trans r., visual yellow) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A.

Name: fatty acid binding.

Definition: Binding to a fatty acid, an aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.

Name: iron ion binding.

Definition: Binding to an iron (Fe) ion.

Name: copper ion binding.

Definition: Binding to a copper (Cu) ion.

Name: calcium ion binding.

Definition: Binding to a calcium ion (Ca2+).

Name: detection of calcium ion.

Definition: The series of events in which a calcium ion stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.

Name: protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein.

Name: calmodulin binding.

Definition: Binding to calmodulin, a calcium-binding protein with many roles, both in the calcium-bound and calcium-free states.

Name: collagen binding.

Definition: Binding to collagen, a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).

Name: insulin-like growth factor binding.

Definition: Binding to an insulin-like growth factor, any member of a group of polypeptides that are structurally homologous to insulin and share many of its biological activities, but are immunologically distinct from it.

Name: lamin binding.

Definition: Binding to lamin; any of a group of intermediate-filament proteins that form the fibrous matrix on the inner surface of the nuclear envelope.

Name: profilin binding.

Definition: Binding to profilin, an actin-binding protein that forms a complex with G-actin and prevents it from polymerizing to form F-actin.

Name: tropomyosin binding.

Definition: Binding to tropomyosin, a protein associated with actin filaments both in cytoplasm and, in association with troponin, in the thin filament of striated muscle.

Name: ATP binding.

Definition: Binding to ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.

Name: GTP binding.

Definition: Binding to GTP, guanosine triphosphate.

Name: macrolide binding.

Definition: Binding to a macrolide, any of a large group of structurally related antibiotics produced by Streptomyces species.

Name: FK506 binding.

Definition: Binding to a 23-membered macrolide lactone FK506.

Name: galactose binding.

Definition: Binding to aldohexose galactose (galacto-hexose), a common constituent of many oligo- and polysaccharides.

Name: glucose binding.

Definition: Binding to D- or L-enantiomers of glucose.

Name: mannose binding.

Definition: Binding to mannose, a monosaccharide hexose, stereoisomeric with glucose, that occurs naturally only in polymerized forms called mannans.

Name: glycosaminoglycan binding.

Definition: Binding to a glycan (polysaccharide) containing a substantial proportion of aminomonosaccharide residues.

Name: hyaluronic acid binding.

Definition: Binding to hyaluronic acid, a polymer composed of repeating dimeric units of glucuronic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine.

Name: folic acid binding.

Definition: Binding to folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines.

Name: phospholipid binding.

Definition: Binding to a phospholipid, a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.

Name: calcium-dependent phospholipid binding.

Definition: Binding to a phospholipid, a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester, in the presence of calcium.

Name: 1-phosphatidylinositol binding.

Definition: Binding to a phosphatidylinositol, a glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.

Name: phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate binding.

Definition: Binding to phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 4' and 5' positions.

Name: phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate binding.

Definition: Binding to phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3', 4' and 5' positions.

Name: phospholipid transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the directed movement of phospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Phospholipids are a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.

Name: odorant binding.

Definition: Binding to an odorant, any substance capable of stimulating the sense of smell.

Name: cellular_component.

Definition: A location, relative to cellular compartments and structures, occupied by a macromolecular machine when it carries out a molecular function. There are two ways in which the gene ontology describes locations of gene products: (1) relative to cellular structures (e.g., cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane) or compartments (e.g., mitochondrion), and (2) the stable macromolecular complexes of which they are parts (e.g., the ribosome).

Name: extracellular region.

Definition: The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.

Name: fibrinogen complex.

Definition: A highly soluble, elongated protein complex found in blood plasma and involved in clot formation. It is converted into fibrin monomer by the action of thrombin. In the mouse, fibrinogen is a hexamer, 46 nm long and 9 nm maximal diameter, containing two sets of nonidentical chains (alpha, beta, and gamma) linked together by disulfide bonds.

Name: membrane attack complex.

Definition: A protein complex produced by sequentially activated components of the complement cascade inserted into a target cell membrane and forming a pore leading to cell lysis via ion and water flow.

Name: collagen trimer.

Definition: A protein complex consisting of three collagen chains assembled into a left-handed triple helix. These trimers typically assemble into higher order structures.

Name: fibrillar collagen trimer.

Definition: Any triple helical collagen trimer that forms fibrils.

Name: collagen type I trimer.

Definition: A collagen trimer containing alpha(I) chains. The most common form of type I collagen is a heterotrimer containing two alpha1(I) chains and one alpha2(I) chain; homotrimers containing three alpha1(I) chains are also found. Type I collagen triple helices associate to form banded fibrils.

Name: collagen type II trimer.

Definition: A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(II) chains; type II collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils.

Name: collagen type III trimer.

Definition: A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(III) chains; type III collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils.

Name: collagen type IV trimer.

Definition: A collagen heterotrimer containing type IV alpha chains; [alpha1(IV)]2alpha2(IV) trimers are commonly observed, although more type IV alpha chains exist and may be present in type IV trimers; type IV collagen triple helices associate to form 3 dimensional nets within basement membranes.

Name: collagen type V trimer.

Definition: A collagen heterotrimer containing type V alpha chains; [alpha1(V)]2alpha2(V) and alpha1(V)alpha2(V)alpha3(V) trimers have been observed; type V collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils.

Name: collagen type XI trimer.

Definition: A collagen heterotrimer containing type XI alpha chains in alpha1(XI)alpha2(XI)alpha3(XI) trimers; type XI collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils.

Name: FACIT collagen trimer.

Definition: A collagen trimer that associates with collagen fibrils and consists of collagen monomers that contain two or more relatively short triple-helical domains connected by non-triple-helical sequences.

Name: collagen type IX trimer.

Definition: A collagen heterotrimer containing type IX alpha chains in alpha1(IX)alpha2(IX)alpha3(IX) trimers; type IX collagen triple helices associate to form a structure that links glycosaminoglycans to type II collagen fibrils.

Name: short-chain collagen trimer.

Definition: Any collagen trimer that does not form fibrils and that is relatively short compared to the collagen trimers that do form fibrils.

Name: collagen type X trimer.

Definition: A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(X) chains; type X collagen triple helices form hexagonal networks (sheets).

Name: basement membrane.

Definition: A collagen-containing extracellular matrix consisting of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. It consists of the basal lamina plus an associated layer of reticulin fibers.

Name: laminin-1 complex.

Definition: A laminin complex composed of alpha1, beta1 and gamma1 polypeptide chains.

Name: laminin-2 complex.

Definition: A laminin complex composed of alpha2, beta1 and gamma1 polypeptide chains.

Name: laminin-3 complex.

Definition: A laminin complex composed of alpha1, beta2 and gamma1 polypeptide chains.

Name: extracellular space.

Definition: That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.

Name: intracellular anatomical structure.

Definition: A component of a cell contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Name: nucleus.

Definition: A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

Name: nuclear envelope.

Definition: The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space).

Name: nuclear inner membrane.

Definition: The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope.

Name: lamin filament.

Definition: Any of a group of intermediate-filament proteins that form the fibrous matrix on the inner surface of the nuclear envelope. They are classified as lamins A, B and C.

Name: nuclear outer membrane.

Definition: The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope; continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell and sometimes studded with ribosomes.

Name: nuclear envelope lumen.

Definition: The region between the two lipid bilayers of the nuclear envelope; 20-40 nm wide.

Name: annulate lamellae.

Definition: Stacks of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes containing a high density of nuclear pores, thought to form from excess nuclear membrane components, that have been described in a number of different cells. Annulate lamellar membranes are continuous with and embedded within the ER.

Name: nuclear pore.

Definition: A protein complex providing a discrete opening in the nuclear envelope of a eukaryotic cell, where the inner and outer nuclear membranes are joined.

Name: nuclear lamina.

Definition: The fibrous, electron-dense layer lying on the nucleoplasmic side of the inner membrane of a cell nucleus, composed of lamin filaments. The polypeptides of the lamina are thought to be concerned in the dissolution of the nuclear envelope and its re-formation during mitosis. The lamina is composed of lamin A and lamin C filaments cross-linked into an orthogonal lattice, which is attached via lamin B to the inner nuclear membrane through interactions with a lamin B receptor, an IFAP, in the membrane.

Name: nucleoplasm.

Definition: That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

Name: nucleolar ribonuclease P complex.

Definition: A ribonuclease P complex located in the nucleolus of a eukaryotic cell, where it catalyzes the 5' endonucleolytic cleavage of precursor tRNAs to yield mature tRNAs. Eukaryotic nucleolar ribonuclease P complexes generally contain a single RNA molecule that is necessary but not sufficient for catalysis, and several protein molecules.

Name: replication fork.

Definition: The Y-shaped region of a replicating DNA molecule, resulting from the separation of the DNA strands and in which the synthesis of new strands takes place. Also includes associated protein complexes.

Name: alpha DNA polymerase:primase complex.

Definition: A complex of four polypeptides, comprising large and small DNA polymerase alpha subunits and two primase subunits, which are capable of catalyzing the synthesis of an RNA primer on the lagging strand of replicating DNA and the subsequent synthesis of a smal stretch of DNA. The smaller of the two primase subunits alone can catalyze oligoribonucleotide synthesis.

Name: DNA replication factor A complex.

Definition: A conserved heterotrimeric complex that binds nonspecifically to single-stranded DNA and is required for multiple processes in eukaryotic DNA metabolism, including DNA replication, DNA repair, and recombination. In all eukaryotic organisms examined the complex is composed of subunits of approximately 70, 30, and 14 kDa.

Name: DNA replication factor C complex.

Definition: A complex that loads the DNA polymerase processivity factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) onto DNA, thereby permitting processive DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerase. In eukaryotes the complex consists of five polypeptides.

Name: nuclear origin of replication recognition complex.

Definition: A multisubunit complex that is located at the replication origins of a chromosome in the nucleus.

Name: RNA polymerase II, core complex.

Definition: RNA polymerase II, one of three nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerases found in all eukaryotes, is a multisubunit complex; typically it produces mRNAs, snoRNAs, and some of the snRNAs. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The largest subunit of RNA polymerase II contains an essential carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) composed of a variable number of heptapeptide repeats (YSPTSPS). The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits (generally ten or more), some of which are also found in RNA polymerases I and III. Although the core is competent to mediate ribonucleic acid synthesis, it requires additional factors to select the appropriate template.

Name: RNA polymerase III complex.

Definition: RNA polymerase III, one of three nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerases found in all eukaryotes, is a multisubunit complex; typically it produces 5S rRNA, tRNAs and some of the small nuclear RNAs. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits (generally ten or more), some of which are also found in RNA polymerase I and others of which are also found in RNA polymerases I and II. Although the core is competent to mediate ribonucleic acid synthesis, it requires additional factors to select the appropriate template.

Name: transcription regulator complex.

Definition: A protein complex that is capable of associating with DNA by direct binding, or via other DNA-binding proteins or complexes, and regulating transcription.

Name: transcription factor TFIID complex.

Definition: A complex composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and TBP associated factors (TAFs); the total mass is typically about 800 kDa. Most of the TAFs are conserved across species. In TATA-containing promoters for RNA polymerase II (Pol II), TFIID is believed to recognize at least two distinct elements, the TATA element and a downstream promoter element. TFIID is also involved in recognition of TATA-less Pol II promoters. Binding of TFIID to DNA is necessary but not sufficient for transcription initiation from most RNA polymerase II promoters.

Name: transcription factor TFIIA complex.

Definition: A component of the transcription machinery of RNA Polymerase II. In humans, TFIIA is a heterotrimer composed of an alpha (P35), beta (P19) and gamma subunits (P12).

Name: transcription factor TFIIF complex.

Definition: A general transcription initiation factor which in humans consists of a heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. Helps recruit RNA polymerase II to the initiation complex and promotes translation elongation.

Name: transcription factor TFIIH holo complex.

Definition: A complex that is capable of kinase activity directed towards the C-terminal Domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and is essential for initiation at RNA polymerase II promoters in vitro. It is composed of the core TFIIH complex and the TFIIK complex.

Name: chromatin silencing complex.

Definition: Any protein complex that mediates changes in chromatin structure that result in transcriptional silencing.

Name: anaphase-promoting complex.

Definition: A ubiquitin ligase complex that degrades mitotic cyclins and anaphase inhibitory protein, thereby triggering sister chromatid separation and exit from mitosis. Substrate recognition by APC occurs through degradation signals, the most common of which is termed the Dbox degradation motif, originally discovered in cyclin B.

Name: spliceosomal complex.

Definition: Any of a series of ribonucleoprotein complexes that contain snRNA(s) and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), and are formed sequentially during the spliceosomal splicing of one or more substrate RNAs, and which also contain the RNA substrate(s) from the initial target RNAs of splicing, the splicing intermediate RNA(s), to the final RNA products. During cis-splicing, the initial target RNA is a single, contiguous RNA transcript, whether mRNA, snoRNA, etc., and the released products are a spliced RNA and an excised intron, generally as a lariat structure. During trans-splicing, there are two initial substrate RNAs, the spliced leader RNA and a pre-mRNA.

Name: U5 snRNP.

Definition: A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U5, a heptameric ring of Sm proteins, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U5 snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U5 snRNA both while the U5 snRNP is free or assembled into a series of spliceosomal complexes.

Name: U7 snRNP.

Definition: A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains the U7 snRNA and is required for the 3'-end processing of replication-dependent histone pre-mRNAs.

Name: U2-type spliceosomal complex.

Definition: Any spliceosomal complex that forms during the splicing of a messenger RNA primary transcript to excise an intron that has canonical consensus sequences near the 5' and 3' ends.

Name: U1 snRNP.

Definition: A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U1, a heptameric ring of Sm proteins, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U1 snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U1 snRNA both while the U1 snRNP is free or assembled into a series of spliceosomal complexes.

Name: U2 snRNP.

Definition: A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U2, a heptameric ring of Sm proteins, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U2 snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U2 snRNA both while the U2 snRNP is free or assembled into a series of spliceosomal complexes.

Name: U4 snRNP.

Definition: A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U4, a heptameric ring of Sm proteins, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U4 snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U4 snRNA both while the U4 snRNP is free or assembled into the U4/U6 snRNP or into a series of spliceosomal complexes.

Name: U6 snRNP.

Definition: A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U6, the Lsm2-8 heptameric ring complex, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U6 snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U6 snRNA both while the U6 snRNP is free or assembled into the U4/U6 snRNP or into a series of spliceosomal complexes.

Name: U12-type spliceosomal complex.

Definition: Any spliceosomal complex that forms during the splicing of a messenger RNA primary transcript to excise an intron; the series of U12-type spliceosomal complexes is involved in the splicing of the majority of introns that contain atypical AT-AC terminal dinucleotides, as well as other non-canonical introns. The entire splice site signal, not just the terminal dinucleotides, is involved in determining which spliceosome utilizes the site.

Name: U4atac snRNP.

Definition: A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U4atac, a heptameric ring of Sm proteins, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U4atac snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U4atac snRNA both while the U4atac snRNP is free or assembled into the U4atac/U6atac complex or into a series of spliceosomal complexes.

Name: U6atac snRNP.

Definition: A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U6atac, the Lsm2-8 heptameric ring complex, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U6atac snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U6atac snRNA both while the U6atac snRNP is free or assembled into the U4atac/U6atac snRNP or into a series of spliceosomal complexes.

Name: chromosome.

Definition: A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information.

Name: telomerase holoenzyme complex.

Definition: Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme complex, with a minimal catalytic core composed of a catalytic reverse transcriptase subunit and an RNA subunit that provides the template for telomeric DNA addition. In vivo, the holoenzyme complex often contains additional subunits.

Name: pericentric heterochromatin.

Definition: Heterochromatin that is located adjacent to the CENP-A rich centromere 'central core' and characterized by methylated H3 histone at lysine 9 (H3K9me2/H3K9me3).

Name: perichromatin fibrils.

Definition: Structures of variable diameter visible in the nucleoplasm by electron microscopy, mainly observed near the border of condensed chromatin. The fibrils are enriched in RNA, and are believed to be sites of pre-mRNA splicing and polyadenylylation representing the in situ form of nascent transcripts.

Name: nucleolus.

Definition: A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome.

Name: nucleolus organizer region.

Definition: A region of a chromosome where nucleoli form during interphase, and where genes encoding the largest rRNA precursor transcript are tandemly arrayed.

Name: sno(s)RNA-containing ribonucleoprotein complex.

Definition: A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains an RNA molecule of the snoRNA family and associated proteins. Many are involved in a step of processing of rRNA molecules: cleavage, 2'-O-methylation, or pseudouridylation, but other RNA types can be targets as well. The majority fall into one of two classes, box C/D type or box H/ACA type, which are conserved across eukaryotes and archaea. Other members include the telomerase RNA and the ribonuclease MRP RNA.

Name: cytoplasm.

Definition: The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

Name: mitochondrion.

Definition: A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.

Name: mitochondrial envelope.

Definition: The double lipid bilayer enclosing the mitochondrion and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space.

Name: mitochondrial outer membrane.

Definition: The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope.

Name: mitochondrial outer membrane translocase complex.

Definition: A large complex of the mitochondrial outer membrane that mediates transport of proteins into all mitochondrial compartments.

Name: mitochondrial inner membrane.

Definition: The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae.

Name: TIM23 mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase complex.

Definition: The protein transport machinery of the mitochondrial inner membrane that typically transports proteins that possess a matrix-targeting N-terminal presequence. The TIM23 complex contains three essential Tim proteins: Tim17 and Tim23 are thought to build a preprotein translocation channel while Tim44 interacts transiently with the matrix heat-shock protein Hsp70 to form an ATP-driven import motor.

Name: mitochondrial respirasome.

Definition: The protein complexes that form the mitochondrial electron transport system (the respiratory chain), associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. The respiratory chain complexes transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor and are associated with a proton pump to create a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.

Name: mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I.

Definition: A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It contains about 25 different polypeptide subunits, including NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), flavin mononucleotide and several different iron-sulfur clusters containing non-heme iron. The iron undergoes oxidation-reduction between Fe(II) and Fe(III), and catalyzes proton translocation linked to the oxidation of NADH by ubiquinone.

Name: mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III.

Definition: A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains about 10 polypeptide subunits including four redox centers: cytochrome b/b6, cytochrome c1 and an 2Fe-2S cluster. Catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol by oxidized cytochrome c1.

Name: mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV.

Definition: A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2).

Name: mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase complex.

Definition: A proton-transporting ATP synthase complex found in the mitochondrial membrane.

Name: mitochondrial permeability transition pore complex.

Definition: A protein complex that connects the inner and outer membranes of animal mitochondria and acts as a pore that can open transiently to allow free diffusion of solutes between the mitochondrial matrix and the cytosol. The pore complex is formed of the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), the adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) and cyclophilin-D (CyP-D).

Name: mitochondrial intermembrane space.

Definition: The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of the mitochondrial envelope.

Name: mitochondrial matrix.

Definition: The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation.

Name: gamma DNA polymerase complex.

Definition: A DNA polymerase complex consisting of a large subunit, responsible for the catalytic activities, and a small accessory subunit. Functions in the replication and repair of mitochondrial DNA.

Name: mitochondrial ribosome.

Definition: A ribosome found in the mitochondrion of a eukaryotic cell; contains a characteristic set of proteins distinct from those of cytosolic ribosomes.

Name: mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit.

Definition: The larger of the two subunits of a mitochondrial ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation: the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site).

Name: mitochondrial small ribosomal subunit.

Definition: The smaller of the two subunits of a mitochondrial ribosome.

Name: lysosome.

Definition: A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions.

Name: lysosomal membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm.

Name: primary lysosome.

Definition: A lysosome before it has fused with a vesicle or vacuole.

Name: secondary lysosome.

Definition: Vacuole formed by the fusion of a lysosome with an organelle (autosome) or with a primary phagosome.

Name: endosome.

Definition: A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.

Name: early endosome.

Definition: A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways.

Name: late endosome.

Definition: A prelysosomal endocytic organelle differentiated from early endosomes by lower lumenal pH and different protein composition. Late endosomes are more spherical than early endosomes and are mostly juxtanuclear, being concentrated near the microtubule organizing center.

Name: multivesicular body.

Definition: A type of endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm.

Name: vacuole.

Definition: A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol.

Name: vacuolar membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding the vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell.

Name: vacuolar lumen.

Definition: The volume enclosed within the vacuolar membrane.

Name: autophagosome.

Definition: A double-membrane-bounded compartment that engulfs endogenous cellular material as well as invading microorganisms to target them to the lytic vacuole/lysosome for degradation as part of macroautophagy.

Name: peroxisome.

Definition: A small organelle enclosed by a single membrane, and found in most eukaryotic cells. Contains peroxidases and other enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic processes including free radical detoxification, lipid catabolism and biosynthesis, and hydrogen peroxide metabolism.

Name: peroxisomal membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome.

Name: peroxisomal matrix.

Definition: The volume contained within the membranes of a peroxisome; in many cells the matrix contains a crystalloid core largely composed of urate oxidase.

Name: endoplasmic reticulum.

Definition: The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).

Name: signal recognition particle receptor complex.

Definition: A transmembrane heterodimeric protein located in the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Both subunits contain GTPase domains with which signal recognition particle interacts. In the presence of GTP and SRP receptor, SRP is released from the ribosome-nascent chain complex.

Name: signal recognition particle, endoplasmic reticulum targeting.

Definition: A ribonucleoprotein particle of 325 kDa composed of a 7S (300 nucleotide) RNA molecule and a complex of six different polypeptides. This binds both to the N-terminal signal peptide for proteins destined for the endoplasmic reticulum as they emerge from the large ribosomal subunit and also to the ribosome. This binding arrests further translation thereby preventing the proteins from being released into the cytosol. The SRP-ribosome complex then diffuses to the endoplasmic reticulum where it is bound to the signal recognition particle receptor, which allows resumption of protein synthesis and facilitates the passage of the growing polypeptide chain through the translocon. Through a process involving GTP hydrolysis, the SRP-SRP receptor complex dissociates and SRP returns to the cytosol. Of the six polypeptides of SRP the 54 kDa subunit (SRP54) is the central player. It contains an N-terminal GTPase domain and a C-terminal domain that binds directly to the signal peptide and the SRP RNA. Examples of this component are found in Mus musculus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Arabidopsis thaliana.

Name: signal peptidase complex.

Definition: A protein complex that is located in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and cleaves the signal sequence from precursor proteins following their transport out of the cytoplasmic space.

Name: endoplasmic reticulum lumen.

Definition: The volume enclosed by the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: endoplasmic reticulum membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Definition: The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER or SER) has no ribosomes attached to it. The smooth ER is the recipient of the proteins synthesized in the rough ER. Those proteins to be exported are passed to the Golgi complex, the resident proteins are returned to the rough ER and the lysosomal proteins after phosphorylation of their mannose residues are passed to the lysosomes. Glycosylation of the glycoproteins also continues. The smooth ER is the site of synthesis of lipids, including the phospholipids. The membranes of the smooth ER also contain enzymes that catalyze a series of reactions to detoxify both lipid-soluble drugs and harmful products of metabolism. Large quantities of certain compounds such as phenobarbital cause an increase in the amount of the smooth ER.

Name: rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Definition: The rough (or granular) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has ribosomes adhering to the outer surface; the ribosomes are the site of translation of the mRNA for those proteins which are either to be retained within the cisternae (ER-resident proteins), the proteins of the lysosomes, or the proteins destined for export from the cell. Glycoproteins undergo their initial glycosylation within the cisternae.

Name: endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment.

Definition: A complex system of membrane-bounded compartments located between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex, with a distinctive membrane protein composition; involved in ER-to-Golgi and Golgi-to-ER transport.

Name: Golgi apparatus.

Definition: A membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelle of the endomembrane system that further processes the core oligosaccharides (e.g. N-glycans) added to proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and packages them into membrane-bound vesicles. The Golgi apparatus operates at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways.

Name: Golgi stack.

Definition: The set of thin, flattened membrane-bounded compartments, called cisternae, that form the central portion of the Golgi complex. The stack usually comprises cis, medial, and trans cisternae; the cis- and trans-Golgi networks are not considered part of the stack.

Name: Golgi lumen.

Definition: The volume enclosed by the membranes of any cisterna or subcompartment of the Golgi apparatus, including the cis- and trans-Golgi networks.

Name: Golgi medial cisterna.

Definition: The middle Golgi cisterna (or cisternae).

Name: Golgi-associated vesicle.

Definition: Any vesicle associated with the Golgi complex and involved in mediating transport within the Golgi or between the Golgi and other parts of the cell.

Name: cis-Golgi network.

Definition: The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located at the convex side of the Golgi apparatus, which abuts the endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: trans-Golgi network.

Definition: The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located within the Golgi apparatus on the side distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination.

Name: lipid droplet.

Definition: An intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle comprising a matrix of coalesced lipids surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer. May include associated proteins.

Name: centrosome.

Definition: A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle.

Name: centriole.

Definition: A cellular organelle, found close to the nucleus in many eukaryotic cells, consisting of a small cylinder with microtubular walls, 300-500 nm long and 150-250 nm in diameter. It contains nine short, parallel, peripheral microtubular fibrils, each fibril consisting of one complete microtubule fused to two incomplete microtubules. Cells usually have two centrioles, lying at right angles to each other. At division, each pair of centrioles generates another pair and the twin pairs form the pole of the mitotic spindle.

Name: microtubule organizing center.

Definition: An intracellular structure that can catalyze gamma-tubulin-dependent microtubule nucleation and that can anchor microtubules by interacting with their minus ends, plus ends or sides.

Name: aster.

Definition: An array of microtubules emanating from a spindle pole MTOC that do not connect to kinetochores.

Name: spindle.

Definition: The array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart.

Name: actomyosin contractile ring.

Definition: A cytoskeletal structure composed of actin filaments and myosin that forms beneath the plasma membrane of many cells, including animal cells and yeast cells, in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the spindle, i.e. the cell division plane. In animal cells, the contractile ring is located at the cleavage furrow. In budding fungal cells, e.g. mitotic S. cerevisiae cells, the contractile ring forms at the mother-bud neck before mitosis.

Name: polar microtubule.

Definition: Any of the spindle microtubules that come from each pole and overlap at the spindle midzone. This interdigitating structure consisting of antiparallel microtubules is responsible for pushing the poles of the spindle apart.

Name: kinetochore microtubule.

Definition: Any of the spindle microtubules that attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes by their plus ends, and maneuver the chromosomes during mitotic or meiotic chromosome segregation.

Name: cytosol.

Definition: The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

Name: chaperonin-containing T-complex.

Definition: A multisubunit ring-shaped complex that mediates protein folding in the cytosol without a cofactor.

Name: hemoglobin complex.

Definition: An iron-containing, oxygen carrying complex. In vertebrates it is made up of two pairs of associated globin polypeptide chains, each chain carrying a noncovalently bound heme prosthetic group.

Name: heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Definition: Any of a family of heterotrimeric GTP-binding and hydrolyzing proteins; they belong to a superfamily of GTPases that includes monomeric proteins such as EF-Tu and RAS. Heterotrimeric G-proteins consist of three subunits; the alpha subunit contains the guanine nucleotide binding site and possesses GTPase activity; the beta and gamma subunits are tightly associated and function as a beta-gamma heterodimer; extrinsic plasma membrane proteins (cytoplasmic face) that function as a complex to transduce signals from G protein-coupled receptors to an effector protein.

Name: proteasome regulatory particle.

Definition: A multisubunit complex, which caps one or both ends of the proteasome core complex. This complex recognizes and unfolds ubiquitinated proteins, and translocates them to the proteasome core complex.

Name: proteasome core complex.

Definition: A multisubunit barrel shaped endoprotease complex, which is the core of the proteasome complex.

Name: ribosome.

Definition: An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins.

Name: polysome.

Definition: A multiribosomal structure representing a linear array of ribosomes held together by messenger RNA. They represent the active complexes in cellular protein synthesis and are able to incorporate amino acids into polypeptides both in vivo and in vitro.

Name: mRNA cap binding complex.

Definition: Any protein complex that binds to an mRNA cap at any time in the lifetime of the mRNA.

Name: nuclear cap binding complex.

Definition: A conserved heterodimeric protein complex that binds to the 5' terminal cap structure m7G(5')ppp(5')N of nascent eukaryotic RNA polymerase II transcripts such as pre-mRNA and U snRNA. The consists of proteins known as CBP20 and CBP80, binds to cap structures in the nucleus, and is involved in pre-mRNA splicing, 3'-end formation, and RNA nuclear export.

Name: mRNA cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor complex.

Definition: A multisubunit complex that binds to the canonical AAUAAA hexamer and to U-rich upstream sequence elements on the pre-mRNA, thereby stimulating the otherwise weakly active and nonspecific polymerase to elongate efficiently RNAs containing a poly(A) signal.

Name: mRNA cleavage factor complex.

Definition: Any macromolecular complex involved in cleavage or polyadenylation of mRNA molecules.

Name: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 complex.

Definition: Complex of three heterogeneous polypeptide chains, that form a ternary complex with initiator methionyl-tRNA and GTP. This ternary complex binds to free 40S subunit, which subsequently binds the 5' end of mRNA.

Name: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B complex.

Definition: A multisubunit guanine nucleotide exchange factor which catalyzes the exchange of GDP bound to initiation factor eIF2 for GTP, generating active eIF2-GTP. In humans, it is composed of five subunits, alpha, beta, delta, gamma and epsilon.

Name: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex.

Definition: A complex of several polypeptides that plays at least two important roles in protein synthesis: First, eIF3 binds to the 40S ribosome and facilitates loading of the Met-tRNA/eIF2.GTP ternary complex to form the 43S preinitiation complex. Subsequently, eIF3 apparently assists eIF4 in recruiting mRNAs to the 43S complex. The eIF3 complex contains five conserved core subunits, and may contain several additional proteins; the non-core subunits are thought to mediate association of the complex with specific sets of mRNAs.

Name: nascent polypeptide-associated complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric protein complex that can reversibly bind to ribosomes, and is located in direct proximity to newly synthesized polypeptide chains as they emerge from the ribosome.

Name: cytoskeleton.

Definition: A cellular structure that forms the internal framework of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The cytoskeleton includes intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles.

Name: axonemal dynein complex.

Definition: A dynein complex found in eukaryotic cilia and flagella; the motor domain heads interact with adjacent microtubules to generate a sliding force which is converted to a bending motion.

Name: muscle myosin complex.

Definition: A filament of myosin found in a muscle cell of any type.

Name: troponin complex.

Definition: A complex of accessory proteins (typically troponin T, troponin I and troponin C) found associated with actin in muscle thin filaments; involved in calcium regulation of muscle contraction.

Name: striated muscle myosin thick filament.

Definition: Bipolar filaments formed of polymers of a muscle-specific myosin II isoform, found in the middle of sarcomeres in myofibrils.

Name: striated muscle thin filament.

Definition: Filaments formed of actin and associated proteins; attached to Z discs at either end of sarcomeres in myofibrils.

Name: cytoplasmic dynein complex.

Definition: Any dynein complex with a homodimeric dynein heavy chain core that catalyzes movement along a microtubule. Cytoplasmic dynein complexes participate in many cytoplasmic transport activities in eukaryotes, such as mRNA localization, intermediate filament transport, nuclear envelope breakdown, apoptosis, transport of centrosomal proteins, mitotic spindle assembly, virus transport, kinetochore functions, and movement of signaling and spindle checkpoint proteins. Some complexes participate in intraflagellar transport. Subunits associated with the dynein heavy chain mediate association between dynein heavy chain and cargoes, and may include light chains and light intermediate chains.

Name: dynactin complex.

Definition: A 20S multiprotein assembly of total mass about 1.2 MDa that activates dynein-based activity in vivo. A large structural component of the complex is an actin-like 40 nm filament composed of actin-related protein, to which other components attach.

Name: kinesin complex.

Definition: Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily, a group of related proteins that contain an extended region of predicted alpha-helical coiled coil in the main chain that likely produces dimerization. The native complexes of several kinesin family members have also been shown to contain additional peptides, often designated light chains as all of the noncatalytic subunits that are currently known are smaller than the chain that contains the motor unit. Kinesin complexes generally possess a force-generating enzymatic activity, or motor, which converts the free energy of the gamma phosphate bond of ATP into mechanical work.

Name: plus-end kinesin complex.

Definition: Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily and any associated proteins, and moves towards the plus end of a microtubule.

Name: microtubule.

Definition: Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle.

Name: microtubule associated complex.

Definition: Any multimeric complex connected to a microtubule.

Name: spindle microtubule.

Definition: Any microtubule that is part of a mitotic or meiotic spindle; anchored at one spindle pole.

Name: axonemal microtubule.

Definition: A microtubule in the axoneme of a eukaryotic cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules, which may or may not surround a pair of single microtubules.

Name: cytoplasmic microtubule.

Definition: Any microtubule in the cytoplasm of a cell.

Name: intermediate filament.

Definition: A cytoskeletal structure that forms a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space. Intermediate filaments may be divided into five chemically distinct classes: Type I, acidic keratins; Type II, basic keratins; Type III, including desmin, vimentin and others; Type IV, neurofilaments and related filaments; and Type V, lamins.

Name: neurofilament.

Definition: A type of intermediate filament found in the core of neuronal axons. Neurofilaments are heteropolymers composed of three type IV polypeptides: NF-L, NF-M, and NF-H (for low, middle, and high molecular weight). Neurofilaments are responsible for the radial growth of an axon and determine axonal diameter.

Name: actin filament.

Definition: A filamentous structure formed of a two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin and associated proteins. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. The filaments, comprising polymerized globular actin molecules, appear as flexible structures with a diameter of 5-9 nm. They are organized into a variety of linear bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three dimensional gels. In the cytoskeleton they are most highly concentrated in the cortex of the cell just beneath the plasma membrane.

Name: Arp2/3 protein complex.

Definition: A stable protein complex that contains two actin-related proteins, Arp2 and Arp3, and five novel proteins (ARPC1-5), and functions in the nucleation of branched actin filaments.

Name: plasma membrane.

Definition: The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

Name: sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPase complex.

Definition: Sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPases are tetrameric proteins, consisting of two large alpha subunits and two smaller beta subunits. The alpha subunits bear the active site and penetrate the membrane, while the beta subunits carry oligosaccharide groups and face the cell exterior.

Name: voltage-gated calcium channel complex.

Definition: A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which calcium ions may pass in response to changes in membrane potential.

Name: acetylcholine-gated channel complex.

Definition: A homo- or hetero-pentameric protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which ions may pass in response to acetylcholine binding.

Name: interleukin-6 receptor complex.

Definition: A hexameric protein complex consisting of two molecules each of interleukin-6, interleukin-6 receptor alpha chain, and gp-130.

Name: insulin receptor complex.

Definition: A disulfide-bonded, heterotetrameric receptor complex. The alpha chains are entirely extracellular, while each beta chain has one transmembrane domain. The ligand binds to the alpha subunit extracellular domain and the kinase is associated with the beta subunit intracellular domain.

Name: oncostatin-M receptor complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric receptor for the cytokine oncostatin-M (OSM). In humans the receptor complex is made up of the gene products gp130 and OSMR-beta.

Name: caveola.

Definition: A membrane raft that forms small pit, depression, or invagination that communicates with the outside of a cell and extends inward, indenting the cytoplasm and the cell membrane. Examples include flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane in adipocytes associated with caveolin proteins, and minute pits or incuppings of the cell membrane formed during pinocytosis. Caveolae may be pinched off to form free vesicles within the cytoplasm.

Name: microvillus.

Definition: Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments. Present in especially large numbers on the absorptive surface of intestinal cells.

Name: brush border.

Definition: The dense covering of microvilli on the apical surface of an epithelial cell in tissues such as the intestine, kidney, and choroid plexus; the microvilli aid absorption by increasing the surface area of the cell.

Name: clathrin-coated pit.

Definition: A part of the endomembrane system in the form of an invagination of a membrane upon which a clathrin coat forms, and that can be converted by vesicle budding into a clathrin-coated vesicle. Coated pits form on the plasma membrane, where they are involved in receptor-mediated selective transport of many proteins and other macromolecules across the cell membrane, in the trans-Golgi network, and on some endosomes.

Name: cell-cell junction.

Definition: A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells of an organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic intercellular bridges, such as ring canals in insects.

Name: adherens junction.

Definition: A cell-cell junction composed of the epithelial cadherin-catenin complex. The epithelial cadherins, or E-cadherins, of each interacting cell extend through the plasma membrane into the extracellular space and bind to each other. The E-cadherins bind to catenins on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, where the E-cadherin-catenin complex binds to cytoskeletal components and regulatory and signaling molecules.

Name: spot adherens junction.

Definition: A small cell-cell adherens junction assembled during the cellularization stage of insect embyrogenesis; spot adherens junctions later fuse to form the zonula adherens.

Name: zonula adherens.

Definition: A cell-cell adherens junction which forms a continuous belt near the apex of epithelial cells.

Name: fascia adherens.

Definition: A cell-cell junction that contains the transmembrane protein N-cadherin, which interacts with identical molecules from neighbouring cells to form a tight mechanical intercellular link; forms a large portion of the intercalated disc, the structure at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes.

Name: gap junction.

Definition: A cell-cell junction composed of pannexins or innexins and connexins, two different families of channel-forming proteins.

Name: connexin complex.

Definition: An assembly of six molecules of connexin, made in the Golgi apparatus and subsequently transported to the plasma membrane, where docking of two connexons on apposed plasma membranes across the extracellular space forms a gap junction.

Name: bicellular tight junction.

Definition: An occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet; the outer leaflets of the two interacting plasma membranes are seen to be tightly apposed where sealing strands are present. Each sealing strand is composed of a long row of transmembrane adhesion proteins embedded in each of the two interacting plasma membranes.

Name: focal adhesion.

Definition: A cell-substrate junction that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments. In insects focal adhesion has also been referred to as hemi-adherens junction (HAJ).

Name: cilium.

Definition: A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface and of some cytoplasmic parts. Each cilium is largely bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored to a basal body.

Name: axoneme.

Definition: The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.

Name: cell cortex.

Definition: The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.

Name: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex.

Definition: A protein complex capable of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity and containing subunits of any phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) enzyme. These complexes are divided in three classes (called I, II and III) that differ for their presence across taxonomic groups and for the type of their constituents. Catalytic subunits of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase enzymes are present in all 3 classes; regulatory subunits of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase enzymes are present in classes I and III; adaptor proteins have been observed in class II complexes and may be present in other classes too.

Name: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class IA.

Definition: A class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex that possesses 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase activity; comprises a catalytic class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) subunit and an associated SH2 domain-containing regulatory subunit that is a member of a family of related proteins often called p85 proteins. Through the interaction with the SH2-containing adaptor subunits, Class IA PI3K catalytic subunits are linked to tyrosine kinase signaling pathways.

Name: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class IB.

Definition: A class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex that possesses 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase activity; comprises a catalytic class IB phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) subunit and an associated regulatory subunit that is larger than, and unrelated to, the p85 proteins present in class IA complexes. Class IB PI3Ks are stimulated by G-proteins and do not interact with the SH2-domain containing adaptors that bind to Class IA PI3Ks.

Name: 6-phosphofructokinase complex.

Definition: A protein complex that possesses 6-phosphofructokinase activity; homodimeric, homooctameric, and allosteric homotetrameric forms are known.

Name: mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex.

Definition: Mitochondrial complex that possesses alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity.

Name: cAMP-dependent protein kinase complex.

Definition: An enzyme complex, composed of regulatory and catalytic subunits, that catalyzes protein phosphorylation. Inactive forms of the enzyme have two regulatory chains and two catalytic chains; activation by cAMP produces two active catalytic monomers and a regulatory dimer.

Name: CAAX-protein geranylgeranyltransferase complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric enzyme, composed of an alpha and a beta subunit. Participates in the post-translational C-terminal modification of several small GTPases, allowing their targeting to the membrane.

Name: calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase complex.

Definition: An enzyme complex which in eukaryotes is composed of four different chains: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. The different isoforms assemble into homo- or heteromultimeric holoenzymes composed of 8 to 12 subunits. Catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins to O-phosphoproteins.

Name: calcineurin complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric calcium ion and calmodulin dependent protein phosphatase composed of catalytic and regulatory subunits; the regulatory subunit is very similar in sequence to calmodulin.

Name: protein kinase CK2 complex.

Definition: A protein complex that possesses protein serine/threonine kinase activity, and contains two catalytic alpha subunits and two regulatory beta subunits. Protein kinase CK2 complexes are found in nearly every subcellular compartment, and can phosphorylate many protein substrates in addition to casein.

Name: DNA-dependent protein kinase-DNA ligase 4 complex.

Definition: A large protein complex which is involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks and, in mammals, V(D)J recombination events. It consists of the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), the DNA end-binding heterodimer Ku, the nuclear phosphoprotein XRCC4 or a homolog thereof, and DNA ligase IV.

Name: mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase complex (NAD+).

Definition: Mitochondrial complex that possesses isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity.

Name: protein farnesyltransferase complex.

Definition: A protein complex that possesses protein farnesyltransferase activity.

Name: mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

Definition: Complex that carries out the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA in eukaryotes; includes subunits possessing three catalytic activities: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). The This Eukaryotic form usually contains more subunits than its bacterial counterpart; for example, one known complex contains 30 E1 dimers, 60 E2 monomers, and 6 E3 dimers as well as a few copies of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase.

Name: Rab-protein geranylgeranyltransferase complex.

Definition: An protein-containing complex which catalyzes of the transfer of a geranyl-geranyl group from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to a Rab protein. In mammals it is composed of an alpha and a beta subunit, and associates with an accessory protein Rep (Rab escort protein).

Name: ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase complex.

Definition: An enzyme complex composed of 2-4 or more subunits, which usually contains nonheme iron and requires ATP for catalysis. Catalyzes the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate from ribonucleoside diphosphate, using either thioredoxin disulfide or glutaredoxin disulfide as an acceptor.

Name: carbohydrate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.

Name: polysaccharide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.

Name: glycogen metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha-(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha-(1->6) glycosidic linkages.

Name: glycogen biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues.

Name: regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen.

Name: glycogen catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues.

Name: regulation of glycogen catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen.

Name: disaccharide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any disaccharide, sugars composed of two monosaccharide units.

Name: sucrose metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving sucrose, the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside.

Name: sucrose catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sucrose, the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside.

Name: lactose metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving lactose, the disaccharide galactopyranosyl-glucose.

Name: lactose catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lactose, the disaccharide galactopyranosyl-glucose.

Name: trehalose metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving trehalose, a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi.

Name: trehalose catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of trehalose, a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi.

Name: monosaccharide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates. They are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides.

Name: xylulose metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving xylulose, the ketopentose threo-2-pentulose.

Name: fructose metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey.

Name: fructose 6-phosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 6-phosphate, also known as F6P. The D-enantiomer is an important intermediate in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and fructose metabolism.

Name: fructose 2,6-bisphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. The D enantiomer is an important regulator of the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. It inhibits fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and activates phosphofructokinase.

Name: fucose metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving fucose, or 6-deoxygalactose, which has two enantiomers, D-fucose and L-fucose.

Name: glucose metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.

Name: glucose catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.

Name: UDP-glucose metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-glucose, uridinediphosphoglucose, a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.

Name: galactose metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose.

Name: mannose metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannose, the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose. The D-(+)-form is widely distributed in mannans and hemicelluloses and is of major importance in the core oligosaccharide of N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins.

Name: D-ribose metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-ribose (ribo-pentose). As beta-D-ribofuranose, D-ribose forms the glycose group of all ribonucleosides, ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids, and also of ribose phosphates, various glycosides, some coenzymes and some forms of vitamin B12.

Name: inositol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.

Name: inositol biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.

Name: aminoglycan metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.

Name: aminoglycan biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.

Name: glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.

Name: aminoglycan catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.

Name: glycosaminoglycan catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.

Name: proteoglycan metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.

Name: chitin metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.

Name: chitin catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.

Name: amino sugar metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.

Name: glucosamine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranose), an aminodeoxysugar that occurs in combined form in chitin.

Name: glucosamine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranose), an aminodeoxysugar that occurs in combined form in chitin.

Name: N-acetylglucosamine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide group of a glycoprotein.

Name: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.

Name: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.

Name: N-acetylneuraminate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylneuraminate, the anion of 5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-3-ulosonic acid.

Name: hexitol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving hexitols, any alditol with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.

Name: sorbitol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving sorbitol (D-glucitol), one of the ten stereoisomeric hexitols. It can be derived from glucose by reduction of the aldehyde group.

Name: sorbitol catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sorbitol (D-glucitol), one of the ten stereoisomeric hexitols. It can be derived from glucose by reduction of the aldehyde group.

Name: uronic acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving uronic acid, any monocarboxylic acid formally derived by oxidizing to a carboxyl group the terminal hydroxymethylene group of either an aldose with four or more carbon atoms in the molecule, or of any glycoside derived from such an aldose.

Name: UDP-glucuronate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-glucuronate, a substance composed of glucuronic acid in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.

Name: alcohol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.

Name: ethanol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation.

Name: ethanol catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation.

Name: ethanol oxidation.

Definition: An ethanol metabolic process in which ethanol is converted to acetyl-CoA via acetaldehyde and acetate.

Name: glycerol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids.

Name: glycerol-3-phosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol-3-phosphate, a phosphoric monoester of glycerol.

Name: cellular glucan metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues, occurring at the level of an individual cell.

Name: cellular aldehyde metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells.

Name: organic acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.

Name: acetyl-CoA metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated; it is a metabolite derived from several pathways (e.g. glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, amino-acid catabolism) and is further metabolized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It is a key intermediate in lipid and terpenoid biosynthesis.

Name: acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated.

Name: acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from pyruvate.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate.

Name: lactate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving lactate, the anion of lactic acid.

Name: pyruvate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate.

Name: generation of precursor metabolites and energy.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.

Name: gluconeogenesis.

Definition: The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol.

Name: glycolytic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP and the reduction of NAD(P) to NAD(P)H. Glycolysis begins with the metabolism of a carbohydrate to generate products that can enter the pathway and ends with the production of pyruvate. Pyruvate may be converted to acetyl-coenzyme A, ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules.

Name: pentose-phosphate shunt.

Definition: The metabolic process in which glucose-6-phosphate is oxidized to form carbon dioxide (CO2) and ribulose 5-phosphate, coupled to reduction of NADP+ to NADPH; ribulose 5-P then enters a series of reactions that can yield biosynthetic precursors (ribose-5-phosphate and erythrose-4-phosphate) and glycolytic intermediates (fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate).

Name: tricarboxylic acid cycle.

Definition: A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle.

Name: citrate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate. Citrate is widely distributed in nature and is an important intermediate in the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.

Name: isocitrate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving isocitrate, the anion of isocitric acid, 1-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid. Isocitrate is an important intermediate in the TCA cycle and the glycoxylate cycle.

Name: 2-oxoglutarate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxoglutarate, the dianion of 2-oxoglutaric acid. It is a key constituent of the TCA cycle and a key intermediate in amino-acid metabolism.

Name: succinyl-CoA metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving succinyl-CoA, a compound composed of the monovalent acyl group 3-carboxypropanoyl, derived from succinic acid by loss of one OH group, linked to coenzyme A.

Name: succinate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving succinate, also known as butanedioate or ethane dicarboxylate, the dianion of succinic acid. Succinate is an important intermediate in metabolism and a component of the TCA cycle.

Name: fumarate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving fumarate, the anion of trans-1,2-ethenedicarboxylic acid, the diastereoisomer of maleate. It is a key intermediate in metabolism and is formed in the TCA cycle from succinate and converted into malate.

Name: oxaloacetate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxaloacetate, the anion of oxobutanedioic acid, an important intermediate in metabolism, especially as a component of the TCA cycle.

Name: malate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving malate, the anion of hydroxybutanedioic acid, a chiral hydroxydicarboxylic acid. The (+) enantiomer is an important intermediate in metabolism as a component of both the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.

Name: regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates.

Name: regulation of glycolytic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis.

Name: regulation of gluconeogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol.

Name: energy reserve metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from stored compounds such as fats or glycogen.

Name: glycerol biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids.

Name: NADH oxidation.

Definition: A metabolic process that results in the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADH, to the oxidized form, NAD+.

Name: oxidative phosphorylation.

Definition: The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.

Name: mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone.

Definition: The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation.

Name: mitochondrial electron transport, succinate to ubiquinone.

Definition: The transfer of electrons from succinate to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex II.

Name: mitochondrial electron transport, ubiquinol to cytochrome c.

Definition: The transfer of electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex III.

Name: mitochondrial electron transport, cytochrome c to oxygen.

Definition: The transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex IV.

Name: nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process.

Definition: Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.

Name: regulation of nucleotide metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides.

Name: purine nucleobase metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine.

Name: purine nucleobase catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine.

Name: inosine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of inosine, hypoxanthine riboside, a nucleoside found free but not in combination in nucleic acids except in the anticodons of some tRNAs.

Name: deoxyinosine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyinosine, hypoxanthine deoxyriboside.

Name: purine nucleoside catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

Name: adenosine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of adenosine, adenine riboside, a ribonucleoside found widely distributed in cells of every type as the free nucleoside and in combination in nucleic acids and various nucleoside coenzymes.

Name: deoxyadenosine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyadenosine, 2-deoxyribosyladenine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.

Name: purine nucleotide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

Name: purine nucleotide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

Name: nucleoside diphosphate phosphorylation.

Definition: The process of introducing a phosphate group into a nucleoside diphosphate to produce a nucleoside triphosphate.

Name: purine ribonucleoside salvage.

Definition: Any process which produces a purine nucleoside from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.

Name: AMP biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of AMP, adenosine monophosphate.

Name: dAMP biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dAMP, deoxyadenosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate).

Name: cAMP biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).

Name: dADP phosphorylation.

Definition: The process of introducing a phosphate group into dADP, deoxyadenosine diphosphate, to produce dATP.

Name: GMP biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GMP, guanosine monophosphate.

Name: guanine salvage.

Definition: Any process that generates guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.

Name: cGMP biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.

Name: GTP biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GTP, guanosine triphosphate.

Name: dGDP biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate, (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-diphosphate).

Name: dGDP phosphorylation.

Definition: The process of introducing a phosphate group into dGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate, to produce dGTP.

Name: IMP biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IMP, inosine monophosphate.

Name: 'de novo' IMP biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IMP, inosine monophosphate, by the stepwise assembly of a purine ring on ribose 5-phosphate.

Name: purine nucleotide catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

Name: AMP catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of AMP, adenosine monophosphate.

Name: dGTP catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dGTP, guanosine triphosphate.

Name: IMP catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of IMP, inosine monophosphate.

Name: pyrimidine nucleobase metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases.

Name: 'de novo' pyrimidine nucleobase biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors.

Name: pyrimidine nucleobase catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases.

Name: thymine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base.

Name: 5-methylcytosine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 5-methylcytosine, a methylated base of DNA.

Name: uracil catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, one of the pyrimidine bases occurring in RNA, but not in DNA.

Name: pyrimidine nucleoside metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any pyrimidine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

Name: thymidine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thymidine, deoxyribosylthymine thymine 2-deoxyriboside, a deoxynucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in deoxynucleotides and deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA.

Name: cytidine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cytidine, cytosine riboside, a widely distributed nucleoside.

Name: uridine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of uridine, uracil riboside, a ribonucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids.

Name: pyrimidine nucleotide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

Name: UMP biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UMP, uridine monophosphate.

Name: UDP biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP, uridine (5'-)diphosphate.

Name: dTMP biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTMP, deoxyribosylthymine monophosphate (2'-deoxyribosylthymine 5'-phosphate).

Name: dTDP biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTDP, deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate (2'-deoxyribosylthymine5'-diphosphate).

Name: CTP biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate.

Name: pyrimidine nucleotide catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

Name: dCMP catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dCMP, deoxycytidine monophosphate.

Name: dCTP catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dCTP, deoxycytidine triphosphate.

Name: CTP catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate.

Name: UDP catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UDP, uridine (5'-)diphosphate.

Name: DNA metabolic process.

Definition: Any cellular metabolic process involving deoxyribonucleic acid. This is one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides.

Name: DNA replication.

Definition: The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by initiation proteins, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA.

Name: DNA-templated DNA replication.

Definition: A DNA replication process that uses parental DNA as a template for the DNA-dependent DNA polymerases that synthesize the new strands.

Name: mitochondrial DNA replication.

Definition: The process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized in the mitochondrion.

Name: DNA topological change.

Definition: The process in which a transformation is induced in the topological structure of a double-stranded DNA helix, resulting in a change in linking number.

Name: DNA ligation.

Definition: The re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase.

Name: DNA unwinding involved in DNA replication.

Definition: The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating unpaired template strands for DNA replication.

Name: DNA replication, synthesis of RNA primer.

Definition: The synthesis of a short RNA polymer, usually 4-15 nucleotides long, using one strand of unwound DNA as a template; the RNA then serves as a primer from which DNA polymerases extend synthesis.

Name: DNA replication initiation.

Definition: The process in which DNA-dependent DNA replication is started; this begins with the ATP dependent loading of an initiator complex onto the DNA, this is followed by DNA melting and helicase activity. In bacteria, the gene products that enable the helicase activity are loaded after the initial melting and in archaea and eukaryotes, the gene products that enable the helicase activity are inactive when they are loaded and subsequently activate.

Name: DNA strand elongation involved in DNA replication.

Definition: The process in which an existing DNA strand is extended by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand, complementary to an existing template, as part of DNA replication.

Name: leading strand elongation.

Definition: The process in which an existing DNA strand is extended continuously in a 5' to 3' direction by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand, complementary to an existing template, as part of DNA replication. Leading strand elongation proceeds in the same direction as the replication fork.

Name: lagging strand elongation.

Definition: The process in which an existing DNA strand is extended in a net 3' to 5' direction by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand, complementary to an existing template, as part of DNA replication. Lagging strand DNA elongation proceeds by discontinuous synthesis of short stretches of DNA, known as Okazaki fragments, from RNA primers; these fragments are then joined by DNA ligase. Although each segment of nascent DNA is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction, the overall direction of lagging strand synthesis is 3' to 5', mirroring the progress of the replication fork.

Name: regulation of DNA replication.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.

Name: RNA-templated DNA biosynthetic process.

Definition: A DNA biosynthetic process that uses RNA as a template for RNA-dependent DNA polymerases (e.g. reverse transcriptase) that synthesize the new strand.

Name: DNA repair.

Definition: The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway.

Name: regulation of DNA repair.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA repair.

Name: transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair.

Definition: The nucleotide-excision repair process that carries out preferential repair of DNA lesions on the actively transcribed strand of the DNA duplex. In addition, the transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair pathway is required for the recognition and repair of a small subset of lesions that are not recognized by the global genome nucleotide excision repair pathway.

Name: base-excision repair.

Definition: In base excision repair, an altered base is removed by a DNA glycosylase enzyme, followed by excision of the resulting sugar phosphate. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase.

Name: base-excision repair, AP site formation.

Definition: The formation of an AP site, a deoxyribose sugar with a missing base, by DNA glycosylase which recognizes an altered base in DNA and catalyzes its hydrolytic removal. This sugar phosphate is the substrate recognized by the AP endonuclease, which cuts the DNA phosphodiester backbone at the 5' side of the altered site to leave a gap which is subsequently repaired.

Name: base-excision repair, gap-filling.

Definition: Repair of the damaged strand by the combined action of an apurinic endouclease that degrades a few bases on the damaged strand and a polymerase that synthesizes a 'patch' in the 5' to 3' direction, using the undamaged strand as a template.

Name: base-excision repair, DNA ligation.

Definition: The ligation by DNA ligase of DNA strands. Ligation occurs after polymerase action to fill the gap left by the action of endonucleases during base-excision repair.

Name: nucleotide-excision repair.

Definition: A DNA repair process in which a small region of the strand surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair recognizes a wide range of substrates, including damage caused by UV irradiation (pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts) and chemicals (intrastrand cross-links and bulky adducts).

Name: pyrimidine dimer repair.

Definition: The repair of UV-induced T-T, C-T and C-C dimers.

Name: nucleotide-excision repair, DNA gap filling.

Definition: Repair of the gap in the DNA helix by DNA polymerase and DNA ligase after the portion of the strand containing the lesion has been removed by pyrimidine-dimer repair enzymes.

Name: mismatch repair.

Definition: A system for the correction of errors in which an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. The mismatch repair system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination.

Name: postreplication repair.

Definition: The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA after replication. Includes pathways that remove replication-blocking lesions in conjunction with DNA replication.

Name: double-strand break repair.

Definition: The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix.

Name: double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining.

Definition: The repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the two broken ends are rejoined with little or no sequence complementarity. Information at the DNA ends may be lost due to the modification of broken DNA ends. This term covers instances of separate pathways, called classical (or canonical) and alternative nonhomologous end joining (C-NHEJ and A-NHEJ). These in turn may further branch into sub-pathways, but evidence is still unclear.

Name: DNA modification.

Definition: The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotide sites in DNA, resulting in a change in its properties.

Name: DNA alkylation.

Definition: The addition of alkyl groups to many positions on all four bases of DNA. Alkylating agents can also modify the bases of incoming nucleotides in the course of DNA synthesis.

Name: DNA methylation.

Definition: The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine.

Name: DNA dealkylation involved in DNA repair.

Definition: The repair of alkylation damage, e.g. the removal of the alkyl group at the O6-position of guanine by O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT).

Name: DNA catabolic process.

Definition: The cellular DNA metabolic process resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one.

Name: apoptotic DNA fragmentation.

Definition: The cleavage of DNA during apoptosis, which usually occurs in two stages: cleavage into fragments of about 50 kbp followed by cleavage between nucleosomes to yield 200 bp fragments.

Name: DNA recombination.

Definition: Any process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Interchromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction.

Name: meiotic gene conversion.

Definition: The cell cycle process in which genetic information is transferred from one helix to another. It often occurs in association with general genetic recombination events, and is believed to be a straightforward consequence of the mechanisms of general recombination and DNA repair. For example, meiosis might yield three copies of the maternal version of an allele and only one copy of the paternal allele, indicating that one of the two copies of the paternal allele has been changed to a copy of the maternal allele.

Name: mitotic recombination.

Definition: The exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between one DNA molecule and a homologous DNA region that occurs during mitotic cell cycles.

Name: transposition, DNA-mediated.

Definition: Any process involved in a type of transpositional recombination which occurs via a DNA intermediate.

Name: chromatin organization.

Definition: The assembly or remodeling of chromatin composed of DNA complexed with histones, other associated proteins, and sometimes RNA.

Name: nucleosome assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA.

Name: DNA replication-dependent chromatin assembly.

Definition: The formation of nucleosomes on newly synthesized DNA, coupled to strand elongation.

Name: nucleosome disassembly.

Definition: The controlled breakdown of nucleosomes, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA.

Name: chromatin remodeling.

Definition: A dynamic process of chromatin reorganization resulting in changes to chromatin structure. These changes allow DNA metabolic processes such as transcriptional regulation, DNA recombination, DNA repair, and DNA replication.

Name: DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation.

Definition: Repression of transcription by methylation of DNA, leading to the formation of heterochromatin.

Name: regulation of gene expression by genomic imprinting.

Definition: An epigenetic mechanism of regulation of gene expression in which epigenetic modifications (imprints) are established during gametogenesis. For a given gene to show parentally biased expression, the imprint are established exclusively in one of the two parental genomes, thus generating an asymmetry between the maternal and paternal alleles.

Name: DNA-templated transcription.

Definition: The synthesis of an RNA transcript from a DNA template.

Name: DNA-templated transcription initiation.

Definition: The initial step of transcription, consisting of the assembly of the RNA polymerase preinitiation complex (PIC) at a gene promoter, as well as the formation of the first few bonds of the RNA transcript. Transcription initiation includes abortive initiation events, which occur when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released, and ends when promoter clearance takes place.

Name: DNA-templated transcription termination.

Definition: The completion of transcription: the RNA polymerase pauses, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, followed by the release of the RNA polymerase from its DNA template.

Name: DNA-templated transcription elongation.

Definition: The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by an RNA polymerase.

Name: regulation of DNA-templated transcription.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.

Name: regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase I.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase I.

Name: regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.

Name: regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase III.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA ploymerase III.

Name: transcription by RNA polymerase I.

Definition: The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase I (RNAP I), originating at an RNAP I promoter.

Name: transcription initiation at RNA polymerase I promoter.

Definition: A transcription initiation process that takes place at a RNA polymerase I gene promoter. Ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase I.

Name: termination of RNA polymerase I transcription.

Definition: A transcription termination process that completes the production of a ribosomal RNA transcript. RNAP I termination requires binding of a terminator protein to specific sequences downstream of the transcription unit.

Name: rRNA processing.

Definition: Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules.

Name: transcription by RNA polymerase II.

Definition: The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).

Name: transcription initiation at RNA polymerase II promoter.

Definition: A transcription initiation process that takes place at a RNA polymerase II gene promoter. Messenger RNAs (mRNA) genes, as well as some non-coding RNAs, are transcribed by RNA polymerase II.

Name: transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II.

Definition: The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at an RNA polymerase II promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.

Name: termination of RNA polymerase II transcription.

Definition: A transcription termination process that completes the production of a primary RNA polymerase II transcript.

Name: 7-methylguanosine mRNA capping.

Definition: Addition of the 7-methylguanosine cap to the 5' end of a nascent messenger RNA transcript.

Name: mRNA splice site selection.

Definition: Selection of a splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.

Name: mRNA polyadenylation.

Definition: The enzymatic addition of a sequence of 40-200 adenylyl residues at the 3' end of a eukaryotic mRNA primary transcript.

Name: mRNA cleavage.

Definition: Any process in which a pre-mRNA or mRNA molecule is cleaved at specific sites or in a regulated manner.

Name: adenosine to inosine editing.

Definition: The conversion of an adenosine residue to inosine in an RNA molecule by deamination.

Name: transcription by RNA polymerase III.

Definition: The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III, originating at an RNAP III promoter.

Name: tRNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation.

Definition: Splicing of tRNA substrates via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons.

Name: mitochondrial transcription.

Definition: The synthesis of RNA from a mitochondrial DNA template, usually by a specific mitochondrial RNA polymerase.

Name: transcription initiation at mitochondrial promoter.

Definition: A transcription initiation process that takes place at a promoter on the mitochondrial chromosome.

Name: termination of mitochondrial transcription.

Definition: A transcription termination process that completes the production of a primary mitochondrial transcript.

Name: RNA processing.

Definition: Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules.

Name: mRNA processing.

Definition: Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide.

Name: mRNA 3'-end processing by stem-loop binding and cleavage.

Definition: Any mRNA 3'-end processing that involves the binding to and cleavage of a stem-loop structure. For example, histone mRNAs contain a highly conserved stem-loop sequence at the 3' end of the mRNA with a 6 base pairs (bp) stem and a 4-nt loop. The mRNA is cleaved between these two elements, after the fourth or fifth nucleotide, which is typically an adenosine.

Name: tRNA metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving tRNA, transfer RNA, a class of relatively small RNA molecules responsible for mediating the insertion of amino acids into the sequence of nascent polypeptide chains during protein synthesis. Transfer RNA is characterized by the presence of many unusual minor bases, the function of which has not been completely established.

Name: tRNA modification.

Definition: The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within a tRNA molecule to produce a tRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.

Name: RNA catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.

Name: mRNA catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes.

Name: RNA localization.

Definition: A process in which RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Name: RNA import into nucleus.

Definition: The import of RNA from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.

Name: RNA export from nucleus.

Definition: The directed movement of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

Name: mRNA export from nucleus.

Definition: The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

Name: rRNA export from nucleus.

Definition: The directed movement of rRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm; the rRNA is usually in the form of ribonucleoproteins.

Name: snRNA export from nucleus.

Definition: The directed movement of snRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

Name: tRNA export from nucleus.

Definition: The directed movement of tRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

Name: translation.

Definition: The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA or circRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA or circRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome.

Name: translational initiation.

Definition: The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.

Name: translational elongation.

Definition: The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis.

Name: translational termination.

Definition: The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code).

Name: regulation of translation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.

Name: tRNA aminoacylation for protein translation.

Definition: The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA and the alpha carboxylic acid group of an amino acid, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis.

Name: alanyl-tRNA aminoacylation.

Definition: The process of coupling alanine to alanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by alanyl-tRNA synthetase. The alanyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetases. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of an alanine accetping tRNA.

Name: arginyl-tRNA aminoacylation.

Definition: The process of coupling arginine to arginyl-tRNA, catalyzed by arginyl-tRNA synthetase. The arginyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of an alanine accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.

Name: asparaginyl-tRNA aminoacylation.

Definition: The process of coupling asparagine to asparaginyl-tRNA, catalyzed by asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase. The asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of an asparagine-accetping tRNA.

Name: cysteinyl-tRNA aminoacylation.

Definition: The process of coupling cysteine to cysteinyl-tRNA, catalyzed by cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase. A cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a cysteine-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.

Name: glutamyl-tRNA aminoacylation.

Definition: The process of coupling glutamate to glutamyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glutamyl-tRNA synthetase. The glutamyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a glutamic acid-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.

Name: glutaminyl-tRNA aminoacylation.

Definition: The process of coupling glutamine to glutaminyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase. The glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a glutamine-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.

Name: histidyl-tRNA aminoacylation.

Definition: The process of coupling histidine to histidyl-tRNA, catalyzed by histidyl-tRNA synthetase. The histidyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3''-OH group of a histidine-accetping tRNA.

Name: isoleucyl-tRNA aminoacylation.

Definition: The process of coupling isoleucine to isoleucyl-tRNA, catalyzed by isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase. The isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a isoleucine-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.

Name: leucyl-tRNA aminoacylation.

Definition: The process of coupling leucine to leucyl-tRNA, catalyzed by leucyl-tRNA synthetase. The leucyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a leucine-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.

Name: lysyl-tRNA aminoacylation.

Definition: The process of coupling lysine to lysyl-tRNA, catalyzed by lysyl-tRNA synthetase. The lysyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of a lysine-accetping tRNA.

Name: methionyl-tRNA aminoacylation.

Definition: The process of coupling methionine to methionyl-tRNA, catalyzed by methionyl-tRNA synthetase. The methionyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a methionine-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.

Name: phenylalanyl-tRNA aminoacylation.

Definition: The process of coupling phenylalanine to phenylalanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase. The phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. However, unlike other class II enzymes, The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a phenylalanine-accepting tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.

Name: prolyl-tRNA aminoacylation.

Definition: The process of coupling proline to prolyl-tRNA, catalyzed by prolyl-tRNA synthetase. The prolyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of a methionine-accetping tRNA.

Name: seryl-tRNA aminoacylation.

Definition: The process of coupling serine to seryl-tRNA, catalyzed by seryl-tRNA synthetase. The seryl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of a serine-accetping tRNA.

Name: threonyl-tRNA aminoacylation.

Definition: The process of coupling threonine to threonyl-tRNA, catalyzed by threonyl-tRNA synthetase. The threonyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of a threonine-accetping tRNA.

Name: tyrosyl-tRNA aminoacylation.

Definition: The process of coupling tyrosine to tyrosyl-tRNA, catalyzed by tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase. The tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a tyrosine-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.

Name: regulation of translational initiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.

Name: regulation of translational elongation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or accuracy of translational elongation.

Name: regulation of translational termination.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination.

Name: regulation of translational fidelity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the ability of the translational apparatus to interpret the genetic code.

Name: translational readthrough.

Definition: The continuation of translation beyond a stop codon by the use of a special tRNA that recognizes the UAG and UGA codons as modified amino acids, rather than as termination codons.

Name: protein folding.

Definition: The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure.

Name: 'de novo' protein folding.

Definition: The process of assisting in the folding of a nascent peptide chain into its correct tertiary structure.

Name: signal peptide processing.

Definition: The proteolytic removal of a signal peptide from a protein during or after transport to a specific location in the cell.

Name: protein phosphorylation.

Definition: The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.

Name: negative regulation of protein kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.

Name: protein dephosphorylation.

Definition: The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein.

Name: protein acetylation.

Definition: The addition of an acetyl group to a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.

Name: N-terminal protein amino acid acetylation.

Definition: The acetylation of the N-terminal amino acid of proteins.

Name: internal protein amino acid acetylation.

Definition: The addition of an acetyl group to a non-terminal amino acid in a protein.

Name: protein deacetylation.

Definition: The removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.

Name: protein sulfation.

Definition: The addition of a sulfate group as an ester to a protein amino acid.

Name: peptidyl-tyrosine sulfation.

Definition: The sulfation of peptidyl-tyrosine residues to form peptidyl-O4'-sulfo-L-tyrosine.

Name: protein methylation.

Definition: The addition of a methyl group to a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom.

Name: N-terminal protein amino acid methylation.

Definition: The methylation of the N-terminal amino acid of a protein.

Name: C-terminal protein methylation.

Definition: The methylation of the C-terminal amino acid of a protein.

Name: protein demethylation.

Definition: The removal of a methyl group, from a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom.

Name: protein glycosylation.

Definition: A protein modification process that results in the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.

Name: protein N-linked glycosylation.

Definition: A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine, the omega-N of arginine, or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan.

Name: dolichol-linked oligosaccharide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichol-linked oligosaccharide, usually by a stepwise addition of glycosyl chains to endoplasmic reticulum membrane-bound dolichol-P.

Name: dolichyl diphosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichyl diphosphate, a diphosphorylated dolichol derivative.

Name: oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate, such as a molecule of dolichol-P-man or dolicol-P-Glc used in N-linked glycosylation.

Name: N-glycan processing.

Definition: The conversion of N-linked glycan (N = nitrogen) structures from the initially transferred oligosaccharide to a mature form, by the actions of glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. The early processing steps are conserved and play roles in glycoprotein folding and trafficking.

Name: protein O-linked glycosylation.

Definition: A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or via the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine, forming an O-glycan.

Name: protein lipidation.

Definition: The covalent attachment of lipid groups to an amino acid in a protein.

Name: N-terminal protein lipidation.

Definition: The covalent attachment of a lipid group to the amino terminus of a protein.

Name: N-terminal protein myristoylation.

Definition: The covalent attachment of a myristoyl group to the N-terminal amino acid residue of a protein.

Name: N-terminal protein palmitoylation.

Definition: The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to the N-terminal amino acid residue of a protein.

Name: C-terminal protein lipidation.

Definition: The covalent attachment of a lipid group to the carboxy-terminus of a protein.

Name: GPI anchor metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors, molecular mechanisms for attaching membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. Structurally they consist of a molecule of phosphatidylinositol to which is linked, via the C-6 hydroxyl of the inositol, a carbohydrate chain. This chain is in turn linked to the protein through an ethanolamine phosphate group, the amino group of which is in amide linkage with the C-terminal carboxyl of the protein chain, the phosphate group being esterified to the C-6 hydroxyl of the terminal mannose of the core carbohydrate chain.

Name: GPI anchor biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor that attaches some membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. The phosphatidylinositol group is linked via the C-6 hydroxyl residue of inositol to a carbohydrate chain which is itself linked to the protein via an ethanolamine phosphate group, its amino group forming an amide linkage with the C-terminal carboxyl of the protein. Some GPI anchors have variants on this canonical linkage.

Name: GPI anchor release.

Definition: The GPI anchor metabolic process that results in enzymatic cleavage of the anchor, releasing an anchored protein from the membrane.

Name: proteolysis.

Definition: The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds.

Name: membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis.

Definition: The proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain (extracellular domain).

Name: ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the protein.

Name: protein monoubiquitination.

Definition: Addition of a single ubiquitin group to a protein.

Name: protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded or attenuated proteins.

Name: glycoprotein catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.

Name: protein deglycosylation.

Definition: The removal of sugar residues from a glycosylated protein.

Name: peptide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another.

Name: amino acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.

Name: regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids.

Name: alanine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving alanine, 2-aminopropanoic acid.

Name: alanine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alanine, 2-aminopropanoic acid.

Name: arginine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.

Name: arginine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.

Name: arginine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.

Name: asparagine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid.

Name: asparagine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid.

Name: asparagine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid.

Name: aspartate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid.

Name: aspartate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid.

Name: cysteine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.

Name: glutamate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.

Name: glutamate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.

Name: glutamate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.

Name: glutamate catabolic process via 2-oxoglutarate.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, via the intermediate 2-oxoglutarate.

Name: glutamine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid.

Name: glutamine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid.

Name: glycine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycine, aminoethanoic acid.

Name: glycine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine, aminoethanoic acid.

Name: glycine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine, aminoethanoic acid.

Name: histidine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.

Name: histidine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.

Name: isoleucine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.

Name: isoleucine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.

Name: leucine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid.

Name: leucine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid.

Name: lysine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.

Name: lysine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.

Name: methionine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.

Name: S-adenosylmethionine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of S-adenosylmethionine, S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism.

Name: L-phenylalanine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-phenylalanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.

Name: L-phenylalanine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylalanine, 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.

Name: proline metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.

Name: proline biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.

Name: proline catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.

Name: L-serine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.

Name: L-serine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.

Name: L-serine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.

Name: tryptophan metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid.

Name: tryptophan catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid.

Name: tyrosine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.

Name: tyrosine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.

Name: valine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.

Name: valine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.

Name: cellular modified amino acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.

Name: biogenic amine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells involving any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.

Name: amino-acid betaine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid.

Name: amino-acid betaine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid.

Name: acetylcholine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline.

Name: melanin metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom.

Name: melanin biosynthetic process from tyrosine.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanin from other compounds, including tyrosine.

Name: catecholamine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.

Name: indolalkylamine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group.

Name: thyroid hormone generation.

Definition: The formation of either of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, mainly thyroxine and triiodothyronine. This is achieved by the iodination and joining of tyrosine molecules to form the precursor thyroglobin, proteolysis of this precursor gives rise to the thyroid hormones.

Name: ornithine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving ornithine, an amino acid only rarely found in proteins, but which is important in living organisms as an intermediate in the reactions of the urea cycle and in arginine biosynthesis.

Name: ornithine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ornithine, an amino acid only rarely found in proteins, but which is important in living organisms as an intermediate in the reactions of the urea cycle and in arginine biosynthesis.

Name: ornithine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ornithine, an amino acid only rarely found in proteins, but which is important in living organisms as an intermediate in the reactions of the urea cycle and in arginine biosynthesis.

Name: polyamine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.

Name: polyamine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.

Name: polyamine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.

Name: creatine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving creatine (N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-methylglycine), a compound synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine that occurs in muscle.

Name: creatine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of creatine, N-[amino(imino)methyl]-N-methylglycine. Creatine is formed by a process beginning with amidino group transfer from L-arginine to glycine to form guanidinoacetate, followed by methyl group transfer from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to guanidinoacetate; it is then is phosphorylated to form a pool that stores high energy phosphate for the replenishment of ATP during periods of high, or fluctuating energy demand. In animals, most creatine is transported to and used in muscle.

Name: protein targeting.

Definition: The process of targeting specific proteins to particular regions of the cell, typically membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif.

Name: protein import into nucleus.

Definition: The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.

Name: NLS-bearing protein import into nucleus.

Definition: The directed movement of a protein bearing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear envelope.

Name: ribosomal protein import into nucleus.

Definition: The directed movement of a ribosomal protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane. At least some ribosomal proteins, including rpl12, uses the importin 11 pathway as a major route into the nucleus.

Name: protein export from nucleus.

Definition: The directed movement of a protein from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

Name: protein targeting to membrane.

Definition: The process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein.

Name: cotranslational protein targeting to membrane.

Definition: The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation. The transport of most secretory proteins, particularly those with more than 100 amino acids, into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen occurs in this manner, as does the import of some proteins into mitochondria.

Name: SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane.

Definition: The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation and is dependent upon two key components, the signal-recognition particle (SRP) and the SRP receptor. SRP is a cytosolic particle that transiently binds to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal sequence in a nascent protein, to the large ribosomal unit, and to the SRP receptor in the ER membrane.

Name: SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, translocation.

Definition: The process during cotranslational membrane targeting wherein proteins move across a membrane. SRP and its receptor initiate the transfer of the nascent chain across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane; they then dissociate from the chain, which is transferred to a set of transmembrane proteins, collectively called the translocon. Once the nascent chain translocon complex is assembled, the elongating chain passes directly from the large ribosomal subunit into the centers of the translocon, a protein-lined channel within the membrane. The growing chain is never exposed to the cytosol and does not fold until it reaches the ER lumen.

Name: post-translational protein targeting to endoplasmic reticulum membrane.

Definition: The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs after their translation. Some secretory proteins exhibit posttranslational transport into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen: they are synthesized in their entirety on free cytosolic ribosomes and then released into the cytosol, where they are bound by chaperones which keep them in an unfolded state, and subsequently are translocated across the ER membrane.

Name: protein retention in ER lumen.

Definition: The retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen of soluble resident proteins. Sorting receptors retrieve proteins with ER localization signals, such as KDEL and HDEL sequences or some transmembrane domains, that have escaped to the cis-Golgi network and return them to the ER. Abnormally folded proteins and unassembled subunits are also selectively retained in the ER.

Name: protein targeting to lysosome.

Definition: The process of directing proteins towards the lysosome using signals contained within the protein.

Name: protein targeting to vacuole.

Definition: The process of directing proteins towards the vacuole, usually using signals contained within the protein.

Name: protein targeting to peroxisome.

Definition: The process of directing proteins towards the peroxisome, usually using signals contained within the protein.

Name: protein targeting to mitochondrion.

Definition: The process of directing proteins towards and into the mitochondrion, usually mediated by mitochondrial proteins that recognize signals contained within the imported protein.

Name: protein processing involved in protein targeting to mitochondrion.

Definition: The cleavage of peptide bonds in proteins, usually near the N terminus, contributing to the process of import into the mitochondrion. Several different peptidases mediate cleavage of proteins destined for different mitochondrial compartments.

Name: lipid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids.

Name: fatty acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.

Name: fatty acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes.

Name: fatty acid beta-oxidation.

Definition: A fatty acid oxidation process that results in the complete oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and occurs by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A; the cycle continues until only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).

Name: unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an unsaturated fatty acid, any fatty acid containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.

Name: acyl-CoA metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with an acyl group.

Name: neutral lipid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity.

Name: acylglycerol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving acylglycerol, any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids.

Name: monoacylglycerol biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monoacylglycerol, any ester of glycerol in which any one of its hydroxyl groups has been acylated with a fatty acid, the other being non-esterified.

Name: triglyceride metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol. The three fatty acid residues may all be the same or differ in any permutation. Triglycerides are important components of plant oils, animal fats and animal plasma lipoproteins.

Name: membrane lipid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane.

Name: phospholipid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.

Name: phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine.

Name: glycerophospholipid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue.

Name: diacylglycerol biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diacylglycerol, a glyceride in which any two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group.

Name: phosphatidic acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidic acid, any derivative of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids.

Name: phosphatidylglycerol biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylglycerols, any of a class of phospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of glycerol.

Name: phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.

Name: CDP-choline pathway.

Definition: The phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process that begins with the phosphorylation of choline and ends with the combination of CDP-choline with diacylglycerol to form phosphatidylcholine.

Name: phosphatidylserine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine. They are important constituents of cell membranes.

Name: phosphatidylserine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine.

Name: phosphatidylserine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine.

Name: phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.

Name: glycerol ether metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol ethers, any anhydride formed between two organic hydroxy compounds, one of which is glycerol.

Name: platelet activating factor biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of platelet activating factor, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine, where alkyl = hexadecyl or octadecyl. Platelet activating factor is an inflammatory mediator released from a variety of cells in response to various stimuli.

Name: glycolipid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycolipids, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide). Some substances classified as bacterial glycolipids have the sugar group acylated by one or more fatty acids and the glycerol group may be absent.

Name: sphingolipid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).

Name: 3-keto-sphinganine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-keto-sphinganine, a derivative of sphinganine with a ketone group at C3. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of sphingosine.

Name: sphinganine-1-phosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphinganine-1-phosphate, the phosphorylated derivative of D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol.

Name: sphinganine-1-phosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphinganine-1-phosphate, the phosphorylated derivative of D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol.

Name: sphingosine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingosine (sphing-4-enine), trans-D-erytho-2-amino-octadec-4-ene-1,3-diol, a long chain amino diol sphingoid base that occurs in most sphingolipids in animal tissues.

Name: phytosphingosine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytosphingosine, (2S,3S,4R)-2-aminooctadecane-1,3,4-triol, a constituent of many plant sphingolipids.

Name: ceramide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid.

Name: glycosylceramide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group.

Name: glucosylceramide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group. They are neutral glycolipids containing equimolar amounts of fatty acid, glucose, and sphingosine or a sphingosine derivative.

Name: glucosylceramide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group.

Name: glucosylceramide catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group.

Name: galactosylceramide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group.

Name: galactosylceramide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group.

Name: galactosylceramide catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group.

Name: sphingomyelin metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine, any of a class of phospholipids in which the amino group of sphingosine is in amide linkage with one of several fatty acids, while the terminal hydroxyl group of sphingosine is esterified to phosphorylcholine.

Name: sphingomyelin catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine.

Name: sphingomyelin biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine.

Name: glycosphingolipid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosphingolipids, any compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.

Name: glycosphingolipid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.

Name: ganglioside catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ganglioside, a ceramide oligosaccharide carrying, in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic residues.

Name: icosanoid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Name: leukotriene metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid.

Name: prostanoid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostanoids, any compound based on or derived from the prostanoate structure.

Name: prostaglandin metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring due to the formation of a bond between two carbons of a fatty acid. They have a wide range of biological activities.

Name: steroid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification.

Name: cholesterol biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.

Name: bile acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile.

Name: C21-steroid hormone biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones.

Name: androgen biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.

Name: estrogen biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants.

Name: glucocorticoid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.

Name: mineralocorticoid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.

Name: steroid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.

Name: cholesterol catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.

Name: androgen catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.

Name: estrogen catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants.

Name: glucocorticoid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.

Name: sesquiterpenoid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving sesquiterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with three isoprene units.

Name: isoprenoid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoid compounds, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.

Name: terpenoid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure and including derivatives with various functional groups.

Name: cellular aromatic compound metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells.

Name: tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrobiopterin, the reduced form of biopterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pteridine). It functions as a hydroxylation coenzyme, e.g. in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine.

Name: one-carbon metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states.

Name: NADH metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid.

Name: NADH regeneration.

Definition: A metabolic process that generates a pool of NADH by the reduction of NAD+.

Name: nicotinamide riboside catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nicotinamide riboside, the product of the formation of a glycosidic bond between ribose and nicotinamide.

Name: NADP metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; metabolism may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH.

Name: NADPH regeneration.

Definition: A metabolic process that generates a pool of NADPH by the reduction of NADP+.

Name: NADP catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; catabolism may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH.

Name: ubiquinone metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme.

Name: ubiquinone biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme.

Name: glutathione metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins; it has a specific role in the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxidized ascorbate, and it participates in the gamma-glutamyl cycle.

Name: glutathione biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins.

Name: glutathione catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins.

Name: nucleoside phosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any phosphorylated nucleoside.

Name: ATP biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.

Name: AMP phosphorylation.

Definition: The process of introducing a phosphate group into AMP, adenosine monophosphate, to produce ADP. Addition of two phosphate groups produces ATP.

Name: ATP generation from ADP.

Definition: The process of introducing a phosphate group into ADP, adenosine diphosphate, to produce ATP.

Name: folic acid-containing compound metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a folic acid-containing compound, i.e. any of a group of heterocyclic compounds based on the pteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.

Name: vitamin metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamins. Vitamin is a general term for a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body. Vitamins may be water-soluble or fat-soluble and usually serve as components of coenzyme systems.

Name: water-soluble vitamin metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water.

Name: nicotinamide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide, pyridine-3-carboxamide, the amide of nicotinic acid. It is a member of the B complex of vitamins and occurs widely in living organisms.

Name: riboflavin metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).

Name: fat-soluble vitamin metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents and relatively insoluble in water.

Name: vitamin A metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the vitamin A compounds, retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid, all of which are derivatives of beta-carotene.

Name: Mo-molybdopterin cofactor biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the Mo-molybdopterin cofactor, essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo) ion coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.

Name: porphyrin-containing compound metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrins consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group.

Name: porphyrin-containing compound biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrin consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group.

Name: uroporphyrinogen III biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of uroporphyrinogen III.

Name: heme biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors.

Name: heme A biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme A, a derivative of heme found in cytochrome aa3.

Name: porphyrin-containing compound catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrin consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group.

Name: heme oxidation.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the loss of electrons from one or more atoms in heme.

Name: sulfur compound metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.

Name: phosphorus metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element phosphorus or compounds that contain phosphorus, usually in the form of a phosphate group (PO4).

Name: phosphate-containing compound metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid.

Name: superoxide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species.

Name: xenobiotic metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.

Name: nitrogen compound metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen.

Name: nitric oxide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water.

Name: transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or a transporter complex, a pore or a motor protein.

Name: monoatomic ion transport.

Definition: The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: monoatomic cation transport.

Definition: The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: potassium ion transport.

Definition: The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: sodium ion transport.

Definition: The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: calcium ion transport.

Definition: The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: phosphate ion transport.

Definition: The directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: monoatomic anion transport.

Definition: The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: chloride transport.

Definition: The directed movement of chloride into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: cobalt ion transport.

Definition: The directed movement of cobalt (Co) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: copper ion transport.

Definition: The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: iron ion transport.

Definition: The directed movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: manganese ion transport.

Definition: The directed movement of manganese (Mn) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: zinc ion transport.

Definition: The directed movement of zinc (Zn II) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: water transport.

Definition: The directed movement of water (H2O) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: dicarboxylic acid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: neurotransmitter transport.

Definition: The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.

Name: serotonin transport.

Definition: The directed movement of serotonin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems.

Name: mitochondrial transport.

Definition: Transport of substances into, out of or within a mitochondrion.

Name: tricarboxylic acid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of tricarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: mitochondrial citrate transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate, into or out of a mitochondrial matrix.

Name: pyruvate transport.

Definition: The directed movement of pyruvate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: mitochondrial calcium ion transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which a calcium ion (Ca2+) is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.

Name: xenobiotic transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it, is transported across a membrane. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.

Name: oligopeptide transport.

Definition: The directed movement of oligopeptides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.

Name: extracellular transport.

Definition: The transport of substances that occurs outside cells.

Name: nucleotide transport.

Definition: The directed movement of a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.

Name: purine nucleobase transport.

Definition: The directed movement of purine bases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: pyrimidine nucleotide transport.

Definition: The directed movement of a pyrimidine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a pyrimidine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.

Name: amino acid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: asparagine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of asparagine, alpha-aminosuccinamic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: glutamine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: lipid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.

Name: cellular monoatomic ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ions at the level of a cell. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.

Name: cellular calcium ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions at the level of a cell.

Name: cellular metal ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of metal ions at the level of a cell.

Name: cellular cadmium ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cadmium ions at the level of a cell.

Name: cellular copper ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of copper ions at the level of a cell.

Name: cellular iron ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of iron ions at the level of a cell.

Name: intracellular sequestering of iron ion.

Definition: The process of binding or confining iron ions in an intracellular area such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.

Name: cellular zinc ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of zinc ions at the level of a cell.

Name: cellular sodium ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sodium ions at the level of a cell.

Name: cell volume homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in maintaining the steady state of a cell's volume. The cell's volume refers to the three-dimensional space occupied by a cell.

Name: regulation of pH.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions, thereby modulating the internal pH, within an organism or cell.

Name: intracellular protein transport.

Definition: The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell.

Name: exocytosis.

Definition: A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle. Exocytosis can occur either by full fusion, when the vesicle collapses into the plasma membrane, or by a kiss-and-run mechanism that involves the formation of a transient contact, a pore, between a granule (for exemple of chromaffin cells) and the plasma membrane. The latter process most of the time leads to only partial secretion of the granule content. Exocytosis begins with steps that prepare vesicles for fusion with the membrane (tethering and docking) and ends when molecules are secreted from the cell.

Name: endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.

Name: retrograde vesicle-mediated transport, Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum.

Definition: The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG.

Name: intra-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by small transport vesicles. These either fuse with the cis-Golgi or with each other to form the membrane stacks known as the cis-Golgi reticulum (network).

Name: post-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane, mediated by small transport vesicles.

Name: Golgi to plasma membrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane, where they fuse and release their contents by exocytosis.

Name: Golgi to endosome transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to early sorting endosomes. Clathrin vesicles transport substances from the trans-Golgi to endosomes.

Name: Golgi to vacuole transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the vacuole.

Name: endocytosis.

Definition: A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.

Name: receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Definition: An endocytosis process in which cell surface receptors ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles.

Name: vesicle budding from membrane.

Definition: The evagination of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle.

Name: vesicle coating.

Definition: A protein coat is added to the vesicle to form the proper shape of the vesicle and to target the vesicle for transport to its destination.

Name: vesicle targeting.

Definition: The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes. Targeting involves coordinated interactions among cytoskeletal elements (microtubules or actin filaments), motor proteins, molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces, and vesicle cargo.

Name: vesicle docking involved in exocytosis.

Definition: The initial attachment of a vesicle membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane, that contributes to exocytosis.

Name: vesicle fusion.

Definition: Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with its target membrane.

Name: pinocytosis.

Definition: An endocytosis process that results in the uptake of liquid material by cells from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, called pinosomes, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane.

Name: phagocytosis.

Definition: A vesicle-mediated transport process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes and their delivery to the lysosome. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles.

Name: phagocytosis, recognition.

Definition: The initial step in phagocytosis involving adhesion to bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter, or an apoptotic cell and based on recognition of factors such as bacterial cell wall components, opsonins like complement and antibody or protein receptors and lipids like phosphatidyl serine, and leading to intracellular signaling in the phagocytosing cell.

Name: phagocytosis, engulfment.

Definition: The internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, including the membrane and cytoskeletal processes required, which involves one of three mechanisms: zippering of pseudopods around a target via repeated receptor-ligand interactions, sinking of the target directly into plasma membrane of the phagocytosing cell, or induced uptake via an enhanced membrane ruffling of the phagocytosing cell similar to macropinocytosis.

Name: nucleocytoplasmic transport.

Definition: The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Name: autophagy.

Definition: The cellular catabolic process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation.

Name: apoptotic process.

Definition: A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.

Name: activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process.

Name: cellular component disassembly involved in execution phase of apoptosis.

Definition: The breakdown of structures such as organelles, proteins, or other macromolecular structures during apoptosis.

Name: activation-induced cell death of T cells.

Definition: A T cell apoptotic process that occurs towards the end of the expansion phase following the initial activation of mature T cells by antigen and is triggered by T cell receptor stimulation and signals transmitted via various surface-expressed members of the TNF receptor family such as Fas ligand, Fas, and TNF and the p55 and p75 TNF receptors.

Name: inflammatory cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any apoptotic process in an inflammatory cell, any cell participating in the inflammatory response to a foreign substance e.g. neutrophil, macrophage.

Name: substrate-dependent cell migration.

Definition: The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another along a substrate such as the extracellular matrix; the migrating cell forms a protrusion that attaches to the substrate.

Name: substrate-dependent cell migration, cell extension.

Definition: The formation of a cell surface protrusion, such as a lamellipodium or filopodium, at the leading edge of a migrating cell.

Name: negative regulation of cell adhesion involved in substrate-bound cell migration.

Definition: The disassembly of adhesions at the front and rear of a migrating cell. At the leading edge, adhesion disassembly accompanies the formation of new protrusions; at the cell rear, it promotes tail retraction.

Name: chemotaxis.

Definition: The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).

Name: muscle contraction.

Definition: A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis.

Name: regulation of muscle contraction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction.

Name: smooth muscle contraction.

Definition: A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length.

Name: regulation of smooth muscle contraction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.

Name: striated muscle contraction.

Definition: A process in which force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in the shortening of the muscle. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope.

Name: regulation of striated muscle contraction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.

Name: syncytium formation.

Definition: The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane. Syncytia are normally derived from single cells that fuse or fail to complete cell division.

Name: response to stress.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).

Name: defense response.

Definition: Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack.

Name: acute-phase response.

Definition: An acute inflammatory response that involves non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals.

Name: inflammatory response.

Definition: The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages.

Name: immune response.

Definition: Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.

Name: complement activation.

Definition: Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the complement cascade, which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes; the initial steps of complement activation involve one of three pathways, the classical pathway, the alternative pathway, and the lectin pathway, all of which lead to the terminal complement pathway.

Name: complement activation, alternative pathway.

Definition: Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes.

Name: complement activation, classical pathway.

Definition: Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes.

Name: humoral immune response.

Definition: An immune response mediated through a body fluid.

Name: cellular defense response.

Definition: A defense response that is mediated by cells.

Name: response to osmotic stress.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.

Name: hypotonic response.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hypotonic environment, i.e. an environment with a lower concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.

Name: hyperosmotic response.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hyperosmotic environment, i.e. an environment with a higher concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.

Name: cellular response to DNA damage stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism.

Name: DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest.

Definition: A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the stopping or reduction in rate of the cell cycle.

Name: DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator.

Definition: A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, resulting in the induction of the transcription of p21 (also known as WAF1, CIP1 and SDI1) or any equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.

Name: response to oxidative stress.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.

Name: response to lipid hydroperoxide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid hydroperoxide stimulus. Lipid hydroperoxide is the highly reactive primary oxygenated products of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Name: ER overload response.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the accumulation of normal or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and leading to activation of transcription by NF-kappaB.

Name: ER-nucleus signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals that conveys information from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus, usually resulting in a change in transcriptional regulation.

Name: response to unfolded protein.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus.

Name: positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in unfolded protein response.

Definition: The activation of genes whose promoters contain a specific sequence elements such as the unfolded protein response element (UPRE; consensus CAGCGTG) or the ER stress-response element (ERSE; CCAAN(N)9CCACG), as a result of signaling via the unfolded protein response.

Name: response to sterol depletion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating deprivation of sterols. Sterols are a group of steroids characterized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.

Name: organelle organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.

Name: nucleus organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus.

Name: nuclear envelope organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear envelope.

Name: nuclear pore organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear pore.

Name: nucleolus organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleolus.

Name: telomere maintenance via telomerase.

Definition: The maintenance of proper telomeric length by the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase.

Name: mitochondrion organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components.

Name: mitochondrial membrane organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrial membrane, either of the lipid bilayer surrounding a mitochondrion.

Name: inner mitochondrial membrane organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial inner membrane.

Name: outer mitochondrial membrane organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial outer membrane.

Name: plasma membrane organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane.

Name: cytoskeleton organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.

Name: actin filament organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments. Includes processes that control the spatial distribution of actin filaments, such as organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking.

Name: microtubule-based process.

Definition: Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.

Name: microtubule-based movement.

Definition: A microtubule-based process that results in the movement of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules.

Name: microtubule depolymerization.

Definition: The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a microtubule.

Name: microtubule nucleation.

Definition: The process in which tubulin alpha-beta heterodimers begin aggregation to form an oligomeric tubulin structure (a microtubule seed). Microtubule nucleation is the initiating step in the formation of a microtubule in the absence of any existing microtubules ('de novo' microtubule formation).

Name: tubulin complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation and bonding together of alpha- and beta-tubulin to form a tubulin heterodimer.

Name: post-chaperonin tubulin folding pathway.

Definition: Completion of folding of alpha- and beta-tubulin; takes place subsequent to chaperonin-mediated partial folding; mediated by a complex of folding cofactors.

Name: negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol.

Name: endoplasmic reticulum organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: Golgi organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus.

Name: peroxisome organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a peroxisome. A peroxisome is a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.

Name: endosome organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of endosomes.

Name: vacuole organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.

Name: vacuolar transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a vacuole.

Name: vacuolar acidification.

Definition: Any process that reduces the pH of the vacuole, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.

Name: protein catabolic process in the vacuole.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein in the vacuole, usually by the action of vacuolar proteases.

Name: lysosome organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosome. A lysosome is a cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded organelle that is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases.

Name: lysosomal transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a lysosome.

Name: lysosomal lumen acidification.

Definition: Any process that reduces the pH of the lysosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.

Name: cell-cell junction assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells.

Name: cell-substrate junction assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between a cell and its substrate.

Name: cell cycle.

Definition: The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division.

Name: spindle organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during DNA segregation and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart.

Name: mitotic spindle organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.

Name: spindle assembly involved in female meiosis.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

Name: chromosome segregation.

Definition: The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.

Name: sister chromatid cohesion.

Definition: The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome become tethered to each other.

Name: regulation of sister chromatid cohesion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid cohesion.

Name: mitotic sister chromatid cohesion.

Definition: The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the entire length of the chromosome, from their formation in S phase through metaphase during a mitotic cell cycle. This cohesion cycle is critical for high fidelity chromosome transmission.

Name: positive regulation of transcription involved in exit from mitosis.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription as the cell leaves M phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.

Name: mitotic chromosome condensation.

Definition: The cell cycle process in which chromatin structure is compacted prior to and during mitosis in eukaryotic cells.

Name: mitotic chromosome movement towards spindle pole.

Definition: The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of chromosomes from the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles occurs. This mediates by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes, during mitosis.

Name: mitotic metaphase plate congression.

Definition: The cell cycle process in which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the mitotic spindle, during mitosis.

Name: mitotic nuclear membrane reassembly.

Definition: The mitotic cell cycle process involving ESCRTIII that results in reformation of the nuclear envelope after mitotic nuclear division. In organisms undergoing closed mitosis this involves resealing or 'repair' of the nuclear envelope in the nuclear bridge.

Name: regulation of mitotic nuclear division.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis.

Name: metaphase/anaphase transition of mitotic cell cycle.

Definition: The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin.

Name: mitotic cell cycle checkpoint signaling.

Definition: A signaling process that ensures accurate chromosome replication and segregation by preventing progression through a mitotic cell cycle until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage.

Name: mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling.

Definition: A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that delays mitotic sister chromatid separation and consequently the mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle. Spindle assembly checkpoint signalling begins with the activated Mph family kinase, and results in the inhibition of the Anaphase Promoting Complex and its activator Sleepy/Cdc20 by the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC).

Name: mitotic G2 DNA damage checkpoint signaling.

Definition: A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression through the G2/M transition of the cell cycle in response to DNA damage.

Name: regulation of exit from mitosis.

Definition: Any process involved in the progression from anaphase/telophase to G1 that is associated with a conversion from high to low mitotic CDK activity.

Name: nuclear migration.

Definition: The directed movement of the nucleus to a specific location within a cell.

Name: centrosome cycle.

Definition: The cell cycle process in which centrosome duplication and separation takes place. The centrosome cycle can operate with a considerable degree of independence from other processes of the cell cycle.

Name: centriole replication.

Definition: The cell cycle process in which a daughter centriole is formed perpendicular to an existing centriole. An immature centriole contains a ninefold radially symmetric array of single microtubules; mature centrioles consist of a radial array of nine microtubule triplets, doublets, or singlets depending upon the species and cell type. Duplicated centrioles also become the ciliary basal body in cells that form cilia during G0.

Name: mitotic centrosome separation.

Definition: Separation of duplicated centrosome components at the beginning of mitosis. The centriole pair within each centrosome becomes part of a separate microtubule organizing center that nucleates a radial array of microtubules called an aster. The two asters move to opposite sides of the nucleus to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle.

Name: endomitotic cell cycle.

Definition: A mitotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are replicated and sister chromatids separate, but spindle formation, nuclear membrane breakdown and nuclear division do not occur, resulting in an increased number of chromosomes in the cell.

Name: meiosis I.

Definition: The first meiotic nuclear division in which homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, producing two haploid daughter nuclei.

Name: homologous chromosome pairing at meiosis.

Definition: The meiotic cell cycle process where side by side pairing and physical juxtaposition of homologous chromosomes is created during meiotic prophase. Homologous chromosome pairing begins when the chromosome arms begin to pair from the clustered telomeres and ends when synaptonemal complex or linear element assembly is complete.

Name: reciprocal meiotic recombination.

Definition: The cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a single or double Holliday junction intermediate. This results in the equal exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes. These reciprocal recombinant products ensure the proper segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I and create genetic diversity.

Name: meiosis II.

Definition: The second nuclear division of meiosis, in which the two chromatids in each chromosome are separated, resulting in four daughter nuclei from the two nuclei produced in meiosis II.

Name: male meiotic nuclear division.

Definition: A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the male germline.

Name: female meiotic nuclear division.

Definition: A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the female germline.

Name: cell communication.

Definition: Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.

Name: cell adhesion.

Definition: The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules.

Name: homophilic cell adhesion via plasma membrane adhesion molecules.

Definition: The attachment of a plasma membrane adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell.

Name: heterophilic cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules.

Definition: The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell.

Name: neuron cell-cell adhesion.

Definition: The attachment of a neuron to another cell via adhesion molecules.

Name: leukocyte cell-cell adhesion.

Definition: The attachment of a leukocyte to another cell via adhesion molecules.

Name: cell-matrix adhesion.

Definition: The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules.

Name: calcium-independent cell-matrix adhesion.

Definition: The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction.

Name: negative regulation of cell adhesion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion.

Name: establishment or maintenance of cell polarity.

Definition: Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.

Name: signal transduction.

Definition: The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.

Name: cell surface receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: enzyme-linked receptor protein signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the receptor possesses catalytic activity or is closely associated with an enzyme such as a protein kinase, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: receptor guanylyl cyclase signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses guanylyl cyclase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: activation of transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity.

Name: epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor EGFR (ERBB1) on the surface of a cell. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: epidermal growth factor catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of epidermal growth factor (EGF), following internalization of the receptor-bound ligand into the signal-receiving cell. Full breakdown of epidermal growth factor results in a ligand that is unable to bind and activate its receptor.

Name: negative regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity.

Name: regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity.

Name: transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses serine/threonine kinase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: transforming growth factor beta receptor complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a ligand-bound type II transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) receptor dimer with a type I TGF-beta receptor dimer, following ligand binding, to form a heterotetrameric TGF-beta receptor complex.

Name: common-partner SMAD protein phosphorylation.

Definition: The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a common-partner SMAD protein. A common partner SMAD protein binds to pathway-restricted SMAD proteins forming a complex that translocates to the nucleus.

Name: SMAD protein complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex that contains SMAD proteins.

Name: G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to its receptor, in which the activated receptor promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process. The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane.

Name: G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation or inhibition of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide.

Name: adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation or inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).

Name: adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent increase in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).

Name: activation of adenylate cyclase activity.

Definition: Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme adenylate cyclase.

Name: adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: An adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by dopamine binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

Name: adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent decrease in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).

Name: negative regulation of adenylate cyclase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity.

Name: adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by dopamine binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

Name: adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by glutamate binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

Name: adenylate cyclase-inhibiting serotonin receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by serotonin binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

Name: phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent increase in the intracellular concentration of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).

Name: activation of phospholipase C activity.

Definition: The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme phospolipase C as the result of The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G protein-coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand.

Name: positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration.

Definition: Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol.

Name: protein kinase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G protein-coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of protein kinase C (PKC). PKC is activated by second messengers including diacylglycerol (DAG).

Name: phospholipase C-activating serotonin receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: A phospholipase C-activating receptor G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by serotonin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: serotonin receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a serotonin receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

Name: dopamine receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

Name: G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a ligand binding to an acetylcholine receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to its receptor on the surface of a target cell.

Name: glutamate receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of glutamate to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: G protein-coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by glutamate binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

Name: tachykinin receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by tachykinin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process. Tachykinin is a short peptide with the terminal sequence (Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2).

Name: neuropeptide signaling pathway.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a neuropeptide binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

Name: Notch signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to the receptor Notch on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: Notch receptor processing.

Definition: The series of successive proteolytic cleavages of the Notch protein, which result in an active form of the receptor.

Name: positive regulation of transcription of Notch receptor target.

Definition: The activation of transcription of specific genes as a result of Notch signaling, mediated by the Notch intracellular domain.

Name: Wnt signaling pathway, calcium modulating pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC).

Name: smoothened signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened.

Name: integrin-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to an integrin on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: osmosensory signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated in response to osmotic change.

Name: I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling.

Definition: The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell through the I-kappaB-kinase (IKK)-dependent activation of NF-kappaB. The cascade begins with activation of a trimeric IKK complex (consisting of catalytic kinase subunits IKKalpha and/or IKKbeta, and the regulatory scaffold protein NEMO) and ends with the regulation of transcription of target genes by NF-kappaB. In a resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to I-kappaB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing the NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription.

Name: activation of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase activity.

Definition: The stimulation of the activity of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase through phosphorylation at specific residues.

Name: I-kappaB phosphorylation.

Definition: The process of introducing a phosphate group into an inhibitor of kappa B (I-kappaB) protein. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing bound NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription.

Name: cytoplasmic sequestering of NF-kappaB.

Definition: The selective interaction of the transcription factor NF-kappaB with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its translocation into the nucleus.

Name: JNK cascade.

Definition: An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a JNK (a MAPK), a JNKK (a MAPKK) and a JUN3K (a MAP3K). The cascade can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.

Name: JUN phosphorylation.

Definition: The process of introducing a phosphate group into a JUN protein.

Name: receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT.

Definition: Any process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) and JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) proteins convey a signal to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. The receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT begins with activation of a receptor and proceeeds through STAT protein activation by members of the JAK family of tyrosine kinases. STAT proteins dimerize and subsequently translocate to the nucleus. The pathway ends with regulation of target gene expression by STAT proteins.

Name: tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein.

Definition: The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.

Name: nitric oxide mediated signal transduction.

Definition: Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via nitric oxide (NO). Includes synthesis of nitric oxide, receptors/sensors for nitric oxide (such as soluble guanylyl cyclase/sGC) and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell. Nitric oxide transmits its downstream effects through either cyclic GMP (cGMP)-dependent or independent mechanisms.

Name: small GTPase mediated signal transduction.

Definition: The series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays a signal.

Name: Ras protein signal transduction.

Definition: The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.

Name: Rho protein signal transduction.

Definition: The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.

Name: cell-cell signaling.

Definition: Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions.

Name: chemical synaptic transmission.

Definition: The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.

Name: neurotransmitter secretion.

Definition: The regulated release of neurotransmitter from the presynapse into the synaptic cleft via calcium-regulated exocytosis during synaptic transmission.

Name: synaptic transmission, cholinergic.

Definition: The vesicular release of acetylcholine from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of dopamine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.

Name: ensheathment of neurons.

Definition: The process in which glial cells envelop neuronal cell bodies and/or axons to form an insulating layer. This can take the form of myelinating or non-myelinating ensheathment.

Name: neuromuscular synaptic transmission.

Definition: The process of synaptic transmission from a neuron to a muscle, across a synapse.

Name: multicellular organism development.

Definition: The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).

Name: gamete generation.

Definition: The generation and maintenance of gametes in a multicellular organism. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell.

Name: germ cell development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism.

Name: spermatogenesis.

Definition: The developmental process by which male germ line stem cells self renew or give rise to successive cell types resulting in the development of a spermatozoa.

Name: spermatid development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: sperm axoneme assembly.

Definition: The assembly and organization of the sperm flagellar axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of the eukaryotic sperm flagellum, and is responsible for movement.

Name: spermatid nucleus differentiation.

Definition: The specialization of the spermatid nucleus during the development of a spermatid into a mature male gamete competent for fertilization.

Name: spermatid nucleus elongation.

Definition: The change in shape of the spermatid nucleus from a spherical structure to an elongated organelle, during the latter part of spermatid differentiation.

Name: female gamete generation.

Definition: Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction.

Name: insemination.

Definition: The introduction of semen or sperm into the genital tract of a female.

Name: single fertilization.

Definition: The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

Name: binding of sperm to zona pellucida.

Definition: The process in which the sperm binds to the zona pellucida glycoprotein layer of the egg. The process begins with the attachment of the sperm plasma membrane to the zona pellucida and includes attachment of the acrosome inner membrane to the zona pellucida after the acrosomal reaction takes place.

Name: acrosome reaction.

Definition: The discharge, by sperm, of a single, anterior secretory granule following the sperm's attachment to the zona pellucida of the oocyte. The process begins with the fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm plasma membrane and ends with the exocytosis of the acrosomal contents into the zona pellucida.

Name: fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane involved in single fertilization.

Definition: The binding and fusion of a sperm, with the plasma membrane of the oocyte as part of the process of single fertilization. In sperm with flagella, binding occurs at the posterior (post-acrosomal) region of the sperm head.

Name: egg activation.

Definition: The process in which the egg becomes metabolically active, initiates protein and DNA synthesis and undergoes structural changes to its cortex and/or cytoplasm.

Name: regulation of mitotic cell cycle.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle.

Name: blastoderm segmentation.

Definition: The hierarchical steps resulting in the progressive subdivision of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo.

Name: tripartite regional subdivision.

Definition: Subdivision of the embryo along the anterior/posterior axis into anterior, posterior and terminal regions.

Name: zygotic specification of dorsal/ventral axis.

Definition: The specification of the dorsal/ventral axis of the embryo, through the products of genes expressed in the zygote.

Name: zygotic determination of anterior/posterior axis, embryo.

Definition: The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by products of genes expressed in the zygote; exemplified in insects by the gap genes, pair rule genes and segment polarity gene cascade.

Name: thorax and anterior abdomen determination.

Definition: Specification of the central (trunk) regions of the embryo by the gap genes; exemplified in insects by the actions of the Kruppel gene product.

Name: determination of left/right symmetry.

Definition: The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry.

Name: gastrulation.

Definition: A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.

Name: pattern specification process.

Definition: Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.

Name: ectoderm development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation.

Name: nervous system development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.

Name: neuroblast proliferation.

Definition: The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.

Name: axonogenesis.

Definition: De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.

Name: axon guidance.

Definition: The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

Name: synapse assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. This process ends when the synapse is mature (functional).

Name: central nervous system development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.

Name: brain development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).

Name: peripheral nervous system development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands.

Name: sensory organ development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of sensory organs over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: salivary gland development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the salivary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Salivary glands include any of the saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity.

Name: salivary gland morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the salivary gland are generated and organized.

Name: ectodermal digestive tract development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectodermal digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ectodermal digestive tract includes those portions that are derived from ectoderm.

Name: endoderm development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that develops into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs and associated tissues.

Name: midgut development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midgut is the middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine.

Name: mesoderm development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue.

Name: heart development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.

Name: adult heart development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adult heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: muscle organ development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work.

Name: skeletal muscle tissue development.

Definition: The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult skeletal muscle tissue. The main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers.

Name: myoblast fusion.

Definition: A process in which non-proliferating myoblasts fuse to existing fibers or to myotubes to form new fibers. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.

Name: neuromuscular junction development.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a neuromuscular junction.

Name: sex determination.

Definition: Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of sexual status of an individual organism.

Name: sex differentiation.

Definition: The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation.

Name: dosage compensation.

Definition: Compensating for the variation in the unpaired sex chromosome:autosome chromosome ratios between sexes by activation or inactivation of genes on one or both of the sex chromosomes.

Name: female pregnancy.

Definition: The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth.

Name: embryo implantation.

Definition: Attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine lining.

Name: parturition.

Definition: The reproductive process in which the parent is separated from its offspring either by giving birth to live young or by laying eggs.

Name: aging.

Definition: A developmental process that is a deterioration and loss of function over time. Aging includes loss of functions such as resistance to disease, homeostasis, and fertility, as well as wear and tear. Aging includes cellular senescence, but is more inclusive. May precede death and may succeed developmental maturation (GO:0021700).

Name: response to nutrient.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus.

Name: respiratory gaseous exchange by respiratory system.

Definition: The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms.

Name: digestion.

Definition: The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.

Name: excretion.

Definition: The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds.

Name: body fluid secretion.

Definition: The controlled release of a fluid by a cell or tissue in an animal.

Name: lactation.

Definition: The regulated release of milk from the mammary glands and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young.

Name: blood coagulation.

Definition: The sequential process in which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers.

Name: blood coagulation, intrinsic pathway.

Definition: A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of the interactions among high molecular weight kininogen, prekallikrein, and factor XII that lead to the activation of clotting factor X.

Name: hemostasis.

Definition: The stopping of bleeding (loss of body fluid) or the arrest of the circulation to an organ or part.

Name: sensory perception.

Definition: The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.

Name: visual perception.

Definition: The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image.

Name: phototransduction.

Definition: The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal.

Name: phototransduction, visible light.

Definition: The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from visible light into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm.

Name: phototransduction, UV.

Definition: The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from UV light into a molecular signal; ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 400 nanometers.

Name: sensory perception of sound.

Definition: The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound.

Name: sensory perception of chemical stimulus.

Definition: The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory chemical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.

Name: sensory perception of smell.

Definition: The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. This is a neurological process.

Name: behavior.

Definition: The internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of animals (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli, via a mechanism that involves nervous system activity.

Name: learning or memory.

Definition: The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time.

Name: learning.

Definition: Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience.

Name: memory.

Definition: The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task).

Name: short-term memory.

Definition: The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information received a short time (up to about 30 minutes) ago. This type of memory is typically dependent on direct, transient effects of second messenger activation.

Name: long-term memory.

Definition: The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information a long time (typically weeks, months or years) after receiving that information. This type of memory is typically dependent on gene transcription regulated by second messenger activation.

Name: mating behavior.

Definition: The behavioral interactions between organisms for the purpose of mating, or sexual reproduction resulting in the formation of zygotes.

Name: copulation.

Definition: The act of sexual union between male and female, involving the transfer of sperm.

Name: circadian rhythm.

Definition: Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.

Name: ultradian rhythm.

Definition: The specific actions or reactions of an organism that recur with a regularity more frequent than every 24 hours.

Name: locomotory behavior.

Definition: The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions.

Name: feeding behavior.

Definition: Behavior associated with the intake of food.

Name: visual behavior.

Definition: The behavior of an organism in response to a visual stimulus.

Name: optokinetic behavior.

Definition: The behavior of an organism pertaining to movement of the eyes and of objects in the visual field, as in nystagmus.

Name: mechanosensory behavior.

Definition: Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of a mechanical stimulus.

Name: chemokine activity.

Definition: The function of a family of small chemotactic cytokines; their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria.

Name: beta-catenin binding.

Definition: Binding to a catenin beta subunit.

Name: blood circulation.

Definition: The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products.

Name: regulation of heart contraction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.

Name: microtubule binding.

Definition: Binding to a microtubule, a filament composed of tubulin monomers.

Name: G protein-coupled photoreceptor activity.

Definition: Combining with incidental electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Name: synaptic vesicle.

Definition: A secretory organelle, typically 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secretes these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane.

Name: protein C-terminus binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein C-terminus, the end of a peptide chain at which the 1-carboxyl function of a constituent amino acid is not attached in peptide linkage to another amino-acid residue.

Name: transcription elongation factor complex.

Definition: Any protein complex that interacts with RNA polymerase II to increase (positive transcription elongation factor) or reduce (negative transcription elongation factor) the rate of transcription elongation.

Name: cyclin/CDK positive transcription elongation factor complex.

Definition: A transcription elongation factor complex that facilitates the transition from abortive to productive elongation by phosphorylating the CTD domain of the large subunit of DNA-directed RNA polymerase II, holoenzyme. Contains a cyclin and a cyclin-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit.

Name: monocarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of monocarboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A monocarboxylic acid is an organic acid with one COOH group.

Name: tRNA processing.

Definition: The process in which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group.

Name: high-density lipoprotein particle binding.

Definition: Binding to high-density lipoprotein particle, a lipoprotein particle with a high density (typically 1.063-1.21 g/ml) and a diameter of 5-10 nm that contains APOAs and may contain APOCs and APOE.

Name: cell recognition.

Definition: The process in which a cell in an organism interprets its surroundings.

Name: intracellular ferritin complex.

Definition: A ferritin complex located in the cell. Intracellular ferritin complexes contain 24 subunits, in a mixture of L (light) chains and H (heavy) chains.

Name: motor neuron axon guidance.

Definition: The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a motor neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

Name: enzyme activator activity.

Definition: Binds to and increases the activity of an enzyme.

Name: mitochondrial fusion.

Definition: Merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment.

Name: chitin binding.

Definition: Binding to chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.

Name: Toll signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to the receptor Toll on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: regulation of actin polymerization or depolymerization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament.

Name: glutamate receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with glutamate and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of ornithine decarboxylase.

Name: guanylate cyclase complex, soluble.

Definition: Complex that possesses guanylate cyclase activity and is not bound to a membrane.

Name: voltage-gated potassium channel complex.

Definition: A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which potassium ions may cross a cell membrane in response to changes in membrane potential.

Name: translation termination factor activity.

Definition: Functions in the termination of translation.

Name: N-acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an acetyl group to a nitrogen atom on the acceptor molecule.

Name: phosphoric diester hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a phosphodiester to give a phosphomonoester and a free hydroxyl group.

Name: growth factor activity.

Definition: The function that stimulates a cell to grow or proliferate. Most growth factors have other actions besides the induction of cell growth or proliferation.

Name: axo-dendritic transport.

Definition: The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in neuron projections.

Name: anterograde axonal transport.

Definition: The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons.

Name: retrograde axonal transport.

Definition: The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell periphery toward the cell body in nerve cell axons.

Name: spectrin.

Definition: Membrane associated dimeric protein (240 and 220 kDa) of erythrocytes. Forms a complex with ankyrin, actin and probably other components of the membrane cytoskeleton, so that there is a mesh of proteins underlying the plasma membrane, potentially restricting the lateral mobility of integral proteins.

Name: cytoskeletal protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein component of a cytoskeleton (actin, microtubule, or intermediate filament cytoskeleton).

Name: cytoskeletal anchor activity.

Definition: The binding activity of a protein that brings together a cytoskeletal protein (either a microtubule or actin filament, spindle pole body, or protein directly bound to them) and one or more other molecules, permitting them to function in a coordinated way.

Name: ATP-dependent activity, acting on DNA.

Definition: Catalytic activity that acts to modify DNA, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Name: 5S rRNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a 5S ribosomal RNA, the smallest RNA constituent of a ribosome.

Name: protein localization.

Definition: Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Name: alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NADP+ = an aldehyde + NADPH + H+.

Name: UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate + UDP-D-glucose = alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + UDP-D-galactose.

Name: N-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R = UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,6-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R.

Name: alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (2S)-2-methylacyl-CoA = (2R)-2-methylacyl-CoA.

Name: nicotinamide N-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + nicotinamide = 1-methylnicotinamide + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.

Name: sarcosine oxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + O2 + sarcosine = formaldehyde + glycine + H2O2.

Name: prostaglandin-I synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: prostaglandin H(2) = prostaglandin I(2).

Name: sphinganine-1-phosphate aldolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: sphinganine 1-phosphate = phosphoethanolamine + palmitaldehyde.

Name: N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-glycoprotein = CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-glycoprotein.

Name: thiopurine S-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a thiopurine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a thiopurine S-methylether.

Name: ceramide glucosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + N-acylsphingosine = UDP + D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine.

Name: cholesterol 7-alpha-monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: cholesterol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 7-alpha-hydroxycholesterol + NADP+ + H2O.

Name: acetylesterase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: an acetic ester + H2O = an alcohol + acetate.

Name: quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + O2 + quercetin = 2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyloxy)-4,6-dihydroxybenzoate + CO.

Name: primary amine oxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a primary amine + H2O + O2 = an aldehyde + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.

Name: transcription factor binding.

Definition: Binding to a transcription factor, a protein required to initiate or regulate transcription.

Name: translation factor activity, RNA binding.

Definition: Functions during translation by binding to RNA during polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.

Name: NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NADH + ubiquinone + 5 H+(in) <=> NAD+ + ubiquinol + 4 H+(out).

Name: protein tyrosine/serine/threonine phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reactions: protein serine + H2O = protein serine + phosphate; protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate; and protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate.

Name: nuclear localization sequence binding.

Definition: Binding to a nuclear localization sequence, a specific peptide sequence that acts as a signal to localize the protein within the nucleus.

Name: cAMP response element binding protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a cAMP response element binding protein (a CREB protein).

Name: oxysterol binding.

Definition: Binding to oxysterol, an oxidized form of cholesterol.

Name: poly(A) binding.

Definition: Binding to a sequence of adenylyl residues in an RNA molecule, such as the poly(A) tail, a sequence of adenylyl residues at the 3' end of eukaryotic mRNA.

Name: sulfotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a sulfate group from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to the hydroxyl group of an acceptor, producing the sulfated derivative and 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate.

Name: biological_process.

Definition: A biological process represents a specific objective that the organism is genetically programmed to achieve. Biological processes are often described by their outcome or ending state, e.g., the biological process of cell division results in the creation of two daughter cells (a divided cell) from a single parent cell. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence.

Name: metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.

Name: actin polymerization or depolymerization.

Definition: Assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament.

Name: negative regulation of DNA replication.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.

Name: protein phosphatase 1 binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein phosphatase 1.

Name: protein tyrosine phosphatase activator activity.

Definition: Binds to and increases the activity of a phosphotyrosine phosphatase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the removal of a phosphate group from a tyrosyl phenolic group of a protein.

Name: methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule.

Name: C-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the carbon atom of an acceptor molecule.

Name: N-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the nitrogen atom of an acceptor molecule.

Name: O-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the oxygen atom of an acceptor molecule.

Name: S-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the sulfur atom of an acceptor molecule.

Name: RNA methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from a donor to a nucleoside residue in an RNA molecule.

Name: mRNA methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a nucleoside residue in an mRNA molecule.

Name: tRNA methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from a donor to a nucleoside residue in a tRNA molecule.

Name: tRNA (guanine-N7-)-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing N7-methylguanine.

Name: succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: succinate + ubiquinone = fumarate + ubiquinol.

Name: adenylate cyclase binding.

Definition: Binding to an adenylate cyclase.

Name: COP9 signalosome.

Definition: A protein complex that catalyzes the deneddylation of proteins, including the cullin component of SCF ubiquitin E3 ligase; deneddylation increases the activity of cullin family ubiquitin ligases. The signalosome is involved in many regulatory process, including some which control development, in many species; also regulates photomorphogenesis in plants; in many species its subunits are highly similar to those of the proteasome.

Name: glycogen phosphorylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: glycogen + phosphate = maltodextrin + alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate.

Name: ATP-dependent activity, acting on RNA.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; this reaction requires the presence of RNA, and it drives another reaction.

Name: poly-pyrimidine tract binding.

Definition: Binding to a stretch of pyrimidines (cytosine or uracil) in an RNA molecule.

Name: neuropeptide receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a neuropeptide to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding.

Definition: Binding to eukaryotic initiation factor 4E, a polypeptide factor involved in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation.

Name: metalloendopeptidase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of metalloendopeptidases, enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of nonterminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain and contain a chelated metal ion at their active sites which is essential to their catalytic activity.

Name: RNA guanylyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the posttranscriptional addition of a guanyl residue to the 5' end of an RNA molecule.

Name: tRNA guanylyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the posttranscriptional addition of a guanyl residue to the 5' end of a tRNA molecule; observed for His tRNAs.

Name: UDP-glycosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from a UDP-sugar to a small hydrophobic molecule.

Name: phosphatidate phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a 1,2-diacylglycerol 3-phosphate + H2O = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + phosphate.

Name: ferrous iron binding.

Definition: Binding to a ferrous iron ion, Fe(II).

Name: ferric iron binding.

Definition: Binding to a ferric iron ion, Fe(III).

Name: ion channel inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of an ion channel.

Name: heparin binding.

Definition: Binding to heparin, a member of a group of glycosaminoglycans found mainly as an intracellular component of mast cells and which consist predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues.

Name: steroid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.

Name: cholesterol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues.

Name: bile acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving bile acids, a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.

Name: C21-steroid hormone metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones.

Name: androgen metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.

Name: estrogen metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants.

Name: glucocorticoid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects.

Name: mineralocorticoid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. Mineralocorticoids act primarily on water and electrolyte balance.

Name: protein alkylation.

Definition: The addition of an alkyl group to a protein amino acid. Alkyl groups are derived from alkanes by removal of one hydrogen atom.

Name: protein dealkylation.

Definition: The removal of an alkyl group from a protein amino acid. Alkyl groups are derived from alkanes by removal of one hydrogen atom.

Name: spermine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving spermine, a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses, which is involved in nucleic acid packaging. Synthesis is regulated by ornithine decarboxylase which plays a key role in control of DNA replication.

Name: spermidine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane.

Name: regulation of blood pressure.

Definition: Any process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.

Name: cell death.

Definition: Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. A cell should be considered dead when any one of the following molecular or morphological criteria is met: (1) the cell has lost the integrity of its plasma membrane; (2) the cell, including its nucleus, has undergone complete fragmentation into discrete bodies (frequently referred to as apoptotic bodies). The cell corpse (or its fragments) may be engulfed by an adjacent cell in vivo, but engulfment of whole cells should not be considered a strict criteria to define cell death as, under some circumstances, live engulfed cells can be released from phagosomes (see PMID:18045538).

Name: G protein-coupled amine receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with an extracellular amine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Name: opsonization.

Definition: The process in which a microorganism (or other particulate material) is rendered more susceptible to phagocytosis by coating with an opsonin, a blood serum protein such as a complement component or antibody.

Name: peptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid.

Name: cysteine-type peptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.

Name: metalloexopeptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond not more than three residues from the N- or C-terminus of a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.

Name: serine-type peptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).

Name: metallopeptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.

Name: exopeptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond not more than three residues from the N- or C-terminus of a polypeptide chain, in a reaction that requires a free N-terminal amino group, C-terminal carboxyl group or both.

Name: dipeptidyl-peptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of N-terminal dipeptides from a polypeptide chain.

Name: tripeptidyl-peptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the release of an N-terminal tripeptide from a polypeptide.

Name: peptidyl-dipeptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the release of C-terminal dipeptides from a polypeptide chain.

Name: omega peptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the cleavage of non-standard peptide bonds releasing substituted amino acids such as pyroglutamate or cleave isopeptide bonds, such as many deubiquitinating enzymes.

Name: oligosaccharyltransferase complex.

Definition: A protein complex that is found in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane of eukaryotes and transfers lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor to asparagine residues on nascent proteins. In yeast, the complex includes at least nine different subunits, whereas in mammalian cells at least three different forms of the complex have been detected.

Name: tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine + H2O = inosine + NH3, in a tRNA molecule.

Name: nucleotidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a nucleotide + H2O = a nucleoside + phosphate.

Name: 5'-nucleotidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a 5'-ribonucleotide + H2O = a ribonucleoside + phosphate.

Name: succinyl-CoA:3-oxo-acid CoA-transferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: succinyl-CoA + a 3-oxo acid = succinate + a 3-oxo-acyl-CoA.

Name: pyrimidine-specific mismatch base pair DNA N-glycosylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of mismatched pyrimidine bases in DNA. Enzymes with this activity recognize and remove pyrimidines present in mismatches by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apyrimidinic (AP) site.

Name: Mo-molybdopterin cofactor sulfurase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the sulfurylation of the desulfo form of molybdenum cofactor (MoCo), a cofactor required for the activity of some enzymes, such as aldehyde oxidase.

Name: poly(U) RNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a sequence of uracil residues in an RNA molecule.

Name: zinc ion binding.

Definition: Binding to a zinc ion (Zn).

Name: secondary active sulfate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the secondary active transfer of sulfate from one side of a membrane to the other. Secondary active transport is the transfer of a solute across a membrane, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.

Name: sulfate transport.

Definition: The directed movement of sulfate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: calcium, potassium:sodium antiporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + K+(in) + Na+(out) = Ca2+(out) + K+(out) + Na+(in).

Name: protein methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group (CH3-) to a protein.

Name: regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Name: cohesin complex.

Definition: A protein complex that is required for sister chromatid cohesion in eukaryotes. The cohesin complex forms a molecular ring complex, and is composed of structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) and kleisin proteins. For example, in yeast, the complex is composed of the SMC proteins Smc1p and Smc3p, and the kleisin protein Scc1p. In vertebrates, the complex is composed of the SMC1 (SMC1A or SMC1B) and SMC3 heterodimer attached via their hinge domains to a kleisin (RAD21, REC8 or RAD21L) which links them, and one STAG protein (STAG1, STAG2 or STAG3).

Name: inward rectifying potassium channel.

Definition: A protein complex that comprises four pore-forming (Kir6.x) and four regulatory sulphonylurea receptor (SURx) subunits and forms a transmembrane channel through which ions may pass. The opening and closing of the channel is regulated by ATP: binding of ATP to the Kir6.x subunit inhibits channel activity, whereas binding of Mg2+-complexed ATP or ADP to the SURx subunit stimulates channel activity.

Name: cell population proliferation.

Definition: The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.

Name: positive regulation of cell population proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

Name: negative regulation of cell population proliferation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

Name: insulin receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin.

Name: protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex.

Definition: A complex, normally consisting of a catalytic and a regulatory subunit, which catalyzes the removal of a phosphate group from a serine or threonine residue of a protein.

Name: lipid binding.

Definition: Binding to a lipid.

Name: F-actin capping protein complex.

Definition: A heterodimer consisting of alpha and beta subunits that binds to and caps the barbed ends of actin filaments, thereby regulating the polymerization of actin monomers but not severing actin filaments.

Name: acetylcholine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.

Name: acetylcholine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline.

Name: spermidine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane.

Name: 3'-5'-exodeoxyribonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 3' terminus of a DNA molecule.

Name: single-stranded DNA exodeoxyribonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' or 3' terminus of a single-stranded DNA molecule.

Name: isoprenoid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.

Name: isoprenoid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.

Name: DNA binding, bending.

Definition: The activity of binding selectively and non-covalently to and distorting the original structure of DNA, typically a straight helix, into a bend, or increasing the bend if the original structure was intrinsically bent due to its sequence.

Name: caspase complex.

Definition: A protein complex that contains one or more cysteine-type endopeptidases (also called caspases), which give the complex a peptidase activity with specificity for the hydrolysis of aspartyl bonds. These complexes may be involved e.g. in apoptotic or inflammation processes.

Name: integrin complex.

Definition: A protein complex that is composed of one alpha subunit and one beta subunit, both of which are members of the integrin superfamily of cell adhesion receptors; the complex spans the plasma membrane and binds to extracellular matrix ligands, cell-surface ligands, and soluble ligands.

Name: associative learning.

Definition: Learning by associating a stimulus (the cause) with a particular outcome (the effect).

Name: structural constituent of muscle.

Definition: The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a muscle fiber.

Name: voltage-gated monoatomic anion channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an anion by a voltage-gated channel. An anion is a negatively charged ion. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Name: double-stranded DNA exodeoxyribonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' or 3' terminus of a double-stranded DNA molecule.

Name: single-stranded DNA 3'-5' exodeoxyribonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 3' terminus of a single-stranded DNA molecule.

Name: 7S RNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a 7S RNA, the RNA component of the signal recognition particle (SRP).

Name: protein prenyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the covalent addition of an isoprenoid group such as a farnesyl or geranylgeranyl group via thioether linkages to a cysteine residue in a protein.

Name: protein transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a protein from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: monoatomic cation transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of cation from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: methyl-CpG binding.

Definition: Binding to a methylated cytosine/guanine dinucleotide.

Name: ionotropic glutamate receptor complex.

Definition: A multimeric assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand-gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex.

Name: protein tyrosine/threonine phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reactions: protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate; and protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate.

Name: high voltage-gated calcium channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a high voltage-gated channel. A high voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on high voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Name: low voltage-gated calcium channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a low voltage-gated channel. A low voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on low voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Name: endosome to lysosome transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes.

Name: histone mRNA metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving an mRNA encoding a histone.

Name: gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + 4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate + O2 = carnitine + CO2 + succinate.

Name: determination of adult lifespan.

Definition: The pathways that regulate the duration of the adult phase of the life-cycle of an animal.

Name: adult locomotory behavior.

Definition: Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism.

Name: glial cell migration.

Definition: The orderly movement of a glial cell, non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system.

Name: MAP kinase kinase kinase kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues in a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK), resulting in activation of MAPKKK. MAPKKK signaling pathways relay, amplify and integrate signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus in response to a diverse range of extracellular stimuli.

Name: katanin complex.

Definition: A complex possessing an activity that couples ATP hydrolysis to the severing of microtubules; usually a heterodimer comprising a catalytic subunit (often 60kDa) and a regulatory subunit (often 80 kDa).

Name: RNA polymerase II CTD heptapeptide repeat kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + RNA polymerase II large subunit CTD heptapeptide repeat (YSPTSPS) = ADP + H+ + phosphorylated RNA polymerase II.

Name: asymmetric cell division.

Definition: The asymmetric division of cells to produce two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. It is of fundamental significance for the generation of cell diversity.

Name: regulation of cell shape.

Definition: Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell.

Name: regulation of cell size.

Definition: Any process that modulates the size of a cell.

Name: axon ensheathment.

Definition: Any process in which the axon of a neuron is insulated, and that insulation maintained, thereby preventing dispersion of the electrical signal.

Name: sialyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of sialic acid to an acceptor molecule, typically the terminal portions of the sialylated glycolipids (gangliosides) or to the N- or O-linked sugar chains of glycoproteins.

Name: O-acyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.

Name: acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an N-acetylglucosaminyl residue from UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine to a sugar.

Name: acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an N-acetylgalactosaminyl residue from UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine to an oligosaccharide.

Name: galactosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a galactosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.

Name: thioredoxin peroxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: [thioredoxin]-dithiol + hydrogen peroxide = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + H2O.

Name: RNA splicing.

Definition: The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA.

Name: mechanosensitive monoatomic ion channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress.

Name: IkappaB kinase complex.

Definition: A trimeric protein complex that phosphorylates inhibitory-kappaB (I-kappaB) proteins. The complex is composed of two kinase subunits (alpha and beta) and a regulatory gamma subunit (also called NEMO). In a resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to inhibitory IKB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing the NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription.

Name: cholesterol monooxygenase (side-chain-cleaving) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: cholesterol + reduced adrenal ferredoxin + O2 = pregnenolone + 4-methylpentanal + oxidized adrenal ferredoxin + H2O.

Name: coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: coumarin + O2 + NADPH + H+ = hydroxycoumarin + H2O + NADP+.

Name: testosterone 16-alpha-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: testosterone + donor-H2 + O2 = 16-alpha-hydroxytestosterone + H2O.

Name: arachidonic acid monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into arachidonic acid and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water.

Name: arachidonic acid epoxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of an NADPH- and oxygen-dependent reaction that converts arachidonic acid to a cis-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid.

Name: steroid hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2.

Name: oxysterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: an oxysterol + NADPH + O2 = 7-alpha-hydroxylated oxysterol + NADP+ + H2O.

Name: sterol 14-demethylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a 14alpha-methyl steroid + 3 O2 + 3 reduced [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] = a delta14 steroid + formate + 4 H+ + 4 H2O + 3 oxidized [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase].

Name: retinoic acid 4-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the conversion of retinoic acid to 4-hydroxy-retinoic acid.

Name: 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-24-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydroxylation of C-24 of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) to form 24(R),25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.

Name: arachidonic acid 14,15-epoxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of an NADPH- and oxygen-dependent reaction that converts arachidonic acid to cis-14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid.

Name: arachidonic acid 11,12-epoxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of an NADPH- and oxygen-dependent reaction that converts arachidonic acid to cis-11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid.

Name: gonad development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonad is an animal organ that produces gametes; in some species it also produces hormones.

Name: 3'-5' exonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' end.

Name: 5'-3' exonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 5' end.

Name: CoA-transferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a coenzyme A (CoA) group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Name: 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine triphosphate (8-oxo-GTP) + H2O = 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine diphosphate (8-oxo-GDP) + phosphate. 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine triphosphate (8-oxo-GTP) is the oxidised form of the free guanine nucleotide and can act as a potent mutagenic substrate for transcription.

Name: fucosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a fucosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.

Name: protein-N-terminal asparagine amidohydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N-terminal L-asparaginyl-[protein] + H+ + H2O = N-terminal L-aspartyl-[protein] + NH4+. This reaction is the deamidation of an N-terminal asparagine residue in a peptide or protein.

Name: RNA lariat debranching enzyme activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of branched RNA structures that contain vicinal 2'-5'- and 3'-5'-phosphodiester bonds at a branch point nucleotide.

Name: RNA polymerase II CTD heptapeptide repeat phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: phospho-(DNA-directed RNA polymerase II) + H2O = (DNA-directed RNA polymerase II) + phosphate.

Name: beta-glucosidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-glucose residues with release of beta-D-glucose.

Name: glycoprotein 6-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N(4)-{N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->3)-[N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->6)]-beta-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl}-L-asparagine + GDP-L-fucose = N(4)-{N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->3)-[N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->6)]-beta-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-[alpha-L-fucosyl-(1->6)]-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl}asparagine + GDP + H+.

Name: 2-polyprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-polyprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2-polyprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.

Name: calcium-dependent protein kinase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a calcium-dependent protein kinase.

Name: ribonuclease inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of ribonuclease.

Name: phosphatidylethanolamine binding.

Definition: Binding to a phosphatidylethanolamine, a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine.

Name: selenium binding.

Definition: Binding to a selenium (Se) ion.

Name: vitamin E binding.

Definition: Binding to a vitamin E, tocopherol, which includes a series of eight structurally similar compounds. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant.

Name: JUN kinase binding.

Definition: Binding to JUN kinase, an enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation and activation of members of the JUN family.

Name: inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Name: 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate + NAD+ = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + NADH + H+.

Name: phosphofructokinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a phosphofructose substrate molecule.

Name: D-aspartate oxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: D-aspartate + H2O + O2 = oxaloacetate + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.

Name: GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-alpha-D-mannose = GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-alpha-D-mannose + H2O.

Name: N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetate.

Name: N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 6-sulfate group of the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate units of heparan sulfate and keratan sulfate.

Name: RNA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the formation of a phosphodiester bond between a hydroxyl group at the end of one RNA chain and the 5'-phosphate group at the end of another.

Name: alanine-glyoxylate transaminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + glyoxylate = pyruvate + glycine.

Name: alpha-1,3-mannosylglycoprotein 4-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + (N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,6)-beta-D-mannosyl-R = UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,4-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,6)-beta-D-mannosyl-R.

Name: alpha-1,6-mannosylglycoprotein 2-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + alpha-D-mannosyl-1,6-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3)-beta-D-mannosyl-R = UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,6-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3)-beta-D-mannosyl-R.

Name: alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues in N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminides.

Name: beta-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminylgalactosylglucosyl-ceramide beta-1,3-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide = UDP + N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide.

Name: carnitine O-octanoyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-carnitine + octanoyl-CoA = (S)-octanoylcarnitine + CoA.

Name: chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + chondroitin = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + chondroitin 6'-sulfate.

Name: glycerate dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-glycerate + NAD+ = hydroxypyruvate + NADH + H+.

Name: glycogenin glucosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + glycogenin = UDP + glucosylglycogenin.

Name: [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 1 activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfate. The [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfate has a substrate consensus sequence of Glc(N2S>NAc)+/-6S GlcA GlcN2S*+/-6S GlcA>IdoA+/-2S Glc(N2S/NAc)+/-6S.

Name: histone arginine N-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (histone)-arginine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (histone)-N-methyl-arginine.

Name: isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methylbutanoyl-CoA + H+ + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] = 3-methyl-(2E)-butenoyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein].

Name: palmitoyl-(protein) hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-protein + H2O = palmitate + protein.

Name: procollagen-lysine 5-dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: procollagen L-lysine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = procollagen 5-hydroxy-L-lysine + succinate + CO2.

Name: protein-tyrosine sulfotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + protein tyrosine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + protein tyrosine-O-sulfate.

Name: pyridoxal kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + pyridoxal = ADP + pyridoxal 5'-phosphate.

Name: queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: tRNA guanine + queuine = tRNA queuine + guanine.

Name: sphinganine kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + sphinganine = ADP + sphinganine 1-phosphate.

Name: transaminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an amino group to an acceptor, usually a 2-oxo acid.

Name: sulfuric ester hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: RSO-R' + H2O = RSOOH + R'H. This reaction is the hydrolysis of a sulfuric ester bond, an ester formed from sulfuric acid, O=SO(OH)2.

Name: diphosphoinositol-polyphosphate diphosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: diphospho-1D-myo-inositol polyphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol polyphosphate + phosphate.

Name: UDP-galactose:glucosylceramide beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-D-galactose + a glucosylceramide = a lactosylceramide + uridine-5'-diphosphate. The glucosylceramide has sphinganine as the long chain base.

Name: translation activator activity.

Definition: Any of a group of soluble proteins functioning in the activation of ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide.

Name: UDP-galactose:beta-N-acetylglucosamine beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + N-acetylglucosamine = galactose-beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosamine + UDP.

Name: melatonin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with melatonin, N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, to initiate a change in cell activity. Melatonin is a neuroendocrine substance that stimulates the aggregation of melanosomes in melanophores, thus lightening the skin.

Name: benzodiazepine receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with benzodiazepines, a class of drugs with hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsive, amnestic and myorelaxant properties, to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: monoamine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: sodium:iodide symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: iodide(out) + Na+(out) = iodide(in) + Na+(in).

Name: monoatomic anion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a negatively charged ion from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: sodium:bicarbonate symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + HCO3-(out) = Na+(in) + HCO3-(in).

Name: organic anion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of organic anions from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.

Name: folic acid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) from one side of a membrane to the other. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines.

Name: folate:monoatomic anion antiporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Folate derivative (out) + anion (in) = folate derivative (in) + anion (out). The Reduced Folate Carrier (RCF(SLC19A1) acts by an antiport mechanism. RCF carries several folate derivatives: MTX, PMX, ratitrexed, pralatrexate, 5-methyl THF, and 5-formyl THF.

Name: ammonium transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of ammonium from one side of a membrane to the other. Ammonium is the cation NH4+ which is formed from N2 by root-nodule bacteria in leguminous plants and is an excretory product in ammonotelic animals.

Name: L-ascorbate:sodium symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: L-ascorbate(out) + Na+(out) = L-ascorbate(in) + Na+(in).

Name: phosphatidylcholine transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the directed movement of phosphatidylcholine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Phosphatidylcholine refers to a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.

Name: phosphatidylinositol transfer activity.

Definition: Removes phosphatidylinositol from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.

Name: taste receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with soluble compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of taste.

Name: G protein-coupled peptide receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a peptide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Name: riboflavin kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + riboflavin = ADP + FMN + 2 H+.

Name: N-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R = UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R.

Name: oxidized purine nucleobase lesion DNA N-glycosylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of oxidized purine bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the oxidized purine and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction involves the formation of a covalent enzyme-substrate intermediate. Release of the enzyme and free base by a beta-elimination or a beta, gamma-elimination mechanism results in the cleavage of the DNA backbone 3' of the apurinic (AP) site.

Name: respiratory chain complex IV assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex IV (also known as cytochrome c oxidase), the terminal member of the respiratory chain of the mitochondrion and some aerobic bacteria. Cytochrome c oxidases are multi-subunit enzymes containing from 13 subunits in the mammalian mitochondrial form to 3-4 subunits in the bacterial forms.

Name: proteasome regulatory particle, base subcomplex.

Definition: The subcomplex of the proteasome regulatory particle that directly associates with the proteasome core complex.

Name: proteasome regulatory particle, lid subcomplex.

Definition: The subcomplex of the proteasome regulatory particle that forms the peripheral lid, which is added on top of the base subcomplex.

Name: visual learning.

Definition: Any process in an organism in which a change in behavior of an individual occurs in response to repeated exposure to a visual cue.

Name: fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

Name: epidermis development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species.

Name: P-type proton-exporting transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) -> ADP + phosphate + H+(out). These transporters use a phosphorylative mechanism, which have a phosphorylated intermediate state during the ion transport cycle.

Name: P-type sodium transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Na+(in) -> ADP + phosphate + Na+(out); by a phosphorylative mechanism.

Name: P-type potassium transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + K+(in).

Name: ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + xenobiotic(in) = ADP + phosphate + xenobiotic(out).

Name: microtubule severing ATPase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate. Catalysis of the severing of a microtubule at a specific spot along its length, coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP.

Name: minus-end-directed microtubule motor activity.

Definition: A motor activity that generates movement along a microtubule toward the minus end, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Name: plus-end-directed microtubule motor activity.

Definition: A motor activity that generates movement along a microtubule toward the plus end, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Name: male gonad development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: female gonad development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: regulation of smoothened signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling.

Name: regulation of Toll signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the Tl signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of Notch signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway.

Name: photoreceptor cell morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the structures of a photoreceptor cell are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, a sensory cell that reacts to the presence of light. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

Name: anterior/posterior axis specification, embryo.

Definition: The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by the products of genes expressed maternally and genes expressed in the zygote.

Name: calcium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase regulator activity.

Definition: Binds to and modulates of the activity of the enzyme calcium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase.

Name: cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulator activity.

Definition: Modulation of the activity of the enzyme cAMP-dependent protein kinase.

Name: phosphorylase kinase regulator activity.

Definition: Modulation of the activity of the enzyme phosphorylase kinase.

Name: attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore.

Definition: The process in which spindle microtubules become physically associated with the proteins making up the kinetochore complex.

Name: alkylglycerone-phosphate synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1-acyl-glycerone 3-phosphate + a long-chain alcohol = 1-alkyl-glycerone 3-phosphate + a long-chain acid anion.

Name: lipid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.

Name: ether lipid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ether lipids, lipids that contain (normally) one lipid alcohol in ether linkage to one of the carbon atoms (normally C-1) of glycerol.

Name: peptidyl-lysine modification to peptidyl-hypusine.

Definition: The modification of peptidyl-lysine to form hypusine, peptidyl-N6-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)-L-lysine.

Name: epsilon DNA polymerase complex.

Definition: A heterotetrameric DNA polymerase complex that catalyzes processive DNA synthesis in the absence of PCNA, but is further stimulated in the presence of PCNA. The complex contains a large catalytic subunit and three small subunits, and is best characterized in Saccharomyces, in which the subunits are named Pol2p, Dpb2p, Dpb3p, and Dpb4p. Some evidence suggests that DNA polymerase epsilon is the leading strand polymerase; it is also involved in nucleotide-excision repair and mismatch repair.

Name: CHRAC.

Definition: An ISWI complex that contains an ATPase subunit of the ISWI family (SNF2H in mammals, Isw2 in S. cerevisiae), an ACF1 homolog, and additional small histone fold subunits (generally two of these, but Xenopus has only one and some additional non-conserved subunits). CHRAC plays roles in the regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription and in DNA replication and repair.

Name: extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors.

Definition: The series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with a ligand binding to a death domain receptor on the cell surface, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.

Name: granzyme-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals induced by granzymes which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a granzyme signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. Granzymes are serine proteases that are secreted by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells to induce apoptosis in target cells.

Name: intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage.

Definition: The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.

Name: intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to oxidative stress.

Definition: The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.

Name: activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process by cytochrome c.

Definition: Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process and is mediated by cytochrome c.

Name: apoptotic mitochondrial changes.

Definition: The morphological and physiological alterations undergone by mitochondria during apoptosis.

Name: ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the activation of small proteins, such as ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.

Name: carbohydrate transport.

Definition: The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carbohydrates are a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.

Name: hexose transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which hexose is transported across a membrane. Hexoses are aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.

Name: rRNA methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a nucleoside residue in an rRNA molecule.

Name: rRNA (uridine-2'-O-)-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing 2'-O-methyluridine.

Name: amino acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.

Name: lipopolysaccharide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipopolysaccharides, a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharides consist three covalently linked regions, lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and an O side chain. Lipid A is responsible for the toxicity of the lipopolysaccharide.

Name: phospholipid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phospholipid, a lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.

Name: pyrimidine-containing compound salvage.

Definition: Any process that generates a pyrimidine-containing compound, a nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide or nucleic acid that contains a pyrimidine base, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis.

Name: cysteine-type endopeptidase activator activity involved in apoptotic process.

Definition: Binds to and increases the rate of proteolysis catalyzed by a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process.

Name: 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: trans-2,3-didehydroacyl-CoA + NADP+ = trans,trans-2,3,4,5-tetradehydroacyl-CoA + NADPH + H+.

Name: 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate aldolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + glyoxylate.

Name: methionine synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-homocysteine = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-methionine.

Name: cholate 7-alpha-dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: cholate + NAD+ = 3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-7-oxo-5beta-cholanate + H+ + NADH.

Name: N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the link between N-acetylmuramoyl residues and L-amino acid residues in certain bacterial cell-wall glycopeptides.

Name: N-acetylneuraminate lyase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylneuraminate = N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate.

Name: NADPH dehydrogenase (quinone) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + a quinone = NADP+ + a quinol.

Name: S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a substrate.

Name: UDP-sugar diphosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-sugar + H2O = UMP + sugar 1-phosphate.

Name: acetate CoA-transferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + acetate = a fatty acid anion + acetyl-CoA.

Name: bis(5'-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-nucleosyl)tetraphosphate into two nucleotides.

Name: beta-aspartyl-peptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the cleavage of a beta-linked aspartic residue from the N-terminus of a polypeptide.

Name: beta-lactamase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a beta-lactam + H2O = a substituted beta-amino acid.

Name: betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = betaine + NADH + H+.

Name: chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: chloramphenicol + acetyl-CoA = chloramphenicol 3-acetate + CoA.

Name: corrinoid adenosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2 ATP + 2 corrinoid + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein] = 2 adenosylcorrinoid + 3 H+ + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] + 2 triphosphate. The corrinoid can be cob(II)yrinate a,c diamide, cob(II)inamide or cob(II)alamin.

Name: crossover junction endodeoxyribonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at a junction such as a reciprocal single-stranded crossover between two homologous DNA duplexes (Holliday junction).

Name: dATP diphosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: dATP + H2O = dAMP + H+ + diphosphate.

Name: dGTPase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: dGTP + H2O = 2'-deoxyguanosine + 2 H+ + triphosphate.

Name: endochitinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of nonterminal (1->4)-beta linkages of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) polymers of chitin and chitodextrins. Typically, endochitinases cleave randomly within the chitin chain.

Name: exodeoxyribonuclease III activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the degradation of double-stranded DNA. It acts progressively in a 3' to 5' direction, releasing 5'-phosphomononucleotides.

Name: glycerate kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: D-glycerate + ATP = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + ADP + 2 H+.

Name: holo-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + substrate-serine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + substrate-serine-4'-phosphopantetheine. The transfer of the 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) co-factor from coenzyme A to the hydroxyl side chain of the serine residue of acyl- or peptidyl-carrier protein (ACP or PCP) to convert them from the apo to the holo form.

Name: P-type potassium:proton transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out) + K+(in).

Name: inositol monophosphate 1-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol 1-phosphate + H2O = myo-inositol + phosphate.

Name: nitrate reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: nitrite + acceptor = nitrate + reduced acceptor.

Name: oxaloacetate decarboxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: oxaloacetate = pyruvate + CO2.

Name: peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: [GlcNAc-(1,4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)](n)-diphosphoundecaprenol + GlcNAc-(1,4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)-diphosphoundecaprenol = [GlcNAc-(1,4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)](n+1)-diphosphoundecaprenol + undecaprenyl diphosphate.

Name: phosphoglycolate phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phosphoglycolate + H2O = glycolate + phosphate.

Name: phospholipase A1 activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 2-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate.

Name: phosphopentomutase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 1-phosphate = D-ribose 5-phosphate.

Name: rRNA (adenine-N6-)-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N6-methyladenine.

Name: site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + DNA adenine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + DNA 6-methylaminopurine.

Name: DNA-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to a DNA molecule.

Name: succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: succinate semialdehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O = succinate + NAD(P)H + H+.

Name: tRNA (guanine-N1-)-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing N1-methylguanine.

Name: tRNA (guanosine-2'-O-)-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2'-O-methylguanosine.

Name: thymidine phosphorylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: thymidine + phosphate = thymine + 2-deoxy-D-ribose 1-phosphate.

Name: type II site-specific deoxyribonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to give specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates and 3' hydroxyls. Cleavage is dependent on the presence in the DNA of a specific recognition site; cleavage occurs at or very near this recognition site.

Name: uridylate kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + (d)UMP = ADP + (d)UDP.

Name: dosage compensation by inactivation of X chromosome.

Definition: Compensating for the two-fold variation in X-chromosome:autosome ratios between sexes by a global inactivation of all, or most of, the genes on one of the X-chromosomes in the XX sex.

Name: pentose-phosphate shunt, oxidative branch.

Definition: The branch of the pentose-phosphate shunt which involves the oxidation of glucose 6-P and produces ribulose 5-P, reduced NADP+ and carbon dioxide (CO2).

Name: electron transfer activity.

Definition: Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport chain. An electron transport chain is a process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.

Name: catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism.

Name: macromolecule catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.

Name: biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones.

Name: macromolecule biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.

Name: aerobic respiration.

Definition: The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.

Name: fatty acid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes.

Name: amino acid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.

Name: glutamine family amino acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.

Name: glutamine family amino acid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.

Name: aspartate family amino acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine.

Name: aspartate family amino acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine.

Name: aspartate family amino acid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine.

Name: serine family amino acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.

Name: serine family amino acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.

Name: serine family amino acid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.

Name: aromatic amino acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).

Name: aromatic amino acid family catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).

Name: pyruvate family amino acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any amino acid that requires pyruvate for its synthesis, e.g. alanine.

Name: pyruvate family amino acid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any amino acid that requires pyruvate for its synthesis, e.g. alanine.

Name: branched-chain amino acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.

Name: branched-chain amino acid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.

Name: glutamine family amino acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.

Name: methionine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.

Name: methionine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.

Name: homoserine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving homoserine, alpha-amino-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cystathionine, threonine and methionine.

Name: cysteine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.

Name: glycoprotein metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.

Name: glycoprotein biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.

Name: lipopolysaccharide catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

Name: vitamin biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.

Name: vitamin catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.

Name: nucleobase metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid, e.g. the purines: adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine and the pyrimidines: cytosine, uracil, thymine.

Name: purine nucleobase biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine.

Name: hypoxanthine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, an intermediate in the degradation of adenylate. Its ribonucleoside is known as inosine and its ribonucleotide as inosinate.

Name: xanthine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of xanthine, 2,6-dihydroxypurine, a purine formed in the metabolic breakdown of guanine but not present in nucleic acids.

Name: nucleoside metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (a ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleoside), e.g. adenosine, guanosine, inosine, cytidine, uridine and deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine (= deoxythymidine).

Name: nucleotide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).

Name: ribonucleoside metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine or pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.

Name: deoxyribonucleoside metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

Name: nucleoside monophosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

Name: nucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

Name: nucleoside monophosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

Name: purine nucleoside monophosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

Name: purine nucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

Name: purine nucleoside monophosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

Name: nucleoside diphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

Name: nucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

Name: nucleoside diphosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

Name: purine nucleoside diphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

Name: purine nucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

Name: purine nucleoside diphosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

Name: nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

Name: nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

Name: nucleoside triphosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

Name: purine nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

Name: purine nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

Name: purine nucleoside triphosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

Name: purine ribonucleotide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

Name: purine deoxyribonucleotide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

Name: purine ribonucleotide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

Name: purine deoxyribonucleotide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

Name: purine ribonucleotide catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

Name: purine deoxyribonucleotide catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

Name: ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

Name: deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

Name: ribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

Name: deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

Name: ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

Name: deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

Name: nucleoside biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

Name: nucleoside catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

Name: nucleotide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).

Name: nucleotide catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).

Name: purine ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

Name: purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

Name: purine ribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

Name: purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

Name: purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

Name: purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine deoxynucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine deoxynucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine deoxynucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.

Name: purine ribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

Name: purine ribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

Name: purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

Name: purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

Name: purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

Name: ribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

Name: deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

Name: cyclic nucleotide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.

Name: ribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

Name: deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

Name: cyclic nucleotide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.

Name: ribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

Name: deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine deoxynucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.

Name: ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

Name: deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

Name: ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

Name: deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

Name: ribonucleoside triphosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

Name: deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

Name: purine ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

Name: purine ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

Name: cyclic nucleotide catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.

Name: purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

Name: purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

Name: purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine ribonucleotide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine deoxynucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine ribonucleotide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine ribonucleotide catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

Name: pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

Name: nucleotide-sugar metabolic process.

Definition: The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide-carbohydrate in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.

Name: nucleotide-sugar biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide-carbohydrate in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.

Name: thiamine diphosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle.

Name: menaquinone metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the menaquinones, quinone-derived compounds synthesized by intestinal bacteria. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.

Name: menaquinone biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the menaquinones. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones that have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.

Name: cobalamin metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.

Name: glycolipid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycolipid, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide).

Name: protein lipoylation.

Definition: The lipoylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-lipoyl-L-lysine.

Name: glucan biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.

Name: glucan catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.

Name: 10-formyltetrahydrofolate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.

Name: 10-formyltetrahydrofolate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.

Name: 10-formyltetrahydrofolate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.

Name: ribonucleotide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

Name: ribonucleotide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

Name: ribonucleotide catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

Name: deoxyribonucleotide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

Name: deoxyribonucleotide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

Name: deoxyribonucleotide catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

Name: 2'-deoxyribonucleotide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a 2'-deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a 2'-deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

Name: response to temperature stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a temperature stimulus.

Name: cellular response to starvation.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of nourishment.

Name: response to pH.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.

Name: nucleoid.

Definition: The region of a virus, bacterial cell, mitochondrion or chloroplast to which the nucleic acid is confined.

Name: GDP-mannose biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-mannose, a substance composed of mannose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.

Name: mRNA transcription.

Definition: The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template.

Name: snRNA transcription.

Definition: The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template.

Name: rRNA transcription.

Definition: The synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), any RNA that forms part of the ribosomal structure, from a DNA template.

Name: protein secretion.

Definition: The controlled release of proteins from a cell.

Name: amine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.

Name: amine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.

Name: amine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.

Name: oligosaccharide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.

Name: oligosaccharide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.

Name: oligosaccharide catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.

Name: response to radiation.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation.

Name: phenylalanine-tRNA ligase complex.

Definition: An enzyme complex that catalyzes the ligation of phenylalanine to tRNA(Phe), forming L-phenylalanyl-tRNA(Phe).

Name: DNA topoisomerase type II (double strand cut, ATP-hydrolyzing) complex.

Definition: Complex that possesses DNA topoisomerase II (double strand cut, ATP-hydrolyzing) activity.

Name: DNA polymerase III complex.

Definition: The DNA polymerase III holoenzyme is a complex that contains 10 different types of subunits. These subunits are organized into 3 functionally essential sub-assemblies: the pol III core, the beta sliding clamp processivity factor and the clamp-loading complex. The pol III core carries out the polymerase and the 3'-5' exonuclease proofreading activities. The polymerase is tethered to the template via the sliding clamp processivity factor. The clamp-loading complex assembles the beta processivity factor onto the primer template and plays a central role in the organization and communication at the replication fork.

Name: endopeptidase Clp complex.

Definition: A protein complex comprised of members of the ClpX, ClpC, ClpD, ClpP or ClpR protein families. ClpPs are the proteolytic subunit of active complexes, and ClpA and ClpX form the regulatory subunits. Enzymatically active and inactive complexes can form.

Name: biotin binding.

Definition: Binding to biotin (cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid), the (+) enantiomer of which is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions.

Name: four-way junction helicase activity.

Definition: Unwinding a DNA helix of DNA containing four-way junctions, including Holliday junctions, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Name: rRNA (cytosine-C5-)-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to cytosine to form 5-methylcytosine in small subunit ribosomal RNA.

Name: translational attenuation.

Definition: Translational attenuation is a regulatory mechanism analogous to ribosome-mediated transcriptional attenuation. The system requires the presence of a short ORF, called a leader peptide, encoded in the mRNA upstream of the ribosome-binding site and start codon of the gene whose translation is to be regulated. Certain conditions, such as presence of the antibiotic tetracycline in bacteria or amino acid starvation, may cause slowing or stalling of the ribosome translating the leader peptide. The stalled ribosome masks a region of the mRNA and affects which of two alternative mRNA folded structures will form, therefore controlling whether or not a ribosome will bind and initiate translation of the downstream gene. Translational attenuation is analogous to ribosome-mediated transcriptional attenuation, in which mRNA remodeling caused by ribosome stalling regulates transcriptional termination rather than translational initiation.

Name: 2'-deoxyribonucleotide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a 2'-deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a 2'-deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.

Name: phospholipid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.

Name: folic acid-containing compound biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives.

Name: folic acid-containing compound catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of folic acid and its derivatives.

Name: toxin biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.

Name: toxin metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.

Name: response to heat.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.

Name: response to cold.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism.

Name: response to xenobiotic stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.

Name: response to UV.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.

Name: response to water.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of water.

Name: response to light stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light.

Name: NAD biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.

Name: glyoxylate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glyoxylate, the anion of glyoxylic acid, HOC-COOH.

Name: carnitine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Name: methylglyoxal metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving methylglyoxal, CH3-CO-CHO, the aldehyde of pyruvic acid.

Name: glycolate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycolate, the anion of hydroxyethanoic acid (glycolic acid).

Name: pyridoxal 5'-phosphate salvage.

Definition: Any process that generates pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, the active form of vitamin B6, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.

Name: putrescine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane; putrescine can be formed by decarboxylation of ornithine and is the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.

Name: putrescine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane; putrescine can be synthesized from arginine or ornithine and is the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.

Name: putrescine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane; putrescine is the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.

Name: gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.

Name: gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.

Name: RNA modification.

Definition: The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an RNA molecule to produce an RNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.

Name: 7-methylguanosine RNA capping.

Definition: The sequence of enzymatic reactions by which the 5' cap structure, an inverted 7-methylguanosine linked via a 5'-5' triphosphate bridge (m7G(5')ppp(5')X) to the first transcribed residue, is added to a nascent transcript.

Name: fertilization.

Definition: The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).

Name: detection of external stimulus.

Definition: The series of events in which an external stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.

Name: detection of abiotic stimulus.

Definition: The series of events in which an (non-living) abiotic stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.

Name: detection of light stimulus.

Definition: The series of events in which a light stimulus (in the form of photons) is received and converted into a molecular signal.

Name: detection of visible light.

Definition: The series of events in which a visible light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm.

Name: detection of UV.

Definition: The series of events in which an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.

Name: detection of chemical stimulus.

Definition: The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.

Name: detection of biotic stimulus.

Definition: The series of events in which a biotic stimulus, one caused or produced by a living organism, is received and converted into a molecular signal.

Name: detection of virus.

Definition: The series of events in which a stimulus from a virus is received and converted into a molecular signal.

Name: response to external stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus.

Name: response to biotic stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism.

Name: response to symbiont.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a symbiont, an organism living with an organism of a different species in close physical association. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Name: response to symbiotic bacterium.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a symbiotic bacterium, a bacterium living in close physical association with another organism.

Name: response to wounding.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism.

Name: response to mechanical stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus.

Name: response to virus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus.

Name: response to bacterium.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium.

Name: response to fungus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a fungus.

Name: response to abiotic stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (not derived from living organisms) stimulus.

Name: cold acclimation.

Definition: Any process that increases freezing tolerance of an organism in response to low, nonfreezing temperatures.

Name: response to toxic substance.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus.

Name: response to blue light.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a blue light stimulus. Blue light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 440 and 500nm.

Name: UV protection.

Definition: Any process in which an organism or cell protects itself from ultraviolet radiation (UV), which may also result in resistance to repeated exposure to UV.

Name: response to salt stress.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.

Name: anatomical structure morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.

Name: pyrophosphate hydrolysis-driven proton transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transport of one proton (H+), driven by the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate, and generating a proton motive force.

Name: hexose:proton symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: hexose(out) + H+(out) = hexose(in) + H+(in).

Name: indoleacetic acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving indole-3-acetic acid, a compound which functions as a growth regulator in plants.

Name: phenylpropanoid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic derivatives of trans-cinnamic acid.

Name: catechol-containing compound metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a compound containing a pyrocatechol (1,2-benzenediol) nucleus or substituent.

Name: catechol-containing compound biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent.

Name: response to endogenous stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus arising within the organism.

Name: response to hormone.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus.

Name: detection of carbohydrate stimulus.

Definition: The series of events in which a carbohydrate stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.

Name: detection of hexose stimulus.

Definition: The series of events in which a stimulus from a hexose is received and converted into a molecular signal.

Name: response to carbohydrate.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbohydrate stimulus.

Name: response to sucrose.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sucrose stimulus.

Name: response to hexose.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hexose stimulus.

Name: response to glucose.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus.

Name: response to fructose.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fructose stimulus.

Name: response to jasmonic acid.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a jasmonic acid stimulus.

Name: hormone-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone.

Name: carbohydrate mediated signaling.

Definition: The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of carbohydrate.

Name: hexose mediated signaling.

Definition: The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of hexose.

Name: regulation of abscisic acid-activated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling.

Name: positive regulation of abscisic acid-activated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling.

Name: embryo development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant.

Name: post-embryonic development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development.

Name: embryo development ending in birth or egg hatching.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo over time, from zygote formation until the end of the embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic life stage is organism-specific and may be somewhat arbitrary; for mammals it is usually considered to be birth, for insects the hatching of the first instar larva from the eggshell.

Name: axis specification.

Definition: The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or around a point.

Name: specification of symmetry.

Definition: The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism such that a similar arrangement in form and relationship of parts around a common axis, or around each side of a plane is created.

Name: coumarin metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving coumarins, compounds derived from the phenylacrylic skeleton of cinnamic acids.

Name: stilbene metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving stilbenes, a class of polyketides formed from a molecule of cinnamic acid and three molecules of malonyl-CoA.

Name: flavonoid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving flavonoids, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton including flavones, flavonols and flavanoids, and anthocyanins.

Name: alkaloid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).

Name: alkaloid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).

Name: unidimensional cell growth.

Definition: The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size in one [spatial] dimension or along one axis, resulting in the morphogenesis of the cell.

Name: abscission.

Definition: The controlled shedding of a body part.

Name: mitochondrial endopeptidase Clp complex.

Definition: A Clp endopeptidase complex located in the mitochondrion.

Name: auxin metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving auxins, a group of plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.

Name: determination of bilateral symmetry.

Definition: The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to a single longitudinal plane. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry.

Name: embryonic pattern specification.

Definition: The process that results in the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in an embryo.

Name: photoreceptor activity.

Definition: The function of absorbing and responding to incidental electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. The response may involve a change in conformation.

Name: post-embryonic animal morphogenesis.

Definition: The process, occurring after animal embryonic development, by which anatomical structures are generated and organized.

Name: animal organ morphogenesis.

Definition: Morphogenesis of an animal organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.

Name: tissue development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: regulation of biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.

Name: negative regulation of biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.

Name: positive regulation of biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.

Name: negative regulation of metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.

Name: positive regulation of metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.

Name: regulation of catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.

Name: negative regulation of catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.

Name: positive regulation of catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.

Name: external side of plasma membrane.

Definition: The leaflet of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.

Name: cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane.

Definition: The leaflet the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.

Name: epidermal cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis.

Name: hormone transport.

Definition: The directed movement of hormones into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: sterol 5-alpha reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of a C-5 double bond in the B ring of a sterol.

Name: fatty acid elongase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: fatty acid (C-16 or longer) + 2-C = fatty acid (C-16 or longer + 2-C).

Name: fatty acid elongase complex.

Definition: A tetrameric complex of four different subunits which catalyzes the elongation of fatty acids chains 2 carbon units at a time in the synthesis of very long chain fatty acids.

Name: basal plasma membrane.

Definition: The region of the plasma membrane located at the basal end of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.

Name: calcium-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Definition: Calcium-dependent catalysis of the reactions: ATP + a protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate; and ATP + a protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.

Name: anterior/posterior axis specification.

Definition: The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.

Name: dorsal/ventral axis specification.

Definition: The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.

Name: anterior/posterior pattern specification.

Definition: The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.

Name: dorsal/ventral pattern formation.

Definition: The regionalization process in which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.

Name: regulation of signal transduction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.

Name: positive regulation of signal transduction.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.

Name: negative regulation of signal transduction.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.

Name: cytidine deamination.

Definition: The removal of amino group in the presence of water.

Name: cyclase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of a ring closure reaction.

Name: pseudouridine synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: RNA uridine = RNA pseudouridine. Conversion of uridine in an RNA molecule to pseudouridine by rotation of the C1'-N-1 glycosidic bond of uridine in RNA to a C1'-C5.

Name: cell surface.

Definition: The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.

Name: cellular process.

Definition: Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.

Name: cell-cell recognition.

Definition: Cell recognition between cells. May involve the formation of specialized cell junctions.

Name: response to extracellular stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an extracellular stimulus.

Name: cellular water homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water within a cell.

Name: oocyte differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized immature germ cell acquires the specialized features of a mature female gamete.

Name: negative regulation of cell fate specification.

Definition: Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from adopting a specific cell fate.

Name: negative regulation of cardioblast cell fate specification.

Definition: Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.

Name: glial cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell.

Name: cardioblast differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.

Name: endosome membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding an endosome.

Name: cytoplasmic side of endosome membrane.

Definition: The side (leaflet) of the endosome membrane that faces the cytoplasm.

Name: response to organic substance.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus.

Name: response to inorganic substance.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inorganic substance stimulus.

Name: response to metal ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus.

Name: response to iron ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron ion stimulus.

Name: response to iron(II) ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron(II) ion stimulus.

Name: response to manganese ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a manganese ion stimulus.

Name: response to zinc ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a zinc ion stimulus.

Name: response to mycotoxin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mycotoxin stimulus. A mycotoxin is a toxic chemical substance produced by fungi.

Name: specification of animal organ identity.

Definition: The regionalization process in which the identity of an animal organ primordium is specified. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.

Name: pyrimidine ribonucleotide salvage.

Definition: The pathway by which pyrimidine bases or pyrimidine ribonucleosides from pyrimidine nucleotide breakdown are converted back to pyrimidine ribonucleotides. The salvage pathway is important where there is no de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis.

Name: regulation of proton transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of proton transport into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: response to X-ray.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz).

Name: body morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the soma are generated and organized.

Name: FMN binding.

Definition: Binding to flavin mono nucleotide. Flavin mono nucleotide (FMN) is the coenzyme or the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes.

Name: sugar mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The process in which a change in the level of a mono- or disaccharide such as glucose, fructose or sucrose triggers the expression of genes controlling metabolic and developmental processes.

Name: response to ionizing radiation.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays.

Name: maintenance of DNA methylation.

Definition: Any process involved in maintaining the methylation state of a nucleotide sequence.

Name: response to UV-B.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-B radiation stimulus. UV-B radiation (UV-B light) spans the wavelengths 280 to 315 nm.

Name: response to UV-C.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-C radiation stimulus. UV-C radiation (UV-C light) spans the wavelengths 100 to 280 nm.

Name: response to lithium ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lithium (Li+) ion stimulus.

Name: vascular transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances, into, out of or within a cell, either in a vascular tissue or in the vascular membrane.

Name: response to organonitrogen compound.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organonitrogen stimulus. An organonitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.

Name: establishment or maintenance of transmembrane electrochemical gradient.

Definition: The directed movement of ions to establish or maintain an electrochemical gradient across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: glucose mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The process in which a change in the level of mono- and disaccharide glucose trigger the expression of genes controlling metabolic and developmental processes.

Name: endomembrane system organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endomembrane system.

Name: NADH dehydrogenase complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an NADH dehydrogenase complex.

Name: SCF complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the SKP1-Cullin/Cdc53-F-box protein ubiquitin ligase (SCF) complex.

Name: response to selenium ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from selenium ion.

Name: detoxification of copper ion.

Definition: Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of copper ion. These include transport of copper away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of copper ion.

Name: heat acclimation.

Definition: Any process that increases heat tolerance of an organism in response to high temperatures.

Name: response to lead ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lead ion stimulus.

Name: regulation of hydrogen peroxide metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide.

Name: phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate binding.

Definition: Binding to phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 5' position.

Name: membrane invagination.

Definition: The infolding of a membrane.

Name: response to gamma radiation.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.

Name: carboxyl-O-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the carboxyl group of an acceptor molecule to form a methyl ester.

Name: lithium:proton antiporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Li+(in) + H+(out) = Li+(out) + H+(in).

Name: regulation of anion channel activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anion channel activity.

Name: negative regulation of anion channel activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the anion channel activity.

Name: chromocenter.

Definition: A region in which centric, heterochromatic portions from more than one chromosomes form a compact structure.

Name: perinucleolar chromocenter.

Definition: A chromocenter adjacent to the nucleolus.

Name: double-stranded methylated DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to double-stranded methylated DNA. Methylation of cytosine or adenine in DNA is an important mechanism for establishing stable heritable epigenetic marks.

Name: regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle.

Definition: Any signalling pathway that modulates the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.

Name: histone monoubiquitination.

Definition: The modification of histones by addition of a single ubiquitin group.

Name: hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death.

Definition: Programmed cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide. Programmed cell death is the cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.

Name: methyl-CpNpG binding.

Definition: Binding to a methylated cytosine/unspecified/guanine trinucleotide.

Name: fatty acid omega-oxidation.

Definition: A fatty acid oxidation process in which the methyl group at the end of the fatty acid molecule (the omega carbon) is first oxidized to a hydroxyl group, then to an oxo group, and finally to a carboxyl group. The long chain dicarboxylates derived from omega-oxidation then enter the beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation.

Name: response to alkaline pH.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus with pH > 7. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.

Name: response to acidic pH.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus with pH < 7. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.

Name: histone H3-K36 methylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H3 by addition of one or more methyl groups to lysine at position 36 of the histone.

Name: regulation of cell fate commitment.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.

Name: negative regulation of cell fate commitment.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.

Name: positive regulation of cell fate commitment.

Definition: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.

Name: centriole-centriole cohesion.

Definition: The cell cycle process in which the two centrioles within a centrosome remain tightly paired.

Name: exit from mitosis.

Definition: The cell cycle transition where a cell leaves M phase and enters a new G1 phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.

Name: negative regulation of heart rate.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of heart contraction.

Name: positive regulation of heart rate.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency or rate of heart contraction.

Name: mesenchymal cell proliferation.

Definition: The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.

Name: regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.

Name: nerve growth factor receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with nerve growth factor (NGF), to prevent apoptosis in neurons and promote nerve growth, or to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: negative regulation of peptidase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops or reduces the rate of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.

Name: gene expression.

Definition: The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript and its processing, translation and maturation for protein-coding genes.

Name: regulation of gene expression.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).

Name: regulation of signaling receptor activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling receptor activity. Receptor activity is when a molecule combines with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: regulation of gastrulation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate or extent of gastrulation. Gastrulation is the complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals.

Name: histone H3 acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 = CoA + acetyl-histone H3.

Name: histone H4 acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 = CoA + acetyl-histone H4.

Name: cytoplasmic stress granule.

Definition: A dense aggregation in the cytosol composed of proteins and RNAs that appear when the cell is under stress.

Name: intercellular transport.

Definition: The movement of substances between cells.

Name: proteasomal protein catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome.

Name: proteasomal ubiquitin-independent protein catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome but do not involve ubiquitin.

Name: RNA secondary structure unwinding.

Definition: The process in which a secondary structure of RNA are broken or 'melted'.

Name: regulation of autophagy.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.

Name: negative regulation of autophagy.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.

Name: positive regulation of autophagy.

Definition: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.

Name: regulation of acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from pyruvate.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate.

Name: regulation of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol.

Name: negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol.

Name: positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol.

Name: regulation of phospholipase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid.

Name: positive regulation of phospholipase activity.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid.

Name: negative regulation of phospholipase activity.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid.

Name: regulation of reciprocal meiotic recombination.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of recombination during meiosis. Reciprocal meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.

Name: telomerase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of telomerase.

Name: regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosol.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components.

Name: negative regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosol.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components.

Name: positive regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosol.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components.

Name: regulation of transposition, RNA-mediated.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA-mediated transposition. RNA-mediated transposition is a type of transpositional recombination which occurs via an RNA intermediate.

Name: negative regulation of transposition, RNA-mediated.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA-mediated transposition. RNA-mediated transposition is a type of transpositional recombination which occurs via an RNA intermediate.

Name: regulation of transposition.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transposition. Transposition results in the movement of discrete segments of DNA between nonhomologous sites.

Name: negative regulation of transposition.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transposition. Transposition results in the movement of discrete segments of DNA between nonhomologous sites.

Name: regulation of activation of Janus kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.

Name: positive regulation of activation of Janus kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency or rate of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.

Name: regulation of platelet activation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue.

Name: negative regulation of platelet activation.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue.

Name: regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.

Name: positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.

Name: negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.

Name: regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.

Name: positive regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.

Name: negative regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.

Name: positive regulation of phosphorus metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.

Name: negative regulation of phosphorus metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.

Name: regulation of cell cycle process.

Definition: Any process that modulates a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.

Name: regulation of cellular ketone metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.

Name: regulation of ketone biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ketone, carried out by individual cells.

Name: regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences.

Name: positive regulation of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle.

Name: positive regulation of platelet activation.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue.

Name: vascular endothelial growth factor production.

Definition: The appearance of vascular endothelial growth factor production due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

Name: regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of vascular endothelial growth factor.

Name: positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production.

Definition: Any process that increases or activates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of vascular endothelial growth factor.

Name: regulation of adenylate cyclase activity involved in G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase (AC) activity that is an integral part of a G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Name: miRNA metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving miRNA, microRNA, a class of single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21-23 nucleotides in length, which regulates gene expression.

Name: miRNA catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of miRNA, microRNA, a class of single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21-23 nucleotides in length, which regulates gene expression.

Name: regulation of lamellipodium assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.

Name: positive regulation of lamellipodium assembly.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.

Name: negative regulation of lamellipodium assembly.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.

Name: regulation of endothelial cell migration.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.

Name: positive regulation of endothelial cell migration.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.

Name: negative regulation of endothelial cell migration.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.

Name: regulation of cytoplasmic mRNA processing body assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a cytoplasmic mRNA processing body.

Name: positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.

Name: negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.

Name: positive regulation of cytoplasmic mRNA processing body assembly.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a cytoplasmic mRNA processing body.

Name: negative regulation of cytoplasmic mRNA processing body assembly.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a cytoplasmic mRNA processing body.

Name: post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression after the production of an RNA transcript.

Name: regulation of mRNA stability involved in response to stress.

Definition: Any process that modulates the propensity of mRNA molecules to degradation that is part of a change in state or activity of a cell as a result of an exogenous disturbance.

Name: regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.

Name: regulation of cardiac muscle adaptation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.

Name: positive regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.

Name: negative regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.

Name: positive regulation of cardiac muscle adaptation.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.

Name: negative regulation of cardiac muscle adaptation.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.

Name: negative regulation of transcription by transcription factor localization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription using a mechanism that involves the localization of a transcription factor.

Name: regulation of Schwann cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.

Name: negative regulation of Schwann cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.

Name: positive regulation of gene expression.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).

Name: negative regulation of gene expression.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).

Name: epithelial cell migration.

Definition: The orderly movement of an epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.

Name: regulation of epithelial cell migration.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration.

Name: negative regulation of epithelial cell migration.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration.

Name: positive regulation of epithelial cell migration.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration.

Name: regulation of mitochondrial fusion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment.

Name: positive regulation of mitochondrial fusion.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment.

Name: negative regulation of mitochondrial fusion.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment.

Name: positive regulation of organelle organization.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.

Name: negative regulation of organelle organization.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.

Name: regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Name: cell communication by electrical coupling.

Definition: The process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.

Name: regulation of cell communication.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.

Name: positive regulation of cell communication.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.

Name: negative regulation of cell communication.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.

Name: regulation of cell communication by electrical coupling.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication via electrical coupling. Cell communication via electrical coupling is the process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.

Name: negative regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.

Name: muscle cell apoptotic process.

Definition: A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. A muscle cell is a mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte, that forms one of three kinds of muscle.

Name: regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.

Name: positive regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.

Name: regulation of striated muscle cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.

Name: positive regulation of striated muscle cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.

Name: negative regulation of striated muscle cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.

Name: regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.

Name: positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.

Name: negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.

Name: ectodermal cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of an ectodermal cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.

Name: epithelial structure maintenance.

Definition: A tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of epithelial structure.

Name: regulation of cellular carbohydrate metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, extent or frequency of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells.

Name: positive regulation of cellular carbohydrate metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, extent or frequency of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells.

Name: negative regulation of cellular carbohydrate metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, extent or frequency of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells.

Name: regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alkaline phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum.

Name: negative regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of alkaline phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum.

Name: acetyltransferase activator activity.

Definition: Binds to and increases the activity of an acetyltransferase, an enzyme which catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to an acceptor molecule.

Name: ganglioside biosynthetic process via lactosylceramide.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gangliosides that begins with the formation of lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta-(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group.

Name: globoside biosynthetic process via lactosylceramide.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of globosides that begins with the formation of lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta-(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group.

Name: regulation of collagen catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.

Name: negative regulation of collagen catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.

Name: regulation of collagen metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.

Name: negative regulation of collagen metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.

Name: positive regulation of collagen metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.

Name: regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.

Name: negative regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.

Name: regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.

Name: positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.

Name: negative regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.

Name: positive regulation of cell development.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.

Name: negative regulation of cell development.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.

Name: regulation of ferrochelatase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ferrochelatase activity; catalysis of the reaction: protoporphyrin + Fe2+ = protoheme + 2 H+.

Name: regulation of definitive erythrocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of definitive erythrocyte differentiation. Definitive erythrocyte differentiation occurs as part of the process of definitive hemopoiesis.

Name: positive regulation of hydrogen peroxide metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide.

Name: negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide.

Name: regulation of hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of hydrogen peroxide biosynthesis. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.

Name: positive regulation of hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of hydrogen peroxide biosynthesis. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.

Name: negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of hydrogen peroxide biosynthesis. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.

Name: regulation of protein glutathionylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein glutathionylation. Protein glutathionylation is the protein modification process in which a glutathione molecule is added to a protein amino acid through a disulfide linkage.

Name: negative regulation of protein glutathionylation.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein glutathionylation. Protein glutathionylation is the protein modification process in which a glutathione molecule is added to a protein amino acid through a disulfide linkage.

Name: serum response element binding.

Definition: Binding to a serum response element (SRE), a short sequence with dyad symmetry found in the promoters of some of the cellular immediate-early genes, regulated by serum.

Name: protein kinase A signaling.

Definition: A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.

Name: regulation of protein kinase A signaling.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein kinase A signaling. PKA signaling is the series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.

Name: positive regulation of protein kinase A signaling.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein kinase A signaling. PKA signaling is the series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.

Name: macrophage derived foam cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a monocyte acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.

Name: regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.

Name: positive regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.

Name: negative regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.

Name: regulation of long-chain fatty acid import across plasma membrane.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport. Plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport is the directed movement of long-chain fatty acids across the plasma membrane. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.

Name: negative regulation of long-chain fatty acid import across plasma membrane.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport. Plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport is the directed movement of long-chain fatty acids across the plasma membrane.

Name: regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction. Nitric oxide mediated signal transduction is The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of nitric oxide (NO).

Name: positive regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction. Nitric oxide mediated signal transduction is The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of nitric oxide (NO).

Name: negative regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction. Nitric oxide mediated signal transduction is The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of nitric oxide (NO).

Name: regulation of cGMP-mediated signaling.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cGMP-mediated signaling.

Name: negative regulation of cGMP-mediated signaling.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cGMP-mediated signaling.

Name: regulation of plasminogen activation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of plasminogen activation. Plasminogen activation is the process in which plasminogen is processed to plasmin.

Name: positive regulation of plasminogen activation.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of plasminogen activation. Plasminogen activation is the process in which plasminogen is processed to plasmin.

Name: negative regulation of plasminogen activation.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of plasminogen activation. Plasminogen activation is the process in which plasminogen is processed to plasmin.

Name: regulation of macrophage chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage chemotaxis. Macrophage chemotaxis is the movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.

Name: positive regulation of macrophage chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage chemotaxis. Macrophage chemotaxis is the movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.

Name: negative regulation of macrophage chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage chemotaxis. Macrophage chemotaxis is the movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.

Name: fibroblast migration.

Definition: Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a fibroblast pseudopodium. A fibroblast is a connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

Name: regulation of fibroblast migration.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.

Name: positive regulation of fibroblast migration.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.

Name: negative regulation of fibroblast migration.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.

Name: positive regulation of sodium ion transport.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: negative regulation of sodium ion transport.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to UV-induced DNA damage.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a UV damage stimulus.

Name: negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to UV-induced DNA damage.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a UV damage stimulus.

Name: regulation of cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.

Name: positive regulation of cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.

Name: DNA double-strand break processing involved in repair via single-strand annealing.

Definition: The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang that results in the repair of a double strand break via single-strand annealing.

Name: regulation of mRNA export from nucleus.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

Name: regulation of ubiquinone biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquinone biosynthesis. Ubiquinone biosynthesis consists of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme.

Name: regulation of multivesicular body size.

Definition: Any process that modulates the volume of a multivesicular body, a type of late endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles.

Name: regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.

Name: positive regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.

Name: negative regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.

Name: regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. The tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor.

Name: negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate or extent of the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. The tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor.

Name: regulation of cell-substrate adhesion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate adhesion. Cell-substrate adhesion is the attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.

Name: positive regulation of cell-substrate adhesion.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate adhesion. Cell-substrate adhesion is the attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.

Name: negative regulation of cell-substrate adhesion.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate adhesion. Cell-substrate adhesion is the attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.

Name: neuropeptide catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of neuropeptides. Neuropeptides are signaling peptides that travel across a synaptic junction.

Name: substance P catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the neuropeptide substance P.

Name: bradykinin catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the peptide bradykinin.

Name: calcitonin catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the peptide calcitonin.

Name: regulation of hormone levels.

Definition: Any process that modulates the levels of hormone within an organism or a tissue. A hormone is any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action.

Name: T cell chemotaxis.

Definition: The directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.

Name: regulation of T cell chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of T cell chemotaxis. T cell chemotaxis is the directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus.

Name: positive regulation of T cell chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of T cell chemotaxis. T cell chemotaxis is the directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus.

Name: regulation of mitochondrion organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.

Name: positive regulation of mitochondrion organization.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.

Name: negative regulation of mitochondrion organization.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.

Name: regulation of centrosome duplication.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome duplication. Centrosome duplication is the replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.

Name: positive regulation of centrosome duplication.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome duplication. Centrosome duplication is the replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.

Name: negative regulation of centrosome duplication.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome duplication. Centrosome duplication is the replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.

Name: regulation of glucose transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: positive regulation of glucose transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: negative regulation of glucose transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: regulation of myotube differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.

Name: positive regulation of myotube differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.

Name: negative regulation of myotube differentiation.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.

Name: telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening.

Definition: Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins and lengthening the telomeric DNA.

Name: regulation of protein ADP-ribosylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein ADP-ribosylation. Protein ADP-ribosylation is the transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids.

Name: negative regulation of protein ADP-ribosylation.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of protein ADP-ribosylation. Protein ADP-ribosylation is the transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids.

Name: regulation of keratinocyte proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of keratinocyte proliferation. Keratinocyte proliferation is the multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.

Name: positive regulation of keratinocyte proliferation.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of keratinocyte proliferation. Keratinocyte proliferation is the multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.

Name: negative regulation of keratinocyte proliferation.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of keratinocyte proliferation. Keratinocyte proliferation is the multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.

Name: retina layer formation.

Definition: The process in which the vertebrate retina is organized into three laminae: the outer nuclear layer (ONL), which contains photoreceptor nuclei; the inner nuclear layer (INL), which contains amacrine, bipolar and horizontal cells; and the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer. Between the inner and outer nuclear layers, the outer plexiform layer (OPL) contains connections between the photoreceptors and bipolar and horizontal cells. The inner plexiform layer (IPL) is positioned between the INL and the ganglion cell layer and contains the dendrites of RGCs and processes of bipolar and amacrine cells. Spanning all layers of the retina are the radially oriented Mueller glia.

Name: recombination hotspot binding.

Definition: Binding to a genomic region which promotes recombination.

Name: positive regulation of reciprocal meiotic recombination.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of recombination during meiosis. Reciprocal meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.

Name: cyclase regulator activity.

Definition: Binds to and modulates the activity of an enzyme that catalyzes a ring closure reaction.

Name: cyclase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and decreases the activity of an enzyme that catalyzes a ring closure reaction.

Name: cyclase activator activity.

Definition: Binds to and increases the activity of an enzyme that catalyzes a ring closure reaction.

Name: adenylate cyclase regulator activity.

Definition: Binds to and modulates the activity of adenylate cyclase.

Name: adenylate cyclase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and decreases the activity adenylate cyclase.

Name: adenylate cyclase activator activity.

Definition: Binds to and increases the activity of adenylate cyclase.

Name: calcium-dependent protein kinase activity.

Definition: Calcium-dependent catalysis of the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP.

Name: calcium-dependent protein kinase regulator activity.

Definition: Modulates the activity of a calcium-dependent protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein in a calcium-dependent manner.

Name: calcium-dependent cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a calcium-dependent cysteine-type endopeptidase, any enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide bonds in polypeptides by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile in a calcium-dependent manner.

Name: positive regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.

Name: positive regulation of phospholipase C activity.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate of phospholipase C activity.

Name: regulation of triglyceride biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of triglyceride biosynthesis. Triglyceride biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.

Name: positive regulation of triglyceride biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of triglyceride biosynthesis. Triglyceride biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.

Name: regulation of cholesterol efflux.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol efflux. Cholesterol efflux is the directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.

Name: positive regulation of cholesterol efflux.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol efflux. Cholesterol efflux is the directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.

Name: lipid localization.

Definition: Any process in which a lipid is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Name: lipid transport involved in lipid storage.

Definition: The directed movement of lipids into cells that is part of their accumulation and maintenance.

Name: cholesterol storage.

Definition: The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.

Name: cholesterol transport involved in cholesterol storage.

Definition: The directed movement of cholesterol into cells that is part of their accumulation and maintenance.

Name: regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the process in which the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol occurs via calcium release channels.

Name: regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction via the regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the endoplasmic reticulum of striated muscle, specialised for the sequestration of calcium ions that are released upon receipt of a signal relayed by the T tubules from the neuromuscular junction.

Name: regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by calcium ion signaling.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction by changing the calcium ion signals that trigger contraction.

Name: regulation of lipid storage.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.

Name: positive regulation of lipid storage.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.

Name: regulation of cholesterol storage.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate or extent of cholesterol storage. Cholesterol storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.

Name: positive regulation of cholesterol storage.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate or extent of cholesterol storage. Cholesterol storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.

Name: negative regulation of cholesterol storage.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate or extent of cholesterol storage. Cholesterol storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.

Name: negative regulation of lipid storage.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.

Name: regulation of sequestering of triglyceride.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of sequestering of triglyceride. Triglyceride sequestration is the process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.

Name: positive regulation of sequestering of triglyceride.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of sequestering of triglyceride. Triglyceride sequestration is the process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.

Name: negative regulation of sequestering of triglyceride.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of sequestering of triglyceride. Triglyceride sequestration is the process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.

Name: positive regulation of steroid biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.

Name: negative regulation of steroid biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.

Name: regulation of triglyceride catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triglyceride.

Name: negative regulation of triglyceride catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triglyceride.

Name: positive regulation of triglyceride catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triglyceride.

Name: regulation of phosphatidylcholine catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of phosphatidylcholine catabolism. Phosphatidylcholine catabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.

Name: negative regulation of phosphatidylcholine catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of phosphatidylcholine catabolism. Phosphatidylcholine catabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.

Name: regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling is the acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase or lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.

Name: positive regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling is the acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase or lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.

Name: negative regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling is the acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase or lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.

Name: regulation of glucose metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.

Name: positive regulation of glucose metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.

Name: regulation of heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues.

Name: positive regulation of heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues.

Name: regulation of isomerase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the activity of an isomerase. An isomerase catalyzes the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5.

Name: positive regulation of isomerase activity.

Definition: Any process that increases the activity of an isomerase. An isomerase catalyzes the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5.

Name: regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a very-low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

Name: negative regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a very-low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

Name: negative regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or extent of a mitochondrial membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any mitochondrial membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.

Name: positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or extent of a mitochondrial membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any mitochondrial membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.

Name: regulation of inositol phosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of inositol phosphate biosynthesis. Inositol phosphate biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.

Name: negative regulation of inositol phosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of inositol phosphate biosynthesis. Inositol phosphate biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.

Name: regulation of phosphatase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.

Name: positive regulation of phosphatase activity.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.

Name: negative regulation of phosphatase activity.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.

Name: regulation of inositol-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of inositol-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reactions: D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate, and 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + phosphate.

Name: positive regulation of inositol-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate or frequency of inositol-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reactions: D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate, and 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + phosphate.

Name: cellular component assembly involved in morphogenesis.

Definition: The cellular component assembly that is part of the initial shaping of the component during its developmental progression.

Name: regulation of macrophage cytokine production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage cytokine production. Macrophage cytokine production is the appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

Name: negative regulation of macrophage cytokine production.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage cytokine production. Macrophage cytokine production is the appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

Name: regulation of necrotic cell death.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of necrotic cell death. Necrotic cell death is a cell death process that is morphologically characterized by a gain in cell volume (oncosis), swelling of organelles, plasma membrane rupture and subsequent loss of intracellular contents.

Name: positive regulation of necrotic cell death.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of necrotic cell death. Necrotic cell death is a cell death process that is morphologically characterized by a gain in cell volume (oncosis), swelling of organelles, plasma membrane rupture and subsequent loss of intracellular contents.

Name: regulation of cell death.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death.

Name: positive regulation of cell death.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death.

Name: negative regulation of transcription by competitive promoter binding.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription using a mechanism that involves direct competition for interaction with a promoter binding site.

Name: negative regulation of cell cycle process.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.

Name: negative regulation of intestinal phytosterol absorption.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of phytosterols into the blood by absorption from the small intestine.

Name: positive regulation of endopeptidase activity.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.

Name: negative regulation of endopeptidase activity.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.

Name: positive regulation of peptidase activity.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.

Name: positive regulation of protein processing.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of protein maturation by peptide bond cleavage.

Name: negative regulation of protein processing.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of protein maturation by peptide bond cleavage.

Name: negative regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity. Calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: calcidiol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = calcitriol + NADP+ + H2O.

Name: negative regulation of vitamin D biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a vitamin D biosynthetic process. Vitamin D biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).

Name: regulation of amino acid import across plasma membrane.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amino acid import into a cell.

Name: regulation of metal ion transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of metal ion transport. Metal ion transport is the directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: magnesium ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of magnesium ions within an organism or cell.

Name: cellular magnesium ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of magnesium ions at the level of a cell.

Name: regulation of glucan biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of glucan biosynthesis. Glucan biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.

Name: regulation of mitotic sister chromatid separation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic sister chromatid separation. Mitotic sister chromatid separation is the process in which sister chromatids are physically detached from each other during mitosis.

Name: regulation of phosphate transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transport. Phosphate transport is the directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: regulation of polyamine biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of polyamine biosynthesis. Polyamine biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.

Name: regulation of microtubule nucleation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of microtubule nucleation. Microtubule nucleation is the 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell.

Name: transport along microtubule.

Definition: The movement of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another along microtubules, driven by motor activity.

Name: positive regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle.

Definition: Any signalling pathway that activates or increases the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.

Name: negative regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle.

Definition: Any signalling pathway that decreases or inhibits the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.

Name: regulation of neuron projection development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).

Name: positive regulation of neuron projection development.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).

Name: negative regulation of neuron projection development.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).

Name: regulation of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity. Vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity catalyzes the hydroxylation of C-24 of any form of vitamin D.

Name: positive regulation of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity. Vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity catalyzes the hydroxylation of C-24 of any form of vitamin D.

Name: regulation of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance. High-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a high-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

Name: positive regulation of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance. High-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a high-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

Name: regulation of lipoprotein particle clearance.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of lipoprotein particle clearance. Lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

Name: negative regulation of lipoprotein particle clearance.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of lipoprotein particle clearance. Lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

Name: positive regulation of lipoprotein particle clearance.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of lipoprotein particle clearance. Lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

Name: negative regulation of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance. High-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a high-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

Name: regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

Name: negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

Name: regulation of SMAD protein complex assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of SMAD protein complex assembly. SMAD protein complex assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex that contains SMAD proteins.

Name: negative regulation of SMAD protein complex assembly.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of SMAD protein complex assembly. SMAD protein complex assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex that contains SMAD proteins.

Name: ubiquitin recycling.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ubiquitin monomers and free ubiquitin chains at the level of the cell by recycling ubiquitin from proteasome-bound ubiquitinated intermediates.

Name: free ubiquitin chain polymerization.

Definition: The process of creating free ubiquitin chains, compounds composed of a large number of ubiquitin monomers. These chains are not conjugated to a protein.

Name: response to auditory stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an auditory stimulus.

Name: anaphase-promoting complex binding.

Definition: Binding to an anaphase-promoting complex. A ubiquitin ligase complex that degrades mitotic cyclins and anaphase inhibitory protein, thereby triggering sister chromatid separation and exit from mitosis.

Name: regulation of translational initiation by eIF2 alpha phosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation in response to stress by the phosphorylation of eIF2 alpha.

Name: programmed cell death.

Definition: A process which begins when a cell receives an internal or external signal and activates a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway). The process ends with the death of the cell.

Name: induction of programmed cell death.

Definition: A process which directly activates any of the steps required for programmed cell death.

Name: endomembrane system.

Definition: A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles.

Name: vesicle membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell.

Name: ER to Golgi transport vesicle membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi.

Name: trans-Golgi network transport vesicle membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances between the trans-Golgi network and other parts of the cell.

Name: astrocyte development.

Definition: The process aimed at the progression of an astrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function.

Name: oligodendrocyte development.

Definition: The process aimed at the progression of an oligodendrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons in the central nervous system.

Name: microglia differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell. Microglia are glial cells that act as the immune cells of the central nervous system. They form part of the supporting structure of this system.

Name: microglia development.

Definition: The process aimed at the progression of a microglial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.

Name: glial cell proliferation.

Definition: The multiplication or reproduction of glial cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Glial cells exist throughout the nervous system, and include Schwann cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes among others.

Name: Schwann cell proliferation.

Definition: The multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.

Name: regulation of gliogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.

Name: negative regulation of gliogenesis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.

Name: positive regulation of gliogenesis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.

Name: primary neural tube formation.

Definition: The formation of the neural tube from an epithelial cell sheet (the neuroepithelium or neural plate). In primary neurulation, the cells surrounding the neural plate direct the neural plate cells to proliferate, invaginate, and pinch off from the surface to form a hollow epithelial tube. Primary neurulation is the typical mechanism of formation of the anterior neural tube.

Name: neural crest formation.

Definition: The formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation procedes.

Name: neural crest cell development.

Definition: The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.

Name: neural crest cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neural crest cell.

Name: neural crest cell fate commitment.

Definition: The process in which a cell becomes committed to become a neural crest cell.

Name: neural crest cell fate specification.

Definition: The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neural crest cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.

Name: Schwann cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a Schwann cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function.

Name: regulation of neuron maturation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation, the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a neuron. This process is independent of morphogenetic change.

Name: Schwann cell development.

Definition: The process aimed at the progression of a Schwann cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function.

Name: regulation of epinephrine secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of epinephrine.

Name: regulation of serotonin secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.

Name: negative regulation of serotonin secretion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.

Name: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling.

Definition: A series of reactions within the signal-receiving cell, mediated by the intracellular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Many cell surface receptor linked signaling pathways signal through PI3K to regulate numerous cellular functions.

Name: regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.

Name: negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.

Name: positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.

Name: postsynaptic density.

Definition: An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane of an asymmetric, neuron-neuron synapse. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.

Name: response to organic cyclic compound.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus.

Name: response to purine-containing compound.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a purine-containing compound stimulus.

Name: intercalated disc.

Definition: A complex cell-cell junction at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes; mediates mechanical and electrochemical integration between individual cardiomyocytes. The intercalated disc contains regions of tight mechanical attachment (fasciae adherentes and desmosomes) and electrical coupling (gap junctions) between adjacent cells.

Name: striated muscle tissue development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. Skeletal muscle myoblasts fuse to form myotubes and eventually multinucleated muscle fibers. The fusion of cardiac cells is very rare and can only form binucleate cells.

Name: regulation of twitch skeletal muscle contraction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of twitch skeletal muscle contraction.

Name: regulation of the force of skeletal muscle contraction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the force of skeletal muscle contraction. The force of skeletal muscle contraction is produced by acto-myosin interaction processes through the formation of cross bridges.

Name: spectrin-associated cytoskeleton.

Definition: The part of the cytoskeleton composed of spectrin, protein 4.1 and ankyrin. Spectrin-associated cytoskeleton is associated with the plasma membrane.

Name: negative regulation of muscle hypertrophy.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle hypertrophy.

Name: positive regulation of muscle hypertrophy.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hypertrophy.

Name: regulation of muscle hypertrophy.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hypertrophy.

Name: positive regulation of muscle adaptation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle adaptation.

Name: negative regulation of muscle adaptation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle adaptation.

Name: regulation of somitogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somitogenesis.

Name: release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Definition: The process in which the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol occurs via calcium release channels.

Name: muscle cell migration.

Definition: The orderly movement of a muscle cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.

Name: skeletal muscle satellite cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a satellite cell.

Name: regulation of skeletal muscle contraction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction.

Name: tonic smooth muscle contraction.

Definition: A process in which force is generated within tonic smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the tonic smooth muscle, the muscle contraction occurs without an ordered sarcomeric structure. Tonic smooth muscle contraction occurs as a sustained continuous contraction.

Name: phasic smooth muscle contraction.

Definition: A process in which force is generated within phasic smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the phasic smooth muscle, the muscle contraction occurs without an ordered sarcomeric structure. Phasic smooth muscle contraction occurs in a series of discrete contractions and relaxations.

Name: response to activity.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an activity stimulus.

Name: artery smooth muscle contraction.

Definition: A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the artery. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The artery is a vessel carrying blood away from the heart.

Name: vein smooth muscle contraction.

Definition: A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the vein. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The vein is a vessel carrying blood away from the capillary beds.

Name: intestine smooth muscle contraction.

Definition: A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the intestine. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The intestine is the section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anal canal. It includes the large intestine and small intestine.

Name: vascular associated smooth muscle contraction.

Definition: A process, occurring in the vascular tissue, whereby actin/myosin complex activity generates force through ATP hydrolysis resulting in a change in smooth muscle geometry. This process is always coupled to chemo-mechanical energy conversion.

Name: gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction.

Definition: A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the gastro-intestinal system. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The gastro-intestinal system generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the mouth to anus, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (liver, pancreas and biliary tract).

Name: urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction.

Definition: A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the urinary bladder. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The urinary bladder is a musculomembranous sac along the urinary tract.

Name: skeletal muscle satellite cell maintenance involved in skeletal muscle regeneration.

Definition: Any process by which the number of skeletal muscle satellite cells in a skeletal muscle is maintained during muscle regeneration. There are at least three mechanisms by which this is achieved. Skeletal muscle satellite stem cell asymmetric division ensures satellite stem cell numbers are kept constant. Symmetric division of these cells amplifies the number of skeletal muscle satellite stem cells. Some adult skeletal muscle myoblasts (descendants of activated satellite cells) can develop back into quiescent satellite cells, replenishing the overall pool of satellite cells.

Name: regulation of skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation.

Name: growth factor dependent regulation of skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of satellite cell proliferation; dependent on specific growth factor activity such as fibroblast growth factors and transforming growth factor beta.

Name: urinary tract smooth muscle contraction.

Definition: A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the urinary tract. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The urinary tract consists of organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Name: response to muscle activity.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle activity stimulus.

Name: striated muscle cell proliferation.

Definition: The multiplication or reproduction of striated muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Striated muscles contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle.

Name: regulation of skeletal muscle cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation.

Name: regulation of skeletal muscle contraction via regulation of action potential.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by depolarization of muscle membrane and ionic fluxes.

Name: regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by chemo-mechanical energy conversion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by regulating force and velocity of shortening. The force of skeletal muscle contraction is produced by acto-myosin interaction processes through formation of cross bridges. The shortening leads to reduction of length of muscle fiber and sarcomeres.

Name: skeletal myofibril assembly.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A skeletal myofibril is a myofibril specific to skeletal muscle cells.

Name: cardiac muscle adaptation.

Definition: The process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.

Name: striated muscle adaptation.

Definition: Any process in which striated muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.

Name: muscle atrophy.

Definition: A process, occurring in the muscle, that is characterized by a decrease in protein content, fiber diameter, force production and fatigue resistance in response to different conditions such as starvation, aging and disuse.

Name: striated muscle atrophy.

Definition: A process, occurring in striated muscle, that is characterized by a decrease in protein content, fiber diameter, force production and fatigue resistance in response to different conditions such as starvation, aging and disuse.

Name: muscle hypertrophy.

Definition: The muscle system process that results in enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development (it stops in cardiac muscle after adolescence) and can also be brought on in response to demand. In athletes cardiac and skeletal muscles undergo hypertrophy stimulated by increasing muscle activity on exercise. Smooth muscle cells in the uterus undergo hypertrophy during pregnancy.

Name: striated muscle hypertrophy.

Definition: The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size of muscle cells without cell division. In the case of striated muscle, this happens due to the additional synthesis of sarcomeric proteins and assembly of myofibrils.

Name: cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress.

Definition: The physiological enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division, as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis.

Name: myotube differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotube differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual myotubes can fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.

Name: myotube cell development.

Definition: The process aimed at the progression of a myotube cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.

Name: myoblast fusion involved in skeletal muscle regeneration.

Definition: A process in which non-proliferating myoblasts, after migrating to the site of injury, fuse into existing damaged fibers or fuse to myotubes to form new fibers, as part of the process of skeletal muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.

Name: myotube differentiation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotube differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual myotubes can fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. This process occurs as part of the process of skeletal muscle regeneration. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.

Name: smooth muscle cell migration.

Definition: The orderly movement of a smooth muscle cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.

Name: regulation of smooth muscle cell migration.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.

Name: positive regulation of smooth muscle cell migration.

Definition: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.

Name: negative regulation of smooth muscle cell migration.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.

Name: regulation of lung blood pressure.

Definition: The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the lungs. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.

Name: heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues; the former are a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic acid and L-iduronic acid; the L-iduronic acid is either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as being sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups; heparan sulfate chains are covalently linked to peptidyl-serine by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl to serine residues.

Name: heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharide chain component of heparan sulfate proteoglycan.

Name: heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, enzymatic modification.

Definition: The modification, often by sulfation, of sugars incorporated into heparan sulfate after polymerization.

Name: [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine N-sulfotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.

Name: glucuronosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.

Name: glucuronate-2-sulfatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 2-sulfate groups of the 2-O-sulfo-D-glucuronate residues of chondroitin sulfate, heparin and heparitin sulfate.

Name: coreceptor activity.

Definition: Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger, and in cooperation with a nearby primary receptor, initiating a change in cell activity.

Name: Cajal body.

Definition: A class of nuclear body, first seen after silver staining by Ramon y Cajal in 1903, enriched in small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, and certain general RNA polymerase II transcription factors; ultrastructurally, they appear as a tangle of coiled, electron-dense threads roughly 0.5 micrometers in diameter; involved in aspects of snRNP biogenesis; the protein coilin serves as a marker for Cajal bodies. Some argue that Cajal bodies are the sites for preassembly of transcriptosomes, unitary particles involved in transcription and processing of RNA.

Name: protein transport.

Definition: The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: protein-disulfide reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a protein with reduced sulfide groups = a protein with oxidized disulfide bonds.

Name: disulfide oxidoreductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: substrate with reduced sulfide groups = substrate with oxidized disulfide bonds.

Name: glutathione disulfide oxidoreductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glutathione + electron acceptor = glutathione disulfide + electron donor.

Name: beta3-adrenergic receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of beta3-adrenergic receptors.

Name: gastrin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with gastrin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: secretin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with secretin to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with the corticotrophin-releasing factor family of ligands, including the urocortins, to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: thrombin-activated receptor activity.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor activity that is activated by cleavage by thrombin, which exposes a tethered ligand corresponding to the new N-terminus, which binds to the receptor and activates it.

Name: amidinotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reversible transfer of an amidino group to an acceptor.

Name: glycine amidinotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + glycine = L-ornithine + guanidinoacetate.

Name: DNA integration.

Definition: The process in which a DNA segment is incorporated into another, usually larger, DNA molecule such as a chromosome.

Name: monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: proton transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a proton from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of potassium ions (K+) from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of sodium ions (Na+) from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of calcium (Ca) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: cadmium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of cadmium (Cd) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: ferrous iron transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of ferrous iron (Fe(II) or Fe2+) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: lead ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of lead (Pb) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: magnesium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of magnesium (Mg) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: organic cation transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of organic cations from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge that contain carbon in covalent linkage.

Name: inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of inorganic anions from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.

Name: bicarbonate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of bicarbonate from one side of a membrane to the other. Bicarbonate is the hydrogencarbonate ion, HCO3-.

Name: chloride transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of chloride ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: iodide transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of iodide ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: phosphate ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of phosphate (PO4 3-) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: sulfate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of sulfate ions, SO4(2-), from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: hexose phosphate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of hexose phosphate from one side of a membrane to the other. Hexose phosphates is any of a group of monophosphorylated aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.

Name: bile acid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of bile acid from one side of a membrane to the other. Bile acids are any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.

Name: canalicular bile acid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: The directed movement of bile acid and bile salts out of a hepatocyte and into the bile canaliculus by means of an agent such as a transporter or pore. Bile canaliculi are the thin tubes formed by hepatocyte membranes. Bile acids are any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.

Name: bilirubin transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of bilirubin from one side of a membrane to the other. Bilirubin is a linear tetrapyrrole produced in the reticuloendothelial system from biliverdin and transported to the liver as a complex with serum albumin. In the liver, bilirubin is converted to bilirubin bisglucuronide, which is excreted in the bile.

Name: lactate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of lactate from one side of a membrane to the other. Lactate is 2-hydroxypropanoate, CH3-CHOH-COOH; L(+)-lactate is formed by anaerobic glycolysis in animal tissues, and DL-lactate is found in sour milk, molasses and certain fruit juices.

Name: oxaloacetate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of oxaloacetate, the anion of oxobutanedioic acid, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of prostaglandins from one side of a membrane to the other. A prostaglandin is any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring due to the formation of a bond between two carbons of a fatty acid. They have a wide range of biological activities.

Name: sialic acid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of sialic acid from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: citrate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: fumarate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of fumarate from one side of a membrane to the other. Fumarate is a key intermediate in metabolism and is formed in the TCA cycle from succinate and converted into malate.

Name: alpha-ketoglutarate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of alpha-ketoglutarate from one side of a membrane to the other. Alpha-ketoglutarate (or oxoglutarate) is a compound with important roles in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, especially in transamination reactions and as a component of the TCA cycle.

Name: malate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of malate from one side of a membrane to the other. Malate is a chiral hydroxydicarboxylic acid, hydroxybutanedioic acid. The (+) enantiomer is an important intermediate in metabolism as a component of both the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.

Name: succinate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of succinate, the dianion of ethane dicarboxylic acid, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: tricarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of tricarboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Tricarboxylic acid are organic acids with three COOH groups.

Name: urate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of urate from one side of a membrane to the other. Urate is the anion of uric acid, 2,6,8-trioxypurine, the end product of purine metabolism in certain mammals and the main excretory product in uricotelic animals.

Name: carbohydrate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of carbohydrate from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: monosaccharide transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a monosaccharide from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: hexose transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a hexose sugar, a monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: alpha-glucoside transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of alpha-glucosides from one side of a membrane to the other. Alpha-glucosides are glycosides in which the sugar group is a glucose residue, and the anomeric carbon of the bond is in an alpha configuration.

Name: glucose-6-phosphate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of glucose-6-phosphate from one side of a membrane to the other. Glucose-6-phosphate is a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-6.

Name: glucuronoside transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a glucuronosides from one side of a membrane to the other. Glucuronosides are any compound formed by combination of glycosidic linkage of a hydroxy compound (e.g. an alcohol or a saccharide) with the anomeric carbon atom of glucuronate.

Name: pyrimidine nucleotide-sugar transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a pyrimidine nucleotide-sugar from one side of a membrane to the other. Pyrimidine nucleotide-sugars are pyrimidine nucleotides in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.

Name: polyol transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a polyol from one side of a membrane to the other. A polyol is any polyhydric alcohol.

Name: glycerol transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of glycerol from one side of a membrane to the other. Glycerol is 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids.

Name: amino acid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Amino acids are organic molecules that contain an amino group and a carboxyl group.

Name: acidic amino acid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of acidic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Acidic amino acids have side chains with a negative charge at pH 7.3.

Name: aromatic amino acid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of aromatic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Aromatic amino acids have an aromatic ring.

Name: basic amino acid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of basic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Basic amino acids have side chains with a positive charge at pH 7.3.

Name: neutral L-amino acid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of neutral L-amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Neutral amino acids have side chains with no charge at pH 7.3.

Name: L-amino acid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of an L-amino acid from one side of a membrane to the other. L-amino acids are the L-enantiomers of amino acids.

Name: L-alanine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of L-alanine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-alanine is the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid.

Name: L-asparagine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of L-asparagine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-asparagine is the L-enantiomer of alpha-aminosuccinamic acid.

Name: L-aspartate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of L-aspartate from one side of a membrane to the other. L-aspartate is the anion derived from aspartic acid.

Name: L-cystine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of L-cystine from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: gamma-aminobutyric acid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of gamma-aminobutyric acid from one side of a membrane to the other. Gamma-aminobutyric acid is 4-aminobutyrate (GABA).

Name: L-glutamine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of L-glutamine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-glutamine is 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid.

Name: glycine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of glycine from one side of a membrane to the other. Glycine is aminoethanoic acid.

Name: L-isoleucine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of L-isoleucine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-isoleucine is (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.

Name: L-lysine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of L-lysine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-lysine is 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.

Name: L-leucine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of L-leucine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-leucine is 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid.

Name: L-methionine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of L-methionine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-methionine is 2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid.

Name: L-phenylalanine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of L-phenylalanine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-phenylalanine is 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.

Name: L-proline transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of L-proline from one side of a membrane to the other. L-proline is pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid.

Name: L-serine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of L-serine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-serine is the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.

Name: L-threonine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of L-threonine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-threonine is (2R*,3S*)-2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid.

Name: L-tryptophan transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of L-tryptophan from one side of a membrane to the other. Tryptophan is 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid.

Name: methylammonium transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables directed movement of methylammonium, CH3NH2, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: polyamine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of polyamines, organic compounds containing two or more amino groups, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: urea transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of urea from one side of a membrane to the other. Urea is the water soluble compound H2N-CO-NH2.

Name: nucleobase transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a nucleobase, any nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleoside, nucleotide, or nucleic acidfrom one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: adenine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of adenine, 6-aminopurine, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: guanine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: purine nucleoside transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a purine nucleoside, a purine base covalently bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: cytidine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of cytidine, cytosine riboside, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: uridine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of uridine, uracil riboside, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: pyrimidine nucleoside transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a pyrimidine nucleoside, a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: purine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a purine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: ADP transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of ADP, adenosine diphosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: pyrimidine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a pyrimidine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a pyrimidine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: choline transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of choline from one side of a membrane to the other. Choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium) is an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Name: biotin transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of biotin from one side of a membrane to the other. Biotin is cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid; the (+) enantiomer is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions.

Name: carnitine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of carnitine across a membrane. Carnitine is a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Name: acyl carnitine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of acyl carnitine from one side of a membrane to the other. Acyl carnitine is the condensation product of a carboxylic acid and carnitine and is the transport form for a fatty acid crossing the mitochondrial membrane.

Name: coenzyme A transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of coenzyme A from one side of a membrane to the other. Coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, is an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.

Name: L-ascorbic acid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of L-ascorbate from one side of a membrane to the other. L-ascorbate, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate, is vitamin C and has co-factor and anti-oxidant activities in many species.

Name: FAD transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the directed movement of flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) from one side of a membrane to the other. FAD forms the coenzyme of the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, in which it functions as an electron acceptor by being reversibly converted to its reduced form.

Name: heme transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of heme from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: pantothenate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the directed movement of pantothenate across a membrane. Pantothenate is the anion of pantothenic acid, the amide of beta-alanine and pantoic acid; it is a B complex vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A and is distributed ubiquitously in foods.

Name: thiamine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of thiamine from one side of a membrane to the other. Thiamine is vitamin B1, a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.

Name: fatty acid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of fatty acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Fatty acids are aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.

Name: aminophospholipid flippase activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of aminophospholipids from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP. Aminophospholipids contain phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester and an amino (NH2) group.

Name: sterol transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Sterol are steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.

Name: water channel activity.

Definition: Transport systems of this type enable facilitated diffusion of water (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.

Name: proton channel activity.

Definition: Enables the facilitated diffusion of a hydrogen ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.

Name: glycerol channel activity.

Definition: Enables the facilitated diffusion of glycerol (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.

Name: methylammonium channel activity.

Definition: Enables the facilitated diffusion of methylammonium (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. Methylammonium is CH3NH2.

Name: urea channel activity.

Definition: Enables the facilitated diffusion of urea (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.

Name: channel activity.

Definition: Enables the energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel. Stereospecificity is not exhibited but this transport may be specific for a particular molecular species or class of molecules.

Name: calcium-activated potassium channel activity.

Definition: Enables the calcium concentration-regulatable energy-independent passage of potassium ions across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient.

Name: outward rectifier potassium channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an outwardly-rectifying voltage-gated channel. An outwardly rectifying current-voltage relation is one where at any given driving force the outward flow of K+ ions exceeds the inward flow for the opposite driving force.

Name: ATP-activated inward rectifier potassium channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an inwardly-rectifying voltage-gated channel, where the inward rectification is due to a voltage-dependent block of the channel pore by ATP. An inwardly rectifying current-voltage relation is one where at any given driving force the inward flow of K+ ions exceeds the outward flow for the opposite driving force.

Name: stretch-activated, monoatomic cation-selective, calcium channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress in the form of stretching.

Name: ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Name: kainate selective glutamate receptor activity.

Definition: An ionotropic glutamate receptor activity that exhibits fast gating by glutamate, acts by opening a cation channel permeable to sodium and potassium, and for which kainate is an agonist.

Name: calcium-release channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion from intracellular stores by a channel that opens when a specific intracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Name: store-operated calcium channel activity.

Definition: A ligand-gated ion channel activity which transports calcium in response to emptying of intracellular calcium stores.

Name: ligand-gated sodium channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Name: secondary active transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy, not direct ATP coupling. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.

Name: uniporter activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transport of a single molecular species across a membrane; transport is independent of the movement of any other molecular species.

Name: symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy.

Name: solute:monoatomic cation symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + cation(out) = solute(in) + cation(in).

Name: solute:proton symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + H+(out) = solute(in) + H+(in).

Name: monoatomic anion:monoatomic cation symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: anion(out) + cation(out) = anion(in) + cation(in).

Name: antiporter activity.

Definition: Enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported in opposite directions in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy. The reaction is: solute A(out) + solute B(in) = solute A(in) + solute B(out).

Name: monoamine:proton antiporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + monoamine(in) = H+(in) + monoamine(out).

Name: polyamine:proton antiporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + polyamine(in) = H+(in) + polyamine(out).

Name: organophosphate:inorganic phosphate antiporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: organophosphate(out) + inorganic phosphate(in) = organophosphate(in) + inorganic phosphate(out).

Name: inorganic molecular entity transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of an inorganic molecular entity from the outside of a cell to the inside of the cell across a membrane. An inorganic molecular entity is a molecular entity that contains no carbon.

Name: sodium:inorganic phosphate symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + inorganic phosphate(out) = Na+(in) + inorganic phosphate(in).

Name: cystine:glutamate antiporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: cystine(out) + glutamate(in) = cystine(in) + glutamate(out).

Name: cystine secondary active transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of cystine from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.

Name: peptide:proton symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: peptide(out) + H+(out) = peptide(in) + H+(in), up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by hydrogen ion movement.

Name: sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of organic anions from one side of a membrane to the other, in a sodium independent manner.

Name: thyroid hormone transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of thyroid hormones from one side of a membrane to the other. Thyroid hormone are any of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, largely thyroxine and triiodothyronine.

Name: methotrexate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of methotrexate, 4-amino-10-methylformic acid from one side of a membrane to the other. Methotrexate is a folic acid analogue and a potent competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase.

Name: secondary active monocarboxylate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the movement of a monocarboxylate, any compound containing a single carboxyl group (COOH or COO-), by uniport, symport or antiport across a membrane by a carrier-mediated mechanism.

Name: calcium:monoatomic cation antiporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + cation(out) = Ca2+(out) + cation(in).

Name: calcium:proton antiporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + H+(out) = Ca2+(out) + H+(in).

Name: solute:sodium symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + Na+(out) = solute(in) + Na+(in).

Name: galactose:sodium symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: galactose(out) + Na+(out) = glucose(in) + Na+(in).

Name: monoatomic anion:sodium symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: monoatomic anion(out) + Na+(out) = monoatomic anion(in) + Na+(in).

Name: neutral, basic amino acid:sodium:chloride symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: neutral/basic amino acid(out) + Na+(out) + Cl-(out) = neutral/basic amino acid(in) + Na+(in) + Cl-(in).

Name: glycine:sodium symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glycine(out) + Na+(out) = glycine(in) + Na+(in).

Name: chloride:monoatomic cation symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: cation(out) + Cl-(out) = cation(in) + Cl-(in).

Name: sodium:chloride symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + Cl-(out) = Na+(in) + Cl-(in).

Name: potassium:chloride symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: K+(out) + Cl-(out) = K+(in) + Cl-(in).

Name: sodium:sulfate symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sulfate(out) + Na+(out) = sulfate(in) + Na+(in).

Name: sodium:proton antiporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out).

Name: potassium:proton antiporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: K+(in) + H+(out) = K+(out) + H+(in).

Name: pyrimidine- and adenine-specific:sodium symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: (pyrimidine nucleoside or adenine)(out) + Na+(out) = (pyrimidine nucleoside or adenine)(in) + Na+(in).

Name: nucleobase:monoatomic cation symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: nucleobase(out) + cation(out) = nucleobase(in) + cation(in).

Name: primary active transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient, by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is powered by a primary energy source. Primary energy sources known to be coupled to transport are chemical such as ATP hydrolysis, redox energy and photon energy.

Name: ABC-type vitamin B12 transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: vitamin B12(out) + ATP + H2O = ADP + an vitamin B12(in) + H+ + phosphate. Vitamin B12 is alkylcob(III)alamin.

Name: ABC-type oligopeptide transporter activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + oligopeptide(out) = ADP + phosphate + oligopeptide(in).

Name: ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + glutathione S-conjugate(in) -> ADP + phosphate + glutathione S-conjugate(out).

Name: ABC-type bile acid transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: bile acid(in) + ATP + H2O -> bile acid(out) + ADP + phosphate.

Name: ABC-type peptide antigen transporter activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: peptide antigen(in) + ATP = peptide antigen(out) + ADP + phosphate.

Name: ABC-type heme transporter activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + heme(in) = ADP + phosphate + heme(out).

Name: ABC-type peptide transporter activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + peptide(in) = ADP + phosphate + peptide(out). Peptides exported include alpha-hemolysin, cyclolysin, colicin V and siderophores from Gram-negative bacteria, and bacteriocin, subtilin, competence factor and pediocin from Gram-positive bacteria.

Name: protein-transporting ATPase activity.

Definition: Primary active carrier-mediated transport of a protein across a membrane, driven by the hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond of inorganic pyrophosphate, ATP, or another nucleoside triphosphate. The transport protein may or may not be transiently phosphorylated, but the substrate is not phosphorylated.

Name: oxidoreduction-driven active transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Primary active transport of a solute across a membrane, driven by exothermic flow of electrons from a reduced substrate to an oxidized substrate. Primary active transport is catalysis of the transport of a solute across a membrane, up the solute's concentration gradient, by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a primary energy source.

Name: potassium channel regulator activity.

Definition: Binds to and modulates the activity of a potassium channel.

Name: acetylcholine receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with an acetylcholine receptor ligand and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: cholesterol binding.

Definition: Binding to cholesterol (cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol); the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.

Name: putrescine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of putrescine from one side of a membrane to the other. Putrescine is 1,4-diaminobutane, the polyamine formed by decarboxylation of ornithine and the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.

Name: glutamate:sodium symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glutamate(out) + Na+(out) = glutamate(in) + Na+(in).

Name: hexose-phosphate:inorganic phosphate antiporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: hexose phosphate(out) + inorganic phosphate(in) = hexose phosphate(in) + inorganic phosphate(out).

Name: C4-dicarboxylate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of C4-dicarboxylate from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: efflux transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a specific substance or related group of substances from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane.

Name: organophosphate ester transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of organophosphate esters from one side of a membrane to the other. Organophosphate esters are small organic molecules containing phosphate ester bonds.

Name: ABC-type fatty-acyl-CoA transporter activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction ATP + H2O + fatty acyl CoA(Side 1) <=> ADP + phosphate + fatty acyl CoA(Side 2). A fatty acyl CoA group is any acyl group derived from a fatty acid with a coenzyme A group attached to it.

Name: DNA translocase activity.

Definition: Generation of movement along a single- or double-stranded DNA molecule, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Name: actin cytoskeleton.

Definition: The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes.

Name: microtubule cytoskeleton.

Definition: The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins.

Name: tubulin binding.

Definition: Binding to monomeric or multimeric forms of tubulin, including microtubules.

Name: short-chain fatty acid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of short-chain fatty acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Short-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with a chain length of less than C6.

Name: toxic substance binding.

Definition: Binding to a toxic substance, a poisonous substance that causes damage to biological systems.

Name: fatty acid ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the ligation of a fatty acid to an acceptor, coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP.

Name: peptidoglycan transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of peptidoglycans, a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: lactate:proton symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: lactate (out) + H+ (out) = lactate (in) + H+ (in).

Name: quaternary ammonium group transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of quaternary ammonium groups from one side of a membrane to the other. Quaternary ammonium groups are any compound that can be regarded as derived from ammonium hydroxide or an ammonium salt by replacement of all four hydrogen atoms of the NH4+ ion by organic groups.

Name: alanine:sodium symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: alanine(out) + Na+(out) = alanine(in) + Na+(in).

Name: branched-chain amino acid:sodium symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: branched-chain amino acid(out) + cation(out) = branched-chain amino acid(in) + cation(in).

Name: branched-chain amino acid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of branched-chain amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Branched-chain amino acids are amino acids with a branched carbon skeleton without rings.

Name: P-type ion transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to directly drive the transport of ions across a membrane. The reaction is characterized by the transient formation of a high-energy aspartyl-phosphoryl-enzyme intermediate.

Name: alcohol transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of an alcohol from one side of a membrane to the other. An alcohol is any carbon compound that contains a hydroxyl group.

Name: restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA in a site-specific manner, resulting in double-strand breaks.

Name: gas transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances that are gaseous in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: carbon dioxide transport.

Definition: The directed movement of carbon dioxide (CO2) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: oxygen transport.

Definition: The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: copper ion import.

Definition: The directed movement of copper ions into a cell or organelle.

Name: cadmium ion transport.

Definition: The directed movement of cadmium (Cd) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: lead ion transport.

Definition: The directed movement of lead (Pb) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: magnesium ion transport.

Definition: The directed movement of magnesium (Mg) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: organic cation transport.

Definition: The directed movement of organic cations into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.

Name: quaternary ammonium group transport.

Definition: The directed movement into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore of quaternary ammonium compounds, any compound that can be regarded as derived from ammonium hydroxide or an ammonium salt by replacement of all four hydrogen atoms of the NH4+ ion by organic groups.

Name: inorganic anion transport.

Definition: The directed movement of inorganic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.

Name: bicarbonate transport.

Definition: The directed movement of bicarbonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: iodide transport.

Definition: The directed movement of iodide into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: organic anion transport.

Definition: The directed movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.

Name: hexose phosphate transport.

Definition: The directed movement of hexose phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: monocarboxylic acid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of monocarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: bile acid and bile salt transport.

Definition: The directed movement of bile acid and bile salts into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: canalicular bile acid transport.

Definition: Enables the transfer of bile acid from one side of a hepatocyte plasma membrane into a bile canaliculus. Bile canaliculi are the thin tubes formed by hepatocyte membranes. Bile acids are any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.

Name: bilirubin transport.

Definition: The directed movement of bilirubin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: lactate transport.

Definition: The directed movement of lactate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lactate is 2-hydroxypropanoate, CH3-CHOH-COOH; L(+)-lactate is formed by anaerobic glycolysis in animal tissues, and DL-lactate is found in sour milk, molasses and certain fruit juices.

Name: oxaloacetate transport.

Definition: The directed movement of oxaloacetate, the anion of oxobutanedioic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: prostaglandin transport.

Definition: The directed movement of prostaglandins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: taurine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of taurine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: sialic acid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of sialic acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: C4-dicarboxylate transport.

Definition: The directed movement of a C4-dicarboxylate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A C4-dicarboxylate is the anion of a dicarboxylic acid that contains four carbon atoms.

Name: fumarate transport.

Definition: The directed movement of fumarate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: alpha-ketoglutarate transport.

Definition: The directed movement of alpha-ketoglutarate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: succinate transport.

Definition: The directed movement of succinate, the dianion of ethane dicarboxylic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: citrate transport.

Definition: The directed movement of citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: urate transport.

Definition: The directed movement of urate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: organophosphate ester transport.

Definition: The directed movement of organophosphate esters into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organophosphate esters are small organic molecules containing phosphate ester bonds.

Name: monosaccharide transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which a monosaccharide is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates; they are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides.

Name: fructose transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of fructose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey.

Name: galactose transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which galactose is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose.

Name: glucose-6-phosphate transport.

Definition: The directed movement of glucose-6-phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Glucose-6-phosphate is a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-6.

Name: nucleotide-sugar transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of nucleotide-sugars into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Nucleotide-sugars are any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.

Name: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of CMP-N-acetylneuraminate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: GDP-fucose transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of GDP-fucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GDP-fucose is a substance composed of fucose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.

Name: UDP-xylose transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of UDP-xylose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. UDP-xylose is a substance composed of xylose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.

Name: polyol transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of polyols, any polyhydric alcohol, across a membrane.

Name: glycerol transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of glycerol across a membrane. Glycerol is 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids.

Name: myo-inositol transport.

Definition: The directed movement of myo-inositol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Myo-inositol is 1,2,3,4,5/4,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.

Name: acidic amino acid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of acidic amino acids, amino acids with a pH below 7, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: aromatic amino acid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of aromatic amino acids, amino acids with aromatic ring, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: basic amino acid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of basic amino acids, amino acids with a pH above 7, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: branched-chain amino acid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of branched-chain amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Branched-chain amino acids are amino acids with a branched carbon skeleton without rings.

Name: neutral amino acid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of neutral amino acids, amino acids with no net charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: S-adenosyl-L-methionine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of S-adenosylmethionine, S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: L-amino acid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of L-enantiomer amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: L-alanine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of L-alanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: aspartate transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which aspartate is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: L-cystine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of L-cystine (also known as dicysteine) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: gamma-aminobutyric acid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: L-glutamate transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of L-glutamate across a membrane.

Name: glycine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of glycine, aminoethanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: histidine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: isoleucine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: lysine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: leucine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: methionine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of methionine, 2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: ornithine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of ornithine, 2,5-diaminopentanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: phenylalanine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of phenylalanine, 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: proline transport.

Definition: The directed movement of proline, pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: L-serine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: threonine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of threonine, (2R*,3S*)-2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: tryptophan transport.

Definition: The directed movement of tryptophan, 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: tyrosine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of tyrosine, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: valine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: peptide transport.

Definition: The directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: peptidoglycan transport.

Definition: The directed movement of peptidoglycans, a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: amine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of amines, including polyamines, organic compounds containing one or more amino groups, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: amino-acid betaine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: urea transport.

Definition: The directed movement of urea into, out of or within the cell. Urea is the water-soluble compound H2N-CO-NH2.

Name: methylammonium transport.

Definition: The directed movement of methylammonium into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: monoamine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: polyamine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of polyamines, organic compounds containing two or more amino groups, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: putrescine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of putrescine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Putrescine is 1,4-diaminobutane, the polyamine formed by decarboxylation of ornithine and the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.

Name: spermidine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane, a polyamine formed by the transfer of a propylamine group from decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine to putrescine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: organic acid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: organic hydroxy compound transport.

Definition: The directed movement of an organic hydroxy compound (organic alcohol) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An organic hydroxy compound is an organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom.

Name: nucleobase transport.

Definition: The directed movement of a nucleobase, any nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleoside, nucleotide, or nucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: nucleoside transport.

Definition: The directed movement of a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: purine nucleoside transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which a purine nucleoside is transported across a membrane. A purine nucleoside is a purine base covalently bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar.

Name: cytidine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of cytidine, cytosine riboside, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: uridine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of uridine, uracil riboside, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: pyrimidine nucleoside transport.

Definition: The directed movement of a pyrimidine nucleoside, a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: purine nucleotide transport.

Definition: The directed movement of a purine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.

Name: ADP transport.

Definition: The directed movement of ADP, adenosine diphosphate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: ATP transport.

Definition: The directed movement of ATP, adenosine triphosphate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: purine ribonucleotide transport.

Definition: The directed movement of a purine ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine ribonucleoside (a purine organic base attached to a ribose sugar) esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.

Name: acetylcholine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of acetylcholine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.

Name: choline transport.

Definition: The directed movement of choline into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium) is an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Name: dopamine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of dopamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.

Name: norepinephrine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of norepinephrine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.

Name: biotin transport.

Definition: The directed movement of biotin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Biotin is cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid; the (+) enantiomer is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions.

Name: carnitine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of carnitine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carnitine is a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Name: coenzyme A transport.

Definition: The directed movement of coenzyme A into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, is an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.

Name: creatine transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of creatine across a membrane.

Name: L-ascorbic acid transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which L-ascorbic acid is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other. L-ascorbate, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate, is vitamin C and has co-factor and anti-oxidant activities in many species.

Name: FAD transport.

Definition: The directed movement of flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. FAD forms the coenzyme of the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, in which it functions as an electron acceptor by being reversibly converted to its reduced form.

Name: folic acid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines.

Name: heme transport.

Definition: The directed movement of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: pantothenate transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which pantothenate is transported across a membrane. Pantothenate is the anion of pantothenic acid, the amide of beta-alanine and pantoic acid; it is a B complex vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A and is distributed ubiquitously in foods.

Name: thiamine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of thiamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Thiamine is vitamin B1, a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.

Name: cobalamin transport.

Definition: The directed movement of cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: fatty acid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Fatty acids are aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.

Name: long-chain fatty acid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of long-chain fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.

Name: long-chain fatty acid import into peroxisome.

Definition: The directed movement of long-chain fatty acids into a peroxisome. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.

Name: long-chain fatty acid import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of long-chain fatty acids from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.

Name: short-chain fatty acid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of short-chain fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Short-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with a chain length of less than C6.

Name: short-chain fatty acid import.

Definition: The directed movement of short-chain fatty acids into a cell or organelle. Short-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with a chain length of less than C6.

Name: phospholipid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of phospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Phospholipids are any lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.

Name: aminophospholipid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of aminophospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Aminophospholipids contain phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester and an amino (NH2) group.

Name: sterol transport.

Definition: The directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Sterols are steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.

Name: peroxisomal membrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances to, from or across the peroxisomal membrane.

Name: lipopolysaccharide transport.

Definition: The directed movement of lipopolysaccharides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A lipopolysaccharide is any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharides consist three covalently linked regions, lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and an O side chain. Lipid A is responsible for the toxicity of the lipopolysaccharide.

Name: mannosidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of mannosyl compounds, substances containing a group derived from a cyclic form of mannose or a mannose derivative.

Name: mannosyl-oligosaccharide mannosidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the terminal alpha-D-mannose residues in oligo-mannose oligosaccharides.

Name: galactosidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of galactosyl compounds, substances containing a group derived from a cyclic form of galactose or a galactose derivative.

Name: glucosidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of glucosyl compounds, substances containing a group derived from a cyclic form of glucose or a glucose derivative.

Name: trehalase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of trehalose or a trehalose derivative.

Name: fucosidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of fucosyl compounds, substances containing a group derived from a cyclic form of fucose or a fucose derivative.

Name: hexosaminidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the cleavage of hexosamine or N-acetylhexosamine residues (e.g. N-acetylglucosamine) residues from gangliosides or other glycoside oligosaccharides.

Name: nucleobase-containing compound transport.

Definition: The directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: nucleobase-containing compound transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: large ribosomal subunit.

Definition: The larger of the two subunits of a ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site).

Name: small ribosomal subunit.

Definition: The smaller of the two subunits of a ribosome.

Name: coenzyme A metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.

Name: coenzyme A biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.

Name: pantothenate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pantothenate, the anion of pantothenic acid, the amide of beta-alanine and pantoic acid. It is a B complex vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A and is distributed ubiquitously in foods.

Name: formate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving formate, also known as methanoate, the anion HCOO- derived from methanoic (formic) acid.

Name: diadenosine polyphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving diadenosine polyphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with phosphate groups attached.

Name: diadenosine polyphosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diadenosine polyphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with phosphate groups attached.

Name: diadenosine polyphosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of diadenosine polyphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with phosphate groups attached.

Name: diadenosine triphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving diadenosine triphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with three phosphate groups attached.

Name: diadenosine triphosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of diadenosine triphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with three phosphate groups attached.

Name: diadenosine tetraphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving diadenosine tetraphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with four phosphate groups attached.

Name: diadenosine tetraphosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diadenosine tetraphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with four phosphate groups attached.

Name: energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from organic compounds; results in the oxidation of the compounds from which energy is released.

Name: proton motive force-driven ATP synthesis.

Definition: The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis.

Name: phospholipase activator activity.

Definition: Binds to and increases the activity of a phospholipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a glycerophospholipid.

Name: dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex.

Definition: A multiprotein complex that forms a strong mechanical link between the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix; typical of, but not confined to, muscle cells. The complex is composed of transmembrane, cytoplasmic, and extracellular proteins, including dystrophin, sarcoglycans, dystroglycan, dystrobrevins, syntrophins, sarcospan, caveolin-3, and NO synthase.

Name: morphogen activity.

Definition: Acts as a trigger for a pattern specification process when present at a specific concentration within a gradient.

Name: cyclosporin A binding.

Definition: Binding to cyclosporin A, a cyclic undecapeptide that contains several N-methylated and unusual amino acids.

Name: peptidoglycan immune receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a peptidoglycan and transmitting the signal to initiate an innate immune response.

Name: membrane.

Definition: A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it and attached to it.

Name: CDP-diacylglycerol biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CDP-diacylglycerol, CDP-1,2-diacylglycerol, a substance composed of diacylglycerol in glycosidic linkage with cytidine diphosphate.

Name: viral process.

Definition: A multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant. The other participant is the host. Includes infection of a host cell, replication of the viral genome, and assembly of progeny virus particles. In some cases the viral genetic material may integrate into the host genome and only subsequently, under particular circumstances, 'complete' its life cycle.

Name: maleylacetoacetate isomerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 4-maleylacetoacetate = 4-fumarylacetoacetate.

Name: zeta DNA polymerase complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric DNA polymerase complex that catalyzes error-prone DNA synthesis in contexts such as translesion synthesis and double-stranded break repair. First characterized in Saccharomyces, in which the subunits are Rev3p and Rev7p; a third protein, Rev1p, is often associated with the polymerase dimer.

Name: lipid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.

Name: cellular component organization.

Definition: A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.

Name: detection of bacterium.

Definition: The series of events in which a stimulus from a bacterium is received and converted into a molecular signal.

Name: detection of fungus.

Definition: The series of events in which a stimulus from a fungus is received and converted into a molecular signal.

Name: detection of temperature stimulus.

Definition: The series of events in which a temperature stimulus (hot or cold) is received and converted into a molecular signal.

Name: cell growth.

Definition: The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.

Name: vesicle organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle.

Name: carbohydrate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.

Name: carbohydrate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.

Name: organic acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.

Name: organic acid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.

Name: Wnt signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state.

Name: immunoglobulin mediated immune response.

Definition: An immune response mediated by immunoglobulins, whether cell-bound or in solution.

Name: RNA metabolic process.

Definition: The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.

Name: mRNA metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes.

Name: rRNA metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving rRNA, ribosomal RNA, a structural constituent of ribosomes.

Name: snRNA metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving snRNA, small nuclear RNA, any of various low-molecular-mass RNA molecules found in the eukaryotic nucleus as components of the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein.

Name: sno(s)RNA metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving snoRNA, small nucleolar RNA, any of a class of small RNAs that are associated with the eukaryotic nucleus as components of small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins. They participate in the processing or modifications of many RNAs, mostly ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) though snoRNAs are also known to target other classes of RNA, including spliceosomal RNAs, tRNAs, and mRNAs via a stretch of sequence that is complementary to a sequence in the targeted RNA.

Name: rRNA catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of rRNA, ribosomal RNA, a structural constituent of ribosomes.

Name: snRNA catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of snRNA, small nuclear RNA, low-molecular-mass RNA molecules found in the eukaryotic nucleus as components of the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein.

Name: sno(s)RNA catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of snoRNA, small nucleolar RNA, any of a class of small RNAs that are associated with the eukaryotic nucleus as components of small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins.

Name: tRNA catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tRNA, transfer RNA, a class of relatively small RNA molecules responsible for mediating the insertion of amino acids into the sequence of nascent polypeptide chains during protein synthesis.

Name: synaptic vesicle exocytosis.

Definition: Fusion of intracellular membrane-bounded vesicles with the pre-synaptic membrane of the neuronal cell resulting in release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.

Name: synaptic vesicle priming.

Definition: A process that converts synaptic vesicles to a state of competence for calcium triggered fusion with the active zone membrane by bringing the two membranes into very close proximity. Priming typically (but not always) occurs after docking (Jahn and Fasshauer, 2012). Primed vesicles are also capable of spontaneously fusing with the active zone membrane.

Name: polyprenol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving polyprenols, prenols with more than 4 isoprenoid residues, which may be all-trans, or a mixture of cis and trans.

Name: polyprenol biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyprenols, prenols with more than 4 isoprenoid residues, which may be all-trans, or a mixture of cis and trans.

Name: polyprenol catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of polyprenols, prenols with more than 4 isoprenoid residues, which may be all-trans, or a mixture of cis and trans.

Name: monoterpenoid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving monoterpenoid compounds, terpenoids having a C10 skeleton.

Name: diterpenoid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving diterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with four isoprene units.

Name: diterpenoid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with four isoprene units.

Name: diterpenoid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of diterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with four isoprene units.

Name: sesquiterpenoid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sesquiterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with three isoprene units.

Name: tetraterpenoid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetraterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with eight isoprene units.

Name: tetraterpenoid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetraterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with eight isoprene units.

Name: terpenoid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure.

Name: terpenoid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure.

Name: carotenoid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving carotenoids, tetraterpenoid compounds in which two units of 4 isoprenoid residues joined head-to-tail are themselves joined tail-to-tail.

Name: carotenoid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carotenoids, tetraterpenoid compounds in which two units of 4 isoprenoid residues joined head-to-tail are themselves joined tail-to-tail.

Name: carotene metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving carotenes, hydrocarbon carotenoids.

Name: carotene catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carotenes, hydrocarbon carotenoids.

Name: xanthophyll metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving xanthophylls, oxygen-containing carotenoids.

Name: xanthophyll biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xanthophylls, oxygen-containing carotenoids.

Name: sterol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.

Name: sterol biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.

Name: sterol catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.

Name: glycoside metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosides, compounds in which a glycosyl group is substituted into a hydroxyl, thiol or selenol group in another compound.

Name: glycoside catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosides, compounds in which a glycosyl group is substituted into a hydroxyl, thiol or selenol group in another compound.

Name: translation release factor activity, codon nonspecific.

Definition: A translation release factor that is not specific to particular codons; binds to guanine nucleotides.

Name: urocanate hydratase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 4-imidazolone-5-propanoate + H+ = trans-urocanate + H2O.

Name: formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 10-formyltetrahydrofolate + H2O + NADP+ = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + CO2 + H+ + NADPH.

Name: amylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of amylose or an amylose derivative.

Name: linoleate 13S-lipoxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: linoleate + O2 = (9Z,11E)-(13S)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate.

Name: glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: interleukin-15 receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an interleukin-15 receptor.

Name: NAD(P)H oxidase H2O2-forming activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = NAD(P)+ + hydrogen peroxide.

Name: superoxide-generating NAD(P)H oxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)H + O2 = NAD(P)H + O2-.

Name: superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase activator activity.

Definition: Binds to and increases the activity of the enzyme superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase.

Name: snRNA processing.

Definition: Any process involved in the conversion of a primary small nuclear RNA (snRNA) transcript into a mature snRNA molecule. The primary function of snRNAs is processing pre-messenger RNA in the nucleus. They have also been shown to aid in the regulation of transcription factors (7SK RNA) or RNA polymerase II (B2 RNA), and maintaining the telomeres.

Name: vesicle-mediated transport.

Definition: A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.

Name: endosomal transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials enclosed in the lumen or located in the endosomal membrane.

Name: regulation of striated muscle tissue development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development.

Name: catechol O-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a catechol = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a guaiacol.

Name: AMP binding.

Definition: Binding to AMP, adenosine monophosphate.

Name: antioxidant activity.

Definition: Inhibition of the reactions brought about by dioxygen (O2) or peroxides. Usually the antioxidant is effective because it can itself be more easily oxidized than the substance protected. The term is often applied to components that can trap free radicals, thereby breaking the chain reaction that normally leads to extensive biological damage.

Name: ammonia ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the ligation of ammonia (NH3) to another substance via a carbon-nitrogen bond with concomitant breakage of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate.

Name: kynurenine-oxoglutarate transaminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate + L-glutamate.

Name: linoleoyl-CoA desaturase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H+ + O2 = (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O. Can also use a substrate with 3 double bonds (a (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoA and add a fourth double bond (a (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatetraenoyl-CoA).

Name: acyl-CoA desaturase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: AH2 + O2 + octadecanoyl-CoA = (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + A + 2 H2O.

Name: procollagen-proline 4-dioxygenase complex.

Definition: A protein complex that catalyzes the formation of procollagen trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline and succinate from procollagen L-proline and 2-oxoglutarate, requiring Fe2+ and ascorbate. Contains two alpha subunits that contribute to most parts of the catalytic sites, and two beta subunits that are identical to protein-disulfide isomerase.

Name: iron-sulfur cluster assembly.

Definition: The incorporation of iron and exogenous sulfur into a metallo-sulfur cluster.

Name: steroid dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which one substrate is a sterol derivative.

Name: sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase activator activity.

Definition: Binds to and increases the activity of the enzyme sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase.

Name: beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminides.

Name: telomere capping.

Definition: A process in which telomeres are protected from degradation and fusion, thereby ensuring chromosome stability by protecting the ends from both degradation and from being recognized as damaged DNA. May be mediated by specific single- or double-stranded telomeric DNA binding proteins.

Name: inclusion body.

Definition: A discrete intracellular part formed of aggregated molecules such as proteins or other biopolymers.

Name: aggresome.

Definition: An inclusion body formed by dynein-dependent retrograde transport of an aggregated protein on microtubules.

Name: macroautophagy.

Definition: The major inducible pathway for the general turnover of cytoplasmic constituents in eukaryotic cells, it is also responsible for the degradation of active cytoplasmic enzymes and organelles during nutrient starvation. Macroautophagy involves the formation of double-membrane-bounded autophagosomes which enclose the cytoplasmic constituent targeted for degradation in a membrane-bounded structure. Autophagosomes then fuse with a lysosome (or vacuole) releasing single-membrane-bounded autophagic bodies that are then degraded within the lysosome (or vacuole). Some types of macroautophagy, e.g. pexophagy, mitophagy, involve selective targeting of the targets to be degraded.

Name: lysosomal microautophagy.

Definition: The transfer of cytosolic components into the lysosomal compartment by direct invagination of the lysosomal membrane without prior sequestration into an autophagosome. The engulfing membranes fuse, resulting in the lysosomal delivery of the cargo wrapped in a single membrane derived from the invaginated lysosomal membrane. In S. cerevisiae, the vacuole is the lysosomal compartment.

Name: positive regulation of macroautophagy.

Definition: Any process, such as recognition of nutrient depletion, that activates or increases the rate of macroautophagy to bring cytosolic macromolecules to the vacuole/lysosome for degradation.

Name: autophagosome membrane docking.

Definition: The initial attachment of an autophagosome membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane. Docking requires only that the two membranes come close enough for these proteins to interact and adhere.

Name: regulation of macroautophagy.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy.

Name: negative regulation of macroautophagy.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy.

Name: regulation of autophagosome size.

Definition: Any process that modulates the size of the autophagosome.

Name: channel regulator activity.

Definition: Binds to and modulates the activity of a channel. A channel catalyzes energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.

Name: channel inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a channel.

Name: N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N-sulfo-D-glucosamine + H2O = D-glucosamine + sulfate.

Name: RNA polymerase II general transcription initiation factor activity.

Definition: A general transcription initiation factor activity that contributes to transcription start site selection and transcription initiation of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II. The general transcription factors for RNA polymerase II include TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, TFIIH and TATA-binding protein (TBP). In most species, RNA polymerase II transcribes all messenger RNAs (mRNAs), most untranslated regulatory RNAs, the majority of the snoRNAs, four of the five snRNAs (U1, U2, U4, and U5), and other small noncoding RNAs. For some small RNAs there is variability between species as to whether it is transcribed by RNA polymerase II or RNA polymerase III. However there are also rare exceptions, such as Trypanosoma brucei, where RNA polymerase I transcribes certain mRNAs in addition to its normal role in rRNA transcription.

Name: attachment of GPI anchor to protein.

Definition: A transamidation reaction that results in the cleavage of the polypeptide chain and the concomitant transfer of the GPI anchor to the newly formed carboxy-terminal amino acid of the anchored protein. The cleaved C-terminal contains the C-terminal GPI signal sequence of the newly synthesized polypeptide chain.

Name: N-glycan processing to lysosome.

Definition: The modification of high-mannose N-glycans by UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-lysosomal-enzyme N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase and the subsequent removal of the N-acetylglucosamine residues yielding mannose-6-P that occurs in the ER-Golgi apparatus to N-glycans destined for the lysosome.

Name: protein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + protein = UDP + 4-N-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-protein.

Name: glycoprotein-N-acetylgalactosamine 3-beta-galactosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the addition of a galactosyl residue to a non-reducing O-linked N-acetylgalactosamine residue in an O-glycan.

Name: gap junction assembly.

Definition: Assembly of gap junctions, which are found in most animal tissues, and serve as direct connections between the cytoplasms of adjacent cells. They provide open channels through the plasma membrane, allowing ions and small molecules (less than approximately a thousand daltons) to diffuse freely between neighboring cells, but preventing the passage of proteins and nucleic acids.

Name: O-glycan processing.

Definition: The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form a core O-glycan structure.

Name: O-glycan processing, core 2.

Definition: The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form the core 2 O-glycan structure, GlcNAc-beta-(1->6)[Gal-beta-(1->3)]-GalNAc.

Name: prefoldin complex.

Definition: A multisubunit chaperone that is capable of delivering unfolded proteins to cytosolic chaperonin, which it acts as a cofactor for. In humans, the complex is a heterohexamer of two PFD-alpha and four PFD-beta type subunits. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it also acts in the nucleus to regulate the rate of elongation by RNA polymerase II via a direct effect on histone dynamics.

Name: arginine N-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to an amino group of an arginine residue.

Name: protein-arginine N-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (protein)-arginine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (protein)-N-methyl-arginine.

Name: lysine N-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue.

Name: protein-lysine N-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue in a protein substrate.

Name: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F complex.

Definition: The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F complex is composed of eIF4E, eIF4A and eIF4G; it is involved in the recognition of the mRNA cap, ATP-dependent unwinding of the 5'-terminal secondary structure and recruitment of the mRNA to the ribosome.

Name: eukaryotic 43S preinitiation complex.

Definition: A protein complex composed of the 40S ribosomal subunit plus eIF1A, eIF3, and eIF2-GTP-bound methionyl-initiator methionine tRNA.

Name: small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of potassium by a channel with a unit conductance of 2 to 20 picoSiemens that opens in response to stimulus by internal calcium ions. Small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels are more sensitive to calcium than are large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.

Name: glycerone-phosphate O-acyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + glycerone phosphate = 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphate + CoA.

Name: CoA hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: X-CoA + H2O = X + CoA; X may be any group.

Name: palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-CoA + H2O = CoA + palmitate.

Name: myristoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: myristoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O = [acyl-carrier protein] + myristate.

Name: palmitoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O = [acyl-carrier protein] + palmitate.

Name: acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O = [acyl-carrier protein] + a fatty acid.

Name: lipase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.

Name: tRNA (uracil) methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from a donor to a uracil residue in a tRNA molecule.

Name: kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.

Name: 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Name: phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a phosphatidylinositol phosphate = ADP + a phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate.

Name: 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + ATP = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Name: 1-phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 5-phosphate = ADP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate.

Name: phosphorylation.

Definition: The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide.

Name: dephosphorylation.

Definition: The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule.

Name: inositol bisphosphate phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol bisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol phosphate + phosphate.

Name: phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate + phosphate.

Name: endoplasmic reticulum membrane fusion.

Definition: The joining of 2 or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround the endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: neuron remodeling.

Definition: The developmentally regulated remodeling of neuronal projections such as pruning to eliminate the extra dendrites and axons projections set up in early stages of nervous system development.

Name: basolateral plasma membrane.

Definition: The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.

Name: apical plasma membrane.

Definition: The region of the plasma membrane located at the apical end of the cell.

Name: apicolateral plasma membrane.

Definition: The apical end of the lateral plasma membrane of epithelial cells.

Name: lateral plasma membrane.

Definition: The portion of the plasma membrane at the lateral side of the cell. In epithelial cells, lateral plasma membranes are on the sides of cells which lie at the interface of adjacent cells.

Name: morphogenesis of embryonic epithelium.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized.

Name: calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules.

Definition: The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction.

Name: catenin complex.

Definition: Complex of peripheral cytoplasmic proteins (alpha-, beta- and gamma-catenin) that interact with the cytoplasmic region of uvomorulin/E-cadherin to connect it to the actin cytoskeleton.

Name: dendrite development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: activin receptor activity, type I.

Definition: Combining with activin-bound type II activin receptor to initiate a change in cell activity; upon binding, acts as a downstream transducer of activin signals.

Name: nuclear matrix.

Definition: The dense fibrillar network lying on the inner side of the nuclear membrane.

Name: palmitoyl-CoA oxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-CoA + O2 = trans-2,3-dehydropalmitoyl-CoA + hydrogen peroxide.

Name: dimethylargininase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N(G),N(G)-dimethyl-L-arginine + H2O = dimethylamine + L-citrulline.

Name: 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (5Z,13E)-(15S)-11-alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate + NAD+ = (5Z,13E)-11-alpha-hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprost-13-enoate + NADH + H+.

Name: CoA-ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: substrate + ATP + CoASH = AMP + diphosphate + substrate-CoA.

Name: carnitine O-acyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to an oxygen atom on the carnitine molecule.

Name: acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an acetyl group to an acceptor molecule.

Name: C-acyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to a carbon atom on the acceptor molecule.

Name: palmitoyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl (CH3-[CH2]14-CO-) group to an acceptor molecule.

Name: N-acyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to a nitrogen atom on the acceptor molecule.

Name: acylglycerol O-acyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to an oxygen atom on the acylglycerol molecule.

Name: O-acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an acetyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.

Name: O-octanoyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an octanoyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.

Name: octanoyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an octanoyl (CH3-[CH2]6-CO-) group to an acceptor molecule.

Name: O-palmitoyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.

Name: S-acyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to a sulfur atom on the acceptor molecule.

Name: S-acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an acetyl group to a sulfur atom on the acceptor molecule.

Name: S-malonyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a malonyl group to a sulfur atom on the acceptor molecule.

Name: malonyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a malonyl (HOOC-CH2-CO-) group to an acceptor molecule.

Name: CoA carboxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the joining of a carboxyl group to a molecule that is attached to CoA, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.

Name: mRNA (2'-O-methyladenosine-N6-)-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + m(7)G(5')pppAm = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + m(7)G(5')pppm(6)Am.

Name: tRNA (guanine) methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing methylguanine.

Name: tRNA (adenine) methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing methyladenine.

Name: tRNA (cytosine) methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing methylcytosine.

Name: tRNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 5-methylcytosine.

Name: tRNA (adenine-N1-)-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing N1-methyladenine.

Name: tRNA-uridine aminocarboxypropyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA uridine = 5'-methylthioadenosine + tRNA 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-uridine.

Name: rRNA (adenine) methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing methyladenine.

Name: rRNA (cytosine) methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing methylcytosine.

Name: rRNA (guanine) methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing methylguanine.

Name: rRNA (uridine) methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing methyluridine.

Name: post-transcriptional gene silencing.

Definition: The inactivation of gene expression that occurs after transcription.

Name: RISC complex.

Definition: A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains members of the Argonaute family of proteins, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or microRNAs (miRNAs), and miRNA or siRNA-complementary mRNAs, in addition to a number of accessory factors. The RISC complex is involved in posttranscriptional repression of gene expression through downregulation of translation or induction of mRNA degradation.

Name: somatic cell DNA recombination.

Definition: Recombination occurring within or between DNA molecules in somatic cells.

Name: somatic diversification of immunoglobulins.

Definition: The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of immunoglobulins.

Name: somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes.

Definition: Mutations occurring somatically that result in amino acid changes in the rearranged V regions of immunoglobulins.

Name: somatic recombination of immunoglobulin gene segments.

Definition: The process in which immunoglobulin genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, as known as immunoglobulin gene segments, within a single locus.

Name: C-acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an acetyl group to a carbon atom on the acceptor molecule.

Name: C-palmitoyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl group to a carbon atom on the acceptor molecule.

Name: myosin complex.

Definition: A protein complex, formed of one or more myosin heavy chains plus associated light chains and other proteins, that functions as a molecular motor; uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move actin filaments or to move vesicles or other cargo on fixed actin filaments; has magnesium-ATPase activity and binds actin. Myosin classes are distinguished based on sequence features of the motor, or head, domain, but also have distinct tail regions that are believed to bind specific cargoes.

Name: myosin II complex.

Definition: A myosin complex containing two class II myosin heavy chains, two myosin essential light chains and two myosin regulatory light chains. Also known as classical myosin or conventional myosin, the myosin II class includes the major muscle myosin of vertebrate and invertebrate muscle, and is characterized by alpha-helical coiled coil tails that self assemble to form a variety of filament structures.

Name: unconventional myosin complex.

Definition: A portmanteau term for myosins other than myosin II.

Name: pyrophosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate bond (diphosphate bond) between two phosphate groups.

Name: proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex.

Definition: A large protein complex that catalyzes the synthesis or hydrolysis of ATP by a rotational mechanism, coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane. The complex comprises a membrane sector (F0, V0, or A0) that carries out proton transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (F1, V1, or A1) that catalyzes ATP synthesis or hydrolysis. Two major types have been characterized: V-type ATPases couple ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across a concentration gradient, whereas F-type ATPases, also known as ATP synthases, normally run in the reverse direction to utilize energy from a proton concentration or electrochemical gradient to synthesize ATP. A third type, A-type ATPases have been found in archaea, and are closely related to eukaryotic V-type ATPases but are reversible.

Name: vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex.

Definition: A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex found in the vacuolar membrane, where it acts as a proton pump to mediate acidification of the vacuolar lumen.

Name: cell migration.

Definition: The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms.

Name: negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase I.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase I.

Name: negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase III.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase III.

Name: cytosolic transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances or organelles within the cytosol.

Name: protein processing.

Definition: Any protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein. Protein maturation is the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.

Name: peptide hormone processing.

Definition: The generation of a mature peptide hormone by posttranslational processing of a prohormone.

Name: farnesol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving the sesquiterpenoid alcohol farnesol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10,dodecatrien-1-ol.

Name: farnesol catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the sesquiterpenoid alcohol farnesol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10,dodecatrien-1-ol.

Name: oxidoreductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced.

Name: G protein-coupled neurotensin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with the tridecapeptide neurotensin to initiate a G-protein mediated change in cell activity. A G-protein is a signal transduction molecule that alternates between an inactive GDP-bound and an active GTP-bound state.

Name: C-C chemokine receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a C-C chemokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. C-C chemokines do not have an amino acid between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four-cysteine motif.

Name: C-X-C chemokine receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a C-X-C chemokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. A C-X-C chemokine has a single amino acid between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four cysteine motif.

Name: C-X3-C chemokine receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a C-X3-C chemokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. A C-X3-C chemokine has three amino acids between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four-cysteine motif.

Name: substance P receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with substance P, the peptide Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met, to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: orexin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with orexin to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: protein-hormone receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a protein hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: nucleotide receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a nucleotide and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. A nucleotide is a compound that consists of a nucleoside esterified with a phosphate molecule.

Name: peptidase activator activity.

Definition: Binds to and increases the activity of a peptidase.

Name: peptidase activator activity involved in apoptotic process.

Definition: Binds to and increases the activity of a peptidase that is involved in the apoptotic process.

Name: mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation multienzyme complex.

Definition: A complex that includes the long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and long-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase activities in two subunits (alpha and beta), catalyzing two steps of the fatty acid beta-oxidation cycle within the mitochondrial matrix.

Name: long-chain-enoyl-CoA hydratase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a long-chain (3S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA = a long-chain trans-2-enoyl-CoA + H2O. A long-chain acyl-CoA is an acyl-CoA thioester where the acyl chain contains 13 to 22 carbon atoms.

Name: long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA + NAD(P)+ = 3-oxoacyl-CoA + NAD(P)H + H+, where the acyl group is a long-chain fatty acid residue. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.

Name: SWI/SNF complex.

Definition: A SWI/SNF-type complex that contains 8 to 14 proteins, including both conserved (core) and nonconserved components; contains the ATPase product of the yeast SNF2 or mammalian SMARCA4/BAF190A/BRG1 gene, or an ortholog thereof.

Name: interleukin-12 receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with interleukin-12 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: gastric inhibitory peptide receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and transmitting the signal across the membrane to activate an associated G-protein.

Name: growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with growth hormone-releasing hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide activity.

Definition: The action characteristic of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide, a peptide produced in the hypothalamus that binds to receptors to exert pleiotropic effects including control of neurotransmitter release, vasodilation, bronchodilation, activation of intestinal motility, increase in insulin and histamine secretion, immune modulation, and stimulation of cell proliferation and differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of angiogenesis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.

Name: sarcoplasm.

Definition: The cytoplasm of a muscle cell; includes the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Name: sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Definition: A fine reticular network of membrane-limited elements that pervades the sarcoplasm of a muscle cell; continuous over large portions of the cell and with the nuclear envelope; that part of the endoplasmic reticulum specialized for calcium release, uptake and storage.

Name: metallochaperone activity.

Definition: Binding to and delivering metal ions to a target protein.

Name: copper chaperone activity.

Definition: Directly binding to and delivering copper ions to a target protein.

Name: superoxide dismutase copper chaperone activity.

Definition: A copper chaperone activity that specifically delivers copper to the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase, to activate superoxide dismutase activity.

Name: protein kinase 5 complex.

Definition: A protein complex that has protein serine/threonine kinase activity; in mammals composed of catalytic subunit CDK5 and regulatory subunits CDK5R1 or CDK5R2. Contrary to its gene symbol, CDK5 is not cyclin-dependent.

Name: cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase regulator activity.

Definition: Modulates the activity of a cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase, enzymes of the protein kinase family that are regulated through association with cyclins and other proteins.

Name: protein autoprocessing.

Definition: Processing which a protein carries out itself. This involves actions such as the autolytic removal of residues to generate the mature form of the protein.

Name: base conversion or substitution editing.

Definition: Any base modification or substitution events that result in alterations in the coding potential or structural properties of RNAs as a result of changes in the base-pairing properties of the modified ribonucleoside(s).

Name: cytidine to uridine editing.

Definition: The conversion of a cytosine residue to uridine in an RNA molecule by deamination.

Name: mRNA modification.

Definition: The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an mRNA molecule to produce an mRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.

Name: peroxisome membrane biogenesis.

Definition: The process in which a peroxisome membrane is synthesized, aggregates, and bonds together.

Name: protein import into peroxisome matrix.

Definition: The import of proteins into the peroxisomal matrix. A peroxisome targeting signal (PTS) binds to a soluble receptor protein in the cytosol, and the resulting complex then binds to a receptor protein in the peroxisome membrane and is imported. The cargo protein is then released into the peroxisome matrix.

Name: peroxisome fission.

Definition: The division of a mature peroxisome within a cell to form two or more separate peroxisome compartments.

Name: protein import into peroxisome matrix, docking.

Definition: The process in which a complex formed of a peroxisome targeting sequence (PTS) receptor bound to a PTS-bearing protein docks with translocation machinery in the peroxisomal membrane.

Name: protein import into peroxisome matrix, translocation.

Definition: The process in which proteins are moved across the peroxisomal membrane into the matrix. It is likely that the peroxisome targeting sequence receptor remains associated with cargo proteins during translocation.

Name: protein import into peroxisome matrix, receptor recycling.

Definition: The process in which peroxisome targeting sequence receptors dissociates from cargo proteins and are returned to the cytosol.

Name: protein ubiquitination.

Definition: The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein.

Name: histone modification.

Definition: The covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a histone protein.

Name: histone methylation.

Definition: The modification of histones by addition of methyl groups.

Name: histone acetylation.

Definition: The modification of a histone by the addition of an acetyl group.

Name: histone ubiquitination.

Definition: The modification of histones by addition of ubiquitin groups.

Name: histone deacetylation.

Definition: The modification of histones by removal of acetyl groups.

Name: histone demethylation.

Definition: The modification of histones by removal of methyl groups.

Name: histone deubiquitination.

Definition: The modification of histones by removal of ubiquitin groups.

Name: protein deubiquitination.

Definition: The removal of one or more ubiquitin groups from a protein.

Name: Sin3 complex.

Definition: A multiprotein complex that functions broadly in eukaryotic organisms as a transcriptional repressor of protein-coding genes, through the gene-specific deacetylation of histones. Amongst its subunits, the Sin3 complex contains Sin3-like proteins, and a number of core proteins that are shared with the NuRD complex (including histone deacetylases and histone binding proteins). The Sin3 complex does not directly bind DNA itself, but is targeted to specific genes through protein-protein interactions with DNA-binding proteins.

Name: NuRD complex.

Definition: An approximately 2 MDa multi-subunit complex that exhibits ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling activity in addition to histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, and has been shown to establish transcriptional repression of a number of target genes in vertebrates, invertebrates and fungi. Amongst its subunits, the NuRD complex contains histone deacetylases, histone binding proteins and Mi-2-like proteins.

Name: NURF complex.

Definition: An ISWI complex that contains an ATPase subunit of the ISWI family (SNF2L in mammals), a NURF301 homolog (BPTF in humans), and additional subunits, though the composition of these additional subunits varies slightly with species. NURF is involved in regulation of transcription from TRNA polymerase II promoters.

Name: ACF complex.

Definition: An ISWI complex that contains an ATPase subunit of the ISWI family (SNF2H in mammals, Isw2 in S. cerevisiae), an ACF1 homolog, and generally no other subunits, though Xenopus is an exception with a third non-conserved subunit. ACF plays roles in regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription and in DNA replication and repair.

Name: RNA polymerase II, holoenzyme.

Definition: A nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex containing an RNA polymerase II core enzyme as well as additional proteins and transcription factor complexes, that are capable of promoter recognition and transcription initiation from an RNA polymerase II promoter in vivo. These additional components may include general transcription factor complexes TFIIA, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, or TFIIH, as well as Mediator, SWI/SNF, GCN5, or SRBs and confer the ability to recognize promoters.

Name: mediator complex.

Definition: A protein complex that interacts with the carboxy-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and plays an active role in transducing the signal from a transcription factor to the transcriptional machinery. The mediator complex is required for activation of transcription of most protein-coding genes, but can also act as a transcriptional corepressor. The Saccharomyces complex contains several identifiable subcomplexes: a head domain comprising Srb2, -4, and -5, Med6, -8, and -11, and Rox3 proteins; a middle domain comprising Med1, -4, and -7, Nut1 and -2, Cse2, Rgr1, Soh1, and Srb7 proteins; a tail consisting of Gal11p, Med2p, Pgd1p, and Sin4p; and a regulatory subcomplex comprising Ssn2, -3, and -8, and Srb8 proteins. Metazoan mediator complexes have similar modular structures and include homologs of yeast Srb and Med proteins.

Name: Cdc73/Paf1 complex.

Definition: A multiprotein complex that associates with RNA polymerase II and general RNA polymerase II transcription factor complexes and may be involved in both transcriptional initiation and elongation. In Saccharomyces the complex contains Paf1p, Cdc73p, Ctr9p, Rtf1p, and Leo1p.

Name: glycine binding.

Definition: Binding to glycine, aminoethanoic acid.

Name: glutamate binding.

Definition: Binding to glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.

Name: amino acid binding.

Definition: Binding to an amino acid, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.

Name: flotillin complex.

Definition: A protein complex that contains flotillin-1 and flotillin-2, and may contain associated proteins. Flotillins associate into membrane microdomains resembling caveolae.

Name: Rac protein signal transduction.

Definition: The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rac family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.

Name: CCAAT-binding factor complex.

Definition: A heteromeric transcription factor complex that binds to the CCAAT-box upstream of promoters; functions as both an activator and a repressor, depending on its interacting cofactors. Typically trimeric consisting of NFYA, NFYB and NFYC subunits. In Saccharomyces, it activates the transcription of genes in response to growth in a nonfermentable carbon source and consists of four known subunits: HAP2, HAP3, HAP4 and HAP5.

Name: glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutaminyl-peptide = 5-oxoprolyl-peptide + NH3.

Name: nuclear body.

Definition: Extra-nucleolar nuclear domains usually visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescent antibodies to specific proteins.

Name: PML body.

Definition: A class of nuclear body; they react against SP100 auto-antibodies (PML, promyelocytic leukemia); cells typically contain 10-30 PML bodies per nucleus; alterations in the localization of PML bodies occurs after viral infection.

Name: nuclear speck.

Definition: A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy.

Name: growth hormone-releasing hormone activity.

Definition: The action characteristic of growth hormone-releasing hormone, any of a family of peptide hormones that act on the anterior pituitary to stimulate the secretion of growth hormone and exert a trophic effect on the gland.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH-OH group of donors.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group act as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.

Name: malate dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reversible conversion of pyruvate or oxaloacetate to malate.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP.

Name: hydroxypyruvate reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: D-glycerate + NADP+ = hydroxypyruvate + NADPH + H+.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, oxygen as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, disulfide as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a disulfide.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors, oxygen as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors, quinone or related compound as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a quinone or related compound.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors, oxygen as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an oxygen molecule.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors, disulfide as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a disulfide group.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors, oxygen as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors, quinone or similar compound as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces quinone or similar compound.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H, heme protein as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a heme protein.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H, quinone or similar compound as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a quinone or a similar acceptor molecule.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a nitrogenous group, excluding NH and NH2 groups, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors, cytochrome as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a nitrogenous group, excluding NH and NH2 groups, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a cytochrome.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors, oxygen as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a nitrogenous group, excluding NH and NH2 groups, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, NAD(P) as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, oxygen as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, disulfide as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces disulfide.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, quinone or similar compound as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces quinone or a related compound.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on a heme group of donors.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a heme group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on diphenols and related substances as donors.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a diphenol or related substance acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on peroxide as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the peroxide group acts as a hydrogen or electron acceptor.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from one donor, and molecular oxygen is incorporated into a donor.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, incorporation of two atoms of oxygen.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from one donor, and two oxygen atoms is incorporated into a donor.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor.

Name: 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: A + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = B + succinate + CO2. This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from 2-oxoglutarate and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into each donor.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, NAD(P)H as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from NADH or NADPH and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced flavin or flavoprotein and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced iron-sulfur protein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced iron-sulfur protein and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced pteridine as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced pteridine and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced ascorbate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced ascorbate and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, another compound as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with oxidation of a pair of donors resulting in the reduction of molecular oxygen to two molecules of water.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced to two molecules of water.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on superoxide radicals as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a superoxide radical (O2- or O2.-) acts as a hydrogen or electron acceptor.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on metal ions.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction in which the oxidation state of metal ion is altered.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on metal ions, NAD or NADP as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction in which the metal ion is reduced and NAD+ or NADP+ acts as an electron acceptor.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on metal ions, oxygen as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction in which the oxidation state of metal ion is altered and oxygen acts as an electron acceptor.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH or CH2 groups.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH or CH2 groups, NAD or NADP as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH or CH2 groups, oxygen as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an oxygen molecule.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH or CH2 groups, disulfide as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a disulfide group.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on iron-sulfur proteins as donors.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an iron-sulfur protein acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on iron-sulfur proteins as donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an iron-sulfur protein acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.

Name: transferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.

Name: transferase activity, transferring one-carbon groups.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a one-carbon group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Name: hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a hydroxymethyl- or formyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Name: carboxyl- or carbamoyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a carboxyl- or carbamoyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Name: transketolase or transaldolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an aldehyde or ketonic group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Name: acyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Name: acyltransferase activity, transferring groups other than amino-acyl groups.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group, other than amino-acyl, from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Name: succinyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a succinyl (3-carboxypropanoyl) group to an acceptor molecule.

Name: N-succinyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a succinyl group to a nitrogen atom on the acceptor molecule.

Name: S-succinyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a succinyl group to a sulfur atom on the acceptor molecule.

Name: aminoacyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an amino-acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Name: glycosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Name: hexosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a hexosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Name: pentosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a pentosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Name: transferase activity, transferring alkyl or aryl (other than methyl) groups.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an alkyl or aryl (but not methyl) group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Name: transferase activity, transferring nitrogenous groups.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a nitrogenous group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Name: transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Name: phosphotransferase activity, alcohol group as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to an alcohol group (acceptor).

Name: phosphotransferase activity, carboxyl group as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to a carboxyl group (acceptor).

Name: phosphotransferase activity, nitrogenous group as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to a nitrogenous group (acceptor).

Name: phosphotransferase activity, phosphate group as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to a phosphate group (acceptor).

Name: diphosphotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a diphosphate group from one compound (donor) to a another (acceptor).

Name: nucleotidyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a nucleotidyl group to a reactant.

Name: phosphotransferase activity, for other substituted phosphate groups.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a substituted phosphate group, other than diphosphate or nucleotidyl residues, from one compound (donor) to a another (acceptor).

Name: transferase activity, transferring sulphur-containing groups.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a sulfur-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Name: sulfurtransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of sulfur atoms from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Name: hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc.

Name: hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any ester bond.

Name: thiolester hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: RCO-SR' + H2O = RCOOH + HSR'. This reaction is the hydrolysis of a thiolester bond, an ester formed from a carboxylic acid and a thiol (i.e., RCO-SR'), such as that found in acetyl-coenzyme A.

Name: phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.

Name: triphosphoric monoester hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a triphosphoester to give a triphosphate group and a free hydroxyl group.

Name: exonuclease activity, active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids and producing 5'-phosphomonoesters.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' or 5' end to yield 5' phosphomonoesters.

Name: hydrolase activity, acting on glycosyl bonds.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any glycosyl bond.

Name: hydrolase activity, hydrolyzing N-glycosyl compounds.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any N-glycosyl bond.

Name: hydrolase activity, acting on ether bonds.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any ether or thioether bond, -O- or -S- respectively.

Name: ether hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of an ether bond, -O-.

Name: dipeptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a dipeptide.

Name: cysteine-type carboxypeptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a single C-terminal amino acid residue from a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.

Name: hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any carbon-nitrogen bond, C-N, with the exception of peptide bonds.

Name: hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in linear amides.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a linear amide.

Name: hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in cyclic amides.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a cyclic amide.

Name: hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in linear amidines.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a linear amidine, a compound of the form R-C(=NH)-NH2.

Name: hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in cyclic amidines.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a cyclic amidine, a compound of the form R-C(=NH)-NH2.

Name: hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride.

Name: hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride which contains phosphorus.

Name: hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in sulfonyl-containing anhydrides.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride which contains a sulfonyl group, -SO2-.

Name: hydrolase activity, acting on acid carbon-carbon bonds.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid carbon-carbon bond.

Name: hydrolase activity, acting on acid carbon-carbon bonds, in ketonic substances.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid carbon-carbon bond in a ketonic substance, a substance containing a keto (C=O) group.

Name: hydrolase activity, acting on acid phosphorus-nitrogen bonds.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid phosphorus-nitrogen bond.

Name: hydrolase activity, acting on acid sulfur-nitrogen bonds.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid sulfur-nitrogen bond.

Name: lyase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring.

Name: carbon-carbon lyase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond.

Name: carboxy-lyase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the nonhydrolytic addition or removal of a carboxyl group to or from a compound.

Name: aldehyde-lyase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the cleavage of a C-C bond in a molecule containing a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group to form two smaller molecules, each being an aldehyde or a ketone.

Name: oxo-acid-lyase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the cleavage of a C-C bond by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, of a 3-hydroxy acid.

Name: carbon-oxygen lyase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the breakage of a carbon-oxygen bond.

Name: hydro-lyase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond by elimination of water.

Name: carbon-oxygen lyase activity, acting on phosphates.

Definition: Catalysis of the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond by elimination of a phosphate.

Name: carbon-nitrogen lyase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the release of ammonia or one of its derivatives, with the formation of a double bond or ring. Enzymes with this activity may catalyze the actual elimination of the ammonia, amine or amide, e.g. CH-CH(-NH-R) = C=CH- + NH2-R. Others, however, catalyze elimination of another component, e.g. water, which is followed by spontaneous reactions that lead to breakage of the C-N bond, e.g. L-serine ammonia-lyase (EC:4.3.1.17), so that the overall reaction is C(-OH)-CH(-NH2) = CH2-CO- + NH3, i.e. an elimination with rearrangement. The sub-subclasses of EC:4.3 are the ammonia-lyases (EC:4.3.1), lyases acting on amides, amidines, etc. (EC:4.3.2), the amine-lyases (EC:4.3.3), and other carbon-nitrogen lyases (EC:4.3.99).

Name: ammonia-lyase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the release of ammonia by the cleavage of a carbon-nitrogen bond or the reverse reaction with ammonia as a substrate.

Name: amidine-lyase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the release of amides or amidines by the cleavage of a carbon-nitrogen bond or the reverse reaction with an amide or amidine as a substrate.

Name: carbon-sulfur lyase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the elimination of hydrogen sulfide or substituted H2S.

Name: phosphorus-oxygen lyase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the cleavage of a phosphorus-oxygen bond by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond.

Name: isomerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5.

Name: racemase and epimerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of a reaction that alters the configuration of one or more chiral centers in a molecule.

Name: racemase and epimerase activity, acting on amino acids and derivatives.

Definition: Catalysis of a reaction that alters the configuration of one or more chiral centers in an amino acid.

Name: racemase and epimerase activity, acting on carbohydrates and derivatives.

Definition: Catalysis of a reaction that alters the configuration of one or more chiral centers in a carbohydrate molecule.

Name: cis-trans isomerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of a reaction that interconverts cis and trans isomers. Atoms or groups are termed cis or trans to one another when they lie respectively on the same or on opposite sides of a reference plane identifiable as common among stereoisomers.

Name: intramolecular oxidoreductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the hydrogen donor and acceptor are the same molecule, and no oxidized product appears.

Name: intramolecular oxidoreductase activity, interconverting aldoses and ketoses.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the hydrogen donor and acceptor, which is an aldose or a ketose, are the same molecule, and no oxidized product appears.

Name: intramolecular oxidoreductase activity, interconverting keto- and enol-groups.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the hydrogen donor and acceptor, which is a keto- or an enol-group, are the same molecule, and no oxidized product appears.

Name: intramolecular oxidoreductase activity, transposing C=C bonds.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the hydrogen donor and acceptor are the same molecule, one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in the molecule are rearranged, and no oxidized product appears.

Name: intramolecular oxidoreductase activity, transposing S-S bonds.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the hydrogen donor and acceptor are the same molecule, one or more sulfur-sulfur bonds in the molecule are rearranged, and no oxidized product appears.

Name: intramolecular transferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a functional group from one position to another within a single molecule.

Name: intramolecular transferase activity, phosphotransferases.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group from one position to another within a single molecule.

Name: intramolecular lyase activity.

Definition: The catalysis of certain rearrangements of a molecule to break or form a ring.

Name: ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the joining of two molecules, or two groups within a single molecule, using the energy from the hydrolysis of ATP, a similar triphosphate, or a pH gradient.

Name: ligase activity, forming carbon-oxygen bonds.

Definition: Catalysis of the joining of two molecules via a carbon-oxygen bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.

Name: ligase activity, forming carbon-sulfur bonds.

Definition: Catalysis of the joining of two molecules via a carbon-sulfur bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.

Name: acid-thiol ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the joining of an acid and a thiol via a carbon-sulfur bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.

Name: ligase activity, forming carbon-nitrogen bonds.

Definition: Catalysis of the joining of two molecules, or two groups within a single molecule, via a carbon-nitrogen bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.

Name: acid-ammonia (or amide) ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the ligation of an acid to ammonia (NH3) or an amide via a carbon-nitrogen bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.

Name: acid-amino acid ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the ligation of an acid to an amino acid via a carbon-nitrogen bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.

Name: cyclo-ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the joining of two groups within a single molecule via a carbon-nitrogen bond, forming heterocyclic ring, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.

Name: carbon-nitrogen ligase activity, with glutamine as amido-N-donor.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of the amide nitrogen of glutamine to a substrate. Usually composed of two subunits or domains, one that first hydrolyzes glutamine, and then transfers the resulting ammonia to the second subunit (or domain), where it acts as a source of nitrogen.

Name: ligase activity, forming carbon-carbon bonds.

Definition: Catalysis of the joining of two molecules via a carbon-carbon bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.

Name: ligase activity, forming phosphoric ester bonds.

Definition: Catalysis of the joining of two molecules, or two groups within a single molecule, via a phosphoric ester bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.

Name: ATP hydrolysis activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + H+ phosphate. ATP hydrolysis is used in some reactions as an energy source, for example to catalyze a reaction or drive transport against a concentration gradient.

Name: endodeoxyribonuclease activity, producing 5'-phosphomonoesters.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 5'-phosphomonoesters.

Name: endodeoxyribonuclease activity, producing 3'-phosphomonoesters.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 3'-phosphomonoesters.

Name: site-specific endodeoxyribonuclease activity, specific for altered base.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages at specific sites within a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule by creating internal breaks.

Name: endoribonuclease activity, producing 5'-phosphomonoesters.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 5'-phosphomonoesters.

Name: endoribonuclease activity, producing 3'-phosphomonoesters.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 3'-phosphomonoesters.

Name: endonuclease activity, active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids and producing 5'-phosphomonoesters.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 5'-phosphomonoesters.

Name: endonuclease activity, active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids and producing 3'-phosphomonoesters.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 3'-phosphomonoesters.

Name: exodeoxyribonuclease activity, producing 5'-phosphomonoesters.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' or 5' end to yield 5' phosphomonoesters.

Name: exoribonuclease activity, producing 5'-phosphomonoesters.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' or 5' end to yield 5' phosphomonoesters.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, oxygen as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an oxygen molecule.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, quinone or similar compound as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a quinone or a similar acceptor molecule.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.

Name: G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with acetylcholine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Name: follicle-stimulating hormone activity.

Definition: The action characteristic of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), a gonadotrophic glycoprotein hormone secreted, in mammals, by the anterior pituitary gland. Upon receptor binding, FSH stimulates growth of Graafian follicles in the ovaries in females, and stimulates the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules to increase spermatogenesis.

Name: follicle-stimulating hormone complex.

Definition: A gonadotrophic glycoprotein hormone secreted, in mammals, by the anterior pituitary gland; consists of alpha and beta subunits, the latter of which confers hormonal specificity.

Name: GABA receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) is an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.

Name: retinal binding.

Definition: Binding to retinal, one of the forms of vitamin A. Retinal plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates, combining with opsins to form visual pigments in the retina.

Name: nuclear receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a nuclear receptor protein. Nuclear receptor proteins are DNA-binding transcription factors which are regulated by binding to a ligand.

Name: protein sumoylation.

Definition: The process in which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is conjugated to a target protein via an isopeptide bond between the carboxy-terminus of SUMO with an epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue of the target protein.

Name: protein desumoylation.

Definition: The process in which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is cleaved from its target protein.

Name: deSUMOylase activity.

Definition: An thiol-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves SUMO from a target protein to which it is conjugated.

Name: extracellularly glycine-gated ion channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when glycine is bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane.

Name: extracellularly glycine-gated chloride channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens when glycine is bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane.

Name: glycine-gated chloride channel complex.

Definition: A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which chloride ions may pass in response to glycine binding to the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Name: short-branched-chain-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + acceptor = 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + reduced acceptor, where the acyl group is a short branched chain fatty acid residue.

Name: kinesin II complex.

Definition: A complex consisting of two distinct motor subunits that form a heterodimer complexed with a third non-motor accessory subunit, the kinesin associated protein or KAP; the KIF3 heterodimer interacts via its C-terminal portion with KAP, which is thought to regulate the binding of the motor to cargo membranes.

Name: natriuretic peptide receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a natriuretic peptide and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: insulin-like growth factor binding protein complex.

Definition: A complex of proteins which includes the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and a number of IGF-binding proteins. The complex plays a role in growth and development.

Name: alpha-2 macroglobulin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with alpha-2 macroglobulin and delivering alpha-2 macroglobulin into the cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Name: flavin-linked sulfhydryl oxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the formation of disulfide bridges in proteins using FAD as the electron acceptor.

Name: thiol oxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 4 R'C(R)SH + O2 = 2 R'C(R)S-S(R)CR' + 2 H2O2.

Name: poly(A)+ mRNA export from nucleus.

Definition: The directed movement of poly(A)+ mRNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

Name: alpha-sialidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-glycosidic linkages in oligo- or poly(sialic) acids.

Name: antibiotic metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving an antibiotic, a substance produced by or derived from certain fungi, bacteria, and other organisms, that can destroy or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms.

Name: activin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with activin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Activin is one of two gonadal glycoproteins related to transforming growth factor beta.

Name: protein-heme linkage.

Definition: The covalent linkage of heme and a protein.

Name: cytochrome complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cytochrome complex. A cytochrome complex is a protein complex in which at least one of the proteins is a cytochrome, i.e. a heme-containing protein involved in catalysis of redox reactions.

Name: 3'-tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of 3'-phosphotyrosyl groups formed as covalent intermediates (in DNA backbone breakage) between DNA topoisomerase I and DNA.

Name: protein-tetrapyrrole linkage.

Definition: The covalent linking of a tetrapyrrole to a protein.

Name: protein nitrosylation.

Definition: The covalent addition of a nitric oxide group to an amino acid within a protein.

Name: regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activity of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway.

Name: MAP kinase tyrosine/serine/threonine phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: MAP kinase serine/threonine/tyrosine phosphate + H2O = MAP kinase serine/threonine/tyrosine + phosphate.

Name: myosin phosphatase regulator activity.

Definition: Binds to and modulates of the activity of myosin phosphatase.

Name: myosin binding.

Definition: Binding to a myosin; myosins are any of a superfamily of molecular motor proteins that bind to actin and use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to generate force and movement along actin filaments.

Name: myosin I binding.

Definition: Binding to a class I myosin; myosin I heavy chains are single-headed, possess tails of various lengths, and do not self-associate into bipolar filaments.

Name: TBP-class protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a member of the class of TATA-binding proteins (TBP), including any of the TBP-related factors (TRFs).

Name: protein import.

Definition: The targeting and directed movement of proteins into a cell or organelle. Not all import involves an initial targeting event.

Name: N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N-acylsphingosine + H2O = a fatty acid + sphingosine.

Name: galactosylgalactosylglucosylceramidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactosyl-D-galactosyl-D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine + H2O = lactosyl-N-acylsphingosine + D-galactose.

Name: glycosylceramidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: glycosyl-N-acylsphingosine + H2O = a sugar + N-acylsphingosine.

Name: peptide hormone binding.

Definition: Binding to a peptide with hormonal activity in animals.

Name: D-erythro-sphingosine kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: sphingosine + ATP = sphingosine 1-phosphate + ADP.

Name: transcription repressor complex.

Definition: A protein complex that possesses activity that prevents or downregulates transcription.

Name: negative regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assembly.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly.

Name: structural constituent of nuclear pore.

Definition: The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the nuclear pore complex, a protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that allows the transfer of macromolecules.

Name: 6-phosphogluconolactonase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 6-O-phosphono-D-glucono-1,5-lactone + H2O = 6-phospho-D-gluconate + H+.

Name: serine C-palmitoyltransferase complex.

Definition: An enzyme complex that catalyzes the transfer of a palmitoyl on to serine, forming 3-dehydro-D-sphinganine.

Name: 3-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 4-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-L-fucose + beta-D-galactosyl-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R = GDP + beta-D-galactosyl-(1,3)-[alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,4)]-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R.

Name: S-methyl-5-thioadenosine phosphorylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 5'-methylthioadenosine + phosphate = adenine + 5-methylthio-D-ribose 1-phosphate.

Name: respiratory chain complex III assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the cytochrome bc(1) complex, a transmembrane lipoprotein complex that it catalyzes the reduction of cytochrome c by accepting reducing equivalents from Coenzyme Q, by the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of its constituents.

Name: fatty acid amide hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a fatty acid amide to yield a fatty acid.

Name: single-strand selective uracil DNA N-glycosylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the cleavage of the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar, releasing a free base and leaving an apyrimidinic (AP) site. Enzymes with this activity recognize and remove uracil bases present in single-stranded DNA.

Name: snRNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a small nuclear RNA (snRNA).

Name: U6 snRNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a U6 small nuclear RNA (U6 snRNA).

Name: syntaxin-1 binding.

Definition: Binding to a syntaxin-1 SNAP receptor.

Name: purine nucleotide binding.

Definition: Binding to a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of a purine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate.

Name: sodium channel regulator activity.

Definition: Binds to and modulates the activity of a sodium channel.

Name: chloride channel regulator activity.

Definition: Binds to and modulates the activity of a chloride channel.

Name: 4-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-beta-L-fucose + beta-D-galactosyl-(1,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R = GDP + 1,4-beta-D-galactosyl-(1,4)-[alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,3)]-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R.

Name: glycolipid transfer activity.

Definition: Removes a glycolipid from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle. A glycolipid is a compound usually containing 1-4 linked monosaccharide residues joined by a glycosyl linkage to a lipid.

Name: meprin A complex.

Definition: A protein complex that is located in the cell membrane, and is involved in the metabolism of peptides, including neuropeptides. The complex has metalloendopeptidase activity that catalyzes the hydrolysis of protein and peptide substrates, preferentially on carboxyl side of hydrophobic residues.

Name: acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N-acetylserotonin = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + melatonin. Melatonin is also known as N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine.

Name: very-long-chain-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a very-long-chain 2,3-saturated fatty acyl-CoA + H+ + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] = a very-long-chain (2E)-enoyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein]. A very long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.

Name: aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase multienzyme complex.

Definition: A multienzyme complex found in all multicellular eukaryotes composed of eight proteins with aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities (abbreviated as: ArgRS, AspRS, GluProRS, GlnRS, IleRS, LeuRS, LysRS, MetRS where RS is the enzyme, preceded by the amino acid it uses as a substrate) as well as three non-synthetase proteins (p43, p38, and p18) with diverse functions. Several of these subunits are known dimers, so the total polypeptide count in the multisynthetase complex is at least fifteen. All of the enzymes in this assembly catalyze the same reaction, the covalent attachment of an amino acid to either the 2'- or 3'-hydroxyl of the 3'-terminal adenosine of tRNA, but using different substrates.

Name: 5'-flap endonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the cleavage of a 5' flap structure in DNA, but not other DNA structures; processes the 5' ends of Okazaki fragments in lagging strand DNA synthesis.

Name: glutamate-cysteine ligase complex.

Definition: An enzyme complex that catalyzes the ligation of glutamate to cysteine, forming glutamylcysteine.

Name: nucleoside diphosphate phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a nucleoside diphosphate + H2O = a nucleoside monophosphate + phosphate.

Name: ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a ribonucleoside triphosphate + H2O = a ribonucleoside diphosphate + H+ + phosphate.

Name: dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6-dihydrouracil + NADP+ = uracil + NADPH + H+.

Name: single-stranded DNA helicase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, in the presence of single-stranded DNA; drives the unwinding of a DNA helix.

Name: Golgi transport complex.

Definition: A multisubunit tethering complex of the CATCHR family (complexes associated with tethering containing helical rods) that has a role in tethering vesicles to the Golgi prior to fusion. Composed of 8 subunits COG1-8.

Name: plasma membrane phospholipid scrambling.

Definition: The movement of a population of phospholipid molecules from one leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet, resulting in loss of lipid asymmetry and surface exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE).

Name: protein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase complex.

Definition: A protein complex capable of protein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity, the addition of nucleotide-activated sugars onto the polypeptide according to reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + protein = UDP + 4-N-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-protein. The complex has different compositions in different species: In mammals it is often a homotrimer, in bacteria a heterotetramer of 2 different subunits.

Name: SH3 domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a SH3 domain (Src homology 3) of a protein, small protein modules containing approximately 50 amino acid residues found in a great variety of intracellular or membrane-associated proteins.

Name: phospholipid scramblase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the movement of phospholipids from one membrane bilayer leaflet to the other, by an ATP-independent mechanism.

Name: triglyceride binding.

Definition: Binding to a triester of glycerol.

Name: poly(C) RNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a sequence of cytosine residues in an RNA molecule.

Name: fibroblast growth factor binding.

Definition: Binding to a fibroblast growth factor.

Name: NAD-dependent histone deacetylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: histone N6-acetyl-L-lysine + H2O = histone L-lysine + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from a histone.

Name: stem cell division.

Definition: The self-renewing division of a stem cell. A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell, in the embryo or adult, that can undergo unlimited division and give rise to one or several different cell types.

Name: NMDA selective glutamate receptor complex.

Definition: An assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex. NMDA receptors are composed of assemblies of NR1 subunits (Figure 3) and NR2 subunits, which can be one of four separate gene products (NR2A-D). Expression of both subunits are required to form functional channels. The glutamate binding domain is formed at the junction of NR1 and NR2 subunits. NMDA receptors are permeable to calcium ions as well as being permeable to other ions. Thus NMDA receptor activation leads to a calcium influx into the post-synaptic cells, a signal thought to be crucial for the induction of NMDA-receptor dependent LTP and LTD.

Name: Wnt-protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a Wnt-protein, a secreted growth factor involved in signaling.

Name: negative regulation of translation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.

Name: tRNA dihydrouridine synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: tRNA-uracil + acceptor = tRNA-dihydrouridine + reduced acceptor.

Name: DEAD/H-box RNA helicase binding.

Definition: Binding to a DEAD/H-box RNA helicase.

Name: sodium:dicarboxylate symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: dicarboxylate(out) + Na+(out) = dicarboxylate(in) + Na+(in).

Name: semaphorin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a semaphorin, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: calcium-ion regulated exocytosis.

Definition: The release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell, induced by a rise in cytosolic calcium-ion levels.

Name: regulation of exocytosis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.

Name: regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.

Name: pantetheine hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-pantetheine + H2O = (R)-pantothenate + cysteamine.

Name: aryl hydrocarbon receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an aryl hydrocarbon receptor.

Name: vinculin binding.

Definition: Binding to vinculin, a protein found in muscle, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells that binds actin and appears to mediate attachment of actin filaments to integral proteins of the plasma membrane.

Name: CDP-alcohol phosphatidyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: CDP + alcohol = CMP + phosphatidyl alcohol.

Name: serine hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a substrate by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).

Name: cysteine dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-cysteine + O2 = 3-sulfino-L-alanine + H+.

Name: glycine N-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine.

Name: phosphatidylinositol N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + phosphatidylinositol = UDP + N-acetyl-D-glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol.

Name: glucosidase II complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric complex that catalyzes the trimming of glucose residues from N-linked core glycans on newly synthesized glycoproteins.

Name: diphthine-ammonia ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + diphthine + NH4 = ADP + diphthamide + H+ + phosphate.

Name: peptidyl-diphthamide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptidyl-diphthamide, a modified histidine residue.

Name: peptidyl-diphthamide biosynthetic process from peptidyl-histidine.

Definition: The modification of peptidyl-histidine to 2'-(3-carboxamido-3-(trimethylammonio)propyl)-L-histidine, known as diphthamide, found in translation elongation factor EF-2. The process occurs in eukaryotes and archaea but not eubacteria.

Name: peptidyl-lysine hydroxylation.

Definition: The hydroxylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-hydroxylysine.

Name: peptidyl-pyroglutamic acid biosynthetic process, using glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptidyl-pyroglutamic acid, catalyzed by glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase.

Name: peptidyl-glutamic acid carboxylation.

Definition: The gamma-carboxylation of peptidyl-glutamic acid; catalyzed by the vitamin K dependent gamma-glutamyl carboxylase.

Name: aspartate N-acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + acetyl-CoA = N-acetyl-L-aspartate + CoA + H+.

Name: N-terminal peptidyl-aspartic acid acetylation.

Definition: The acetylation of the N-terminal aspartic acid of proteins; catalyzed by aspartate N-acetyltransferase.

Name: N-terminal peptidyl-glutamine acetylation.

Definition: The acetylation of a glutamine residue in protein to form the N5-methyl-L-glutamine derivative. The occurrence of this modification has not been confirmed. Its annotation in sequence databases is either due to the misidentification of 2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid, or to inappropriate homolog comparisons when proteolytic modification is more probable.

Name: N-terminal peptidyl-methionine acetylation.

Definition: The acetylation of the N-terminal methionine of proteins to form the derivative N-acetyl-L-methionine.

Name: N-terminal peptidyl-glutamic acid acetylation.

Definition: The acetylation of the N-terminal glutamic acid of proteins to form the derivate acetyl-glutamic acid.

Name: peptidyl-lysine N6-acetylation.

Definition: The acetylation of the peptidyl-lysine of proteins to form the derivative peptidyl-N6-acetyl-L-lysine.

Name: N-terminal peptidyl-glycine N-myristoylation.

Definition: The myristoylation of the N-terminal glycine of proteins to form the derivative N-myristoyl-glycine.

Name: N-terminal peptidyl-L-cysteine N-palmitoylation.

Definition: The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to a nitrogen (N) atom in an N-terminal cysteine residue to form N-palmitoyl-L-cysteine.

Name: N-terminal peptidyl-glycine methylation.

Definition: The methylation of the N-terminal glycine of proteins to form the derivative N-methylglycine.

Name: N-terminal peptidyl-proline dimethylation.

Definition: The methylation of the N-terminal proline of proteins to form the derivative N,N-dimethyl-L-proline.

Name: peptidyl-histidine methylation.

Definition: The methylation of peptidyl-L-histidine to form peptidyl-L-1'-methyl-L-histidine (otherwise known as tau-methylhistidine, tele-methylhistidine) or peptidyl-L-3'-methyl-L-histidine (otherwise known as pi-methylhistidine, pros-methylhistidine).

Name: peptidyl-lysine methylation.

Definition: The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form either the mono-, di- or trimethylated derivative.

Name: peptidyl-lysine trimethylation.

Definition: The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine.

Name: histone lysine N-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone L-lysine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone N6-methyl-L-lysine. The methylation of peptidyl-lysine in histones forms N6-methyl-L-lysine, N6,N6-dimethyl-L-lysine and N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine derivatives.

Name: peptidyl-lysine monomethylation.

Definition: The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-methyl-L-lysine.

Name: peptidyl-lysine dimethylation.

Definition: The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6,N6-dimethyl-L-lysine.

Name: peptidyl-lysine N6-myristoyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a myristoyl group to the N6 nitrogen atom on a lysine residue of a peptide or protein molecule.

Name: peptidyl-lysine oxidation.

Definition: The oxidation of the terminal amino-methylene groups of peptidyl-L-lysine or peptidyl-5-hydroxy-L-lysine to aldehyde groups to form allysine or hydroxyallysine residues, respectively; these are intermediates in the formation of covalent cross-links between adjacent polypeptide chains in proteins such as collagens.

Name: cytochrome c-heme linkage.

Definition: The linkage of cytochromes and other heme proteins to heme.

Name: protein-L-histidine N-tele-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-histidyl-[protein] + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = N(tele)-methyl-L-histidyl-[protein] + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.

Name: N-terminal peptidyl-lysine acetylation.

Definition: The acetylation of the N-terminal lysine of proteins.

Name: protein polyglutamylation.

Definition: The addition of one or more alpha-linked glutamyl units to the gamma carboxyl group of peptidyl-glutamic acid.

Name: peptidyl-serine phosphorylation.

Definition: The phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine.

Name: peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation.

Definition: The phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.

Name: peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation.

Definition: The phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine.

Name: protein adenylylation.

Definition: The addition of an adenylyl group (adenosine 5'-monophosphate; AMP) to a protein amino acid.

Name: peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation.

Definition: The covalent addition of a nitric oxide (NO) group to the sulphur (S) atom of a cysteine residue in a protein, to form peptidyl-S-nitrosyl-L-cysteine.

Name: peptidyl-cysteine methylation.

Definition: The methylation of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-S-methyl-L-cysteine.

Name: protein hydroxylation.

Definition: The addition of a hydroxy group to a protein amino acid.

Name: heterocycle biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings).

Name: protein-DNA covalent cross-linking.

Definition: The formation of a covalent cross-link between DNA and a protein.

Name: nucleic acid-protein covalent cross-linking.

Definition: The formation of a covalent cross-link between a nucleic acid and a protein.

Name: keratan sulfate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of keratan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat units consisting of beta-1,4-linked D-galactopyranosyl-beta-(1,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate and with variable amounts of fucose, sialic acid and mannose units; keratan sulfate chains are covalently linked by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylose to peptidyl-threonine or serine residues.

Name: peptide cross-linking.

Definition: The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within protein chains.

Name: protein oxidation.

Definition: The modification of a protein amino acid by oxidation.

Name: peptidyl-cysteine oxidation.

Definition: The oxidation of peptidyl-cysteine to peptidyl-L-cysteine sulfinic acid or peptidyl-L-cysteine sulfenic acid.

Name: protein nucleotidylation.

Definition: The addition of a nucleotide to a protein amino acid.

Name: protein octanoylation.

Definition: The modification of a protein amino acid by formation of an ester or amide with octanoic acid.

Name: peptidyl-serine octanoylation.

Definition: The octanoylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O3-octanoyl-L-serine, typical of the protein ghrelin.

Name: peptidyl-amino acid modification.

Definition: The alteration of an amino acid residue in a peptide.

Name: peptidyl-arginine modification.

Definition: The modification of peptidyl-arginine.

Name: peptidyl-aspartic acid modification.

Definition: The modification of peptidyl-aspartic acid.

Name: peptidyl-cysteine modification.

Definition: The modification of peptidyl-cysteine.

Name: peptidyl-glutamine modification.

Definition: The modification of peptidyl-glutamine.

Name: peptidyl-glutamic acid modification.

Definition: The modification of peptidyl-glutamic acid.

Name: peptidyl-glycine modification.

Definition: The modification of peptidyl-glycine.

Name: peptidyl-histidine modification.

Definition: The modification of peptidyl-histidine.

Name: peptidyl-lysine modification.

Definition: The modification of peptidyl-lysine.

Name: peptidyl-methionine modification.

Definition: The modification of peptidyl-methionine.

Name: peptidyl-proline modification.

Definition: The modification of peptidyl-proline.

Name: peptidyl-serine modification.

Definition: The modification of peptidyl-serine.

Name: peptidyl-threonine modification.

Definition: The modification of peptidyl-threonine.

Name: peptidyl-tyrosine modification.

Definition: The modification of peptidyl-tyrosine.

Name: protein carboxylation.

Definition: The addition of a carboxy group to a protein amino acid.

Name: peptidyl-arginine methylation.

Definition: The addition of a methyl group to an arginine residue in a protein.

Name: peptidyl-aspartic acid phosphorylation.

Definition: The phosphorylation of peptidyl-aspartic acid.

Name: peptidyl-L-cysteine S-palmitoylation.

Definition: The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to a sulfur (S) atom within a cysteine residue to form peptidyl-S-palmitoyl-L-cysteine.

Name: peptidyl-S-diacylglycerol-L-cysteine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-cysteine.

Definition: The modification of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-S-diacylglycerol-L-cysteine; the oleate and palmitate actually represent mixtures of saturated (generally at 3') and unsaturated (generally at 2') fatty acids.

Name: protein O-linked glycosylation via serine.

Definition: The glycosylation of protein via the O3 atom of peptidyl-serine, forming O3-glycosyl-L-serine; the most common forms are N-acetylgalactosaminyl, mannosyl, galactosyl, and xylosyl serine.

Name: protein O-linked glycosylation via threonine.

Definition: The glycosylation of protein via the O3 atom of peptidyl-threonine, forming O3-glycosyl-L-threonine; the most common forms are N-acetylgalactosaminyl, mannosyl, and galactosyl threonine.

Name: isopeptide cross-linking.

Definition: The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within peptide chains, where either the amino group or the carboxyl group, or both, are not attached to the alpha carbon.

Name: biotin-protein ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + biotin + protein = AMP + diphosphate + biotin-protein.

Name: protein-pyridoxal-5-phosphate linkage via peptidyl-N6-pyridoxal phosphate-L-lysine.

Definition: The modification of peptidyl-lysine to form N6-pyridoxal phosphate-L-lysine.

Name: isopeptide cross-linking via N6-glycyl-L-lysine.

Definition: The formation of an isopeptide cross-link between peptidyl-lysine and peptidyl-glycine to produce N6-glycyl-L-lysine. This is distinct from the formation of the thiolester intermediate, which occurs during ubiquitination.

Name: protein deamination.

Definition: The removal of an amino group from a protein amino acid.

Name: protein N-linked glycosylation via asparagine.

Definition: The glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine forming N4-glycosyl-L-asparagine; the most common form is N-acetylglucosaminyl asparagine; N-acetylgalactosaminyl asparagine and N4 glucosyl asparagine also occur. This modification typically occurs in extracellular peptides with an N-X-(ST) motif. Partial modification has been observed to occur with cysteine, rather than serine or threonine, in the third position; secondary structure features are important, and proline in the second or fourth positions inhibits modification.

Name: metal incorporation into metallo-sulfur cluster.

Definition: The formation of a cluster of several metal atoms, including iron, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium, or copper, with one or more bridging (mu-bond) sulfur atoms; amino acids residues in proteins that may ligate the metal sulfur cluster are cysteine, histidine, aspartate, glutamate, serine and cysteine persulfide.

Name: iron incorporation into metallo-sulfur cluster.

Definition: The incorporation of iron into a metallo-sulfur cluster.

Name: protein-FAD linkage.

Definition: The formation of a linkage between a protein amino acid and flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD).

Name: protein succinylation.

Definition: The modification of a protein by the addition of a succinyl group (CO-CH2-CH2-CO) to an amino acid residue.

Name: protein prenylation.

Definition: The covalent attachment of a prenyl group to a protein; geranyl, farnesyl, or geranylgeranyl groups may be added.

Name: protein farnesylation.

Definition: The covalent attachment of a farnesyl group to a protein.

Name: protein geranylgeranylation.

Definition: The covalent attachment of a geranylgeranyl group to a protein.

Name: protein palmitoylation.

Definition: The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to a protein.

Name: protein-pyridoxal-5-phosphate linkage.

Definition: The formation of a linkage between a protein amino acid and pyridoxal-5-phosphate.

Name: peptidyl-glutamine methylation.

Definition: The addition of a methyl group to a glutamine residue in a protein.

Name: protein myristoylation.

Definition: The covalent attachment of a myristoyl group to a protein.

Name: internal peptidyl-lysine acetylation.

Definition: The addition of an acetyl group to a non-terminal lysine residue in a protein.

Name: peptidyl-lysine acetylation.

Definition: The acetylation of peptidyl-lysine.

Name: peptidyl-lysine hydroxylation to 5-hydroxy-L-lysine.

Definition: The hydroxylation of peptidyl-lysine to peptidyl-5-hydroxy-L-lysine.

Name: peptidyl-proline hydroxylation to 4-hydroxy-L-proline.

Definition: The modification of peptidyl-proline to form 4-hydroxy-L-proline; catalyzed by procollagen-proline,2-oxoglutarate-4-dioxygenase.

Name: C-terminal protein amino acid modification.

Definition: The alteration of the C-terminal amino acid residue in a protein.

Name: translation release factor complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric complex involved in the release of a nascent polypeptide chain from a ribosome.

Name: alcohol dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NAD(P)+ = an aldehyde + NAD(P)H + H+.

Name: formaldehyde dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: formaldehyde + H2O + NAD+ = formate + 2 H+ + NADH.

Name: benzaldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: benzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = benzoate + NADH + H+.

Name: nitroglycerin reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of one or more nitrite (NO2-) groups from nitroglycerin or a derivative.

Name: methanethiol oxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: methanethiol + O2 + H2O = formaldehyde + hydrogen sulfide + hydrogen peroxide.

Name: 4-nitrophenol 2-monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 4-nitrophenol + H+ + NADH + O2 = 4-nitrocatechol + H2O + NAD+.

Name: phenanthrene 9,10-monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: phenanthrene + O2 + NADH + H+ = H2O + NAD+ + phenanthrene-9,10-oxide.

Name: alkane 1-monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: octane + reduced rubredoxin + O2 = 1-octanol + oxidized rubredoxin + H2O.

Name: thiol S-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a thiol = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a thioether.

Name: acetylpyruvate hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetylpyruvate + H2O = acetate + H+ + pyruvate.

Name: 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: alkene-CoA + H2O = alcohol-CoA. Substrates are crotonoyl-CoA (producing 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA) and 2,3-didehydro-pimeloyl-CoA (producing 3-hydroxypimeloyl-CoA).

Name: benzoate-CoA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + benzoate + CoA = AMP + benzoyl-CoA + diphosphate.

Name: arsonoacetate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving arsonoacetate, a synthetic, organic compound containing a single arsenic atom. Arsonoacetate and other arsenic containing compounds are used in agricultural applications as animal feed additives, cotton defoliants and post-emergence grass herbicides.

Name: ether metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic ethers, any anhydride of the general formula R1-O-R2, formed between two identical or nonidentical organic hydroxy compounds.

Name: nitrobenzene metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrobenzene (nitrobenzol), a derivative of benzene with an NO2 group attached to the ring. It is a yellow aromatic liquid used in perfumery and manufactured in large quantities in the preparation of aniline.

Name: phenol-containing compound metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.

Name: 4-nitrophenol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving 4-nitrophenol, a nitroaromatic compound which is used in the production of dyes, leather treatment agents, fungicides and as an intermediate in the production of the insecticide parathion.

Name: guanyl nucleotide binding.

Definition: Binding to a guanyl nucleotide, consisting of guanosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate.

Name: GMP binding.

Definition: Binding to GMP, guanosine monophosphate.

Name: GDP binding.

Definition: Binding to GDP, guanosine 5'-diphosphate.

Name: SCF ubiquitin ligase complex.

Definition: A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul1 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a Skp1 adaptor and an F-box protein. SCF complexes are involved in targeting proteins for degradation by the proteasome. The best characterized complexes are those from yeast and mammals (with core subunits named Cdc53/Cul1, Rbx1/Hrt1/Roc1).

Name: molybdopterin synthase complex.

Definition: A protein complex that possesses molybdopterin synthase activity. In E. coli, the complex is a heterotetramer consisting of two MoaD and two MoaE subunits.

Name: modulation by virus of host process.

Definition: The process in which a virus effects a change in the structure or processes of its host organism.

Name: suppression by virus of host apoptotic process.

Definition: Any viral process that inhibits apoptosis of infected host cells, facilitating prolonged cell survival during viral replication.

Name: modulation by virus of host cellular process.

Definition: The process in which a virus effects a change in the processes and activities of its host organism.

Name: viral life cycle.

Definition: A set of processes which all viruses follow to ensure survival; includes attachment and entry of the virus particle, decoding of genome information, translation of viral mRNA by host ribosomes, genome replication, and assembly and release of viral particles containing the genome.

Name: intracellular transport of viral protein in host cell.

Definition: The directed movement of a viral protein within the host cell.

Name: virion attachment to host cell.

Definition: The process by which a virion protein binds to molecules on the host cellular surface or host cell surface projection.

Name: fusion of virus membrane with host plasma membrane.

Definition: Fusion of a viral membrane with the host cell membrane during viral entry. Results in release of the virion contents into the cytoplasm.

Name: receptor-mediated endocytosis of virus by host cell.

Definition: Any receptor-mediated endocytosis that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell; successive instances of virus endocytosis result in the accumulation of virus particles within the cell.

Name: virion assembly.

Definition: A late phase of the viral life cycle during which all the components necessary for the formation of a mature virion collect at a particular site in the cell and the basic structure of the virus particle is formed.

Name: viral genome packaging.

Definition: The encapsulation of the viral genome within the capsid.

Name: viral RNA genome packaging.

Definition: The packaging of viral RNA (single-stranded or double-stranded) into a nucleocapsid.

Name: virus maturation.

Definition: The refolding and structural rearrangements of virion parts to transition from the intermediate virion to the more mature virion. Maturation usually involves proteolysis events and changes in the folding of the virion proteins. Can occur inside the host cell or after release.

Name: viral release from host cell.

Definition: The dissemination of mature viral particles from a host cell, e.g. by cell lysis or the budding of virus particles from the cell membrane.

Name: viral genome replication.

Definition: Any process involved directly in viral genome replication, including viral nucleotide metabolism.

Name: viral gene expression.

Definition: A process by which a viral gene is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes viral transcription, processing to produce a mature RNA product, and viral translation.

Name: viral translation.

Definition: A process by which viral mRNA is translated into viral protein, using the host cellular machinery.

Name: viral protein processing.

Definition: Any protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a viral protein.

Name: viral transcription.

Definition: The process by which a viral genome, or part of a viral genome, is transcribed within the host cell.

Name: early viral transcription.

Definition: The first phase of viral transcription that occurs after entry of the virus into the host cell, but prior to viral genome replication. It involves the transcription of genes for non-structural proteins, and for lytic viruses, the early gene products are involved in establishing control over the host cell.

Name: late viral transcription.

Definition: The transcription of the final group of viral genes of the viral life cycle, following middle transcription, or where middle transcription doesn't occur, following early transcription. Involves the transcription of genes encoding structural proteins.

Name: reproductive behavior.

Definition: The specific behavior of an organism that is associated with reproduction.

Name: pyrimidine nucleotide binding.

Definition: Binding to a pyrimidine nucleotide, a pyrimidine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate.

Name: DNA N-glycosylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of damaged bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site.

Name: myristoyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a myristoyl (CH3-[CH2]12-CO-) group to an acceptor molecule.

Name: benzaldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: benzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O = benzoate + NAD(P)H + H+.

Name: phenanthrene-epoxide hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a phenanthrene dioxide + H2O = a dihydrodiolphenanthrene.

Name: phenanthrene-9,10-epoxide hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: phenanthrene-9,10-oxide + H2O = trans-9,10-dihydrodiolphenanthrene.

Name: deoxyhypusine monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: protein N6-(4-aminobutyl)-L-lysine + donor-H2 + O2 = protein N6-((R)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)-L-lysine + acceptor + H2O.

Name: deoxynucleoside kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 2'-deoxynucleoside = ADP + 2'-deoxynucleoside 5'-phosphate.

Name: ADP-sugar diphosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-sugar + H2O = AMP + sugar 1-phosphate.

Name: aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 4-aminobutanal + NAD+ + H2O = 4-aminobutanoate + NADH + 2 H+.

Name: D-ribulokinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-ribulose = ADP + D-ribulose 5-phosphate.

Name: protein-disulfide reductase (glutathione) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glutathione + protein-disulfide = oxidized glutathione + protein-dithiol.

Name: trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + NADP+ = trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + NADPH + H+.

Name: NADP phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + NADP+ = NAD+ + phosphate.

Name: nonribosomal peptide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The biosynthetic process in which peptide bond formation occurs in the absence of the translational machinery. Examples include the synthesis of antibiotic peptides, and glutathione.

Name: snRNA-activating protein complex.

Definition: A protein complex that recognizes the proximal sequence element of RNA polymerase II and III snRNA promoters.

Name: beta-1,4-mannosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a mannose residue to an oligosaccharide, forming a beta-(1->4) linkage.

Name: transmembrane receptor protein phosphatase activity.

Definition: Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: a phosphoprotein + H2O = a protein + phosphate.

Name: transmembrane receptor protein kinase activity.

Definition: Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP.

Name: carbohydrate kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a carbohydrate substrate molecule.

Name: amino acid kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to an amino acid substrate.

Name: carbohydrate phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: carbohydrate phosphate + H2O = carbohydrate + phosphate.

Name: nucleobase-containing compound kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP or GTP, to a nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide or polynucleotide substrate.

Name: nucleoside kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nucleoside = ADP + nucleoside monophosphate.

Name: kinase regulator activity.

Definition: Modulates the activity of a kinase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.

Name: phosphatase regulator activity.

Definition: Binds to and modulates the activity of a phosphatase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the removal of a phosphate group from a substrate molecule.

Name: kinase activator activity.

Definition: Binds to and increases the activity of a kinase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.

Name: kinase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a kinase.

Name: phosphatase activator activity.

Definition: Binds to and increases the activity of a phosphatase.

Name: phosphatase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a phosphatase.

Name: deacetylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of an acetyl group or groups from a substrate molecule.

Name: intermediate filament binding.

Definition: Binding to an intermediate filament, a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of higher eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space.

Name: regulation of lipid metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.

Name: regulation of fatty acid metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids.

Name: regulation of steroid metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.

Name: regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process.

Definition: Any cellular process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.

Name: regulation of phosphate metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.

Name: cytokine-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a cytokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: regulation of metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.

Name: transmission of nerve impulse.

Definition: The neurological system process in which a signal is transmitted through the nervous system by a combination of action potential propagation and synaptic transmission.

Name: neuronal action potential.

Definition: An action potential that occurs in a neuron.

Name: regulation of vasoconstriction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels.

Name: sensory perception of pain.

Definition: The series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Pain is medically defined as the physical sensation of discomfort or distress caused by injury or illness, so can hence be described as a harmful stimulus which signals current (or impending) tissue damage. Pain may come from extremes of temperature, mechanical damage, electricity or from noxious chemical substances. This is a neurological process.

Name: cyclohydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a cyclic amidine, a compound of the form R-C(=NH)-NH2, in a reaction that involves the opening of a ring.

Name: deaminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of an amino group from a substrate, producing a substituted or nonsubstituted ammonia (NH3/NH2R).

Name: citrulline biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of citrulline, N5-carbamoyl-L-ornithine, an alpha amino acid not found in proteins.

Name: lactate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactate, the anion of lactic acid.

Name: carnitine metabolic process, CoA-linked.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving carnitine, where metabolism is linked to CoA.

Name: N-acetylneuraminate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of N-acetylneuraminate, the anion of 5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-3-ulosonic acid.

Name: glycine biosynthetic process, by transamination of glyoxylate.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine by the transamination of glyoxylate.

Name: UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.

Name: D-ribose catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-ribose (ribo-pentose).

Name: inositol catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.

Name: hexose metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.

Name: hexose biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.

Name: hexose catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.

Name: pentose metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pentose, any monosaccharide with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.

Name: pentose biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pentose, any monosaccharide with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.

Name: pentose catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pentose, any monosaccharide with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.

Name: phenol-containing compound catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.

Name: cysteine biosynthetic process via cystathionine.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, via the intermediate cystathionine.

Name: cysteine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.

Name: transsulfuration.

Definition: The interconversion of homocysteine and cysteine via cystathionine. In contrast with enteric bacteria and mammals, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two transsulfuration pathways employing two separate sets of enzymes.

Name: dolichol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving dolichols, any 2,3-dihydropolyprenol derived from four or more linked isoprene units.

Name: nicotinamide nucleotide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide nucleotides, any nucleotide that contains combined nicotinamide.

Name: pyridine nucleotide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyridine nucleotide, a nucleotide characterized by a pyridine derivative as a nitrogen base.

Name: pyridine nucleotide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyridine nucleotide, a nucleotide characterized by a pyridine derivative as a nitrogen base.

Name: pyridine nucleotide catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyridine nucleotide, a nucleotide characterized by a pyridine derivative as a nitrogen base.

Name: fatty acid elongation, saturated fatty acid.

Definition: Elongation of a saturated fatty acid chain.

Name: fatty acid elongation, unsaturated fatty acid.

Definition: Elongation of a fatty acid chain into which one or more C-C double bonds have been introduced.

Name: arachidonic acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving arachidonic acid, a straight chain fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms and four double bonds per molecule. Arachidonic acid is the all-Z-(5,8,11,14)-isomer.

Name: leukotriene biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid.

Name: cyclooxygenase pathway.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways by which prostaglandins are formed from arachidonic acid, and in which prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (cyclooxygenase) catalyzes the committed step in the conversion of arachidonic acid to the prostaglandin-endoperoxides PGG2 and PGH2.

Name: lipoxygenase pathway.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways by which an unsaturated fatty acid (such as arachidonic acid or linolenic acid) is converted to other compounds, and in which the first step is hydroperoxide formation catalyzed by lipoxygenase.

Name: epoxygenase P450 pathway.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways by which arachidonic acid is converted to other compounds including epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids.

Name: galactolipid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactolipids, any glycolipid containing one of more residues of galactose and/or N-acetylgalactosamine.

Name: galactolipid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactolipids, any glycolipid containing one of more residues of galactose and/or N-acetylgalactosamine.

Name: galactolipid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactolipids, any glycolipid containing one of more residues of galactose and/or N-acetylgalactosamine.

Name: glycolipid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycolipid, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide).

Name: galactose catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose.

Name: glucuronoside metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucuronosides, any compound formed by combination in glycosidic linkage of a hydroxy compound with the anomeric carbon atom of a glucuronate.

Name: glucuronoside catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucuronosides, compound composed of a hydroxy compound linked to a glucuronate residue.

Name: fatty acid oxidation.

Definition: The removal of one or more electrons from a fatty acid, with or without the concomitant removal of a proton or protons, by reaction with an electron-accepting substance, by addition of oxygen or by removal of hydrogen.

Name: alditol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving alditols, any polyhydric alcohol derived from the acyclic form of a monosaccharide by reduction of its aldehyde or keto group to an alcoholic group.

Name: alditol biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alditols, any polyhydric alcohol derived from the acyclic form of a monosaccharide by reduction of its aldehyde or keto group to an alcoholic group.

Name: alditol catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alditols, any polyhydric alcohol derived from the acyclic form of a monosaccharide by reduction of its aldehyde or keto group to an alcoholic group.

Name: hexitol catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hexitols, any alditol with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.

Name: dolichol biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichols, any 2,3-dihydropolyprenol derived from four or more linked isoprene units.

Name: sulfide oxidation.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the conversion of sulfide to elemental sulfur in a higher oxidation state, or to sulfite or sulfate.

Name: removal of superoxide radicals.

Definition: Any process, acting at the cellular level, involved in removing superoxide radicals (O2-) from a cell or organism, e.g. by conversion to dioxygen (O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).

Name: triglyceride biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.

Name: triglyceride catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.

Name: aromatic compound biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring.

Name: aromatic compound catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring.

Name: tryptophan catabolic process to indole-3-acetate.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan into other compounds, including indole-3-acetate.

Name: tryptophan catabolic process to kynurenine.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan into other compounds, including kynurenine.

Name: L-cysteine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-cysteine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid, i.e. (2R)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.

Name: glycine decarboxylation via glycine cleavage system.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine by oxidative cleavage to carbon dioxide, ammonia, and a methylene group, mediated by enzymes of the glycine cleavage complex.

Name: 4-hydroxyproline catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 4-hydroxyproline, C5H9NO3, a derivative of the amino acid proline.

Name: 4-hydroxyproline metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving 4-hydroxyproline, C5H9NO3, a derivative of the amino acid proline. The presence of hydroxyproline is essential to produce stable triple helical tropocollagen, hence the problems caused by ascorbate deficiency in scurvy. This unusual amino acid is also present in considerable amounts in the major glycoprotein of primary plant cell walls.

Name: L-lysine catabolic process to acetyl-CoA.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-lysine into other compounds, including acetyl-CoA.

Name: L-lysine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-lysine, the L-enantiomer of (S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.

Name: D-amino acid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-amino acids, the D-enantiomers of amino acids.

Name: L-alanine catabolic process, by transamination.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-alanine by transamination.

Name: beta-alanine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving beta-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid), an achiral amino acid and an isomer of alanine. It occurs free (e.g. in brain) and in combination (e.g. in pantothenate) but it is not a constituent of proteins.

Name: beta-alanine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid), an achiral amino acid and an isomer of alanine. It occurs free (e.g. in brain) and in combination (e.g. in pantothenate) but it is not a constituent of proteins.

Name: L-methionine salvage from methylthioadenosine.

Definition: The generation of L-methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid) from methylthioadenosine.

Name: peptidyl-proline hydroxylation.

Definition: The hydroxylation of peptidyl-proline to form peptidyl-hydroxyproline.

Name: lactate oxidation.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the conversion of lactate to other compounds, such as pyruvate, with concomitant loss of electrons.

Name: pentitol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pentitols, any alditol with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.

Name: pentitol catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pentitols, any alditol with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.

Name: taurine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), a sulphur-containing amino acid derivative important in the metabolism of fats.

Name: oxalate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of oxalate from one side of a membrane to the other. Oxalate, or ethanedioic acid, occurs in many plants and is highly toxic to animals.

Name: oxalate transport.

Definition: The directed movement of oxalate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oxalate, or ethanedioic acid, occurs in many plants and is highly toxic to animals.

Name: toxin transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a toxin from one side of a membrane to the other. A toxin is a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.

Name: protein metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. Includes protein modification.

Name: glucuronate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucuronate, any salt or ester of glucuronic acid, the uronic acid formally derived from glucose by oxidation of the hydroxymethylene group at C-6 to a carboxyl group.

Name: catechol-containing compound catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent.

Name: urea metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving urea, the water soluble compound O=C-(NH2)2.

Name: organophosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving organophosphates, any phosphate-containing organic compound.

Name: aerobic electron transport chain.

Definition: A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to oxygen to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.

Name: GDP-mannose metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving GDP-mannose, a substance composed of mannose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.

Name: NAD metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid.

Name: NAD catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; catabolism may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.

Name: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, an important intermediate in glycolysis.

Name: deoxyribose phosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving deoxyribose phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 2-deoxy-erythro-pentose.

Name: ribose phosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving ribose phosphate, any phosphorylated ribose sugar.

Name: alkanesulfonate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving alkanesulfonates, the anion of alkanesulfonic acids, sulfonic acid derivatives containing an aliphatic hydrocarbon group.

Name: choline metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium), an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Name: protein-cysteine S-palmitoyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl (systematic name, hexadecanoyl) group to a sulfur atom on the cysteine of a protein molecule, in the reaction hexadecanoyl-CoA + L-cysteinyl-[protein] = CoA + S-hexadecanoyl-L-cysteinyl-[protein].

Name: protein-cysteine S-acyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to a sulfur atom on the cysteine of a protein molecule.

Name: Mo-molybdopterin cofactor metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving the Mo-molybdopterin cofactor, essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo) ion coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.

Name: calcium-mediated signaling.

Definition: Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via calcium ions.

Name: B cell mediated immunity.

Definition: Any process involved with the carrying out of an immune response by a B cell, through, for instance, the production of antibodies or cytokines, or antigen presentation to T cells.

Name: cellular homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the cell.

Name: antimicrobial humoral response.

Definition: An immune response against microbes mediated through a body fluid. Examples of this process are seen in the antimicrobial humoral response of Drosophila melanogaster and Mus musculus.

Name: antibacterial humoral response.

Definition: An immune response against bacteria mediated through a body fluid. Examples of this process are the antibacterial humoral responses in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.

Name: antifungal humoral response.

Definition: An immune response against a fungus mediated through a body fluid. An example of this process is the antifungal humoral response in Drosophila melanogaster.

Name: regulation of isoprenoid metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoids.

Name: secondary metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in many of the chemical changes of compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon. In multicellular organisms secondary metabolism is generally carried out in specific cell types, and may be useful for the organism as a whole. In unicellular organisms, secondary metabolism is often used for the production of antibiotics or for the utilization and acquisition of unusual nutrients.

Name: polyol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polyol, any alcohol containing three or more hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms.

Name: carboxylic acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).

Name: one-carbon compound transport.

Definition: The directed movement of one-carbon compounds into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: immunoglobulin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with the Fc region of an immunoglobulin protein and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: IgG receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with an immunoglobulin of an IgG isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: high-affinity IgG receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with high affinity with an immunoglobulin of an IgG isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: low-affinity IgG receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with low affinity with an immunoglobulin of an IgG isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: proteasome core complex, alpha-subunit complex.

Definition: The proteasome core subcomplex that constitutes the two outer rings of the proteasome core complex. An example of this component is found in Mus musculus.

Name: FAT10 activating enzyme activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier FAT10, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.

Name: NEDD8 activating enzyme activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the initiation of the NEDD8 (RUB1) conjugation cascade.

Name: ISG15 activating enzyme activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier ISG15, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.

Name: ubiquitin-like protein peptidase activity.

Definition: An isopeptidase activity that cleaves ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins (ULP; e.g. ATG8, ISG15, NEDD8, SUMO) from target proteins.

Name: deNEDDylase activity.

Definition: An isopeptidase activity that cleaves NEDD8 from a target protein to which it is conjugated.

Name: ISG15-specific peptidase activity.

Definition: A thiol-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves ISG15 from a target protein to which it is conjugated.

Name: Atg8-specific peptidase activity.

Definition: A thiol-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves APG8 from a target protein to which it is conjugated.

Name: ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin-like from one protein to another via the reaction X-ULP + Y --> Y-ULP + X, where both X-ULP and Y-ULP are covalent linkages. ULP represents a ubiquitin-like protein.

Name: NEDD8 transferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of NEDD8 from one protein to another via the reaction X-NEDD8 + Y --> Y-NEDD8 + X, where both X-NEDD8 and Y-NEDD8 are covalent linkages.

Name: SUMO transferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of SUMO from one protein to another via the reaction X-SUMO + Y --> Y-SUMO + X, where both X-SUMO and Y-SUMO are covalent linkages.

Name: procollagen-proline 3-dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: procollagen L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = procollagen trans-3-hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2.

Name: procollagen-proline dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: procollagen L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = procollagen trans-hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2.

Name: tubulin N-acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + (alpha-tubulin) L-lysine = CoA + (alpha-tubulin) N6-acetyl-L-lysine.

Name: quinolinate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of quinolinate, the anion of quinolinic acid, also known as 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid.

Name: immunoglobulin complex.

Definition: A protein complex that in its canonical form is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds and sometimes complexed with additional proteins. An immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.

Name: oxygen binding.

Definition: Binding to oxygen (O2).

Name: oxygen sensor activity.

Definition: Binding to and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of oxygen (O2).

Name: stem cell population maintenance.

Definition: The process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of stem cells of a single type. This can be achieved by a number of mechanisms: stem cell asymmetric division maintains stem cell numbers; stem cell symmetric division increases them; maintenance of a stem cell niche maintains the conditions for commitment to the stem cell fate for some types of stem cell; stem cells may arise de novo from other cell types.

Name: aspartic-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of aspartic-type endopeptidases.

Name: ATPase-coupled monoatomic cation transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + cation(out) = ADP + phosphate + cation(in).

Name: phospholipase A2 inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of phospholipase A2.

Name: cytolysis.

Definition: The rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm.

Name: growth factor binding.

Definition: Binding to a growth factor, proteins or polypeptides that stimulate a cell or organism to grow or proliferate.

Name: isoprenoid binding.

Definition: Binding to an isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.

Name: retinol binding.

Definition: Binding to retinol, vitamin A1, 2,6,6-trimethyl-1-(9'-hydroxy-3',7'-dimethylnona-1',3',5',7'-tetraenyl)cyclohex-1-ene, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A. Retinol is an intermediate in the vision cycle and it also plays a role in growth and differentiation.

Name: vitamin binding.

Definition: Binding to a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.

Name: rRNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a ribosomal RNA.

Name: L-ascorbic acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-ascorbic acid, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate; L-ascorbic acid is vitamin C and has co-factor and anti-oxidant activities in many species.

Name: calcium channel inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a calcium channel.

Name: pyrimidine nucleobase biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases.

Name: 5-methylcytosine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving 5-methylcytosine, a methylated base of DNA.

Name: thymine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base.

Name: uracil metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, one of the pyrimidine bases occurring in RNA, but not in DNA.

Name: IgA binding.

Definition: Binding to an immunoglobulin of an IgA isotype.

Name: IgE binding.

Definition: Binding to an immunoglobulin of the IgE isotype.

Name: IgG binding.

Definition: Binding to an immunoglobulin of an IgG isotype.

Name: immunoglobulin binding.

Definition: Binding to an immunoglobulin.

Name: organelle inner membrane.

Definition: The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of an organelle envelope; usually highly selective to most ions and metabolites.

Name: outer membrane.

Definition: The external membrane of Gram-negative bacteria or certain organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts; freely permeable to most ions and metabolites.

Name: chloride channel inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a chloride channel.

Name: potassium channel inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a potassium channel.

Name: sodium channel inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a sodium channel.

Name: antigen processing and presentation.

Definition: The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.

Name: antigen processing and presentation of endogenous antigen.

Definition: The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.

Name: antigen processing and presentation of exogenous antigen.

Definition: The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.

Name: antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I.

Definition: The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.

Name: antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class II.

Definition: The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein.

Name: protein kinase regulator activity.

Definition: Modulates the activity of a protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein.

Name: protein phosphatase regulator activity.

Definition: Binds to and modulates the activity of a protein phosphatase.

Name: kinesin binding.

Definition: Interacting selectively and non-covalently and stoichiometrically with kinesin, a member of a superfamily of microtubule-based motor proteins that perform force-generating tasks such as organelle transport and chromosome segregation.

Name: axonal transport of mitochondrion.

Definition: The directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in nerve cell axons.

Name: extrinsic component of plasma membrane.

Definition: The component of a plasma membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

Name: extrinsic component of membrane.

Definition: The component of a membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

Name: enzyme binding.

Definition: Binding to an enzyme, a protein with catalytic activity.

Name: kinase binding.

Definition: Binding to a kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group.

Name: protein kinase binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate.

Name: phosphatase binding.

Definition: Binding to a phosphatase.

Name: protein phosphatase binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein phosphatase.

Name: protein domain specific binding.

Definition: Binding to a specific domain of a protein.

Name: syntaxin binding.

Definition: Binding to a syntaxin, a SNAP receptor involved in the docking of synaptic vesicles at the presynaptic zone of a synapse.

Name: cyclin-dependent protein kinase activating kinase holoenzyme complex.

Definition: A cyclin-dependent kinase activating kinase complex capable of activating cyclin-dependent kinases by threonine phosphorylation, thus regulating cell cycle progression. consists of a kinase, cyclin and optional assembly factors, in human CDK7, CCNH and MNAT1. CAK activity is itself regulated throughout the cell cycle by T-loop phosphorylation of its kinase component (CDK7 in human). Phosphorylation of serine residues during mitosis inactivates the enzyme. Also capable of CAK phosphorylating the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II and other transcription activating proteins, as part of the general transcription factor TFIIH.

Name: nuclear cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex.

Definition: Cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) complex found in the nucleus.

Name: structural constituent of myelin sheath.

Definition: The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the myelin sheath of a nerve.

Name: cyclin-dependent protein kinase activating kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein; increases the activity of a cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK).

Name: lipid storage.

Definition: The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.

Name: peptidyl-arginine methylation, to symmetrical-dimethyl arginine.

Definition: The process of methylation of peptidyl-arginine to form peptidyl-N(omega),N'(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine.

Name: peptidyl-arginine methylation, to asymmetrical-dimethyl arginine.

Definition: The process of methylation of peptidyl-arginine to form peptidyl-N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine.

Name: second-messenger-mediated signaling.

Definition: Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via a second messenger; a small molecule or ion that can be quickly generated or released from intracellular stores, and can diffuse within the cell. Second-messenger signaling includes production or release of the second messenger, and effectors downstream of the second messenger that further transmit the signal within the cell.

Name: cAMP-mediated signaling.

Definition: Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via cyclic AMP (cAMP). Includes production of cAMP, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell.

Name: cGMP-mediated signaling.

Definition: Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via cyclic GMP (cGMP). Includes production of cGMP, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell.

Name: cyclic-nucleotide-mediated signaling.

Definition: Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via a cyclic nucleotide. Includes production or release of the cyclic nucleotide, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell.

Name: modification-dependent protein catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent modification of the target protein.

Name: SUMO activating enzyme activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the activation of the proteolytically processed small ubiquitin-related modifier SUMO, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.

Name: sexual reproduction.

Definition: A type of reproduction that combines the genetic material of two gametes (such as a sperm or egg cell or fungal spores). The gametes have an haploid genome (with a single set of chromosomes, the product of a meiotic division) and combines with one another to produce a zygote (diploid).

Name: cytokine binding.

Definition: Binding to a cytokine, any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity.

Name: chemokine binding.

Definition: Binding to a chemokine. Chemokines are a family of small chemotactic cytokines; their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria.

Name: C-C chemokine binding.

Definition: Binding to a C-C chemokine; C-C chemokines do not have an amino acid between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four-cysteine motif.

Name: C-X-C chemokine binding.

Definition: Binding to a C-X-C chemokine; C-X-C chemokines have a single amino acid between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four cysteine motif.

Name: interleukin-8 binding.

Definition: Binding to interleukin-8.

Name: C-X3-C chemokine binding.

Definition: Binding to a C-X3-C chemokine; C-X3-C chemokines have three amino acids between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four-cysteine motif.

Name: interferon binding.

Definition: Binding to an interferon, a protein produced by the immune systems of many animals in response to a challenge by a foreign agent.

Name: type II interferon binding.

Definition: Binding to type II interferon, also known as interferon-gamma.

Name: interleukin-1 binding.

Definition: Binding to interleukin-1.

Name: interleukin-12 binding.

Definition: Binding to interleukin-12.

Name: interleukin-17 binding.

Definition: Binding to a member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines.

Name: interleukin-2 binding.

Definition: Binding to interleukin-2.

Name: interleukin-6 binding.

Definition: Binding to interleukin-6.

Name: translesion synthesis.

Definition: The replication of damaged DNA by synthesis across a lesion in the template strand; a specialized DNA polymerase or replication complex inserts a defined nucleotide across from the lesion which allows DNA synthesis to continue beyond the lesion. This process can be mutagenic depending on the damaged nucleotide and the inserted nucleotide.

Name: charged-tRNA amino acid modification.

Definition: The covalent alteration of an amino acid charged on a tRNA before it is incorporated into a protein, as in N-formylmethionine, selenocysteine or pyrrolysine.

Name: diacylglycerol binding.

Definition: Binding to a diacylglycerol, a diester of glycerol and two fatty acids.

Name: ciliary pocket.

Definition: Invagination of the plasma membrane from which a cilium (also called flagellum) protrudes.

Name: ciliary pocket membrane.

Definition: That part of the plasma membrane found in the ciliary pocket (also called flagellar pocket).

Name: hemoglobin metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving hemoglobin, including its uptake and utilization.

Name: heme binding.

Definition: Binding to a heme, a compound composed of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring.

Name: spinal cord development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spinal cord primarily conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses between the brain and the peripheral nervous tissues.

Name: spinal cord patterning.

Definition: The regionalization process that regulates the coordinated growth and establishes the non-random spatial arrangement of the spinal cord.

Name: spinal cord dorsal/ventral patterning.

Definition: The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random dorsal-ventral spatial arrangement of the spinal cord.

Name: ventral spinal cord interneuron differentiation.

Definition: The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of ventral spinal cord interneurons. Ventral spinal cord interneurons are cells located in the ventral portion of the spinal cord that transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons and are required for reflexive responses. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.

Name: cell differentiation in spinal cord.

Definition: The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the spinal cord. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.

Name: ventral spinal cord development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral region of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neurons of the ventral region of the mature spinal cord participate in motor output.

Name: neural tube patterning.

Definition: The regionalization process that regulates the coordinated growth that establishes the non-random spatial arrangement of the neural tube.

Name: cell differentiation in hindbrain.

Definition: The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cells of the hindbrain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.

Name: diencephalon development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the diencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The diencephalon is the paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus are derived; these regions regulate autonomic, visceral and endocrine function, and process information directed to the cerebral cortex.

Name: telencephalon development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the telencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The telencephalon is the paired anteriolateral division of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis from which the olfactory lobes, cerebral cortex, and subcortical nuclei are derived.

Name: corpus callosum morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the corpus callosum are generated and organized. The corpus callosum is a thick bundle of nerve fibers comprising a commissural plate connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. It consists of contralateral axon projections that provides communications between the right and left cerebral hemispheres.

Name: pallium development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pallium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pallium is the roof region of the telencephalon.

Name: subpallium development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the subpallium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The subpallium is the base region of the telencephalon.

Name: cranial nerve development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cranial nerves over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.

Name: cerebellum development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. In mice, the cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.

Name: central nervous system morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structure of the central nervous system is generated and organized. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.

Name: optic nerve development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the optic nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain.

Name: central nervous system formation.

Definition: The process that gives rise to the central nervous system. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.

Name: oculomotor nerve development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the oculomotor nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This motor nerve innervates all extraocular muscles except the superior oblique and the lateral rectus muscles. The superior division supplies the levator palpebrae superioris and superior rectus muscles. The inferior division supplies the medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles. This nerve also innervates the striated muscles of the eyelid. Pupillary constriction and lens movement are mediated by this nerve for near vision. In the orbit the inferior division sends branches that enter the ciliary ganglion where they form functional contacts (synapses) with the ganglion cells. The ganglion cells send nerve fibers into the back of the eye where they travel to ultimately innervate the ciliary muscle and the constrictor pupillae muscle.

Name: trigeminal nerve development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the trigeminal nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.

Name: abducens nerve development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the abducens nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The motor function of the abducens nerve is to contract the lateral rectus which results in abduction of the eye.

Name: vestibulocochlear nerve development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vestibulocochlear nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This sensory nerve innervates the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The vestibular branch innervates the vestibular apparatus that senses head position changes relative to gravity. The auditory branch innervates the cochlear duct, which is connected to the three bony ossicles which transduce sound waves into fluid movement in the cochlea.

Name: hindbrain morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structure of the hindbrain is generated and organized. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions.

Name: cerebellum morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structure of the cerebellum is generated and organized. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.

Name: ventricular system development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain ventricular system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain ventricular system consists of four communicating cavities within the brain that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord. These cavities include two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle. Cerebrospinal fluid fills the ventricles and is produced by the choroid plexus.

Name: abducens nerve morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structure of the abducens nerve is generated and organized. The motor function of the abducens nerve is to contract the lateral rectus which results in abduction of the eye.

Name: abducens nerve formation.

Definition: The process that gives rise to the abducens nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The motor function of the abducens nerve is to contract the lateral rectus which results in abduction of the eye.

Name: cranial nerve morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structure of the cranial nerves are generated and organized. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.

Name: cranial nerve formation.

Definition: The process that gives rise to the cranial nerves. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.

Name: central nervous system maturation.

Definition: A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the central nervous system to attain its fully functional state. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.

Name: vestibulocochlear nerve morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structure of the vestibulocochlear nerve is generated and organized. This sensory nerve innervates the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The vestibular branch innervates the vestibular apparatus that senses head position changes relative to gravity. The auditory branch innervates the cochlear duct, which is connected to the three bony ossicles which transduce sound waves into fluid movement in the cochlea.

Name: vestibulocochlear nerve formation.

Definition: The process that gives rise to the vestibulocochlear nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. This sensory nerve innervates the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The vestibular branch innervates the vestibular apparatus that senses head position changes relative to gravity. The auditory branch innervates the cochlear duct, which is connected to the three bony ossicles which transduce sound waves into fluid movement in the cochlea.

Name: lateral ventricle development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral ventricles over time, from the formation to the mature structure. The two lateral ventricles are a cavity in each of the cerebral hemispheres derived from the cavity of the embryonic neural tube. They are separated from each other by the septum pellucidum, and each communicates with the third ventricle by the foramen of Monro, through which also the choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third ventricle.

Name: nerve development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: third ventricle development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the third ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The third ventricle is the narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma, and it communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina.

Name: cerebellar Purkinje cell layer development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.

Name: cerebellar granular layer development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar granule layer over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.

Name: cerebellar granular layer morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structure of the cerebellar granular layer is generated and organized. The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.

Name: cerebellar granular layer formation.

Definition: The process that gives rise to the cerebellar granule layer. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.

Name: cerebellar Purkinje cell layer morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structure of the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer is generated and organized. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.

Name: cerebellar cortex development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function.

Name: cerebellar cortex morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structure of the cranial nerves are generated and organized. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function.

Name: cerebellar cortex formation.

Definition: The process that gives rise to the cerebellar cortex. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function.

Name: developmental maturation.

Definition: A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure, cell or cellular component to attain its fully functional state.

Name: cerebellar granule cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar granule cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a granule cell fate. A granule cell is a glutamatergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.

Name: striatum development.

Definition: The progression of the striatum over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The striatum is a region of the forebrain consisting of the caudate nucleus, putamen and fundus striati.

Name: caudate nucleus development.

Definition: The progression of the caudate nucleus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The caudate nucleus is the C-shaped structures of the striatum containing input neurons involved with control of voluntary movement in the brain.

Name: putamen development.

Definition: The progression of the putamen over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The putamen is the lens-shaped basal ganglion involved with control of voluntary movement in the brain.

Name: globus pallidus development.

Definition: The progression of the globus pallidus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The globus pallidus is one of the basal ganglia involved with control of voluntary movement in the brain.

Name: limbic system development.

Definition: The progression of the limbic system over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The limbic system is a collection of structures in the brain involved in emotion, motivation and emotional aspects of memory.

Name: hippocampus development.

Definition: The progression of the hippocampus over time from its initial formation until its mature state.

Name: olfactory bulb development.

Definition: The progression of the olfactory bulb over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory bulb coordinates neuronal signaling involved in the perception of smell. It receives input from the sensory neurons and outputs to the olfactory cortex.

Name: striatal medium spiny neuron differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a medium spiny neuron residing in the striatum.

Name: glial cell development.

Definition: The process aimed at the progression of a glial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.

Name: preganglionic parasympathetic fiber development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a preganglionic parasympathetic fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A preganglionic parasympathetic fiber is a cholinergic axonal fiber projecting from the CNS to a parasympathetic ganglion.

Name: thalamus development.

Definition: The process in which the thalamus changes over time, from its initial formation to its mature state.

Name: cerebral cortex cell migration.

Definition: The orderly movement of cells from one site to another in the cerebral cortex.

Name: forebrain dorsal/ventral pattern formation.

Definition: The formation of specific regional progenitor domains along the dorsal-ventral axis in the developing forebrain.

Name: cerebral cortex radially oriented cell migration.

Definition: The migration of cells in the developing cerebral cortex in which cells move from the ventricular and/or subventricular zone toward the surface of the brain.

Name: cerebral cortex tangential migration.

Definition: The migration of cells in the cerebral cortex in which cells move orthogonally to the direction of radial migration and do not use radial glial cell processes as substrates for migration.

Name: cerebral cortex radial glia-guided migration.

Definition: The radial migration of neuronal or glial precursor cells along radial glial cells during the development of the cerebral cortex.

Name: neuronal-glial interaction involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration.

Definition: The changes in adhesion between neuronal cells and glial cells as a component of the process of cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial cell migration.

Name: cell motility involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration.

Definition: The movement of a cell along the process of a radial glial cell involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration.

Name: modulation of microtubule cytoskeleton involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration.

Definition: Rearrangements of the microtubule cytoskeleton that contribute to the movement of cells along radial glial cells as a component of the process of cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration.

Name: extension of a leading process involved in cell motility in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration.

Definition: The rearrangements of the microtubule cytoskeleton that result in the extension of a leading process, where this process is involved in the movement of cells along radial glial cells.

Name: cerebral cortex tangential migration using cell-cell interactions.

Definition: The process in which neurons interact with each other to promote migration along a tangential plane.

Name: substrate-dependent cerebral cortex tangential migration.

Definition: The process where neuronal precursors migrate tangentially in the cerebral cortex, primarily guided through physical cell-cell interactions.

Name: postnatal olfactory bulb interneuron migration.

Definition: The migration of olfactory bulb interneuron precursors in the cerebral cortex that occurs after birth.

Name: gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neuronal migration to the hypothalamus.

Definition: The directional movement of a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone producing neuron from the nasal placode to the hypothalamus.

Name: chemorepulsion involved in postnatal olfactory bulb interneuron migration.

Definition: The creation and reception of signals that repel olfactory bulb interneurons from the subventricular zone as a component process in tangential migration.

Name: cell proliferation in forebrain.

Definition: The creation of greater cell numbers in the forebrain due to cell division of progenitor cells.

Name: pyramidal neuron migration to cerebral cortex.

Definition: The migration of a pyramidal neuron precursor from the ventricular zone to the correct layer of the cerebral cortex.

Name: hypothalamus development.

Definition: The progression of the hypothalamus region of the forebrain, from its initial formation to its mature state.

Name: hypothalamus cell migration.

Definition: The directed movement of a cell into the hypothalamus region of the forebrain.

Name: hypothalamic tangential migration using cell-axon interactions.

Definition: The movement of a hypothalamic neuronal precursor tangentially through the forebrain using an interaction of the migrating cells with axons of other neurons.

Name: pyramidal neuron differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a neuroblast or one of its progeny commits to a pyramidal neuron fate, migrates from the ventricular zone to the appropriate layer in the cortex and develops into a mature neuron.

Name: pyramidal neuron development.

Definition: The progression of a pyramidal neuron from its initial formation to its mature state.

Name: forebrain regionalization.

Definition: The regionalization process resulting in the creation of areas within the forebrain that will direct the behavior of cell migration in differentiation as the forebrain develops.

Name: forebrain generation of neurons.

Definition: The process in which nerve cells are generated in the forebrain. This includes the production of neuroblasts from and their differentiation into neurons.

Name: forebrain neuron differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron that will reside in the forebrain.

Name: forebrain neuron development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron that resides in the forebrain, from its initial commitment to its fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.

Name: forebrain cell migration.

Definition: The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another at least one of which is located in the forebrain.

Name: hypothalamus gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neuron differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron located in the hypothalamus. These neurons release gonadotrophin-releasing hormone as a neural transmitter.

Name: hypothalamus gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neuron development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a hypothalamus gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neuron over time, from initial commitment of its fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.

Name: olfactory bulb interneuron differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a neuroblast acquires specialized features of an interneuron residing in the olfactory bulb.

Name: olfactory bulb interneuron development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an interneuron residing in the olfactory bulb, from its initial commitment, to the fully functional differentiated cell.

Name: cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a GABAergic interneuron residing in the cerebral cortex.

Name: cerebral cortex neuron differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron residing in the cerebral cortex.

Name: rostrocaudal neural tube patterning.

Definition: The process in which the neural tube is divided into specific regions along the rostrocaudal axis.

Name: neural tube development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium.

Name: BMP signaling pathway involved in spinal cord dorsal/ventral patterning.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to the spatial identity of regions along the dorsal-ventral axis of the spinal cord.

Name: central nervous system projection neuron axonogenesis.

Definition: Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells in a different central nervous system region.

Name: central nervous system neuron differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system.

Name: central nervous system neuron development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the central nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron.

Name: central nervous system neuron axonogenesis.

Definition: Generation of a long process from a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system. The process carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.

Name: corticospinal tract morphogenesis.

Definition: Generation of a long process of a pyramidal cell, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in cerebral cortex layer V towards target cells in the gray matter of the spinal cord. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the corticospinal tract.

Name: corticospinal neuron axon guidance.

Definition: The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a neuron that is part of the corticospinal tract is directed from the cerebral cortex layer V to the spinal cord dorsal funiculus in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

Name: corticospinal neuron axon guidance through spinal cord.

Definition: The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a pyramidal cell that is part of the corticospinal tract is directed after decussation through the spinal cord in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

Name: hypothalamus cell differentiation.

Definition: The differentiation of cells that will contribute to the structure and function of the hypothalamus.

Name: pituitary gland development.

Definition: The progression of the pituitary gland over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands.

Name: cerebral cortex development.

Definition: The progression of the cerebral cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The cerebral cortex is the outer layered region of the telencephalon.

Name: olfactory lobe development.

Definition: The progression of the olfactory lobe over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory lobe is the area of the brain that process the neural inputs for the sense of smell.

Name: neural plate anterior/posterior regionalization.

Definition: The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random anterior-posterior spatial arrangement of the neural plate.

Name: neurogenesis.

Definition: Generation of cells within the nervous system.

Name: central nervous system vasculogenesis.

Definition: The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes in the central nervous system. The capillary endothelial cells in the brain are specialized to form the blood-brain barrier.

Name: central nervous system myelination.

Definition: The process in which neuronal axons and dendrites become coated with a segmented lipid-rich sheath (myelin) to enable faster and more energetically efficient conduction of electrical impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.

Name: myelination in peripheral nervous system.

Definition: The process in which neuronal axons and dendrites become coated with a segmented lipid-rich sheath (myelin) to enable faster and more energetically efficient conduction of electrical impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.

Name: tangential migration from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb.

Definition: The migration of cells in the telencephalon from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb in which cells move orthogonally to the direction of radial migration and do not use radial glial cell processes as substrates for migration.

Name: telencephalon cell migration.

Definition: The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another at least one of which is located in the telencephalon.

Name: telencephalon glial cell migration.

Definition: The orderly movement of glial cells through the telencephalon.

Name: metencephalon development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: corpus callosum development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the corpus callosum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The corpus callosum is a thick bundle of nerve fibers comprising a commissural plate connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. It consists of contralateral axon projections that provide communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres.

Name: regulation of rhodopsin mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rhodopsin-mediated signaling.

Name: negative adaptation of signaling pathway.

Definition: The negative regulation of a signal transduction pathway in response to a stimulus upon prolonged exposure to that stimulus.

Name: cell cycle process.

Definition: The cellular process that ensures successive accurate and complete genome replication and chromosome segregation.

Name: molting cycle process.

Definition: A multicellular organismal process involved in the periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin.

Name: hair cycle process.

Definition: A multicellular organismal process involved in the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body.

Name: membrane docking.

Definition: The initial attachment of a membrane or protein to a target membrane. Docking requires only that the proteins come close enough to interact and adhere.

Name: regulation of cell-cell adhesion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell.

Name: negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.

Name: positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.

Name: cellular component disassembly.

Definition: A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cellular component.

Name: cellular process involved in reproduction in multicellular organism.

Definition: A process, occurring at the cellular level, that is involved in the reproductive function of a multicellular organism.

Name: reproductive process.

Definition: A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals by one or two organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents.

Name: protein maturation by protein folding.

Definition: The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure that results in the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.

Name: digestive system process.

Definition: A physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.

Name: ovulation cycle process.

Definition: A process involved in the sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years.

Name: regulation of anatomical structure morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anatomical structure morphogenesis.

Name: regulation of cell morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis. Cell morphogenesis is the developmental process in which the shape of a cell is generated and organized.

Name: cellular component assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cellular component.

Name: gland morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of a gland are generated and organized.

Name: ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis.

Definition: A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a complex containing RNA and proteins. Includes the biosynthesis of the constituent RNA and protein molecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the ribonucleoprotein complex.

Name: membrane to membrane docking.

Definition: The initial attachment of a membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the two membranes. Docking requires only that the membranes come close enough for the proteins to interact and adhere.

Name: protein to membrane docking.

Definition: The initial attachment of a protein to a target membrane, mediated by a proteins protruding from the target membrane. Docking requires only that the proteins come close enough to interact and adhere.

Name: DNA strand elongation.

Definition: The DNA metabolic process in which an existing DNA strand is extended by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand.

Name: extracellular matrix disassembly.

Definition: A process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.

Name: ribonucleoprotein complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a ribonucleoprotein complex.

Name: proteasome accessory complex.

Definition: A protein complex, that caps one or both ends of the proteasome core complex and regulates entry into, or exit from, the proteasome core complex.

Name: cytosolic large ribosomal subunit.

Definition: The large subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol.

Name: cytosolic ribosome.

Definition: A ribosome located in the cytosol.

Name: cytosolic small ribosomal subunit.

Definition: The small subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol.

Name: passive transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a single solute from one side of a membrane to the other by a mechanism involving conformational change, either by facilitated diffusion or in a membrane potential dependent process if the solute is charged.

Name: active transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a specific substance or related group of substances from one side of a membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction.

Name: membrane potential driven uniporter activity.

Definition: Enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism involving conformational change, where energy for active transport is derived from membrane potential if the solute is charged.

Name: solute:potassium antiporter activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the active transport of a potassium ion across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported in opposite directions in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy.

Name: transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific neurotransmitter has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Name: wide pore channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transport of a solute across a membrane via a large pore, un-gated channel. Examples include gap junctions, which transport substances from one cell to another; and porins which transport substances in and out of bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Name: voltage-gated channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Name: ligand-gated channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Name: transmitter-gated channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens when a specific neurotransmitter has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Name: gated channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens in response to a specific stimulus.

Name: monoatomic ion gated channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens in response to a specific ion stimulus.

Name: leak channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transport of a solute across a membrane via a narrow pore channel that is open even in an unstimulated or 'resting' state.

Name: potassium ion leak channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transport of a potassium ion across a membrane via a narrow pore channel that is open even in an unstimulated or 'resting' state.

Name: narrow pore channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transport of a solute across a membrane via a narrow pore channel that may be gated or ungated.

Name: voltage-gated monoatomic cation channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a voltage-gated channel. A cation is a positively charged ion. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Name: acetylcholine-gated monoatomic cation-selective channel activity.

Definition: Selectively enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens upon binding acetylcholine.

Name: glutamate-gated calcium ion channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when glutamate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Name: serotonin-gated monoatomic cation-selective channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when serotonin has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Name: GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens when GABA has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Name: glycine-gated chloride ion channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens when glycine has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Name: active monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other up the solute's concentration gradient. This is carried out by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction.

Name: transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a substance, usually a specific substance or a group of related substances, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: alanine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of alanine from one side of a membrane to the other. Alanine is 2-aminopropanoic acid.

Name: zinc efflux transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a zinc ion or zinc ions from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane.

Name: macromolecule transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a macromolecule from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: serine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of serine from one side of a membrane to the other. Serine is 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.

Name: inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of inorganic cations from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge that do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.

Name: regulation of transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane transporter activity.

Name: electron transport chain.

Definition: A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors.

Name: respiratory electron transport chain.

Definition: A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.

Name: signal transduction involved in regulation of gene expression.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression as a consequence of a process in which a signal is released and/or conveyed from one location to another.

Name: termination of signal transduction.

Definition: The signaling process in which signal transduction is brought to an end rather than being reversibly modulated.

Name: MHC protein complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a major histocompatibility complex.

Name: MHC class I protein complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a class I major histocompatibility complex.

Name: MHC class Ib protein complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a class Ib major histocompatibility complex.

Name: MHC class II protein complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a class II major histocompatibility complex.

Name: MHC class Ib protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a major histocompatibility complex class Ib molecules.

Name: MHC class Ib protein binding, via antigen binding groove.

Definition: Binding to a major histocompatibility complex class Ib molecules via the antigen binding groove.

Name: CD40 signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the cell surface receptor CD40 to one of its physiological ligands, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: neuronal signal transduction.

Definition: The process in which an activated neuronal cell receptor conveys information down a signaling pathway, resulting in a change in the function or state of a cell. This process may be intracellular or intercellular.

Name: regulation of signaling.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.

Name: signaling.

Definition: The entirety of a process in which information is transmitted within a biological system. This process begins with an active signal and ends when a cellular response has been triggered.

Name: positive regulation of signaling.

Definition: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.

Name: negative regulation of signaling.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.

Name: adaptation of signaling pathway.

Definition: The regulation of a signal transduction pathway in response to a stimulus upon prolonged exposure to that stimulus.

Name: signal release.

Definition: The process in which a signal is secreted or discharged into the extracellular medium from a cellular source.

Name: metal ion transport.

Definition: The directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: cellular monoatomic anion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of anions at the level of a cell. Monatomic anions (also called simple anions) are anions consisting of exactly one atom.

Name: cellular monoatomic cation homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cations at the level of a cell. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are cations consisting of exactly one atom.

Name: cellular potassium ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of potassium ions at the level of a cell.

Name: TRAPP complex.

Definition: A large complex that acts as a tethering factor involved in transporting vesicles from the ER through the Golgi to the plasma membrane. A TRAPP (transport protein particle) complex has a core set of proteins which are joined by specific subunits depending on the cellular component where a given TRAPP complex is active.

Name: establishment of cell polarity.

Definition: The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.

Name: maintenance of cell polarity.

Definition: The maintenance of established anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.

Name: CCR4-NOT complex.

Definition: The Ccr4-Not complex is an eukaryotically conserved deadenylase that can initiate cytoplasmic mRNA decay, and reduce translation by releasing poly(A)-binding protein (Pab1/PABPC1). Ccr4-Not contains seven core subunits, including two poly(A)-specific exonucleases, Ccr4/CNOT6/CNOT6L and Caf1/Pop2/CNOT7/CNOT8.

Name: myofibril.

Definition: The contractile element of skeletal and cardiac muscle; a long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism.

Name: sarcomere.

Definition: The repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.

Name: Z disc.

Definition: Platelike region of a muscle sarcomere to which the plus ends of actin filaments are attached.

Name: extracellular matrix structural constituent conferring tensile strength.

Definition: A constituent of the extracellular matrix that enables the matrix to resist longitudinal stress.

Name: extracellular matrix structural constituent conferring compression resistance.

Definition: A constituent of the extracellular matrix that enables the matrix to resist compressive forces; often a proteoglycan.

Name: lamellipodium.

Definition: A thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a migrating cell or extending cell process; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments.

Name: actin filament-based process.

Definition: Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.

Name: cell projection organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.

Name: cell projection assembly.

Definition: Formation of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.

Name: lamellipodium assembly.

Definition: Formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.

Name: microvillus assembly.

Definition: Formation of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell.

Name: microvillar actin bundle assembly.

Definition: Assembly of the parallel bundle of actin filaments at the core of a microvillus.

Name: microspike assembly.

Definition: Formation of a microspike, a dynamic, actin-rich projection extending from the surface of a migrating animal cell.

Name: actin cytoskeleton organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.

Name: contractile actin filament bundle assembly.

Definition: Assembly of actin filament bundles in which the filaments are loosely packed (approximately 30-60 nm apart) and arranged with opposing polarities; the loose packing allows myosin (usually myosin-II) to enter the bundle.

Name: actin filament polymerization.

Definition: Assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament.

Name: actin filament depolymerization.

Definition: Disassembly of actin filaments by the removal of actin monomers from a filament.

Name: parallel actin filament bundle assembly.

Definition: Assembly of actin filament bundles in which the filaments are tightly packed (approximately 10-20 nm apart) and oriented with the same polarity.

Name: actin modification.

Definition: Covalent modification of an actin molecule.

Name: actin filament-based movement.

Definition: Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins.

Name: muscle filament sliding.

Definition: The sliding of actin thin filaments and myosin thick filaments past each other in muscle contraction. This involves a process of interaction of myosin located on a thick filament with actin located on a thin filament. During this process ATP is split and forces are generated.

Name: vesicle transport along actin filament.

Definition: Movement of a vesicle along an actin filament, mediated by motor proteins.

Name: cell junction.

Definition: A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells, or between a cell and the extracellular matrix, or between two membrane-bound components of a cell, such as flagella.

Name: cell-substrate junction.

Definition: A cell junction that forms a connection between a cell and the extracellular matrix.

Name: hemidesmosome.

Definition: A cell-substrate junction (attachment structure) found in epithelial cells that links intermediate filaments to extracellular matrices via transmembrane complexes. In vertebrates, hemidesmosomes mediate contact between the basal side of epithelial cells and the basal lamina. In C. elegans, hemidesmosomes connect epithelial cells to distinct extracellular matrices on both the apical and basal cell surfaces.

Name: desmosome.

Definition: A cell-cell junction in which: on the cytoplasmic surface of each interacting plasma membrane is a dense plaque composed of a mixture of intracellular anchor proteins; a bundle of keratin intermediate filaments is attached to the surface of each plaque; transmembrane adhesion proteins of the cadherin family bind to the plaques and interact through their extracellular domains to hold the adjacent membranes together by a Ca2+-dependent mechanism.

Name: L-malate dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+.

Name: mitochondrial crista.

Definition: Any of the inward folds of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Their number, extent, and shape differ in mitochondria from different tissues and organisms. They appear to be devices for increasing the surface area of the mitochondrial inner membrane, where the enzymes of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation are found. Their shape can vary with the respiratory state of the mitochondria.

Name: mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme complex.

Definition: Any of the heteromeric enzymes, located in the mitochondrion, that act in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.

Name: insulin processing.

Definition: The formation of mature insulin by proteolysis of the precursor preproinsulin. The signal sequence is first cleaved from preproinsulin to form proinsulin; proinsulin is then cleaved to release the C peptide, leaving the A and B chains of mature insulin linked by disulfide bridges.

Name: regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin.

Name: peptide hormone secretion.

Definition: The regulated release of a peptide hormone from a cell.

Name: insulin secretion.

Definition: The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin. In vertebrates, insulin is secreted from B granules in the B cells of the vertebrate pancreas and from insulin-producing cells in insects.

Name: protein repair.

Definition: The process of restoring a protein to its original state after damage by such things as oxidation or spontaneous decomposition of residues.

Name: hemopoiesis.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates.

Name: lymphocyte differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires specialized features of a lymphocyte. A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin.

Name: myeloid cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages.

Name: regulation of endocytosis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.

Name: natural killer cell activation.

Definition: The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell in response to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.

Name: water homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water within an organism or cell.

Name: HLA-A specific inhibitory MHC class I receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a MHC class I molecule of the HLA-A subclass to mediate signaling that inhibits activation of a lymphocyte.

Name: HLA-A specific activating MHC class I receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a MHC class I molecule of the HLA-A subclass to mediate signaling that activates a lymphocyte.

Name: HLA-B specific inhibitory MHC class I receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a MHC class I molecule of the HLA-B subclass to mediate signaling that inhibits activation of a lymphocyte.

Name: regulation of Wnt signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the Wnt signal transduction pathway.

Name: membrane coat.

Definition: Any of several different proteinaceous coats that can associate with membranes. Membrane coats include those formed by clathrin plus an adaptor complex, the COPI and COPII complexes, and possibly others. They are found associated with membranes on many vesicles as well as other membrane features such as pits and perhaps tubules.

Name: clathrin coat.

Definition: A membrane coat found on coated pits and some coated vesicles; consists of polymerized clathrin triskelions, each comprising three clathrin heavy chains and three clathrin light chains, linked to the membrane via one of the AP adaptor complexes.

Name: AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex.

Definition: Any of several heterotetrameric complexes that link clathrin (or another coat-forming molecule, as hypothesized for AP-3 and AP-4) to a membrane surface; they are found on coated pits and coated vesicles, and mediate sorting of cargo proteins into vesicles. Each AP complex contains two large (a beta and one of either an alpha, gamma, delta, or epsilon) subunits (110-130 kDa), a medium (mu) subunit (approximately 50 kDa), and a small (sigma) subunit (15-20 kDa).

Name: vesicle coat.

Definition: A membrane coat found on a coated vesicle.

Name: AP-1 adaptor complex.

Definition: A heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta1, gamma, mu1 and sigma1 subunits and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle; vesicles with AP-1-containing coats are normally found primarily in the trans-Golgi network. In at least humans, the AP-1 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different genes (gamma1 and gamma2, mu1A and mu1B, and sigma1A, sigma1B and sigma1C).

Name: AP-2 adaptor complex.

Definition: A heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of alpha, beta2, mu2 and sigma2 subunits, and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle, and the cargo receptors during receptor/clathrin mediated endocytosis. Vesicles with AP-2-containing coats are normally found primarily near the plasma membrane, on endocytic vesicles. In at least humans, the AP-2 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different alpha genes (alphaA and alphaC).

Name: AP-3 adaptor complex.

Definition: A heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta3, delta, mu3 and sigma3 subunits and is found associated with endosomal membranes. AP-3 does not appear to associate with clathrin in all organisms. In at least humans, the AP-3 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different genes (beta3A and beta3B, mu3A and mu3B, and sigma3A and sigma3B).

Name: AP-4 adaptor complex.

Definition: An AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta4, epsilon, mu4 and sigma4 subunits and is found associated with membranes in the trans-Golgi network; it is not clear whether AP-4 forms clathrin coats in vivo.

Name: clathrin vesicle coat.

Definition: A clathrin coat found on a vesicle.

Name: COPI vesicle coat.

Definition: One of two multimeric complexes that forms a membrane vesicle coat. The mammalian COPI subunits are called alpha-, beta-, beta'-, gamma-, delta-, epsilon- and zeta-COP. Vesicles with COPI coats are found associated with Golgi membranes at steady state.

Name: COPII vesicle coat.

Definition: One of two multimeric complexes that forms a membrane vesicle coat. COPII is best characterized in S. cerevisiae, where the subunits are called Sar1p, Sec13p, Sec31p, Sec23p, and Sec24p. Vesicles with COPII coats are found associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes at steady state.

Name: clathrin coat of endocytic vesicle.

Definition: A clathrin coat found on an endocytic vesicle.

Name: clathrin coat of trans-Golgi network vesicle.

Definition: A clathrin coat found on a vesicle of the trans-Golgi network.

Name: clathrin adaptor complex.

Definition: A membrane coat adaptor complex that links clathrin to a membrane.

Name: clathrin coat of coated pit.

Definition: The coat found on coated pits and the coated vesicles derived from coated pits; comprises clathrin and the AP-2 adaptor complex.

Name: transport vesicle.

Definition: Any of the vesicles of the constitutive secretory pathway, which carry cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, between Golgi cisternae, from the Golgi to the ER (retrograde transport) or to destinations within or outside the cell.

Name: COPII-coated ER to Golgi transport vesicle.

Definition: A vesicle with a coat formed of the COPII coat complex proteins. The COPII coat complex is formed by the Sec23p/Sec24p and the Sec13p/Sec31p heterodimers. COPII-associated vesicles transport proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus (anterograde transport).

Name: coated vesicle.

Definition: Small membrane-bounded organelle formed by pinching off of a coated region of membrane. Some coats are made of clathrin, whereas others are made from other proteins.

Name: clathrin-coated vesicle.

Definition: A vesicle with a coat formed of clathrin connected to the membrane via one of the clathrin adaptor complexes.

Name: COPI-coated vesicle.

Definition: A vesicle with a coat formed of the COPI coat complex proteins. COPI-coated vesicles are found associated with Golgi membranes at steady state, are involved in Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum (retrograde) vesicle transport, and possibly also in intra-Golgi transport.

Name: endocytic vesicle.

Definition: A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance. Endocytic vesicles fuse with early endosomes to deliver the cargo for further sorting.

Name: trans-Golgi network transport vesicle.

Definition: A vesicle that mediates transport between the trans-Golgi network and other parts of the cell.

Name: secretory granule.

Definition: A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. Secretory granules move towards the periphery of the cell and upon stimulation, their membranes fuse with the cell membrane, and their protein load is exteriorized. Processing of the contained protein may take place in secretory granules.

Name: alpha-1,6-mannosylglycoprotein 6-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3(6)-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl,1,6(3))-beta-D-mannosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-R = UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,6)-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3(6)-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,6(3))-beta-D-mannosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-R. Only branched mannose glycopeptides with non-reducing N-acetylglucosamine terminal residues act as acceptors.

Name: manganese ion binding.

Definition: Binding to a manganese ion (Mn).

Name: sphingolipid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).

Name: sphingolipid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).

Name: protein import into mitochondrial matrix.

Definition: The import of proteins across the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes into the matrix. Unfolded proteins enter the mitochondrial matrix with a chaperone protein; the information required to target the precursor protein from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix is contained within its N-terminal matrix-targeting sequence. Translocation of precursors to the matrix occurs at the rare sites where the outer and inner membranes are close together.

Name: molybdenum ion binding.

Definition: Binding to a molybdenum ion (Mo).

Name: cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.

Name: regulation of cell adhesion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix.

Name: benzodiazepine receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR).

Name: pancreatic juice secretion.

Definition: The regulated release of pancreatic juice by the exocrine pancreas into the upper part of the intestine. Pancreatic juice is slightly alkaline and contains numerous enzymes and inactive enzyme precursors including alpha-amylase, chymotrypsinogen, lipase, procarboxypeptidase, proelastase, prophospholipase A2, ribonuclease, and trypsinogen. Its high concentration of bicarbonate ions helps to neutralize the acid from the stomach.

Name: protein xylosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a beta-D-xylosyl residue from UDP-D-xylose to the serine hydroxyl group of an acceptor protein substrate.

Name: signaling receptor complex adaptor activity.

Definition: The binding activity of a molecule that provides a physical support for the assembly of a multiprotein receptor signaling complex.

Name: regulation of proteolysis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.

Name: protein catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.

Name: PDZ domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a PDZ domain of a protein, a domain found in diverse signaling proteins.

Name: proteoglycan biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.

Name: proteoglycan catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.

Name: platelet activation.

Definition: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug.

Name: low-density lipoprotein particle binding.

Definition: Binding to a low-density lipoprotein particle, a lipoprotein particle that is rich in cholesterol esters and low in triglycerides, is typically composed of APOB100 and APOE, and has a density of 1.02-1.06 g/ml and a diameter of between 20-25 nm.

Name: pyridoxal phosphate binding.

Definition: Binding to pyridoxal 5' phosphate, 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl4-pyridine carboxaldehyde 5' phosphate, the biologically active form of vitamin B6.

Name: voltage-gated proton channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a proton by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Name: troponin C binding.

Definition: Binding to troponin C, the calcium-binding subunit of the troponin complex.

Name: regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication initiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of DNA-dependent DNA replication; the process in which DNA becomes competent to replicate. In eukaryotes, replication competence is established in early G1 and lost during the ensuing S phase.

Name: filopodium.

Definition: Thin, stiff, actin-based protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal or dendritic growth cone, or a dendritic shaft.

Name: positive regulation of Wnt signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signal transduction.

Name: negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway.

Name: neuron differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron.

Name: B cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell. A B cell is a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.

Name: nitric oxide transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: nitric oxide transport.

Definition: The directed movement of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: melatonin metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine).

Name: melatonin biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine).

Name: regulation of blood coagulation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.

Name: positive regulation of blood coagulation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.

Name: negative regulation of blood coagulation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.

Name: extracellular matrix organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix.

Name: collagen fibril organization.

Definition: Any process that determines the size and arrangement of collagen fibrils within an extracellular matrix.

Name: heparan sulfate proteoglycan catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proteoglycan containing heparan sulfate, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans that have repeat units consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4) linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues, the former being a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic and L-iduronic acids, and the latter being either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups.

Name: heparan sulfate proteoglycan metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any proteoglycan containing heparan sulfate, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans that have repeat units consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues, the former being a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic and L-iduronic acids, and the latter being either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups.

Name: heparin metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans found mainly as an intracellular component of mast cells. They are similar to heparan sulfates but are of somewhat higher average Mr (6000-20000) and contain fewer N-acetyl groups and more N-sulfate and O-sulfate groups; they may be attached in the same manner to protein, forming proteoglycans. They consist predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues.

Name: glycosaminoglycan metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.

Name: chondroitin sulfate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate. They usually occur linked to a protein to form proteoglycans. Two subgroups exist, one in which the sulfate is on the 4-position (chondroitin sulfate A) and the second in which it is in the 6-position (chondroitin sulfate C). They often are polydisperse and often differ in the degree of sulfation from tissue to tissue. The chains of repeating disaccharide are covalently linked to the side chains of serine residues in the polypeptide backbone of a protein by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide unit galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl. Chondroitin sulfate B is more usually known as dermatan sulfate.

Name: dermatan sulfate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving dermatan sulfate, any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units. They are important components of ground substance or intercellular cement of skin and some connective tissues.

Name: chondroitin sulfate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate.

Name: dermatan sulfate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dermatan sulfate, any glycosaminoglycan with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units.

Name: dermatan sulfate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dermatan sulfate, any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units.

Name: heparin biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans of average Mr (6000-20000), consisting predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues.

Name: heparin catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans of average Mr (6000-20000), consisting predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues.

Name: hyaluronan metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.

Name: hyaluronan biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.

Name: hyaluronan catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.

Name: semaphorin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a semaphorin receptor.

Name: keratinocyte differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte.

Name: T cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a precursor cell type acquires characteristics of a more mature T-cell. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose definin characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.

Name: erythrocyte differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte.

Name: megakaryocyte differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of a megakaryocyte.

Name: platelet formation.

Definition: The process in which platelets bud from long processes extended by megakaryocytes.

Name: basophil differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires specialized features of a basophil cell.

Name: eosinophil differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specializes features of an eosinophil.

Name: neutrophil differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a neutrophil.

Name: monocyte differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a monocyte.

Name: macrophage differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a macrophage.

Name: apolipoprotein receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with an apolipoprotein to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: lipoprotein particle receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a lipoprotein particle and delivering the lipoprotein particle into the cell via endocytosis. A lipoprotein particle, also known as a lipoprotein, is a clathrate complex consisting of a lipid enwrapped in a protein host without covalent binding in such a way that the complex has a hydrophilic outer surface consisting of all the protein and the polar ends of any phospholipids.

Name: very-low-density lipoprotein particle receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a very-low-density lipoprotein particle and delivering the very-low-density lipoprotein into the cell via endocytosis.

Name: enzyme regulator activity.

Definition: Binds to and modulates the activity of an enzyme.

Name: nitric-oxide synthase regulator activity.

Definition: Binds to and modulates the activity of nitric oxide synthase.

Name: female sex determination.

Definition: The specification of female sex of an individual organism.

Name: male sex determination.

Definition: The specification of male sex of an individual organism.

Name: myofibril assembly.

Definition: Formation of myofibrils, the repeating units of striated muscle.

Name: skeletal muscle thin filament assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the actin-based thin filaments of myofibrils in skeletal muscle.

Name: skeletal muscle myosin thick filament assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the myosin-based thick filaments of myofibrils in skeletal muscle.

Name: autophagy of peroxisome.

Definition: The process in which peroxisomes are delivered to a type of vacuole and degraded in response to changing nutrient conditions.

Name: carbohydrate binding.

Definition: Binding to a carbohydrate, which includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as substances derived from monosaccharides by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates.

Name: polysaccharide binding.

Definition: Binding to a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.

Name: guanylate cyclase regulator activity.

Definition: Modulates the activity of guanylate cyclase.

Name: guanylate cyclase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of guanylate cyclase.

Name: growth hormone secretion.

Definition: The regulated release of growth hormone from secretory granules into the blood.

Name: lipid modification.

Definition: The covalent alteration of one or more fatty acids in a lipid, resulting in a change in the properties of the lipid.

Name: lipid glycosylation.

Definition: Covalent attachment of a glycosyl residue to a lipid molecule.

Name: chromosome condensation.

Definition: The progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells.

Name: apoptotic nuclear changes.

Definition: Alterations undergone by nuclei at the molecular and morphological level as part of the execution phase of apoptosis.

Name: apoptotic chromosome condensation.

Definition: The compaction of chromatin during apoptosis.

Name: glyoxylate reductase (NADP+) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: glycolate + NADP+ = glyoxylate + NADPH + H+.

Name: 5-formyltetrahydrofolate cyclo-ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 5-formyltetrahydrofolate + ATP = 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + ADP + H+ + phosphate.

Name: LIM domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a LIM domain (for Lin-11 Isl-1 Mec-3) of a protein, a domain with seven conserved cysteine residues and a histidine, that binds two zinc ions and acts as an interface for protein-protein interactions.

Name: LRR domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a LRR domain (leucine rich repeats) of a protein.

Name: clathrin binding.

Definition: Binding to a clathrin heavy or light chain, the main components of the coat of coated vesicles and coated pits, and which also occurs in synaptic vesicles.

Name: maintenance of gastrointestinal epithelium.

Definition: Protection of epithelial surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract from proteolytic and caustic digestive agents.

Name: regulation of ossification.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.

Name: negative regulation of ossification.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.

Name: structural constituent of skin epidermis.

Definition: The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of an epidermal cutaneous structure.

Name: bone mineralization.

Definition: The deposition of hydroxyapatite, a form of calcium phosphate with the formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, in bone tissue.

Name: testosterone dehydrogenase [NAD(P)] activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: testosterone + NAD(P)+ = androst-4-ene-3,17-dione + NAD(P)H + H+.

Name: nuclear estrogen receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with estrogen and transmitting the signal within the cell to trigger a change in cell activity or function.

Name: dynein complex.

Definition: Any of several large complexes that contain two or three dynein heavy chains and several light chains, and have microtubule motor activity.

Name: protein phosphatase 4 complex.

Definition: A protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex formed by the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 4 plus one or more regulatory subunits.

Name: protein serine/threonine kinase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein serine/threonine kinase.

Name: protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein tyrosine kinase.

Name: transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase.

Name: receptor signaling protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a receptor signaling protein tyrosine kinase.

Name: protein kinase activator activity.

Definition: Binds to and increases the activity of a protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein.

Name: protein tyrosine kinase activator activity.

Definition: Increases the activity of a protein tyrosine kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a tyrosyl phenolic group on a protein.

Name: transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activator activity.

Definition: Binds to and increases the activity of a transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase.

Name: receptor signaling protein tyrosine kinase activator activity.

Definition: Binds to and increases the activity of a receptor signaling protein tyrosine kinase.

Name: intestinal cholesterol absorption.

Definition: Uptake of cholesterol into the blood by absorption from the small intestine.

Name: regulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of absorption of cholesterol into the blood, and the exclusion of other sterols from absorption.

Name: cholesterol transport.

Definition: The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: heparanase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the cleavage of heparan sulfate; can degrade both heparan sulfate and heparin glycosaminoglycan chains.

Name: positive regulation of cell growth.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.

Name: negative regulation of cell growth.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.

Name: poly-N-acetyllactosamine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving poly-N-acetyllactosamine, a carbohydrate composed of N-acetyllactosamine repeats (Gal-beta-1,4-GlcNAc-beta-1,3)n.

Name: poly-N-acetyllactosamine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of poly-N-acetyllactosamine, a carbohydrate composed of N-acetyllactosamine repeats (Gal-beta-1,4-GlcNAc-beta-1,3)n.

Name: external encapsulating structure.

Definition: A structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the entire cell or cells. This does not include the periplasmic space.

Name: T-tubule.

Definition: Invagination of the plasma membrane of a muscle cell that extends inward from the cell surface around each myofibril. The ends of T-tubules make contact with the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane.

Name: osteoclast differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of an osteoclast. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue.

Name: flagellated sperm motility.

Definition: The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium (aka flagellum) that contributes to the movement of a flagellated sperm.

Name: melanocyte differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a melanocyte.

Name: transepithelial chloride transport.

Definition: The directed movement of chloride ions from one side of an epithelium to the other.

Name: stabilization of membrane potential.

Definition: The accomplishment of a non-fluctuating membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.

Name: respiratory tube development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the respiratory tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The respiratory tube is assumed to mean any tube in the respiratory tract.

Name: lung development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax.

Name: adrenal gland development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adrenal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This gland can either be a discrete structure located bilaterally above each kidney, or a cluster of cells in the head kidney that perform the functions of the adrenal gland. In either case, this organ consists of two cells types, aminergic chromaffin cells and steroidogenic cortical cells.

Name: embryonic limb morphogenesis.

Definition: The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping.

Name: prenylated protein catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of prenylated proteins.

Name: prenylcysteine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of prenylcysteine, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl-cysteine, a derivative of the amino acid cysteine formed by the covalent addition of a prenyl residue.

Name: prenylcysteine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving prenylcysteine, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl-cysteine, a derivative of the amino acid cysteine formed by the covalent addition of a prenyl residue.

Name: DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator.

Definition: A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.

Name: nuclear estrogen receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a nuclear estrogen receptor.

Name: cyclin binding.

Definition: Binding to cyclins, proteins whose levels in a cell varies markedly during the cell cycle, rising steadily until mitosis, then falling abruptly to zero. As cyclins reach a threshold level, they are thought to drive cells into G2 phase and thus to mitosis.

Name: regulation of cell migration.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.

Name: positive regulation of cell migration.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.

Name: negative regulation of cell migration.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.

Name: DNA polymerase processivity factor activity.

Definition: An enzyme regulator activity that increases the processivity of polymerization by DNA polymerase, by allowing the polymerase to move rapidly along DNA while remaining topologically bound to it.

Name: 1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydroxylation of C-24 of 1-alpha,25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3; calcitriol).

Name: vitamin D3 25-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: vitamin D3 + NADPH + H+ + O2 = calcidiol + NADP+ + H2O.

Name: structural constituent of tooth enamel.

Definition: The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of tooth enamel.

Name: protein phosphatase 2B binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein phosphatase 2B.

Name: syntaxin-3 binding.

Definition: Binding to a syntaxin-3 SNAP receptor.

Name: iron-responsive element binding.

Definition: Binding to an iron-responsive element, a regulatory sequence found in the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of mRNAs encoding many iron-binding proteins.

Name: molybdopterin synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the conversion of precursor Z to molybdopterin, the final step in molybdopterin biosynthesis.

Name: interleukin-17 receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: ICAM-3 receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with ICAM-3, intercellular adhesion molecule 3, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. ICAM-3, or CD50, are constitutively expressed on monocytes, granulocytes and lymphocytes; on physiological stimulation, they become transiently phosphorylated on serine residues.

Name: translation repressor activity.

Definition: Antagonizes ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide.

Name: nuclear receptor coactivator activity.

Definition: A transcription coactivator activity that activates or increases the transcription of specific gene sets via binding to a DNA-bound nuclear receptor, either on its own or as part of a complex. Coactivators often act by altering chromatin structure and modifications. For example, one class of transcription coregulators modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second class remodels the conformation of chromatin in an ATP-dependent fashion. A third class modulates interactions of DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factors with other transcription coregulators. A fourth class of coactivator activity is the bridging of a DNA-binding transcription factor to the general (basal) transcription machinery. The Mediator complex, which bridges sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factors and RNA polymerase, is also a transcription coactivator.

Name: serine racemase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the synthesis of free D-serine from L-serine.

Name: neurotensin receptor activity, non-G protein-coupled.

Definition: Combining with neurotensin, a neuropeptide active in the central and peripheral nervous system in mammals, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other by a mechanism independent of coupling to G proteins.

Name: fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, also known as FBP. The D enantiomer is a metabolic intermediate in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Name: fructosamine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructosamine, a fructose molecule containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.

Name: fructosamine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructosamine, a fructose molecule containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.

Name: lactose binding.

Definition: Binding to lactose, a disaccharide of glucose and galactose, the carbohydrate of milk.

Name: membrane disassembly.

Definition: The controlled breakdown of any cell membrane in the context of a normal process such as autophagy.

Name: glutamate formimidoyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 5-formimidoyltetrahydrofolate + L-glutamate = tetrahydrofolate + N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate.

Name: peptidase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a peptidase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis peptide bonds.

Name: siRNA processing.

Definition: A process leading to the generation of a functional small interfering RNA (siRNA). Includes the cleavage of double-stranded RNA to form small interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) of 21-23 nucleotides. May also include amplification of the siRNA by RNA-directed RNA polymerase.

Name: axon.

Definition: The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.

Name: dendrite.

Definition: A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, morphology. Dendrites receive and integrate signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conduct nerve impulses towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body.

Name: growth cone.

Definition: The migrating motile tip of a growing neuron projection, where actin accumulates, and the actin cytoskeleton is the most dynamic.

Name: site of polarized growth.

Definition: Any part of a cell where non-isotropic growth takes place.

Name: kynureninase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine.

Name: peristalsis.

Definition: A wavelike sequence of involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation that passes along a tubelike structure, such as the intestine, impelling the contents onwards.

Name: ubiquitin-dependent ERAD pathway.

Definition: The series of steps necessary to target endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident proteins for degradation by the cytoplasmic proteasome. Begins with recognition of the ER-resident protein, includes retrotranslocation (dislocation) of the protein from the ER to the cytosol, protein ubiquitination necessary for correct substrate transfer, transport of the protein to the proteasome, and ends with degradation of the protein by the cytoplasmic proteasome.

Name: regulation of complement activation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation.

Name: regulation of complement activation, classical pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the classical pathway of complement activation.

Name: regulation of complement activation, alternative pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the alternative pathway of complement activation.

Name: actin cap.

Definition: Polarized accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins (including F-actin) and regulatory proteins in a cell. An example of this is the actin cap found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Name: tRNA methylation.

Definition: The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in a tRNA molecule.

Name: maturation of SSU-rRNA.

Definition: Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Small SubUnit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature SSU-rRNA molecule.

Name: hemoglobin binding.

Definition: Binding to hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin.

Name: midbody.

Definition: A thin cytoplasmic bridge formed between daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. The midbody forms where the contractile ring constricts, and may persist for some time before finally breaking to complete cytokinesis.

Name: fatty acid elongation.

Definition: The elongation of a fatty acid chain by the sequential addition of two-carbon units.

Name: regulation of bone mineralization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization.

Name: positive regulation of bone mineralization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization.

Name: negative regulation of bone mineralization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization.

Name: inorganic diphosphate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of inorganic diphosphate across a membrane.

Name: inorganic diphosphate transport.

Definition: The directed movement of inorganic diphosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: ankyrin binding.

Definition: Binding to ankyrin, a 200 kDa cytoskeletal protein that attaches other cytoskeletal proteins to integral membrane proteins.

Name: spectrin binding.

Definition: Binding to spectrin, a protein that is the major constituent of the erythrocyte cytoskeletal network. It associates with band 4.1 (see band protein) and actin to form the cytoskeletal superstructure of the erythrocyte plasma membrane. It is composed of nonhomologous chains, alpha and beta, which aggregate side-to-side in an antiparallel fashion to form dimers, tetramers, and higher polymers.

Name: BMP signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: regulation of BMP signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any BMP receptor signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway activity.

Name: negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of BMP signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of BMP signaling pathway activity.

Name: negative regulation of BMP signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the BMP signaling pathway.

Name: snoRNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a small nucleolar RNA.

Name: regulation of axon extension.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, direction or extent of axon extension.

Name: negative regulation of axon extension.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon outgrowth.

Name: intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a steroid binding to an intracellular steroid hormone receptor.

Name: snoRNP binding.

Definition: Binding to a small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein particle.

Name: intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by estrogen binding to an intracellular receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: androgen receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by androgen binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: intracellular receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a receptor located within a cell.

Name: granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor complex.

Definition: The heterodimeric receptor for granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

Name: structural constituent of chromatin.

Definition: The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of chromatin.

Name: small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex.

Definition: A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains at least one RNA of the small nuclear RNA (snRNA) class and as well as its associated proteins. These are typically named after the snRNA(s) they contain, e.g. U1 snRNP, U4/U6 snRNP, or 7SK snRNP. Many, of these complexes become part of the spliceosome involved in splicing of nuclear mRNAs. Others are involved in regulation of transcription elongation or 3'-end processing of replication-dependent histone pre-mRNAs.

Name: adult behavior.

Definition: Behavior in a fully developed and mature organism.

Name: male genitalia development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: female genitalia development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female genitalia over time, from formation to the mature structure.

Name: Hsp70 protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a Hsp70 protein, heat shock proteins around 70kDa in size.

Name: signaling receptor regulator activity.

Definition: Binds to and modulates the activity of a receptor.

Name: signaling receptor activator activity.

Definition: The function of interacting (directly or indirectly) with receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is increased.

Name: signaling receptor inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and modulates the activity of a signaling receptor.

Name: acetylcholine receptor regulator activity.

Definition: Interacting (directly or indirectly) with acetylcholine receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is changed.

Name: acetylcholine receptor activator activity.

Definition: Interacting (directly or indirectly) with acetylcholine receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is increased.

Name: acetylcholine receptor inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of an acetylcholine receptor.

Name: cyclic nucleotide binding.

Definition: Binding to a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.

Name: cAMP binding.

Definition: Binding to cAMP, the nucleotide cyclic AMP (adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).

Name: cGMP binding.

Definition: Binding to cGMP, the nucleotide cyclic GMP (guanosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).

Name: adenyl nucleotide binding.

Definition: Binding to an adenyl nucleotide, an adenosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate.

Name: phosphatidyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction involving the transfer of a phosphatidate (otherwise known as diacylglycerol 3-phosphosphate) group.

Name: collagen catabolic process.

Definition: The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells.

Name: nuclear body organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of any of the extra-nucleolar nuclear domains usually visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescent antibodies to specific proteins.

Name: Cajal body organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of Cajal bodies, nuclear bodies that appear ultrastructurally as a tangle of coiled, electron-dense threads roughly 0.5 micrometers in diameter and are enriched in ribonucleoproteins, and certain general RNA polymerase II transcription factors.

Name: PML body organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of PML bodies, a class of nuclear body; they react against SP100 auto-antibodies (PML = promyelocytic leukemia).

Name: ubiquitin-dependent SMAD protein catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of SMAD signaling proteins by ubiquitination and targeting to the proteasome.

Name: quinone cofactor methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine during the synthesis of quinone cofactors such as ubiquinone (coenzyme Q), menaquinone (vitamin K2), plastoquinone and phylloquinone (vitamin K1).

Name: symbiont intracellular protein transport in host.

Definition: The directed movement of a symbiont's proteins within a cell of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Name: [methionine synthase] reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: [methionine synthase]-cob(II)alamin + NADPH + H+ + S-adenosyl methionine = [methionine synthase]-methylcob(I)alamin + S-adenosylhomocysteine + NADP+.

Name: DNA ADP-ribosylation.

Definition: The covalent attachment of an ADP-ribosyl group to a residue in double-stranded DNA.

Name: neutrophil chemotaxis.

Definition: The directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.

Name: neurotransmitter receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a neurotransmitter and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: leukocyte chemotaxis.

Definition: The movement of a leukocyte in response to an external stimulus.

Name: U1 snRNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a U1 small nuclear RNA (U1 snRNA).

Name: U2 snRNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a U2 small nuclear RNA (U2 snRNA).

Name: U4 snRNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a U4 small nuclear RNA (U4 snRNA).

Name: U4atac snRNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a U4atac small nuclear RNA (U4atac snRNA).

Name: U5 snRNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a U5 small nuclear RNA (U5 snRNA).

Name: U6atac snRNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a U6atac small nuclear RNA (U6atac snRNA).

Name: pre-mRNA 3'-splice site binding.

Definition: Binding to a pre-mRNA 3' splice site sequence.

Name: U6 snRNA 3'-end binding.

Definition: Binding to a U6 small nuclear RNA (U6 snRNA) at the 3' end.

Name: polyketide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving polyketides, any of a diverse group of natural products synthesized via linear poly-beta-ketones, which are themselves formed by repetitive head-to-tail addition of acetyl (or substituted acetyl) units indirectly derived from acetate (or a substituted acetate) by a mechanism similar to that for fatty acid biosynthesis but without the intermediate reductive steps.

Name: regulation of cellular pH.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions (protons) within a cell or between a cell and its external environment.

Name: cellular phosphate ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of phosphate ions at the level of a cell.

Name: cellular chloride ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of chloride ions at the level of a cell.

Name: aminoglycoside antibiotic metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving an aminoglycoside antibiotic, any member of a group of broad spectrum antibiotics, of similar toxicity and pharmacology, that contain an aminodeoxysugar, an amino- or guanidino-substituted inositol ring, and one or more residues of other sugars. The group includes streptomycin, neomycin, framycetin, kanamycin, paromomycin, and gentamicin.

Name: regulation of vitamin metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.

Name: transport vesicle membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding a transport vesicle.

Name: cytoplasmic vesicle membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding a cytoplasmic vesicle.

Name: Golgi-associated vesicle membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle associated with the Golgi apparatus.

Name: coated vesicle membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding a coated vesicle.

Name: COPI-coated vesicle membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding a COPI-coated vesicle.

Name: clathrin-coated vesicle membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-coated vesicle.

Name: endocytic vesicle membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding an endocytic vesicle.

Name: secretory granule membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding a secretory granule.

Name: clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle.

Name: phagocytic vesicle membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding a phagocytic vesicle.

Name: synaptic vesicle membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding a synaptic vesicle.

Name: axolemma.

Definition: The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding an axon; it is a specialized trilaminar random mosaic of protein molecules floating within a fluid matrix of highly mobile phospholipid molecules, 7-8 nm in thickness.

Name: protein-macromolecule adaptor activity.

Definition: The binding activity of a protein that brings together two or more macromolecules in contact, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. The adaptor can bring together two proteins, or a protein and another macromolecule such as a lipid or a nucleic acid.

Name: ribonuclease P complex.

Definition: A ribonucleoprotein complex that catalyzes cleavage of the leader sequence of precursor tRNAs (pre-tRNAs), generating the mature 5' end of tRNAs.

Name: mitochondrial ribonuclease P complex.

Definition: A ribonuclease P complex located in the mitochondrion of a eukaryotic cell, where it catalyzes the 5' endonucleolytic cleavage of precursor tRNAs to yield mature tRNAs. The subunit composition of mitochondrial ribonuclease P complexes varies between species. The complex contains a single RNA molecule and a single protein molecule in yeast (PMID:12045094), but comprises three proteins and lacks an RNA component in humans.

Name: multimeric ribonuclease P complex.

Definition: A ribonuclease P complex that generally contains a single RNA molecule and several protein molecules. Examples of this complex are found in Archaeal species.

Name: preribosome.

Definition: Any complex of pre-rRNAs, ribosomal proteins, and associated proteins formed during ribosome biogenesis.

Name: 90S preribosome.

Definition: A large ribonucleoprotein complex considered to be the earliest preribosomal complex. In S. cerevisiae, it has a size of 90S and consists of the 35S pre-rRNA, early-associating ribosomal proteins most of which are part of the small ribosomal subunit, the U3 snoRNA and associated proteins.

Name: preribosome, large subunit precursor.

Definition: A preribosomal complex consisting of 27SA, 27SB, and/or 7S pre-rRNA, 5S rRNA, ribosomal proteins including late-associating large subunit proteins, and associated proteins; a precursor of the eukaryotic cytoplasmic large ribosomal subunit.

Name: preribosome, small subunit precursor.

Definition: A preribosomal complex consisting of 20S pre-rRNA, ribosomal proteins including late-associating small subunit proteins, and associated proteins; a precursor of the eukaryotic cytoplasmic small ribosomal subunit.

Name: GTPase regulator activity.

Definition: Binds to and modulates the activity of a GTPase.

Name: tRNA (m5U54) methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from a donor to the C5 atom of the uridine residue at position 54 in a tRNA molecule.

Name: S-adenosylmethionine-dependent tRNA (m5U54) methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing thymine at position U54 of a transfer RNA. This occurs in most Gram-negative bacteria, some archae, and eukaryotes.

Name: cytoskeleton-dependent intracellular transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances along cytoskeletal fibers such as microfilaments or microtubules within a cell.

Name: sequestering of triglyceride.

Definition: The process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.

Name: guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanidinoacetate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + creatine + H+.

Name: carnosine N-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + carnosine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + anserine + H+.

Name: GTP-dependent protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein or protein complex when at least one of the interacting partners is in the GTP-bound state.

Name: amine N-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + an amine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a methylated amine.

Name: arsenite methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + arsenite = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + methylarsonate.

Name: methylarsonite methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + methylarsonite = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + dimethylarsinate.

Name: regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides.

Name: negative regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides.

Name: positive regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides.

Name: regulation of actin filament length.

Definition: Any process that controls the length of actin filaments in a cell.

Name: regulation of actin filament polymerization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament.

Name: regulation of actin filament depolymerization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the disassembly of actin filaments by the removal of actin monomers from a filament.

Name: negative regulation of actin filament depolymerization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin depolymerization.

Name: positive regulation of actin filament depolymerization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin depolymerization.

Name: negative regulation of actin filament polymerization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin polymerization.

Name: positive regulation of actin filament polymerization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin polymerization.

Name: phospholipase C-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway which proceeds with inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC) activity and a subsequent decrease in the levels of cellular inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).

Name: prostate gland development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the prostate gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The prostate gland is a partly muscular, partly glandular body that is situated near the base of the mammalian male urethra and secretes an alkaline viscid fluid which is a major constituent of the ejaculatory fluid.

Name: granulocyte differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a granulocyte. Granulocytes are a class of leukocytes characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. These cells are active in allergic immune reactions such as arthritic inflammation and rashes. This class includes basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils.

Name: regulation of granulocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of granulocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of granulocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation.

Name: epithelial cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium.

Name: regulation of epithelial cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of epithelial cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of epithelial cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.

Name: polarized epithelial cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a polarized epithelial cell. The polarized epithelial cell can be any of the cells within an epithelium where the epithelial sheet is oriented with respect to the planar axis.

Name: regulation of polarized epithelial cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of polarized epithelial cell differentiation.

Name: cortical cytoskeleton.

Definition: The portion of the cytoskeleton that lies just beneath the plasma membrane.

Name: cortical actin cytoskeleton.

Definition: The portion of the actin cytoskeleton, comprising filamentous actin and associated proteins, that lies just beneath the plasma membrane.

Name: cortical cytoskeleton organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane.

Name: cortical actin cytoskeleton organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of actin-based cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane.

Name: rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: Mre11 complex.

Definition: Trimeric protein complex that possesses endonuclease activity; involved in meiotic recombination, DNA repair and checkpoint signaling. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the complex comprises Mre11p, Rad50p, and Xrs2p; complexes identified in other species generally contain proteins orthologous to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins.

Name: nucleolar chromatin.

Definition: The portion of nuclear chromatin associated with the nucleolus; includes the DNA encoding the ribosomal RNA.

Name: beta-catenin destruction complex.

Definition: A cytoplasmic protein complex containing glycogen synthase kinase-3-beta (GSK-3-beta), the adenomatous polyposis coli protein (APC), and the scaffolding protein axin, among others; phosphorylates beta-catenin, targets it for degradation by the proteasome.

Name: thyroid gland development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thyroid gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thyroid gland is an endoderm-derived gland that produces thyroid hormone.

Name: mammary gland development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk. Its development starts with the formation of the mammary line and ends as the mature gland cycles between nursing and weaning stages.

Name: RNA polymerase complex.

Definition: Any complex that possesses RNA polymerase activity; generally comprises a catalytic subunit and one or more additional subunits.

Name: beta-2-microglobulin binding.

Definition: Binding to beta-2-microglobulin.

Name: lipid antigen binding.

Definition: Binding to a lipid antigen.

Name: endogenous lipid antigen binding.

Definition: Binding to an endogenous cellular lipid antigen.

Name: exogenous lipid antigen binding.

Definition: Binding to an exogenous lipid antigen (examples include microbial lipids and glycolipids).

Name: regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of myeloid dendritic cell activation.

Name: negative regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid dendritic cell activation.

Name: regulation of B cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell proliferation.

Name: negative regulation of B cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of B cell proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of B cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of B cell proliferation.

Name: mitotic cohesin complex.

Definition: A cohesin complex that mediates sister chromatid cohesion during mitosis; has a subunit composition distinct from that of the meiotic cohesin complex.

Name: meiotic cohesin complex.

Definition: A cohesin complex that mediates sister chromatid cohesion during meiosis; has a subunit composition distinct from that of the mitotic cohesin complex.

Name: replisome.

Definition: A multi-component enzymatic machine at the replication fork which mediates DNA replication. Includes DNA primase, one or more DNA polymerases, DNA helicases, and other proteins.

Name: apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme complex.

Definition: Protein complex that mediates editing of the mRNA encoding apolipoprotein B; catalyzes the deamination of C to U (residue 6666 in the human mRNA). Contains a catalytic subunit, APOBEC-1, and other proteins (e.g. human ASP; rat ASP and KSRP).

Name: HOPS complex.

Definition: A multimeric protein complex that associates with the vacuolar membrane, late endosomal (multivesicular body) and lysosomal membranes. HOPS is a tethering complex involved in vesicle fusion.

Name: calcium-dependent ATPase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate. This reaction requires the presence of calcium ion (Ca2+).

Name: forebrain development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions).

Name: midbrain development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles).

Name: hindbrain development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium).

Name: retromer complex.

Definition: A conserved hetero-pentameric membrane-associated complex involved in retrograde transport from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus. The budding yeast retromer comprises Vps35p, Vps29p, Vps26p, Vps5p, and Vps17p. The mammalian complex shows slight variation in composition compared to yeast, and comprises SNX1 or SNX2, SNX5 or SNX6, VPS26A or VPS26B, VPS29, and VPS35.

Name: retromer, tubulation complex.

Definition: The dimeric subcomplex of the retromer, believed to be peripherally associated with the membrane. This dimeric complex is responsible for remodelling endosomal membranes to form a tube-structure to which cargo molecules are selected for recycling. The budding yeast complex comprises Vps5p and Vps17p, and may contain multiple copies of a Vps5p/Vps17p dimer. The mammalian complex contains SNX1 or SNX2 dimerized with SNX5 or SNX6.

Name: retromer, cargo-selective complex.

Definition: The trimeric subcomplex of the retromer, believed to be closely associated with the membrane. This trimeric complex is responsible for recognizing and binding to cargo molecules. The complex comprises three Vps proteins in both yeast and mammalian cells: Vps35p, Vps29p, and Vps26p in yeast, and VPS35, VPS29 and VPS26A or VPS26B in mammals.

Name: TPR domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain of a protein, the consensus sequence of which is defined by a pattern of small and large hydrophobic amino acids and a structure composed of helices.

Name: paranodal junction assembly.

Definition: Formation of the junction between an axon and the glial cell that forms the myelin sheath. Paranodal junctions form at each paranode, i.e. at the ends of the unmyelinated nodes of Ranvier.

Name: Smc5-Smc6 complex.

Definition: A conserved complex that contains a heterodimer of SMC proteins (Smc5p and Smc6p, or homologs thereof) and several other proteins, and is involved in DNA repair and maintaining cell cycle arrest following DNA damage. In S. cerevisiae, this is an octameric complex called Mms21-Smc5-Smc6 complex, with at least five of its subunits conserved in fission yeast and humans.

Name: sheet-forming collagen trimer.

Definition: A protein complex consisting of three collagen chains assembled into a left-handed triple helix. These trimers assemble into a sheet.

Name: endoplasmic reticulum signal peptide binding.

Definition: Binding to an endoplasmic reticulum signal peptide, a specific peptide sequence that acts as a signal to localize the protein within the endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.

Name: negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.

Name: positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.

Name: establishment or maintenance of actin cytoskeleton polarity.

Definition: Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized actin-based cytoskeletal structures.

Name: establishment or maintenance of microtubule cytoskeleton polarity.

Definition: Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized microtubule-based cytoskeletal structures.

Name: establishment or maintenance of cytoskeleton polarity.

Definition: Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures.

Name: astral microtubule organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of astral microtubules, any of the spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles.

Name: astral microtubule nucleation.

Definition: The 'de novo' formation of an astral microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule.

Name: potassium ion binding.

Definition: Binding to a potassium ion (K+).

Name: glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase complex.

Definition: A protein complex that possesses glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase activity, and therefore creates Gln-tRNA by amidating Glu-tRNA; usually composed of 3 subunits: A, B, and C. Note that the C subunit may not be required in all organisms.

Name: Tat protein binding.

Definition: Binding to Tat, a viral transactivating regulatory protein from the human immunodeficiency virus, or the equivalent protein from another virus.

Name: peptidyl-arginine hydroxylation.

Definition: The hydroxylation of peptidyl-arginine to form peptidyl-hydroxyarginine.

Name: NADH dehydrogenase complex.

Definition: An integral membrane complex that possesses NADH oxidoreductase activity. The complex is one of the components of the electron transport chain. It catalyzes the transfer of a pair of electrons from NADH to a quinone.

Name: endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response.

Definition: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or other ER-related stress; results in changes in the regulation of transcription and translation.

Name: retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol.

Definition: The directed movement of unfolded or misfolded proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol through the translocon.

Name: receptor tyrosine kinase binding.

Definition: Binding to a receptor that possesses protein tyrosine kinase activity.

Name: thiamine pyrophosphate transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which thiamine pyrophosphate is transported across a membrane.

Name: thiamine pyrophosphate binding.

Definition: Binding to thiamine pyrophosphate, the diphosphoric ester of thiamine. Acts as a coenzyme of several (de)carboxylases, transketolases, and alpha-oxoacid dehydrogenases.

Name: taurine binding.

Definition: Binding to taurine.

Name: cortical microtubule cytoskeleton.

Definition: The portion of the microtubule cytoskeleton that lies just beneath the plasma membrane.

Name: mismatched DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing one or more mismatches.

Name: kininogen binding.

Definition: Binding to a kininogen, a kinin precursor.

Name: intraciliary transport particle.

Definition: A nonmembrane-bound oligomeric protein complex that participates in bidirectional transport of molecules (cargo) along axonemal microtubules.

Name: intraciliary transport particle A.

Definition: The smaller subcomplex of the intraciliary transport particle; characterized complexes have molecular weights of 710-760 kDa.

Name: intraciliary transport particle B.

Definition: The larger subcomplex of the intraciliary transport particle; characterized complexes have molecular weights around 550 kDa.

Name: regulation of centriole-centriole cohesion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the extent to which the two centrioles within a centrosome remain tightly paired; may be mediated by the assembly and disassembly of a proteinaceous linker.

Name: response to caffeine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a caffeine stimulus. Caffeine is an alkaloid found in numerous plant species, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding upon them.

Name: filamin binding.

Definition: Binding to a filamin, any member of a family of high molecular mass cytoskeletal proteins that crosslink actin filaments to form networks and stress fibers. Filamins contain an amino-terminal alpha-actinin-like actin binding domain, which is followed by a rod-domain composed of 4 to 24 100-residue repetitive segments including a carboxy-terminal dimerization domain.

Name: ISWI-type complex.

Definition: Any nuclear protein complex that contains an ATPase subunit of the imitation switch (ISWI) family. ISWI ATPases are involved in assembling chromatin and in sliding and spacing nucleosomes to regulate transcription of nuclear RNA polymerases I, II, and III and also DNA replication, recombination and repair.

Name: Ino80 complex.

Definition: A multisubunit protein complex that contains the Ino80p ATPase; exhibits chromatin remodeling activity.

Name: extracellular matrix.

Definition: A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support, biochemical or biomechanical cues for cells or tissues.

Name: troponin I binding.

Definition: Binding to troponin I, the inhibitory subunit of the troponin complex.

Name: troponin T binding.

Definition: Binding to troponin T, the tropomyosin-binding subunit of the troponin complex.

Name: pancreas development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating hormones.

Name: endocrine pancreas development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin.

Name: interphase microtubule organizing center.

Definition: A microtubule organizing center found in interphase cells, which organize a longitudinal array of three to five MT bundles from the nuclear envelope during interphase. Each MT bundle is composed of two to seven MTs arranged in an antiparallel configuration, with the dynamic MT plus ends extending toward the cell tips and stable minus ends near the nucleus.

Name: microtubule organizing center organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microtubule organizing center, a structure from which microtubules grow.

Name: actomyosin structure organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin or paramyosin. The myosin may be organized into filaments.

Name: myosin filament organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a filament composed of myosin molecules.

Name: myosin filament assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a filament composed of myosin molecules.

Name: dense core granule.

Definition: Electron-dense organelle with a granular internal matrix; contains proteins destined to be secreted.

Name: RNA-mediated gene silencing.

Definition: A process in which an RNA molecule reduces expression of target genes. This can occur pre-transcriptionally by assembly of heterochromatin and prevention of transcription or co- or post-transcriptionally by targeting RNAs for degradation or by interfering with splicing or translation. This process starts once the inhibitory RNA molecule has been transcribed, and includes processing of the RNA such as cleavage, modifications, transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, loading onto the RISC complex, and the effect on transcription or translation.

Name: RNA-mediated heterochromatin formation.

Definition: A heterochromatin formation-based gene silencing process mediated by a small RNA molecule that occur before the beginnning of trancription.

Name: primary miRNA processing.

Definition: A process involved in the conversion of a primary microRNA transcript into a pre-microRNA molecule.

Name: pre-miRNA processing.

Definition: A process involved in the conversion of a pre-microRNA transcript into a mature microRNA molecule.

Name: chromatin remodeling at centromere.

Definition: Dynamic structural changes in centromeric DNA.

Name: regulation of histone modification.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of a histone.

Name: negative regulation of histone modification.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of a histone.

Name: positive regulation of histone modification.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of a histone.

Name: regulation of histone methylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of methyl groups to histones.

Name: negative regulation of histone methylation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of methyl groups to histones.

Name: positive regulation of histone methylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of methyl groups to histones.

Name: regulation of histone deacetylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the removal of acetyl groups from histones.

Name: negative regulation of histone deacetylation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the removal of acetyl groups from histones.

Name: positive regulation of histone deacetylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the removal of acetyl groups from histones.

Name: hair follicle morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the hair follicle are generated and organized.

Name: cysteine desulfurase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-cysteine + [enzyme]-cysteine = L-alanine + [enzyme]-S-sulfanylcysteine.

Name: heat shock protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a heat shock protein, a protein synthesized or activated in response to heat shock.

Name: cholesterol 26-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydroxylation of cholesterol at position 26 of the side chain, to produce 26-hydroxycholesterol.

Name: nucleocytoplasmic transport complex.

Definition: Any complex that acts to move proteins or RNAs into or out of the nucleus through nuclear pores.

Name: embryonic camera-type eye development.

Definition: The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: nuclear pore outer ring.

Definition: A subcomplex of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) that forms the outer rings of the core scaffold, a lattice-like structure that gives the NPC its shape and strength. In S. cerevisiae, the two outer rings each contain multiple copies of the following proteins: Nup133p, Nup120p, Nup145Cp, Nup85p, Nup84p, Seh1p, and Sec13p. In vertebrates, the two outer rings each contain multiple copies of the following proteins: Nup133, Nup160, Nup96, Nup75, Nup107, Seh1, Sec13, Nup43, Nup37, and ALADIN. Components are arranged in 8-fold symmetrical 'spokes' around the central transport channel. A single 'spoke', can be isolated and is sometimes referred to as the Nup84 complex (S. cerevisiae) or the Nup107-160 complex (vertebrates).

Name: BLOC complex.

Definition: Any of several protein complexes required for the biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes, platelet dense granules, and other related organelles; acronym for biogenesis of lysosomal-related organelles complex.

Name: BLOC-1 complex.

Definition: A protein complex required for the biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules. Many of the protein subunits are conserved between mouse and human; the mouse complex contains the Pallidin, Muted, Cappuccino, Dysbindin, Snapin, BLOS1, BLOS2, AND BLOS3 proteins.

Name: BLOC-2 complex.

Definition: A protein complex required for the biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules. The human complex contains the Hps3, Hps5, and Hps6 proteins; the mouse complex contains ru2 and ru.

Name: BLOC-3 complex.

Definition: A protein complex required for the biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules. The human complex contains the Hps1 and Hps4 proteins.

Name: nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-independent decay.

Definition: A pathway of degradation of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that proceeds through a series of steps that is independent of deadenylation, but requires decapping followed by transcript decay, and that can regulate mRNA stability.

Name: platelet dense granule membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding the platelet dense granule.

Name: organelle membrane.

Definition: A membrane that is one of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope or the outermost membrane of single membrane bound organelle.

Name: platelet alpha granule.

Definition: A secretory organelle found in blood platelets, which is unique in that it exhibits further compartmentalization and acquires its protein content via two distinct mechanisms: (1) biosynthesis predominantly at the megakaryocyte (MK) level (with some vestigial platelet synthesis) (e.g. platelet factor 4) and (2) endocytosis and pinocytosis at both the MK and circulating platelet levels (e.g. fibrinogen (Fg) and IgG).

Name: platelet alpha granule membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding the platelet alpha granule.

Name: platelet dense tubular network.

Definition: A network of membrane-bounded compartments found in blood platelets, where they regulate platelet activation by sequestering or releasing calcium. The dense tubular network exists as thin elongated membranes in resting platelets, and undergoes a major ultrastructural change, to a rounded vesicular form, upon addition of thrombin.

Name: platelet dense tubular network membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding the platelet dense tubular network.

Name: stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade.

Definition: The series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) cascade relays a signal.

Name: regeneration.

Definition: The regrowth of a lost or destroyed body part, such as an organ or tissue. This process may occur via renewal, repair, and/or growth alone (i.e. increase in size or mass).

Name: animal organ regeneration.

Definition: The regrowth of a lost or destroyed animal organ.

Name: septin complex.

Definition: A protein complex containing septins. Typically, these complexes contain multiple septins and are oligomeric.

Name: microtubule polymerization or depolymerization.

Definition: Assembly or disassembly of microtubules by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule.

Name: regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule.

Name: negative regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization.

Name: positive regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization.

Name: regulation of microtubule polymerization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization.

Name: regulation of microtubule depolymerization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization.

Name: negative regulation of microtubule polymerization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization.

Name: positive regulation of microtubule polymerization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization.

Name: positive regulation of microtubule depolymerization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization.

Name: rRNA pseudouridine synthesis.

Definition: The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine in an rRNA molecule.

Name: tRNA pseudouridine synthesis.

Definition: The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine in a tRNA molecule.

Name: cytoplasmic microtubule organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cytoplasm of a cell.

Name: RNA 3'-end processing.

Definition: Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an RNA molecule.

Name: mRNA 3'-end processing.

Definition: Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an mRNA molecule.

Name: sno(s)RNA 3'-end processing.

Definition: Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a snoRNA family molecule, also referred to as an sRNA in Archaea.

Name: developmental induction.

Definition: A developmental process involving two tissues in which one tissue (the inducer) produces a signal that directs cell fate commitment of cells in the second tissue (the responder).

Name: sister chromatid biorientation.

Definition: The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids establish stable attachments to microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles.

Name: pseudopodium.

Definition: A temporary protrusion or retractile process of a cell, associated with flowing movements of the protoplasm, and serving for locomotion and feeding.

Name: proteasome localization.

Definition: Any process in which the proteasome is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Name: anaphase-promoting complex-dependent catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome.

Name: SCF-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by an SCF (Skp1/Cul1/F-box protein) complex, and mediated by the proteasome.

Name: metallo-sulfur cluster assembly.

Definition: The incorporation of a metal and exogenous sulfur into a metallo-sulfur cluster.

Name: rRNA methylation.

Definition: The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in an rRNA molecule.

Name: neuron projection development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).

Name: peptide modification.

Definition: The covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a peptide, resulting in a change in the properties of that peptide.

Name: SNARE complex.

Definition: A protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers. One well-characterized example is the neuronal SNARE complex formed of synaptobrevin 2, syntaxin 1a, and SNAP-25.

Name: post-translational protein targeting to membrane, translocation.

Definition: The process in which a protein translocates through the ER membrane posttranslationally.

Name: POZ domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a POZ (poxvirus and zinc finger) domain of a protein, a protein-protein interaction domain found in many transcription factors.

Name: SCAR complex.

Definition: A pentameric complex that includes orthologues of human PIR121, Nap1, Abi, SCAR, and HSPC300 and regulates actin polymerization and/or depolymerization through small GTPase mediated signal transduction.

Name: phosphatidylcholine binding.

Definition: Binding to a phosphatidylcholine, a glycophospholipid in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.

Name: endoplasmic reticulum palmitoyltransferase complex.

Definition: A complex of the endoplasmic reticulum that catalyzes S-palmitoylation, the addition of palmitate (C16:0) or other long-chain fatty acids to proteins at a cysteine residue.

Name: RSF complex.

Definition: An ISWI complex that contains an ATPase subunit of the ISWI family (SNF2H in mammals) and an RSF1 homolog. It mediates nucleosome deposition and generates regularly spaced nucleosome arrays. In mammals, RSF is involved in regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoters).

Name: biomineral tissue development.

Definition: Formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds, and also contain a small amounts of organic matrices that are believed to play important roles in their formation.

Name: auditory behavior.

Definition: The behavior of an organism in response to a sound.

Name: extrinsic component of external side of plasma membrane.

Definition: The component of a plasma membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to its external surface, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

Name: extrinsic component of cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane.

Definition: The component of a plasma membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to its cytoplasmic surface, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

Name: actin rod assembly.

Definition: The assembly of actin rods, a cellular structure consisting of parallel, hexagonally arranged actin tubules.

Name: protein acetyltransferase complex.

Definition: A complex that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to a protein acceptor molecule.

Name: denatured protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a denatured protein.

Name: PAN complex.

Definition: A complex that possesses poly(A)-specific ribonuclease activity; catalyzes the message-specific shortening of mRNA poly(A) tails. Contains at least two subunits, known as Pan2p and Pan3p in Saccharomyces.

Name: cell leading edge.

Definition: The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement.

Name: cell projection membrane.

Definition: The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a plasma membrane bounded cell surface projection.

Name: cell trailing edge.

Definition: The area of a motile cell opposite to the direction of movement.

Name: leading edge membrane.

Definition: The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the leading edge of a motile cell.

Name: cell trailing edge membrane.

Definition: The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the trailing edge of a motile cell.

Name: lamellipodium membrane.

Definition: The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a lamellipodium.

Name: uropod membrane.

Definition: The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a uropod.

Name: DNA replication preinitiation complex.

Definition: A protein-DNA complex assembled at eukaryotic DNA replication origins immediately prior to the initiation of DNA replication. The preinitiation complex is formed by the assembly of additional proteins onto an existing prereplicative complex. In budding yeast, the additional proteins might include Cdc45p, Sld2p, Sld3p, Dpb11p, DNA polymerases, and others; in fission yeast the GINS complex is present.

Name: Ndc80 complex.

Definition: An essential outer kinetochore complex involved in the attachment of microtubule ends to the chromosomes during mitosis.

Name: death-inducing signaling complex.

Definition: A protein complex formed by the association of signaling proteins with a death receptor upon ligand binding. The complex includes procaspases and death domain-containing proteins in addition to the ligand-bound receptor, and may control the activation of caspases 8 and 10.

Name: CD95 death-inducing signaling complex.

Definition: A protein complex formed upon binding of Fas/CD95/APO-1 to its ligand. The complex includes FADD/Mort1, procaspase-8/10 and c-FLIP in addition to the ligand-bound receptor.

Name: small GTPase binding.

Definition: Binding to a small monomeric GTPase.

Name: pseudopodium organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pseudopodium, a temporary protrusion or retractile process of a cell, associated with cellular movement.

Name: pseudopodium assembly.

Definition: The assembly of a pseudopodium by rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton and overlying membrane.

Name: regulation of pseudopodium assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of pseudopodia.

Name: positive regulation of pseudopodium assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of pseudopodia.

Name: regulation of cyclase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclase activity.

Name: negative regulation of cyclase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a cyclase.

Name: positive regulation of cyclase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the activity of a cyclase.

Name: regulation of guanylate cyclase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of guanylate cyclase activity.

Name: negative regulation of guanylate cyclase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of guanylate cyclase activity.

Name: positive regulation of guanylate cyclase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of guanylate cyclase activity.

Name: retinal ganglion cell axon guidance.

Definition: The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

Name: Ran protein signal transduction.

Definition: The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ran family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.

Name: membrane protein intracellular domain proteolysis.

Definition: The proteolytic cleavage of a transmembrane protein leading to the release of an intracellular domain.

Name: lymphocyte costimulation.

Definition: The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the B- or T cell receptor to augment B- or T cell activation.

Name: T cell costimulation.

Definition: The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the T cell receptor to augment T cell activation.

Name: B cell costimulation.

Definition: The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the B cell receptor to augment B cell activation.

Name: replication fork processing.

Definition: The process in which a DNA replication fork that has stalled is restored to a functional state and replication is restarted. The stalling may be due to DNA damage, DNA secondary structure, bound proteins, dNTP shortage, or other causes.

Name: extrinsic component of organelle membrane.

Definition: The component of an organelle membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

Name: extrinsic component of endosome membrane.

Definition: The component of an endosome membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

Name: extrinsic component of mitochondrial inner membrane.

Definition: The component of mitochondrial inner membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

Name: extrinsic component of mitochondrial outer membrane.

Definition: The component of a mitochondrial outer membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

Name: regulation of cellular metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.

Name: negative regulation of cellular metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.

Name: positive regulation of cellular metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.

Name: regulation of cellular biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.

Name: negative regulation of cellular biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.

Name: positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.

Name: regulation of cellular catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.

Name: negative regulation of cellular catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.

Name: positive regulation of cellular catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.

Name: RNAi effector complex.

Definition: Any protein complex that mediates the effects of small interfering RNAs on gene expression. Most known examples contain one or more members of the Argonaute family of proteins.

Name: negative regulation of protein-containing complex assembly.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.

Name: positive regulation of protein-containing complex assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.

Name: regulation of vesicle fusion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.

Name: negative regulation of vesicle fusion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.

Name: positive regulation of vesicle fusion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.

Name: regulation of cell killing.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell killing, the process in which a cell brings about the death of another cell, either in the same or a different organism.

Name: negative regulation of cell killing.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell killing.

Name: positive regulation of cell killing.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell killing.

Name: regulation of cell projection organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.

Name: negative regulation of cell projection organization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.

Name: positive regulation of cell projection organization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.

Name: regulation of defense response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response.

Name: negative regulation of defense response.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response.

Name: positive regulation of defense response.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response.

Name: N-terminal protein amino acid modification.

Definition: The alteration of the N-terminal amino acid residue in a protein.

Name: translation initiation factor binding.

Definition: Binding to a translation initiation factor, any polypeptide factor involved in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation.

Name: eukaryotic initiation factor 4G binding.

Definition: Binding to eukaryotic initiation factor 4G, a polypeptide factor involved in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation.

Name: ubiquitin conjugating enzyme complex.

Definition: Any complex that possesses ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity.

Name: UBC13-MMS2 complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric ubiquitin conjugating enzyme complex that catalyzes assembly of K63-linked polyubiquitin chains, which act as a signal to promote error-free DNA postreplication repair; in Saccharomyces the complex comprises Ubc13p and Mms2p.

Name: RNA-directed RNA polymerase complex.

Definition: A protein complex that possesses RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity.

Name: Ctf18 RFC-like complex.

Definition: A heptameric complex related to replication factor C, which loads the DNA polymerase processivity factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) onto DNA and plays a vital role in chromosome cohesion. In Saccharomyces the subunits are known as Ctf18p, Rfc2p, Rfc3p, Rfc4p, Rfc5p, Dcc1p, and Ctf8p.

Name: Elg1 RFC-like complex.

Definition: A pentameric replication factor C (RLC) complex, which unloads the DNA polymerase processivity factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) from chromatin and has roles in telomere length regulation and other aspects of genome stability. In Saccharomyces the subunits are known as Elg1p, Rfc2p, Rfc3p, Rfc4p, and Rfc5p.

Name: regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandin.

Name: negative regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandin.

Name: positive regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandin.

Name: regulation of protein ubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.

Name: negative regulation of protein ubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.

Name: positive regulation of protein ubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.

Name: regulation of protein modification process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.

Name: negative regulation of protein modification process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.

Name: positive regulation of protein modification process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.

Name: sodium ion binding.

Definition: Binding to a sodium ion (Na+).

Name: lithium ion binding.

Definition: Binding to a lithium ion (Li+).

Name: chloride ion binding.

Definition: Binding to a chloride ion (Cl-).

Name: carboxylic acid binding.

Definition: Binding to a carboxylic acid, an organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).

Name: cytoplasmic vesicle.

Definition: A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell.

Name: N-terminal protein acetyltransferase complex.

Definition: A complex that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to the N-terminal residue of a protein acceptor molecule.

Name: NatA complex.

Definition: A conserved complex that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to an N-terminal Ser, Ala, Gly, or Thr residue of a protein acceptor molecule. In Saccharomyces the complex includes Nat1p and Ard1p, and may contain additional proteins.

Name: NatB complex.

Definition: A conserved complex that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to the N-terminal residue of a protein acceptor molecule that has a Met-Glu, Met-Asp, Met-Asn, or Met-Met N-terminus. In Saccharomyces the complex includes Nat3p and Mdm20p.

Name: NatC complex.

Definition: A conserved complex that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to the N-terminal residue of a protein acceptor molecule that has a Met-Ile, Met-Leu, Met-Trp, or Met-Phe N-terminus. In Saccharomyces the complex includes Mak3p, Mak10p, and Mak31p.

Name: L-ascorbic acid binding.

Definition: Binding to L-ascorbic acid, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate; L-ascorbic acid is vitamin C and has co-factor and anti-oxidant activities in many species.

Name: cobalamin binding.

Definition: Binding to cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.

Name: alkali metal ion binding.

Definition: Binding to an alkali metal ion; alkali metals are those elements in group Ia of the periodic table, with the exception of hydrogen.

Name: RecQ family helicase-topoisomerase III complex.

Definition: A complex containing a RecQ family helicase and a topoisomerase III homologue (a member of the topoisomerase type IA subfamily); may also include one or more additional proteins; conserved from E. coli to human.

Name: keratinization.

Definition: The process in which the cytoplasm of the outermost cells of the vertebrate epidermis is replaced by keratin. Keratinization occurs in the stratum corneum, feathers, hair, claws, nails, hooves, and horns.

Name: box C/D RNP complex.

Definition: A ribonucleoprotein complex containing a box C/D type RNA that can carry out ribose-2'-O-methylation of target RNAs. Box C/D type RNAs are widespread in eukaryotes and in Archaea, suggesting that an RNA-based guide mechanism for directing specific RNA 2'-O-ribose methylations was present in the common ancestor of Archaea and Eukarya.

Name: box H/ACA snoRNP complex.

Definition: A box H/ACA RNP complex that is located in the nucleolus.

Name: M band.

Definition: The midline of aligned thick filaments in a sarcomere; location of specific proteins that link thick filaments. Depending on muscle type the M band consists of different numbers of M lines.

Name: titin binding.

Definition: Binding to titin, any of a family of giant proteins found in striated and smooth muscle. In striated muscle, single titin molecules span half the sarcomere, with their N- and C-termini in the Z-disc and M-line, respectively.

Name: telethonin binding.

Definition: Binding to telethonin, a protein found in the Z disc of striated muscle and which is a substrate of the titin kinase.

Name: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase binding.

Definition: Binding to a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, a protein that can phosphorylate a MAP kinase.

Name: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase binding.

Definition: Binding to a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, a protein that can phosphorylate a MAP kinase kinase.

Name: BRCA1-BARD1 complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric complex comprising BRCA1 and BARD1, which possesses ubiquitin ligase activity and is involved in genome maintenance, possibly by functioning in surveillance for DNA damage.

Name: regulation of mRNA cleavage.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA cleavage, any process in which a pre-mRNA or mRNA molecule is cleaved at specific sites or in a regulated manner.

Name: positive regulation of mRNA cleavage.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA cleavage.

Name: regulation of mRNA 3'-end processing.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA 3'-end processing, any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an mRNA molecule.

Name: positive regulation of mRNA 3'-end processing.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA 3'-end processing.

Name: regulation of heterochromatin formation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or location of heterochromatin formation.

Name: regulation of fast-twitch skeletal muscle fiber contraction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fast-twitch skeletal muscle contraction.

Name: positive regulation of fast-twitch skeletal muscle fiber contraction.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fast-twitch skeletal muscle contraction.

Name: regulation of slow-twitch skeletal muscle fiber contraction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of slow-twitch skeletal muscle contraction.

Name: negative regulation of heterochromatin formation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heterochromatin formation.

Name: positive regulation of heterochromatin formation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heterochromatin formation.

Name: cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase complex.

Definition: Any ubiquitin ligase complex in which the catalytic core consists of a member of the cullin family and a RING domain protein; the core is associated with one or more additional proteins that confer substrate specificity.

Name: Cul2-RING ubiquitin ligase complex.

Definition: A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul2 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by an elongin-BC adaptor and a SOCS/BC box protein.

Name: Cul3-RING ubiquitin ligase complex.

Definition: A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul3 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a BTB-domain-containing protein.

Name: Cul4A-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex.

Definition: A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul4A subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by an adaptor protein.

Name: Cul4B-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex.

Definition: A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul4B subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by unknown subunits.

Name: Cul5-RING ubiquitin ligase complex.

Definition: A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul5 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by an elongin-BC adaptor and a SOCS/BC box protein.

Name: Cul7-RING ubiquitin ligase complex.

Definition: A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul7 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a Skp1 linker and an F-box protein.

Name: nuclear membrane reassembly.

Definition: The reformation of the nuclear membranes following their breakdown in the context of a normal process.

Name: myosin V binding.

Definition: Binding to a class V myosin; myosin V is a dimeric molecule involved in intracellular transport.

Name: chromatin DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to DNA that is assembled into chromatin.

Name: nucleosome binding.

Definition: Binding to a nucleosome, a complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA into higher order structures.

Name: nucleosomal DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to the DNA portion of a nucleosome.

Name: TRAMP complex.

Definition: A multiprotein complex having distributive polyadenylation activity of a variety of RNA substrates including hypomodified and incorrectly folded tRNAs, pre-snRNAs, pre-snoRNAs, incorrectly spliced or processed pre-mRNAs, cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs), pre-rRNAs and rRNA fragments released as part of rRNA processing. In S. cerevisiae, the complex consists of either Pap2 (also known as Trf4) or Trf5, Air1 or Air2, and Mtr4, and is involved in RNA 3'-end processing and in RNA surveillance and quality control.

Name: mannosyltransferase complex.

Definition: A complex that posseses mannosyltransferase activity.

Name: protein-containing complex localization.

Definition: A localization process that acts on a protein complex; the complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Name: heterochromatin formation.

Definition: An epigenetic gene silencing mechanism in which chromatin is compacted into heterochromatin, resulting in a chromatin conformation refractory to transcription. This process starts with heterochromatin nucleation, its spreading, and ends with heterochromatin boundary formation.

Name: pericentric heterochromatin formation.

Definition: The compaction of chromatin located adjacent to the CENP-A rich centromere 'central core' and characterized by methylation of histone H3K9, into heterochromatin, resulting in the repression of transcription at pericentric DNA.

Name: subtelomeric heterochromatin formation.

Definition: The compaction of chromatin into heterochromatin at the subtelomeric region.

Name: SUMO activating enzyme complex.

Definition: A conserved heterodimeric complex with SUMO activating enzyme activity.

Name: motile cilium.

Definition: A cilium which may have a variable arrangement of axonemal microtubules and also contains molecular motors. It may beat with a whip-like pattern that promotes cell motility or transport of fluids and other cells across a cell surface, such as on epithelial cells that line the lumenal ducts of various tissues; or they may display a distinct twirling motion that directs fluid flow asymmetrically across the cellular surface to affect asymmetric body plan organization. Motile cilia can be found in single as well as multiple copies per cell.

Name: tRNA (m1A) methyltransferase complex.

Definition: A protein complex involved in the catalysis of the formation of the modified nucleotide 1-methyladenosine (m1A) in tRNA. In yeast, it is a heterotetramer of two subunits, Gcd10p and Gcd14p, while in bacteria and archaea it is a homotetramer.

Name: PcG protein complex.

Definition: A chromatin-associated multiprotein complex containing Polycomb Group proteins. In Drosophila, Polycomb group proteins are involved in the long-term maintenance of gene repression, and PcG protein complexes associate with Polycomb group response elements (PREs) in target genes to regulate higher-order chromatin structure.

Name: Myb complex.

Definition: A multisubunit complex consisting of Myb and other proteins that regulates site specific DNA replication, gene amplification and transcriptional repression.

Name: brush border membrane.

Definition: The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the brush border.

Name: filopodium membrane.

Definition: The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a filopodium.

Name: microvillus membrane.

Definition: The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a microvillus.

Name: ruffle organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a ruffle, a projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell.

Name: thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a receptor for thyrotropin-releasing hormone, a tripeptide hormone that is produced by the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin by the anterior pituitary.

Name: actin cytoskeleton reorganization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in dynamic structural changes to the arrangement of constituent parts of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.

Name: mRNA cap methyltransferase complex.

Definition: A protein complex that consists of an RNA 5' triphosphatase and a guanyl transferase (Cet1p and Ceg1p in S. cerevisiae; Pct1 and Ceg1 in S. pombe) and is involved in mRNA capping.

Name: positive regulation of exit from mitosis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate of progression from anaphase/telophase (high mitotic CDK activity) to G1 (low mitotic CDK activity).

Name: peptidyl-proline dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = peptidyl hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2.

Name: peptidyl-proline 3-dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = peptidyl trans-3-hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2.

Name: peptidyl-proline 4-dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = peptidyl trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2.

Name: brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

Name: regulation of termination of DNA-templated transcription.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent, or location of DNA-templated transcription termination, the process in which transcription is completed; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA.

Name: oxidosqualene cyclase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the cyclization of (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene to form a triterpene.

Name: DNA integrity checkpoint signaling.

Definition: A signaling process that controls cell cycle progression in response to changes in DNA structure by monitoring the integrity of the DNA. The DNA integrity checkpoint begins with detection of DNA damage, defects in DNA structure or DNA replication, and progresses through signal transduction and ends with cell cycle effector processes.

Name: mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint signaling.

Definition: A signal transduction process that contributes to a mitotic cell cycle G1/S transition DNA damage checkpoint.

Name: mitotic intra-S DNA damage checkpoint signaling.

Definition: A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that slows DNA synthesis in response to DNA damage by the prevention of new origin firing and the stabilization of slow replication fork progression.

Name: spindle checkpoint signaling.

Definition: A signaling process that that controls a cell cycle checkpoint that originates from the mitotic or meiotic spindle.

Name: membrane raft organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of membrane rafts, small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes.

Name: membrane raft distribution.

Definition: The process that establishes the spatial arrangement of membrane rafts within a cellular membrane.

Name: hemidesmosome assembly.

Definition: Assembly of hemidesmosomes, integrin-containing protein complexes that bind to laminin in the basal lamina. Hemidesmosomes form the contact between the basal surface of epithelial cells and the underlying basal lamina.

Name: activation of phospholipase D activity.

Definition: Any process that initiates the activity of inactive phospholipase D.

Name: regulation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel.

Name: positive regulation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel.

Name: nucleotide-activated protein kinase complex.

Definition: A protein complex that possesses nucleotide-dependent protein kinase activity. The nucleotide can be AMP (in S. pombe and human) or ADP (in S. cerevisiae).

Name: cell-substrate adhesion.

Definition: The attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.

Name: wybutosine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving wybutosine, 3H-imidazo[1,2-alpha]purine-7-butanoic acid, 4,9-dihydro- alpha-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]- 4,6-dimethyl-9-oxo- 3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl methyl ester, a modified nucleoside found in some tRNA molecules.

Name: wybutosine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of wybutosine, 3H-imidazo[1,2-alpha]purine-7-butanoic acid, 4,9-dihydro- alpha-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]- 4,6-dimethyl-9-oxo- 3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl methyl ester, a modified nucleoside found in some tRNA molecules.

Name: centrosomal corona.

Definition: An amorphous structure surrounding the core of the centrosome, from which microtubules are nucleated; contains gamma-tubulin.

Name: polyubiquitin modification-dependent protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein upon poly-ubiquitination of the target protein.

Name: neuromuscular junction.

Definition: The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential.

Name: nuclear proteasome complex.

Definition: A proteasome found in the nucleus of a cell.

Name: cytosolic proteasome complex.

Definition: A proteasome complex found in the cytosol of a cell.

Name: spindle pole centrosome.

Definition: A centrosome from which one pole of a mitotic or meiotic spindle is organized.

Name: receptor internalization.

Definition: A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the movement of receptors from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell. The process begins when cell surface receptors are monoubiquitinated following ligand-induced activation. Receptors are subsequently taken up into endocytic vesicles from where they are either targeted to the lysosome or vacuole for degradation or recycled back to the plasma membrane.

Name: ubiquitin conjugating enzyme binding.

Definition: Binding to a ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, any of the E2 proteins.

Name: ubiquitin protein ligase binding.

Definition: Binding to a ubiquitin protein ligase enzyme, any of the E3 proteins.

Name: telomeric loop formation.

Definition: The process in which linear telomeric DNA is remodeled into duplex loops, by the invasion of a 3' single-stranded overhang into the duplex region.

Name: adenylate cyclase-inhibiting opioid receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by an opioid binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

Name: zymogen activation.

Definition: The proteolytic processing of an inactive enzyme to an active form.

Name: plasminogen activation.

Definition: The process in which inactive plasminogen is processed to active plasmin. This process includes cleavage at an internal Arg-Val site to form an N-terminal A-chain and C-terminal B-chain held together by a disulfide bond, and can include further proteolytic cleavage events to remove the preactivation peptide.

Name: killing of cells of another organism.

Definition: Any process in an organism that results in the killing of cells of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions.

Name: regulation of myelination.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons.

Name: negative regulation of myelination.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons.

Name: regulation of nervous system process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the nervous system.

Name: negative regulation of nervous system process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process.

Name: positive regulation of nervous system process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process.

Name: regulation of protein stability.

Definition: Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein, altering the likelihood of its degradation or aggregation.

Name: protein destabilization.

Definition: Any process that decreases the stability of a protein, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes or aggregation.

Name: lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Lipopolysaccharides are major components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, making them prime targets for recognition by the immune system.

Name: regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling in response to detection of lipopolysaccharide.

Name: negative regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling in response to detection of lipopolysaccharide.

Name: positive regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling in response to detection of lipopolysaccharide.

Name: response to nutrient levels.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of nutrients.

Name: cellular response to extracellular stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an extracellular stimulus.

Name: cellular response to nutrient levels.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of nutrients.

Name: cellular response to nutrient.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus.

Name: A band.

Definition: The dark-staining region of a sarcomere, in which myosin thick filaments are present; the center is traversed by the paler H zone, which in turn contains the M line.

Name: I band.

Definition: A region of a sarcomere that appears as a light band on each side of the Z disc, comprising a region of the sarcomere where thin (actin) filaments are not overlapped by thick (myosin) filaments; contains actin, troponin, and tropomyosin; each sarcomere includes half of an I band at each end.

Name: G-protein beta-subunit binding.

Definition: Binding to a G-protein beta subunit.

Name: G-protein gamma-subunit binding.

Definition: Binding to a G-protein gamma subunit.

Name: adenosine receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an adenosine receptor.

Name: A2A adenosine receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an A2A adenosine receptor.

Name: adrenergic receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an adrenergic receptor.

Name: alpha-2A adrenergic receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an alpha-2A adrenergic receptor.

Name: alpha-2B adrenergic receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an alpha-2B adrenergic receptor.

Name: alpha-2C adrenergic receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an alpha-2C adrenergic receptor.

Name: beta-1 adrenergic receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a beta-1 adrenergic receptor.

Name: beta-2 adrenergic receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a beta-2 adrenergic receptor.

Name: beta-3 adrenergic receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a beta-3 adrenergic receptor.

Name: adrenomedullin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an adrenomedullin receptor.

Name: angiotensin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an angiotensin receptor.

Name: type 1 angiotensin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a type 1 angiotensin receptor.

Name: type 2 angiotensin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a type 2 angiotensin receptor.

Name: apelin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an apelin receptor.

Name: bombesin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a bombesin receptor.

Name: endothelin A receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an endothelin A receptor.

Name: endothelin B receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an endothelin B receptor.

Name: bradykinin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a bradykinin receptor.

Name: C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor.

Name: C5L2 anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a C5L2 anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor.

Name: calcitonin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a calcitonin receptor.

Name: cannabinoid receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a cannabinoid receptor.

Name: type 1 cannabinoid receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a type 1 cannabinoid receptor.

Name: haptoglobin binding.

Definition: Binding to a haptoglobin, any alpha2 globulin of blood plasma that can combine with free oxyhemoglobin to form a stable complex.

Name: CXCR5 chemokine receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a CXCR5 chemokine receptor.

Name: CCR1 chemokine receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a CCR1 chemokine receptor.

Name: CCR2 chemokine receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a CCR2 chemokine receptor.

Name: CCR3 chemokine receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a CCR3 chemokine receptor.

Name: CCR5 chemokine receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a CCR5 chemokine receptor.

Name: CCR6 chemokine receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a CCR6 chemokine receptor.

Name: CCR10 chemokine receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a CCR10 chemokine receptor.

Name: CX3C chemokine receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a CX3C chemokine receptor.

Name: cholecystokinin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a cholecystokinin receptor.

Name: type B gastrin/cholecystokinin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a type B gastrin/cholecystokinin receptor.

Name: D1 dopamine receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a D1 dopamine receptor.

Name: endothelial differentiation G protein-coupled receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an endothelial differentiation G protein-coupled receptor.

Name: Edg-2 lysophosphatidic acid receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an Edg-2 lysophosphatidic acid receptor.

Name: galanin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a galanin receptor.

Name: type 1 galanin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a type 1 galanin receptor.

Name: type 2 galanin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a type 2 galanin receptor.

Name: type 3 galanin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a type 3 galanin receptor.

Name: gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor.

Name: growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor.

Name: melanocortin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a melanocortin receptor.

Name: corticotropin hormone receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a corticotropin hormone receptor.

Name: type 3 melanocortin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a type 3 melanocortin receptor.

Name: type 4 melanocortin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a type 4 melanocortin receptor.

Name: type 5 melanocortin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a type 5 melanocortin receptor.

Name: motilin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a motilin receptor.

Name: type 2 metabotropic glutamate receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a type 2 metabotropic glutamate receptor.

Name: type 3 metabotropic glutamate receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a type 3 metabotropic glutamate receptor.

Name: type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptor.

Name: haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex.

Definition: A protein complex formed by the stable binding of a haptoglobin to hemoglobin.

Name: type 1 neuromedin U receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a type 1 neuromedin U receptor.

Name: type 2 neuromedin U receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a type 2 neuromedin U receptor.

Name: protection from non-homologous end joining at telomere.

Definition: A process that prevents non-homologous end joining at telomere, thereby ensuring that telomeres do not fuse.

Name: olfactory receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an olfactory receptor.

Name: parathyroid hormone receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a parathyroid hormone receptor.

Name: type 1 parathyroid hormone receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a type 1 parathyroid hormone receptor.

Name: telomeric 3' overhang formation.

Definition: The formation of the single stranded telomeric 3' overhang, a conserved feature that ranges in length from 12 nt in budding yeast to approximately 500 nt in humans.

Name: prostanoid receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a prostanoid receptor.

Name: EP4 subtype prostaglandin E2 receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an EP4 subtype prostaglandin E2 receptor.

Name: thromboxane A2 receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a thromboxane A2 receptor.

Name: proteinase activated receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a proteinase activated receptor.

Name: vasopressin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a vasopressin receptor.

Name: V1A vasopressin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a V1A vasopressin receptor.

Name: early endosome membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding an early endosome.

Name: late endosome membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding a late endosome.

Name: microbody membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding a microbody.

Name: endosome lumen.

Definition: The volume enclosed by the membrane of an endosome.

Name: microbody lumen.

Definition: The volume enclosed by the membranes of a microbody.

Name: TOR signaling.

Definition: The series of molecular signals mediated by TOR (Target of rapamycin) proteins, members of the phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase related kinase (PIKK) family that act as serine/threonine kinases in response to nutrient availability or growth factors.

Name: TORC1 complex.

Definition: A protein complex that contains at least TOR (target of rapamycin) and Raptor (regulatory-associated protein of TOR), or orthologs of, in complex with other signaling components. Mediates the phosphorylation and activation of S6K. In Saccharomyces, the complex contains Kog1p, Lst8p, Tco89p, and either Tor1p or Tor2p.

Name: TORC2 complex.

Definition: A protein complex that contains at least TOR (target of rapamycin) and Rictor (rapamycin-insensitive companion of TOR), or orthologs of, in complex with other signaling components. Mediates the phosphorylation and activation of PKB (also called AKT). In Saccharomyces, the complex contains Avo1p, Avo2p, Tsc11p, Lst8p, Bit61p, Slm1p, Slm2p, and Tor2p.

Name: filamentous actin.

Definition: A two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin.

Name: regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids.

Name: negative regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids.

Name: positive regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids.

Name: regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids.

Name: negative regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids.

Name: positive regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids.

Name: regulation of protein autophosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of the phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own residues.

Name: negative regulation of protein autophosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of the phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own residues.

Name: positive regulation of protein autophosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own residues.

Name: medium-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a medium-chain carboxylic acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA; a medium-chain fatty acid is any fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.

Name: very long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a very-long-chain fatty acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA; a very long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.

Name: corticosteroid receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by corticosteroid binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: response to corticosteroid.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticosteroid hormone stimulus. A corticosteroid is a steroid hormone that is produced in the adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids are involved in a wide range of physiologic systems such as stress response, immune response and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte levels, and behavior. They include glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.

Name: nuclear mineralocorticoid receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a nuclear mineralocorticoid receptor.

Name: nuclear membrane.

Definition: Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space.

Name: mitochondrial membrane.

Definition: Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope.

Name: organelle envelope.

Definition: A double membrane structure enclosing an organelle, including two lipid bilayers and the region between them. In some cases, an organelle envelope may have more than two membranes.

Name: organelle outer membrane.

Definition: The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing in a cellular organelle, lipid bilayer of an organelle envelope.

Name: organelle envelope lumen.

Definition: The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope.

Name: membrane-enclosed lumen.

Definition: The enclosed volume within a sealed membrane or between two sealed membranes. Encompasses the volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the space between the two lipid bilayers of a double membrane surrounding an organelle, e.g. nuclear envelope lumen.

Name: envelope.

Definition: A multilayered structure surrounding all or part of a cell; encompasses one or more lipid bilayers, and may include a cell wall layer; also includes the space between layers.

Name: nuclear lumen.

Definition: The volume enclosed by the nuclear inner membrane.

Name: vesicle.

Definition: Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane.

Name: vesicle lumen.

Definition: The volume enclosed by the membrane or protein that forms a vesicle.

Name: organelle subcompartment.

Definition: A compartment that consists of a lumen and an enclosing membrane, and is part of an organelle.

Name: Golgi cisterna.

Definition: Any of the thin, flattened membrane-bounded compartments that form the central portion of the Golgi complex.

Name: mRNA export from nucleus in response to heat stress.

Definition: The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for the organism; in particular, a process that enables an organism withstand exposure to temperatures that would otherwise lethally impair poly(A)+ mRNA-nucleus export.

Name: insulin-like growth factor I binding.

Definition: Binding to insulin-like growth factor I.

Name: insulin-like growth factor II binding.

Definition: Binding to insulin-like growth factor II.

Name: thioesterase binding.

Definition: Binding to a thioesterase.

Name: N-terminal myristoylation domain binding.

Definition: Binding to the N-terminus of a protein that has the potential to be, or has been, modified by N-terminal myristoylation. Binding affinity is typically altered by myristoylation; for example, N-terminal myristoylation of HIV Nef increases its affinity for calmodulin.

Name: regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid bbeta-oxidation.

Name: negative regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid beta-oxidation.

Name: positive regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid beta-oxidation.

Name: interleukin-28 receptor complex.

Definition: A protein complex that binds interleukin-28 and interleukin-29. It is composed of an alpha and a beta receptor subunit (in human IFNLR1/IL28Ralpha & IL10RB) and either Interleukin-28 (IFNL2 or IFNL3) or Interleukin-29 (IFNL1).

Name: interleukin-28 receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an interleukin-28 receptor.

Name: regulation of TOR signaling.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of TOR signaling.

Name: negative regulation of TOR signaling.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of TOR signaling.

Name: positive regulation of TOR signaling.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TOR signaling.

Name: early phagosome.

Definition: A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle as initially formed upon the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis.

Name: phagolysosome.

Definition: A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by maturation of an early phagosome following the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis; during maturation, phagosomes acquire markers of late endosomes and lysosomes.

Name: ISG15-protein conjugation.

Definition: The covalent addition to a protein of ISG15, a ubiquitin-like protein.

Name: NELF complex.

Definition: A complex of five proteins, designated NELF-A, -B, -C, -D, and -E in human, that can physically associate with RNP polymerase II to induce transcriptional pausing.

Name: positive regulation of insulin secretion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.

Name: response to cobalt ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cobalt ion stimulus.

Name: response to magnesium ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a magnesium ion stimulus.

Name: myosin light chain binding.

Definition: Binding to a light chain of a myosin complex.

Name: myosin head/neck binding.

Definition: Binding to the head/neck region of a myosin heavy chain.

Name: myosin tail binding.

Definition: Binding to the tail region of a myosin heavy chain.

Name: myosin II head/neck binding.

Definition: Binding to the head/neck region of a myosin II heavy chain.

Name: myosin heavy chain binding.

Definition: Binding to a heavy chain of a myosin complex.

Name: myosin II heavy chain binding.

Definition: Binding to a heavy chain of a myosin II complex.

Name: integrator complex.

Definition: A protein complex that stably associates with the C-terminus of RNA polymerase II and mediates 3'-end processing of small nuclear RNAs generated by RNA polymerase II.

Name: small-subunit processome.

Definition: A large ribonucleoprotein complex that is an early preribosomal complex. In S. cerevisiae, it has a size of 80S and consists of the 35S pre-rRNA, early-associating ribosomal proteins most of which are part of the small ribosomal subunit, the U3 snoRNA and associated proteins.

Name: mitochondrial DNA metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving mitochondrial DNA.

Name: mitochondrial DNA catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mitochondrial DNA.

Name: DSIF complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric protein complex formed of Spt4 and Spt5 proteins which is expressed in eukaryotes from yeast to man. DSIF is an inhibitory elongation factor that promotes RNA polymerase II transcriptional pausing, but can also stimulate transcriptional elongation under certain conditions, and may play a role in RNA processing via its physical association with mRNA capping enzymes.

Name: guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor complex.

Definition: A protein complex that stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase.

Name: cardiolipin metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving cardiolipin, 1,3-bis(3-phosphatidyl)glycerol.

Name: cardiolipin biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cardiolipin, 1,3-bis(3-phosphatidyl)glycerol.

Name: clathrin heavy chain binding.

Definition: Binding to a clathrin heavy chain.

Name: clathrin light chain binding.

Definition: Binding to a clathrin light chain.

Name: bile acid binding.

Definition: Binding to a bile acid, a steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile.

Name: ciliary basal body organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a ciliary basal body, a short cylindrical array of microtubules and associated proteins found at the base of a eukaryotic cilium (also called flagellum).

Name: negative regulation of translation in response to stress.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.

Name: positive regulation of translation in response to stress.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.

Name: bleb.

Definition: A cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Blebs are formed during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses.

Name: bleb assembly.

Definition: The assembly of a bleb, a cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Plasma membrane blebbing occurs during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses.

Name: regulation of nuclease activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.

Name: regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.

Name: regulation of endodeoxyribonuclease activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endodeoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.

Name: regulation of restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity, the catalysis of endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA in a site-specific manner, resulting in double-strand breaks.

Name: negative regulation of nuclease activity.

Definition: Any process that stops or reduces the rate of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.

Name: positive regulation of nuclease activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.

Name: negative regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity.

Definition: Any process that stops or reduces the rate of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.

Name: positive regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.

Name: negative regulation of endodeoxyribonuclease activity.

Definition: Any process that stops or reduces the rate of endodeoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.

Name: positive regulation of endodeoxyribonuclease activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endodeoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.

Name: negative regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB.

Name: NACHT domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a NACHT (NAIP, CIITA, HET-E and TP1) domain. The NACHT domain consists of seven distinct conserved motifs, including an ATP/GTPase specific P-loop, a Mg2+-binding site and five more specific motifs.

Name: Pyrin domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a Pyrin (PAAD/DAPIN) domain, a protein-protein interaction domain that has the same fold as the Death domain.

Name: negative regulation of protein binding.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.

Name: positive regulation of protein binding.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.

Name: SAM domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a SAM (Sterile Alpha Motif) domain, which is a 70-amino acid protein sequence that participates in protein-protein, protein-lipid, and protein-RNA interactions and is conserved from lower to higher eukaryotes.

Name: response to food.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a food stimulus; food is anything which, when taken into the body, serves to nourish or build up the tissues or to supply body heat.

Name: regulation of appetite.

Definition: Any process which modulates appetite, the desire or physical craving for food.

Name: regulation of response to external stimulus.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus.

Name: negative regulation of response to external stimulus.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus.

Name: positive regulation of response to external stimulus.

Definition: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to an external stimulus.

Name: regulation of response to extracellular stimulus.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an extracellular stimulus.

Name: regulation of response to nutrient levels.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels.

Name: regulation of carbohydrate phosphatase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of carbohydrate phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphate from a carbohydrate phosphate.

Name: SMC loading complex.

Definition: A protein complex required for the loading of a structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) complex, such as cohesin, condensin or SMC5/SMC6, onto DNA. Appears to be eukaryotically conserved.

Name: sequestering of zinc ion.

Definition: The process of binding or confining zinc ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.

Name: dense core granule membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding a dense core granule.

Name: histone H3K9 deacetylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 9) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 9) + acetate. This reaction represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.

Name: chromosome passenger complex.

Definition: A eukaryotically conserved protein complex that localizes to kinetochores in early mitosis, the spindle mid-zone in anaphase B and to the telophase midbody. It has been proposed that the passenger complex coordinates various events based on its location to different structures during the course of mitosis. Complex members include the BIR-domain-containing protein Survivin, Aurora kinase, INCENP and Borealin.

Name: DNA insertion or deletion binding.

Definition: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing an insertion or a deletion.

Name: guanine/thymine mispair binding.

Definition: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a G/T mispair.

Name: single base insertion or deletion binding.

Definition: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a single base insertion or deletion.

Name: dinucleotide insertion or deletion binding.

Definition: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a dinucleotide insertion or deletion.

Name: single guanine insertion binding.

Definition: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a single guanine insertion or a deletion that results in an unpaired guanine.

Name: single thymine insertion binding.

Definition: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a single thymine insertion or a deletion that results in an unpaired thymine.

Name: 4-aminobutyrate transaminase complex.

Definition: A homodimeric protein complex that possesses 4-aminobutyrate transaminase activity.

Name: activation of protein kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive protein kinase.

Name: activation of protein kinase B activity.

Definition: Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase B.

Name: cell division site.

Definition: The eventual plane of cell division (also known as cell cleavage or cytokinesis) in a dividing cell. In Eukaryotes, the cleavage apparatus, composed of septin structures and the actomyosin contractile ring, forms along this plane, and the mitotic, or meiotic, spindle is aligned perpendicular to the division plane. In bacteria, the cell division site is generally located at mid-cell and is the site at which the cytoskeletal structure, the Z-ring, assembles.

Name: cleavage furrow.

Definition: The cleavage furrow is a plasma membrane invagination at the cell division site. The cleavage furrow begins as a shallow groove and eventually deepens to divide the cytoplasm.

Name: septin cytoskeleton.

Definition: The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of septins and associated proteins. Includes septin cytoskeleton-associated complexes.

Name: dinucleotide repeat insertion binding.

Definition: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a dinucleotide repeat insertion or a deletion resulting in unpaired dinucleotide repeats.

Name: ubiquitin-like protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a small conjugating protein such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein.

Name: SUMO binding.

Definition: Binding to the small ubiquitin-like protein SUMO.

Name: SUMO polymer binding.

Definition: Binding to a polymer of the small ubiquitin-like protein SUMO.

Name: septin cytoskeleton organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising septin complexes and their associated proteins.

Name: acrosin binding.

Definition: Binding to acrosin, a protein that is found in the acrosomes of sperm and possesses protease and carbohydrate binding activities.

Name: transposition.

Definition: Any process involved in mediating the movement of discrete segments of DNA between nonhomologous sites. For elements that are transcribed as the first step of transposition, the process starts with the transcription of the transposable element, its translation and maturation, and ending with integration into DNA. For elements that are cut out, the process starts with the excision of the donor DNA and integrated into another site.

Name: transposition, RNA-mediated.

Definition: Any process involved in a type of transpositional recombination which occurs via an RNA intermediate.

Name: reverse transcription involved in RNA-mediated transposition.

Definition: The synthesis of DNA from an RNA transposon intermediate.

Name: telomere organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of telomeres, terminal regions of a linear chromosome that include the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.

Name: telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication.

Definition: The process in which telomeric DNA is synthesized semi-conservatively by the conventional replication machinery and telomeric accessory factors as part of cell cycle DNA replication.

Name: telomere assembly.

Definition: A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a telomere at a non-telomeric double-stranded DNA end. A telomere is a terminal region of a linear chromosome that includes telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.

Name: telomere formation via telomerase.

Definition: A cellular process that results in the formation of a telomere at a non-telomeric double-stranded DNA end that involves the activity of a telomerase enzyme.

Name: regulation of telomere maintenance.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA.

Name: negative regulation of telomere maintenance.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA.

Name: positive regulation of telomere maintenance.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA.

Name: regulation of telomere maintenance via recombination.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a recombinational process involved in the maintenance of proper telomeric length.

Name: negative regulation of telomere maintenance via recombination.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a recombinational process involved in the maintenance of proper telomeric length.

Name: regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase.

Name: negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase.

Name: positive regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase.

Name: riboflavin transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of riboflavin from one side of a membrane to the other. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin, converted in the cell to FMN and FAD, cofactors required for the function of flavoproteins.

Name: riboflavin transport.

Definition: The directed movement of riboflavin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin, converted in the cell to FMN and FAD, cofactors required for the function of flavoproteins.

Name: regulation of actin filament bundle assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles.

Name: negative regulation of actin filament bundle assembly.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles.

Name: positive regulation of actin filament bundle assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles.

Name: activation of store-operated calcium channel activity.

Definition: A process that initiates the activity of an inactive store-operated calcium channel.

Name: adenosine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of adenosine, adenine riboside, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: regulation of nucleoside transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a nucleoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: negative regulation of nucleoside transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a nucleoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: secretory granule localization.

Definition: Any process in which a secretory granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

Name: dense core granule localization.

Definition: Any process in which a dense core granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

Name: methylation.

Definition: The process in which a methyl group is covalently attached to a molecule.

Name: purine nucleotide salvage.

Definition: Any process which produces a purine nucleotide from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.

Name: pyrimidine nucleotide salvage.

Definition: Any process which produces a pyrimidine nucleotide from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.

Name: GMP salvage.

Definition: Any process which produces guanosine monophosphate from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.

Name: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate binding.

Definition: Binding to phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3' position.

Name: regulation of protein polymerization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.

Name: negative regulation of protein polymerization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.

Name: positive regulation of protein polymerization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.

Name: gonadotropin secretion.

Definition: The regulated release of a gonadotropin, any hormone that stimulates the gonads, especially follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.

Name: luteinizing hormone secretion.

Definition: The regulated release of luteinizing hormone, a gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary.

Name: regulation of gonadotropin secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a gonadotropin.

Name: negative regulation of gonadotropin secretion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a gonadotropin.

Name: positive regulation of gonadotropin secretion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a gonadotropin.

Name: asymmetric synapse.

Definition: A type of synapse occurring between an axon and a dendritic spine or dendritic shaft. Asymmetric synapses, the most abundant synapse type in the central nervous system, involve axons that contain predominantly spherical vesicles and contain a thickened postsynaptic density. Most or all synapses of this type are excitatory.

Name: central nervous system myelin maintenance.

Definition: The process in which the structure and material content of mature central nervous system myelin is kept in a functional state.

Name: myelin assembly.

Definition: The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon in the central or peripheral nervous system.

Name: central nervous system myelin formation.

Definition: The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon by an oligodendrocyte in the central nervous system.

Name: axon ensheathment in central nervous system.

Definition: The process in which a glial cell membrane closes around an axon in the central nervous system. This can be a myelinating or a non-myelinating neuron-glial interaction.

Name: peripheral nervous system axon ensheathment.

Definition: The process in which a Schwann cell membrane closes around an axon in the peripheral nervous system. This can be a myelinating or a non-myelinating neuron-glial interaction.

Name: double-stranded RNA-specific ribonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in double-stranded RNA molecules.

Name: ribonuclease H2 complex.

Definition: A protein complex that possesses ribonuclease H activity, in which the catalytic subunit is a member of the RNase H2 (or HII) class. For example, in Saccharomyces the complex contains Rnh201p, Rnh202p and Rnh203p.

Name: mismatch repair complex.

Definition: Any complex formed of proteins that act in mismatch repair.

Name: MutSalpha complex.

Definition: A heterodimer involved in the recognition and repair of base-base and small insertion/deletion mismatches. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MSH2 and MSH6.

Name: MutSbeta complex.

Definition: A heterodimer involved in binding to and correcting insertion/deletion mutations. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MSH2 and MSH3.

Name: regulation of icosanoid secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of an icosanoid from a cell.

Name: negative regulation of icosanoid secretion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of an icosanoid from a cell.

Name: positive regulation of icosanoid secretion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of an icosanoid from a cell.

Name: regulation of prostaglandin secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a prostaglandin from a cell.

Name: positive regulation of prostaglandin secretion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a prostaglandin from a cell.

Name: icosanoid secretion.

Definition: The controlled release of icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids from a cell or a tissue.

Name: prostaglandin secretion.

Definition: The regulated release of a prostaglandin, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring, from a cell or a tissue.

Name: angiogenin-PRI complex.

Definition: A stable heterodimer of angiogenin and placental ribonuclease inhibitor; interaction between angiogenin and PRI prevents angiogenin binding to its receptor to stimulate angiogenesis.

Name: molybdopterin cofactor biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the molybdopterin cofactor (Moco), essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes, e.g. sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo-molybdopterin) or tungsten ion (W-molybdopterin) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.

Name: alanine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of alanine, 2-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: serine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of L-serine, 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: regulation of chondrocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of chondrocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of chondrocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.

Name: aldosterone metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone, a corticosteroid hormone that is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and regulates salt (sodium and potassium) and water balance.

Name: aldosterone biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldosterone, a corticosteroid hormone that is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and regulates salt (sodium and potassium) and water balance.

Name: regulation of aldosterone metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone.

Name: negative regulation of aldosterone metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone.

Name: positive regulation of aldosterone metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone.

Name: regulation of aldosterone biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldosterone.

Name: negative regulation of aldosterone biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldosterone.

Name: positive regulation of aldosterone biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldosterone.

Name: regulation of hormone metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone.

Name: negative regulation of hormone metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone.

Name: positive regulation of hormone metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone.

Name: negative regulation of hormone biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hormones.

Name: response to follicle-stimulating hormone.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus.

Name: response to estradiol.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen.

Name: oxidized DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a DNA region containing an oxidized residue.

Name: oxidized purine DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a DNA region containing an oxidized purine residue.

Name: oxidized pyrimidine DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a DNA region containing an oxidized pyrimidine residue.

Name: pyridoxal phosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxal phosphorylated at the hydroxymethyl group of C-5, the active form of vitamin B6.

Name: cellular oxygen homeostasis.

Definition: A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of oxygen within a cell.

Name: intracellular lipid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of lipids within cells.

Name: intracellular sterol transport.

Definition: The directed movement of sterols within cells.

Name: intracellular cholesterol transport.

Definition: The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, within cells.

Name: regulation of lipid transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: negative regulation of lipid transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: positive regulation of lipid transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: regulation of sterol transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: negative regulation of sterol transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: positive regulation of sterol transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: regulation of cholesterol transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: negative regulation of cholesterol transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: positive regulation of cholesterol transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: regulation of intracellular lipid transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells.

Name: negative regulation of intracellular lipid transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells.

Name: positive regulation of intracellular lipid transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells.

Name: regulation of intracellular sterol transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols within cells.

Name: negative regulation of intracellular sterol transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols within cells.

Name: positive regulation of intracellular sterol transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols within cells.

Name: regulation of intracellular cholesterol transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol within cells.

Name: negative regulation of intracellular cholesterol transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol within cells.

Name: positive regulation of intracellular cholesterol transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol within cells.

Name: regulation of intracellular transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.

Name: negative regulation of intracellular transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.

Name: positive regulation of intracellular transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.

Name: photoreceptor connecting cilium.

Definition: The portion of the photoreceptor cell cilium linking the photoreceptor inner and outer segments. It's considered to be equivalent to the ciliary transition zone.

Name: DNA geometric change.

Definition: The process in which a transformation is induced in the geometry of a DNA double helix, resulting in a change in twist, writhe, or both, but with no change in linking number. Includes the unwinding of double-stranded DNA by helicases.

Name: MHC class I receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with an MHC class I protein complex to initiate a change in cellular activity. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.

Name: MHC class Ib receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with an MHC class Ib protein complex and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 or HLA-E gene families.

Name: MHC class II receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with an MHC class II protein complex and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: inhibitory MHC class I receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a MHC class I protein complex to mediate signaling that inhibits activation of a lymphocyte.

Name: activating MHC class I receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a MHC class I protein complex to mediate signaling that activates a lymphocyte.

Name: MHC class Ib protein complex.

Definition: A transmembrane protein complex composed of a MHC class Ib alpha chain and, in most cases, an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide or lipid antigen. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 or HLA-E gene families.

Name: HECT domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a HECT, 'Homologous to the E6-AP Carboxy-Terminus', domain of a protein.

Name: melanosome localization.

Definition: Any process in which a melanosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

Name: establishment of melanosome localization.

Definition: The directed movement of a melanosome to a specific location.

Name: melanosome transport.

Definition: The directed movement of melanosomes into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: mismatch repair complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a mismatch repair complex.

Name: MutLalpha complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a MutLalpha mismatch repair complex.

Name: MutLbeta complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a MutLbeta mismatch repair complex.

Name: MutSalpha complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a MutSalpha mismatch repair complex.

Name: MutSbeta complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a MutSbeta mismatch repair complex.

Name: regulation of transporter activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the activity of a transporter.

Name: negative regulation of transporter activity.

Definition: Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a transporter.

Name: positive regulation of transporter activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the activity of a transporter.

Name: regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the activity of an ion transporter.

Name: negative regulation of ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an ion transporter.

Name: positive regulation of ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the activity of an ion transporter.

Name: regulation of sodium:proton antiporter activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the activity of a sodium:hydrogen antiporter, which catalyzes the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out).

Name: positive regulation of sodium:proton antiporter activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the activity of a sodium:hydrogen antiporter, which catalyzes the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out).

Name: lysosome localization.

Definition: Any process in which a lysosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.

Name: stereocilium.

Definition: An actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of auditory and vestibular hair cells and of neuromast cells. These protrusions are supported by a bundle of cross-linked actin filaments (an actin cable), oriented such that the plus (barbed) ends are at the tip of the protrusion, capped by a tip complex which bridges to the plasma. Bundles of stereocilia act as mechanosensory organelles.

Name: stereocilium bundle.

Definition: A bundle of cross-linked stereocilia, arranged around a kinocilium on the apical surface of a sensory hair cell (e.g. a neuromast, auditory or vestibular hair cell). Stereocilium bundles act as mechanosensory organelles by responding to fluid motion or fluid pressure changes.

Name: purine-rich negative regulatory element binding.

Definition: Binding to a 30-bp purine-rich negative regulatory element; the best characterized such element is found in the first intronic region of the rat cardiac alpha-myosin heavy chain gene, and contains two palindromic high-affinity Ets-binding sites (CTTCCCTGGAAG). The presence of this element restricts expression of the gene containing it to cardiac myocytes.

Name: regulation of mismatch repair.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mismatch repair.

Name: positive regulation of mismatch repair.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mismatch repair.

Name: GBD domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a GTPase protein binding domain (GDB) domain. The GBD is a short motif, including a minimum region of 16 amino acids, identified in proteins that bind to small GTPases such as Cdc42 and Rac.

Name: regulation of phospholipase A2 activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2.

Name: positive regulation of phospholipase A2 activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2.

Name: activation of phospholipase A2 activity.

Definition: Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme phospholipase A2.

Name: actin filament bundle.

Definition: An assembly of actin filaments that are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness.

Name: filopodium tip.

Definition: The end of a filopodium distal to the body of the cell.

Name: regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.

Name: negative regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.

Name: positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.

Name: cuticular plate.

Definition: A dense network of actin filaments found beneath the apical cell surface of hair cells, and into which stereocilia are inserted.

Name: melanosome organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a melanosome. A melanosome is a tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored.

Name: 2-alkenal reductase [NAD(P)+] activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: n-alkanal + NAD(P)+ = alk-2-enal + NAD(P)H + H+.

Name: activin responsive factor complex.

Definition: A transcriptionally active complex that binds to an activin response element (ARE) in the promoter of target genes, and is composed of two SMAD2 proteins, one SMAD4 protein and a Forkhead activin signal transducer (FAST) transcription factor.

Name: protein modification by small protein conjugation.

Definition: A protein modification process in which one or more groups of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are covalently attached to a target protein.

Name: DNA hairpin binding.

Definition: Binding to a DNA region containing a hairpin. A hairpin structure forms when a DNA strand folds back on itself and intrachain base pairing occurs between inverted repeat sequences.

Name: CBM complex.

Definition: A protein complex comprising Bcl10, MALT1 and a CARD domain-containing protein (CARD9, CARD10 or CARD11); plays a role in signal transduction during NF-kappaB activation.

Name: demethylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a substrate.

Name: histone demethylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a histone.

Name: histone H3K4 demethylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a modified lysine residue at position 4 of the histone H3 protein.

Name: histone H3K9 demethylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a modified lysine residue at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.

Name: endocytic recycling.

Definition: The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from endosomes back to the plasma membrane, a trafficking pathway that promotes the recycling of internalized transmembrane proteins.

Name: slow endocytic recycling.

Definition: The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from deep (non-peripheral) compartments endocytic compartments back to the plasma membrane where they are recycled for further rounds of transport.

Name: regulation of protein oligomerization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein oligomerization.

Name: positive regulation of protein oligomerization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein oligomerization.

Name: regulation of protein homooligomerization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein homooligomerization.

Name: positive regulation of protein homooligomerization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein homooligomerization.

Name: regulation of cytokinesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells.

Name: negative regulation of cytokinesis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells.

Name: positive regulation of cytokinesis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells.

Name: Golgi calcium ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the Golgi apparatus of a cell or between the Golgi and its surroundings.

Name: endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell or between the endoplasmic reticulum and its surroundings.

Name: positive regulation of endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration.

Definition: Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration.

Definition: Any process that decreases the concentration of calcium ions in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: Golgi calcium ion transport.

Definition: The directed movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus.

Name: cytoplasmic side of mitochondrial outer membrane.

Definition: The external (cytoplasmic) face of the mitochondrial outer membrane.

Name: regulation of type I interferon production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon type I production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.

Name: negative regulation of type I interferon production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of type I interferon production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.

Name: positive regulation of type I interferon production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type I interferon production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.

Name: regulation of Rab protein signal transduction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rab protein signal transduction.

Name: regulation of Ral protein signal transduction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Ral protein signal transduction.

Name: Rap protein signal transduction.

Definition: The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rap family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.

Name: regulation of Rap protein signal transduction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rap protein signal transduction.

Name: Cdc42 protein signal transduction.

Definition: The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by the Cdc42 protein switching to a GTP-bound active state.

Name: regulation of Cdc42 protein signal transduction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Cdc42 protein signal transduction.

Name: detection of molecule of bacterial origin.

Definition: The series of events in which a stimulus from a molecule of bacterial origin is received and converted into a molecular signal.

Name: detection of molecule of fungal origin.

Definition: The series of events in which a stimulus from a molecule of fungal origin is received and converted into a molecular signal.

Name: response to bacterial lipoprotein.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bacterial lipoprotein stimulus.

Name: response to peptidoglycan.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptidoglycan stimulus. Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall macromolecule.

Name: response to muramyl dipeptide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muramyl dipeptide stimulus. Muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan.

Name: response to lipopolysaccharide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.

Name: detection of lipopolysaccharide.

Definition: The series of events in which a lipopolysaccharide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.

Name: detection of muramyl dipeptide.

Definition: The series of events in which a muramyl dipeptide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan.

Name: detection of peptidoglycan.

Definition: The series of events in which a peptidoglycan stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall macromolecule.

Name: muramyl dipeptide binding.

Definition: Interacting selectively and non-covalently, in a non-covalent manner, with muramyl dipeptide; muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan.

Name: multicellular organismal process.

Definition: Any biological process, occurring at the level of a multicellular organism, pertinent to its function.

Name: developmental process.

Definition: A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition.

Name: multicellular organism reproduction.

Definition: The biological process in which new individuals are produced by one or two multicellular organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents.

Name: cytokinetic process.

Definition: A cellular process that is involved in cytokinesis (the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells).

Name: maintenance of protein location in cell.

Definition: Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.

Name: DNA duplex unwinding.

Definition: The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating a region of unpaired single strands.

Name: endosome transport via multivesicular body sorting pathway.

Definition: The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes or vacuoles by a pathway in which molecules are sorted into multivesicular bodies, which then fuse with the target compartment.

Name: endosome to lysosome transport via multivesicular body sorting pathway.

Definition: The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes by a pathway in which molecules are sorted into multivesicular bodies, which then fuse with the lysosome.

Name: negative regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a phosphoprotein phosphatase.

Name: positive regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the activity of a phosphoprotein phosphatase.

Name: response to retinoic acid.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus.

Name: protein exit from endoplasmic reticulum.

Definition: The directed movement of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: microvillus organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell.

Name: regulation of microvillus organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microvillus.

Name: regulation of microvillus length.

Definition: A process that modulates the length of a microvillus.

Name: regulation of microvillus assembly.

Definition: A process that modulates the formation of a microvillus.

Name: regulation of cellular component size.

Definition: A process that modulates the size of a cellular component.

Name: regulation of cell projection size.

Definition: A process that modulates the size of a cell projection.

Name: cortical endoplasmic reticulum.

Definition: A cortical network of highly dynamic tubules that are juxtaposed to the plasma membrane and undergo ring closure and tubule-branching movements.

Name: sulfiredoxin activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: peroxiredoxin-(S-hydroxy-S-oxocysteine) + ATP + 2 R-SH = peroxiredoxin-(S-hydroxycysteine) + ADP + phosphate + R-S-S-R.

Name: mitochondrial translation.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in a mitochondrion. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein; the mitochondrion has its own ribosomes and transfer RNAs, and uses a genetic code that differs from the nuclear code.

Name: deoxyribonucleotide binding.

Definition: Binding to a deoxyribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a deoxyribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose moiety.

Name: ribonucleotide binding.

Definition: Binding to a ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a ribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.

Name: purine deoxyribonucleotide binding.

Definition: Binding to a purine deoxyribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine deoxyribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose moiety.

Name: purine ribonucleotide binding.

Definition: Binding to a purine ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine ribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.

Name: pyrimidine ribonucleotide binding.

Definition: Binding to a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a pyrimidine ribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.

Name: adenyl ribonucleotide binding.

Definition: Binding to an adenyl ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of adenosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.

Name: guanyl deoxyribonucleotide binding.

Definition: Binding to a guanyl deoxyribonucleotide, any compound consisting of guanosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose moiety.

Name: guanyl ribonucleotide binding.

Definition: Binding to a guanyl ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of guanosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.

Name: dGTP binding.

Definition: Binding to dGTP, deoxyguanosine triphosphate.

Name: response to progesterone.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a progesterone stimulus.

Name: response to vitamin K.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin K stimulus.

Name: 5'-3' RNA helicase activity.

Definition: Unwinding of an RNA helix in the 5' to 3' direction, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Name: Golgi cisterna membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the thin, flattened compartments that form the central portion of the Golgi complex.

Name: ER-dependent peroxisome organization.

Definition: A process of peroxisome organization in which assembly or arrangement of constituent parts takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: multivesicular body membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding a multivesicular body.

Name: ruffle membrane.

Definition: The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a ruffle.

Name: trans-Golgi network membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments that make up the trans-Golgi network.

Name: neuron projection membrane.

Definition: The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a neuron projection.

Name: dendrite membrane.

Definition: The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a dendrite.

Name: dendritic spine membrane.

Definition: The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a dendritic spine.

Name: insulin-responsive compartment.

Definition: A small membrane-bounded vesicle that releases its contents by exocytosis in response to insulin stimulation; the contents are enriched in GLUT4, IRAP and VAMP2.

Name: protein transport within lipid bilayer.

Definition: The directed movement of a protein from one location to another within a lipid bilayer.

Name: B cell receptor transport within lipid bilayer.

Definition: The directed movement of a B cell receptor within a lipid bilayer.

Name: protein transport into membrane raft.

Definition: The directed movement of a protein into a membrane raft. Membrane rafts are small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes.

Name: B cell receptor transport into membrane raft.

Definition: The directed movement of a B cell receptor into a membrane raft.

Name: regulation of chemokine production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production.

Name: regulation of connective tissue growth factor production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of connective tissue growth factor production.

Name: regulation of fractalkine production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of fractalkine production.

Name: regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production.

Name: regulation of hepatocyte growth factor production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of hepatocyte growth factor production.

Name: regulation of interferon-alpha production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-alpha production.

Name: regulation of interferon-beta production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production.

Name: regulation of type II interferon production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.

Name: regulation of interleukin-1 alpha production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 alpha production.

Name: regulation of interleukin-1 beta production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production.

Name: regulation of interleukin-1 production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production.

Name: regulation of interleukin-10 production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production.

Name: regulation of interleukin-12 production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production.

Name: regulation of interleukin-13 production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-13 production.

Name: regulation of interleukin-15 production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-15 production.

Name: regulation of interleukin-16 production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-16 production.

Name: regulation of interleukin-17 production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines.

Name: regulation of interleukin-18 production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-18 production.

Name: regulation of interleukin-2 production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production.

Name: regulation of interleukin-23 production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-23 production.

Name: regulation of interleukin-3 production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-3 production.

Name: regulation of interleukin-4 production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production.

Name: regulation of interleukin-5 production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-5 production.

Name: regulation of interleukin-6 production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production.

Name: regulation of interleukin-8 production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production.

Name: regulation of TRAIL production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of TRAIL production.

Name: regulation of tumor necrosis factor production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor production.

Name: regulation of lymphotoxin A production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphotoxin A production.

Name: negative regulation of chemokine production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production.

Name: negative regulation of connective tissue growth factor production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of connective tissue growth factor production.

Name: negative regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production.

Name: negative regulation of hepatocyte growth factor production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of hepatocyte growth factor production.

Name: negative regulation of interferon-alpha production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-alpha production.

Name: negative regulation of interferon-beta production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production.

Name: negative regulation of type II interferon production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.

Name: negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production.

Name: negative regulation of interleukin-1 production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production.

Name: negative regulation of interleukin-10 production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production.

Name: negative regulation of interleukin-12 production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production.

Name: negative regulation of interleukin-13 production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-13 production.

Name: negative regulation of interleukin-17 production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines.

Name: negative regulation of interleukin-18 production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-18 production.

Name: negative regulation of interleukin-2 production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production.

Name: negative regulation of interleukin-23 production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-23 production.

Name: negative regulation of interleukin-3 production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-3 production.

Name: negative regulation of interleukin-4 production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production.

Name: negative regulation of interleukin-5 production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-5 production.

Name: negative regulation of interleukin-6 production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production.

Name: negative regulation of interleukin-8 production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production.

Name: negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tumor necrosis factor production.

Name: positive regulation of chemokine production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production.

Name: positive regulation of fractalkine production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of fractalkine production.

Name: positive regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production.

Name: positive regulation of interferon-alpha production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-alpha production.

Name: positive regulation of interferon-beta production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production.

Name: positive regulation of type II interferon production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.

Name: positive regulation of interleukin-1 alpha production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 alpha production.

Name: positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production.

Name: positive regulation of interleukin-1 production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production.

Name: positive regulation of interleukin-10 production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production.

Name: positive regulation of interleukin-12 production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production.

Name: positive regulation of interleukin-13 production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-13 production.

Name: positive regulation of interleukin-15 production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-15 production.

Name: positive regulation of interleukin-16 production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-16 production.

Name: positive regulation of interleukin-17 production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines.

Name: positive regulation of interleukin-2 production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production.

Name: positive regulation of interleukin-23 production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-23 production.

Name: positive regulation of interleukin-4 production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production.

Name: positive regulation of interleukin-5 production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-5 production.

Name: positive regulation of interleukin-6 production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production.

Name: positive regulation of interleukin-8 production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production.

Name: positive regulation of TRAIL production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of TRAIL production.

Name: positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor production.

Name: positive regulation of lymphotoxin A production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphotoxin A production.

Name: regulation of mast cell cytokine production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell cytokine production.

Name: positive regulation of mast cell cytokine production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell cytokine production.

Name: copper-dependent protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein or protein complex, in the presence of copper.

Name: regulation of monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the activity of a monooxygenase.

Name: negative regulation of monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a monooxygenase.

Name: positive regulation of monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the activity of a monooxygenase.

Name: regulation of tyrosinase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the activity of a tyrosinase enzyme.

Name: positive regulation of tyrosinase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the activity of a tyrosinase enzyme monophenol oxygenase.

Name: RNA biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. Includes polymerization of ribonucleotide monomers. Refers not only to transcription but also to e.g. viral RNA replication.

Name: DNA methylation on adenine.

Definition: The covalent transfer of a methyl group to N-6 of adenine in a DNA molecule.

Name: DNA methylation on cytosine.

Definition: The covalent transfer of a methyl group to C-5 or N-4 of cytosine in a DNA molecule.

Name: Piccolo NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex.

Definition: A heterotrimeric H4/H2A histone acetyltransferase complex with a substrate preference of chromatin over free histones. It contains a subset of the proteins found in the larger NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex; for example, the S. cerevisiae complex contains Esa1p, Yng2p, and Epl1p.

Name: negative regulation of ATP-dependent activity.

Definition: Any process that stops or reduces the rate of an ATP-dependent activity.

Name: positive regulation of ATP-dependent activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate of an ATP-dependent activity.

Name: bile acid secretion.

Definition: The regulated release of bile acid, composed of any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, by a cell or a tissue.

Name: regulation of DNA-templated transcription elongation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

Name: negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription, elongation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

Name: positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription, elongation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

Name: monocarboxylic acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-).

Name: saturated monocarboxylic acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving saturated monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-) and fully saturated C-C bonds.

Name: unsaturated monocarboxylic acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving unsaturated monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-) and one or more unsaturated C-C bonds.

Name: ribosome disassembly.

Definition: The disaggregation of a ribosome into its constituent components; includes the dissociation of ribosomal subunits.

Name: lead ion binding.

Definition: Binding to lead (Pb) ions.

Name: negative regulation of CREB transcription factor activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the transcription factor CREB.

Name: positive regulation of CREB transcription factor activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor CREB.

Name: GTPase activating protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a GTPase activating protein.

Name: heterotrimeric G-protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a heterotrimeric G-protein.

Name: SMN complex.

Definition: A protein complex that contains the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein and at least eight additional integral components, including the Gemin2-8 and Unrip proteins; the complex is found in the cytoplasm and in nuclear Gems, and is involved in spliceosomal snRNP assembly in the cytoplasm and in pre-mRNA splicing in the nucleus.

Name: Swi5-Sfr1 complex.

Definition: A conserved DNA recombinase mediator complex that contains two Swi5 monomers and one Sfr1 monomer in Schizosaccharomyces, or orthologs thereof (e.g. Sae3p and Mei5p in Saccharomyces).

Name: low-density lipoprotein receptor particle metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving low-density lipoprotein receptors.

Name: receptor catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.

Name: low-density lipoprotein particle receptor catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a low-density lipoprotein particle receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.

Name: regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of low-density lipoprotein particle receptors.

Name: negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of low-density lipoprotein receptors.

Name: positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of low-density lipoprotein particle receptors.

Name: carboxy-terminal domain protein kinase complex.

Definition: A protein complex that phosphorylates amino acid residues of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain repeats; phosphorylation occurs mainly on Ser2 and Ser5.

Name: DNA ligase IV complex.

Definition: A eukaryotically conserved protein complex that contains DNA ligase IV and is involved in DNA repair by non-homologous end joining; in addition to the ligase, the complex also contains XRCC4 or a homolog, e.g. Saccharomyces Lif1p.

Name: lacrimal gland development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lacrimal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lacrimal gland produces secretions that lubricate and protect the cornea of the eye.

Name: neuronal cell body membrane.

Definition: The plasma membrane of a neuron cell body - excludes the plasma membrane of cell projections such as axons and dendrites.

Name: sterol response element binding.

Definition: Binding to a sterol response element (SRE), a nonpalindromic sequence found in the promoters of genes involved in lipid metabolism.

Name: positive regulation of epinephrine secretion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of epinephrine.

Name: tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily binding.

Definition: Binding to a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily.

Name: regulation of natural killer cell activation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation.

Name: negative regulation of natural killer cell activation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation.

Name: positive regulation of natural killer cell activation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation.

Name: regulation of natural killer cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of natural killer cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell proliferation.

Name: regulation of natural killer cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of natural killer cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells.

Name: positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells.

Name: regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation involved in immune response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells as part of an immune response.

Name: positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation involved in immune response.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells as part of an immune response.

Name: glomerulus development.

Definition: The progression of the glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney. The glomerulus is part of the nephron and is restricted to one body segment.

Name: glomerular basement membrane development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the glomerular basement membrane over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The glomerular basement membrane is the basal laminal portion of the glomerulus which performs the actual filtration.

Name: plasma membrane bounded cell projection cytoplasm.

Definition: All of the contents of a plasma membrane bounded cell projection, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the projection.

Name: dendrite cytoplasm.

Definition: All of the contents of a dendrite, excluding the surrounding plasma membrane.

Name: calcitonin binding.

Definition: Binding to calcitonin, a peptide hormone responsible for reducing serum calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclastic bone reabsorption and promoting renal calcium excretion. It is synthesized and released by the C cells of the thyroid.

Name: regulation of cellular pH reduction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a process that reduces the internal pH of a cell.

Name: negative regulation of cellular pH reduction.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a process that reduces the internal pH of a cell.

Name: response to insulin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.

Name: cellular response to insulin stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.

Name: cellular response to hormone stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus.

Name: regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade.

Name: negative regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade.

Name: positive regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade.

Name: regulation of DNA endoreduplication.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA endoreduplication.

Name: negative regulation of DNA endoreduplication.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA endoreduplication.

Name: regulation of establishment or maintenance of cell polarity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.

Name: regulation of localization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Name: regulation of protein localization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Name: regulation of polysaccharide metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving polysaccharides.

Name: regulation of polysaccharide biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides.

Name: regulation of microtubule-based process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton.

Name: regulation of spindle elongation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the spindle.

Name: regulation of mitotic spindle elongation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the mitotic spindle.

Name: regulation of organic acid transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: negative regulation of organic acid transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: positive regulation of organic acid transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: negative regulation of viral transcription.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription.

Name: neurotrophin production.

Definition: The appearance of a neurotrophin due to biosynthesis or secretion by cells in a neuron's target field, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. A neurotrophin is any of a family of growth factors that prevent apoptosis in neurons and promote nerve growth.

Name: nerve growth factor production.

Definition: The appearance of nerve growth factor (NGF) due to biosynthesis or secretion by cells in a neuron's target field, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

Name: transforming growth factor beta1 production.

Definition: The appearance of transforming growth factor-beta1 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

Name: regulation of transforming growth factor beta1 production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta1.

Name: regulation of transforming growth factor beta2 production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta2.

Name: regulation of transforming growth factor beta3 production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta3.

Name: negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta1 production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta1.

Name: negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta2 production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta2.

Name: negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta3 production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta3.

Name: positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta1 production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta1.

Name: polyamine acetylation.

Definition: The modification of polyamines by addition of acetyl groups.

Name: spermidine acetylation.

Definition: The modification of spermidine by addition of acetyl groups.

Name: spermine acetylation.

Definition: The modification of spermine by addition of acetyl groups.

Name: putrescine acetylation.

Definition: The modification of putrescine by addition of acetyl groups.

Name: circadian regulation of gene expression.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression such that an expression pattern recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.

Name: activin receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to an activin receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of superoxide anion generation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of enzymatic generation of superoxide by a cell.

Name: negative regulation of superoxide anion generation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of enzymatic generation of superoxide by a cell.

Name: positive regulation of superoxide anion generation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of enzymatic generation of superoxide by a cell.

Name: SREBP signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus generated as a consequence of decreased levels of one or more sterols (and in some yeast, changes in oxygen levels) and which proceeds through activation of a sterol response element binding transcription factor (SREBP) to result in up-regulation of target gene transcription.

Name: sterol binding.

Definition: Binding to a sterol, a steroid containing a hydroxy group in the 3 position, closely related to cholestan-3-ol.

Name: sterol sensor activity.

Definition: Binding to and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of a sterol.

Name: SREBP-SCAP-Insig complex.

Definition: A protein complex formed by the association of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP), SREBP-cleavage-activating protein (SCAP), and an Insig protein (Insig-1 or Insig-2) in the ER membrane.

Name: secretion by cell.

Definition: The controlled release of a substance by a cell.

Name: secretion by tissue.

Definition: The controlled release of a substance by a tissue.

Name: mononuclear cell proliferation.

Definition: The expansion of a mononuclear cell population by cell division. A mononuclear cell is a leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form.

Name: regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation.

Name: negative regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation.

Name: regulation of cytokinetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cytokinetic process.

Name: regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.

Name: inositol trisphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving myo-inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with three phosphate groups attached.

Name: inositol phosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.

Name: regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol trisphosphate.

Name: positive regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol trisphosphate.

Name: collagen metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).

Name: collagen biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).

Name: regulation of collagen biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.

Name: negative regulation of collagen biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.

Name: positive regulation of collagen biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.

Name: positive regulation of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides, catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.

Name: regulation of actin filament-based process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton.

Name: regulation of muscle filament sliding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle filament sliding.

Name: release of matrix enzymes from mitochondria.

Definition: The process in which enzymes, such as aspartate aminotransferase, are enabled to move from the mitochondrial matrix into the cytosol, as part of the apoptotic process.

Name: membrane insertase activity.

Definition: Binds transmembrane domain-containing proteins and mediates their integration into a membrane.

Name: protein insertion into membrane from inner side.

Definition: The process in which a protein is incorporated into a lipid bilayer, e.g., the prokaryotic, mitochondrial, or chloroplast inner membrane, from the inner side.

Name: protein insertion into mitochondrial inner membrane from matrix.

Definition: The process in which a protein is incorporated into the mitochondrial inner membrane from the matrix side. This includes membrane insertion of newly synthesized mitochondrially-encoded proteins, and insertion of nuclear-encoded proteins after their import into the mitochondrial matrix.

Name: keratinocyte activation.

Definition: A change in the morphology or behavior of a keratinocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. Upon activation, keratinocytes become migratory and hyperproliferative, and produce growth factors and cytokines.

Name: mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I.

Name: myosin filament.

Definition: A supramolecular fiber containing myosin heavy chains, plus associated light chains and other proteins, in which the myosin heavy chains are arranged into a filament.

Name: protein-containing complex disassembly.

Definition: The disaggregation of a protein-containing macromolecular complex into its constituent components.

Name: protein-DNA complex disassembly.

Definition: The disaggregation of a protein-DNA complex into its constituent components.

Name: ribonucleoprotein complex disassembly.

Definition: The disaggregation of a protein-RNA complex into its constituent components.

Name: cellular component morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which cellular structures, including whole cells or cell parts, are generated and organized.

Name: cell part morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of a cell part are generated and organized.

Name: protein-containing complex.

Definition: A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together.

Name: protein-DNA complex.

Definition: A macromolecular complex containing both protein and DNA molecules.

Name: protein-lipid complex.

Definition: A macromolecular complex containing separate protein and lipid molecules. Separate in this context means not covalently bound to each other.

Name: Bcl3-Bcl10 complex.

Definition: A protein complex containing Bcl3 and Bcl10, which forms when Akt1 is activated by TNF-alpha to phosphorylate Bcl10; the Bcl3-Bcl10 complex is translocated to the nucleus.

Name: Fc receptor complex.

Definition: A protein complex composed of a subunit or subunits capable of binding the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin with additional signaling components. The complex functions as a receptor for immunoglobulin.

Name: Fc-epsilon receptor I complex.

Definition: A protein complex composed of an Fc-epsilon RI alpha chain and an Fc-epsilon RI gamma chain dimer with or without an Fc-episilon RI beta chain and additional signaling components. The complex functions primarily as an activating receptor for IgE.

Name: Fc-gamma receptor III complex.

Definition: A protein complex composed of an Fc-gamma RIII alpha chain and an Fc-epsilon RI gamma chain dimer with or without an Fc-epsilon RI beta chain and additional signaling components. The complex functions primarily as an activating receptor for IgG.

Name: muscle cell proliferation.

Definition: The expansion of a muscle cell population by cell division.

Name: regulation of mast cell activation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation.

Name: negative regulation of mast cell activation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation.

Name: positive regulation of mast cell activation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation.

Name: regulation of mast cell activation involved in immune response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation as part of an immune response.

Name: negative regulation of mast cell activation involved in immune response.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation as part of an immune response.

Name: positive regulation of mast cell activation involved in immune response.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation as part of an immune response.

Name: perinuclear theca.

Definition: A condensed cytoplasmic structure that covers the nucleus of mammalian spermatozoa except for a narrow zone around the insertion of the tail. It shows two distinct regions, a subacrosomal layer and, continuing caudally beyond the acrosomic system, the postacrosomal sheath. The perinuclear theca has been considered a cytoskeletal scaffold responsible for maintaining the overall architecture of the mature sperm head; however, recent studies indicate that the bulk of its constituent proteins are not traditional cytoskeletal proteins but rather a variety of cytosolic proteins.

Name: tetrapyrrole metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.

Name: tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.

Name: tetrapyrrole catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.

Name: sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Name: myeloid cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any apoptotic process in a myeloid cell, a cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage.

Name: regulation of neutrophil apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil apoptotic process.

Name: positive regulation of neutrophil apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil apoptotic process.

Name: regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptotic process.

Name: negative regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a myeloid cell apoptotic process.

Name: positive regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptotic process.

Name: macromolecule localization.

Definition: Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Name: bitter taste receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with soluble bitter compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of bitter taste.

Name: sweet taste receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with soluble sweet compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of sweet taste.

Name: regulation of organelle organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.

Name: regulation of chromosome organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a chromosome.

Name: regulation of sister chromatid segregation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation.

Name: negative regulation of sister chromatid segregation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation.

Name: regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.

Name: negative regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.

Name: directional locomotion.

Definition: Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another along an axis.

Name: cellular pigmentation.

Definition: The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in a cell.

Name: DNA recombinase mediator complex.

Definition: A protein complex containing accessory proteins which bind a recombinase (e.g. Rad51) and bind single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), and promote nucleation of the recombinase onto ssDNA through facilitating recombinase-RPA exchange.

Name: Rad51B-Rad51C-Rad51D-XRCC2 complex.

Definition: A DNA recombinase mediator complex that contains the Rad51 paralogs RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD51D, and XRCC2, or orthologs thereof.

Name: Rad51C-XRCC3 complex.

Definition: A DNA recombinase mediator complex that contains the Rad51 paralogs RAD51C and XRCC3, or orthologs thereof.

Name: isoquinoline alkaloid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoquinoline alkaloids, alkaloid compounds that contain bicyclic N-containing aromatic rings and are derived from a 3,4-dihydroxytyramine (dopamine) precursor that undergoes a Schiff base addition with aldehydes of different origin.

Name: T cell differentiation in thymus.

Definition: The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a T cell via a differentiation pathway dependent upon transit through the thymus.

Name: regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.

Name: regulation of immature T cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation.

Name: regulation of immature T cell proliferation in thymus.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus.

Name: negative regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.

Name: negative regulation of immature T cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation.

Name: negative regulation of immature T cell proliferation in thymus.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus.

Name: Weibel-Palade body.

Definition: A large, elongated, rod-shaped secretory granule characteristic of vascular endothelial cells that contain a number of structurally and functionally distinct proteins, of which the best characterized are von Willebrand factor (VWF) and P-selectin. Weibel-Palade bodies are formed from the trans-Golgi network in a process that depends on VWF, which is densely packed in a highly organized manner, and on coat proteins that remain associated with the granules. Upon cell stimulation, regulated exocytosis releases the contained proteins to the cell surface, where they act in the recruitment of platelets and leukocytes and in inflammatory and vasoactive responses.

Name: cis-Golgi network membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments that make up the cis-Golgi network.

Name: mitochondrial respiratory chain complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a mitochondrial respiratory chain complex.

Name: endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartment system.

Name: negative regulation of RNA splicing.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing.

Name: positive regulation of RNA splicing.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing.

Name: acetylcholine receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an acetylcholine receptor.

Name: regulation of glucokinase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucokinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a glucose molecule.

Name: negative regulation of glucokinase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucokinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a glucose molecule.

Name: regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine.

Name: negative regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine.

Name: positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine.

Name: regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT protein.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.

Name: negative regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT protein.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.

Name: positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT protein.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.

Name: nuclear progesterone receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a nuclear progesterone receptor.

Name: regulation of intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway.

Name: FFAT motif binding.

Definition: Binding to a FFAT motif, a short motif containing diphenylalanine in an acidic tract that targets proteins to the cytosolic surface of the ER and to the nuclear membrane by binding directly to members of the VAP (VAMP-associated protein) protein family.

Name: V(D)J recombination.

Definition: The process in which immune receptor V, D, and J, or V and J gene segments, depending on the specific receptor, are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS).

Name: immunoglobulin V(D)J recombination.

Definition: The process in which immunoglobulin gene segments are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS). For immunoglobulin heavy chains V, D, and J gene segments are joined, and for immunoglobulin light chains V and J gene segments are joined.

Name: regulation of intracellular protein transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.

Name: melanosome membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding a melanosome.

Name: histone H3-K9 demethylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H3 by the removal of a methyl group from lysine at position 9 of the histone.

Name: calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade.

Definition: Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell by activation of a member of the NFAT protein family as a consequence of NFAT dephosphorylation by Ca(2+)-activated calcineurin. The cascade begins with calcium-dependent activation of the phosphatase calcineurin. Calcineurin dephosphorylates multiple phosphoserine residues on NFAT, resulting in the translocation of NFAT to the nucleus. The cascade ends with regulation of transcription by NFAT. The calcineurin-NFAT cascade lies downstream of many cell surface receptors, including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that signal to mobilize calcium ions (Ca2+).

Name: proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex.

Definition: A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex that couples ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across a concentration gradient. The resulting transmembrane electrochemical potential of H+ is used to drive a variety of (i) secondary active transport systems via H+-dependent symporters and antiporters and (ii) channel-mediated transport systems. The complex comprises a membrane sector (V0) that carries out proton transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (V1) that catalyzes ATP hydrolysis. V-type ATPases are found in the membranes of organelles such as vacuoles, endosomes, and lysosomes, and in the plasma membrane.

Name: proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex, catalytic domain.

Definition: A protein complex that forms part of a proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex and catalyzes ATP hydrolysis or synthesis. The catalytic domain (F1, V1, or A1) comprises a hexameric catalytic core and a central stalk, and is peripherally associated with the membrane when the two-sector ATPase is assembled.

Name: proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V1 domain.

Definition: A protein complex that forms part of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase and catalyzes ATP hydrolysis. The V1 complex consists of: (1) a globular headpiece with three alternating copies of subunits A and B that form a ring, (2) a central rotational stalk composed of single copies of subunits D and F, and (3) a peripheral stalk made of subunits C, E, G and H. Subunits A and B mediate the hydrolysis of ATP at three reaction sites associated with subunit A.

Name: regulation of histone ubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of a ubiquitin group to a histone protein.

Name: negative regulation of histone ubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of a ubiquitin group to a histone protein.

Name: dolichol-phosphate-mannose synthase complex.

Definition: A protein complex that possesses dolichyl-phosphate beta-D-mannosyltransferase activity; contains a catalytic subunit, a regulatory subunit, and a third subunit that stabilizes the complex. In human and several other metazoa, the subunits are named DPM1, DPM2 and DPM3, respectively.

Name: CAF-1 complex.

Definition: A conserved heterotrimeric protein complex that promotes histone H3 and H4 deposition onto newly synthesized DNA during replication or DNA repair; specifically facilitates replication-dependent nucleosome assembly with the major histone H3 (H3.1). In many species the CAF-1 subunits are designated p150, p60, and p48.

Name: sphingomyelin synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + ceramide = 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + sphingomyelin.

Name: calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: protein serine/threonine phosphate + H2O = protein serine/threonine + phosphate, dependent on the presence of calcium-bound calmodulin.

Name: response to hydroperoxide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroperoxide stimulus. Hydroperoxides are monosubstitution products of hydrogen peroxide, HOOH.

Name: response to ATP.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) stimulus.

Name: ribonuclease P RNA binding.

Definition: Binding to RNA subunit of ribonuclease P.

Name: tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by tumor necrosis factor binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: leptin-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by leptin binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Leptin is a hormone manufactured primarily in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue, and the level of circulating leptin is directly proportional to the total amount of fat in the body.

Name: adiponectin-activated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by adiponectin binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: iron import into cell.

Definition: The directed movement of iron ions from outside of a cell into the cytoplasmic compartment. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis.

Name: amide binding.

Definition: Binding to an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.

Name: dsRNA transport.

Definition: The directed movement of dsRNA, double-stranded ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: cysteine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of cysteine from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: regulation of protein sumoylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of SUMO groups to a protein.

Name: negative regulation of protein sumoylation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of SUMO groups to a protein.

Name: positive regulation of protein sumoylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of SUMO groups to a protein.

Name: regulation of amine metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform amines.

Name: negative regulation of amine metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines.

Name: positive regulation of amine metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines.

Name: regulation of amine catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines.

Name: negative regulation of amine catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines.

Name: I-kappaB/NF-kappaB complex.

Definition: A protein complex containing an inhibitory-kappaB (I-kappaB/IKB) protein and one or more copies of an NF-kappaB protein. In the resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to I-kappaB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm.

Name: Bcl3/NF-kappaB2 complex.

Definition: A protein complex containing one Bcl protein and one or more copies of NF-kappaB2; formation of complexes of different stoichiometry depends on the Bcl3:NF-kappaB2 ratio, and allow Bcl3 to exert different regulatory effects on NF-kappaB2-dependent transcription.

Name: nuclear DNA replication.

Definition: The DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle.

Name: regulation of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of The DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle.

Name: internode region of axon.

Definition: An axon part that is located between the nodes of Ranvier and surrounded by compact myelin sheath.

Name: paranode region of axon.

Definition: An axon part that is located adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier and surrounded by lateral loop portions of myelin sheath.

Name: response to vitamin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin stimulus.

Name: actin-myosin filament sliding.

Definition: The sliding movement of actin thin filaments and myosin thick filaments past each other.

Name: transcription factor TFTC complex.

Definition: A protein complex that does not contain either a TATA-binding protein (TBP) or a TBP-like factor, but is composed of several TAFIIs and other proteins, including a histone acetyltransferase. This complex is able to nucleate transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II, can mediate transcriptional activation, and has histone acetyltransferase activity.

Name: cell proliferation in midbrain.

Definition: The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the midbrain.

Name: response to vitamin D.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin D stimulus.

Name: ATPase-coupled organic acid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + organic acid(out/in) = ADP + phosphate + organic acid(in/out).

Name: ATPase-coupled carboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + carboxylic acid(out/in) = ADP + phosphate + carboxylic acid(in/out).

Name: ATPase-coupled monocarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + monocarboxylic acid(out/in) = ADP + phosphate + monocarboxylic acid(in/out).

Name: T-tubule organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the T-tubule. A T-tubule is an invagination of the plasma membrane of a muscle cell that extends inward from the cell surface around each myofibril.

Name: monocarboxylic acid binding.

Definition: Binding to a monocarboxylic acid, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-).

Name: dehydroascorbic acid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of dehydroascorbate, 5-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)furan-2,3,4(5H)-trione, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: phytol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytol, (2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol.

Name: meiotic cell cycle checkpoint signaling.

Definition: A signaling process that contributes to a meiotic cell cycle checkpoint that ensures accurate chromosome replication and segregation by preventing progression through a meiotic cell cycle until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage.

Name: mitotic DNA replication checkpoint signaling.

Definition: A signal transduction process that contributes to a mitotic DNA replication checkpoint.

Name: UDP-D-xylose metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-D-xylose, uridinediphosphoxylose, a substance composed of xylose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.

Name: UDP-D-xylose biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-D-xylose, uridinediphosphoxylose, a substance composed of xylose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.

Name: cerebrospinal fluid secretion.

Definition: The regulated release of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the choroid plexus of the lateral, third and fourth ventricles. The cerebrospinal fluid is a clear liquid that located within the ventricles, spinal canal, and subarachnoid spaces.

Name: peroxisome membrane targeting sequence binding.

Definition: Binding to a peroxisomal membrane targeting sequence, any of several sequences of amino acids within a protein that can act as a signal for the localization of the protein into the peroxisome membrane.

Name: regulation of collagen binding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collagen binding.

Name: negative regulation of collagen binding.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of collagen binding.

Name: cholesterol efflux.

Definition: The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.

Name: asparagine catabolic process via L-aspartate.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, via the intermediate L-aspartate.

Name: secretory granule organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion.

Name: protein localization to organelle.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an organelle.

Name: geranyl diphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving geranyl diphosphate, the universal precursor of the monoterpenes.

Name: geranylgeranyl diphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving geranylgeranyl diphosphate, a polyprenol compound involved in the biosynthesis of a variety of terpenoids including chlorophylls, carotenoids, tocopherols, plastoquinones, and the plant hormones gibberellins.

Name: beta-alanine biosynthetic process via 3-ureidopropionate.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta-alanine via the intermediate 3-ureidopropionate.

Name: S-methylmethionine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving S-methyl-methionine (SMM). SMM can be converted to methionine by donating a methyl group to homocysteine, and concurrent operation of this reaction and that mediated by MMT sets up the SMM cycle.

Name: cholesterol biosynthetic process via desmosterol.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, via the intermediate desmosterol.

Name: galactose catabolic process via UDP-galactose.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactose, via the intermediate UDP-galactose.

Name: carbohydrate homeostasis.

Definition: A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a carbohydrate within an organism or cell.

Name: HULC complex.

Definition: A ubiquitin ligase complex that contains two RING finger proteins, which have ubiquitin ligase activity, in addition to a protein with ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme activity; catalyzes the ubiquitination of histone H2B at lysine 119 (or the equivalent residue). In Schizosaccharomyces the subunits are Rhp6, Shf1, Brl2/Rfp1 and Brl1/Rfp2.

Name: L-lysine catabolic process to acetyl-CoA via L-pipecolate.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-lysine into other compounds, including acetyl-CoA, via the intermediate L-pipecolate.

Name: histone H2A ubiquitination.

Definition: The modification of histone H2A by addition of one or more ubiquitin groups.

Name: histone H2B ubiquitination.

Definition: The modification of histone H2B by addition of ubiquitin groups.

Name: fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA dehydrogenase.

Definition: A fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway in which the initial step of each oxidation cycle, which converts an acyl-CoA to a trans-2-enoyl-CoA, is catalyzed by acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; the electrons removed by oxidation pass through the respiratory chain to oxygen and leave H2O as the product. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and ends when only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).

Name: fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA oxidase.

Definition: A fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway in which the initial step, which converts an acyl-CoA to a trans-2-enoyl-CoA, is catalyzed by acyl-CoA oxidase; the electrons removed by oxidation pass directly to oxygen and produce hydrogen peroxide, which is cleaved by peroxisomal catalases. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and ends when only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).

Name: MAP kinase phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphorylated MAP kinase + H2O = a MAP kinase + phosphate.

Name: rDNA heterochromatin.

Definition: A region of heterochromatin located at the rDNA repeats in a chromosome.

Name: cellular response to stress.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).

Name: multicellular organismal response to stress.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a multicellular organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).

Name: Slx1-Slx4 complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric protein complex that possesses an endonuclease activity that specifically cleaves certain types of branched DNA structures; because such structures often form during the replication ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeats, the complex plays a role in the maintenance of rDNA. The subunits are known as Slx1 and Slx 4 in budding and fission yeasts, and are conserved in eukaryotes.

Name: protein lysine deacetylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N6-acetyl-L-lysyl-[protein] = acetate + L-lysyl-[protein].

Name: unsaturated fatty acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving an unsaturated fatty acid, any fatty acid containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.

Name: ESCRT-0 complex.

Definition: A protein complex required for the recycling of Golgi proteins, formation of lumenal membranes and sorting of ubiquitinated proteins into those membranes. This complex includes Vps1p and Hse1p in yeast and the Hrs and STAM proteins in mammals.

Name: gamma-tubulin complex localization.

Definition: Any process in which a gamma-tubulin complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Name: DNA replication, Okazaki fragment processing.

Definition: The DNA metabolic process, occurring during lagging strand synthesis, by which RNA primers are removed from Okazaki fragments, the resulting gaps filled by DNA polymerization, and the ends ligated to form a continuous strand.

Name: transferrin transport.

Definition: The directed movement of transferrin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: response to testosterone.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a testosterone stimulus.

Name: elongator holoenzyme complex.

Definition: A heterohexameric protein complex composed two discrete heterotrimeric subcomplexes that is involved in modification of wobble nucleosides in tRNA.

Name: RNA strand annealing activity.

Definition: An activity that facilitates the formation of a complementary double-stranded RNA molecule.

Name: BRCA2-MAGE-D1 complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric protein complex formed of BRCA2 and MAGE-D1; may mediate the synergistic activities of the two proteins in regulating cell growth.

Name: response to hydroxyisoflavone.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroxyisoflavone stimulus.

Name: response to genistein.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a genistein stimulus.

Name: TSC1-TSC2 complex.

Definition: A protein complex consisting of at least tumerin and hamartin; its formation may regulate hamartin homomultimer formation. The complex acts as a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for the small GTPase (Rheb), and inhibits the TOR signaling pathway.

Name: mitotic checkpoint complex.

Definition: A multiprotein complex that functions as a mitotic checkpoint inhibitor of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). In budding yeast this complex consists of Mad2p, Mad3p, Bub3p and Cdc20p, and in mammalian cells it consists of MAD2, BUBR1, BUB3, and CDC20.

Name: regulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation.

Name: negative regulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation.

Name: negative regulation of catecholamine secretion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine.

Name: positive regulation of catecholamine secretion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine.

Name: oxalate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxalate, the organic acid ethanedioate.

Name: receptor serine/threonine kinase binding.

Definition: Binding to a receptor that possesses protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Name: mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a proton-transporting ATP synthase in the mitochondrial inner membrane.

Name: mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex IV (also known as cytochrome c oxidase) in the mitochondrial inner membrane.

Name: membrane protein proteolysis.

Definition: The proteolytic cleavage of a transmembrane protein leading to the release of its intracellular or ecto-domains.

Name: integrin activation.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits, that lead to the increased affinity of the integrin for its extracellular ligands.

Name: regulation of integrin activation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of integrin activation.

Name: negative regulation of integrin activation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of integrin activation.

Name: positive regulation of integrin activation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of integrin activation.

Name: positive regulation of integrin activation by cell surface receptor linked signal transduction.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of integrin activation by cell surface receptor linked signal transduction. This can occur by increased affinity of an integrin for its extracellular ligands.

Name: cell adhesion mediated by integrin.

Definition: The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits.

Name: regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cell adhesion mediated by integrin.

Name: negative regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cell adhesion mediated by integrin.

Name: positive regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cell adhesion mediated by integrin.

Name: cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin.

Definition: The attachment of one cell to another cell via an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits.

Name: regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin.

Name: negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin.

Name: positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin.

Name: suppression by symbiont of host apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Name: negative regulation of kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.

Name: positive regulation of kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.

Name: DNA/RNA helicase activity.

Definition: Unwinding of a DNA/RNA duplex, i.e. a double helix in which a strand of DNA pairs with a complementary strand of RNA, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Name: 5'-3' DNA/RNA helicase activity.

Definition: Unwinding of a DNA/RNA duplex in the 5' to 3' direction, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Name: 3'-5' DNA/RNA helicase activity.

Definition: Unwinding of a DNA/RNA duplex in the 3' to 5' direction, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Name: osteoblast proliferation.

Definition: The multiplication or reproduction of osteoblasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoblast cell population. An osteoblast is a bone-forming cell which secretes an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.

Name: regulation of osteoblast proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast proliferation.

Name: negative regulation of osteoblast proliferation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of osteoblast proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of osteoblast proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of osteoblast proliferation.

Name: sialic acid binding.

Definition: Binding to a sialic acid, a N- or O- substituted derivative of neuraminic acid, a nine carbon monosaccharide. Sialic acids often occur in polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria.

Name: cellular polysaccharide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides, polymers of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically, occurring at the level of an individual cell.

Name: neurofilament bundle assembly.

Definition: The assembly of neurofilaments into bundles, in which the filaments are longitudinally oriented, with numerous crossbridges between them. Neurofilament bundles may be cross-linked to each other, to membrane-bounded organelles or other cytoskeletal structures such as microtubules.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH or CH2 groups, quinone or similar compound as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a quinone or similar acceptor molecule.

Name: DNA 5'-adenosine monophosphate hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 5'-AMP-DNA + H2O = AMP + DNA; nucleophilic release of a covalently linked adenylate residue from a DNA strand, leaving a 5' phosphate terminus.

Name: phospholipid efflux.

Definition: The directed movement of a phospholipid out of a cell or organelle.

Name: peptide-methionine (R)-S-oxide reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: peptide-L-methionine + H2O + thioredoxin disulfide = peptide-L-methionine (R)-S-oxide + thioredoxin. Can act on oxidized methionine in peptide linkage with specificity for the R enantiomer. Thioredoxin disulfide is the oxidized form of thioredoxin.

Name: histone H3R2 demethylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of the methyl group from a modified arginine residue at position 2 of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.

Name: histone H3R3 demethylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of the methyl group from a modified arginine residue at position 3 of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.

Name: ribosome localization.

Definition: A process in which a ribosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.

Name: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: tryptophan + O2 = N-formylkynurenine. The product of the reaction depends on the substrate; D-tryptophan produces N-formyl-D-kynurenine, and L-tryptophan produces N-formyl-L-kynurenine.

Name: response to glucagon.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucagon stimulus.

Name: steroid dehydrogenase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP, and in which one substrate is a sterol derivative.

Name: steroid dehydrogenase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor, and in which one substrate is a sterol derivative.

Name: cholesterol 24-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: cholesterol + H+ + NADPH + O2 = (24S)-24-hydroxycholesterol + H2O + NADP+.

Name: cyanocobalamin reductase (cyanide-eliminating) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: cob(I)alamin + hydrogen cyanide + NADP+ = cyanocob(III)alamin + H+ + NADPH.

Name: 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA 24-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oyl-CoA + H2O + acceptor = (24R,25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oyl-CoA + reduced acceptor.

Name: thyroxine 5-deiodinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H+ = L-thyroxine + AH2.

Name: procollagen glucosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + 5-(D-galactosyloxy)-L-lysine-procollagen = UDP + 1,2-D-glucosyl-5-D-(galactosyloxy)-L-lysine-procollagen.

Name: O-fucosylpeptide 3-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a beta-D-GlcNAc residue from UDP-D-GlcNAc to the fucose residue of a fucosylated protein acceptor.

Name: diphosphoinositol-pentakisphosphate kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 5-diphosphate pentakisphosphate = ADP + 1D-myo-inositol bisdiphosphate tetrakisphosphate.

Name: regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase.

Name: negative regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase.

Name: UMP kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + UMP = ADP + UDP.

Name: positive regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase.

Name: nucleoside bisphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.

Name: nucleoside bisphosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.

Name: nucleoside bisphosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.

Name: ribonucleoside bisphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.

Name: hormone-sensitive lipase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reactions: diacylglycerol + H2O = monoacylglycerol + a carboxylate; triacylglycerol + H2O = diacylglycerol + a carboxylate; and monoacylglycerol + H2O = glycerol + a carboxylate.

Name: pyridoxal phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: pyridoxal 5'-phosphate + H2O = pyridoxal + phosphate.

Name: N-sulfoglucosamine-3-sulfatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 3-sulfate groups of the N-sulfo-D-glucosamine 3-O-sulfate units of heparin.

Name: hyaluronoglucuronidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of 1,3-linkages between beta-D-glucuronate and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in hyaluronate.

Name: glucan 1,3-alpha-glucosidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal (1->3)-alpha-D-glucosidic links in 1,3-alpha-D-glucans.

Name: mannosyl-glycoprotein endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of the N,N'-diacetylchitobiosyl unit in high-mannose glycopeptides and glycoproteins containing the -[Man(GlcNAc)2]Asn-structure. One N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residue remains attached to the protein; the rest of the oligosaccharide is released intact.

Name: cis-stilbene-oxide hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: cis-stilbene oxide + H2O = (+)-(1R,2R)-1,2-diphenylethane-1,2-diol.

Name: P-body assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a cytoplasmic mRNA processing body.

Name: box C/D RNA metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving box C/D type small nucleolar RNA.

Name: box H/ACA RNA metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving box H/ACA type small nucleolar RNA.

Name: D-dopachrome decarboxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: D-dopachrome + H+ = 5,6-dihydroxyindole + CO2.

Name: response to lipid.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid stimulus.

Name: FAD-AMP lyase (cyclizing) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: FAD = AMP + riboflavin cyclic-4',5'-phosphate.

Name: response to triglyceride.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a triglyceride stimulus.

Name: ribonucleoside bisphosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.

Name: ribonucleoside bisphosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.

Name: purine nucleoside bisphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine nucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.

Name: purine nucleoside bisphosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.

Name: purine nucleoside bisphosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine nucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.

Name: purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.

Name: purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.

Name: deoxyhypusine synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: [eIF5A-precursor]-lysine + spermidine = [eIF5A-precursor]-deoxyhypusine + propane-1,3-diamine. Four sub-reactions have been identified,in which the intermediates remain tightly associated with the enzyme: spermidine + NAD+ = dehydrospermidine + NADH; dehydrospermidine + [enzyme]-lysine = N-(4-aminobutylidene)-[enzyme]-lysine + propane-1,3-diamine; N-(4-aminobutylidene)-[enzyme]-lysine + [eIF5A-precursor]-lysine = N-(4-aminobutylidene)-[eIF5A-precursor]-lysine + [enzyme]-lysine; N-(4-aminobutylidene)-[eIF5A-precursor]-lysine + NADH + H+ = [eIF5A-precursor]-deoxyhypusine + NAD+.

Name: 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine DNA N-glycosylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the oxidized purine and the deoxyribose sugar.

Name: ATPase-coupled lipid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + lipid(in) = ADP + phosphate + lipid(out).

Name: ABC-type sterol transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + sterol(in) = ADP + phosphate + sterol(out).

Name: phagophore assembly site membrane.

Definition: A cellular membrane associated with the phagophore assembly site.

Name: poly(G) binding.

Definition: Binding to a sequence of guanine residues in an RNA molecule.

Name: estrogen response element binding.

Definition: Binding to an estrogen response element (ERE), a conserved sequence found in the promoters of genes whose expression is regulated in response to estrogen.

Name: endosomal vesicle fusion.

Definition: The homotypic fusion of endocytic vesicles to form or add to an early endosome.

Name: DNA polymerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1); the synthesis of DNA from deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates in the presence of a nucleic acid template and a 3'hydroxyl group.

Name: 5'-3' RNA polymerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1); the synthesis of RNA from ribonucleotide triphosphates in the presence of a nucleic acid template, via extension of the 3'-end.

Name: stress granule assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a stress granule.

Name: Ric1-Rgp1 guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor complex.

Definition: A protein complex that acts as a nucleotide exchange factor for the GTPase Ypt6p, and is required for fusion of endosome-derived vesicles with the Golgi.

Name: protein localization to Golgi apparatus.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the Golgi apparatus.

Name: CENP-A containing chromatin assembly.

Definition: The formation of chromatin containing the histone H3 variant CENP-A to form centromeric chromatin. This specialised chromatin occurs at centromeric region in point centromeres, and the central core in modular centromeres.

Name: establishment of sister chromatid cohesion.

Definition: The process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome become associated with each other during S phase.

Name: maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion.

Definition: The process in which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained as chromosomes condense, attach to the spindle in a bipolar orientation, and congress to the metaphase plate.

Name: establishment of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion.

Definition: The process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome become joined along the entire length of the chromosome during S phase during a mitotic cell cycle.

Name: maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion.

Definition: The process in which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained as chromosomes condense, attach to the spindle in a bipolar orientation, and congress to the metaphase plate during a mitotic cell cycle.

Name: establishment of meiotic sister chromatid cohesion.

Definition: The process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome become joined along the entire length of the chromosome during S phase during a meiotic cell cycle.

Name: regulation of maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the extent to which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained.

Name: negative regulation of maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion.

Definition: Any process that decreases the extent to which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained.

Name: positive regulation of maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion.

Definition: Any process that increases the extent to which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained.

Name: response to cytokine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus.

Name: VCP-NPL4-UFD1 AAA ATPase complex.

Definition: A multiprotein ATPase complex required for the efficient dislocation of ER-lumenal degradation substrates, and their subsequent proteolysis by the proteasome. In budding yeast, this complex includes Cdc48p, Npl4p and Ufd1p proteins. In mammals, this complex includes a hexamer of VCP/p97 (a cytosolic ATPase) and trimers of each of its cofactors UFD1L and NPL4 (NPLOC4) (e.g. a 6:3:3 stoichiometry).

Name: erythrocyte homeostasis.

Definition: Any process of regulating the production and elimination of erythrocytes within an organism.

Name: regulation of tissue remodeling.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tissue remodeling.

Name: negative regulation of tissue remodeling.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tissue remodeling.

Name: positive regulation of tissue remodeling.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tissue remodeling.

Name: homotypic cell-cell adhesion.

Definition: The attachment of a cell to a second cell of the identical type via adhesion molecules.

Name: regulation of homotypic cell-cell adhesion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of homotypic cell-cell adhesion.

Name: negative regulation of homotypic cell-cell adhesion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of homotypic cell-cell adhesion.

Name: positive regulation of homotypic cell-cell adhesion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of homotypic cell-cell adhesion.

Name: heterotypic cell-cell adhesion.

Definition: The attachment of a cell to a cell of a different type via adhesion molecules.

Name: regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion.

Name: negative regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion.

Name: positive regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion.

Name: regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway.

Name: toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 2.

Name: regulation of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway.

Name: toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to the endolysosomal toll-like receptor 3.

Name: regulation of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway.

Name: toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 4.

Name: regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.

Name: toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to the endolysosomal toll-like receptor 7.

Name: regulation of toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway.

Name: toll-like receptor 8 signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to the endolysosomal toll-like receptor 8.

Name: regulation of toll-like receptor 8 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 8 signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of toll-like receptor 8 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 8 signaling pathway.

Name: toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to the endolysosomal toll-like receptor 9.

Name: regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the extent to which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained during a mitotic cell cycle.

Name: negative regulation of maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion.

Definition: Any process that decreases the extent to which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained during a mitotic cell cycle.

Name: positive regulation of maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion.

Definition: Any process that increases the extent to which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained during a mitotic cell cycle.

Name: apolipoprotein binding.

Definition: Binding to an apolipoprotein, the protein component of a lipoprotein complex.

Name: apolipoprotein A-I binding.

Definition: Binding to apolipoprotein A-I.

Name: apolipoprotein A-I receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with an apolipoprotein A-I receptor ligand and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: very-low-density lipoprotein particle binding.

Definition: Binding to a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle that is typically composed of APOB100, APOE and APOCs and has a density of about 1.006 g/ml and a diameter of between 20-80 nm.

Name: apolipoprotein receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an apolipoprotein receptor.

Name: apolipoprotein A-I receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an apolipoprotein A-I receptor.

Name: acylglycerol transport.

Definition: The directed movement of an acylglycerol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An acylglycerol is any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids.

Name: triglyceride transport.

Definition: The directed movement of triglyceride into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Triglycerides are important components of plant oils, animal fats and animal plasma lipoproteins.

Name: cellular response to amino acid starvation.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of amino acids.

Name: lipid translocation.

Definition: The translocation, or flipping, of lipid molecules from one monolayer of a membrane bilayer to the opposite monolayer.

Name: amyloid-beta formation.

Definition: The generation of amyloid-beta by cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP).

Name: GTP-dependent protein kinase activity.

Definition: GTP dependent catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein serine/threonine = ADP + protein serine/threonine phosphate.

Name: peptide N-acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the acetylation of an amino acid residue of a peptide or protein, according to the reaction: acetyl-CoA + peptide = CoA + N-acetylpeptide.

Name: quinolinate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of quinolinate, the anion of quinolinic acid, also known as 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid.

Name: protein hexamerization.

Definition: The formation of a protein hexamer, a macromolecular structure consisting of six noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.

Name: carbohydrate transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which a carbohydrate is transported across a membrane.

Name: monoatomic ion transmembrane transport.

Definition: A process in which an ion is transported across a membrane.

Name: tRNA thio-modification.

Definition: The addition a sulfur atom to a nucleotide in a tRNA molecule.

Name: GPI anchor binding.

Definition: Binding to a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. GPI anchors serve to attach membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of cell membranes.

Name: protein kinase A catalytic subunit binding.

Definition: Binding to one or both of the catalytic subunits of protein kinase A.

Name: protein kinase A regulatory subunit binding.

Definition: Binding to one or both of the regulatory subunits of protein kinase A.

Name: macrophage fusion.

Definition: The binding and fusion of a macrophage to one or more other cells to form a multinucleated cell.

Name: regulation of macrophage fusion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage fusion.

Name: positive regulation of macrophage fusion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage fusion.

Name: negative regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.

Name: regulation of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides, catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.

Name: negative regulation of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides, catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.

Name: mitochondrial transcription factor activity.

Definition: Interacting with the mitochondrial promoter DNA to modulate transcription by the mitochondrial RNA polymerase.

Name: regulation of amide metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.

Name: negative regulation of amide metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.

Name: positive regulation of amide metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.

Name: negative regulation of GTPase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops or reduces the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase.

Name: Atg12-Atg5-Atg16 complex.

Definition: A protein complex required for the expansion of the autophagosomal membrane. In budding yeast, this complex consists of Atg12p, Atg5p and Atg16p.

Name: response to monosaccharide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monosaccharide stimulus.

Name: response to disaccharide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disaccharide stimulus.

Name: detection of monosaccharide stimulus.

Definition: The series of events in which a stimulus from a monosaccharide is received and converted into a molecular signal.

Name: primary alcohol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving primary alcohols. A primary alcohol is any alcohol in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.

Name: primary alcohol biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of primary alcohols. A primary alcohol is any alcohol in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.

Name: primary alcohol catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of primary alcohols. A primary alcohol is any alcohol in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.

Name: diol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a diol, a compound that contains two hydroxy groups, generally assumed to be, but not necessarily, alcoholic.

Name: diol biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a diol, any alcohol containing two hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms.

Name: Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation.

Definition: The actin nucleation process in which actin monomers combine to form a new branch on the side of an existing actin filament; mediated by the Arp2/3 protein complex and its interaction with other proteins.

Name: regulation of Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin nucleation mediated by the Arp2/3 complex and interacting proteins.

Name: negative regulation of Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin nucleation mediated by the Arp2/3 complex and interacting proteins.

Name: cell junction assembly.

Definition: A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a cell junction.

Name: cell junction organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell junction. A cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix.

Name: cell junction maintenance.

Definition: The organization process that preserves a cell junction in a stable functional or structural state. A cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix.

Name: adherens junction organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an adherens junction. An adherens junction is a cell-cell junction composed of the epithelial cadherin-catenin complex at which the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is attached to actin filaments.

Name: adherens junction assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an adherens junction. An adherens junction is a cell-cell junction composed of the epithelial cadherin-catenin complex at which the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is attached to actin filaments.

Name: adherens junction maintenance.

Definition: The maintenance of an adherens junction. An adherens junction is a cell-cell junction composed of the epithelial cadherin-catenin complex at which the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is attached to actin filaments.

Name: RNA folding.

Definition: The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single or multimeric RNAs into the correct tertiary structure.

Name: short-chain carboxylesterase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a carboxylic ester + H2O = an alcohol + a carboxylic anion, where the carboxylic chain has 8 or fewer carbon atoms.

Name: response to type I interferon.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a type I interferon stimulus. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.

Name: response to type II interferon.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.

Name: response to type III interferon.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a type III interferon stimulus. Interferon lambda is the only member of the type III interferon found so far.

Name: regulation of type III interferon production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type III interferon production. Interferon lambda is the only member of the type III interferon found so far.

Name: negative regulation of type III interferon production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of type III interferon production. Interferon lambda is the only member of the type III interferon found so far.

Name: glial cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any apoptotic process in a glial cell, a non-neuronal cell of the nervous system.

Name: regulation of glial cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process.

Name: negative regulation of glial cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process.

Name: plasma lipoprotein particle.

Definition: A spherical particle with a hydrophobic core of triglycerides and/or cholesterol esters, surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol and apolipoproteins. Plasma lipoprotein particles transport lipids, which are non-covalently associated with the particles, in the blood or lymph.

Name: mature chylomicron.

Definition: A chylomicron that contains apolipoprotein C2 (APOC2), a cofactor for lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, and has a mean diameter of 500 nm and density of 0.95g/ml. Mature chylomicron particles transport exogenous (dietary) lipids from the intestines to other body tissues, via the blood and lymph.

Name: very-low-density lipoprotein particle.

Definition: A triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle that is typically composed of APOB100, APOE and APOCs and has a density of about 1.006 g/ml and a diameter of between 20-80 nm. It is found in blood and transports endogenous products (newly synthesized cholesterol and triglycerides) from the liver.

Name: low-density lipoprotein particle.

Definition: A lipoprotein particle, rich in cholesterol esters and low in triglycerides that is typically composed of APOB100 and APOE and has a density of 1.02-1.06 g/ml and a diameter of between 20-25 nm. LDL particles are formed from VLDL particles (via IDL) by the loss of triglyceride and gain of cholesterol ester. They transport endogenous cholesterol (and to some extent triglycerides) from peripheral tissues back to the liver.

Name: intermediate-density lipoprotein particle.

Definition: A triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle that typically contains APOB100, APOE and APOCs and has a density of 1.006-1.019 g/ml and a diameter of between 25-30 nm. IDL particles are found in blood and are formed by the delipidation of very-low-density lipoprotein particles (VLDL). IDL particles are removed from blood by the liver, following binding to the APOE receptor, or are converted to low-density lipoprotein (LDL).

Name: high-density lipoprotein particle.

Definition: A lipoprotein particle with a high density (typically 1.063-1.21 g/ml) and a diameter of 5-10 nm that contains APOAs and may contain APOCs and APOE; found in blood and carries lipids from body tissues to the liver as part of the reverse cholesterol transport process.

Name: discoidal high-density lipoprotein particle.

Definition: A newly formed high-density lipoprotein particle; consists of a phospholipid bilayer surrounded by two or more APOA1 molecules. The discoidal HDL particle is formed when lipid-free or lipid-poor APOA1 acquires phospholipids and unesterified cholesterol from either cell membranes or triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (undergoing lipolysis by lipoprotein lipase).

Name: spherical high-density lipoprotein particle.

Definition: A mature high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle, converted from discoidal HDL particles following the esterification of cholesterol in the particle by phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase (lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase; LCAT).

Name: protein-containing complex remodeling.

Definition: The acquisition, loss, or modification of macromolecules within a complex, resulting in the alteration of an existing complex.

Name: protein-lipid complex remodeling.

Definition: The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a protein-lipid complex.

Name: plasma lipoprotein particle remodeling.

Definition: The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a plasma lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the esterification of cholesterol by phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase (lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase; LCAT).

Name: triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle remodeling.

Definition: The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by lipoprotein lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the transfer of cholesterol esters to a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), with the simultaneous transfer of triglyceride from a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle.

Name: chylomicron remodeling.

Definition: The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a chylomicron, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.

Name: very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling.

Definition: The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase or lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.

Name: low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling.

Definition: The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the transfer of cholesterol esters from LDL to a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), with the simultaneous transfer of triglyceride to LDL.

Name: high-density lipoprotein particle remodeling.

Definition: The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a high-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the transfer of cholesterol esters from LDL to a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), with the simultaneous transfer of triglyceride to LDL.

Name: plasma lipoprotein particle assembly.

Definition: The non-covalent aggregation and arrangement of proteins and lipids to form a plasma lipoprotein particle.

Name: very-low-density lipoprotein particle assembly.

Definition: The non-covalent aggregation and arrangement of proteins and lipids in the liver to form a very-low-density lipoprotein particle.

Name: high-density lipoprotein particle assembly.

Definition: The non-covalent aggregation and arrangement of proteins and lipids to form a high-density lipoprotein particle.

Name: plasma lipoprotein particle clearance.

Definition: The process in which a lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

Name: chylomicron remnant clearance.

Definition: The process in which a chylomicron remnant is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis into liver cells and its constituent parts degraded.

Name: low-density lipoprotein particle clearance.

Definition: The process in which a low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

Name: high-density lipoprotein particle clearance.

Definition: The process in which a high-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

Name: triglyceride-rich plasma lipoprotein particle.

Definition: A plasma lipoprotein particle that has a hydrophobic core enriched in triglycerides surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol and apolipoproteins. Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles transport lipids, which are non-covalently associated with the particles, in the blood.

Name: lipid droplet organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lipid particle.

Name: regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.

Name: negative regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.

Name: positive regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.

Name: protein localization to cell surface.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.

Name: nuclear periphery.

Definition: The portion of the nuclear lumen proximal to the inner nuclear membrane.

Name: nucleobase-containing small molecule biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide.

Name: response to fluid shear stress.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluid shear stress stimulus. Fluid shear stress is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is moving across a solid surface.

Name: tRNA 3'-trailer cleavage, endonucleolytic.

Definition: Endonucleolytic cleavage of the 3'-end of the pre-tRNA as part of the process of generating the mature 3'-end of the tRNA.

Name: bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-diphosphoglycerate + H2O = phosphoglycerate + phosphate.

Name: bisphosphoglycerate 3-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-diphosphoglycerate + H2O = 2-phospho-D-glycerate + phosphate.

Name: urate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of urate, the anion of uric acid, 2,6,8-trioxypurine.

Name: post-translational protein acetylation.

Definition: The addition of an acetyl group to one or more amino acids in a protein, occurring after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome.

Name: glycoprotein transport.

Definition: The directed movement of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: lipid oxidation.

Definition: The removal of one or more electrons from a lipid, with or without the concomitant removal of a proton or protons, by reaction with an electron-accepting substance, by addition of oxygen or by removal of hydrogen.

Name: plasma lipoprotein particle oxidation.

Definition: The modification of a lipid or protein within a plasma lipoprotein particle by oxidation of the lipid or one or more amino acids.

Name: regulation of lipoprotein oxidation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipoprotein oxidation.

Name: negative regulation of lipoprotein oxidation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lipoprotein oxidation.

Name: regulation of plasma lipoprotein oxidation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipoprotein oxidation, occurring in the blood plasma.

Name: negative regulation of plasma lipoprotein oxidation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lipoprotein particle oxidation, occurring in the blood plasma.

Name: substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading.

Definition: The morphogenetic process that results in flattening of a cell as a consequence of its adhesion to a substrate.

Name: very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance.

Definition: The process in which a very-low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

Name: ubiquitin-ubiquitin ligase activity.

Definition: Isoenergetic transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to an existing ubiquitin chain via the reaction X-ubiquitin + Y-ubiquitin -> Y-ubiquitin-ubiquitin + X, where both the X-ubiquitin and Y-ubiquitin-ubiquitin linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.

Name: centriolar satellite.

Definition: A small (70-100 nm) cytoplasmic granule that contains a number of centrosomal proteins; centriolar satellites traffic toward microtubule minus ends and are enriched near the centrosome.

Name: dynactin binding.

Definition: Binding to a dynactin complex; a large protein complex that activates dynein-based motor activity.

Name: microtubule anchoring.

Definition: Any process in which a microtubule is maintained in a specific location in a cell.

Name: microtubule anchoring at centrosome.

Definition: Any process in which a microtubule is maintained in a specific location in a cell by attachment to a centrosome.

Name: t-UTP complex.

Definition: A protein complex that forms a subcomplex of the 90S preribosome and is required for the subsequent assembly of the rest of the preribosome. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of Utp5p, Utp4p, Nan1p, Utp8p, Utp9p, Utp10 and Utp15p.

Name: Mpp10 complex.

Definition: A protein complex that forms a subcomplex of the 90S preribosome. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of Mpp10p, Imp3p and Imp4p.

Name: 3'-5' RNA helicase activity.

Definition: Unwinding of an RNA helix in the 3' to 5' direction, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Name: small-subunit processome assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a small-subunit processome.

Name: BBSome.

Definition: A ciliary protein complex involved in cilium biogenesis. It consists of at least seven Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) proteins and BBIP10. It moves in association with IFT trains through cilia (likely as an IFT-A/B adaptor or cargo), and is required for the integrity of IFT-A and IFT-B.

Name: response to carbon monoxide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbon monoxide (CO) stimulus.

Name: ncRNA processing.

Definition: Any process that results in the conversion of one or more primary non-coding RNA (ncRNA) transcripts into one or more mature ncRNA molecules.

Name: snRNA 3'-end processing.

Definition: Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an snRNA molecule.

Name: U6 snRNA 3'-end processing.

Definition: Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a U6 snRNA molecule.

Name: phosphatidylglycerol catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylglycerols, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of glycerol.

Name: chondroitin sulfotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + chondroitin = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + chondroitin sulfate.

Name: heparan sulfate sulfotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + heparan sulfate = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + sulfated heparan sulfate.

Name: phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.

Name: vacuolar transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which a solute is transported from one side of the vacuolar membrane to the other.

Name: protein localization to phagophore assembly site.

Definition: Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the phagophore assembly site (PAS).

Name: early endosome to Golgi transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances from early endosomes to the Golgi.

Name: late endosome to Golgi transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances from late endosomes to the Golgi.

Name: protein localization to kinetochore.

Definition: Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the kinetochore.

Name: protein localization to chromosome.

Definition: Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a specific location on a chromosome.

Name: protein localization to nucleus.

Definition: A process in which a protein transports or maintains the localization of another protein to the nucleus.

Name: tooth mineralization.

Definition: The process in which calcium salts are deposited into calcareous tooth structures such as dental enamel, dentin and cementum.

Name: chromosome, centromeric core domain.

Definition: The innermost portion of the centromeric region of a chromosome, encompassing the core region of a chromosome centromere and the proteins that bind to it.

Name: centromere complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and centromeric DNA molecules to form a centromeric protein-DNA complex. Includes the formation of the chromatin structures which form a platform for the kinetochore, and assembly of the kinetochore onto this specialized chromatin. In fission yeast and higher eukaryotes this process also includes the formation of heterochromatin at the outer repeat (pericentric) regions of the centromere.

Name: U3 snoRNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a U3 small nucleolar RNA.

Name: box C/D RNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a box C/D small nucleolar RNA.

Name: box H/ACA snoRNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a box H/ACA small nucleolar RNA.

Name: mitochondrial unfolded protein response.

Definition: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the mitochondrial matrix; results in transcriptional upregulation of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial stress proteins.

Name: response to vitamin B6.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin B6 stimulus. Vitamin B6 encompasses pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.

Name: RNA cap binding complex.

Definition: Any protein complex that binds to a specialized RNA cap structure at any time in the lifetime of the RNA.

Name: fumarylpyruvate hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: fumarylpyruvate + H2O = fumarate + pyruvate + H+.

Name: mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the cytochrome bc(1) complex (also known as ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase), in the mitochondrial inner membrane.

Name: respiratory chain complex II assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex II.

Name: mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex II, in the mitochondrial inner membrane.

Name: piRNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a piRNA, a Piwi-associated RNA, a 24- to 30-nucleotide RNA derived from repeat or complex DNA sequence elements and processed by a Dicer-independent mechanism.

Name: piRNA processing.

Definition: A process leading to the generation of a functional piRNA. piRNAs (Piwi-associated RNAs) are a class of 24- to 30-nucleotide RNAs derived from repeat or complex DNA sequence elements and processed by a Dicer-independent mechanism.

Name: hydroxyproline transport.

Definition: The directed movement of hydroxyproline into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: L-hydroxyproline transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of L-hydroxyproline from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol bisphosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol phosphate + phosphate.

Name: phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate + phosphate.

Name: phosphatidylinositol phosphate 5-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of the 5-phosphate group of a phosphatidylinositol phosphate.

Name: phosphatidylinositol phosphate 4-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of the 4-phosphate group of a phosphatidylinositol phosphate.

Name: phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 4-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + phosphate.

Name: cellular response to oxidative stress.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.

Name: pyruvate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + CoA + NAD(P)+ = acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NAD(P)H.

Name: pyruvate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ = acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH.

Name: cellular response to heat.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.

Name: response to tumor necrosis factor.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tumor necrosis factor stimulus.

Name: cellular response to reactive oxygen species.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.

Name: response to laminar fluid shear stress.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a laminar fluid shear stress stimulus. Laminar fluid flow is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is moving across a solid surface in parallel layers. As an example, laminar shear stress can be seen where blood flows against the luminal side of blood vessel walls.

Name: tetrahydrobiopterin binding.

Definition: Binding to a tetrahydrobiopterin, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin or a derivative thereof; tetrahydrobiopterins are enzyme cofactors that carry electrons in redox reactions.

Name: arginine binding.

Definition: Binding to 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.

Name: cellular response to unfolded protein.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus.

Name: fatty acid elongation, monounsaturated fatty acid.

Definition: Elongation of a fatty acid chain into which one C-C double bond has been introduced.

Name: fatty acid elongation, polyunsaturated fatty acid.

Definition: Elongation of a fatty acid chain into which two or more C-C double bonds have been introduced.

Name: 'de novo' NAD biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), beginning with the synthesis of tryptophan or aspartate from simpler precursors; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.

Name: retinol transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of retinol from one side of a membrane to the other. Retinol is vitamin A1, 2,6,6-trimethyl-1-(9'-hydroxy-3',7'-dimethylnona-1',3',5',7'-tetraenyl)cyclohex-1-ene, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A.

Name: retinol transport.

Definition: The directed movement of retinol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Retinol is vitamin A1, 2,6,6-trimethyl-1-(9'-hydroxy-3',7'-dimethylnona-1',3',5',7'-tetraenyl)cyclohex-1-ene, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A.

Name: glutathione transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: glutathione transport.

Definition: The directed movement of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: cellular carbohydrate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, carried out by individual cells.

Name: phosphatidylcholine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.

Name: cellular nitrogen compound metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds, as carried out by individual cells.

Name: mitochondrion migration along actin filament.

Definition: The directed movement of a mitochondrion along a microfilament, mediated by motor proteins.

Name: establishment of mitochondrion localization, microtubule-mediated.

Definition: The directed movement of the mitochondrion to a specific location, by a process involving microtubules.

Name: cellular response to UV.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.

Name: cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass, carried out by individual cells.

Name: histone H3K4me/H3K4me2/H3K4me3 demethylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a tri, a di or a monomethyl-lysine residue at position 4 of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.

Name: cortisol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving cortisol, the steroid hormone 11-beta-17,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. Cortisol is synthesized from cholesterol in the adrenal gland and controls carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism and has anti-inflammatory properties.

Name: cortisol biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cortisol, the steroid hormone 11-beta-17,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. Cortisol is synthesized from cholesterol in the adrenal gland and controls carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism and has anti-inflammatory properties.

Name: retinoic acid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A.

Name: nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.

Name: nucleobase-containing compound catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.

Name: nucleobase-containing small molecule catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide.

Name: ncRNA metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving non-coding RNA transcripts (ncRNAs).

Name: ncRNA catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of non-coding RNA transcripts (ncRNAs). Includes the breakdown of cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs).

Name: endoplasmic reticulum chaperone complex.

Definition: A protein complex that is located in the endoplasmic reticulum and is composed of chaperone proteins, including BiP, GRP94; CaBP1, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), ERdj3, cyclophilin B, ERp72, GRP170, UDP-glucosyltransferase, and SDF2-L1.

Name: integrin alpha1-beta1 complex.

Definition: An integrin complex that comprises one alpha1 subunit and one beta1 subunit.

Name: integrin alpha2-beta1 complex.

Definition: An integrin complex that comprises one alpha2 subunit and one beta1 subunit.

Name: integrin alpha3-beta1 complex.

Definition: An integrin complex that comprises one alpha3 subunit and one beta1 subunit.

Name: integrin alpha4-beta1 complex.

Definition: An integrin complex that comprises one alpha4 subunit and one beta1 subunit.

Name: integrin alpha4-beta7 complex.

Definition: An integrin complex that comprises one alpha4 subunit and one beta7 subunit.

Name: inhibin-betaglycan-ActRII complex.

Definition: A protein complex that consists of inhibin, type III transforming growth factor beta receptor (also known as betaglycan), and the type II activin receptor ActRII. The complex is thought to negatively regulate the activity of activin B.

Name: integrin alpha5-beta1 complex.

Definition: An integrin complex that comprises one alpha5 subunit and one beta1 subunit.

Name: integrin alpha10-beta1 complex.

Definition: An integrin complex that comprises one alpha10 subunit and one beta1 subunit.

Name: integrin alpha11-beta1 complex.

Definition: An integrin complex that comprises one alpha11 subunit and one beta1 subunit.

Name: integrin alphav-beta3 complex.

Definition: An integrin complex that comprises one alphav subunit and one beta3 subunit.

Name: integrin alphav-beta5 complex.

Definition: An integrin complex that comprises one alphav subunit and one beta5 subunit.

Name: integrin alphav-beta6 complex.

Definition: An integrin complex that comprises one alphav subunit and one beta6 subunit.

Name: integrin alphav-beta8 complex.

Definition: An integrin complex that comprises one alphav subunit and one beta8 subunit.

Name: integrin alphaL-beta2 complex.

Definition: An integrin complex that comprises one alphaL subunit and one beta2 subunit.

Name: U11/U12 snRNP.

Definition: A ribonucleoprotein complex that is formed by the association of the U11 and U12 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins.

Name: response to prostaglandin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin stimulus.

Name: response to prostaglandin E.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin E stimulus.

Name: response to gonadotropin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gonadotropin stimulus.

Name: response to luteinizing hormone.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a luteinizing hormone stimulus.

Name: ion channel complex.

Definition: A protein complex that spans a membrane and forms a water-filled channel across the phospholipid bilayer allowing selective ion transport down its electrochemical gradient.

Name: cation channel complex.

Definition: An ion channel complex through which cations pass.

Name: calcium channel complex.

Definition: An ion channel complex through which calcium ions pass.

Name: potassium channel complex.

Definition: An ion channel complex through which potassium ions pass.

Name: sodium channel complex.

Definition: An ion channel complex through which sodium ions pass.

Name: chloride channel complex.

Definition: An ion channel complex through which chloride ions pass.

Name: methyltransferase complex.

Definition: A protein complex that possesses methyltransferase activity.

Name: methylosome.

Definition: A large (20 S) protein complex that possesses protein arginine methyltransferase activity and modifies specific arginines to dimethylarginines in the arginine- and glycine-rich domains of several spliceosomal Sm proteins, thereby targeting these proteins to the survival of motor neurons (SMN) complex for assembly into small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) core particles. Proteins found in the methylosome include the methyltransferase JBP1 (PRMT5), pICln (CLNS1A), MEP50 (WDR77), and unmethylated forms of SM proteins that have RG domains.

Name: inhibin binding.

Definition: Binding to an inhibin monomer, any of the polypeptides that combine to form activin and inhibin dimers.

Name: type I transforming growth factor beta receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a type I transforming growth factor beta receptor.

Name: type III transforming growth factor beta receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a type III transforming growth factor beta receptor.

Name: pICln-Sm protein complex.

Definition: A protein complex that contains pICln (CLNS1A) and several Sm proteins, including SmD1, SmD2, SmE, SmF, and SmG.

Name: SMN-Gemin2 complex.

Definition: A protein complex that contains the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein and Gemin2; may form the stable core of the larger SMN complex.

Name: SMN-Sm protein complex.

Definition: A protein complex formed by the association of several methylated Sm proteins with the SMN complex; the latter contains the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein and at least eight additional integral components, including the Gemin2-8 and unrip proteins; additional proteins, including galectin-1 and galectin-3, are also found in the SMN-SM complex. The SMN-Sm complex is involved in spliceosomal snRNP assembly in the cytoplasm.

Name: histone H3-K4 demethylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H3 by the removal of a methyl group from lysine at position 4 of the histone.

Name: gamma-glutamyl-peptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the cleavage of a gamma-linked glutamate bond.

Name: nucleosome organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of one or more nucleosomes.

Name: histone H3-K79 methylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H3 by addition of a methyl group to lysine at position 79 of the histone.

Name: cholesterol O-acyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + cholesterol = a cholesterol ester + CoA.

Name: histone H4K16 deacetylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 16) + H2O = histone H4 L-lysine (position 16) + acetate. This reaction represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 16 of the histone H4 protein.

Name: Scrib-APC-beta-catenin complex.

Definition: A protein complex that contains the Scribble protein (a cell polarity determinant), the tumor suppressor protein adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), and beta-catenin; may be involved in the control of cell proliferation.

Name: aryl hydrocarbon receptor complex.

Definition: A protein complex that acts as an aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor. Cytosolic and nuclear Ah receptor complexes have different subunit composition, but both contain the ligand-binding subunit AhR.

Name: nuclear aryl hydrocarbon receptor complex.

Definition: An aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) complex found in the nucleus; ; consists of ligand-bound AhR and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT).

Name: iron ion transmembrane transport.

Definition: A process in which an iron ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: regulation of iron ion transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions (Fe) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: negative regulation of iron ion transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: regulation of iron ion transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions (Fe) from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: negative regulation of iron ion transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: regulation of transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: negative regulation of transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: positive regulation of transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: negative regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: positive regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: basement membrane disassembly.

Definition: The controlled breakdown of the basement membrane in the context of a normal process such as imaginal disc eversion.

Name: histone H4-K20 methylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H4 by addition of one or more methyl groups to lysine at position 20 of the histone.

Name: histone H4-K20 trimethylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H4 by addition of three methyl groups to lysine at position 20 of the histone.

Name: secretory granule lumen.

Definition: The volume enclosed by the membrane of a secretory granule.

Name: glutathione transmembrane transport.

Definition: A process in which glutathione is transported across a membrane.

Name: response to histamine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a histamine stimulus. Histamine, the biogenic amine 2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethanamine, is involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter.

Name: caffeine oxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: caffeine + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid + H2O.

Name: endothelin maturation.

Definition: The process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of endothelin by conversion of Big-endothelin substrate into mature endothelin.

Name: box C/D RNA processing.

Definition: Any process involved in the conversion of a primary box C/D type small RNA transcript into a mature box C/D RNA.

Name: box H/ACA RNA processing.

Definition: Any process involved in the conversion of a primary box H/ACA type small RNA transcript into a mature box H/ACA RNA.

Name: histone lysine methylation.

Definition: The modification of a histone by addition of one or more methyl groups to a lysine residue.

Name: histone arginine methylation.

Definition: The modification of a histone by addition of a methyl group to an arginine residue.

Name: protein folding in endoplasmic reticulum.

Definition: A protein folding process that takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Secreted, plasma membrane and organelle proteins are folded in the ER, assisted by chaperones and foldases (protein disulphide isomerases), and additional factors required for optimal folding (ATP, Ca2+ and an oxidizing environment to allow disulfide bond formation).

Name: response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stress acting at the endoplasmic reticulum. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen.

Name: NAD-dependent protein deacetylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of one or more acetyl groups from a protein, requiring NAD.

Name: mitochondrial protein processing.

Definition: The peptide cleavage of mitochondrial proteins, including cleavage contributing to their import.

Name: peptidyl-lysine deacetylation.

Definition: The removal of an acetyl group from an acetylated lysine residue in a peptide or protein.

Name: iron chaperone activity.

Definition: Directly binding to and delivering iron ions to a target protein.

Name: immunoglobulin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to one or more specific sites on an immunoglobulin receptor molecule.

Name: Fc-gamma receptor I complex binding.

Definition: Binding to one or more specific sites on the Fc-gamma receptor I complex. The complex functions primarily as an activating receptor for IgG.

Name: microtubule organizing center attachment site.

Definition: A region of the nuclear envelope to which a microtubule organizing center (MTOC) attaches; protein complexes embedded in the nuclear envelope mediate direct or indirect linkages between the microtubule cytoskeleton and the nuclear envelope.

Name: meiotic nuclear membrane microtubule tethering complex.

Definition: A nuclear membrane protein complex which connects the nuclear outer and inner membranes together, and links links the nuclear lumen to cytoplasmic microtubules during meiosis.

Name: oligosaccharyltransferase I complex.

Definition: An oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex that contains at least seven polypeptides and is the major OST complex in mammalian cells. Of the three forms of mammalian OST complex identified, the OSTI complex has the weakest affinity for ribosomes.

Name: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a phosphatidylinositol = ADP + a phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. This reaction is the addition of a phosphate group to phosphatidylinositol or one of its phosphorylated derivatives at the 3' position of the inositol ring.

Name: 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + ATP = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Name: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulator activity.

Definition: Modulates the activity of any of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks). Regulatory subunits can link a PI3K catalytic subunit to upstream signaling events and help position the catalytic subunits close to their lipid substrates.

Name: somatic stem cell population maintenance.

Definition: Any process by which an organism retains a population of somatic stem cells, undifferentiated cells in the embryo or adult which can undergo unlimited division and give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.

Name: regulation of Rac protein signal transduction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rac protein signal transduction.

Name: positive regulation of Rac protein signal transduction.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Rac protein signal transduction.

Name: regulation of Rho protein signal transduction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction.

Name: negative regulation of Rho protein signal transduction.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction.

Name: positive regulation of Rho protein signal transduction.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction.

Name: leading edge cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of leading edge cells, cells at the front of a migrating epithelial sheet.

Name: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class III.

Definition: A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex that contains a catalytic class III phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) subunit bound to a regulatory (adaptor) subunit. Additional adaptor proteins may be present. Class III PI3Ks have a substrate specificity restricted to phosphatidylinositol (PI).

Name: histone deacetylase regulator activity.

Definition: Binds to and modulates the activity of histone deacetylase.

Name: histone acetyltransferase regulator activity.

Definition: Binds to and modulates the activity of histone acetyltransferase.

Name: histone acetyltransferase binding.

Definition: Binding to an histone acetyltransferase.

Name: sperm-egg recognition.

Definition: The initial contact step made between the sperm plasma membrane and outer layer of the egg during fertilization.

Name: embryonic heart tube development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryonic heart tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart tube forms as the heart rudiment from the heart field.

Name: cardiocyte differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell that will form part of the cardiac organ of an individual.

Name: interchromatin granule.

Definition: A class of nuclear body measuring 20-25 nm in diameter and distributed throughout the interchromatin space, linked together by thin fibrils. They are believed to be storage centers for various snRNAs, snRNPs, serine/arginine-rich proteins and RNA polymerase II. A typical mammalian cell contains 25-50 clusters of interchromatin granules. Interchromatin granule clusters do not contain the heterogeneous nuclear RNA-binding proteins (hnRNPs).

Name: nuclear speck organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of nuclear specks, a class of nuclear body in which splicing factors are localized.

Name: methylated histone binding.

Definition: Binding to a histone in which a residue has been modified by methylation.

Name: regulation of histone acetylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to a histone protein.

Name: positive regulation of histone acetylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to a histone protein.

Name: negative regulation of histone acetylation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to a histone protein.

Name: axoneme assembly.

Definition: The assembly and organization of an axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.

Name: establishment or maintenance of apical/basal cell polarity.

Definition: Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance polarization of a cell's architecture along its apical/basal axis so that the apical and basal regions of the cell have different membrane, extracellular matrix and sub-membrane cellular components.

Name: establishment of apical/basal cell polarity.

Definition: The specification and formation of the polarity of a cell along its apical/basal axis.

Name: maintenance of apical/basal cell polarity.

Definition: Retaining the established polarization of a cell along its apical/basal axis.

Name: phosphatidylinositol binding.

Definition: Binding to an inositol-containing glycerophospholipid, i.e. phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and its phosphorylated derivatives.

Name: sperm DNA condensation.

Definition: The progressive compaction of the spermatid chromatin so that it reaches a level of condensation that is not compatible with nuclear activities such as transcription or DNA replication.

Name: response to nicotine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nicotine stimulus.

Name: behavioral response to nicotine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a nicotine stimulus.

Name: histone methyltransferase complex.

Definition: A multimeric complex that is able to catalyze the addition of methyl groups to histone proteins.

Name: ESC/E(Z) complex.

Definition: A multimeric protein complex that can methylate lysine-27 and lysine-9 residues of histone H3. In Drosophila the core subunits of the complex include ESC, E(Z), CAF1 (NURF-55) and SU(Z)12. In mammals the core subunits of the complex include EED, EZH2, SUZ12 and RBBP4.

Name: FACT complex.

Definition: A histone chaperone complex that facilitates nucleosome disassembly and reassembly upon DNA or RNA polymerase passage.

Name: PRC1 complex.

Definition: A multiprotein complex that mediates monoubiquitination of lysine residues of histone H2A (lysine-118 in Drosophila or lysine-119 in mammals). The complex is required for stable long-term maintenance of transcriptionally repressed states and is involved in chromatin remodeling.

Name: appendage morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of appendages are generated and organized. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch.

Name: limb morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of a limb are generated and organized. A limb is a paired appendage of a tetrapod used for locomotion or grasping.

Name: genitalia morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of genitalia are generated and organized. The genitalia are the organs of reproduction or generation, external and internal.

Name: embryonic appendage morphogenesis.

Definition: The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the appendage are generated and organized. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch.

Name: embryonic forelimb morphogenesis.

Definition: The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal, e.g. the arms of a human.

Name: embryonic hindlimb morphogenesis.

Definition: The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the hindlimbs are generated and organized. The hindlimbs are the posterior limbs of an animal.

Name: forelimb morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal, e.g. the arms of a human.

Name: hindlimb morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindlimb are generated and organized.

Name: exon-exon junction complex.

Definition: A multi-subunit complex deposited by the spliceosome upstream of messenger RNA exon-exon junctions. The exon-exon junction complex provides a binding platform for factors involved in mRNA export and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.

Name: tube formation.

Definition: Creation of the central hole of a tube in an anatomical structure through which gases and/or liquids flow.

Name: regulation of tube size.

Definition: Ensuring that a tube is of the correct length and diameter. Tube size must be maintained not only during tube formation, but also throughout development and in some physiological processes.

Name: embryonic hemopoiesis.

Definition: The stages of blood cell formation that take place within the embryo.

Name: post-embryonic hemopoiesis.

Definition: The stages of blood cell formation that take place after completion of embryonic development.

Name: histone kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to a histone.

Name: histone serine kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to a serine residue of a histone.

Name: histone H3S10 kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the serine-10 residue of the N-terminal tail of histone H3.

Name: social behavior.

Definition: Behavior directed towards society, or taking place between members of the same species. Occurs predominantly, or only, in individuals that are part of a group.

Name: histone threonine kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to a threonine residue of a histone.

Name: Rb-E2F complex.

Definition: A multiprotein complex containing a heterodimeric E2F transcription factor and a Retinoblastoma (Rb) family member. This complex is capable of repressing transcription of E2F-regulated genes in order to regulate cell cycle progression.

Name: RNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing.

Definition: A posttranscriptional gene silencing pathway in which regulatory RNAs elicit silencing of specific target genes, either by mRNA destabilization or inhibition of translation.

Name: miRNA-mediated gene silencing.

Definition: A post-transcriptional gene silencing pathway in which regulatory microRNAs (miRNAs) elicit silencing of specific target genes. miRNAs are endogenous 21-24 nucleotide small RNAs processed from stem-loop RNA precursors (pre-miRNAs). Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), miRNAs can downregulate gene expression by either of two posttranscriptional mechanisms: endonucleolytic cleavage of the RNA (often mRNA) or mRNA translational repression, usually accompanied by poly-A tail shortening and subsequent degradation of the mRNA. miRNAs are present in all the animals and in plants, whereas siRNAs are present in lower animals and in plants.

Name: miRNA processing.

Definition: A process leading to the generation of a functional miRNA. Includes the cleavage of stem-loop RNA precursors into microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are a class of small RNAs that primarily silence genes by blocking the translation of mRNA transcripts into protein, or by increasing the degradation of non-protein-coding RNA transcripts.

Name: siRNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a small interfering RNA, a 21-23 nucleotide RNA that is processed from double stranded RNA (dsRNA) by an RNAse enzyme.

Name: miRNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a microRNA, a 21-23 nucleotide RNA that is processed from a stem-loop RNA precursor (pre-miRNA) that is encoded within plant and animal genomes.

Name: cell competition in a multicellular organism.

Definition: Competitive interactions within multicellular organisms between cell populations that differ in growth rates, leading to the elimination of the slowest-growing cells.

Name: glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit binding.

Definition: Binding to the catalytic subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase.

Name: ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by glutamate binding to a glutamate receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by the movement of ions through a channel in the receptor complex, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: tube morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system.

Name: dopamine binding.

Definition: Binding to dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter formed by aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase from 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine.

Name: protein-arginine omega-N monomethyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the addition of a methyl group to either of the unmethylated terminal nitrogen atoms (also called omega nitrogen) in peptidyl-arginine to form an omega-N-G-monomethylated arginine residue. The reaction is S-adenosyl-L-methionine + [protein]-L-arginine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + [protein]-Nomega-methyl-L-arginine.

Name: protein-arginine omega-N asymmetric methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the addition of a second methyl group to methylated peptidyl-arginine. Methylation is on the same terminal nitrogen (omega nitrogen) residue that was previously methylated, resulting in asymmetrical peptidyl-N(omega),N(omega)-dimethylated arginine residues.

Name: protein-arginine omega-N symmetric methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the addition of a second methyl group to methylated peptidyl-arginine. Methylation is on the terminal nitrogen (omega nitrogen) residue that is not already methylated, resulting in symmetrical peptidyl-N(omega),N'(omega)-dimethyled arginine residues.

Name: peptidyl-arginine N-methylation.

Definition: The addition of a methyl group onto a nitrogen atom of an arginine residue in a protein.

Name: peptidyl-arginine omega-N-methylation.

Definition: The addition of a methyl group onto a terminal nitrogen (omega nitrogen) atom of an arginine residue in a protein.

Name: alpha-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an N-acetylgalactosaminyl residue from UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine to an acceptor molecule, forming an alpha-1,4 linkage.

Name: UDP-galactosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a galactose group from UDP-galactose to an acceptor molecule.

Name: UDP-glucosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a glucosyl group from UDP-glucose to an acceptor molecule.

Name: UDP-xylosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a xylosyl group from UDP-xylose to an acceptor molecule.

Name: glutamate receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a glutamate receptor.

Name: ionotropic glutamate receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an ionotropic glutamate receptor. Ionotropic glutamate receptors bind glutamate and exert an effect through the regulation of ion channels.

Name: G protein-coupled glutamate receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a G protein-coupled glutamate receptor (a metabotropic glutamate receptor).

Name: nuclear glucocorticoid receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a nuclear glucocorticoid receptor.

Name: external genitalia morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the external genitalia are generated and organized. The external genitalia are the outer sex organs, such as the penis or vulva in mammals.

Name: multicellular organism growth.

Definition: The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth.

Name: organ growth.

Definition: The increase in size or mass of an organ. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that function together as to perform a specific function.

Name: NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex.

Definition: A complex having histone acetylase activity on chromatin, as well as ATPase, DNA helicase and structural DNA binding activities. The complex is thought to be involved in double-strand DNA break repair. Subunits of the human complex include HTATIP/TIP60, TRRAP, RUVBL1, BUVBL2, beta-actin and BAF53/ACTL6A. In yeast, the complex has 13 subunits, including the catalytic subunit Esa1 (homologous to human Tip60).

Name: protein mannosylation.

Definition: The addition of a mannose residue to a protein acceptor molecule.

Name: protein O-linked mannosylation.

Definition: The transfer of mannose from dolichyl activated mannose to the hydroxyl group of a seryl or threonyl residue of a protein acceptor molecule, to form an O-linked protein-sugar linkage.

Name: endocrine system development.

Definition: Progression of the endocrine system over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The endocrine system is a system of hormones and ductless glands, where the glands release hormones directly into the blood, lymph or other intercellular fluid, and the hormones circulate within the body to affect distant organs. The major glands that make up the human endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathryoids, adrenals, pineal body, and the reproductive glands which include the ovaries and testes.

Name: exocrine system development.

Definition: Progression of the exocrine system over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The exocrine system is a system of hormones and glands, where the glands secrete straight to a target site via ducts or tubes. The human exocrine system includes the salivary glands, sweat glands and many glands of the digestive system.

Name: ethanol binding.

Definition: Binding to ethanol, CH(3)-CH(2)-OH.

Name: miRNA-mediated gene silencing by inhibition of translation.

Definition: An RNA interference pathway in which microRNAs (miRNAs) block the translation of target mRNAs into proteins. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a miRNA will typically mediate repression of translation if the miRNA imperfectly base-pairs with the 3' untranslated regions of target mRNAs.

Name: miRNA-mediated gene silencing by mRNA destabilization.

Definition: An RNA interference pathway in which microRNAs (miRNAs) direct the cleavage of target mRNAs. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a miRNA base pairing with near-perfect complementarity to the target mRNA will typically direct targeted endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA. Many plant miRNAs downregulate gene expression through this mechanism.

Name: pre-miRNA export from nucleus.

Definition: Transport of pre-microRNAs (pre-miRNAs) from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Pre-miRNAs are a ~60-70 nucleotide stem loop intermediate in miRNA production, produced by the nuclear cleavage of a primary miRNA (pri-mRNA) transcript. Pre-miRNAs are transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where further cleavage occurs to produce a mature miRNA product.

Name: segmentation.

Definition: The regionalization process that divides an organism or part of an organism into a series of semi-repetitive parts, or segments, often arranged along a longitudinal axis.

Name: tube development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tube over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues including lung and trachea, kidney, the mammary gland, the vascular system and the gastrointestinal and urinary-genital tracts.

Name: regulation of tube diameter.

Definition: Any process that modulates the diameter of a tube.

Name: inositol pentakisphosphate 2-kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol hexakisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Name: regulation of dephosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a molecule.

Name: regulation of protein dephosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein.

Name: negative regulation of dephosphorylation.

Definition: Any process the stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a molecule.

Name: positive regulation of dephosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a molecule.

Name: positive regulation of protein dephosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein.

Name: negative regulation of protein dephosphorylation.

Definition: Any process the stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein.

Name: 5'-3' exodeoxyribonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' terminus of a DNA molecule.

Name: wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells.

Definition: The migration of an epidermal cell along or through a wound gap that contributes to the reestablishment of a continuous epidermis.

Name: hair cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hair cell.

Name: Toll-like receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a Toll-like protein, a pattern recognition receptor that binds pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.

Name: hippo signaling.

Definition: The series of molecular signals mediated by the serine/threonine kinase Hippo or one of its orthologs. In Drosophila, Hippo in complex with the scaffold protein Salvador (Sav), phosphorylates and activates Warts (Wts), which in turn phosphorylates and inactivates the Yorkie (Yki) transcriptional activator. The core fly components hippo, sav, wts and mats are conserved in mammals as STK4/3 (MST1/2), SAV1/WW45, LATS1/2 and MOB1.

Name: regulation of hippo signaling.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hippo signaling.

Name: negative regulation of hippo signaling.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hippo signaling.

Name: positive regulation of hippo signaling.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hippo signaling.

Name: peptidyl-tyrosine dephosphorylation.

Definition: The removal of phosphoric residues from peptidyl-O-phospho-tyrosine to form peptidyl-tyrosine.

Name: long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths of C13 or more.

Name: fatty-acyl-CoA metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a fatty-acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group.

Name: SPOTS complex.

Definition: A multiprotein complex at least composed of serine palmitoyltransferases and ORM proteins (known as ORMDL proteins in mammals and other higher vertebrates) that plays a key role in sphingolipid homeostasis.

Name: inosine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of the purine ribonucleoside inosine, also known as hypoxanthine riboside, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: hypoxanthine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxypurine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: coenzyme A transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which coenzyme A is transported across a membrane. Coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, is an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.

Name: FAD transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is transported across a membrane. FAD forms the coenzyme of the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, in which it functions as an electron acceptor by being reversibly converted to its reduced form.

Name: heme transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: NAD transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is transported across a membrane; transport may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.

Name: Toll-like receptor 1-Toll-like receptor 2 protein complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric protein complex containing Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2).

Name: Toll-like receptor 2-Toll-like receptor 6 protein complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric protein complex containing Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6).

Name: cellular triglyceride homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of triglyceride within a cell or between a cell and its external environment.

Name: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to any of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (alpha, beta or gamma) in the nuclear membrane, and ending with the initiation or termination of the transcription of target genes.

Name: regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway.

Name: histone locus body.

Definition: A nuclear body associated with the histone gene locus that is thought to contain all of the factors necessary for histone mRNA transcription and pre-mRNA processing. In Drosophila, U7 snRNP is located in the histone locus body rather than the distinct Cajal body.

Name: UBC13-UEV1A complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric ubiquitin conjugating enzyme complex that catalyzes assembly of K63-linked polyubiquitin chains and is involved in NF-kappaB activation. In humans at least, the complex comprises the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBC13 and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme variant 1A (UEV1A).

Name: microtubule plus-end.

Definition: The growing (plus) end of a microtubule. In vitro, microtubules polymerize more quickly at the plus end than at the minus end. In vivo, microtubule growth occurs only at the plus end, and the plus end switches between periods of growth and shortening, a behavior known as dynamic instability.

Name: protein localization to microtubule.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a microtubule.

Name: chondroitin sulfate binding.

Definition: Binding to chondroitin sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan made up of two alternating monosaccharides: D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc).

Name: transepithelial water transport.

Definition: The directed movement of water (H2O) from one side of an epithelium to the other.

Name: carbon dioxide transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which carbon dioxide (CO2) is transported across a membrane.

Name: carbon dioxide transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of carbon dioxide (CO2) from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: ATP-gated ion channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when ATP has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Name: sterol transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which a sterol is transported across a membrane. Sterols are steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.

Name: thioester metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a thioester, a compound of general formula RC(=O)SR' in which the linking oxygen in an ester is replaced by a sulfur atom. They are the product of esterification between a carboxylic acid and a thiol.

Name: thioester biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a thioester, a compound of general formula RC(=O)SR' in which the linking oxygen in an ester is replaced by a sulfur atom. They are the product of esterification between a carboxylic acid and a thiol.

Name: Roundabout signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a SLIT protein binding to a Roundabout (ROBO) family receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9.

Name: negative regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9.

Name: histone tyrosine kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a histone.

Name: histone H3Y41 kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the tyrosine-41 residue of histone H3.

Name: histone H3T11 kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the threonine-11 residue of the N-terminal tail of histone H3.

Name: histone H3T6 kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the threonine-6 residue of the N-terminal tail of histone H3.

Name: dihydrotestosterone 17-beta-dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone + NAD+ = 5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione + NADH.

Name: protein localization to synapse.

Definition: Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell.

Name: autocrine signaling.

Definition: Signaling between cells of the same type. The signal produced by the signaling cell binds to a receptor on, and affects a cell of the same type.

Name: copper ion transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of copper cation across a membrane.

Name: phosphate ion transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which a phosphate is transported across a membrane.

Name: maintenance of protein localization in endoplasmic reticulum.

Definition: Any process in which a protein is maintained in the endoplasmic reticulum and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration within the endoplasmic reticulum, protein stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that escape the endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: cyclic-di-GMP binding.

Definition: Binding to cyclic-di-GMP, cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate.

Name: dipeptide transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of a dipeptide across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A dipeptide is a combination of two amino acids linked together by a peptide (-CO-NH-) bond.

Name: tripeptide transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of a tripeptide across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A tripeptide is a compound containing three amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

Name: response to interferon-alpha.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-alpha stimulus. Interferon-alpha is a type I interferon.

Name: response to interferon-beta.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-beta stimulus. Interferon-beta is a type I interferon.

Name: cellular response to interferon-alpha.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-alpha stimulus. Interferon-alpha is a type I interferon.

Name: cellular response to interferon-beta.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-beta stimulus. Interferon-beta is a type I interferon.

Name: vesicle cargo loading.

Definition: The formation of a macromolecular complex between the coat proteins and proteins and/or lipoproteins that are going to be transported by a vesicle.

Name: vitamin transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which a vitamin is transported across a membrane. A vitamin is one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.

Name: determination of pancreatic left/right asymmetry.

Definition: Determination of the asymmetric location of the pancreas with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.

Name: positive regulation of vascular wound healing.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to damaged vasculature.

Name: lipase binding.

Definition: Binding to a lipase.

Name: chylomicron binding.

Definition: Binding to a chylomicron, a large lipoprotein particle (diameter 75-1200 nm) composed of a central core of triglycerides and cholesterol surrounded by a protein-phospholipid coating. The proteins include one molecule of apolipoprotein B-48 and may include a variety of apolipoproteins, including APOAs, APOCs and APOE.

Name: regulation of leukotriene production involved in inflammatory response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the synthesis or release of any leukotriene following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response.

Name: positive regulation of leukotriene production involved in inflammatory response.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the synthesis or release of any leukotriene following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response.

Name: SNARE complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a SNARE complex, a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers.

Name: cAMP response element binding.

Definition: Binding to a cyclic AMP response element (CRE), a short palindrome-containing sequence found in the promoters of genes whose expression is regulated in response to cyclic AMP.

Name: carnosine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving the dipeptide beta-alanyl-L-histidine (carnosine).

Name: carnosine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the dipeptide beta-alanyl-L-histidine (carnosine).

Name: MH2 domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a MH2 (MAD homology 2) protein domain. The MH2 domain is found at the carboxy-terminus of MAD related proteins such as Smads. The MH2 domain mediates interaction with a wide variety of proteins and provides specificity and selectivity to Smad function and also is critical for mediating interactions in Smad oligomers.

Name: MH1 domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a MH1 (MAD homology 1) protein domain. The MH1 domain is found at the amino terminus of MAD related proteins such as Smads and can mediate DNA binding in some proteins. Smads also use the MH1 domain to interact with some transcription factors.

Name: metanephric part of ureteric bud development.

Definition: The development of the portion of the ureteric bud tube that contributes to the morphogenesis of the metanephros.

Name: regulation of myosin light chain kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myosin light chain kinase activity.

Name: positive regulation of myosin light chain kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myosin light chain kinase activity.

Name: regulation of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity.

Name: positive regulation of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity.

Name: negative regulation of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity.

Name: DNA dealkylation.

Definition: The removal of an alkyl group from one or more nucleotides within an DNA molecule.

Name: oxidative DNA demethylation.

Definition: Removal of the methyl group from one or more nucleotides within a DNA molecule involving the oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms.

Name: oxidative RNA demethylation.

Definition: The removal of the methyl group from one or more nucleotides within an RNA molecule involving oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms.

Name: DNA demethylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from one or more nucleosides within a DNA molecule.

Name: oxidative RNA demethylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from one or more nucleosides within a RNA molecule involving the oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms.

Name: oxidative DNA demethylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a methylated nucleobase within DNA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = a nucleobase within DNA + formaldehyde + succinate + CO2.

Name: PR-DUB complex.

Definition: A multimeric protein complex that removes monoubiquitin from histone H2A. In Drosophila and mammals, the core of the complex is composed of Calypso/BAP1 and Asx/ASXL1, respectively.

Name: histone H2A monoubiquitination.

Definition: The modification of histone H2A by addition of a single ubiquitin group.

Name: protein K29-linked ubiquitination.

Definition: A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 29 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K29-linked ubiquitination targets the substrate protein for degradation.

Name: monoubiquitinated protein deubiquitination.

Definition: The removal of the ubiquitin group from a monoubiquitinated protein.

Name: monoubiquitinated histone deubiquitination.

Definition: The removal of the ubiquitin group from a monoubiquitinated histone protein.

Name: monoubiquitinated histone H2A deubiquitination.

Definition: The removal of the ubiquitin group from a monoubiquitinated histone H2A protein.

Name: protein K29-linked deubiquitination.

Definition: A protein deubiquitination process in which a K29-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 29 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.

Name: proline transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of proline, pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: NF-kappaB p50/p65 complex.

Definition: A heterodimer of NF-kappa B p50 and p65 subunits.

Name: retrograde transport, plasma membrane to Golgi.

Definition: The directed movement of substances from the plasma membrane back to the trans-Golgi network, mediated by vesicles.

Name: NADH pyrophosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NADH + H2O = AMP + NMNH + 2 H+.

Name: 8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanosine-triphosphate (8-oxo-dGTP) + H2O = 8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanosine phosphate (8-oxo-dGMP) + diphosphate. 8-oxo-dGTP is the oxidised form of the free guanine nucleotide and can act as a potent mutagenic substrate for DNA synthesis causing transversion mutations. 8-oxo-dGTPase hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP to its monophosphate form to prevent the misincorporation of 8-oxo-dGTP into cellular DNA.

Name: regulation of SNARE complex assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of assembly of the SNARE complex. The SNARE complex is a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers.

Name: positive regulation of SNARE complex assembly.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of assembly of the SNARE complex. The SNARE complex is a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers.

Name: negative regulation of SNARE complex assembly.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of assembly of the SNARE complex. The SNARE complex is a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers.

Name: protein initiator methionine removal involved in protein maturation.

Definition: Removal of the initiating methionine or formylmethionine residue from a protein that contributes to protein maturation, the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.

Name: oxidative single-stranded DNA demethylation.

Definition: Removal of the methyl group from one or more nucleotides within a single-stranded DNA molecule involving the oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms.

Name: oxidative single-stranded RNA demethylation.

Definition: Removal of the methyl group from one or more nucleotides within a single-stranded RNA molecule involving the oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms.

Name: intracellular signal transduction.

Definition: The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell.

Name: regulation of chromatin binding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.

Name: negative regulation of chromatin binding.

Definition: Any process that stops or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.

Name: positive regulation of chromatin binding.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.

Name: regulation of kidney size.

Definition: Any process that modulates the size of a kidney.

Name: regulation of pronephros size.

Definition: Any process that modulates the size of a pronephric kidney.

Name: regulation of metanephros size.

Definition: Any process that modulates the size of a metanephric kidney.

Name: non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via effectors other than beta-catenin.

Name: N-terminal peptidyl-proline methylation.

Definition: The methylation of the N-terminal proline of proteins.

Name: N-terminal peptidyl-serine methylation.

Definition: The methylation of the N-terminal serine of proteins.

Name: N-terminal peptidyl-serine dimethylation.

Definition: The dimethylation of the N-terminal serine of proteins to form the derivative N,N-dimethylserine.

Name: N-terminal peptidyl-serine trimethylation.

Definition: The trimethylation of the N-terminal serine of proteins to form the derivative N,N,N-trimethylserine.

Name: histone H4K20 demethylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of the methyl group from a modified lysine residue at position 20 of the histone H4 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.

Name: azurophil granule membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding an azurophil granule, a primary lysosomal granule found in neutrophil granulocytes that contains a wide range of hydrolytic enzymes and is released into the extracellular fluid.

Name: azurophil granule lumen.

Definition: The volume enclosed by the membrane of an azurophil granule, a primary lysosomal granule found in neutrophil granulocytes that contains a wide range of hydrolytic enzymes and is released into the extracellular fluid.

Name: specific granule membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding a specific granule, a granule with a membranous, tubular internal structure, found primarily in mature neutrophil cells. Most are released into the extracellular fluid. Specific granules contain lactoferrin, lysozyme, vitamin B12 binding protein and elastase.

Name: sequestering of extracellular ligand from receptor.

Definition: The process of binding or confining an extracellular signaling ligand, such that the ligand is unable to bind to its cell surface receptor.

Name: sequestering of BMP in extracellular matrix.

Definition: Confining a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) to the extracellular matrix (ECM), such that it is separated from other components of the signaling pathway, including its cell surface receptor. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are secreted as homodimers, non-covalently associated with N-terminal pro-peptides, and are targeted to the extracellular matrix through interaction with matrix proteins.

Name: sequestering of TGFbeta in extracellular matrix.

Definition: Confining TGFbeta to the extracellular matrix (ECM) such that it is separated from other components of the signaling pathway, including its cell surface receptor. TGFbeta is secreted as part of a latent complex that is targeted to the extracellular matrix through latent-TGFbeta-binding protein (LTBP)-mediated association with matrix proteins.

Name: calcium-mediated signaling using intracellular calcium source.

Definition: The series of molecular signals in which a cell uses calcium ions released from an intracellular store to convert a signal into a response.

Name: purinergic nucleotide receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular purine nucleotide binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: signaling adaptor activity.

Definition: The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two or more molecules in a signaling pathway, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. Adaptor molecules themselves do not have catalytic activity.

Name: establishment of protein localization to extracellular region.

Definition: The directed movement of a protein to a specific location within the extracellular region.

Name: ganglioside binding.

Definition: Binding to a ganglioside, a ceramide oligosaccharide carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues.

Name: protein deacylation.

Definition: The removal of an acyl group, any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group, from a protein amino acid.

Name: peptidyl-cysteine S-trans-nitrosylation.

Definition: Transfer of a nitric oxide (NO) group from one cysteine residue to another.

Name: protein deglutamylation.

Definition: The removal of a glutamate residue from a protein. Glutamate residues in proteins can be gene-encoded, or added as side chains during the protein modification process of polyglutamylation.

Name: C-terminal protein deglutamylation.

Definition: The removal of a C-terminal, gene-encoded glutamate residue from a protein.

Name: protein side chain deglutamylation.

Definition: The removal of a glutamate residue from the side chain of a protein. Glutamate side chains are added to glutamic acid residues within the primary protein sequence during polyglutamylation.

Name: AP-2 adaptor complex binding.

Definition: Binding to an AP-2 adaptor complex. The AP-2 adaptor complex is a heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of alpha, beta2, mu2 and sigma2 subunits and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle. In at least humans, the AP-2 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different alpha genes (alphaA and alphaC).

Name: RNA stem-loop binding.

Definition: Binding to a stem-loop in an RNA molecule. An RNA stem-loop is a secondary RNA structure consisting of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) stem and a terminal loop.

Name: clathrin adaptor activity.

Definition: Bringing together a cargo protein with clathrin, responsible for the formation of endocytic vesicles.

Name: histone H2B conserved C-terminal lysine deubiquitination.

Definition: A histone deubiquitination process in which a ubiquitin monomer is removed from a conserved lysine residue in the C-terminus of histone H2B. The conserved lysine residue is K119 in fission yeast, K123 in budding yeast, or K120 in mammals.

Name: stress granule disassembly.

Definition: The disaggregation of a stress granule into its constituent protein and RNA parts.

Name: ER to Golgi ceramide transport.

Definition: The directed movement of a ceramide from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi. Ceramides are a class of lipid composed of sphingosine linked to a fatty acid.

Name: renal glucose absorption.

Definition: A renal system process in which glucose is taken up from the collecting ducts and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures.

Name: receptor transactivation.

Definition: The process in which a receptor is activated by another receptor. Receptor transactivation can occur through different mechanisms and includes cross-talk between signaling pathways where one receptor activates a receptor for a different ligand, and also activation of subunits within a receptor oligomer.

Name: ceramide transport.

Definition: The directed movement of ceramides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Ceramides are a class of lipid composed of sphingosine linked to a fatty acid.

Name: bone mineralization involved in bone maturation.

Definition: The deposition of hydroxyapatite, involved in the progression of the skeleton from its formation to its mature state.

Name: mitochondrial prohibitin complex.

Definition: A complex composed of two proteins, prohibitin 1 and prohibitin 2 (PHB1/PHB-1 and PHB2/PHB-2) that is highly conserved amongst eukaryotes and associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. The mitochondrial prohibitin complex is a macromolecular supercomplex composed of repeating heterodimeric subunits of PHB1 and PHB2. The mitochondrial prohibitin complex plays a role in a number of biological processes, including mitochondrial biogenesis and function, development, replicative senescence, and cell death.

Name: maintenance of blood-brain barrier.

Definition: Maintaining the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier, thus ensuring specific regulated transport of substances (e.g. macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into the brain, and out of the brain into the blood circulation.

Name: purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding.

Definition: Binding to a purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.

Name: exploration behavior.

Definition: The specific behavior of an organism in response to a novel environment or stimulus.

Name: locomotory exploration behavior.

Definition: The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to a novel environment.

Name: histone H3R17 methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (histone H3)-arginine (position 17) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (histone H3)-N-methyl-arginine (position 17). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the arginine residue at position 17 of histone H3.

Name: L-DOPA receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with L-DOPA to initiate a change in cell activity. L-DOPA is the modified amino acid (2S)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) propanoic acid, and is the precursor to dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine.

Name: endosome to melanosome transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances from endosomes to the melanosome, a specialised lysosome-related organelle.

Name: AP-1 adaptor complex binding.

Definition: Binding to an AP-1 adaptor complex. The AP-1 adaptor complex is a heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta1, gamma, mu1 and sigma1 subunits and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle. In at least humans, the AP-1 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different genes (gamma1 and gamma2, mu1A and mu1B, and sigma1A, sigma1B and sigma1C).

Name: AP-3 adaptor complex binding.

Definition: Binding to an AP-3 adaptor complex. The AP-3 adaptor complex is a heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta3, delta, mu3 and sigma3 subunits and is found associated with endosomal membranes. In at least humans, the AP-3 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different genes (beta3A and beta3B, mu3A and mu3B, and sigma3A and sigma3B).

Name: interleukin-18-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-18 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: Mon1-Ccz1 complex.

Definition: A protein complex that functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) and converts Rab-GDP to Rab-GTP. In S. cerevisiae, this complex consists of at least Mon1 and Ccz1, and serves as a GEF for the Rab Ypt7p.

Name: Toll-like receptor 4 binding.

Definition: Binding to a Toll-like 4 protein, a pattern recognition receptor that binds bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate an innate immune response.

Name: Toll-like receptor 2 binding.

Definition: Binding to a Toll-like 2 protein, a pattern recognition receptor that binds microbial pattern motifs to initiate an innate immune response.

Name: TIRAP-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor where the TIRAP/MAL adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.

Name: TIRAP-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor 4 where the TIRAP/MAL adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like 4 receptors are pattern recognition receptors that bind bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate an innate immune response.

Name: TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor where the TRIF adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.

Name: TRAM-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor where the TRAM adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.

Name: TRAM-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor 4 where the TRAM adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like 4 receptors are pattern recognition receptors that bind bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate an innate immune response.

Name: enone reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: an enone + NADPH + H+ = a ketone + NADP+.

Name: oligopeptide transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which an oligopeptide is transported across a membrane. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.

Name: oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of oligopeptides from one side of a membrane to the other. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.

Name: tricarboxylic acid transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which a tricarboxylic acid is transported across a membrane.

Name: neuromast hair cell development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuromast hair cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuromast hair cell is a hair cell that acts as a sensory receptor of the neuromast; it is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.

Name: posterior lateral line neuromast hair cell development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a posterior lateral line neuromast hair cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuromast hair cell is a hair cell that acts as a sensory receptor of the neuromast; it is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.

Name: memory T cell extravasation.

Definition: The migration of a memory T cell from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue. A memory T cell is a distinctly differentiated long-lived T cell that has the phenotype CD45RO-positive and CD127-positive.

Name: sperm fibrous sheath.

Definition: A cytoskeletal structure surrounding the axoneme and outer dense fibers of the sperm flagellum. Consists of two longitudinal columns connected by closely arrayed semicircular ribs that assemble from distal to proximal throughout spermiogenesis. The fibrous sheath probably influences the degree of flexibility, plane of flagellar motion, and the shape of the flagellar beat.

Name: macrophage migration inhibitory factor receptor complex.

Definition: A protein complex that binds macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Comprises CD74 and CD44 cell surface proteins.

Name: mitochondrial protein catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a mitochondrial protein. This process is necessary to maintain the healthy state of mitochondria and is thought to occur via the induction of an intramitochondrial lysosome-like organelle that acts to eliminate the damaged oxidised mitochondrial proteins without destroying the mitochondrial structure.

Name: mitophagy by induced vacuole formation.

Definition: The process in which cells degrade mitochondria by inducing a vacuole-like structure which directly engulfs and degrades the unhealthy mitochondria by accumulating lysosomes.

Name: monocyte extravasation.

Definition: The migration of a monocyte from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.

Name: hematopoietic stem cell migration.

Definition: The orderly movement of a hematopoietic stem cell from one site to another. A hematopoietic stem cell is a cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system.

Name: CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.

Definition: The change in morphology and behavior of a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.

Name: T-helper 1 cell activation.

Definition: The change in morphology and behavior of a T-helper 1 cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.

Name: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7 binding.

Definition: Binding to chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7.

Name: macrophage migration inhibitory factor binding.

Definition: Binding to the cytokine, macrophage migration inhibitory factor.

Name: intraciliary anterograde transport.

Definition: The directed movement of large protein complexes along microtubules from the cell body toward the tip of a cilium (also called flagellum), mediated by motor proteins.

Name: intraciliary retrograde transport.

Definition: The directed movement of large protein complexes along microtubules from the tip of a cilium (also called flagellum) toward the cell body, mediated by motor proteins.

Name: interleukin-12-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-12 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: interleukin-15-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-15 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: sodium ion transmembrane transport.

Definition: A process in which a sodium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: lysophosphatidic acid binding.

Definition: Binding to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a phospholipid derivative that acts as a potent mitogen due to its activation of high-affinity G protein-coupled receptors.

Name: response to hepatocyte growth factor.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hepatocyte growth factor stimulus.

Name: cellular response to hepatocyte growth factor stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hepatocyte growth factor stimulus.

Name: S-nitrosoglutathione binding.

Definition: Binding to S-nitrosoglutathione, a nitrosothiol considered to be a natural nitric oxide (NO) donor involved in S-nitrosylation, and in the storage and transport of nitric oxide in biological systems.

Name: dinitrosyl-iron complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a dinitrosyl-iron complex. Nitric oxide (NO) is stored as dinitrosyl-iron complexes, which form spontaneously from Glutathione (GSH), S-nitrosoglutathione, and trace amounts of ferrous ions, or by reaction of iron-sulfur centers with NO.

Name: intraciliary transport involved in cilium assembly.

Definition: The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium that contributes to cilium assembly.

Name: natural killer cell chemotaxis.

Definition: The directed movement of a natural killer cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).

Name: regulation of lysosomal lumen pH.

Definition: Any process that modulates the pH of the lysosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.

Name: lysosomal lumen pH elevation.

Definition: Any process that increases the pH of the lysosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.

Name: B cell chemotaxis.

Definition: The directed movement of a B cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).

Name: cardiolipin hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of cardiolipin (1,3-bis(3-phosphatidyl)glycerol), releasing phosphatidic acid (PA).

Name: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 binding.

Definition: Binding to chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19.

Name: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 binding.

Definition: Binding to chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21.

Name: mesangial cell-matrix adhesion.

Definition: The binding of a mesangial cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules. A mesangial cell is a cell that encapsulates the capillaries and venules in the kidney.

Name: cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor.

Definition: The directed movement of a motile cell in response to the presence of fibroblast growth factor (FGF).

Name: endothelial cell chemotaxis.

Definition: The directed movement of an endothelial cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).

Name: endothelial cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor.

Definition: The directed movement of an endothelial cell in response to the presence of fibroblast growth factor (FGF).

Name: ribonucleoprotein granule.

Definition: A non-membranous macromolecular complex containing proteins and translationally silenced mRNAs. RNA granules contain proteins that control the localization, stability, and translation of their RNA cargo. Different types of RNA granules (RGs) exist, depending on the cell type and cellular conditions.

Name: interleukin-4-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-4 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus.

Definition: The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules (B granules) in the B cells of the pancreas; accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin, in response to a glucose stimulus.

Name: positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin that contributes to the response of a cell to glucose.

Name: mature natural killer cell chemotaxis.

Definition: The directed movement of a mature natural killer cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). A mature natural killer cell is a natural killer cell that is developmentally mature and expresses a variety of inhibitory and activating receptors that recognize MHC class and other stress related molecules.

Name: CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell costimulation.

Definition: The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the T cell receptor to augment CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.

Name: platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated a ligand binding to an alpha-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFalpha) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand to a beta-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFbeta) on the surface of a signal-receiving cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: positive regulation of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration by platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration resulting from the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane.

Name: negative regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane.

Name: 2-alkenal reductase (NADP+) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: n-alkanal + NADP+ = alk-2-enal + NADPH + H+.

Name: deubiquitinase activator activity.

Definition: Binds to and increases the activity of a deubiquitinase.

Name: structural constituent of egg coat.

Definition: The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of an egg coat. An egg coat is a specialized extracellular matrix that surrounds the ovum of animals. The egg coat provides structural support and can play an essential role in oogenesis, fertilization and early development.

Name: egg coat.

Definition: A specialized extracellular matrix that surrounds the plasma membrane of the ovum of animals. The egg coat provides structural support and can play an essential role in oogenesis, fertilization and early development.

Name: regulation of urine volume.

Definition: Any process that modulates the amount of urine excreted from the body over a unit of time.

Name: modulation of process of another organism.

Definition: The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or processes of another organism.

Name: gene conversion.

Definition: A DNA recombination process that results in the unidirectional transfer of genetic material from a donor sequence to a highly homologous acceptor. The resulting acceptor sequence is identical to that of the donor.

Name: homologous recombination.

Definition: A DNA recombination process that results in the exchange of an equal amount of genetic material between highly homologous DNA molecules.

Name: cloaca development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cloaca over time, from it's formation to the mature structure. The cloaca is the common chamber into which intestinal, genital and urinary canals open in vertebrates.

Name: photoreceptor cell outer segment organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level and results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the outer segment of a photoreceptor cell, a sensory cell that reacts to the presence of light. The outer segment of the photoreceptor cell contains the light-absorbing materials.

Name: epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development.

Definition: The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of an epithelial cell that characterize the cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.

Name: Krueppel-associated box domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a Krueppel-associated box (KRAB) domain of a protein. The approximately 75 amino acid KRAB domain is enriched in charged amino acids, and is found in the N-terminal regions of many zinc finger-containing transcription factors.

Name: chromosome passenger complex localization to spindle midzone.

Definition: A cellular protein complex localization that acts on a chromosome passenger complex; as a result, the complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location at the spindle midzone. A chromosome passenger complex is a protein complex that contains the BIR-domain-containing protein Survivin, Aurora B kinase, INCENP and Borealin, and coordinates various events based on its location to different structures during the course of mitosis. The spindle midzone is the area in the center of the spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap.

Name: eosinophil fate commitment.

Definition: The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a eosinophil cell. A eosinophil is any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by one or more slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and which can be stained by the dye eosin.

Name: megakaryocyte development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a megakaryocyte cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Megakaryocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a megakaryocyte fate. A megakaryocyte is a giant cell 50 to 100 micron in diameter, with a greatly lobulated nucleus, found in the bone marrow.

Name: Seh1-associated complex.

Definition: A GTPase-activating protein (GAP) complex that regulates TORC1 signaling by interacting with the Rag GTPase. In S. cerevisiae the complex contains Seh1p, Sec13p, Npr2p, Npr3p, Iml1p, Mtc5p, Rtc1p, and Sea4p.

Name: glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor.

Name: site of double-strand break.

Definition: A region of a chromosome at which a DNA double-strand break has occurred. DNA damage signaling and repair proteins accumulate at the lesion to respond to the damage and repair the DNA to form a continuous DNA helix.

Name: response to potassium ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a potassium ion stimulus.

Name: cellular response to potassium ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a potassium ion stimulus.

Name: alphav-beta3 integrin-PKCalpha complex.

Definition: A protein complex that consists of an alphav-beta3 integrin complex bound to protein kinase C alpha.

Name: alphav-beta3 integrin-IGF-1-IGF1R complex.

Definition: A protein complex that consists of an alphav-beta3 integrin complex bound to insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R). IGF1R is a heterotetramer that consists of two alpha-subunits and two beta-subunits.

Name: alphav-beta3 integrin-HMGB1 complex.

Definition: A protein complex that consists of an alphav-beta3 integrin complex bound to high mobility group box 1 protein.

Name: ciliary transition zone.

Definition: A region of the cilium between the basal body and proximal segment that is characterized by Y-shaped assemblages that connect axonemal microtubules to the ciliary membrane. The ciliary transition zone appears to function as a gate that controls ciliary membrane composition and separates the cytosol from the ciliary plasm.

Name: protein K11-linked deubiquitination.

Definition: A protein deubiquitination process in which a K11-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 11 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.

Name: nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor (NLR), and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process. NLRs are cytoplasmic receptors defined by their tripartite domain architecture that contains: a variable C-terminus, a middle nucleotide-binding domain, and a LRR domain that is variable in the repeats composition and number.

Name: lactate transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which lactate is transported across a membrane. Lactate is 2-hydroxypropanoate, CH3-CHOH-COOH; L(+)-lactate is formed by anaerobic glycolysis in animal tissues, and DL-lactate is found in sour milk, molasses and certain fruit juices.

Name: cellular response to copper ion starvation.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of copper ions.

Name: death effector domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a DED domain (death effector domain) of a protein, a homotypic protein interaction module composed of a bundle of six alpha-helices that is related in structure to the death domain (DD).

Name: nail development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nail over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nail is a horn-like envelope covering the outer end of a finger or toe, and consists of the nail plate, the nail matrix and the nail bed below it, and the grooves surrounding it.

Name: embryonic nail plate morphogenesis.

Definition: The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of a nail plate are generated and organized. The nail plate is the hard and translucent portion of the nail, composed of keratin, and serves to protect the tips of digits.

Name: enteroendocrine cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of an enteroendocrine cell. Enteroendocrine cells are hormonally active epithelial cells in the gut that constitute the diffuse neuroendocrine system.

Name: vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a vascular smooth muscle cell.

Name: exit from host cell.

Definition: The movement of an organism out of a cell of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Name: aorta development.

Definition: The progression of the aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.

Name: aorta morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of an aorta are generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.

Name: skeletal muscle cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a skeletal muscle cell, a somatic cell located in skeletal muscle.

Name: desmosome disassembly.

Definition: The controlled breakdown of a desmosome. A desmosome is a patch-like intercellular junction found in vertebrate tissues, consisting of parallel zones of two cell membranes, separated by an space of 25-35 nm, and having dense fibrillar plaques in the subjacent cytoplasm.

Name: foramen ovale closure.

Definition: The morphogenetic process in which the foramen ovale closes after birth, to prevent blood flow between the right and left atria. In the fetal heart, the foramen ovale allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium. Closure of the foramen ovale after birth stops this blood flow.

Name: cellular response to vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus.

Name: mRNA 3'-UTR AU-rich region binding.

Definition: Binding to a region containing frequent adenine and uridine bases within the 3' untranslated region of a mRNA molecule or in pre-mRNA intron. The ARE-binding element consensus is UUAUUUAUU. ARE-binding proteins control the stability and/or translation of mRNAs.

Name: RNA import into mitochondrion.

Definition: The process in which a rRNA, ribosomal ribonucleic acid, is transported from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix.

Name: rRNA import into mitochondrion.

Definition: The process in which a rRNA, ribosomal ribonucleic acid, transported from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix.

Name: steroid hormone secretion.

Definition: The regulated release of any steroid that acts as a hormone into the circulatory system.

Name: mitochondrial ncRNA surveillance.

Definition: The set of processes involved in identifying and degrading defective or aberrant non-coding RNA transcripts (ncRNAs) within the mitochondrion.

Name: mitochondrial mRNA surveillance.

Definition: The set of processes involved in identifying and degrading messenger RNA (mRNA) within the mitochondrion.

Name: response to interleukin-13.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-13 stimulus.

Name: cellular response to interleukin-13.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-13 stimulus.

Name: COPI-coated vesicle budding.

Definition: The evagination of a Golgi membrane, resulting in formation of a COPI-coated vesicle.

Name: cardiolipin acyl-chain remodeling.

Definition: Remodeling the acyl chains of premature (de novo synthesized) cardiolipin (1,3-bis(3-phosphatidyl)glycerol), through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate mature cardiolipin containing high-levels of unsaturated fatty acids.

Name: response to topologically incorrect protein.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a protein that is not folded in its correct three-dimensional structure.

Name: cellular response to topologically incorrect protein.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a protein that is not folded in its correct three-dimensional structure.

Name: peptidyl-threonine dephosphorylation.

Definition: The removal of phosphoric residues from peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine to form peptidyl-threonine.

Name: peptidyl-histidine dephosphorylation.

Definition: The removal of phosphoric residues from peptidyl-O-phospho-L-histidine to form peptidyl-histidine.

Name: aggrephagy.

Definition: Selective degradation of protein aggregates by macroautophagy.

Name: transcription factor AP-1 complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric transcription factor complex composed of proteins from the c-Fos, c-Jun, activating transcription factor (ATF) or JDP families. The subunits contain a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) domain that is essential for dimerization and DNA binding. Jun-Fos heterodimers bind preferentially to a heptamer consensus sequence (TPA responsive element (TRE)), whereas Jun-ATF dimers bind the cyclic AMP responsive element (CRE) to regulate transcription of target genes.

Name: protein deglycosylation involved in glycoprotein catabolic process.

Definition: The removal of sugar residues from a glycosylated protein that contributes to the breakdown of a glycoprotein.

Name: senescence-associated heterochromatin focus.

Definition: A transcriptionally-silent heterochromatin structure present in senescent cells. Contains the condensed chromatin of one chromosome and is enriched for histone modifications. Thought to repress expression of proliferation-promoting genes.

Name: endodermal cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an endoderm cell, a cell of the inner of the three germ layers of the embryo.

Name: chondrocyte proliferation.

Definition: The multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.

Name: deltoid tuberosity development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the deltoid tuberosity over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The deltoid tuberosity is the region on the shaft of the humerus to which the deltoid muscle attaches. The deltoid tuberosity develops through endochondral ossification in a two-phase process; an initiating tendon-dependent phase, and a muscle-dependent growth phase.

Name: response to muscle stretch.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a myofibril being extended beyond its slack length.

Name: detection of muscle stretch.

Definition: The series of events by which a muscle stretch stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.

Name: tetrahydrofolate interconversion.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways by which one-carbon (C1) units are transferred between tetrahydrofolate molecules, to synthesise other tetrahydrofolate molecules.

Name: pre-mRNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA), an intermediate molecule between DNA and protein that may contain introns and, at least in part, encodes one or more proteins. Introns are removed from pre-mRNA to form a mRNA molecule.

Name: positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to stress.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).

Name: GAF domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a GAF protein domain.

Name: response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.

Name: cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.

Name: protein-glutamine N-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein L-glutamine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein N-methyl-L-glutamine.

Name: protein localization to endosome.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an endosome.

Name: response to interleukin-3.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-3 stimulus.

Name: cellular response to interleukin-3.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-3 stimulus.

Name: response to erythropoietin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an erythropoietin stimulus. Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone that controls erythropoiesis.

Name: cellular response to erythropoietin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an erythropoietin stimulus.

Name: endolysosome.

Definition: An transient hybrid organelle formed by fusion of a late endosome with a lysosome, and in which active degradation takes place.

Name: endolysosome membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding an endolysosome. An endolysosome is a transient hybrid organelle formed by fusion of a late endosome with a lysosome.

Name: protein C inhibitor-TMPRSS7 complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and transmembrane protease serine 7 (TMPRSS7); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of transmembrane protease serine 7.

Name: protein C inhibitor-TMPRSS11E complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and transmembrane protease serine 11E (TMPRSS11E); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of transmembrane protease serine 11E.

Name: protein C inhibitor-PLAT complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (PLAT); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of tissue-type plasminogen activator.

Name: protein C inhibitor-PLAU complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (PLAU); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of urokinase-type plasminogen activator.

Name: protein C inhibitor-thrombin complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and thrombin (F2); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of thrombin.

Name: protein C inhibitor-KLK3 complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and prostate-specific antigen (KLK3); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of prostate-specific antigen.

Name: protein C inhibitor-plasma kallikrein complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and plasma kallikrein (KLK1B); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of plasma kallikrein.

Name: recruitment of mRNA capping enzyme to RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complex.

Definition: The process in which the guanylyltransferase enzyme responsible for adding a 7-methylguanosine cap on pre-mRNA becomes associated with the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complex and the 5' end of a transcript.

Name: mediator complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a mediator complex. The mediator complex is a protein complex that interacts with the carboxy-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and plays an active role in transducing the signal from a transcription factor to the transcriptional machinery. The Saccharomyces complex contains several identifiable subcomplexes: a head domain comprising Srb2, -4, and -5, Med6, -8, and -11, and Rox3 proteins; a middle domain comprising Med1, -4, and -7, Nut1 and -2, Cse2, Rgr1, Soh1, and Srb7 proteins; a tail consisting of Gal11p, Med2p, Pgd1p, and Sin4p; and a regulatory subcomplex comprising Ssn2, -3, and -8, and Srb8 proteins. Metazoan mediator complexes have similar modular structures and include homologs of yeast Srb and Med proteins.

Name: osteoclast development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a osteoclast from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue.

Name: CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.

Definition: The change in morphology and behavior of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.

Name: MKS complex.

Definition: A protein complex that is located at the ciliary transition zone and consists of several proteins some of which are membrane bound. Acts as an organiser of transition zone inner structure, specifically the Y-shaped links, in conjunction with the NPHP complex. The MKS complex also acts as part of the selective barrier that prevents diffusion of proteins between the ciliary cytoplasm and cellular cytoplasm as well as between the ciliary membrane and plasma membrane.

Name: long-chain fatty acid binding.

Definition: Binding to a long-chain fatty acid. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.

Name: long-chain fatty acyl-CoA binding.

Definition: Binding to a long-chain fatty acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths of C13 or more.

Name: protein demalonylation.

Definition: The removal of a malonyl group (CO-CH2-CO), from an amino acid residue within a protein or peptide.

Name: peptidyl-lysine demalonylation.

Definition: The process of removing a malonyl group (CO-CH2-CO) from an malonylated lysine residue in a peptide or protein.

Name: protein desuccinylation.

Definition: The removal of a succinyl group (CO-CH2-CH2-CO) from a residue in a peptide or protein.

Name: peptidyl-lysine desuccinylation.

Definition: The removal of a succinyl group (CO-CH2-CH2-CO) from a succinylated lysine residue in a peptide or protein.

Name: protein-malonyllysine demalonylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: protein-malonyllysine + H2O => protein-lysine + malonate. This reaction is the removal of a malonyl group (CO-CH2-CO) from a malonylated lysine residue of a protein or peptide.

Name: protein-succinyllysine desuccinylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N(6)-succinyl-L-lysyl-[protein] + NAD+ = 2''-O-succinyl-ADP-D-ribose + L-lysyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.

Name: filtration diaphragm.

Definition: A specialized cell-cell junction found between the cells of the excretory system, which provides a barrier for filtration of blood or hemolymph.

Name: slit diaphragm.

Definition: A specialized cell-cell junction found between the interdigitating foot processes of the glomerular epithelium (the podocytes) in the vertebrate kidney, which is adapted for facilitating glomerular filtration.

Name: ciliary basal body.

Definition: A membrane-tethered, short cylindrical array of microtubules and associated proteins found at the base of a eukaryotic cilium (also called flagellum) that is similar in structure to a centriole and derives from it. The cilium basal body is the site of assembly and remodelling of the cilium and serves as a nucleation site for axoneme growth. As well as anchoring the cilium, it is thought to provide a selective gateway regulating the entry of ciliary proteins and vesicles by intraflagellar transport.

Name: fucosylation.

Definition: The covalent attachment of a fucosyl group to an acceptor molecule.

Name: protein O-linked fucosylation.

Definition: The process of transferring a fucosyl group to a serine or threonine residues in a protein acceptor molecule, to form an O-linked protein-sugar linkage.

Name: N-glycan fucosylation.

Definition: The process of transferring a fucosyl group to an N-glycan. An N-glycan is the carbohydrate portion of an N-glycoprotein when attached to a nitrogen from asparagine or arginine side-chains.

Name: replacement ossification.

Definition: Ossification that requires the replacement of a preexisting tissue prior to bone tissue formation.

Name: purine nucleotide-sugar transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a purine nucleotide-sugar from one side of a membrane to the other. Purine nucleotide-sugars are purine nucleotides in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.

Name: GDP-fucose import into Golgi lumen.

Definition: The directed movement of GDP-fucose into the Golgi lumen. GDP-fucose is a substance composed of fucose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.

Name: D-serine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-serine, the D-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.

Name: cleavage furrow formation.

Definition: Generation of the cleavage furrow, a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate that marks the site of cytokinesis. This process includes the recruitment and localized activation of signals such as RhoA at the site of the future furrow to ensure that furrowing initiates at the correct site in the cell.

Name: cleavage furrow ingression.

Definition: Advancement of the cleavage furrow from the outside of the cell inward towards the center of the cell. The cleavage furrow acts as a 'purse string' which draws tight to separate daughter cells during cytokinesis and partition the cytoplasm between the two daughter cells. The furrow ingresses until a cytoplasmic bridge is formed.

Name: positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to oxidative stress.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.

Name: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, a phosphatidylinositol monophosphate carrying the phosphate group at the 3-position.

Name: small molecule binding.

Definition: Binding to a small molecule, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.

Name: leukotriene catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid.

Name: leukotriene B4 catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of leukotriene B4, a leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents.

Name: leukotriene B4 metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving leukotriene B4, a leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents.

Name: peroxisome membrane class-1 targeting sequence binding.

Definition: Binding to a class I peroxisomal membrane targeting sequence, any of several sequences of amino acids within a protein that can act as a signal for the localization of the protein into the peroxisome membrane in a PEX19-dependent manner.

Name: very long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving very long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a medium-chain fatty-acyl group. A very long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.

Name: medium-chain fatty-acyl-CoA metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving medium-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. A medium-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.

Name: very long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of very long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a medium-chain fatty-acyl group. A very long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.

Name: medium-chain fatty-acyl-CoA catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of medium-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a medium-chain fatty-acyl group. A medium-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.

Name: fatty-acyl-CoA catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fatty-acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group.

Name: long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a medium-chain fatty-acyl group. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.

Name: hyaluranon cable.

Definition: A cable structure, surrounding some cell types (e.g. proximal or bronchial tubular epithelial cells), and composed of hyaluranon (HA), a ubiquitous connective tissue glycosaminoglycan.

Name: response to platelet-derived growth factor.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a platelet-derived growth factor stimulus.

Name: cellular response to platelet-derived growth factor stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a platelet-derived growth factor stimulus.

Name: double-stranded DNA helicase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, in the presence of double-stranded DNA; drives the unwinding of a DNA helix.

Name: BMP binding.

Definition: Binding to a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family.

Name: histone H3-K9 trimethylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H3 by addition of three methyl groups to lysine at position 9 of the histone.

Name: fatty acid beta-oxidation multienzyme complex.

Definition: A multienzyme complex possessing three kinds of enzymes that catalyze the chain reactions in the fatty acid beta-oxidation cycle, enoyl-CoA hydratase (ECH), 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HACD), and acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (KACT).

Name: sperm flagellum.

Definition: A microtubule-based flagellum (or cilium) that is part of a sperm, a mature male germ cell that develops from a spermatid.

Name: 13-prostaglandin reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 15-keto-prostaglandin + NAD(P)H + H+ -> 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin + NAD(P)+. This reaction is the reduction of 15-keto-prostaglandin.

Name: kynurenine aminotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an amino group from kynurenine to an acceptor, usually a 2-oxo acid.

Name: peptidyl-histidine dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl L-histidine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = peptidyl hydroxy-L-histidine + succinate + CO2.

Name: [protein]-asparagine 3-dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl L-asparagine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = peptidyl 3-hydroxy-L-asparagine + succinate + CO2.

Name: kringle domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a kringle domain. Kringle domains are protein domains that fold into large loops stabilized by 3 disulfide linkages, and are important in protein-protein interactions with blood coagulation factors.

Name: cellular response to mycotoxin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mycotoxin stimulus. A mycotoxin is a toxic chemical substance produced by fungi.

Name: phosphatidylglycerol acyl-chain remodeling.

Definition: Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylglycerol, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylglycerol containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.

Name: phosphatidylinositol acyl-chain remodeling.

Definition: Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylinositol, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylinositol containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.

Name: phosphatidylserine acyl-chain remodeling.

Definition: Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylserine, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylserine containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.

Name: phosphatidylcholine acyl-chain remodeling.

Definition: Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylcholine, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylcholine containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.

Name: phosphatidylethanolamine acyl-chain remodeling.

Definition: Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylethanolamine, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylethanolamine containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.

Name: triglyceride acyl-chain remodeling.

Definition: Remodeling the acyl chains of triacylglycerol, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate triacylglycerol containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.

Name: acylglycerol acyl-chain remodeling.

Definition: Remodeling the acyl chains of an acylglycerol, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate an acylglycerol containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.

Name: inner dynein arm.

Definition: Inner arm structure present on the outer doublet microtubules of ciliary and flagellar axonemes. The structure of inner dynein arms is complex and may vary within the axoneme. Inner dynein arms are heteromeric, comprising 8 different heavy chains and various subunits. Inner and outer dynein arms have different functions in the generation of microtubule-based motility.

Name: outer dynein arm.

Definition: Outer arm structure present on the outer doublet microtubules of ciliary and flagellar axonemes. Outer dynein arms contain 2-3 heavy chains, two or more intermediate chains and a cluster of 4-8 light chains. Inner and outer dynein arms have different functions in the generation of microtubule-based motility.

Name: outer dynein arm assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an axonemal dynein outer arm, an outer arm structure present on the outer doublet microtubules of ciliary and flagellar axonemes.

Name: inner dynein arm assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an axonemal dynein inner arm, an inner arm structure present on the outer doublet microtubules of ciliary and flagellar axonemes.

Name: protein modification process.

Definition: The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification).

Name: response to stem cell factor.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stem cell factor (SCF) stimulus.

Name: cellular response to stem cell factor stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stem cell factor (SCF) stimulus.

Name: granulocyte activation.

Definition: The change in morphology and behavior of a granulocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.

Name: cellular response to menadione.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a menadione stimulus. Menadione (also called vitamin K3) is a naphthoquinone having a methyl substituent at the 2-position.

Name: peroxisome transport along microtubule.

Definition: The directed movement of a peroxisome along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins.

Name: response to amiloride.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amiloride stimulus.

Name: cellular response to amiloride.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amiloride stimulus.

Name: multivesicular body organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a multivesicular body. A multivesicular body is a type of late endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm.

Name: multivesicular body assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a multivesicular body, a type of late endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm.

Name: RNA capping.

Definition: The sequence of enzymatic reactions by which a cap structure is added to the 5' end of nascent RNA polymerase transcripts. Examples of RNA capping include 7-methyl-G caps found on all RNA polymerase II transcripts and nucleotide-containing cofactor caps, such as NAD(H) or FAD, found on bacterial trancripts.

Name: 7-methylguanosine cap hypermethylation.

Definition: Hypermethylation of the 7-(mono)methylguanosine (m(7)G) cap structure at the 2' position of the guanosine residue to convert a mono-methylated cap to a 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine cap structure. This type of cap modification occurs on small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and is dependent on prior guanine-N7 methylation.

Name: RNA (guanine-N7)-methylation.

Definition: The addition of a methyl group to the N7 atom in the base portion of a guanine nucleotide residue in an RNA molecule.

Name: peptidyl-serine autophosphorylation.

Definition: The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own serine amino acid residues, or a serine residue on an identical protein.

Name: protein trans-autophosphorylation.

Definition: The phosphorylation by a protein of a residue on an identical protein. For example, phosphorylation by the other kinase within a homodimer.

Name: DNA rewinding.

Definition: The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) are reformed to regenerate double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). ssDNA is often bound and stabilized by proteins such as replication protein A (RPA) to form ssDNA bubbles. The bubbles can be rewound by ATP-dependent motors to reform base pairs between strands and thus dsDNA.

Name: response to decreased oxygen levels.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting a decline in the level of oxygen.

Name: cellular response to decreased oxygen levels.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting a decline in the level of oxygen.

Name: cellular response to increased oxygen levels.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting an increase in the level of oxygen.

Name: response to increased oxygen levels.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting an increase in the level of oxygen.

Name: interstrand cross-link repair.

Definition: Removal of a DNA interstrand crosslink (a covalent attachment of DNA bases on opposite strands of the DNA) and restoration of the DNA. DNA interstrand crosslinks occur when both strands of duplex DNA are covalently tethered together (e.g. by an exogenous or endogenous agent), thus preventing the strand unwinding necessary for essential DNA functions such as transcription and replication.

Name: recombinational interstrand cross-link repair.

Definition: Removal of a DNA interstrand crosslink (a covalent attachment of DNA bases on opposite strands of the DNA) and restoration of the DNA by a mechanism that involves the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the broken DNA molecule and a homologous DNA region.

Name: atrioventricular canal development.

Definition: The progression of the atrioventricular canal over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The atrioventricular canal is the part of the heart connecting the atrium to the cardiac ventricle.

Name: lymph vessel morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of lymph vessels are generated and organized. The lymph vessel is the vasculature carrying lymph.

Name: ATP-dependent DNA/DNA annealing activity.

Definition: An ATP-dependent activity that facilitates the formation of a complementary double-stranded DNA molecule.

Name: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit binding.

Definition: Binding to a regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. The regulatory subunit associates with the catalytic subunit to regulate both its activity and subcellular location.

Name: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit binding.

Definition: Binding to the catalytic subunit of a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. The catalytic subunit catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group to an inositol lipid at the 3' position of the inositol ring.

Name: response to sterol.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sterol stimulus.

Name: cellular response to sterol.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sterol stimulus.

Name: SREBP-SCAP complex retention in endoplasmic reticulum.

Definition: Any process in which the SREBP-SCAP complex is maintained in the endoplasmic reticulum and prevented from moving elsewhere. The SREBP-SCAP complex is formed by the association of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) and SREBP-cleavage-activating protein (SCAP). In the absence of sterols, the SREBP-SCAP complex is packaged into COPII vesicles and travels to the Golgi apparatus to be processed. In the presence of sterols, the complex binds ER-resident proteins such as INSIG, which retain the complex in the ER.

Name: tyrosyl-RNA phosphodiesterase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a 5' tyrosyl-RNA phosphodiester bond between a protein and RNA. In picornaviruses, this covalent bond connects VPg, a viral-encoded protein essential for RNA replication, to the 5' end of all nascent picornavirus genomes; it is cleaved from viral RNA prior to its engaging in protein synthesis.

Name: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: avascular cornea development in camera-type eye.

Definition: The progression of an avascular cornea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Corneal avascularity (the absence of blood vessels in the cornea) is required for optical clarity and optimal vision. Avascular corneas are present in most animals, except Manatees.

Name: placental growth factor receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with placental growth factor (PlGF) receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: dendritic cell migration.

Definition: The movement of a dendritic cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

Name: Fas signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand to a Fas receptor on the surface of the cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Fas is a death domain-containing member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily.

Name: psychomotor behavior.

Definition: The specific behavior of an organism that combines cognitive functions and physical movement. For example, driving a car, throwing a ball, or playing a musical instrument.

Name: platelet morphogenesis.

Definition: Generation and organization of a platelet, a non-nucleated disk-shaped cell formed by extrusion from megakaryocytes, found in the blood of all mammals, and mainly involved in blood coagulation.

Name: platelet maturation.

Definition: A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a platelet to attain its fully functional state. A platelet is a non-nucleated disk-shaped cell formed by extrusion from megakaryocytes, found in the blood of all mammals, and mainly involved in blood coagulation.

Name: histone H2A-K13 ubiquitination.

Definition: The modification of histone H2A by addition of ubiquitin group at lysine 13 (H2A-K13) in metazoans, and at the equivalent residue in other organisms. Monoubiquitin is first attached to H2A-K13 and K63-linked ubiquitin chains are then extended from this monoubiquitin.

Name: histone H2A-K15 ubiquitination.

Definition: The modification of histone H2A by addition of ubiquitin group at lysine 15 (H2A-K15) in metazoans, and at the equivalent residue in other organisms. Monoubiquitin is first attached to H2A-K15 and K63-linked ubiquitin chains are then extended from this monoubiquitin.

Name: histone H2A-K119 monoubiquitination.

Definition: The modification of histone H2A by addition of a single ubiquitin group to lysine-119 (H2A- K119) in metazoans, and at the equivalent residue in other organisms.

Name: racemase activity, acting on amino acids and derivatives.

Definition: Catalysis of the interconversion of the two enantiomers of a chiral amino acid or amino acid derivative.

Name: transforming growth factor beta activation.

Definition: The release of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) from its latent state. TGF-beta is secreted as part of a large latent complex (LLC) that is targeted to the extracellular matrix. Release of TGFbeta from its latent state is required for TGFbeta to bind to its receptors, and can occur by a variety of mechanisms.

Name: transforming growth factor beta1 activation.

Definition: The release of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) from its latent state.

Name: transcription factor catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factor by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.

Name: opsin transport.

Definition: The directed movement of an opsin (a G protein-coupled receptor of photoreceptor cells) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: glutathione hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: glutathione + H2O = L-cysteinylglycine + L-glutamate.

Name: sodium ion export across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of sodium ions from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.

Name: calcitriol biosynthetic process from calciol.

Definition: Conversion of vitamin D3 from its largely inactive form (calciol, also called cholecalciferol) into a hormonally active form (calcitriol). Conversion requires 25-hydroxylation of calciol in the liver to form calcidiol, and subsequent 1,alpha-hydroxylation of calcidiol in the kidney to form calcitriol.

Name: myofilament.

Definition: Any of the smallest contractile units of a myofibril (striated muscle fiber).

Name: CDP phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: CDP + H2O = CMP + phosphate.

Name: thiocyanate peroxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: thiocyanate (SCN-) + hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) = hypothiocyanite (OSCN-) + 2 H2O. Catalyzes the hydrogen peroxide oxidation of thiocyanate.

Name: RNA N6-methyladenosine methyltransferase complex.

Definition: A RNA methyltransferase complex that catalyzes the post-transcriptional methylation of adenosine to form N6-methyladenosine (m6A). In budding yeast, the MIS complex consists of Mum2p, Ime4p and Slz1p. In vertebrates, the complex consists of METTL3, METTL14 and associated components WTAP, ZC3H13, VIRMA, CBLL1/HAKAI and in some cases of RBM15 (RBM15 or RBM15B).

Name: TCR signalosome.

Definition: A multi-protein complex containing at least the T-cell receptor complex and the LAT (linker for activation of T cells) scaffold protein. Also contains a variety of signaling proteins including co-receptors, kinases, phosphatases and adaptors such as CD8. Connects events on the plasma membrane to distal signaling cascades to ultimately modulate T cell biology.

Name: proteasome-activating activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, which promotes unfolding of protein substrates, and channel opening of the core proteasome.

Name: histone H3K14 acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 14) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 14).

Name: histone H3-K14 acetyltransferase complex.

Definition: A protein complex that can catalyze the acetylation of lysine at position 14 in histone H3.

Name: L-phosphoserine phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: O-phospho-L-serine + H2O = L-serine + phosphate, on a free amino acid.

Name: K48-linked polyubiquitin modification-dependent protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein upon poly-ubiquitination formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 in the target protein.

Name: maintenance of lens transparency.

Definition: A homeostatic process in which the lens is maintained in a highly refractive, transparent state to allow for optimal focusing of light on the retina.

Name: citrate synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + H2O + oxaloacetate = citrate + CoA.

Name: calcium import into the mitochondrion.

Definition: A process in which a calcium ion (Ca2+) is transported from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix.

Name: microtubule minus-end.

Definition: The end of a microtubule that does not preferentially grow (polymerize).

Name: cap mRNA methylation.

Definition: Methylation of the 2'-O-ribose of the first or second transcribed nucleotide of a 5'-capped mRNA.

Name: ESCRT complex.

Definition: An endosomal sorting complex involved in membrane fission processes related to sorting of multivesicular bodies (MVB) in the endocytic pathway, cytokinesis and viral budding among other processes.

Name: growth factor complex.

Definition: A protein complex that has growth factor activity.

Name: keratohyalin granule.

Definition: A cytoplasmic, non-membrane bound granule of, at least, keratinocyte. Associated to keratin intermediate filaments and partially crosslinked to the cell envelope.

Name: hepatocyte growth factor binding.

Definition: Binding to a hepatocyte growth factor.

Name: BLOC-2 complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a BLOC-2 complex, a protein complex required for the biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules.

Name: TRAIL-activated apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: An extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway initiated by the binding of the ligand TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) to a death receptor on the cell surface.

Name: TRAIL receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with the ligand TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) and transmitting the signal from one side of the plasma membrane to the other to initiate apoptotic cell death.

Name: cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granule.

Definition: A ribonucleoprotein granule located in the cytoplasm.

Name: synaptic vesicle recycling.

Definition: The trafficking of synaptic vesicles from the pre-synaptic membrane so the vesicle can dock and prime for another round of exocytosis and neurotransmitter release. Recycling occurs after synaptic vesicle exocytosis, and is necessary to replenish presynaptic vesicle pools, sustain transmitter release and preserve the structural integrity of the presynaptic membrane. Recycling can occur following transient fusion with the presynaptic membrane (kiss and run), or via endocytosis of presynaptic membrane.

Name: L-dopa decarboxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-dopa + H+ = CO2 + dopamine.

Name: tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activator activity.

Definition: Binds to and increases the activity of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (tyrosine hydroxylase).

Name: cellular response to glyoxal.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glyoxal stimulus.

Name: cell death in response to oxidative stress.

Definition: Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell upon exposure to an oxidative stress stimulus.

Name: cell death in response to hydrogen peroxide.

Definition: Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell upon exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).

Name: neuron death in response to oxidative stress.

Definition: Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a neuron upon exposure to an oxidative stress stimulus.

Name: somatodendritic compartment.

Definition: The region of a neuron that includes the cell body (cell soma) and dendrite(s), but excludes the axon.

Name: L-dopa decarboxylase activator activity.

Definition: Interacts with and increases L-dopa decarboxylase activity.

Name: peroxidase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of peroxidase.

Name: intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hydrogen peroxide.

Definition: The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).

Name: nitric-oxide synthase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of nitric oxide synthase.

Name: CHOP-C/EBP complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric protein complex that is composed of the transcription factor CHOP (GADD153) and a member of the C/EBP family of transcription factors.

Name: regulation of translation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Definition: Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Name: regulation of translation initiation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation, as a result of endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Name: eiF2alpha phosphorylation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Definition: The addition of a phosphate group on to the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha, as a result of endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Name: positive regulation of translation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Definition: Any process that activates, or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Name: regulation of translational initiation by eIF2 alpha dephosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation in response to stress by the dephosphorylation of eIF2 alpha.

Name: IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response.

Definition: The series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor IRE1 (Inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endonuclease). Begins with activation of IRE1 in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. One target of activated IRE1 is the transcription factor HAC1 in yeast, or XBP1 in mammals; IRE1 cleaves an intron of a mRNA coding for HAC1/XBP1 to generate an activated HAC1/XBP1 transcription factor, which controls the up regulation of UPR-related genes. At least in mammals, IRE1 can also signal through additional intracellular pathways including JNK and NF-kappaB.

Name: PERK-mediated unfolded protein response.

Definition: The series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor PERK (PKR-like ER kinase). Begins with activation of PERK in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The main substrate of PERK is the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha. Serine-phosphorylation of eIF2alpha by PERK inactivates eIF2alpha and inhibits general protein translation. In addition, eIF2alpha phosphorylation preferentially increases the translation of selective mRNAs such as ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4), which up regulates a subset of UPR genes required to restore folding capacity.

Name: UFD1-NPL4 complex.

Definition: A dimeric protein complex that contains the co-factors for the ATPase VCP/p97 (Cdc48p in budding yeast). In mammals, this complex consists of UFD1L (UFD1) and NPLOC4 (NPL4). In budding yeast, the complex is a dimer of Ufd1p and Npl4p.

Name: Derlin-1-VIMP complex.

Definition: A protein complex containing, in mammals, Derlin-1 and VCP-interacting membrane protein (VIMP). The complex links the p97/VCP-containing ATPase complex with Derlin-1 during translocation of protein substrates from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol for degradation by the cytosolic proteasome.

Name: ERAD pathway.

Definition: The protein catabolic pathway which targets endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident proteins for degradation by the cytoplasmic proteasome. It begins with recognition of the ER-resident protein, includes retrotranslocation (dislocation) of the protein from the ER to the cytosol, protein modifications necessary for correct substrate transfer (e.g. ubiquitination), transport of the protein to the proteasome, and ends with degradation of the protein by the cytoplasmic proteasome.

Name: prosaposin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with prosaposin to initiate a change in cell activity. Prosaposin is the glycoprotein precursor of four cleavage products (saposins A, B, C and D).

Name: maintenance of unfolded protein.

Definition: Maintaining a protein in an unfolded, soluble state.

Name: protein demannosylation.

Definition: The removal of one or more mannose residues from a mannosylated protein.

Name: protein alpha-1,2-demannosylation.

Definition: The removal of one or more alpha 1,2-linked mannose residues from a mannosylated protein.

Name: trimming of terminal mannose on B branch.

Definition: The removal of an alpha-1,2-linked mannose from the B-chain of a glycoprotein oligosaccharide in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: Derlin-1 retrotranslocation complex.

Definition: A protein complex that functions in the retrotranslocation step of ERAD (ER-associated protein degradation), and includes at its core Derlin-1 oligomers forming a retrotranslocation channel.

Name: protein deglycase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of a sugar or dicarbonyl from a lysine residue of a glycated protein.

Name: protein deglycation.

Definition: The removal of a sugar or dicarbonyl from a glycated protein.

Name: peptidyl-cysteine deglycation.

Definition: The removal of a sugar or dicarbonyl from a cysteine residue of a glycated protein.

Name: peptidyl-arginine deglycation.

Definition: The removal of a sugar or dicarbonyl from an arginine residue of a glycated protein.

Name: peptidyl-lysine deglycation.

Definition: The removal of a sugar or dicarbonyl from a lysine residue of a glycated protein.

Name: protein deglycation, glyoxal removal.

Definition: The removal of glyoxal from a glycated protein, to form glycolate and a deglycated protein.

Name: protein deglycation, methylglyoxal removal.

Definition: The removal of methylglyoxal from a glycated protein, to form lactate and a deglycated protein.

Name: glutathione deglycation.

Definition: The removal of a sugar or dicarbonyl from glycated glutathione. Glutathione is the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine.

Name: paracrine signaling.

Definition: The transfer of information from one cell to another, where the signal travels from the signal-producing cell to the receiving cell by passive diffusion or bulk flow in intercellular fluid. The signaling cell and the receiving cell are usually in the vicinity of each other.

Name: G protein-coupled opioid receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by an opioid binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

Name: epidermal growth factor receptor ligand maturation.

Definition: Any process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a ligand for an epidermal growth factor receptor. The ligand is functional when it can bind to and activate an epidermal growth factor receptor.

Name: regulation of signal transduction by receptor internalization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction by the movement of a signaling receptor from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell. Receptor internalization can have a positive or negative effect on a signaling pathway.

Name: Wnt receptor catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a Wnt receptor. Internalized Wnt receptors can be recycled to the plasma membrane or sorted to lysosomes for protein degradation.

Name: insulin receptor recycling.

Definition: The process that results in the return of an insulin receptor to an active state at the plasma membrane. An active state is when the receptor is ready to receive an insulin signal. Internalized insulin receptors can be recycled to the plasma membrane or sorted to lysosomes for protein degradation.

Name: leptin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with the fat-cell specific hormone leptin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: signaling receptor activity.

Definition: Receiving a signal and transmitting it in the cell to initiate a change in cell activity. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response.

Name: cargo receptor activity.

Definition: Binding specifically to a substance (cargo) to deliver it to a transport vesicle. Cargo receptors span a membrane (either the plasma membrane or a vesicle membrane), binding simultaneously to cargo molecules and coat adaptors, to efficiently recruit soluble proteins to nascent vesicles.

Name: reelin-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of reelin (a secreted glycoprotein) to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: apolipoprotein A-I-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by apolipoprotein A-I binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway via MAPK cascade.

Definition: An epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the MAPKKK cascade.

Name: non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway via MAPK cascade.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a Wnt protein binding to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of a target cell, where the signal is passed on via the MAPKKK cascade.

Name: non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway via JNK cascade.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the signal is passed on via the JNK cascade.

Name: positive regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis by VEGF-activated vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to its receptor on the surface of a cell, which activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis.

Name: signal transduction in absence of ligand.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the absence of a ligand or the withdrawal of a ligand from a receptor.

Name: sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with the sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.

Name: G protein-coupled receptor dimeric complex.

Definition: A protein complex that contains two G protein-coupled receptors.

Name: G protein-coupled receptor homodimeric complex.

Definition: A protein complex that contains two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) of the same subtype. Formation of a GPCR homodimer may be important for the transport of newly formed receptors to the cell surface, and the function of the receptor.

Name: G protein-coupled receptor heterodimeric complex.

Definition: A protein complex that contains two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) of different subtypes. Formation of a GPCR heterodimer may alter the functional property of the GPCR.

Name: cross-receptor inhibition within G protein-coupled receptor heterodimer.

Definition: Inhibition of one protomer of a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) heterodimer by the associated subunit. For example, agonist activation of one cytokine receptor can prevent activation of its associated cytokine receptor subunit.

Name: G protein-coupled enkephalin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with an enkephalin, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein. A enkephalin is a pentapeptide (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met or Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu) involved in regulating nociception in the body.

Name: dynorphin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a dynorphin peptide, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein. Dynorphin is any opioid peptide that is generated by cleavage of the precursor protein prodynorphin.

Name: nitric oxide-cGMP-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell by nitric oxide (NO) activating soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC). Includes synthesis of nitric oxide, guanylyl cyclase activity, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell following activation by cGMP.

Name: NIK/NF-kappaB signaling.

Definition: The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell through the NIK-dependent processing and activation of NF-KappaB. Begins with activation of the NF-KappaB-inducing kinase (NIK), which in turn phosphorylates and activates IkappaB kinase alpha (IKKalpha). IKKalpha phosphorylates the NF-Kappa B2 protein (p100) leading to p100 processing and release of an active NF-KappaB (p52).

Name: protein tyrosine kinase collagen receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with collagen and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate.

Name: collagen-activated tyrosine kinase receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by collagen binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: collagen receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a collagen and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: collagen-activated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by collagen binding to a cell surface receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: p38MAPK cascade.

Definition: An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a p38 MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.

Name: peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation.

Definition: The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own tyrosine amino acid residues, or a tyrosine residue on an identical protein.

Name: vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) binding its receptor on the surface of the target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: vascular endothelial growth factor binding.

Definition: Binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor.

Name: VEGF-activated platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) binding to a platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: positive regulation of cell migration by vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, which activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the orderly movement of a cell from one site to another.

Name: positive regulation of cell proliferation by VEGF-activated platelet derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) binding to a platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) on the surface of a cell, which activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation.

Name: nodal signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by nodal protein binding to an activin receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: Fc receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin to an Fc receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.

Name: Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G (IgG) to an Fc-gamma receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.

Name: Fc-epsilon receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the Fc portion of immunoglobulin E (IgE) to an Fc-epsilon receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.

Name: Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway involved in phagocytosis.

Definition: An Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway that contributes to the endocytic engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes.

Name: sequestering of BMP from receptor via BMP binding.

Definition: Binding to a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) in the extracellular region, and inhibiting BMP signaling by preventing BMP from binding to its cell surface receptor.

Name: nodal binding.

Definition: Binding to a nodal protein, a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily.

Name: activin receptor antagonist activity.

Definition: Interacting with an activin receptor complex to reduce the action of another ligand, the agonist. A receptor antagonist does not initiate signaling upon binding to a receptor, but instead blocks an agonist from binding to the receptor.

Name: Kit signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of stem cell factor to the tyrosine kinase receptor KIT on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Stem cell factor (KIT ligand) binding to the receptor Kit mediates receptor dimerization, activation of its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and autophosphorylation. The activated receptor then phosphorylates various substrates, thereby activating distinct signaling cascades within the cell that trigger a change in state or activity of the cell.

Name: interleukin-2-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-2 binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: interleukin-8-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-8 binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: C-C motif chemokine 19 receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with the C-C motif chemokine 19 (CCL19) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: C-C motif chemokine 21 receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with the C-C motif chemokine 21 (CCL21) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: toll-like receptor TLR6:TLR2 signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding of a heterodimeric TLR6:TLR2 complex, followed by transmission of the signal by the activated receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: ERBB signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to a member of the ERBB family of receptor tyrosine kinases on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: ERBB2 signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB2 on the surface of a cell. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. ERBB2 receptors are themselves unable to bind to ligands, but act as a signal-amplifying tyrosine kinase within a heterodimeric pair.

Name: ERBB3 signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB3 on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. ERBB3 receptors have impaired kinase activity and rely on the kinase activity of the heterodimer partner for activation and signal transmission.

Name: ERBB4 signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB4 on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: neuregulin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a neuregulin, a member of the EGF family of growth factors, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: neuregulin binding.

Definition: Binding to a neuregulin, a member of the EGF family of growth factors.

Name: ERBB2-ERBB3 signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to a ERBB3 receptor on the surface of a cell, followed by transmission of the signal by a heterodimeric complex of ERBB2 and ERBB3. ERBB2, which does not bind any known ligand, is activated through formation of a heterodimer with another ligand-activated ERBB family member such as ERBB3. ERBB3 also has impaired kinase activity and relies on ERBB2 for activation and signal transmission.

Name: ERBB2-EGFR signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ERBB1) on the surface of a cell, followed by transmission of the signal by a heterodimeric complex of ERBB2 and EGFR. ERBB2, which does not bind any known ligand, is activated through formation of a heterodimer with another ligand-activated ERBB family member such as EGFR.

Name: ERBB2-ERBB4 signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to a ERBB4 receptor on the surface of a cell, followed by transmission of the signal by a heterodimeric complex of ERBB2 and ERBB4. ERBB2, which does not bind any known ligand, is activated through formation of a heterodimer with another ligand-activated ERBB family member such as ERBB4.

Name: ERBB4-ERBB4 signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB4, followed by ligand-induced homodimerization of ERBB4 and transmission of the signal into the cell by the homodimeric ERBB4 complex. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: ERBB3:ERBB2 complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric complex between the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB2 and a ligand-activated receptor ERBB3. ERBB2, which does not bind any known ligand, is activated through formation of a heterodimer with another ligand-activated ERBB family member such as ERBB3.

Name: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the chemokine CXCL12 to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: C-X-C motif chemokine 12 receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with the C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the cytokine granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. GM-CSF binds to a heterodimer receptor (CSF2R) consisting of an alpha ligand-binding subunit, and a common beta subunit that is shared with other cytokine receptors.

Name: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the cytokine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. G-CSF binds to the receptor (CSF3R).

Name: C-X-C chemokine receptor CXCR4 signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a the C-X-C chemokine type 4 receptor on the surface of a cell binding to one of it's physiological ligands, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: CXCL12-activated CXCR4 signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the C-X-C chemokine CXCL12 to a C-X-C chemokine type 4 receptor (CXCR4) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: erythropoietin-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by erythropoietin (EPO) binding to the erythropoietin receptor (EPO-R) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: thrombopoietin-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by thrombopoietin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: thrombopoietin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with the glycoprotein thrombopoietin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: oncostatin-M-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by oncostatin-M (OSM) binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. OSM can signal via at least two different receptors (a specific receptor and a LIF receptor) to activate different downstream signal transduction pathways.

Name: angiotensin-activated signaling pathway.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by angiotensin II binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: cannabinoid signaling pathway.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a cannabinoid binding to its receptor on the cell surface, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Cannabinoids are a class of diverse chemical compounds that include the endocannabinoids and the phytocannabinoids.

Name: interleukin-17A-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-17A binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: complement component C5a signaling pathway.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a C5a component of the complement pathway binding to a complement receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process. C5a is a peptide derived from the C5 complement factor.

Name: neurotrophin signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by neurotrophin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Neurotrophins are a family of secreted growth factors that induce the survival, development, and function of neurons.

Name: nerve growth factor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by nerve growth factor (NGF) binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: bile acid receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a bile acid and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity. A bile acid is any member of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile.

Name: G protein-coupled bile acid receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with an extracellular bile acid and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Name: bile acid signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by bile acid binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: cell surface bile acid receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a bile acid to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: intracellular bile acid receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a bile acid binding to an receptor located within a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: lithocholic acid receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with lithocholic acid and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: pattern recognition receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), a structure conserved among microbial species to initiate an innate immune response.

Name: cholecystokinin signaling pathway.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by cholecystokinin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: neuropilin signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a neuropilin protein on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: VEGF-activated neuropilin signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) binding to a neuropilin protein on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: neuropilin binding.

Definition: Binding to a member of the neuropilin family.

Name: gastric inhibitory peptide signaling pathway.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: thyroid-stimulating hormone signaling pathway.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin) binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: urokinase plasminogen activator signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by urokinase plasminogen activator binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: TOR complex.

Definition: A protein complex that contains at least TOR (target of rapamycin) in complex with other signaling components. Mediates the phosphorylation and activation of downstream signaling components including PKB (AKT) or S6K.

Name: TORC1 signaling.

Definition: A series of intracellular molecular signals mediated by TORC1; TOR (target of rapamycin) in complex with at least Raptor (regulatory-associated protein of TOR), or orthologs of, and other signaling components.

Name: TORC2 signaling.

Definition: A series of intracellular molecular signals mediated by TORC2; TOR (rapamycin-insensitive companion of TOR) in complex with at least Rictor (regulatory-associated protein of TOR), or orthologs of, and other signaling components.

Name: pronephric nephron development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephric nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pronephric nephron is the functional unit of the pronephros.

Name: pronephric nephron tubule development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pronephric nephron tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephric nephron and connects the filtration unit (glomerulus or glomus) of the pronephros to the pronephric duct.

Name: suppression by virus of host autophagy.

Definition: Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy in the host.

Name: modulation by virus of host apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process in which a virus modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptosis of infected host cells.

Name: RIG-I signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding ssRNA or dsRNA from another organism to the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) RIG-1 (also known as DDX58). RIG-I detects RNA synthesized during viral replication or shed by non-viral pathogens, and triggers a signaling pathway to protect the host against infection, for example by inducing the expression of cytokines.

Name: MDA-5 signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of dsRNA from another organism to the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) MDA-5 (also known as IFIH1). MDA-5 detects RNA synthesized during viral replication or shed by non-viral pathogens, and triggers a signaling pathway to protect the host against infection, for example by inducing the expression of cytokines.

Name: regulation of viral-induced cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway in response to a virus.

Name: negative regulation of viral-induced cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the series of a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway in response to a virus.

Name: regulation of MDA-5 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) MDA-5 (also known as IFIH1) binding to viral RNA.

Name: negative regulation of MDA-5 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the series of the MDA-5 signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of RIG-I signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the RIG-I signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of RIG-I signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the RIG-I signaling pathway.

Name: RIG-I binding.

Definition: Binding to RIG-I, a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor that initiates an antiviral signaling pathway upon binding to viral RNA.

Name: fusion of virus membrane with host endosome membrane.

Definition: Fusion of a virus membrane with a host endosome membrane. Occurs after internalization of the virus through the endosomal pathway, and results in release of the virus contents into the cell.

Name: membrane fusion involved in viral entry into host cell.

Definition: Merging of the virion membrane and a host membrane (host plasma membrane or host organelle membrane) that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell.

Name: single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate.

Definition: A viral genome replication where the template is single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), and which proceeds via a double stranded DNA (dsDNA) intermediate molecule. Viral genomic RNA is first reverse transcribed into dsDNA, which integrates into the host chromosomal DNA, where it is transcribed by host RNA polymerase II.

Name: viral RNA genome replication.

Definition: The replication of a viral RNA genome.

Name: DNA-templated viral transcription.

Definition: A transcription process that uses a viral DNA as a template.

Name: viral budding via host ESCRT complex.

Definition: Viral budding which uses a host ESCRT protein complex, or complexes, to mediate the budding process.

Name: co-receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a coreceptor. A coreceptor acts in cooperation with a primary receptor to transmit a signal within the cell.

Name: establishment of mitotic spindle localization.

Definition: The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of the mitotic spindle to a specific location in the cell occurs.

Name: growth.

Definition: The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell.

Name: regulation of growth.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the growth of all or part of an organism so that it occurs at its proper speed, either globally or in a specific part of the organism's development.

Name: regulation of growth rate.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate of growth of all or part of an organism.

Name: positive regulation of growth rate.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate of growth of all or part of an organism.

Name: locomotion.

Definition: Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another.

Name: regulation of locomotion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.

Name: negative regulation of locomotion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.

Name: regulation of multicellular organism growth.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size.

Name: positive regulation of locomotion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.

Name: positive regulation of multicellular organism growth.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size.

Name: positive regulation of embryonic development.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.

Name: regulation of meiotic nuclear division.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic nuclear division, the process in which the nucleus of a diploid cell divides twice forming four haploid cells, one or more of which usually function as gametes.

Name: epigenetic regulation of gene expression.

Definition: A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression through chromatin remodelling either by modifying higher order chromatin fiber structure, nucleosomal histones, or the DNA. Once established, this regulation may be maintained over many cell divisions. It can also be heritable in the absence of the instigating signal.

Name: snRNA modification.

Definition: The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within snRNA, resulting in a change in the properties of the snRNA.

Name: regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.

Name: negative regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.

Name: interleukin-18 binding.

Definition: Binding to interleukin-18.

Name: interleukin-18 receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with interleukin-18 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: interleukin-15 receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with interleukin-15 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: interleukin-16 binding.

Definition: Binding to interleukin-16.

Name: interleukin-16 receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with interleukin-16 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: interleukin-22 binding.

Definition: Binding to interleukin-22.

Name: interleukin-22 receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with interleukin-22 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: interleukin-23 binding.

Definition: Binding to interleukin-23.

Name: interleukin-23 receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with interleukin-23 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: interleukin-12 receptor complex.

Definition: A protein complex that binds interleukin-12 and that consists of, at a minimum, a dimeric interleukin and its two receptor subunits as well as optional additional kinase subunits.

Name: protein refolding.

Definition: The process carried out by a cell that restores the biological activity of an unfolded or misfolded protein, using helper proteins such as chaperones.

Name: ATPase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces an ATP hydrolysis activity.

Name: neurexin family protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a neurexin, a synaptic cell surface protein related to latrotoxin receptor, laminin and agrin. Neurexins act as cell recognition molecules at nerve terminals.

Name: fluid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances that are in liquid form in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: epithelial fluid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of fluid across epithelia.

Name: regulation of dopamine metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine.

Name: histone methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + methyl-histone. Histone methylation generally occurs on either an arginine or a lysine residue.

Name: chemoattractant activity.

Definition: Providing the environmental signal that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of that signal.

Name: regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.

Name: negative regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.

Name: wound healing.

Definition: The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.

Name: gliogenesis.

Definition: The process that results in the generation of glial cells. This includes the production of glial progenitors and their differentiation into mature glia.

Name: regulation of catecholamine metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamines.

Name: intraciliary transport.

Definition: The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium, mediated by motor proteins.

Name: cell migration involved in gastrulation.

Definition: The migration of individual cells within the blastocyst to help establish the multi-layered body plan of the organism (gastrulation). For example, the migration of cells from the surface to the interior of the embryo (ingression).

Name: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate-dependent methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule; dependent on the presence of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate.

Name: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-dependent methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule; dependent on the presence of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate.

Name: T-helper 1 type immune response.

Definition: An immune response which is associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and pathological conditions such as arthritis, and which is typically orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines by T-helper 1 cells, most notably interferon-gamma, IL-2, and lymphotoxin.

Name: type 2 immune response.

Definition: An immune response which is associated with resistance to extracellular organisms such as helminths and pathological conditions such as allergy, which is orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines, most notably IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, by any of a variety of cell types including T-helper 2 cells, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and nuocytes, resulting in enhanced production of certain antibody isotypes and other effects.

Name: T-helper cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized thymocyte acquires specialized features of a T-helper cell.

Name: T cell proliferation.

Definition: The expansion of a T cell population by cell division. Follows T cell activation.

Name: B cell proliferation.

Definition: The expansion of a B cell population by cell division. Follows B cell activation.

Name: T cell receptor complex.

Definition: A protein complex that contains a disulfide-linked heterodimer of T cell receptor (TCR) chains, which are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and mediates antigen recognition, ultimately resulting in T cell activation. The TCR heterodimer is associated with the CD3 complex, which consists of the nonpolymorphic polypeptides gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and, in some cases, eta (an RNA splice variant of zeta) or Fc epsilon chains.

Name: positive regulation of T cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of T cell proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of activated T cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation.

Name: alpha-beta T cell receptor complex.

Definition: A T cell receptor complex in which the TCR heterodimer comprises alpha and beta chains, associated with the CD3 complex; recognizes a complex consisting of an antigen-derived peptide bound to a class I or class II MHC protein.

Name: T cell activation.

Definition: The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.

Name: B cell activation.

Definition: The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.

Name: macrophage activation.

Definition: A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.

Name: monocyte activation.

Definition: The change in morphology and behavior of a monocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.

Name: endothelial cell activation.

Definition: The change in morphology and behavior of an endothelial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.

Name: neutrophil activation.

Definition: The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.

Name: nitrate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrates, inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid.

Name: regulation of cell population proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation.

Name: regulation of T cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell proliferation.

Name: negative regulation of T cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of T cell proliferation.

Name: fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + H2O = D-fructose 6-phosphate + phosphate.

Name: neurotransmitter metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving neurotransmitters, any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.

Name: rRNA primary transcript binding.

Definition: Binding to an unprocessed ribosomal RNA transcript.

Name: neurotransmitter catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.

Name: neurotransmitter biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.

Name: retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi.

Definition: The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from endosomes back to the trans-Golgi network where they are recycled for further rounds of transport.

Name: strand invasion.

Definition: The process in which the nucleoprotein complex (composed of the broken single-strand DNA and the recombinase) searches and identifies a region of homology in intact duplex DNA. The broken single-strand DNA displaces the like strand and forms Watson-Crick base pairs with its complement, forming a duplex in which each strand is from one of the two recombining DNA molecules.

Name: cellular response to glucose starvation.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of glucose.

Name: lipoprotein metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.

Name: lipoprotein biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.

Name: lipoprotein catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.

Name: telomeric DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a telomere, a specific structure at the end of a linear chromosome required for the integrity and maintenance of the end.

Name: interleukin-12 beta subunit binding.

Definition: Binding to the beta subunit of interleukin-12.

Name: interleukin-12 alpha subunit binding.

Definition: Binding to the alpha subunit of interleukin-12.

Name: neurotransmitter binding.

Definition: Binding to a neurotransmitter, any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.

Name: acetylcholine binding.

Definition: Binding to acetylcholine, an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline that functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.

Name: heme catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring.

Name: heme metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring.

Name: SH2 domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a SH2 domain (Src homology 2) of a protein, a protein domain of about 100 amino-acid residues and belonging to the alpha + beta domain class.

Name: lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of acyl groups from an acyl-CoA to lysophosphatidic acid to form phosphatidic acid.

Name: nuclear outer membrane-endoplasmic reticulum membrane network.

Definition: The continuous network of membranes encompassing the nuclear outer membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.

Name: regulation of protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.

Name: negative regulation of protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process.

Name: xenobiotic catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.

Name: cellular ketone metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms, as carried out by individual cells. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.

Name: ketone biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.

Name: ketone catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.

Name: terpene metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving terpenes, any of a large group of hydrocarbons that are made up of isoprene (C5H8) units which may be cyclic, acyclic or multicyclic, saturated or unsaturated, and may contain various functional groups.

Name: cellular modified amino acid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.

Name: response to cocaine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cocaine stimulus. Cocaine is a crystalline alkaloid obtained from the leaves of the coca plant.

Name: response to chemical.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus.

Name: RNA repair.

Definition: Any process that results in the repair of damaged RNA.

Name: tissue regeneration.

Definition: The regrowth of lost or destroyed tissues.

Name: ribosome biogenesis.

Definition: A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.

Name: ribosome assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the mature ribosome and of its subunits.

Name: cytosolic ribosome assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the large and small ribosomal subunits into a functional cytosolic ribosome. Distinct stages of this process take place first in the nucleolus, then in the nucleus and finally in the cytosol.

Name: DNA protection.

Definition: Any process in which DNA is protected from damage by, for example, oxidative stress.

Name: natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.

Definition: The directed killing of a target cell by a natural killer cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.

Name: regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.

Name: protection from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.

Definition: The process of protecting a cell from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.

Name: susceptibility to natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.

Definition: The process of causing a cell to become susceptible to natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.

Name: nuclear RNA export factor complex.

Definition: A protein complex that contains two proteins (know in several organisms, including Drosophila, as NXF1 and NXF2) and is required for the export of the majority of mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm; localized in the nucleoplasm and at both the nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic faces of the nuclear pore complex; shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Name: ribosomal large subunit biogenesis.

Definition: A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a large ribosomal subunit; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.

Name: ribosomal small subunit biogenesis.

Definition: A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a small ribosomal subunit; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.

Name: error-prone translesion synthesis.

Definition: The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA after replication by using a specialized DNA polymerase or replication complex to insert a defined nucleotide across the lesion. This process does not remove the replication-blocking lesions and causes an increase in the endogenous mutation level. For example, in E. coli, a low fidelity DNA polymerase, pol V, copies lesions that block replication fork progress. This produces mutations specifically targeted to DNA template damage sites, but it can also produce mutations at undamaged sites.

Name: peptide binding.

Definition: Binding to a peptide, an organic compound comprising two or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Name: purine nucleoside metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

Name: sphingolipid delta-4 desaturase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a dihydroceramide + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+ -> a sphingosine ceramide (aka (4E)-sphing-4-enine ceramide) + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + 2 H2O.

Name: xylosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a xylosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.

Name: MHC protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a major histocompatibility complex molecule; a set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for lymphocyte recognition and antigen presentation.

Name: MHC class I protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a major histocompatibility complex class I molecule; a set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for lymphocyte recognition and antigen presentation.

Name: MHC class II protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a major histocompatibility complex class II molecule; a set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for lymphocyte recognition and antigen presentation.

Name: URM1 activating enzyme activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier URM1, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.

Name: ISG15 transferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of ISG15 from one protein to another via the reaction X-ISG15 + Y --> Y-ISG15 + X, where both X-ISG15 and Y-ISG15 are covalent linkages.

Name: vocal learning.

Definition: A behavioral process whose outcome is a relatively long-lasting behavioral change whereby an organism modifies innate vocalizations to imitate sounds produced by others.

Name: phosphate ion binding.

Definition: Binding to a phosphate ion.

Name: molting cycle.

Definition: The periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin, etc.

Name: regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils.

Name: regulation of protein import into nucleus.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.

Name: positive regulation of protein import into nucleus.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.

Name: negative regulation of protein import into nucleus.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.

Name: vasoconstriction.

Definition: A decrease in the diameter of blood vessels, especially arteries, due to constriction of smooth muscle cells that line the vessels, and usually causing an increase in blood pressure.

Name: vasodilation.

Definition: An increase in the internal diameter of blood vessels, especially arterioles or capillaries, due to relaxation of smooth muscle cells that line the vessels, and usually resulting in a decrease in blood pressure.

Name: protein kinase C deactivation.

Definition: Any process resulting in the inhibition or termination of the activity of protein kinase C.

Name: regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.

Name: negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the duration or quality of sleep, a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals.

Name: negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the duration or quality of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.

Name: regulation of phosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into a molecule.

Name: negative regulation of phosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule.

Name: positive regulation of phosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule.

Name: taxis.

Definition: The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to an external stimulus.

Name: cuticle development.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cuticle, the outer layer of some animals and plants, which acts to prevent water loss.

Name: keratan sulfate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving keratan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat units consisting of beta-1,4-linked D-galactopyranosyl-beta-(1,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate and with variable amounts of fucose, sialic acid and mannose units; keratan sulfate chains are covalently linked by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylose to peptidyl-threonine or serine residues.

Name: GDP-L-fucose biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-L-fucose, a substance composed of L-fucose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.

Name: 'de novo' GDP-L-fucose biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-L-fucose from GDP-D-mannose via GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose, requiring the functions of GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (EC:4.2.1.47) and GDP-L-fucose synthase (EC:1.1.1.271).

Name: GDP-L-fucose salvage.

Definition: The formation of GDP-L-fucose from L-fucose, without de novo synthesis. L-fucose is phosphorylated by fucokinase and then converted by fucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (EC:2.7.7.30).

Name: thiamine diphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle.

Name: vitamin D metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).

Name: vitamin E metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin E, tocopherol, which includes a series of eight structurally similar compounds. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant.

Name: menaquinone catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of menaquinones, any of the quinone-derived compounds synthesized by intestinal bacteria. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.

Name: fat-soluble vitamin biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents and relatively insoluble in water.

Name: fat-soluble vitamin catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents and relatively insoluble in water.

Name: water-soluble vitamin biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water.

Name: water-soluble vitamin catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water.

Name: vitamin D biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).

Name: vitamin D catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).

Name: vitamin K biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the forms of vitamin K, quinone-derived vitamins which are involved in the synthesis of blood-clotting factors in mammals.

Name: vitamin K metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the forms of vitamin K, quinone-derived vitamins which are involved in the synthesis of blood-clotting factors in mammals. Vitamin K substances share a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and vary in the aliphatic side chains attached to the molecule.

Name: phylloquinone metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving phylloquinone, a quinone-derived compound synthesized by green plants. Phylloquinone has vitamin K activity and is known as vitamin K1.

Name: phylloquinone catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phylloquinone, vitamin K1, a quinone-derived compound synthesized by green plants.

Name: vitamin K catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of the forms of vitamin K, quinone-derived vitamins which are involved in the synthesis of blood-clotting factors in mammals.

Name: chemokine receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a chemokine receptor.

Name: paraspeckles.

Definition: Discrete subnuclear bodies in the interchromatin nucleoplasmic space, often located adjacent to nuclear specks. 10-20 paraspeckles are typically found in human cell nuclei.

Name: sarcolemma.

Definition: The outer membrane of a muscle cell, consisting of the plasma membrane, a covering basement membrane (about 100 nm thick and sometimes common to more than one fiber), and the associated loose network of collagen fibers.

Name: regulation of membrane potential.

Definition: Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.

Name: sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: sphingosine 1-phosphate + H2O = sphingosine + phosphate.

Name: histone binding.

Definition: Binding to a histone, any of a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of eukaryotic or archaeal chromosomes. They are involved in the condensation and coiling of chromosomes during cell division and have also been implicated in gene regulation and DNA replication. They may be chemically modified (methylated, acetlyated and others) to regulate gene transcription.

Name: cellular modified amino acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.

Name: biogenic amine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells resulting in the formation of any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.

Name: cellular biogenic amine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells resulting in the breakdown of biogenic amines, any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.

Name: thyroid hormone metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, largely thyroxine and triiodothyronine.

Name: nuclear inclusion body.

Definition: An intranuclear focus at which aggregated proteins have been sequestered.

Name: extrinsic component of endoplasmic reticulum membrane.

Definition: The component of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

Name: cristae formation.

Definition: The assembly of cristae, the inwards folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Name: taurine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), a sulphur-containing amino acid derivative important in the metabolism of fats.

Name: epinephrine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.

Name: norepinephrine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.

Name: dopamine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.

Name: dopamine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.

Name: epinephrine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.

Name: dopamine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.

Name: norepinephrine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.

Name: catecholamine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.

Name: catecholamine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.

Name: choline catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium), an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Name: indole-containing compound metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.

Name: indole-containing compound biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.

Name: indole-containing compound catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.

Name: melanin biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom.

Name: ethanolamine-containing compound metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol) and compounds derived from it.

Name: pigment metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.

Name: hormone metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.

Name: hormone biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.

Name: hormone catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.

Name: progesterone metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants.

Name: purine nucleoside biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any purine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

Name: ribonucleoside catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine or pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.

Name: ribonucleoside biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine or pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.

Name: photoreceptor cell development.

Definition: Development of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light.

Name: melanosome.

Definition: A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored. Melanosomes are synthesized in melanocyte cells.

Name: ear morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the ear are generated and organized. The ear is the sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals.

Name: inner ear morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively.

Name: outer ear morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the outer ear are generated and organized. The outer ear is the part of the ear external to the tympanum (eardrum). It consists of a tube (the external auditory meatus) that directs sound waves on to the tympanum, and may also include the external pinna, which extends beyond the skull.

Name: middle ear morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the middle ear are generated and organized. The middle ear is the air-filled cavity within the skull of vertebrates that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It is linked to the pharynx (and therefore to outside air) via the Eustachian tube and in mammals contains the three ear ossicles, which transmit auditory vibrations from the outer ear (via the tympanum) to the inner ear (via the oval window).

Name: odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a dentin-containing tooth over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dentin-containing tooth is a hard, bony organ borne on the jaw or other bone of a vertebrate, and is composed mainly of dentin, a dense calcified substance, covered by a layer of enamel.

Name: odontogenesis.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tooth or teeth over time, from formation to the mature structure(s). A tooth is any hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food.

Name: regulation of odontogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth.

Name: positive regulation of odontogenesis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth.

Name: mechanoreceptor differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mechanoreceptor, a cell specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system.

Name: gamma-delta T cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic cell acquires specialized features of a gamma-delta T cell. A gamma-delta T cell is a T cell that expresses a gamma-delta T cell receptor complex.

Name: detection of bacterial lipoprotein.

Definition: The series of events in which a bacterial lipoprotein stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Bacterial lipoproteins are lipoproteins characterized by the presence of conserved sequence motifs called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).

Name: detection of triacyl bacterial lipopeptide.

Definition: The series of events in which a triacylated bacterial lipoprotein stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Triacylated bacterial lipoproteins are lipopeptides of bacterial origin containing a nonprotein moiety consisting of three acyl groups.

Name: detection of diacyl bacterial lipopeptide.

Definition: The series of events in which a diacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Diacylated bacterial lipoproteins are lipopeptides of bacterial origin containing a nonprotein moiety consisting of two acyl groups.

Name: triacyl lipopeptide binding.

Definition: Binding to a lipopeptide containing a nonprotein moiety consisting of three acyl groups.

Name: aspartic endopeptidase activity, intramembrane cleaving.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of nonterminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain, occurring within a membrane.

Name: regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.

Name: positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.

Name: negative regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.

Name: benzene-containing compound metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving benzene, C6H6, a volatile, very inflammable liquid, contained in the naphtha produced by the destructive distillation of coal, from which it is separated by fractional distillation, or any of its derivatives.

Name: hyperosmotic salinity response.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, an increase in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.

Name: hypotonic salinity response.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.

Name: hemoglobin biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin.

Name: response to hydrogen peroxide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus.

Name: protein N-linked glycosylation via arginine.

Definition: The glycosylation of protein via peptidyl-arginine, omega-N-glycosyl-L-arginine.

Name: neuron maturation.

Definition: A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a neuron to attain its fully functional state.

Name: myelination.

Definition: The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.

Name: superoxide anion generation.

Definition: The enzymatic generation of superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species, by a cell in response to environmental stress, thereby mediating the activation of various stress-inducible signaling pathways.

Name: MCM complex.

Definition: A hexameric protein complex required for the initiation and regulation of DNA replication.

Name: pteridine-containing compound metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any compound containing pteridine (pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine)), e.g. pteroic acid, xanthopterin and folic acid.

Name: pteridine-containing compound biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any compound containing pteridine (pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine)), e.g. pteroic acid, xanthopterin and folic acid.

Name: pteridine-containing compound catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any compound containing pteridine (pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine)), e.g. pteroic acid, xanthopterin and folic acid.

Name: hormone binding.

Definition: Binding to an hormone, a naturally occurring substance secreted by specialized cells that affect the metabolism or behavior of cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone. Hormones may be produced by the same, or different, cell as express the receptor.

Name: NLS-dependent protein nuclear import complex.

Definition: A dimer consisting of an alpha and a beta-subunit that imports proteins with an NLS into the nucleus through a nuclear pore.

Name: RNA nuclear export complex.

Definition: A complex which usually consists of three components, e.g. in Xenopus and yeast, the export receptor CRM1 (also known as exportin 1), the Ran protein and any RNA with a nuclear export sequence (NES). The complex acts to export RNA molecules with a NES from the nucleus through a nuclear pore.

Name: insulin-like growth factor ternary complex.

Definition: A complex of three proteins, which in animals is approximately 150kDa and consists of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF), the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), or -5 (IGFBP-5) and an acid-labile subunit (ALS). The complex plays a role in growth and development.

Name: insulin-like growth factor binary complex.

Definition: A complex of two proteins, which in animals is 50kDa and consists of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and one of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), -2 (IGFBP-2), -4 (IGFBP-4) and -6 (IGFBP-6). The complex plays a role in growth and development.

Name: immunoglobulin complex, circulating.

Definition: An immunoglobulin complex that is secreted into extracellular space and found in mucosal areas or other tissues or circulating in the blood or lymph. In its canonical form, a circulating immunoglobulin complex is composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. Some forms of are polymers of the basic structure and contain additional components such as J-chain and the secretory component.

Name: retinol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A.

Name: retinoic acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A.

Name: retinal metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A.

Name: DNA polymerase complex.

Definition: A protein complex that possesses DNA polymerase activity and is involved in template directed synthesis of DNA.

Name: lipid phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a phospholipid + H2O = a lipid + phosphate.

Name: phosphoric ester hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: RPO-R' + H2O = RPOOH + R'H. This reaction is the hydrolysis of any phosphoric ester bond, any ester formed from orthophosphoric acid, O=P(OH)3.

Name: microbody.

Definition: Cytoplasmic organelles, spherical or oval in shape, that are bounded by a single membrane and contain oxidative enzymes, especially those utilizing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).

Name: specific granule.

Definition: Granule with a membranous, tubular internal structure, found primarily in mature neutrophil cells. Most are released into the extracellular fluid. Specific granules contain lactoferrin, lysozyme, vitamin B12 binding protein and elastase.

Name: azurophil granule.

Definition: Primary lysosomal granule found in neutrophil granulocytes. Contains a wide range of hydrolytic enzymes and is released into the extracellular fluid.

Name: chromaffin granule.

Definition: Specialized secretory vesicle found in the cells of adrenal glands and various other organs, which is concerned with the synthesis, storage, metabolism, and secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Name: chromaffin granule membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding a chromaffin granule, a specialized secretory vesicle found in the cells of adrenal glands and various other organs, which is concerned with the synthesis, storage, metabolism, and secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Name: peptide deformylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: formyl-L-methionyl peptide + H2O = formate + methionyl peptide.

Name: antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I.

Definition: The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.

Name: homeostatic process.

Definition: Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state.

Name: glucose homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within an organism or cell.

Name: response to starvation.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of nourishment.

Name: lamellar body.

Definition: A membrane-bounded organelle, specialized for the storage and secretion of various substances (surfactant phospholipids, glycoproteins and acid phosphates) which are arranged in the form of tightly packed, concentric, membrane sheets or lamellae. Has some similar properties to, but is distinct from, a lysosome.

Name: riboflavin reductase (NADPH) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: reduced riboflavin + NADP+ = riboflavin + NADPH + 2 H+.

Name: peptide antigen binding.

Definition: Binding to an antigen peptide.

Name: T cell receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a T cell receptor, the antigen-recognizing receptor on the surface of T cells.

Name: CD4 receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a CD4, a receptor found on the surface of T cells, monocytes and macrophages.

Name: CD8 receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a CD8, a receptor found on the surface of thymocytes and cytotoxic and suppressor T-lymphocytes.

Name: MHC protein complex.

Definition: A transmembrane protein complex composed of an MHC alpha chain and, in most cases, either an MHC class II beta chain or an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide, lipid, or polysaccharide antigen.

Name: MHC class I protein complex.

Definition: A transmembrane protein complex composed of a MHC class I alpha chain and an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide antigen. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.

Name: MHC class II protein complex.

Definition: A transmembrane protein complex composed of an MHC class II alpha and MHC class II beta chain, and with or without a bound peptide or polysaccharide antigen.

Name: photoreceptor outer segment membrane.

Definition: The membrane surrounding the outer segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor.

Name: ATPase-coupled ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other, driven by the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate.

Name: ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Primary active transporter of a solute across a membrane, via the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to directly drive the transport of a substance across a membrane. The transport protein may be transiently phosphorylated (P-type transporters), or not (ABC-type transporters and other families of transporters). Primary active transport occurs up the solute's concentration gradient and is driven by a primary energy source.

Name: chylomicron.

Definition: A large lipoprotein particle (diameter 75-1200 nm) composed of a central core of triglycerides and cholesterol surrounded by a protein-phospholipid coating. The proteins include one molecule of apolipoprotein B-48 and may include a variety of apolipoproteins, including APOAs, APOCs and APOE. Chylomicrons are found in blood or lymph and carry lipids from the intestines into other body tissues.

Name: mast cell granule.

Definition: Coarse, bluish-black staining cytoplasmic granules, bounded by a plasma membrane and found in mast cells and basophils. Contents include histamine, heparin, chondroitin sulfates, chymase and tryptase.

Name: cholesterol homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cholesterol within an organism or cell.

Name: hair cycle.

Definition: The cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body.

Name: regulation of hair cycle.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair.

Name: negative regulation of hair cycle.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair.

Name: actomyosin.

Definition: Any complex of actin, myosin, and accessory proteins.

Name: mitochondrial nucleoid.

Definition: The region of a mitochondrion to which the DNA is confined.

Name: MHC class II protein binding, via antigen binding groove.

Definition: Binding to the antigen binding groove of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules.

Name: regulation of cell fate specification.

Definition: Any process that mediates the adoption of a specific fate by a cell.

Name: positive regulation of cell fate specification.

Definition: Any process that activates or enables a cell to adopt a specific fate.

Name: regulation of mesodermal cell fate specification.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm cell fate specification.

Name: negative regulation of mesodermal cell fate specification.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm cell fate specification.

Name: regulation of endodermal cell fate specification.

Definition: Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into an endoderm cell.

Name: regulation of ectodermal cell fate specification.

Definition: Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into an ectoderm cell.

Name: negative regulation of ectodermal cell fate specification.

Definition: Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into an ectoderm cell.

Name: regulation of cardioblast cell fate specification.

Definition: Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.

Name: muscle cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a muscle cell.

Name: muscle cell fate commitment.

Definition: The process in which the cellular identity of muscle cells is acquired and determined.

Name: ovulation cycle.

Definition: The type of sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years.

Name: follicle-stimulating hormone signaling pathway.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by follicle-stimulating hormone binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

Name: luteinizing hormone signaling pathway.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by luteinizing hormone binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

Name: progesterone secretion.

Definition: The regulated release of progesterone, a steroid hormone, by the corpus luteum of the ovary and by the placenta.

Name: succinate-CoA ligase complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric enzyme complex, usually composed of an alpha and beta chain. Functions in the TCA cycle, hydrolyzing succinyl-CoA into succinate and CoA, thereby forming ATP or GTP.

Name: mitochondrial intermembrane space protein transporter complex.

Definition: Soluble complex of the mitochondrial intermembrane space composed of various combinations of small Tim proteins; acts as a protein transporter to guide proteins to the Tim22 complex for insertion into the mitochondrial inner membrane.

Name: TIM22 mitochondrial import inner membrane insertion complex.

Definition: A multi-subunit complex embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane that mediates the inner membrane insertion of multi-transmembrane spanning proteins that contain internal targeting elements. In yeast cells, TIM22 is a 300-kDa complex, consisting of four membrane integral subunits, Tim22, Tim54, Tim18 and Sdh3, and a peripheral chaperone complex consisting of the small TIM proteins, Tim9-Tim10-Tim12.

Name: thiamine-containing compound metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiamine (vitamin B1), and compounds derived from it.

Name: thiamine-containing compound biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine (vitamin B1), and related compounds.

Name: flavin-containing compound metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a flavin, any derivative of the dimethylisoalloxazine (7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione) skeleton, with a substituent on the 10 position.

Name: flavin-containing compound catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a flavin, any derivative of the dimethylisoalloxazine (7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione) skeleton, with a substituent on the 10 position.

Name: fibrinolysis.

Definition: A process that solubilizes fibrin in the bloodstream of a multicellular organism, chiefly by the proteolytic action of plasmin.

Name: PH domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a PH domain (pleckstrin homology) of a protein, a domain of about 100 residues that occurs in a wide range of proteins involved in intracellular signaling or as constituents of the cytoskeleton.

Name: embryonic digit morphogenesis.

Definition: The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the digit are generated and organized. A digit is one of the terminal divisions of an appendage, such as a finger or toe.

Name: presynaptic membrane.

Definition: A specialized area of membrane of the axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction; many synaptic junctions exhibit structural presynaptic characteristics, such as conical, electron-dense internal protrusions, that distinguish it from the remainder of the axon plasma membrane.

Name: defense response to bacterium.

Definition: Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.

Name: hydrogen peroxide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.

Name: hydrogen peroxide catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).

Name: regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the circadian sleep/wake cycle.

Name: regulation of circadian rhythm.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm. A circadian rhythm is a biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.

Name: positive regulation of circadian rhythm.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm behavior.

Name: negative regulation of circadian rhythm.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm behavior.

Name: eating behavior.

Definition: The specific behavior of an organism relating to the intake of food, any substance (usually solid) that can be metabolized by an organism to give energy and build tissue.

Name: drinking behavior.

Definition: The specific behavior of an organism relating to the intake of liquids, especially water.

Name: long-chain fatty acid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of long-chain fatty acids, a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.

Name: long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of long-chain fatty acids, any fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.

Name: very long-chain fatty acid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.

Name: very long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.

Name: regulation of sulfur metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur, the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur.

Name: GPI-anchor transamidase complex.

Definition: An enzyme complex which in humans and yeast consists of at least five proteins; for example, the complex contains GAA1, GPI8, PIG-S, PIG-U, and PIG-T in human, and Gaa1p, Gab1p, Gpi8p, Gpi16p, and Gpi17p in yeast. Catalyzes the posttranslational attachment of the carboxy-terminus of a precursor protein to a GPI-anchor.

Name: signal transduction in response to DNA damage.

Definition: A cascade of processes induced by the detection of DNA damage within a cell.

Name: intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator.

Definition: The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.

Name: DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in transcription.

Definition: A cascade of processes initiated in response to the detection of DNA damage, and resulting in the induction of transcription.

Name: ATP synthesis coupled electron transport.

Definition: The transfer of electrons through a series of electron donors and acceptors, generating energy that is ultimately used for synthesis of ATP.

Name: plasma membrane ATP synthesis coupled electron transport.

Definition: The transfer of electrons through a series of electron donors and acceptors, generating energy that is ultimately used for synthesis of ATP in the plasma membrane.

Name: mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transport.

Definition: The transfer of electrons through a series of electron donors and acceptors, generating energy that is ultimately used for synthesis of ATP, as it occurs in the mitochondrial inner membrane or chloroplast thylakoid membrane.

Name: proton motive force-driven mitochondrial ATP synthesis.

Definition: The transport of protons across a mitochondrial membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis.

Name: tRNA 3'-trailer cleavage.

Definition: Cleavage of the 3'-end of the pre-tRNA as part of the process of generating the mature 3'-end of the tRNA; may involve endonucleolytic or exonucleolytic cleavage, or both.

Name: tRNA 3'-end processing.

Definition: The process in which the 3' end of a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to that of a mature tRNA.

Name: polysomal ribosome.

Definition: A ribosome bound to mRNA that forms part of a polysome.

Name: mRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II.

Definition: The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Name: nucleolar large rRNA transcription by RNA polymerase I.

Definition: The synthesis of the large ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript which encodes several rRNAs, e.g. in mammals 28S, 18S and 5.8S, from a nuclear DNA template transcribed by RNA polymerase I.

Name: snRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II.

Definition: The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II promoter.

Name: snRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III.

Definition: The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III promoter.

Name: histone H4K20 methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H4 L-lysine (position 20) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H4 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 20). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the lysine residue at position 20 of the histone H4 protein.

Name: histone H3K4 methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 4) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 4). This reaction is the addition of up to three methyl groups to the lysine residue at position 4 of the histone H3 protein.

Name: identical protein binding.

Definition: Binding to an identical protein or proteins.

Name: protein homodimerization activity.

Definition: Binding to an identical protein to form a homodimer.

Name: actinin binding.

Definition: Binding to actinin, any member of a family of proteins that crosslink F-actin.

Name: fucose binding.

Definition: Binding to fucose, the pentose 6-deoxygalactose.

Name: nuclear vitamin D receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a nuclear vitamin D receptor, a nuclear receptor that mediates the action of vitamin D by binding DNA and controlling the transcription of hormone-sensitive genes.

Name: Wnt receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a Wnt protein and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: vitamin B6 metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the vitamin B6 compounds: pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.

Name: vitamin B6 biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the vitamin B6 compounds; pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.

Name: vitamin B6 catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of the vitamin B6 compounds; pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.

Name: pyridoxal phosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxal phosphorylated at the hydroxymethyl group of C-5, the active form of vitamin B6.

Name: pyridoxal phosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxal phosphorylated at the hydroxymethyl group of C-5, the active form of vitamin B6.

Name: MHC class I peptide loading complex.

Definition: A large, multisubunit complex which consists of the MHC class I-beta 2 microglobulin dimer, the transporter associated with antigen presentation (TAP), tapasin (an MHC-encoded membrane protein), the chaperone calreticulin and the thiol oxidoreductase ERp57. Functions in the assembly of peptides with newly synthesized MHC class I molecules.

Name: TAP complex.

Definition: A heterodimer composed of the subunits TAP1 and TAP2 (transporter associated with antigen presentation). Functions in the transport of antigenic peptides from the cytosol to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: histone deacetylase binding.

Definition: Binding to histone deacetylase.

Name: platelet dense granule.

Definition: Electron-dense granule occurring in blood platelets that stores and secretes adenosine nucleotides and serotonin. They contain a highly condensed core consisting of serotonin, histamine, calcium, magnesium, ATP, ADP, pyrophosphate and membrane lysosomal proteins.

Name: defense response to protozoan.

Definition: Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a protozoan that act to protect the cell or organism.

Name: peptidoglycan binding.

Definition: Interacting selectively and non-covalently, in a non-covalent manner, with peptidoglycan, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.

Name: BRE binding.

Definition: Binding to a BRE RNA element (Bruno response element).

Name: L-alanine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-alanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-aminopropanoic acid.

Name: L-alanine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-alanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-aminopropanoic acid.

Name: pyruvate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate.

Name: cysteine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of cysteine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: amide transport.

Definition: The directed movement of an amide, any compound containing one, two, or three acyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: amide transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of an amide, any compound containing one, two, or three acyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: tubulin deacetylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl(alpha-tubulin) + H2O = alpha-tubulin + acetate.

Name: 9-cis-retinoic acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative.

Name: 9-cis-retinoic acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative.

Name: xenobiotic transport.

Definition: The directed movement of a xenobiotic into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A xenobiotic is a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.

Name: xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the directed movement of a xenobiotic from one side of a membrane to the other. A xenobiotic is a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.

Name: alkanesulfonate transport.

Definition: The directed movement of an alkanesulfonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Alkanesulfonates are organic esters or salts of sulfonic acid containing an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical.

Name: glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by glucocorticoid binding to its receptor.

Name: neuromedin U receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to one or more specific sites on a neuromedin U receptor.

Name: neuropeptide binding.

Definition: Interacting selectively and non-covalently and stoichiometrically with neuropeptides, peptides with direct synaptic effects (peptide neurotransmitters) or indirect modulatory effects on the nervous system (peptide neuromodulators).

Name: neuromedin U binding.

Definition: Interacting selectively and non-covalently and stoichiometrically with neuromedin U, a hypothalamic peptide involved in energy homeostasis and stress responses.

Name: tripeptide transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a tripeptide, a compound containing three amino acids linked together by peptide bonds, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: dipeptide transport.

Definition: The directed movement of a dipeptide, a combination of two amino acids by means of a peptide (-CO-NH-) link, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: tripeptide transport.

Definition: The directed movement of a tripeptide, a compound containing three amino acids linked together by peptide bonds, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: D-amino acid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of the D-enantiomer of an amino acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: D-amino acid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of D-amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. D-amino acids are the D-enantiomers of amino acids.

Name: glucoside transport.

Definition: The directed movement of glucosides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Glucosides are glycosides in which the sugar group is a glucose residue.

Name: glucoside transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of glucosides from one side of a membrane to the other. Glucosides are glycosides in which the sugar group is a glucose residue.

Name: lipoprotein transport.

Definition: The directed movement of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: alkanesulfonate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the directed movement of alkanesulfonate from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: nuclear retinoic acid receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a nuclear retinoic acid receptor, a ligand-regulated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily.

Name: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor, alpha, beta or gamma.

Name: activation of Janus kinase activity.

Definition: The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.

Name: ornithine decarboxylase activator activity.

Definition: Binds to and increases ornithine decarboxylase activity.

Name: ornithine decarboxylase regulator activity.

Definition: Binds to and modulates the activity of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase.

Name: regulation of apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process.

Name: amyloid precursor protein metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease.

Name: regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta.

Name: negative regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta.

Name: positive regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta.

Name: amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease.

Name: X11-like protein binding.

Definition: Binding to X11-like protein, a neuron-specific adaptor protein.

Name: sequestering of actin monomers.

Definition: The selective interaction of actin monomers with specific molecules that inhibit their polymerization by preventing their access to other monomers.

Name: cytoplasmic sequestering of transcription factor.

Definition: The selective interaction of a transcription factor with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its translocation into the nucleus.

Name: cell projection.

Definition: A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.

Name: regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.

Name: negative regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.

Name: positive regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.

Name: Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport.

Definition: The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane.

Name: neuron projection.

Definition: A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.

Name: ATP-dependent protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein or protein complex using energy from ATP hydrolysis.

Name: chordate embryonic development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through a stage including a notochord and neural tube until birth or egg hatching.

Name: camera-type eye development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field.

Name: myeloid dendritic cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a monocyte acquires the specialized features of a dendritic cell, an immunocompetent cell of the lymphoid and hemopoietic systems and skin.

Name: alpha-tubulin binding.

Definition: Binding to the microtubule constituent protein alpha-tubulin.

Name: gamma-tubulin binding.

Definition: Binding to the microtubule constituent protein gamma-tubulin.

Name: NADPH oxidase complex.

Definition: A enzyme complex of which the core is a heterodimer composed of a light (alpha) and heavy (beta) chain, and requires several other water-soluble proteins of cytosolic origin for activity. Functions in superoxide generation by the NADPH-dependent reduction of O2.

Name: ribonucleoprotein complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a complex of RNA and protein.

Name: ribosome binding.

Definition: Binding to a ribosome.

Name: ribosomal large subunit binding.

Definition: Binding to a large ribosomal subunit.

Name: ribosomal small subunit binding.

Definition: Binding to a small ribosomal subunit.

Name: neuronal cell body.

Definition: The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites.

Name: cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity involved in apoptotic process.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process.

Name: cysteine-type endopeptidase regulator activity involved in apoptotic process.

Definition: Binds to and modulates the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process.

Name: T cell homeostasis.

Definition: The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of T cells such that the total number of T cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.

Name: regulation of macrophage activation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of macrophage activation.

Name: negative regulation of macrophage activation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage activation.

Name: positive regulation of macrophage activation.

Definition: Any process that stimulates, induces or increases the rate of macrophage activation.

Name: costamere.

Definition: Regular periodic sub membranous arrays of vinculin in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, these arrays link Z-discs to the sarcolemma and are associated with links to extracellular matrix.

Name: chromatin insulator sequence binding.

Definition: Interacting selectively and non-covalently and stoichiometrically with a chromatin insulator sequence, a DNA sequence that prevents enhancer-mediated activation or repression of transcription.

Name: amino acid activation.

Definition: The modification of an amino acid to an active form, for incorporation into a peptide, protein or other macromolecule.

Name: tRNA aminoacylation.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways by which the various amino acids become bonded to their corresponding tRNAs. The most common route for synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA is by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA and the alpha carboxylic acid group of an amino acid, usually catalyzed by the cognate aminoacyl-tRNA ligase. A given aminoacyl-tRNA ligase aminoacylates all species of an isoaccepting group of tRNA molecules.

Name: peptide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptides, compounds of 2 or more (but usually less than 100) amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another. This may include the translation of a precursor protein and its subsequent processing into a functional peptide.

Name: DNA methylation involved in embryo development.

Definition: The covalent transfer of a methyl group to C-5 of cytosine that contributes to the epigenetic regulation of embryonic gene expression.

Name: single-stranded telomeric DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to single-stranded telomere-associated DNA.

Name: dolichyl monophosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichyl diphosphate, a phosphorylated dolichol derivative.

Name: extracellular structure organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures in the space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane, and also covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.

Name: positive regulation of apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

Name: negative regulation of apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

Name: regulation of programmed cell death.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.

Name: positive regulation of programmed cell death.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.

Name: negative regulation of programmed cell death.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.

Name: germ cell nucleus.

Definition: The nucleus of a germ cell, a reproductive cell in multicellular organisms.

Name: megasporocyte nucleus.

Definition: The nucleus of a megasporocyte, a diploid cell that undergoes meiosis to produce four megaspores, and its descendents.

Name: synaptic cleft.

Definition: The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes, into which neurotransmitter is released.

Name: positive regulation of catalytic activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme.

Name: negative regulation of catalytic activity.

Definition: Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an enzyme.

Name: regulation of GTPase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase.

Name: cellular metabolic compound salvage.

Definition: Any process which produces a useful metabolic compound from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis, as carried out by individual cells.

Name: purine nucleobase salvage.

Definition: Any process that generates purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis.

Name: purine-containing compound salvage.

Definition: Any process that generates a purine-containing compound, any nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide or nucleic acid that contains a purine base, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis.

Name: amino acid salvage.

Definition: Any process which produces an amino acid from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.

Name: hypoxanthine salvage.

Definition: Any process that generates hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.

Name: replication fork arrest.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication by impeding the progress of the DNA replication fork. Replication fork arrest is one of the 'quality control' processes ensuring that DNA-dependent DNA replication occurs correctly. DNA replication fork arrest during DNA-dependent DNA replication is not known to occur outside of cases where a replication error needs to be prevented or corrected.

Name: receptor metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.

Name: receptor clustering.

Definition: The receptor metabolic process that results in grouping of a set of receptors at a cellular location, often to amplify the sensitivity of a signaling response.

Name: regulation of vascular permeability.

Definition: Any process that modulates the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid.

Name: negative regulation of vascular permeability.

Definition: Any process that reduces the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid.

Name: positive regulation of vascular permeability.

Definition: Any process that increases the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid.

Name: tumor necrosis factor binding.

Definition: Binding to tumor necrosis factor, a proinflammatory cytokine produced by monocytes and macrophages.

Name: neurotrophin binding.

Definition: Binding to a neurotrophin, any of a family of growth factors that prevent apoptosis in neurons and promote nerve growth.

Name: regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling.

Definition: Any process that modulates I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling.

Name: positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling.

Name: negative regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of -kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling.

Name: ErbB-3 class receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to the protein-tyrosine kinase receptor ErbB-3/HER3.

Name: regulation of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase.

Name: positive regulation of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the activity of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase.

Name: surfactant homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of a steady-state level of a surface-active agent that maintains the surface tension of a liquid.

Name: ubiquitin binding.

Definition: Binding to ubiquitin, a protein that when covalently bound to other cellular proteins marks them for proteolytic degradation.

Name: NAD transport.

Definition: The directed movement of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore; transport may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.

Name: glycerol-3-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: glycerol 3-phosphate + H2O = glycerol + phosphate.

Name: DNA replication, removal of RNA primer.

Definition: Removal of the Okazaki RNA primer from the lagging strand of replicating DNA, by a combination of the actions of DNA polymerase, DNA helicase and an endonuclease.

Name: 3'-5' DNA helicase activity.

Definition: Unwinding a DNA helix in the direction 5' to 3', driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Name: 5'-3' DNA helicase activity.

Definition: Unwinding a DNA helix in the 5' to 3' direction, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Name: sno(s)RNA processing.

Definition: Any process involved in the conversion of a primary snoRNA family RNA transcript into a mature snoRNA (eukaryota) or sRNA (archaea).

Name: stress fiber assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a stress fiber. A stress fiber is a contractile actin filament bundle that consists of short actin filaments with alternating polarity.

Name: induction of bacterial agglutination.

Definition: Any process in which infecting bacteria are clumped together by a host organism.

Name: negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in the apoptotic process.

Name: acrosomal matrix.

Definition: A structural framework, or 'dense core' at the interior of an acrosome. May regulate the distribution of hydrolases within the acrosome and their release during the acrosome reaction.

Name: proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.

Name: ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide covalently tagged with ubiquitin, via the multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway; ubiquitin-tagged proteins are sorted into MVBs, and delivered to a lysosome/vacuole for degradation.

Name: cell envelope organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cell envelope, everything external to, but not including, the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria, encompassing the periplasmic space, cell wall, and outer membrane if present.

Name: ion binding.

Definition: Binding to an ion, a charged atoms or groups of atoms.

Name: anion binding.

Definition: Binding to an anion, a charged atom or group of atoms with a net negative charge.

Name: cation binding.

Definition: Binding to a cation, a charged atom or group of atoms with a net positive charge.

Name: macromolecule metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.

Name: peptide catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptides, compounds of 2 or more (but usually less than 100) amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another.

Name: nucleotide salvage.

Definition: Any process which produces a nucleotide, a compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.

Name: nucleoside salvage.

Definition: Any process which produces a nucleotide, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose (a deoxyribonucleotide), from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.

Name: RNA polymerase core enzyme binding.

Definition: Binding to an RNA polymerase core enzyme, containing a specific subunit composition defined as the core enzyme.

Name: amine binding.

Definition: Binding to an amine, a weakly basic organic compound that contains an amino or a substituted amino group.

Name: organic acid binding.

Definition: Binding to an organic acid, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.

Name: alcohol binding.

Definition: Binding to an alcohol, any of a class of alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group.

Name: vacuolar sequestering.

Definition: The process of transporting a substance into, and confining within, a vacuole.

Name: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 binding.

Definition: Binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1.

Name: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 binding.

Definition: Binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2.

Name: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 binding.

Definition: Binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3.

Name: H4/H2A histone acetyltransferase complex.

Definition: A multisubunit complex that catalyzes the acetylation of histones H4 and H2A.

Name: ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter complex.

Definition: A complex for the transport of metabolites into and out of the cell, typically comprised of four domains; two membrane-associated domains and two ATP-binding domains at the intracellular face of the membrane, that form a central pore through the plasma membrane. Each of the four core domains may be encoded as a separate polypeptide or the domains can be fused in any one of a number of ways into multidomain polypeptides. In Bacteria and Archaebacteria, ABC transporters also include substrate binding proteins to bind substrate external to the cytoplasm and deliver it to the transporter.

Name: axon initial segment.

Definition: Portion of the axon proximal to the neuronal cell body, at the level of the axon hillock. The action potentials that propagate along the axon are generated at the level of this initial segment.

Name: terminal bouton.

Definition: Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it.

Name: dendritic spine.

Definition: A small, membranous protrusion from a dendrite that forms a postsynaptic compartment, typically receiving input from a single presynapse. They function as partially isolated biochemical and an electrical compartments. Spine morphology is variable:they can be thin, stubby, mushroom, or branched, with a continuum of intermediate morphologies. They typically terminate in a bulb shape, linked to the dendritic shaft by a restriction. Spine remodeling is though to be involved in synaptic plasticity.

Name: dendritic shaft.

Definition: Cylindric portion of the dendrite, directly stemming from the perikaryon, and carrying the dendritic spines.

Name: sulfate binding.

Definition: Binding to sulfate, SO4(2-), a negatively charged small molecule.

Name: response to amino acid.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amino acid stimulus. An amino acid is a carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.

Name: response to leucine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leucine stimulus.

Name: lysosomal lumen.

Definition: The volume enclosed within the lysosomal membrane.

Name: perikaryon.

Definition: The portion of the cell soma (neuronal cell body) that excludes the nucleus.

Name: response to external biotic stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external biotic stimulus, an external stimulus caused by, or produced by living things.

Name: glycosphingolipid binding.

Definition: Binding to glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.

Name: myelin sheath.

Definition: An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system.

Name: alkanesulfonate binding.

Definition: Binding to alkanesulfonates, the anion of alkanesulfonic acids, sulfonic acid derivatives containing an aliphatic hydrocarbon group.

Name: myelin maintenance.

Definition: The process of preserving the structure and function of mature myelin. This includes maintaining the compact structure of myelin necessary for its electrical insulating characteristics as well as the structure of non-compact regions such as Schmidt-Lantermann clefts and paranodal loops. This does not include processes responsible for maintaining the nodes of Ranvier, which are not part of the myelin sheath.

Name: compact myelin.

Definition: The portion of the myelin sheath in which layers of cell membrane are tightly juxtaposed, completely excluding cytoplasm. The juxtaposed cytoplasmic surfaces form the major dense line, while the juxtaposed extracellular surfaces form the interperiod line visible in electron micrographs.

Name: organelle.

Definition: Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, and prokaryotic structures such as anammoxosomes and pirellulosomes. Excludes the plasma membrane.

Name: membrane-bounded organelle.

Definition: Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.

Name: non-membrane-bounded organelle.

Definition: Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes.

Name: intracellular organelle.

Definition: Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.

Name: extracellular organelle.

Definition: Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring outside the cell. Includes, for example, extracellular membrane vesicles (EMVs) and the cellulosomes of anaerobic bacteria and fungi.

Name: intracellular membrane-bounded organelle.

Definition: Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.

Name: intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle.

Definition: Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes.

Name: organelle lumen.

Definition: The internal volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle; includes the volume enclosed by a single organelle membrane, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the volume enclosed by the innermost of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope, e.g. nuclear lumen.

Name: receptor complex.

Definition: Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.

Name: laminin binding.

Definition: Binding to a laminin, a major glycoprotein constituent of the basement membrane of cells.

Name: laminin-1 binding.

Definition: Binding to laminin-1, a glycoprotein trimer with the subunit composition alpha1, beta1, gamma1.

Name: Fanconi anaemia nuclear complex.

Definition: A protein complex composed of the Fanconi anaemia (FA) proteins including A, C, E, G and F (FANCA-F). Functions in the activation of the downstream protein FANCD2 by monoubiquitylation, and is essential for protection against chromosome breakage.

Name: negative regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components.

Name: positive regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components.

Name: regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components.

Name: telomere maintenance in response to DNA damage.

Definition: Any process that occur in response to the presence of critically short or damaged telomeres.

Name: proteasome assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a mature, active proteasome complex.

Name: erythrocyte maturation.

Definition: A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state.

Name: sodium-independent organic anion transport.

Definition: The directed, sodium-independent, movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: regulation of protein-containing complex assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.

Name: regulation of carbohydrate biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates.

Name: laminin complex.

Definition: A large, extracellular glycoprotein complex composed of three different polypeptide chains, alpha, beta and gamma. Provides an integral part of the structural scaffolding of basement membranes.

Name: laminin-8 complex.

Definition: A laminin complex composed of alpha4, beta1 and gamma1 polypeptide chains.

Name: laminin-10 complex.

Definition: A laminin complex composed of alpha5, beta1 and gamma1 polypeptide chains.

Name: ADP phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ADP + H2O = AMP + phosphate.

Name: regulation of potassium ion transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: negative regulation of potassium ion transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: positive regulation of potassium ion transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: regulation of monoatomic ion transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: positive regulation of monoatomic ion transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: negative regulation of monoatomic ion transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: CTPase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + H2O = CDP + H+ + phosphate. May or may not be coupled to another reaction.

Name: phospholipase binding.

Definition: Binding to a phospholipase.

Name: anoikis.

Definition: Apoptosis triggered by inadequate or inappropriate adherence to substrate e.g. after disruption of the interactions between normal epithelial cells and the extracellular matrix.

Name: apoptotic cell clearance.

Definition: The recognition and removal of an apoptotic cell by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte.

Name: response to alkaloid.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alkaloid stimulus. Alkaloids are a large group of nitrogenous substances found in naturally in plants, many of which have extracts that are pharmacologically active.

Name: positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process.

Name: regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in apoptosis.

Name: contractile fiber.

Definition: Fibers, composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins, found in cells of smooth or striated muscle.

Name: apoptosome.

Definition: A multisubunit protein complex involved in the signaling phase of the apoptotic process. In mammals it is typically composed of seven Apaf-1 subunits bound to cytochrome c and caspase-9. A similar complex to promote apoptosis is formed from homologous gene products in other eukaryotic organisms.

Name: glutathione binding.

Definition: Binding to glutathione; a tripeptide composed of the three amino acids cysteine, glutamic acid and glycine.

Name: apical junction complex.

Definition: A functional unit located near the cell apex at the points of contact between epithelial cells, which in vertebrates is composed of the tight junction, the zonula adherens, and desmosomes and in some invertebrates, such as Drosophila, is composed of the subapical complex (SAC), the zonula adherens and the septate junction. Functions in the regulation of cell polarity, tissue integrity and intercellular adhesion and permeability.

Name: apical junction assembly.

Definition: The formation of an apical junction, a functional unit located near the cell apex at the points of contact between epithelial cells composed of the tight junction, the zonula adherens junction and the desmosomes, by the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of its constituents.

Name: leukocyte degranulation.

Definition: The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules by a leukocyte.

Name: regulation of leukocyte degranulation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte degranulation.

Name: negative regulation of leukocyte degranulation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of leukocyte degranulation.

Name: positive regulation of leukocyte degranulation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte degranulation.

Name: mast cell degranulation.

Definition: The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine, serotonin, and neutral proteases by a mast cell.

Name: regulation of mast cell degranulation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell degranulation.

Name: negative regulation of mast cell degranulation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of mast cell degranulation.

Name: positive regulation of mast cell degranulation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mast cell degranulation.

Name: eosinophil activation.

Definition: The change in morphology and behavior of a eosinophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.

Name: eosinophil degranulation.

Definition: The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as major basic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, and eosinophil cationic protein by an eosinophil.

Name: regulation of eosinophil degranulation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of eosinophil degranulation.

Name: positive regulation of eosinophil degranulation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil degranulation.

Name: neutrophil degranulation.

Definition: The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as proteases, lipases, and inflammatory mediators by a neutrophil.

Name: regulation of neutrophil degranulation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil degranulation.

Name: positive regulation of neutrophil degranulation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil degranulation.

Name: regulation of cytotoxic T cell degranulation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cytotoxic T cell degranulation.

Name: negative regulation of cytotoxic T cell degranulation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of cytotoxic T cell degranulation.

Name: natural killer cell degranulation.

Definition: The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as perforin and granzymes by a natural killer cell.

Name: regulation of natural killer cell degranulation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell degranulation.

Name: negative regulation of natural killer cell degranulation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of natural killer cell degranulation.

Name: positive regulation of natural killer cell degranulation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell degranulation.

Name: phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate binding.

Definition: Binding to phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3' and 4' positions.

Name: response to exogenous dsRNA.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an exogenous double-stranded RNA stimulus.

Name: response to dsRNA.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a double-stranded RNA stimulus.

Name: 2-octaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone methylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-octaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2-octaprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.

Name: protein unfolding.

Definition: The process of assisting in the disassembly of non-covalent linkages in a protein or protein aggregate, often where the proteins are in a non-functional or denatured state.

Name: cardiolipin synthase (CMP-forming).

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-diacylglycerol + phosphatidylglycerol = CMP + diphosphatidylglycerol.

Name: CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell.

Name: positive T cell selection.

Definition: The process of sparing immature T cells which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death.

Name: CD4-positive or CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell lineage commitment.

Definition: The process in which an immature T cell commits to CD4-positive T cell lineage or the CD8-positive lineage of alpha-beta T cells.

Name: regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

Name: CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell lineage commitment.

Definition: The process in which an immature T cell becomes committed to becoming a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell.

Name: CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell.

Name: regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of memory T cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of memory T cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of memory T cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of memory T cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of memory T cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of memory T cell differentiation.

Name: mycotoxin metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a mycotoxin, any poisonous substance produced by a fungus.

Name: positive regulation of DNA binding.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

Name: negative regulation of DNA binding.

Definition: Any process that stops or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

Name: regulation of protein binding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.

Name: proteoglycan binding.

Definition: Binding to a proteoglycan, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.

Name: heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding.

Definition: Binding to a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, any proteoglycan containing heparan sulfate as the glycosaminoglycan carbohydrate unit.

Name: HLH domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a Helix Loop Helix domain, a domain of 40-50 residues that occurs in specific DNA-binding proteins that act as transcription factors. The domain is formed of two amphipathic helices joined by a variable length linker region that can form a loop and it mediates protein dimerization.

Name: steroid hormone mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals mediated by a steroid hormone binding to a receptor.

Name: skeletal muscle tissue regeneration.

Definition: The regrowth of skeletal muscle tissue to repair injured or damaged muscle fibers in the postnatal stage.

Name: regulation of MAP kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity.

Name: positive regulation of MAP kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity.

Name: negative regulation of MAP kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity.

Name: regulation of MAPK cascade.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade.

Name: negative regulation of MAPK cascade.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPKKK cascade.

Name: positive regulation of MAPK cascade.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade.

Name: macromolecule modification.

Definition: The covalent alteration of one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological macromolecule, resulting in a change in its properties.

Name: macromolecule glycosylation.

Definition: The covalent attachment of a glycosyl residue to one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological macromolecule.

Name: macromolecule methylation.

Definition: The covalent attachment of a methyl residue to one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological macromolecule.

Name: homocysteine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid.

Name: anthranilate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving anthranilate (2-aminobenzoate).

Name: protein kinase B binding.

Definition: Binding to protein kinase B, an intracellular kinase that is important in regulating glucose metabolism.

Name: bHLH transcription factor binding.

Definition: Binding to a basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) superfamily of transcription factors, important regulatory components in transcriptional networks of many developmental pathways.

Name: MRF binding.

Definition: Binding to Myogenic Regulatory Factor (MRF), a member of the basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) superfamily of transcription factors.

Name: negative regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.

Name: response to peptide hormone.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals.

Name: response to corticotropin-releasing hormone.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulus. Corticotropin-releasing hormone is a peptide hormone involved in the stress response.

Name: oxoacid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any oxoacid; an oxoacid is a compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).

Name: regulation of secondary metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon.

Name: regulation of pentose-phosphate shunt.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the pentose-phosphate shunt, the process in which glucose is oxidized, coupled to NADPH synthesis.

Name: regulation of cellular respiration.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular respiration, the enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds.

Name: proton-transporting ATP synthase complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a proton-transporting ATP synthase (also known as F-type ATPase), a two-sector ATPase found in the inner membrane of mitochondria and chloroplasts, and in bacterial plasma membranes.

Name: regulation of ATP-dependent activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate of an ATP-dependent activity.

Name: regulation of generation of precursor metabolites and energy.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and the processes involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.

Name: regulation of carbohydrate catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates.

Name: regulation of cellular carbohydrate catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, carried out by individual cells.

Name: pigmentation.

Definition: The accumulation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell, either by increased deposition or by increased number of cells.

Name: pigment metabolic process involved in pigmentation.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, resulting in the deposition or aggregation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell.

Name: pigment accumulation.

Definition: The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in an organism, tissue or cell, occurring in response to some external stimulus.

Name: cellular pigment accumulation.

Definition: The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in a cell, occurring in response to some external stimulus.

Name: regulation of RNA splicing.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing, the process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA.

Name: endosome to pigment granule transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances from endosomes to pigment granules.

Name: regulation of RNA stability.

Definition: Any process that modulates the propensity of RNA molecules to degradation. Includes processes that both stabilize and destabilize RNAs.

Name: regulation of mRNA stability.

Definition: Any process that modulates the propensity of mRNA molecules to degradation. Includes processes that both stabilize and destabilize mRNAs.

Name: RNA stabilization.

Definition: Prevention of degradation of RNA molecules.

Name: malate-aspartate shuttle.

Definition: The process of transferring reducing equivalents from the cytosol into the mitochondria; NADH is used to synthesise malate in the cytosol; this compound is then transported into the mitochondria where it is converted to oxaloacetate using NADH, the oxaloacetate reacts with gluamate to form aspartate, and the aspartate then returns to the cytosol to complete the cycle.

Name: protein kinase B signaling.

Definition: A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B (also called AKT), which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.

Name: protein-membrane adaptor activity.

Definition: The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a protein or a protein complex with a membrane, or bringing together two membranes, either via membrane lipid binding or by interacting with a membrane protein, to establish or maintain the localization of the protein, protein complex or organelle.

Name: regulation of protein homodimerization activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein homodimerization, interacting selectively with an identical protein to form a homodimer.

Name: muscle adaptation.

Definition: A process in which muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.

Name: regulation of muscle adaptation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle adaptation.

Name: mitochondrial DNA repair.

Definition: The process of restoring mitochondrial DNA after damage.

Name: CENP-A containing nucleosome.

Definition: A form of nucleosome located only at the centromere, in which the histone H3 is replaced by the variant form CENP-A (sometimes known as CenH3).

Name: regulation of JUN kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity.

Name: positive regulation of JUN kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity.

Name: negative regulation of JUN kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity.

Name: activin A complex.

Definition: A nonsteroidal regulator, composed of two covalently linked inhibin beta-A subunits (sometimes known as activin beta-A or activin/inhibin beta-A).

Name: inhibin complex.

Definition: Heterodimeric hormone composed of an inhibin alpha subunit complexed with either an inhibin beta-A subunit, to form inhibin A, or an inhibin beta-B subunit, to form inhibin B.

Name: inhibin A complex.

Definition: Heterodimeric hormone composed of an inhibin alpha subunit complexed with an inhibin beta-A subunit.

Name: interleukin-12 complex.

Definition: A protein complex that is composed of an interleukin-12 alpha (p35, product of the IL12A gene) and an interleukin-12 beta subunit (p40, product of the IL12B gene) and is secreted into the extracellular space.

Name: kinetochore binding.

Definition: Binding to a kinetochore, a proteinaceous structure on a condensed chromosome, beside the centromere, to which the spindle fibers are attached.

Name: regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.

Name: positive regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator.

Definition: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.

Name: negative regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.

Name: leucine zipper domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a leucine zipper domain, a protein secondary structure exhibiting a periodic repetition of leucine residues at every seventh position over a distance covering eight helical turns.

Name: regulation of neuron apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.

Name: negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.

Name: positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptotic process.

Name: tRNA methyltransferase complex.

Definition: A multimeric protein complex involved in the methylation of specific nucleotides in tRNA.

Name: GET complex.

Definition: An endoplasmic reticulum protein-containing complex that is conserved in eukaryotics and that mediates the insertion of tail-anchored proteins into the ER membrane. In yeast, includes Get1p, Get2p and Get3p proteins.

Name: adenosine 5'-monophosphoramidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine 5'-monophosphoramidate + H2O = AMP + NH4+. Other substrates include AMP-morpholidate, AMP-N-alanine methyl ester and AMP-alpha-acetyl lysine methyl ester.

Name: ADP binding.

Definition: Binding to ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate.

Name: angiostatin binding.

Definition: Binding to angiostatin, a proteolytic product of plasminogen or plasmin containing at least one intact kringle domain, and which is an inhibitor of angiogenesis.

Name: inositol 1,3,4,5 tetrakisphosphate binding.

Definition: Binding to inositol 1,3,4,5 tetrakisphosphate.

Name: blood vessel endothelial cell migration.

Definition: The orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels during angiogenesis.

Name: regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels.

Name: positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels.

Name: negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels.

Name: regulation of actin phosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transfer of one or more phosphate groups to an actin molecule.

Name: protein serine/threonine kinase activator activity.

Definition: Binds to and increases the activity of a protein serine/threonine kinase.

Name: 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase complex.

Definition: A homodimeric, bifunctional enzyme complex which catalyzes the synthesis and degradation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, and is required for both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Name: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transferase complex.

Definition: A multienzyme, heterooligomeric complex involved in dolichyl-linked oligosaccharide synthesis. In yeast the complex is composed of Alg7p, which catalyzes the first step (GlcNAc1-PP-Dol from dolichol-phosphate and UDP-GlcNAc), and Alg13p plus Alg14p, the catalytic and anchoring subunits respectively, which together catalyze the second step (GlcNAc2-PP-dolichol from GlcNAc1-PP-Dol and UDP-GlcNAc) of dolichyl-linked oligosaccharide synthesis.

Name: endothelial cell migration.

Definition: The orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.

Name: protein acylation.

Definition: The addition of an acyl group, any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group, to a protein amino acid.

Name: molybdopterin cofactor metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving the molybdopterin cofactor (Moco), essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes, e.g. sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo-molybdopterin) or tungsten ion (W-molybdopterin) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.

Name: molybdopterin cofactor binding.

Definition: Binding to a molybdopterin cofactor (Moco), essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes, e.g. sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo-molybdopterin) or tungsten ion (W-molybdopterin) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.

Name: positive regulation of GTPase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase.

Name: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase binding.

Definition: Binding to a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group to an inositol lipid at the 3' position of the inositol ring.

Name: regulation of kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.

Name: regulation of lipid kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a simple or complex lipid.

Name: regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to an inositol lipid at the 3' position of the inositol ring.

Name: positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity.

Name: negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity.

Name: regulation of translation in response to stress.

Definition: Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).

Name: regulation of translational initiation in response to stress.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation, as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.

Name: insulin binding.

Definition: Binding to insulin, a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.

Name: insulin receptor substrate binding.

Definition: Binding to an insulin receptor substrate (IRS) protein, an adaptor protein that bind to the transphosphorylated insulin and insulin-like growth factor receptors, are themselves phosphorylated and in turn recruit SH2 domain-containing signaling molecules to form a productive signaling complex.

Name: Ku70:Ku80 complex.

Definition: Heterodimeric protein complex composed of a 70 kDa and a 80 kDa subunit, binds DNA through a channel formed by the heterodimer. Functions in DNA double stranded break repair, chromosome maintenance, transcription regulation, V(D)J recombination, and activation of DNA-PK.

Name: sequence-specific DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding.

Name: regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling.

Name: positive regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling.

Name: negative regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling.

Name: maintenance of DNA repeat elements.

Definition: Any process involved in sustaining the fidelity and copy number of DNA repeat elements.

Name: peroxisomal transport.

Definition: Transport of substances into, out of or within a peroxisome, a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.

Name: regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment.

Name: nuclear matrix organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear matrix, the dense fibrillar network lying on the inner side of the nuclear membrane.

Name: ear development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ear is the sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals.

Name: nose development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nose over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity).

Name: nose morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the nose are generated and organized. The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity).

Name: tongue development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the tongue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in many other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech.

Name: tongue morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the tongue are generated and organized. The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in man other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech.

Name: skin development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue.

Name: skin morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the skin are generated and organized. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner, sensitive and vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue.

Name: nuclear replication fork.

Definition: The Y-shaped region of a nuclear replicating DNA molecule, resulting from the separation of the DNA strands and in which the synthesis of new strands takes place. Also includes associated protein complexes.

Name: nuclear replisome.

Definition: A multi-component enzymatic machine at the nuclear replication fork, which mediates DNA replication. Includes DNA primase, one or more DNA polymerases, DNA helicases, and other proteins.

Name: amide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells.

Name: amide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.

Name: amide catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.

Name: regulation of carbohydrate utilization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of carbohydrate utilization.

Name: astrocyte cell migration.

Definition: The orderly movement of an astrocyte, a class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system, the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord.

Name: keratinocyte proliferation.

Definition: The multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Keratinocytes are epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo a characteristic change as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin.

Name: regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to stress.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).

Name: regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to oxidative stress.

Definition: Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.

Name: regulation of DNA-templated transcription in response to stress.

Definition: Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from a DNA template as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).

Name: protein self-association.

Definition: Binding to a domain within the same polypeptide.

Name: cortical microtubule organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane of a cell.

Name: delta DNA polymerase complex.

Definition: A multimeric DNA polymerase enzyme complex which differs in composition amongst species; in humans it is a heterotetramer of four subunits of approximately 125, 50, 68 and 12kDa, while in S. cerevisiae, it has three different subunits which form a heterotrimer, and the active enzyme is a dimer of this heterotrimer. Functions in DNA replication, mismatch repair and excision repair.

Name: PCNA complex.

Definition: A protein complex composed of three identical PCNA monomers, each comprising two similar domains, which are joined in a head-to-tail arrangement to form a homotrimer. Forms a ring-like structure in solution, with a central hole sufficiently large to accommodate the double helix of DNA. Originally characterized as a DNA sliding clamp for replicative DNA polymerases and as an essential component of the replisome, and has also been shown to be involved in other processes including Okazaki fragment processing, DNA repair, translesion DNA synthesis, DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling and cell cycle regulation.

Name: response to estrogen.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by an estrogen, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics.

Name: regulatory ncRNA 3'-end processing.

Definition: Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a regulatory non-coding RNA molecule.

Name: ncRNA polyadenylation.

Definition: The enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues at the 3' end of a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule. In eukaryotes, substrates include nuclear non-coding RNAs such as precursors and a variety of incorrectly processed forms of snRNAs, snoRNAs, rRNAs, and tRNAs, as well as discarded RNA fragments which have been removed from ncRNA primary transcripts. Polyadenylation of precursors is often linked to termination of transcription, but polyadenylation of RNAs targeted for degradation may also occur post-transcriptionally. This polyadenylation is important both for 3'-end processing to produce mature ncRNA species and also for targeting incorrectly processed or discarded RNA molecules for degradation.

Name: ncRNA polyadenylation involved in polyadenylation-dependent ncRNA catabolic process.

Definition: The enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3' end of a non-coding RNA, occurring as part of the process of polyadenylation-dependent non-coding RNA catabolism.

Name: RNA polyadenylation.

Definition: The enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues at the 3' end of an RNA molecule.

Name: modification-dependent macromolecule catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, initiated by covalent modification of the target molecule.

Name: polyadenylation-dependent RNA catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an RNA molecule, initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3'-end of the target RNA.

Name: polyadenylation-dependent ncRNA catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a noncoding RNA (ncRNA) molecule, initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3' end the target ncRNA.

Name: inositol phosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.

Name: dicarboxylic acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).

Name: dicarboxylic acid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (-COOH) groups.

Name: dicarboxylic acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (-COOH) groups.

Name: linoleic acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving linoleic acid, an unsaturated omega-6 fatty acid that has the molecular formula C18H32O2.

Name: engulfment of apoptotic cell.

Definition: The removal of the apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte.

Name: mitochondrial fragmentation involved in apoptotic process.

Definition: The change in the morphology of the mitochondria in an apoptotic cell from a highly branched network to a fragmented vesicular form.

Name: recognition of apoptotic cell.

Definition: The process in which a cell interprets signals (in the form of specific proteins and lipids) on the surface of a dying cell which it will engulf and remove by phagocytosis.

Name: regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphate from a phosphoprotein.

Name: axon terminus.

Definition: Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal button is a specialized region of it.

Name: P-type divalent copper transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Cu2+(in) -> ADP + phosphate + Cu2+(out).

Name: co-translational protein modification.

Definition: The process of covalently altering one or more amino acids in a protein after translation has begun but before the protein has been released from the ribosome.

Name: post-translational protein modification.

Definition: The process of covalently altering one or more amino acids in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome.

Name: reverse cholesterol transport.

Definition: The directed movement of peripheral cell cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, towards the liver for catabolism.

Name: dedifferentiation.

Definition: The process in which a specialized structure (cell, tissue or organ) loses structural or functional features that characterize it in the mature organism, or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Under certain conditions, these structures can revert back to the features of their ancestors.

Name: cell dedifferentiation.

Definition: The process in which a specialized cell loses the structural or functional features that characterize it in the mature organism, or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Under certain conditions, these cells can revert back to the features of the stem cells that were their ancestors.

Name: DNA-N1-methyladenine dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the oxidative demethylation of N1-methyladenine and N3-methylcytosine in DNA, with concomitant decarboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate and releases oxidized methyl group on N1-methyladenine and N3-methylcytosine as formaldehyde.

Name: G/U mismatch-specific uracil-DNA glycosylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of uracil from a U*G mispair by the cleavage the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free uracil and leaves an apyrimidinic (AP) site.

Name: cytidine kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + cytidine = ADP + CMP.

Name: glyceraldehyde oxidoreductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: A + D-glyceraldehyde + H2O = (R)-glycerate + AH2 + H+.

Name: phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-4-phosphate + H2O = phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + phosphate.

Name: ADP-specific glucokinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ADP + D-glucose = AMP + D-glucose 6-phosphate.

Name: Ras palmitoyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-CoA + protein-cysteine = S-palmitoyl protein + CoA, specific for Ras proteins.

Name: cyclic nucleotide-gated monoatomic ion channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a cyclic nucleotide has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Name: methionine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of methionine from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: acireductone synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reactions: 5-(methylthio)-2,3-dioxopentyl phosphate + H2O = 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + phosphate; (1a) 5-(methylthio)-2,3-dioxopentyl phosphate = 2-hydroxy-5-(methylthio)-3-oxopent-1-enyl phosphate; (1b) 2-hydroxy-5-(methylthio)-3-oxopent-1-enyl phosphate + H2O = 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + phosphate.

Name: regulation of biological process involved in symbiotic interaction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiosis, an interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association.

Name: modulation by host of viral transcription.

Definition: Any process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription.

Name: negative regulation by host of viral transcription.

Definition: Any process in which a host organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription.

Name: positive regulation by host of viral transcription.

Definition: Any process in which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription, the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA.

Name: suramin binding.

Definition: Binding to suramin, a naphthalenesulfonic acid compound which is used in the treatment of diseases caused by trypanosomes and worms.

Name: exonucleolytic catabolism of deadenylated mRNA.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the transcript body of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA that occurs when the ends are not protected by the 3'-poly(A) tail.

Name: ossification involved in bone maturation.

Definition: The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone, involved in the progression of the skeleton from its formation to its mature state.

Name: ossification involved in bone remodeling.

Definition: The formation or growth of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone, involved in response to injury or other physical, physiological or environmental stress stimuli.

Name: protein-containing complex organization.

Definition: Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein complex.

Name: regulation of cAMP-mediated signaling.

Definition: Any process which modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signaling.

Name: positive regulation of cAMP-mediated signaling.

Definition: Any process which activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signaling.

Name: negative regulation of cAMP-mediated signaling.

Definition: Any process which stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signaling.

Name: cellular component maintenance.

Definition: The organization process that preserves a cellular component in a stable functional or structural state.

Name: histone H3 acetylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an acetyl group.

Name: histone H4 acetylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group.

Name: histone H2A acetylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H2A by the addition of an acetyl group.

Name: histone H2B acetylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H2B by the addition of an acetyl group.

Name: histone H3-K23 acetylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 23 of the histone.

Name: histone H2A-K5 acetylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H2A by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 5 of the histone.

Name: histone H2B-K12 acetylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H2B by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 12 of the histone.

Name: histone H4-K5 acetylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 5 of the histone.

Name: histone H4-K8 acetylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 8 of the histone.

Name: histone H4-K12 acetylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 12 of the histone.

Name: histone H4-K16 acetylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 16 of the histone.

Name: histone H4-R3 methylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H4 by addition of a methyl group to arginine at position 3 of the histone.

Name: histone H3K23 acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 23) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 23).

Name: histone H4K5 acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 L-lysine (position 5) = CoA + histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 5).

Name: histone H4K8 acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 L-lysine (position 8) = CoA + histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 8).

Name: histone H4K12 acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 L-lysine (position 12) = CoA + histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 12).

Name: histone H2A acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H2A L-lysine = CoA + histone H2A N6-acetyl-L-lysine.

Name: histone H2AK5 acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H2A L-lysine (position 5) = CoA + histone H2A N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 5).

Name: movement in host.

Definition: The process in which an organism or its progeny spreads from one location to another within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Name: modulation by symbiont of host process.

Definition: The process in which a symbiont organism effects a change in the structure or processes of its host organism.

Name: histone H2B acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H2B L-lysine = CoA + histone H2B N6-acetyl-L-lysine.

Name: histone H3K4 acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 4) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 4).

Name: histone H4R3 methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (histone H4)-arginine (position 3) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (histone H4)-N-methyl-arginine (position 3). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the arginine residue at position 3 of histone H4, producing histone H4R3me.

Name: histone H3S28 kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the serine-28 residue of histone H3.

Name: histone H2AS1 kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the serine-1 residue of the N-terminal tail of histone H2A.

Name: regulation of DNA methylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine.

Name: glucan metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.

Name: regulation of system process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system.

Name: regulation of digestive system process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.

Name: regulation of endocrine process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an endocrine process, a process involving the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system.

Name: regulation of excretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of excretion, the elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity.

Name: regulation of respiratory system process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a respiratory system process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the respiratory system.

Name: modulation by symbiont of host cellular process.

Definition: Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell, in its host organism.

Name: regulation of monoatomic anion transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: cellular component biogenesis.

Definition: A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component. Includes biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the cellular component.

Name: regulation of cellular component biogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular component biogenesis, a process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component.

Name: regulation of vacuole organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.

Name: positive regulation of cellular component biogenesis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular component biogenesis, a process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component.

Name: positive regulation of vacuole organization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.

Name: membrane biogenesis.

Definition: A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a membrane.

Name: negative regulation of molecular function.

Definition: Any process that stops or reduces the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.

Name: positive regulation of molecular function.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.

Name: cellular alcohol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom, as carried out by individual cells.

Name: cellular alcohol biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom, carried out at the level of an individual cell.

Name: formation of structure involved in a symbiotic process.

Definition: The progression of an organism from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring when the organism is in a symbiotic interaction.

Name: histone H3-K14 acetylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 14 of the histone.

Name: protein folding chaperone.

Definition: Binding to a protein or a protein-containing complex to assist the protein folding process.

Name: cytolytic granule.

Definition: A specialized secretory lysosome that is present in cells with cytolytic capability such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Cytolytic granules mediate the storage and regulated excretion of lytic molecules for killing of target cells.

Name: 'de novo' UMP biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UMP, uridine monophosphate, starting with the synthesis of (S)-dihydroorotate from bicarbonate; UMP biosynthesis may either occur via reduction by quinone, NAD+ or oxygen.

Name: UMP salvage.

Definition: Any process which produces UMP, uridine monophosphate, from derivatives of it (e.g. cytidine, uridine, cytosine) without de novo synthesis.

Name: 'de novo' AMP biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) from inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP).

Name: CTP salvage.

Definition: Any process which produces cytidine 5'-triphosphate (CTP) from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.

Name: other organism part.

Definition: Any constituent part of a secondary organism with which the first organism is interacting.

Name: juxtaparanode region of axon.

Definition: A region of an axon near a node of Ranvier that is between the paranode and internode regions.

Name: organelle membrane contact site.

Definition: A zone of apposition between the membranes of an organelle with another membrane, either another membrane of the same organelle, a membrane of another organelle, or the plasma membrane. Membrane contact sites (MCSs) are structured by bridging complexes. They are specialized for communication, including the efficient traffic of small molecules such as Ca2+ ions and lipids, as well as enzyme-substrate interactions.

Name: mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane.

Definition: A zone of apposition between endoplasmic-reticulum and mitochondrial membranes, structured by bridging complexes. These contact sites are thought to facilitate inter-organelle calcium and phospholipid exchange.

Name: cellular metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.

Name: primary metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving those compounds which are formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism.

Name: lipid digestion.

Definition: The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by living organisms to break down ingested lipids into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.

Name: cellular lipid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, as carried out by individual cells.

Name: cellular polysaccharide catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of polysaccharides, polymers of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically, as carried out by individual cells.

Name: cellular catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.

Name: cellular biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.

Name: cellular lipid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, as carried out by individual cells.

Name: cellular macromolecule metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass, as carried out by individual cells.

Name: cellular carbohydrate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells.

Name: cellular polysaccharide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving polysaccharides, polymers of more than 10 monosaccharide residues joined by glycosidic linkages, as carried out by individual cells.

Name: cellular macromolecule catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any large molecule including proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates, as carried out by individual cells.

Name: glycerol ether catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerol ethers, any anhydride formed between two organic hydroxy compounds, one of which is glycerol.

Name: cellular nitrogen compound catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds.

Name: cellular nitrogen compound biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds.

Name: sulfur compound biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.

Name: sulfur compound catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.

Name: cellular carbohydrate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells.

Name: cell wall disruption in another organism.

Definition: The disruption of the cell wall of another organism, leading to damage or temporary subversion of the cell wall.

Name: small molecule metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.

Name: small molecule catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.

Name: small molecule biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.

Name: mitochondrial crista junction.

Definition: A tubular structure of relatively uniform size that connects a mitochondrial crista to the mitochondrial inner boundary membrane.

Name: cell-cell contact zone.

Definition: Extended zone of intimate apposition between two cells containing one or more types of intercellular junctions, e.g., the intercalated disk of muscle.

Name: axonal growth cone.

Definition: The migrating motile tip of a growing nerve cell axon.

Name: cell body.

Definition: The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections.

Name: cell body membrane.

Definition: The plasma membrane of a cell that bears surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella, excluding the plasma membrane on cell projections.

Name: main axon.

Definition: The main axonal trunk, as opposed to the collaterals; i.e., excluding collaterals, terminal, spines, or dendrites.

Name: neuron projection terminus.

Definition: The specialized, terminal region of a neuron projection such as an axon or a dendrite.

Name: neuron spine.

Definition: A small membranous protrusion, often ending in a bulbous head and attached to the neuron by a narrow stalk or neck.

Name: protein K6-linked deubiquitination.

Definition: A protein deubiquitination process in which a K6-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 6 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.

Name: protein K27-linked ubiquitination.

Definition: A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 27 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein.

Name: wound healing, spreading of cells.

Definition: The migration of a cell along or through a wound gap that contributes to the reestablishment of a continuous surface.

Name: cellular response to leptin stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leptin stimulus. Leptin is a hormone manufactured primarily in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue, and the level of circulating leptin is directly proportional to the total amount of fat in the body. It plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism.

Name: response to leptin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leptin stimulus. Leptin is a hormone manufactured primarily in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue, and the level of circulating leptin is directly proportional to the total amount of fat in the body. It plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism].

Name: endoplasmic reticulum quality control compartment.

Definition: A subcompartment of the endoplasmic reticulum in which proteins with improper or incorrect folding accumulate. Enzymes in this compartment direct proteins with major folding problems to translocation to the cytosol and degradation, and proteins with minor folding problems to the ER, to interact with chaperon proteins.

Name: retinoic acid-responsive element binding.

Definition: Binding to a retinoic acid-responsive element, a variable direct repeat of the sequence PuGGTCA spaced by five nucleotides (DR5) found in the promoters of retinoic acid-responsive genes, to which retinoic acid receptors bind.

Name: transmembrane transporter binding.

Definition: Binding to a transmembrane transporter, a protein or protein complex that enables the transfer of a substance, usually a specific substance or a group of related substances, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: dendritic spine head.

Definition: Distal part of the dendritic spine, that carries the post-synaptic density.

Name: cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin.

Definition: The attachment of one cell to another cell via a cadherin, transmembrane proteins having repeating extracellular calcium ion binding domains.

Name: canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in the positive regulation of epithelial cell to mesenchymal cell transition.

Name: canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation.

Name: canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in osteoblast differentiation.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in osteoblast differentiation.

Name: canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in regulation of cell proliferation.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contributes to modulating the rate or frequency of cell proliferation.

Name: type B pancreatic cell proliferation.

Definition: The multiplication or reproduction of pancreatic B cells, resulting in the expansion of an pancreatic B cell population. Pancreatic B cell are cells of the pancreas that secrete insulin.

Name: cellular response to fibroblast growth factor stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an fibroblast growth factor stimulus.

Name: macropinocytosis.

Definition: An endocytosis process that results in the uptake of liquid material by cells from their external environment by the 'ruffling' of the cell membrane to form heterogeneously sized intracellular vesicles called macropinosomes, which can be up to 5 micrometers in size.

Name: pinosome.

Definition: A membrane-bounded, uncoated intracellular vesicle formed by the process of pinocytosis.

Name: macropinosome.

Definition: A membrane-bounded, uncoated intracellular vesicle formed by the process of macropinocytosis.

Name: clearance of foreign intracellular DNA.

Definition: A defense process that protects an organism from invading foreign DNA.

Name: regulation of rRNA stability.

Definition: Any process that modulates the propensity of rRNA molecules to degradation. Includes processes that both stabilize and destabilize rRNAs.

Name: disruption of cells of another organism.

Definition: A process in which an organism has a negative effect on the functioning of the second organism's cells.

Name: regulation of peroxisome size.

Definition: Any process that modulates the volume of a peroxisome, a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.

Name: non-sequence-specific DNA binding, bending.

Definition: The activity of binding selectively and non-covalently to DNA in a sequence-independent manner and distorting the original structure of DNA, typically a straight helix, into a bend, or increasing the bend if the original structure was intrinsically bent due to its sequence.

Name: protein localization to cytoskeleton.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the cytoskeleton.

Name: negative regulation of protein kinase activity by regulation of protein phosphorylation.

Definition: The stopping, prevention, or reduction in frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity as a result of regulating the phosphorylation status of that protein kinase.

Name: small protein activating enzyme binding.

Definition: Binding to a small protein activating enzyme, such as ubiquitin-activating enzyme.

Name: ubiquitin-like protein ligase binding.

Definition: Binding to a ubiquitin-like protein ligase, such as ubiquitin-ligase.

Name: ubiquitin-like protein conjugating enzyme binding.

Definition: Binding to a ubiquitin-like protein conjugating enzyme such as ubiquitin conjugating enzyme.

Name: ribosomal subunit.

Definition: Either of the two subunits of a ribosome: the ribosomal large subunit or the ribosomal small subunit.

Name: microspike.

Definition: A dynamic, actin-rich projection extending from the surface of a migrating animal cell.

Name: biological process involved in symbiotic interaction.

Definition: A process carried out by gene products in an organism that enable the organism to engage in a symbiotic relationship, a more or less intimate association, with another organism. The various forms of symbiosis include parasitism, in which the association is disadvantageous or destructive to one of the organisms; mutualism, in which the association is advantageous, or often necessary to one or both and not harmful to either; and commensalism, in which one member of the association benefits while the other is not affected. However, mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism are often not discrete categories of interactions and should rather be perceived as a continuum of interaction ranging from parasitism to mutualism. In fact, the direction of a symbiotic interaction can change during the lifetime of the symbionts due to developmental changes as well as changes in the biotic/abiotic environment in which the interaction occurs. Microscopic symbionts are often referred to as endosymbionts.

Name: adhesion of symbiont to host.

Definition: The attachment of a symbiont to its host via either adhesion molecules, general stickiness, or other mechanisms. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Name: entry into host.

Definition: Entry of a symbiont into the body, tissues, or cells of a host organism as part of the symbiont life cycle. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Name: translocation of molecules into host.

Definition: The directed movement of a molecule(s) produced by an organism to a location inside its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Name: biological process involved in interspecies interaction between organisms.

Definition: Any process evolved to enable an interaction with an organism of a different species.

Name: motile cilium assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a motile cilium.

Name: glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with glucagon-like peptide 1 and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.

Name: protein sulfhydration.

Definition: The modification of a protein amino acid by the addition of sulfur.

Name: regulation of mitochondrial mRNA stability.

Definition: Any process that modulates the propensity of mitochondrial mRNA molecules to degradation. Includes processes that both stabilize and destabilize mitochondrial mRNAs.

Name: supraspliceosomal complex.

Definition: Multicomponent complex of RNA and proteins that is composed of four active spliceosomes, termed native spliceosomes, connected to each other by the pre-mRNA. The supraspliceosome is the nuclear machine where the pre-mRNA processing takes place, like the 5'-end capping, 3'-end cleavage, splicing and editing.

Name: long-chain fatty acid import into cell.

Definition: The directed movement of a long-chain fatty acid from outside of a cell into a cell. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.

Name: L-cystine L-cysteine-lyase (deaminating).

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-cystine + H2O = pyruvate + NH3 + thiocysteine. Thiocysteine is also known as cysteine persulfide.

Name: NSL complex.

Definition: A histone acetyltransferase complex that catalyzes the acetylation of a histone H4 lysine residues at several positions. In human, it contains the catalytic subunit MOF, NSL1/KIAA1267, NSL2/KANSL2, NSL3/KANSL3, MCRS1, PHF20, OGT1, WDR5 and HCF1.

Name: NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the NLRP3 inflammasome complex, occurring at the level of an individual cell.

Name: DNA topoisomerase binding.

Definition: Binding to a DNA topoisomerase.

Name: S100 protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a S100 protein. S100 is a small calcium and zinc binding protein produced in astrocytes that is implicated in Alzheimer's disease, Down Syndrome and ALS.

Name: secondary metabolite biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of secondary metabolites, the compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon.

Name: [2Fe-2S] cluster assembly.

Definition: The incorporation of two iron atoms and two sulfur atoms into an iron-sulfur cluster.

Name: [4Fe-4S] cluster assembly.

Definition: The incorporation of four iron atoms and four sulfur atoms into an iron-sulfur cluster.

Name: 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a 17-beta-hydroxysteroid + NAD+ = a 17-oxosteroid + NADH + H+.

Name: daunorubicin metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving daunorubicin, a chemotherapeutic of the anthracycline family that is given as a treatment for some types of cancer.

Name: doxorubicin metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving doxorubicin, an anthracycline antibiotic, used in cancer chemotherapy.

Name: DBIRD complex.

Definition: A protein complex that associates with mRNP particles and RNA polymerase II and is proposed to integrate transcript elongation with the regulation of alternative splicing. In humans it is composed of the proteins KIAA1967/DBC1 and ZNF326/ZIRD.

Name: FMN transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the directed movement of flavine mononucleotide (FMN) from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: nuclear pore cytoplasmic filaments.

Definition: Filamentous extensions on cytoplasmic face of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). In S. cerevisiae, Nup159p, Nup82p, and Nup42p contribute to the cytoplasmic filaments. In vertebrates, Nup358 is a major component.

Name: nuclear pore nuclear basket.

Definition: A filamentous, cage-like assembly on the nuclear face of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). In S. cerevisiae, Mlp1p and Mlp2p are two major components of the NPC nuclear basket. In vertebrates, Tpr is a major component.

Name: histone H3-K4 dimethylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H3 by addition of two methyl groups to lysine at position 4 of the histone.

Name: adhesion of symbiont to host cell.

Definition: The attachment of a symbiont to a host cell via adhesion molecules, general stickiness etc., either directly or indirectly.

Name: MLL1/2 complex.

Definition: A protein complex that can methylate lysine-4 of histone H3, and which contains either of the protein subunits MLL1 or MLL2 in human, or equivalent in other species.

Name: MLL3/4 complex.

Definition: A protein complex that can methylate lysine-4 of histone H3, and which contains either of the protein subunits MLL3 or MLL4 in mammals, or equivalent in other species.

Name: tooth eruption.

Definition: The tooth development process in which the teeth enter the mouth and become visible.

Name: multi-organism reproductive process.

Definition: A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals, involving another organism.

Name: multi-multicellular organism process.

Definition: A multicellular organism process which involves another multicellular organism of the same or different species.

Name: 8-oxo-dGDP phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction 8-oxo-dGDP + H2O = 8-oxo-dGMP + phosphate.

Name: 8-oxo-GDP phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction 8-oxo-GDP + H2O = 8-oxo-GMP + phosphate.

Name: 8-hydroxy-dADP phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 8-hydroxy-dADP + H2O = 8-hydroxy-dAMP + phosphate.

Name: protein import into peroxisome matrix, substrate release.

Definition: The process by which the cargo protein is released into the peroxisomal matrix, following translocation across the membrane.

Name: DNA methylation or demethylation.

Definition: The process of adding or removing a methyl group from one or more nucleotides within an DNA molecule.

Name: hemi-methylated DNA-binding.

Definition: Binding to double-stranded hemi-methylated DNA at replication foci (one strand methylated, while the other strand is unmethylated). Methylation of cytosine or adenine in DNA is an important mechanism for establishing stable heritable epigenetic marks.

Name: acid-sensing ion channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a neuronal, voltage-insensitive channel that opens when an extracellular proton has been bound by the channel complex.

Name: protein transmembrane import into intracellular organelle.

Definition: The directed movement of proteins into an intracellular organelle, across a membrane.

Name: amphisome.

Definition: Intermediate organelles formed during macroautophagy through the fusion between autophagosomes and endosomes.

Name: autolysosome.

Definition: A type of secondary lysosome in which a primary lysosome has fused with the outer membrane of an autophagosome. It is involved in the second step of autophagy in which it degrades contents with acidic lysosomal hydrolases.

Name: ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of ions, rotational mechanism.

Definition: Enables the transfer of ions from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + ion(in) = ADP + phosphate + ion(out), by a rotational mechanism.

Name: cell cycle phase transition.

Definition: The cell cycle process by which a cell commits to entering the next cell cycle phase.

Name: mitotic cell cycle phase transition.

Definition: The cell cycle process by which a cell commits to entering the next mitotic cell cycle phase.

Name: mitotic DNA damage checkpoint signaling.

Definition: A signal transduction process involved in mitotic DNA damage checkpoint.

Name: mitotic DNA integrity checkpoint signaling.

Definition: A signaling process that controls cell cycle progression in response to changes in DNA structure by monitoring the integrity of the DNA during mitosis. The DNA integrity checkpoint begins with detection of DNA damage, defects in DNA structure or DNA replication, and ends with signal transduction.

Name: meiotic spindle checkpoint signaling.

Definition: A signal transduction process that contributes to a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a meiotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and that the chromosomes are attached to the spindle.

Name: cilium organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.

Name: metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle.

Definition: The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase as part of the cell cycle.

Name: cell cycle DNA replication.

Definition: The DNA-dependent DNA replication that takes place as part of the cell cycle.

Name: modulation by host of viral process.

Definition: A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any of a process being mediated by a virus with which it is infected.

Name: suppression of viral release by host.

Definition: A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the release of a virus with which it is infected, from its cells.

Name: negative regulation by host of viral process.

Definition: A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process being mediated by a virus with which it is infected.

Name: positive regulation by host of viral process.

Definition: A process in which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of a process being mediated by a virus with which it is infected.

Name: DNA polymerase processivity factor complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of increasing the processivity of nucleotide polymerization by DNA polymerase as a part of DNA replication.

Name: G-quadruplex DNA unwinding.

Definition: The process by which G-quadruplex (also known as G4) DNA, which is a four-stranded DNA structure held together by guanine base pairing, is unwound or 'melted'.

Name: DNA packaging complex.

Definition: A protein complex that plays a role in the process of DNA packaging.

Name: mitotic G2/M transition checkpoint.

Definition: A cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression from G2 to M phase as part of a mitotic cell cycle.

Name: mitotic G1/S transition checkpoint signaling.

Definition: A cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression from G1 to S phase as part of a mitotic cell cycle.

Name: modulation by host of viral genome replication.

Definition: A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.

Name: negative regulation by host of viral genome replication.

Definition: A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.

Name: positive regulation by host of viral genome replication.

Definition: A process in which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.

Name: modulation by host of viral RNA genome replication.

Definition: A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral RNA genome replication.

Name: actomyosin contractile ring organization.

Definition: A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an actomyosin contractile ring.

Name: cell cycle G2/M phase transition.

Definition: The cell cycle process by which a cell in G2 phase commits to M phase.

Name: cell cycle G1/S phase transition.

Definition: The cell cycle process by which a cell in G1 phase commits to S phase.

Name: plasma membrane raft.

Definition: A membrane raft that is part of the plasma membrane.

Name: plasma membrane raft assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a plasma membrane raft.

Name: plasma membrane raft organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of plasma membrane rafts.

Name: protein localization to plasma membrane raft.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a plasma membrane raft.

Name: modulation by host of viral exo-alpha-sialidase activity.

Definition: The process in which a host organism effects a change in viral exo-alpha-sialidase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein.

Name: modulation by host of viral catalytic activity.

Definition: The process in which a host organism effects a change in the enzyme activity of a virus with which it is infected.

Name: modulation by host of viral molecular function.

Definition: A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any molecular function being mediated by a virus with which it is infected.

Name: negative regulation by host of viral exo-alpha-sialidase activity.

Definition: The process in which a host organism decreases viral exo-alpha-sialidase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein.

Name: modulation by host of viral glycoprotein metabolic process.

Definition: A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral glycoprotein metabolic process.

Name: negative regulation by host of viral glycoprotein metabolic process.

Definition: A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral glycoprotein metabolic process.

Name: lipoprotein localization.

Definition: Any process in which a lipoprotein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Name: lipoprotein localization to membrane.

Definition: A process in which a lipoprotein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in a membrane.

Name: protein-containing complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a macromolecular complex.

Name: mitotic cytokinesis checkpoint signaling.

Definition: A signaling process that contributes to a mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that detects a defect in cytokinesis and prevents further rounds of nuclear division until cytokinesis is completed.

Name: double-strand break repair via single-strand annealing.

Definition: Repair of a DSB made between two repeated sequences oriented in the same direction occurs primarily by the single strand annealing pathway. The ends of the break are processed by a 5' to 3' exonuclease, exposing complementary single-strand regions of the direct repeats that can anneal, resulting in a deletion of the unique DNA between the direct repeats.

Name: double-strand break repair via synthesis-dependent strand annealing.

Definition: SDSA is a major mechanism of double-strand break repair in mitosis which allows for the error-free repair of a double-strand break without the exchange of adjacent sequences. The broken DNA searches for and base pairs with a homologous region in an intact chromosome. DNA synthesis initiates from the 3' end of the invading DNA strand, using the intact chromosome as the template. Newly synthesized DNA is then displaced from the template and anneal with its complement on the other side of the double-strand break.

Name: DNA-templated DNA replication maintenance of fidelity.

Definition: A DNA metabolic process that prevents or corrects errors to ensure that DNA is replicated accurately. Errors can be corrected either by intrinsic DNA polymerase proofreading activity or via mismatch repair.

Name: DNA deamination.

Definition: The removal of an amino group from a nucleotide base in DNA. An example is the deamination of cytosine to produce uracil.

Name: chitosome.

Definition: An intracellular membrane-bounded particle found in fungi and containing chitin synthase; it synthesizes chitin microfibrils. Chitin synthase activity exists in chitosomes and they are proposed to act as a reservoir for regulated transport of chitin synthase enzymes to the division septum.

Name: actin nucleation.

Definition: The initial step in the formation of an actin filament, in which actin monomers combine to form a new filament. Nucleation is slow relative to the subsequent addition of more monomers to extend the filament.

Name: mitochondrial magnesium ion transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which a magnesium ion (Mg2+) is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.

Name: glycerolipid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerolipids, any lipid with a glycerol backbone.

Name: negative regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide.

Name: early endosome to late endosome transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances, in membrane-bounded vesicles, from the early sorting endosomes to the late sorting endosomes; transport occurs along microtubules and can be experimentally blocked with microtubule-depolymerizing drugs.

Name: G0 to G1 transition.

Definition: The mitotic cell cycle phase transition whose occurrence commits the cell from the G0 quiescent state to the G1 phase. Under certain conditions, cells exit the cell cycle during G1 and remain in the G0 state as nongrowing, non-dividing (quiescent) cells. Appropriate stimulation of such cells induces them to return to G1 and resume growth and division. The G0 to G1 transition is accompanied by many changes in the program of gene expression.

Name: mitochondrial degradosome.

Definition: A mitochondrial protein complex with 3' to 5' exoribonuclease activity that participates in intron-independent turnover and processing of mitochondrial transcripts. In humans, the mitochondrial degradosome is a pentameric complex, and in yeast it exists as a heterodimer.

Name: plasma membrane fusion.

Definition: The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane that surround a cell with that of another cell, producing a single cell.

Name: DNA end binding.

Definition: Binding to DNA ends exposed by the creation of double-strand breaks (DSBs).

Name: G protein-coupled purinergic nucleotide receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a purine nucleotide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Name: G protein-coupled UDP receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a nucleotide and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity, activated by UDP.

Name: G protein-coupled UTP receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a nucleotide and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity, activated by UTP.

Name: G protein-coupled ATP receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with ATP and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Name: protein insertion into mitochondrial inner membrane.

Definition: The processes mediating the insertion of proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. Mitochondrial inner membrane proteins can get inserted from the cytosol, by crossing the outer membrane and being guided by an inner membrane translocase complex into their final destination in the inner membrane. Some proteins present in the intermembrane space can get inserted into the inner mitochondrial membrane. Finally, some proteins are inserted into the inner membrane from the matrix side of the membrane.

Name: protein insertion into mitochondrial outer membrane.

Definition: The process comprising the insertion of proteins from outside the organelle into the mitochondrial outer membrane, mediated by large outer membrane translocase complexes.

Name: protein import into mitochondrial intermembrane space.

Definition: The import of proteins into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.

Name: protein import into peroxisome membrane.

Definition: The targeting of proteins into the peroxisomal membrane. The process is not well understood, but both signals and mechanism differ from those involved in peroxisomal matrix protein import.

Name: protein targeting to ER.

Definition: The process of directing proteins towards the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) using signals contained within the protein. One common mechanism uses a 16- to 30-residue signal sequence, typically located at the N-terminus of the protein and containing positively charged amino acids followed by a continuous stretch of hydrophobic residues, which directs the ribosome to the ER membrane and initiates transport of the growing polypeptide across the ER membrane.

Name: protein insertion into ER membrane.

Definition: The process that results in incorporation of a protein into an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. It depends on specific topogenic sequences of amino acids that ensure that a protein acquires the proper orientation during its insertion into the ER membrane.

Name: protein insertion into ER membrane by stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequence.

Definition: A process of protein insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane in which stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequences become an ER membrane spanning helix.

Name: protein retention in Golgi apparatus.

Definition: The retention of proteins within the Golgi apparatus. Golgi-localized carbohydrate-modifying enzymes have a short N-terminal domain that faces the cytosol, a single transmembrane alpha helix, and a large C-terminal domain that faces the Golgi lumen and that contains the catalytic site. How the membrane-spanning alpha helix in a Golgi enzyme causes its localization and prevents its movement to the plasma membrane is not known.

Name: constitutive secretory pathway.

Definition: A process of exocytosis found in all eukaryotic cells, in which transport vesicles destined for the plasma membrane leave the trans-Golgi network in a steady stream. Upon exocytosis, the membrane proteins and lipids in these vesicles provide new components for the plasma membrane, and the soluble proteins inside the vesicles are released into the extracellular space.

Name: regulated exocytosis.

Definition: A process of exocytosis in which soluble proteins and other substances are initially stored in secretory vesicles for later release. It is found mainly in cells that are specialized for secreting products such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or digestive enzymes rapidly on demand.

Name: transcytosis.

Definition: The directed movement of endocytosed material through the cell and its exocytosis from the plasma membrane at the opposite side.

Name: T cell selection.

Definition: The process in which T cells that express T cell receptors that are restricted by self MHC protein complexes and tolerant to self antigens are selected for further maturation.

Name: positive thymic T cell selection.

Definition: The process of sparing immature T cells in the thymus which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death.

Name: thymic T cell selection.

Definition: The process of T cell selection that occurs in the thymus.

Name: T-helper 1 cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires the specialized features of a T-helper 1 (Th1) cell. A Th1 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype T-bet-positive and produces interferon-gamma.

Name: T-helper 2 cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a T-helper 2 (Th2) cell. A Th2 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype GATA-3-positive and produces interleukin-4.

Name: regulatory T cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a regulatory T cell. Regulatory T cells control or suppress immune responses through a variety of mechanisms and subsets include the CD4+CD25+ cell type as well as certain CD8+ cell types.

Name: regulation of viral genome replication.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.

Name: positive regulation of viral genome replication.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.

Name: negative regulation of viral genome replication.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.

Name: innate immune response.

Definition: Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.

Name: regulation of innate immune response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection.

Name: positive regulation of innate immune response.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection.

Name: regulation of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate.

Name: interleukin-18 receptor complex.

Definition: A protein complex that binds interleukin-18; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit.

Name: keratin filament.

Definition: A filament composed of acidic and basic keratins (types I and II), typically expressed in epithelial cells. The keratins are the most diverse classes of IF proteins, with a large number of keratin isoforms being expressed. Each type of epithelium always expresses a characteristic combination of type I and type II keratins.

Name: type III intermediate filament.

Definition: A type of intermediate filament, typically made up of one or more of the proteins vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and peripherin. Unlike the keratins, the type III proteins can form both homo- and heteropolymeric IF filaments.

Name: intermediate filament-based process.

Definition: Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the intermediate filament cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising intermediate filaments and their associated proteins.

Name: intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising intermediate filaments and their associated proteins.

Name: intermediate filament organization.

Definition: Control of the spatial distribution of intermediate filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking.

Name: intermediate filament bundle assembly.

Definition: The formation of the bundles of intermediate filaments. Intermediate filament-associated proteins (IFAPs) cross-link intermediate filaments with one another, forming a bundle or a network, and with other cell structures, including the plasma membrane. The organization of intermediate filaments and their supportive function in various cells types depends in large part on their linkage to other cell structures via IFAPs.

Name: intermediate filament cytoskeleton.

Definition: Cytoskeletal structure made from intermediate filaments, typically organized in the cytosol as an extended system that stretches from the nuclear envelope to the plasma membrane. Some intermediate filaments run parallel to the cell surface, while others traverse the cytosol; together they form an internal framework that helps support the shape and resilience of the cell.

Name: integrin biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins, a large family of transmembrane proteins that act as receptors for cell-adhesion molecules.

Name: regulation of integrin biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins.

Name: protein neddylation.

Definition: Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 (RUB1) to another protein.

Name: azole transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of azoles, heterocyclic compounds found in many biologically important substances, across a lipid bilayer, across a membrane.

Name: membrane raft.

Definition: Any of the small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions.

Name: cellular extravasation.

Definition: The migration of a leukocyte from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.

Name: regulation of bone resorption.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone tissue loss (resorption).

Name: bioactive lipid receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a bioactive lipid and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. A bioactive lipid is a lipid for which changes in lipid levels result in functional consequences in a variety of cellular processes.

Name: N-acetylglucosamine kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + ATP = N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Name: keratan sulfotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + keratan = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + keratan 6'-sulfate.

Name: meiotic chromosome segregation.

Definition: The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during M phase of the meiotic cell cycle.

Name: UDP phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP + H2O = UMP + phosphate.

Name: development of primary sexual characteristics.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. The primary sexual characteristics are the testes in males and the ovaries in females and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion.

Name: triplex DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a DNA triple helix. The formation of triple helical DNA has been evoked in several cellular processes including transcription, replication, and recombination.

Name: homologous chromosome segregation.

Definition: The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the first division of the meiotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner; this pairing off, referred to as synapsis, permits genetic recombination. One homolog (both sister chromatids) of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.

Name: meiotic sister chromatid segregation.

Definition: The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and randomly apportioned to two sets during the second division of the meiotic cell cycle.

Name: single-stranded DNA 5'-3' exodeoxyribonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of nucleotides (such as mononucleotides or dinucleotides) from a free 5' terminus of a single-stranded DNA molecule.

Name: myosin II binding.

Definition: Binding to a class II myosin, any member of the class of 'conventional' double-headed myosins that includes muscle myosin.

Name: neuronal ion channel clustering.

Definition: The process in which voltage-gated ion channels become localized to distinct subcellular domains in the neuron. Specific targeting, clustering, and maintenance of these channels in their respective domains are essential to achieve high conduction velocities of action potential propagation.

Name: clustering of voltage-gated sodium channels.

Definition: The process in which voltage-gated sodium channels become localized together in high densities. In animals, nodes of Ranvier differ dramatically from internodal axonal regions in very high densities of voltage-dependent sodium (Nav) channels responsible for the rapid, inward ionic currents that produce membrane depolarization.

Name: clustering of voltage-gated potassium channels.

Definition: The process in which voltage-gated potassium channels become localized together in high densities. In animals, voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels are clustered beneath the myelin sheath in regions immediately adjacent to paranodes, called juxtaparanodes, and along the inner mesaxon within the internode.

Name: cell fate commitment.

Definition: The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.

Name: cell-cell signaling involved in cell fate commitment.

Definition: Signaling at long or short range between cells that results in the commitment of a cell to a certain fate.

Name: intercellular bridge.

Definition: A direct connection between the cytoplasm of two cells that is formed following the completion of cleavage furrow ingression during cell division. They are usually present only briefly prior to completion of cytokinesis. However, in some cases, such as the bridges between germ cells during their development, they become stabilised.

Name: glutathione dehydrogenase (ascorbate) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: dehydroascorbate + 2 glutathione = L-ascorbate + glutathione disulfide.

Name: apical protein localization.

Definition: Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, apical regions of the cell.

Name: apical part of cell.

Definition: The region of a polarized cell that forms a tip or is distal to a base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the apical region has an exposed surface and lies opposite to the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue.

Name: basal part of cell.

Definition: The region of a cell situated near the base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the basal surface rests on the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue.

Name: apical cortex.

Definition: The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the apical edge of a cell.

Name: basal cortex.

Definition: The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the basal edge of a cell.

Name: translation regulator activity.

Definition: Any molecular function involved in the initiation, activation, perpetuation, repression or termination of polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.

Name: establishment of protein localization.

Definition: The directed movement of a protein to a specific location.

Name: maintenance of protein location.

Definition: Any process in which a protein is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration, stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that do move away.

Name: regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sleep; a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals.

Name: regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-rapid eye movement sleep.

Name: isotype switching.

Definition: The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of other isotypes of immunoglobulin, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion involving switch regions that reside 5' of each constant region gene segment in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.

Name: regulation of isotype switching.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching.

Name: establishment or maintenance of neuroblast polarity.

Definition: Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system.

Name: establishment or maintenance of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity.

Definition: Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.

Name: establishment of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity.

Definition: The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.

Name: maintenance of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity.

Definition: The maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.

Name: establishment of neuroblast polarity.

Definition: The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system.

Name: synapse.

Definition: The junction between an axon of one neuron and a dendrite of another neuron, a muscle fiber or a glial cell. As the axon approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic terminal bouton, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the terminal bouton is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic terminal bouton secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.

Name: MAPK export from nucleus.

Definition: The directed movement of a MAP kinase from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

Name: postsynaptic membrane.

Definition: A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.

Name: sarcomere organization.

Definition: The myofibril assembly process that results in the organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.

Name: cell-cell junction organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell-cell junction. A cell-cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells.

Name: cell-cell junction maintenance.

Definition: The maintenance of junctions between cells.

Name: zonula adherens maintenance.

Definition: Maintaining the zonula adherens junction, the cell-cell adherens junction formed near the apex of epithelial cells.

Name: regulation of CD4 production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4.

Name: negative regulation of CD4 production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4.

Name: external encapsulating structure organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of external structures that lie outside the plasma membrane and surround the entire cell.

Name: CXCR chemokine receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a chemokine receptor in the CXCR family.

Name: CXCR1 chemokine receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a CXCR1 chemokine receptor.

Name: tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme complex.

Definition: Any of the heteromeric enzymes that act in the TCA cycle.

Name: dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase complex.

Definition: A protein complex that possesses alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity.

Name: isocitrate dehydrogenase complex (NAD+).

Definition: Complex that possesses isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity.

Name: succinate-CoA ligase complex (GDP-forming).

Definition: A heterodimeric enzyme complex, usually composed of an alpha and beta chain. Functions in the TCA cycle, hydrolyzing succinyl-CoA into succinate and CoA, thereby forming GTP.

Name: electron transfer flavoprotein complex.

Definition: A protein complex facilitating the electron transfer from an acyl-CoA molecule to ubiquinone via its flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor. Usually contains an alpha and a beta subunit and the structural cofactor adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Part of a system that oxidizes an acyl-CoA molecule and reduces ubiquinone and other acceptors in the electron transport system.

Name: oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex.

Definition: A complex of multiple copies of three enzymatic components: oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase (E2) and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3); catalyzes the overall conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to succinyl-CoA and carbon dioxide (CO2).

Name: pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

Definition: Complex that carries out the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA; comprises subunits possessing three catalytic activities: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3).

Name: proton-transporting ATP synthase complex.

Definition: A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex that catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP during oxidative phosphorylation. The complex comprises a membrane sector (F0) that carries out proton transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (F1) that catalyzes ATP synthesis by a rotational mechanism; the extramembrane sector (containing 3 a and 3 b subunits) is connected via the d-subunit to the membrane sector by several smaller subunits. Within this complex, the g and e subunits and the 9-12 c subunits rotate by consecutive 120 degree angles and perform parts of ATP synthesis. This movement is driven by the hydrogen ion electrochemical potential gradient.

Name: proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, catalytic core F(1).

Definition: The sector of a hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase complex in which the catalytic activity resides; it comprises the catalytic core and central stalk, and is peripherally associated with a membrane, such as the plasma membrane or the mitochondrial inner membrane, when the entire ATP synthase is assembled.

Name: respiratory chain complex I.

Definition: Respiratory chain complex I is an enzyme of the respiratory chain. It consists of several polypeptide chains and is L-shaped, with a horizontal arm lying in the membrane and a vertical arm that projects into the matrix. The electrons of NADH enter the chain at this complex.

Name: respiratory chain complex III.

Definition: A protein complex that transfers electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c and translocates two protons across a membrane. The complex contains a core structure of three catalytic subunits: cytochrome b, the Rieske iron sulfur protein (ISP), and cytochrome c1, which are arranged in an integral membrane-bound dimeric complex; additional subunits are present, and vary among different species.

Name: respiratory chain complex IV.

Definition: A part of the respiratory chain, containing the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2).

Name: mRNA cis splicing, via spliceosome.

Definition: The joining together, after removal of an intervening sequence composed of one or more introns, of two segments of the same RNA molecule via spliceosomal catalysis to produce an mRNA composed only of exon sequences that all came from the same primary transcript.

Name: mRNA editing complex.

Definition: A protein complex that posttranscriptionally catalyzes insertion, deletion or substitution of nucleotides at multiple sites within nascent mRNA transcripts to produce mature mRNAs in eukaryotes.

Name: alpha-catenin binding.

Definition: Binding to catenin complex alpha subunit.

Name: gamma-catenin binding.

Definition: Binding to catenin complex gamma subunit.

Name: cadherin binding.

Definition: Binding to cadherin, a type I membrane protein involved in cell adhesion.

Name: tubulin complex.

Definition: A heterodimer of tubulins alpha and beta that constitutes the protomer for microtubule assembly.

Name: protein phosphorylated amino acid binding.

Definition: Binding to a phosphorylated amino acid residue within a protein.

Name: leukocyte activation.

Definition: A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.

Name: unmethylated CpG binding.

Definition: Binding to uan nmethylated CpG motif. Unmethylated CpG dinucleotides are often associated with gene promoters.

Name: late endosome to vacuole transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances from late endosomes to the vacuole. In yeast, after transport to the prevacuolar compartment, endocytic content is delivered to the late endosome and on to the vacuole. This pathway is analogous to endosome to lysosome transport.

Name: carnitine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Name: phospholipid translocation.

Definition: The movement of a phospholipid molecule from one leaflet of a membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet.

Name: cellular respiration.

Definition: The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration).

Name: clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle.

Definition: A clathrin-coated, membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance.

Name: phagocytic vesicle.

Definition: A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle that arises from the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis.

Name: farnesyl diphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving farnesyl diphosphate, an intermediate in carotenoid, sesquiterpene, squalene and sterol biosynthesis, as well as a substrate in protein farnesylation.

Name: farnesyl diphosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of farnesyl diphosphate.

Name: mercury ion binding.

Definition: Binding to a mercury ion (Hg).

Name: regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class I.

Name: negative regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class I.

Name: positive regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class I.

Name: regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class II.

Name: negative regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class II.

Name: positive regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class II.

Name: interleukin-1 type I receptor antagonist activity.

Definition: Blocks the binding of interleukin-1 to interleukin-1 type I receptors.

Name: interleukin-1 type II receptor antagonist activity.

Definition: Blocks the binding of interleukin-1 to interleukin-1 type II receptors.

Name: regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide.

Name: positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide.

Name: fat cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat.

Name: myoblast differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into striated muscle fibers.

Name: endothelial cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a mesodermal, bone marrow or neural crest cell acquires specialized features of an endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell. A layer of such cells lines the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium.

Name: bone resorption.

Definition: The process in which specialized cells known as osteoclasts degrade the organic and inorganic portions of bone, and endocytose and transport the degradation products.

Name: cell redox homeostasis.

Definition: Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell.

Name: response to ethanol.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus.

Name: response to ether.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ether stimulus.

Name: photoreceptor cell maintenance.

Definition: Any process preventing the degeneration of the photoreceptor, a specialized cell type that is sensitive to light.

Name: chemorepellent activity.

Definition: Providing the environmental signal that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of that signal.

Name: dynein light chain binding.

Definition: Binding to a light chain of the dynein complex.

Name: dynein heavy chain binding.

Definition: Binding to a heavy chain of the dynein complex.

Name: dynein intermediate chain binding.

Definition: Binding to an intermediate chain of the dynein complex.

Name: interleukin-27 binding.

Definition: Binding to interleukin-27.

Name: interleukin-18 receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an interleukin-18 receptor.

Name: interleukin-23 receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an interleukin-23 receptor.

Name: regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol.

Name: negative regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol.

Name: positive regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol.

Name: syndecan binding.

Definition: Binding to syndecan, an integral membrane proteoglycan (250-300 kDa) associated largely with epithelial cells.

Name: dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the condensation of isopentenyl diphosphate and farnesyl diphosphate in the cis-configuration to form dehydrodolichyl diphosphate.

Name: geranylgeranyl reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the formation of phytyl group from the stepwise reduction of a geranylgeranyl group.

Name: basophil activation.

Definition: The change in morphology and behavior of a basophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the basophil has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors.

Name: mast cell activation.

Definition: The change in morphology and behavior of a mast cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the mast cell has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors.

Name: regulation of B cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of B cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of B cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of T cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of T cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of T cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytotoxic T cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytotoxic T cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytotoxic T cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of regulatory T cells.

Name: negative regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of differentiation of regulatory T cells.

Name: positive regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of regulatory T cells.

Name: regulation of cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features.

Name: negative regulation of cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of fat cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of fat cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of fat cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.

Name: regulation of endothelial cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of endothelial cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of endothelial cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of epidermal cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of epidermal cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of epidermal cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of keratinocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of keratinocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of keratinocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte differentiation.

Name: regulation of lymphocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of lymphocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of lymphocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation.

Name: regulation of T-helper cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of T-helper cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of T-helper cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of myeloid cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of myeloid cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of myeloid cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of erythrocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of erythrocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.

Name: regulation of macrophage differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of macrophage differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of macrophage differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation.

Name: regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.

Name: regulation of monocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of monocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of monocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation.

Name: regulation of myoblast differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.

Name: negative regulation of myoblast differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.

Name: positive regulation of myoblast differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.

Name: regulation of neuron differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of neuron differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of neuron differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.

Name: regulation of osteoblast differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of osteoblast differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of osteoblast differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.

Name: regulation of osteoclast differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of osteoclast differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of osteoclast differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.

Name: regulation of epidermis development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development.

Name: negative regulation of epidermis development.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development.

Name: positive regulation of epidermis development.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development.

Name: regulation of glial cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of glial cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of glial cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.

Name: ketoreductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reduction of a ketone group to form the corresponding alcohol.

Name: negative regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids.

Name: negative regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen.

Name: negative regulation of integrin biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins.

Name: negative regulation of gluconeogenesis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis.

Name: positive regulation of gluconeogenesis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis.

Name: positive regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids.

Name: positive regulation of cilium assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a cilium.

Name: positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen.

Name: positive regulation of integrin biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins.

Name: positive regulation of translation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.

Name: respiratory burst after phagocytosis.

Definition: A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases, that occurs in neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages shortly after phagocytosing material. An enhanced uptake of oxygen leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals, which play a part in microbiocidal activity.

Name: respiratory burst.

Definition: A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.

Name: positive regulation of protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.

Name: negative regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Name: positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity.

Name: negative regulation of DNA repair.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA repair.

Name: positive regulation of DNA repair.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA repair.

Name: positive regulation of DNA replication.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.

Name: positive regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity.

Name: positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.

Name: positive regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.

Name: negative regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway activity.

Name: negative regulation of Notch signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of Notch signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of Toll signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Tl signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of action potential.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.

Name: positive regulation of action potential.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.

Name: regulation of adenylate cyclase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity.

Name: positive regulation of adenylate cyclase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity.

Name: negative regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acid.

Name: positive regulation of amino acid metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acid.

Name: regulation of angiogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.

Name: positive regulation of angiogenesis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis.

Name: positive regulation of axon extension.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension.

Name: negative regulation of blood pressure.

Definition: Any process in which the force of blood traveling through the circulatory system is decreased.

Name: positive regulation of blood pressure.

Definition: Any process in which the force of blood traveling through the circulatory system is increased.

Name: positive regulation of ossification.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.

Name: negative regulation of bone resorption.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption.

Name: positive regulation of bone resorption.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption.

Name: positive regulation of cell adhesion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion.

Name: negative regulation of cell cycle.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.

Name: positive regulation of cell cycle.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.

Name: negative regulation of cell size.

Definition: Any process that reduces cell size.

Name: positive regulation of cell size.

Definition: Any process that increases cell size.

Name: negative regulation of cell volume.

Definition: Any process that decreases cell volume.

Name: negative regulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of uptake of cholesterol into the blood by absorption from the intestine.

Name: negative regulation of endocytosis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.

Name: positive regulation of endocytosis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.

Name: negative regulation of gene expression, epigenetic.

Definition: An epigenetic process that silences gene expression at specific genomic regions through chromatin remodelling either by modifying higher order chromatin fiber structure, nucleosomal histones, or the DNA.

Name: transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodeling.

Definition: A chromatin remodeling process that capacitates gene expression by either modifying the chromatin fiber, the nucleosomal histones, or the DNA.

Name: negative regulation of glycogen catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen.

Name: negative regulation of glycolytic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis.

Name: positive regulation of glycolytic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis.

Name: negative regulation of heart contraction.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction.

Name: positive regulation of heart contraction.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction.

Name: negative regulation of innate immune response.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response.

Name: negative regulation of isoprenoid metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoid.

Name: positive regulation of isotype switching.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching.

Name: negative regulation of lipid metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.

Name: positive regulation of lipid metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.

Name: negative regulation of meiotic nuclear division.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis.

Name: positive regulation of meiotic nuclear division.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis.

Name: negative regulation of membrane potential.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.

Name: positive regulation of membrane potential.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.

Name: negative regulation of mitotic nuclear division.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mitosis. Mitosis is the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother.

Name: positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis.

Name: negative regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin.

Name: positive regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin.

Name: negative regulation of striated muscle tissue development.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development.

Name: positive regulation of striated muscle tissue development.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development.

Name: pH reduction.

Definition: Any process that reduces the internal pH of an organism, part of an organism or a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.

Name: regulation of protein kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.

Name: positive regulation of protein kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.

Name: negative regulation of proteolysis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.

Name: positive regulation of proteolysis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.

Name: negative regulation of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate.

Name: positive regulation of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retroviral genome replication.

Name: negative regulation of sister chromatid cohesion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid cohesion.

Name: positive regulation of sister chromatid cohesion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid cohesion.

Name: negative regulation of smoothened signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling.

Name: positive regulation of smoothened signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling.

Name: negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.

Name: positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.

Name: regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly.

Name: positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly.

Name: negative regulation of translational elongation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational elongation.

Name: positive regulation of translational elongation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational elongation.

Name: positive regulation of translational termination.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination.

Name: negative regulation of vasoconstriction.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasoconstriction.

Name: positive regulation of vasoconstriction.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasoconstriction.

Name: negative regulation of DNA recombination.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination.

Name: positive regulation of DNA recombination.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination.

Name: negative regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate.

Name: positive regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate.

Name: positive regulation of catecholamine metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamine.

Name: negative regulation of complement activation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation.

Name: positive regulation of complement activation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation.

Name: negative regulation of exocytosis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.

Name: positive regulation of exocytosis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.

Name: negative regulation of fatty acid metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids.

Name: positive regulation of fatty acid metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids.

Name: negative regulation of growth.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism.

Name: positive regulation of growth.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism.

Name: negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.

Name: positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.

Name: negative regulation of muscle contraction.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction.

Name: positive regulation of muscle contraction.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction.

Name: negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process.

Definition: Any cellular process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.

Name: positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process.

Definition: Any cellular process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.

Name: negative regulation of phosphate metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.

Name: positive regulation of phosphate metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.

Name: positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the duration or quality of sleep, a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals.

Name: negative regulation of steroid metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.

Name: positive regulation of steroid metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.

Name: positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase I.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase I.

Name: positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Name: positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase III.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase III.

Name: negative regulation of translational initiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.

Name: positive regulation of translational initiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.

Name: negative regulation of mitotic recombination.

Definition: Any process that inhibits or decreases the rate of DNA recombination during mitosis.

Name: negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of natural killer mediated cytotoxicity.

Name: positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.

Name: negative regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.

Name: positive regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.

Name: negative regulation of complement activation, alternative pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the alternative pathway.

Name: negative regulation of complement activation, classical pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the classical pathway.

Name: positive regulation of dopamine metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine.

Name: negative regulation of growth rate.

Definition: Any process that reduces the rate of growth of all or part of an organism.

Name: negative regulation of nucleotide metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides.

Name: positive regulation of nucleotide metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides.

Name: negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.

Name: positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.

Name: negative regulation of striated muscle contraction.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.

Name: positive regulation of striated muscle contraction.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.

Name: carbon catabolite regulation of transcription.

Definition: A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one carbon source leads to the modulation of the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources.

Name: carbon catabolite activation of transcription.

Definition: A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one carbon source leads to an increase in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources.

Name: regulation of embryonic development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.

Name: regulation of activated T cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation.

Name: negative regulation of activated T cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the duration or quality of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.

Name: regulation of transcription by glucose.

Definition: Any process involving glucose that modulates the frequency, rate or extent or transcription.

Name: positive regulation of transcription by glucose.

Definition: Any process involving glucose that activates or increases the rate of transcription.

Name: inositol trisphosphate phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol trisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol bisphosphate + phosphate.

Name: ADP metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate.

Name: AMP metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving AMP, adenosine monophosphate.

Name: ATP metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving ATP, adenosine triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.

Name: CTP metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving CTP, cytidine triphosphate.

Name: GMP metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving GMP, guanosine monophosphate.

Name: GMP catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of GMP, guanosine monophosphate.

Name: GTP metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving GTP, guanosine triphosphate.

Name: IMP metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving IMP, inosine monophosphate.

Name: ITP metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving ITP, inosine triphosphate.

Name: UDP metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP, uridine (5'-)diphosphate.

Name: UMP metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving UMP, uridine monophosphate.

Name: UTP metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate.

Name: UTP catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate.

Name: dAMP metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving dAMP, deoxyadenosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate).

Name: dGMP metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving dGMP, deoxyguanosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate).

Name: dGMP catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dGMP, deoxyguanosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate).

Name: dADP metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving dADP, deoxyadenosine diphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate).

Name: dADP catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dADP, deoxyadenosine diphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate).

Name: cAMP metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).

Name: dAMP catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dAMP, deoxyadenosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate).

Name: dATP metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate).

Name: dATP catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate).

Name: dCMP metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving dCMP, deoxycytidine monophosphate.

Name: dCTP metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving dCTP, deoxycytidine triphosphate.

Name: dGDP metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving dGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate, (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-diphosphate).

Name: dGDP catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate, (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-diphosphate).

Name: cGMP metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.

Name: cGMP catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.

Name: dGTP metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving dGTP, guanosine triphosphate.

Name: dTDP metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving dTDP, deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate.

Name: dTMP metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving dTMP, deoxyribosylthymine monophosphate (2'-deoxyribosylthymine 5'-phosphate).

Name: adenosine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving adenosine, adenine riboside, a ribonucleoside found widely distributed in cells of every type as the free nucleoside and in combination in nucleic acids and various nucleoside coenzymes.

Name: cytidine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving cytidine, cytosine riboside, a widely distributed nucleoside.

Name: deoxyadenosine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving deoxyadenosine, 2-deoxyribosyladenine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.

Name: deoxyinosine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving deoxyinosine, hypoxanthine deoxyriboside.

Name: guanine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, a purine that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of a number of phosphorylated guanosine derivatives whose metabolic or regulatory functions are important.

Name: guanine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, a purine that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of a number of phosphorylated guanosine derivatives whose metabolic or regulatory functions are important.

Name: hypoxanthine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, an intermediate in the degradation of adenylate. Its ribonucleoside is known as inosine and its ribonucleotide as inosinate.

Name: hypoxanthine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, an intermediate in the degradation of adenylate. Its ribonucleoside is known as inosine and its ribonucleotide as inosinate.

Name: inosine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving inosine, hypoxanthine riboside, a nucleoside found free but not in combination in nucleic acids except in the anticodons of some tRNAs.

Name: inosine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inosine, hypoxanthine riboside, a nucleoside found free but not in combination in nucleic acids except in the anticodons of some tRNAs.

Name: thymidine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving thymidine, deoxyribosylthymine thymine 2-deoxyriboside, a deoxynucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in deoxynucleotides and deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA.

Name: thymidine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thymidine, deoxyribosylthymine thymine 2-deoxyriboside, a deoxynucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in deoxynucleotides and deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA.

Name: uridine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving uridine, uracil riboside, a ribonucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids.

Name: xanthine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving xanthine, 2,6-dihydroxypurine, a purine formed in the metabolic breakdown of guanine but not present in nucleic acids.

Name: nucleobase biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid.

Name: nucleobase catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid.

Name: deoxyribonucleoside biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

Name: deoxyribonucleoside catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

Name: purine deoxyribonucleoside metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

Name: purine deoxyribonucleoside catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

Name: pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

Name: pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

Name: pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

Name: purine ribonucleoside metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.

Name: purine ribonucleoside biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any purine ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.

Name: purine ribonucleoside catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any purine ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.

Name: pyrimidine ribonucleoside metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.

Name: pyrimidine ribonucleoside catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which a pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.

Name: pyrimidine nucleoside biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

Name: pyrimidine nucleoside catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).

Name: positive regulation of vitamin metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.

Name: negative regulation of vitamin metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.

Name: tetrahydrobiopterin metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrahydrobiopterin, the reduced form of biopterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pteridine). It functions as a hydroxylation coenzyme, e.g. in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine.

Name: pigment biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.

Name: pigment catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.

Name: heme a metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving heme a, a derivative of heme found in cytochrome aa3.

Name: alcohol catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.

Name: alcohol biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.

Name: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, an important intermediate in glycolysis.

Name: glycerol-3-phosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerol-3-phosphate, a phosphoric monoester of glycerol.

Name: polyol biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polyol, any alcohol containing three or more hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms.

Name: polyol catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a polyol, any alcohol containing three or more hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms.

Name: aldehyde biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O.

Name: aldehyde catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O.

Name: phenol-containing compound biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.

Name: spermidine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane.

Name: nor-spermidine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving nor-spermidine, a compound related to spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane.

Name: spermine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of spermine, a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses and involved in nucleic acid packaging.

Name: nitric oxide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water.

Name: aflatoxin metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving aflatoxin, a fungal metabolite found as a contaminant in moldy grains that induces liver cancer. Aflatoxin induces a G to T transversion at codon 249 of p53, leading to its inactivation. Aflatoxin is converted to a chemical carcinogen by P450.

Name: coumarin catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of coumarins, compounds derived from the phenylacrylic skeleton of cinnamic acids.

Name: terpene catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of terpenes, any of a large group of hydrocarbons made up of isoprene units.

Name: phenylpropanoid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic derivatives of trans-cinnamic acid.

Name: stilbene catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of stilbenes, a class of polyketide compounds formed from cinnamic acid and three molecules of malonyl CoA.

Name: flavonoid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of flavonoids, a group of phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton.

Name: formaldehyde metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving formaldehyde (methanal, H2C=O), a colorless liquid or gas with a pungent odor, commonly used as a fixative or an antibacterial agent.

Name: formaldehyde biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of formaldehyde (methanal, H2C=O), the simplest aldehyde.

Name: glycolate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycolate, the anion of hydroxyethanoic acid (glycolic acid).

Name: glycolate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycolate, the anion of hydroxyethanoic acid (glycolic acid).

Name: alkanesulfonate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alkanesulfonates, the anion of alkanesulfonic acids, sulfonic acid derivatives containing an aliphatic hydrocarbon group.

Name: regulation of fatty acid oxidation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid oxidation.

Name: positive regulation of fatty acid oxidation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid oxidation.

Name: negative regulation of fatty acid oxidation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid oxidation.

Name: glucose import.

Definition: The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle.

Name: regulation of glucose import.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle.

Name: negative regulation of glucose import.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle.

Name: positive regulation of glucose import.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle.

Name: regulation of JNK cascade.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade.

Name: negative regulation of JNK cascade.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade.

Name: positive regulation of JNK cascade.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade.

Name: lateral inhibition.

Definition: Signaling between cells of equivalent developmental potential that results in these cells adopting different developmental fates. An example is the suppression by cells with a particular fate of the adoption of the same fate by surrounding cells.

Name: SMAD binding.

Definition: Binding to a SMAD signaling protein.

Name: phosphatidylethanolamine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine. It is a major structural phospholipid in mammalian systems. It tends to be more abundant than phosphatidylcholine in the internal membranes of the cell and is an abundant component of prokaryotic membranes.

Name: phosphatidylethanolamine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine.

Name: diacylglycerol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving diacylglycerol, a glyceride in which any two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group.

Name: diacylglycerol catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of diacylglycerol, a glyceride in which any two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group.

Name: CDP-diacylglycerol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving CDP-diacylglycerol, CDP-1,2-diacylglycerol, a substance composed of diacylglycerol in glycosidic linkage with cytidine diphosphate. It is a common intermediate in phospholipid biosynthesis.

Name: amino sugar catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.

Name: amino sugar biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.

Name: disaccharide catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of disaccharides, sugars composed of two monosaccharide units.

Name: acetyl-CoA catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated.

Name: monosaccharide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monosaccharides, polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms.

Name: monosaccharide catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monosaccharides, polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms.

Name: GDP-L-fucose metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving GDP-L-fucose, a substance composed of L-fucose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.

Name: fructose biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose.

Name: N-acetylneuraminate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-acetylneuraminate, the anion of 5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-3-ulosonic acid.

Name: deoxyribose phosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of deoxyribose phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 2-deoxy-erythro-pentose.

Name: deoxyribose phosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyribose phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 2-deoxy-erythro-pentose.

Name: ribose phosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ribose phosphate, any phosphorylated ribose sugar.

Name: carboxylic acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups.

Name: carboxylic acid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups.

Name: UDP-glucuronate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-glucuronate, a substance composed of glucuronic acid in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.

Name: polynucleotide 3'-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphopolynucleotide + H2O = a polynucleotide + phosphate. Hydrolyzes the free 3'-phosphate resulting from single strand breaks in DNA due to oxidative damage.

Name: polydeoxyribonucleotide 5'-hydroxyl-kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 5'-dephospho-DNA = ADP + 5'-phospho-DNA.

Name: urate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving urate, the anion of uric acid, 2,6,8-trioxypurine, the end product of purine metabolism in certain mammals and the main excretory product in uricotelic animals.

Name: D-amino acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-amino acids, the D-enantiomers of amino acids.

Name: regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor signaling via JAK-STAT.

Name: negative regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT.

Name: positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway activity.

Name: organophosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organophosphates, any phosphate-containing organic compound.

Name: D-alanine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-alanine, the D-enantiomer of the amino acid alanine, i.e. (2R)-2-aminopropanoic acid.

Name: D-amino acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-amino acids, the D-enantiomers of amino acids.

Name: L-cysteine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-cysteine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid, i.e. (2R)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.

Name: L-lysine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-lysine, the L-enantiomer of (S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.

Name: creatinine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving creatinine, 2-amino-1,5-dihydro-1-methyl-4H-imidazol-4-one, an end product of creatine metabolism and a normal constituent of urine.

Name: dihydrofolate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving dihydrofolate, the dihydroxylated derivative of folate.

Name: icosanoid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Name: prostanoid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostanoids, any compound based on or derived from the prostanoate structure.

Name: hexadecanal metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving hexadecanal, the C16 straight chain aldehyde.

Name: short-chain fatty acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids with a chain length of less than C6.

Name: neutral lipid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity.

Name: neutral lipid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity.

Name: monoacylglycerol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving monoacylglycerol, any ester of glycerol in which any one of its hydroxyl groups has been acylated with a fatty acid, the other being non-esterified.

Name: acylglycerol biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acylglycerol, any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids.

Name: acylglycerol catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acylglycerol, any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids.

Name: dolichyl diphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving dolichyl diphosphate, a diphosphorylated dolichol derivative. In eukaryotes, these function as carriers of mono- and oligosaccharide residues in the glycosylation of lipids and proteins within intracellular membranes.

Name: membrane lipid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane.

Name: membrane lipid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane.

Name: platelet activating factor metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving platelet activating factor, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine, where alkyl = hexadecyl or octadecyl. Platelet activating factor is an inflammatory mediator released from a variety of cells in response to various stimuli.

Name: phosphatidylcholine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline. They are important constituents of cell membranes.

Name: phosphatidylglycerol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylglycerols, any of a class of phospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of glycerol. They are important constituents of cell membranes.

Name: phosphatidic acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidic acid, any derivative of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids.

Name: glycerophospholipid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue.

Name: glycerophospholipid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue.

Name: glycosylceramide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group.

Name: glycosylceramide catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group.

Name: lactosylceramide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta-(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group. They are the precursors of both gangliosides and globosides.

Name: glycosphingolipid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.

Name: heterocycle metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings).

Name: ether lipid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving ether lipids, lipids that contain (normally) one lipid alcohol in ether linkage to one of the carbon atoms (normally C-1) of glycerol.

Name: glycerolipid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerolipids, any lipid with a glycerol backbone. Diacylglycerol and phosphatidate are key lipid intermediates of glycerolipid biosynthesis.

Name: glyoxylate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glyoxylate, the anion of glyoxylic acid, HOC-COOH.

Name: phosphatidylinositol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which a sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.

Name: isopentenyl diphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving isopentenyl diphosphate, an isomer of dimethylallyl diphosphate and the key precursor of all isoprenoids.

Name: L-methylmalonyl-CoA metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-methylmalonyl-CoA, the L-enantiomer of 2-carboxypropanoyl-CoA. S-methylmalonyl-CoA is an intermediate in the beta oxidation of odd-numbered fatty acids in animals.

Name: nicotinamide riboside metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide riboside, the product of the formation of a glycosidic bond between ribose and nicotinamide.

Name: nicotinamide nucleotide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide nucleotides, any nucleotide that contains combined nicotinamide.

Name: S-adenosylmethionine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving S-adenosylmethionine, S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism.

Name: protoporphyrinogen IX metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving protoporphyrinogen IX, the specific substrate for the enzyme ferrochelatase, which catalyzes the insertion of iron to form protoheme. It is probably also the substrate for chlorophyll formation.

Name: uroporphyrinogen III metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving uroporphyrinogen III, a precursor for synthesis of vitamin B12, chlorophyll, and heme in organisms that produce these compounds.

Name: glycerolipid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerolipids, any lipid with a glycerol backbone.

Name: glycerol ether biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerol ethers, any anhydride formed between two organic hydroxy compounds, one of which is glycerol.

Name: hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-sulfur bonds.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any carbon-sulfur bond, C-S.

Name: sphingosine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingosine (sphing-4-enine), trans-D-erytho-2-amino-octadec-4-ene-1,3-diol, a long chain amino diol sphingoid base that occurs in most sphingolipids in animal tissues.

Name: ceramide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid.

Name: ceramide catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ceramides, any N-acetylated sphingoid.

Name: sphingoid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingoids, any of a class of compounds comprising sphinganine and its homologues and stereoisomers, and derivatives of these compounds.

Name: sphingoid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingoids, any of a class of compounds comprising sphinganine and its homologues and stereoisomers, and derivatives of these compounds.

Name: xylosylprotein 4-beta-galactosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + O-beta-D-xylosylprotein = UDP + 4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein.

Name: glucosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a glucosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.

Name: photoreceptor cell differentiation.

Definition: The specialization of organization of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

Name: 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-dependent phosphoglycerate mutase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phospho-D-glycerate = 3-phospho-D-glycerate; this reaction requires the cofactor 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate.

Name: histamine N-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + histamine = N(tau)-methylhistamine + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.

Name: U4/U6 x U5 tri-snRNP complex.

Definition: A ribonucleoprotein complex that is formed by the association of the U4/U6 and U5 snRNPs.

Name: development of primary female sexual characteristics.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary female sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structure. The primary female sexual characteristics are the ovaries, and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion.

Name: development of primary male sexual characteristics.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary male sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. The primary male sexual characteristics are the testes, and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion.

Name: methylthioribulose 1-phosphate dehydratase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-methyl-5-thio-D-ribulose 1-phosphate = 5-(methylthio)-2,3-dioxopentyl phosphate + H2O.

Name: long-chain-alcohol oxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2 long-chain alcohol + O2 = 2 long-chain aldehyde + 2 H2O.

Name: regulation of Ras protein signal transduction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction.

Name: positive regulation of Ras protein signal transduction.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction.

Name: negative regulation of Ras protein signal transduction.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction.

Name: monoatomic cation efflux transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a cation or cations from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane.

Name: polyamine oxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the oxidative degradation or interconversion of polyamines.

Name: regulation of viral entry into host cell.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the viral entry into the host cell.

Name: negative regulation of viral entry into host cell.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the entry of viral entry into a host cell.

Name: positive regulation of viral entry into host cell.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of viral entry into the host cell.

Name: regulation of centriole replication.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a daughter centriole of an existing centriole.

Name: negative regulation of centriole replication.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of centriole replication.

Name: positive regulation of centriole replication.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of centriole replication.

Name: regulation of mitotic centrosome separation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the separation of duplicated centrosome components at the beginning of mitosis.

Name: negative regulation of mitotic centrosome separation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome separation.

Name: positive regulation of mitotic centrosome separation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome separation.

Name: regulation of centrosome cycle.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the centrosome cycle, the processes of centrosome duplication and separation.

Name: negative regulation of centrosome cycle.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the centrosome cycle.

Name: lysosomal proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex.

Definition: A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex found in the lysosomal membrane, where it acts as a proton pump to mediate acidification of the lysosomal lumen.

Name: xenobiotic export from cell.

Definition: The directed movement of a xenobiotic from a cell, into the extracellular region. A xenobiotic is a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.

Name: regulation of organ growth.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.

Name: negative regulation of organ growth.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.

Name: positive regulation of organ growth.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.

Name: sphingolipid floppase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the movement of a sphingolipid from the cytosolic to the exoplasmic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.

Name: sphingolipid transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the directed movement of sphingolipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Sphingolipids are a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).

Name: sphingolipid binding.

Definition: Binding to a sphingolipid, a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).

Name: regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling.

Name: negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling.

Name: positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling.

Name: gamma-delta T cell activation.

Definition: The change in morphology and behavior of a gamma-delta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.

Name: alpha-beta T cell activation.

Definition: The change in morphology and behavior of an alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.

Name: alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an alpha-beta T cell. An alpha-beta T cell is a T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor complex.

Name: regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation.

Name: positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation.

Name: negative regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation.

Name: regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell proliferation.

Name: negative regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell proliferation.

Name: regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell activation.

Name: positive regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell activation.

Name: lymphocyte activation.

Definition: A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.

Name: lymphocyte proliferation.

Definition: The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division.

Name: tetrahydrofolate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrahydrofolate, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid, a folate derivative bearing additional hydrogens on the pterin group.

Name: tetrahydrofolate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrofolate, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid, a folate derivative bearing additional hydrogens on the pterin group.

Name: folic acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines.

Name: folic acid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid.

Name: female sex differentiation.

Definition: The establishment of the sex of a female organism by physical differentiation.

Name: male sex differentiation.

Definition: The establishment of the sex of a male organism by physical differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of insulin secretion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.

Name: response to antibiotic.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antibiotic stimulus. An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms.

Name: response to organophosphorus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organophosphorus stimulus. Organophosphorus is a compound containing phosphorus bound to an organic molecule; several organophosphorus compounds are used as insecticides, and they are highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitors.

Name: response to arsenic-containing substance.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an arsenic stimulus from compounds containing arsenic, including arsenates, arsenites, and arsenides.

Name: response to cadmium ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cadmium (Cd) ion stimulus.

Name: response to copper ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a copper ion stimulus.

Name: response to mercury ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mercury ion stimulus.

Name: intracellular canaliculus.

Definition: An apical plasma membrane part that forms a narrow enfolded luminal membrane channel, lined with numerous microvilli, that appears to extend into the cytoplasm of the cell. A specialized network of intracellular canaliculi is a characteristic feature of parietal cells of the gastric mucosa in vertebrates.

Name: lipopolysaccharide receptor complex.

Definition: A multiprotein complex that consists of at least three proteins, CD14, TLR4, and MD-2, each of which is glycosylated and which functions as a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor that primes the innate immune response against bacterial pathogens.

Name: decidualization.

Definition: The cellular and vascular changes occurring in the endometrium of the pregnant uterus just after the onset of blastocyst implantation. This process involves the proliferation and differentiation of the fibroblast-like endometrial stromal cells into large, polyploid decidual cells that eventually form the maternal component of the placenta.

Name: heterocycle catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings).

Name: natural killer cell lectin-like receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a lectin-like natural killer cell receptor.

Name: GDP metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving GDP, guanosine 5'-diphosphate.

Name: GDP catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of GDP, guanosine 5'-diphosphate.

Name: borate transport.

Definition: The directed movement of borate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Borate is the anion (BO3)3-; boron is a group 13 element, with properties which are borderline between metals and non-metals.

Name: active borate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transport of borate across a membrane against the concentration gradient.

Name: muscle cell cellular homeostasis.

Definition: The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a muscle cell in a stable functional or structural state.

Name: acid secretion.

Definition: The controlled release of acid by a cell or a tissue.

Name: viral entry into host cell.

Definition: The process that occurs after viral attachment by which a virus, or viral nucleic acid, breaches the plasma membrane or cell envelope and enters the host cell. The process ends when the viral nucleic acid is released into the host cell cytoplasm.

Name: regulation by virus of viral protein levels in host cell.

Definition: Any virus-mediated process that modulates the levels of viral proteins in a cell.

Name: negative regulation by virus of viral protein levels in host cell.

Definition: Any process where the infecting virus reduces the levels of viral proteins in a cell.

Name: positive regulation by virus of viral protein levels in host cell.

Definition: Any process where the infecting virus increases the levels of viral proteins in a cell.

Name: viral capsid secondary envelopment.

Definition: The process in which a capsid acquires another membrane envelope, subsequent to acquiring an initial membrane envelope.

Name: non-lytic viral release.

Definition: The exit of a viral particle from a host cell that does not involve cell lysis.

Name: viral exocytosis.

Definition: The exit of a fully formed virion particles from the host cell by exocytosis via a host vesicle.

Name: viral budding.

Definition: A viral process by which enveloped viruses acquire a host-derived membrane enriched in viral proteins to form their external envelope. The process starts when nucleocapsids, assembled or in the process of being built, induce formation of a membrane curvature in the host plasma or organelle membrane and wrap up in the forming bud. The process ends when the bud is eventually pinched off by membrane scission to release the enveloped particle into the lumenal or extracellular space.

Name: viral budding from plasma membrane.

Definition: A viral budding that starts with formation of a curvature in the host plasma membrane around which the virion particle assembles.

Name: protein autophosphorylation.

Definition: The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on an identical protein (trans-autophosphorylation).

Name: regulation of viral transcription.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transcription of the viral genome.

Name: viral mRNA export from host cell nucleus.

Definition: The directed movement of intronless viral mRNA from the host nucleus to the cytoplasm for translation.

Name: microtubule polymerization.

Definition: The addition of tubulin heterodimers to one or both ends of a microtubule.

Name: virion binding.

Definition: Binding to a virion, either by binding to components of the capsid or the viral envelope.

Name: transport of virus.

Definition: The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, into, out of, or within a host cell.

Name: receptor-mediated virion attachment to host cell.

Definition: The process by which a virion attaches to a host cell by binding to a receptor on the host cell surface.

Name: coreceptor-mediated virion attachment to host cell.

Definition: The process by which a virion attaches to a host cell by binding to a co-receptor on the host cell surface.

Name: chemokine receptor antagonist activity.

Definition: Interacts with chemokine receptors to reduce the action of a chemokine.

Name: regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Name: negative regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.

Name: positive regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Name: regulation of protein export from nucleus.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

Name: negative regulation of protein export from nucleus.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

Name: positive regulation of protein export from nucleus.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of directed movement of proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

Name: regulation of RNA export from nucleus.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

Name: negative regulation of RNA export from nucleus.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of RNA from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

Name: positive regulation of RNA export from nucleus.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of directed movement of RNA from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

Name: lipid phosphorylation.

Definition: The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a lipid, any member of a group of substances soluble in lipid solvents but only sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents.

Name: carbohydrate phosphorylation.

Definition: The process of introducing a phosphate group into a carbohydrate, any organic compound based on the general formula Cx(H2O)y.

Name: glycolipid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of glycolipids, compounds containing (usually) 1-4 linked monosaccharide residues joined by a glycosyl linkage to a lipid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: phosphorylated carbohydrate dephosphorylation.

Definition: The process of removing a phosphate group from a phosphorylated carbohydrate, any organic compound based on the general formula Cx(H2O)y with a phosphate group attached to it.

Name: phospholipid dephosphorylation.

Definition: The process of removing one or more phosphate groups from a phosphorylated lipid, any member of a group of substances soluble in lipid solvents but only sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents.

Name: filopodium assembly.

Definition: The assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.

Name: hydroxyapatite binding.

Definition: Binding to hydroxyapatite, the calcium phosphate mineral of formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 found both in rocks of nonorganic origin and as a component of bone and dentin.

Name: bone remodeling.

Definition: The continuous turnover of bone matrix and mineral that involves first, an increase in resorption (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive bone formation (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium homeostasis. An imbalance in the regulation of bone resorption and bone formation results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as osteoporosis.

Name: regulation of bone remodeling.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone remodeling, the processes of bone formation and resorption that combine to maintain skeletal integrity.

Name: negative regulation of bone remodeling.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone remodeling.

Name: phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol phosphate.

Name: inositol phosphate dephosphorylation.

Definition: The process of removing a phosphate group from any mono- or polyphosphorylated inositol.

Name: phosphatidylinositol dephosphorylation.

Definition: The process of removing one or more phosphate groups from a phosphatidylinositol.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors, with NAD or NADP as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a nitrogenous group, excluding NH and NH2 groups, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.

Name: isoprenoid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of isoprenoids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Isoprenoids comprise a group of compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.

Name: terpenoid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of terpenoids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Terpenoids are a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure and include derivatives with various functional groups.

Name: cadmium ion binding.

Definition: Binding to a cadmium ion (Cd).

Name: metal ion binding.

Definition: Binding to a metal ion.

Name: metal ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of metal ions from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: quinolinate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving quinolinate, the anion of quinolinic acid, also known as 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid.

Name: ephrin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an ephrin receptor.

Name: regulation of saliva secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of saliva from a cell or a tissue.

Name: positive regulation of saliva secretion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of saliva.

Name: hormone secretion.

Definition: The regulated release of hormones, substances with a specific regulatory effect on a particular organ or group of cells.

Name: regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone.

Name: positive regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone.

Name: negative regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone.

Name: regulation of hormone secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell.

Name: follicle-stimulating hormone secretion.

Definition: The regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone, a gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary.

Name: regulation of hormone biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hormones.

Name: positive regulation of hormone biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hormones.

Name: positive regulation of hormone secretion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell.

Name: negative regulation of hormone secretion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell.

Name: positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.

Name: regulation of lipid biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.

Name: nucleoside triphosphate adenylate kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + AMP = nucleoside diphosphate + ADP.

Name: tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate, a folate derivative comprising tetrahydrofolate attached to a chain of glutamate residues.

Name: tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate, a folate derivative comprising tetrahydrofolate attached to a chain of glutamate residues.

Name: regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane.

Name: secretion.

Definition: The controlled release of a substance by a cell or a tissue.

Name: tetrapyrrole binding.

Definition: Binding to a tetrapyrrole, a compound containing four pyrrole nuclei variously substituted and linked to each other through carbons at the alpha position.

Name: intracellular transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances within a cell.

Name: metal chelating activity.

Definition: The formation of bonds from two or more atoms within the same ligand to a metal atom in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring.

Name: acyltransferase activity, acyl groups converted into alkyl on transfer.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor), with the acyl group being converted into alkyl on transfer.

Name: transition metal ion binding.

Definition: Binding to a transition metal ions; a transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.

Name: transition metal ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of transition metal ions from one side of a membrane to the other. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.

Name: cellular transition metal ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of transition metal ions at the level of a cell. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.

Name: alpha-(1->3)-fucosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an L-fucosyl group from GDP-beta-L-fucose to an acceptor molecule to form an alpha-(1->3) linkage.

Name: alpha-(1->6)-fucosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an L-fucosyl group from GDP-beta-L-fucose to an acceptor molecule to form an alpha-(1->6) linkage.

Name: peptide-O-fucosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an alpha-L-fucosyl residue from GDP- beta-L-fucose to the serine hydroxy group of a protein acceptor.

Name: ER retention sequence binding.

Definition: Binding to an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention sequence, a specific peptide sequence that ensures a protein is retained within the ER.

Name: regulation of neurotransmitter secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter from a cell.

Name: negative regulation of neurotransmitter secretion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.

Name: pore complex.

Definition: A protein complex providing a discrete opening in a membrane that allows the passage of gases and/or liquids.

Name: pore complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a pore complex. A pore complex is a small opening in a membrane that allows the passage of liquids and/or gases.

Name: proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism.

Definition: Enables the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate by the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other by a rotational mechanism driven by a gradient according to the reaction: ADP + H2O + phosphate + H+(in) -> ATP + H+(out).

Name: phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Name: 2'-deoxyadenosine deaminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-deoxyadenosine + H2O = deoxyinosine + NH3.

Name: nucleotide phosphorylation.

Definition: The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a nucleotide to produce a phosphorylated nucleoside.

Name: nucleoside monophosphate phosphorylation.

Definition: The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a nucleoside monophosphate to produce a polyphosphorylated nucleoside.

Name: carboxylic acid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of carboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).

Name: carboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of carboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).

Name: hydroxylysine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving hydroxylysine (5-hydroxy-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid), a chiral alpha-amino acid. Hydroxylysine is found in collagen and commonly has galactose and then glucose added sequentially by glycosyltransferases.

Name: hydroxylysine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydroxylysine (5-hydroxy-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid), a chiral alpha-amino acid.

Name: cellular ketone body metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving ketone bodies, any one of the three substances: acetoacetate, D-3-hydroxybutyrate (beta-hydroxybutyrate) or acetone, as carried out by individual cells. Although 3-hydroxybutyrate is not a ketone, it is classed as a ketone body because it exists in an equilibrium with acetoacetate. Ketone bodies may accumulate in excessive amounts in the body in starvation, diabetes mellitus or in other defects of carbohydrate metabolism.

Name: ketone body biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ketone bodies, any one of the three substances: acetoacetate, D-3-hydroxybutyrate (beta-hydroxybutyrate) or acetone. Biosynthesis involves the formation of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA, which is cleaved to acetate and acetyl-CoA.

Name: ketone body catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ketone bodies, any one of the three substances: acetoacetate, D-3-hydroxybutyrate (beta-hydroxybutyrate) or acetone. Ketone bodies can be used as an energy source as an alternative to glucose. Utilization of ketone bodies in peripheral tissues involves conversion of acetoacetate to acetoacetyl-CoA, which is then converted to two molecules of acetyl-CoA.

Name: proton-transporting ATPase activity, rotational mechanism.

Definition: Enables the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.

Name: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate transport.

Definition: The directed movement of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, a naturally occurring mixed anhydride synthesized from adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, a naturally occurring mixed anhydride synthesized from adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: nuclear retinoid X receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a nuclear retinoid X receptor.

Name: nuclear thyroid hormone receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a nuclear thyroid hormone receptor.

Name: cytosol to endoplasmic reticulum transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell.

Name: peptide antigen transport.

Definition: The directed movement of a peptide antigen into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from an endogenous or exogenous protein.

Name: NAD-dependent histone H3K9 deacetylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 9) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 9) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.

Name: NAD-dependent histone H4K16 deacetylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 16) + H2O = histone H4 L-lysine (position 16) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 16 of the histone H4 protein.

Name: histone H4K16 acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 L-lysine (position 16) = CoA + histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 16). This reaction represents the addition of an acetyl group to the lysine at position 16 of histone H4.

Name: histone H3K9 methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 9) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 9). This reaction is the addition of up to three methyl groups to the lysine residue at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.

Name: histone H3K36 methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 36) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 36). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the lysine residue at position 36 of the histone H3 protein.

Name: histone H3K27 methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 27) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 27). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the lysine residue at position 27 of the histone H3 protein.

Name: TAP binding.

Definition: Binding to TAP protein, transporter associated with antigen processing protein. TAP protein is a heterodimeric peptide transporter consisting of the subunits TAP1 and TAP2.

Name: TAP1 binding.

Definition: Binding to the TAP1 subunit of TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) protein.

Name: TAP2 binding.

Definition: Binding to the TAP2 subunit of TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) protein.

Name: protein heterodimerization activity.

Definition: Binding to a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer.

Name: protein dimerization activity.

Definition: The formation of a protein dimer, a macromolecular structure consists of two noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.

Name: regulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin.

Name: positive regulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on X-H and Y-H to form an X-Y bond.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which X-H and Y-H form X-Y.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors, flavin as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a flavin.

Name: 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA = NADH + H+ + 2-methylaceto-acetyl-CoA.

Name: 15-hydroxyprostaglandin-D dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9-alpha,15-dihydroxy-11-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate = NADPH + H+ + (5Z,13E)-9-alpha-hydroxy-11,15-dioxoprosta-5,13-dienoate.

Name: androsterone dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + androsterone = NAD(P)H + H+ + 5-alpha-androstane-3,17-dione.

Name: 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol + NADP+ = 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one + H+ + NADPH.

Name: testosterone dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: testosterone + NAD+ = androst-4-ene-3,17-dione + NADH.

Name: androsterone dehydrogenase (B-specific) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + androsterone = NAD(P)H + H+ + 5-alpha-androstane-3,17-dione. The reaction is B-specific (i.e. the pro-S hydrogen is transferred from the 4-position of reduced nicotinamide cofactor) with respect to NAD(P)+.

Name: androstan-3-alpha,17-beta-diol dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + androstan-3-alpha,17-beta-diol = 17-beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one + NADH + H+.

Name: testosterone 17-beta-dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + testosterone = NADPH + H+ + androst-4-ene-3,17-dione.

Name: vitamin-K-epoxide reductase (warfarin-sensitive) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: phylloquinol + a protein with a disulfide bond = phylloquinone + a protein with reduced L-cysteine residues.

Name: phospholipid-hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid + 2 glutathione = a hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid + glutathione disulfide + H2O.

Name: ketosteroid monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + NADPH + progesterone = H2O + NADP+ + testosterone acetate.

Name: 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + 4-trimethylammoniobutanal = NADH + 4-trimethylammoniobutanoate.

Name: trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol = NADPH + catechol.

Name: thiomorpholine-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + thiomorpholine-3-carboxylate = NAD(P)H + 3,4-dehydro-1,4-thiomorpholine-3-carboxylate.

Name: saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP+, L-lysine-forming) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-saccharopine + H2O + NADP+ = 2-oxoglutarate + L-lysine + H+ + NADPH.

Name: saccharopine dehydrogenase (NAD+, L-glutamate-forming) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-saccharopine + H2O + NAD+ = L-glutamate + allysine + H+ + NADH.

Name: protein-disulfide reductase (NAD(P)) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: protein-dithiol + NAD(P)+ = protein-disulfide + NAD(P)H + H+.

Name: betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-homocysteine + betaine = N,N-dimethylglycine + L-methionine.

Name: 1-alkenylglycerophosphoethanolamine O-acyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1-alkenylglycerophosphoethanolamine + acyl-CoA = 1-alkenyl-2-acyl-glycerophosphoethanolamine + CoA.

Name: phosphatidylcholine-retinol O-acyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: retinol-[cellular-retinol-binding-protein] + phosphatidylcholine = retinyl-ester-[cellular-retinol-binding-protein] + 2-acylglycerophosphocholine.

Name: platelet-activating factor acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1-radyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospholipid + 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = 1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + 1-radyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phospholipid.

Name: 1-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + acyl-CoA = phosphatidylcholine + CoA.

Name: N-acetylneuraminate 7-O(or 9-O)-acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylneuraminate + acetyl-CoA = N-acetyl-7-O(or 9-O)-acetylneuraminate + CoA.

Name: 2-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + acyl-CoA = 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA.

Name: 1-alkylglycerophosphocholine O-acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + acetyl-CoA = 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA.

Name: long-chain-alcohol O-fatty-acyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a long-chain-alcohol + acyl-CoA = a long-chain ester + CoA.

Name: cysteine-S-conjugate N-acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-substituted L-cysteine + acetyl-CoA = S-substituted N-acetyl-L-cysteine + CoA + H+.

Name: galactosylxylosylprotein 3-beta-galactosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein + UDP-galactose = 3-beta-D-galactosyl-4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein + UDP.

Name: beta-1,3-galactosyl-O-glycosyl-glycoprotein beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-galactosyl-1,3-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,6)-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-R + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,3-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,6)-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-R + UDP.

Name: glucuronylgalactosylproteoglycan 4-beta-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucuronyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosylproteoglycan + UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine = N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-1,4-beta-D-glucuronyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosylproteoglycan + UDP.

Name: glucuronosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-proteoglycan 4-beta-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucuronyl-N-acetyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosaminylproteoglycan + UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine = N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-1,4-beta-D-glucuronyl-N-acetyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosaminylproteoglycan + UDP.

Name: monosialoganglioside sialyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactosyl-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-D-galactosyl-D-glucosylceramide + CMP-N-acetylneuraminate = N-acetylneuraminyl-D-galactosyl-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-D-galactosyl-D-glucosylceramide + CMP.

Name: lactosylceramide alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: cytolipin-H + CMP-N-acetylneuraminate = alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide + CMP. Alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide is also known as GM3.

Name: kynurenine-glyoxylate transaminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = 4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate + glycine.

Name: inositol tetrakisphosphate 1-kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + ADP.

Name: fucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: beta-L-fucose 1-phosphate + GTP + H+ = diphosphate + GDP-beta-L-fucose.

Name: D-ribitol-5-phosphate cytidylyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribitol 5-phosphate + CTP = CDP-ribitol + diphosphate.

Name: adenylylsulfate-ammonia adenylyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 5'-adenylyl sulfate + NH4 = adenosine 5'-phosphoramidate + 2 H+ + sulfate.

Name: succinate-hydroxymethylglutarate CoA-transferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate + succinyl-CoA = 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA + succinate.

Name: acylglycerol lipase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + acylglycerol = a fatty acid + glycerol.

Name: dodecanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + dodecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = dodecanoate + [acyl-carrier protein].

Name: glycerophosphocholine cholinephosphodiesterase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H2O = choline phosphate + glycerol + H+.

Name: protein-glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine glucosidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + protein alpha-D-glucosyl-1,2-beta-D-galactosyl-L-hydroxylysine = protein beta-D-galactosyl-L-hydroxylysine + beta-D-glucose. The enzyme specifically hydrolyzes glucose from alpha-D-glucosyl- (1->2)-beta-D-galactosyl disaccharide units that are linked to hydroxylysine residues of collagen and collagen-like proteins.

Name: alkenylglycerophosphocholine hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + 1-(1-alkenyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = L-1-glycero-3-phosphocholine + an aldehyde.

Name: alkenylglycerophosphoethanolamine hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + 1-(1-alkenyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine = sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + an aldehyde.

Name: N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine deacylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine = ethanolamine + a fatty acid.

Name: nucleoside triphosphate diphosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a nucleoside triphosphate + H2O = a nucleotide + H+ + diphosphate.

Name: 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone aldolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone = acetaldehyde + 4-androstene-3,17-dione.

Name: ATP-dependent NAD(P)H-hydrate dehydratase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-6beta-hydroxy-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + ATP = ADP + 3 H+ + NADH + phosphate.

Name: heparosan-N-sulfate-glucuronate 5-epimerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: heparosan-N-sulfate D-glucuronate = heparosan-N-sulfate L-iduronate.

Name: regulation of response to osmotic stress.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the response to osmotic stress.

Name: protein N-terminus binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein N-terminus, the end of any peptide chain at which the 2-amino (or 2-imino) function of a constituent amino acid is not attached in peptide linkage to another amino-acid residue.

Name: ceramide cholinephosphotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-choline + ceramide = CMP + H+ + sphingomyelin.

Name: vesicle transport along microtubule.

Definition: The directed movement of a vesicle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of a vesicle to a microtubule, and ends when the vesicle reaches its final destination.

Name: mitochondrion transport along microtubule.

Definition: The directed movement of a mitochondrion along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins.

Name: calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate. This reaction requires Ca2+.

Name: calcium-independent phospholipase A2 activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate. This reaction does not require Ca2+.

Name: 15-oxoprostaglandin 13-oxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (5Z)-(15S)-11-alpha-hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprostanoate + NAD(P)+ -> (5Z)-(15S)-11-alpha-hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprosta-13-enoate + NAD(P)H + H+.

Name: 2-aminoadipate transaminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-2-aminoadipate = 2-oxoadipate + L-glutamate.

Name: 2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + acceptor = 2-oxoglutarate + reduced acceptor.

Name: 3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3',5'-cyclic GMP + H2O = GMP + H+.

Name: 3-dehydrosphinganine reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + sphinganine = 3-dehydrosphinganine + H+ + NADPH.

Name: 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: cholesterol + NADP+ = cholesta-5,7-dien-3-beta-ol + NADPH + H+.

Name: aconitate decarboxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: cis-aconitate + H+ = CO2 + itaconate.

Name: acyl-CoA hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + H2O = CoA + a carboxylate.

Name: acylglycerol kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acylglycerol = ADP + acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.

Name: adenosine-phosphate deaminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: an adenosine-phosphate + H20 = an inosine phosphate + NH3. Catalyzes the deamination of AMP, ADP or ATP.

Name: adenylylsulfatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 5'-adenylyl sulfate + H2O = AMP + 2 H+ + sulfate.

Name: ADP-ribose diphosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-ribose + H2O = AMP + D-ribose 5-phosphate.

Name: alanine-oxo-acid transaminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + a 2-oxo acid = pyruvate + an L-amino acid.

Name: alpha-amino-acid esterase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: an alpha-amino acid ester + H2O = an alpha-amino acid + an alcohol.

Name: amino-acid racemase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: an L-amino acid = a D-amino acid.

Name: arachidonate-CoA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + ATP + CoA = AMP + arachidonoyl-CoA + diphosphate + H+.

Name: amine sulfotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + an amine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + a sulfamate.

Name: ATP diphosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = AMP + H+ + diphosphate.

Name: beta-adrenergic receptor kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + beta-adrenergic receptor = ADP + phospho-beta-adrenergic receptor.

Name: bile-salt sulfotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + taurolithocholate = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + taurolithocholate sulfate.

Name: bis(5'-adenosyl)-triphosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: P(1),P(3)-bis(5'-adenosyl) triphosphate + H2O = ADP + AMP + 2 H+.

Name: galactolipase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-diacyl-3-beta-D-galactosyl-sn-glycerol + 2 H2O = 3-beta-D-galactosyl-sn-glycerol + 2 carboxylates.

Name: indanol dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: indan-1-ol + NAD(P)+ = indanone + NAD(P)H + H+.

Name: carnosine synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-histidine + beta-alanine = AMP + diphosphate + carnosine.

Name: chlordecone reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: chlordecone alcohol + NADP+ = chlordecone + H+ + NADPH.

Name: cholate-CoA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reactions: (1) ATP + cholate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + choloyl-CoA and (2) ATP + (25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + (25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA.

Name: cholestanetriol 26-monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 5-beta-cholestane-3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-triol + NADPH + O2 = 5-beta-cholestane-3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha,26-tetraol + NADP+ + H2O.

Name: chondroitin 4-sulfotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + chondroitin = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + chondroitin 4'-sulfate.

Name: chondroitin-glucuronate 5-epimerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: chondroitin D-glucuronate = dermatan L-iduronate.

Name: butyrate-CoA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + an acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA.

Name: (S)-citramalyl-CoA lyase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (3S)-citramalyl-CoA = acetyl-CoA + pyruvate.

Name: delta4-3-oxosteroid 5beta-reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reactions: (1) 5beta-cholestan-3-one + NADP+ = cholest-4-en-3-one + NADPH + H+ and (2) 17,21-dihydroxy-5beta-pregnane-3,11,20-trione + NADP+ = cortisone + NADPH + H+.

Name: cysteamine dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: cysteamine + O2 = H+ + hypotaurine.

Name: L-cysteine transaminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-cysteine + 2-oxoglutarate = mercaptopyruvate + L-glutamate.

Name: cysteine-S-conjugate beta-lyase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: RS-CH2-CH(NH3+)COO- = RSH + NH3 + pyruvate.

Name: hypotaurine dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + hypotaurine + NADPH + O2 = H2O + NADP+ + taurine.

Name: dCTP diphosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: dCTP + H2O = dCMP + H+ + diphosphate.

Name: deoxycytidine deaminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: deoxycytidine + H2O = deoxyuridine + NH3.

Name: deoxyuridine phosphorylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: deoxyuridine + phosphate = uracil + deoxy-D-ribose 1-phosphate.

Name: dimethylglycine dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N,N-dimethylglycine + electron-transfer flavoprotein + H2O = sarcosine + formaldehyde + reduced electron-transfer flavoprotein.

Name: flavonol 3-sulfotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate + quercetin = adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + H+ + quercetin 3-sulfate.

Name: GDP-mannose 3,5-epimerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-mannose = GDP-L-galactose.

Name: glucose-1,6-bisphosphate synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate + alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + alpha-D-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate + H+.

Name: L-glucuronate reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-gulonate + NADP+ = D-glucuronate + H+ + NADPH.

Name: glucuronolactone reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-gulono-1,4-lactone + NADP+ = D-glucurono-3,6-lactone + H+ + NADPH.

Name: glutamine N-acyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + L-glutamine = CoA + N-acyl-L-glutamine.

Name: glycine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate.

Name: glycine N-acyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + glycine = CoA + N-acylglycine.

Name: glycine N-benzoyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: benzoyl-CoA + glycine = N-benzoylglycine + CoA + H+.

Name: glycine N-choloyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: choloyl-CoA + glycine = CoA + glycocholate.

Name: glyoxylate oxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: glyoxylate + H2O + O2 = H2O2 + H+ + oxalate.

Name: guanosine phosphorylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: guanosine + phosphate = guanine + D-ribose 1-phosphate.

Name: hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoate + 2-oxoglutarate = acetoacetate + (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate.

Name: hydroxylysine kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: erythro-5-hydroxy-L-lysine + GTP = 5-phosphonooxy-L-lysine + GDP + 2 H+.

Name: antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.

Definition: The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses peptide antigen in association with an MHC protein complex on its cell surface, including proteolysis and transport steps for the peptide antigen both prior to and following assembly with the MHC protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from an endogenous or exogenous protein.

Name: antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib.

Definition: The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses lipid antigen in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface, including lipid extraction, degradation, and transport steps for the lipid antigen both prior to and following assembly with the MHC protein complex. The lipid antigen may originate from an endogenous or exogenous source of lipid. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 family.

Name: antigen processing and presentation, endogenous lipid antigen via MHC class Ib.

Definition: The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses lipid antigen of endogenous origin in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 family.

Name: platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a platelet-derived growth factor receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to an insulin-like growth factor receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) on the surface of the target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by neurotrophin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a hepatocyte growth factor receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: ephrin receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by ephrin binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: Tie signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by an angiopoietin binding to the Tie receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling.

Definition: The series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling to convert a signal into a response. Phosphatidylinositols include phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and its phosphorylated derivatives.

Name: inositol phosphate-mediated signaling.

Definition: A intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is transmitted within the cell via an inositol phosphate. Includes production of the inositol phosphate, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell. Inositol phosphates are a group of mono- to poly-phosphorylated inositols, and include inositol monophosphate (IP), inositol trisphosphate (IP3), inositol pentakisphosphate (IP5) and inositol hexaphosphate (IP6).

Name: inositol lipid-mediated signaling.

Definition: The series of molecular signals in which a cell uses an inositol-containing lipid to convert a signal into a response. Inositol lipids include the phosphoinositides (phosphatidylinositol and its phosphorylated derivatives), ceramides containing inositol, and inositol glycolipids.

Name: receptor ligand activity.

Definition: The activity of a gene product that interacts with a receptor to effect a change in the activity of the receptor. Ligands may be produced by the same, or different, cell that expresses the receptor. Ligands may diffuse extracellularly from their point of origin to the receiving cell, or remain attached to an adjacent cell surface (e.g. Notch ligands).

Name: receptor antagonist activity.

Definition: The activity of a gene product that interacts with a receptor to decrease the ability of the receptor agonist to bind and activate the receptor.

Name: CCR chemokine receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a CCR chemokine receptor.

Name: regulation of melanin biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that alters the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanin.

Name: negative regulation of melanin biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanin.

Name: positive regulation of melanin biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanin.

Name: regulation of mRNA splicing, via spliceosome.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA splicing via a spliceosomal mechanism.

Name: negative regulation of mRNA splicing, via spliceosome.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mRNA splicing via a spliceosomal mechanism.

Name: positive regulation of mRNA splicing, via spliceosome.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of mRNA splicing via a spliceosomal mechanism.

Name: mRNA 5'-UTR binding.

Definition: Binding to an mRNA molecule at its 5' untranslated region.

Name: monosaccharide binding.

Definition: Binding to a monosaccharide. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates; they are polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H or polyhydroxy ketones H[CHOH]nC(=O)[CHOH]mH with three or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides.

Name: disaccharide binding.

Definition: Binding to a disaccharide. Disaccharides are sugars composed of two monosaccharide units.

Name: quinone binding.

Definition: Binding to a quinone, any member of a class of diketones derivable from aromatic compounds by conversion of two CH groups into CO groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds.

Name: ubiquinone binding.

Definition: Binding to ubiquinone, a quinone derivative with a tail of isoprene units.

Name: UDP-glucuronate decarboxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = CO2 + UDP-alpha-D-xylose.

Name: focal adhesion assembly.

Definition: The aggregation and bonding together of a set of components to form a focal adhesion, a complex of intracellular signaling and structural proteins that provides a structural link between the internal actin cytoskeleton and the ECM, and also function as a locus of signal transduction activity.

Name: embryonic eye morphogenesis.

Definition: The process occurring in the embryo by which the anatomical structures of the post-embryonic eye are generated and organized.

Name: post-embryonic eye morphogenesis.

Definition: The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. The eye is the organ of sight.

Name: developmental pigmentation.

Definition: The developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell.

Name: eye pigmentation.

Definition: Establishment of a pattern of pigment in the eye of an organism.

Name: regulation of developmental pigmentation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism.

Name: negative regulation of developmental pigmentation.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism.

Name: positive regulation of developmental pigmentation.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism.

Name: autophagic cell death.

Definition: A form of programmed cell death that is accompanied by the formation of autophagosomes. Autophagic cell death is characterized by lack of chromatin condensation and massive vacuolization of the cytoplasm, with little or no uptake by phagocytic cells.

Name: astrocyte activation.

Definition: A change in morphology and behavior of an astrocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.

Name: fibroblast proliferation.

Definition: The multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells, resulting in the expansion of the fibroblast population.

Name: regulation of fibroblast proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells.

Name: positive regulation of fibroblast proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells.

Name: negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells.

Name: behavioral response to cocaine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a cocaine stimulus.

Name: behavioral response to ethanol.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of an ethanol stimulus.

Name: tau protein binding.

Definition: Binding to tau protein. tau is a microtubule-associated protein, implicated in Alzheimer's disease, Down Syndrome and ALS.

Name: regulation of synaptic plasticity.

Definition: A process that modulates synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.

Name: regulation of neuronal synaptic plasticity.

Definition: A process that modulates neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.

Name: regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity.

Definition: A process that modulates long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change long-term as circumstances require. Long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increase or decrease in actual synapse numbers.

Name: regulation of short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity.

Definition: A process that modulates short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change in the short-term as circumstances require. Short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increasing or decreasing synaptic sensitivity.

Name: activin receptor complex.

Definition: A protein complex that acts as an activin receptor. Heterodimeric activin receptors, comprising one Type I activin receptor and one Type II receptor polypeptide, and heterotrimeric receptors have been observed.

Name: activin complex.

Definition: A nonsteroidal regulator, composed of two covalently linked inhibin beta subunits, inhibin beta-A and inhibin beta-B (sometimes known as activin beta or activin/inhibin beta). There are three forms of activin complex, activin A, which is composed of 2 inhibin beta-A subunits, activin B, which is composed of 2 inhibin beta-B subunits, and activin AB, which is composed of an inhibin beta-A and an inhibin beta-B subunit.

Name: activin binding.

Definition: Binding to activin, a dimer of inhibin-beta subunits.

Name: Set1C/COMPASS complex.

Definition: A conserved protein complex that catalyzes methylation of histone H3. In Saccharomyces the complex contains Shg1p, Sdc1p, Swd1p, Swd2p, Swd3p, Spp1p, Bre2p, and the trithorax-related Set1p; in mammals it contains the catalytic subunit (SETD1A or SETD1B), WDR5, WDR82, RBBP5, ASH2L/ASH2, CXXC1/CFP1, HCFC1 and DPY30.

Name: Golgi vesicle transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus, mediated by vesicles.

Name: Golgi vesicle budding.

Definition: The evagination of the Golgi membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle.

Name: vesicle targeting, to, from or within Golgi.

Definition: The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes during transport to, from or within the Golgi apparatus; mediated by the addition of specific coat proteins, including COPI and COPII proteins and clathrin, to the membrane during vesicle formation.

Name: Golgi transport vesicle coating.

Definition: The addition of specific coat proteins to Golgi membranes during the formation of transport vesicles.

Name: vesicle targeting, trans-Golgi to endosome.

Definition: The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes during transport from the trans-Golgi to the endosome.

Name: COPI coating of Golgi vesicle.

Definition: The addition of COPI proteins and adaptor proteins to Golgi membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat.

Name: vesicle targeting, rough ER to cis-Golgi.

Definition: The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes during transport from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the cis-Golgi.

Name: COPII vesicle coating.

Definition: The addition of COPII proteins and adaptor proteins to ER membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat.

Name: Golgi vesicle fusion to target membrane.

Definition: The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a Golgi transport vesicle to the target lipid bilayer membrane.

Name: Golgi vesicle prefusion complex stabilization.

Definition: The binding of specific proteins to the t-SNARE/v-SNARE/SNAP25 complex, by which the Golgi vesicle prefusion complex is stabilized.

Name: inter-Golgi cisterna vesicle-mediated transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances from one Golgi cisterna to another, mediated by small transport vesicles.

Name: plasma membrane to endosome transport.

Definition: Transport of a vesicle from the plasma membrane to the endosome.

Name: male gamete generation.

Definition: Generation of the male gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a female gamete takes part in sexual reproduction.

Name: rough endoplasmic reticulum lumen.

Definition: The volume enclosed by the membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: negative regulation of DNA recombination at telomere.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of genetic recombination within the telomere.

Name: sperm capacitation.

Definition: A process required for sperm to reach fertilization competence. Sperm undergo an incompletely understood series of morphological and molecular maturational processes, termed capacitation, involving, among other processes, protein tyrosine phosphorylation and increased intracellular calcium.

Name: epinephrine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of epinephrine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + phytanoyl-CoA = 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA + CO2 + succinate.

Name: eosinophil chemotaxis.

Definition: The movement of an eosinophil in response to an external stimulus.

Name: macrophage chemotaxis.

Definition: The movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.

Name: lymphocyte chemotaxis.

Definition: The directed movement of a lymphocyte in response to an external stimulus.

Name: CXCR3 chemokine receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a CXCR3 chemokine receptor.

Name: elastic fiber assembly.

Definition: Assembly of the extracellular matrix fibers that enables the matrix to recoil after transient stretching.

Name: lauric acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving lauric acid, a fatty acid with the formula CH3(CH2)10COOH. Derived from vegetable sources.

Name: snoRNA localization.

Definition: Any process in which small nucleolar RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Name: mRNA stabilization.

Definition: Prevention of degradation of mRNA molecules. In the absence of compensating changes in other processes, the slowing of mRNA degradation can result in an overall increase in the population of active mRNA molecules.

Name: flap endonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the cleavage of a flap structure in DNA, but not other DNA structures; processes the ends of Okazaki fragments in lagging strand DNA synthesis.

Name: 3'-flap endonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the cleavage of a 3' flap structure in DNA, but not other DNA structures; processes the 3' ends of Okazaki fragments in lagging strand DNA synthesis.

Name: regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport.

Name: positive regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport.

Name: negative regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport.

Name: determination of dorsal/ventral asymmetry.

Definition: Determination of asymmetry from the dorsal to the ventral side; as, the dorsoventral axis.

Name: determination of dorsal identity.

Definition: Determination of the identity of part of an organism or organ where those parts are of the type that occur in the dorsal region. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.

Name: clathrin coat assembly.

Definition: The process that results in the assembly of clathrin triskelia into the ordered structure known as a clathrin cage.

Name: methionine adenosyltransferase complex.

Definition: A multimeric enzyme complex composed of variable numbers of catalytic alpha subunits, and noncatalytic beta subunits. The beta subunits are believed to have a regulatory function. The enzyme complex catalyzes the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), which is the major methyl group donor, participating in the methylation of proteins, DNA, RNA, phospholipids, and other small molecules.

Name: methionine adenosyltransferase regulator activity.

Definition: Binds to and modulates the activity of methionine adenosyltransferase.

Name: mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 binding.

Definition: Binding to mitogen-activated protein kinase p38, an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate from ATP to hydroxyl side chains on proteins in response to mitogen activation.

Name: vesicle docking.

Definition: The initial attachment of a transport vesicle membrane to the target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane. Docking requires only that the two membranes come close enough for these proteins to interact and adhere.

Name: organelle fusion.

Definition: The creation of a single organelle from two or more organelles.

Name: organelle fission.

Definition: The creation of two or more organelles by division of one organelle.

Name: lung alveolus development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the alveolus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The alveolus is a sac for holding air in the lungs; formed by the terminal dilation of air passageways.

Name: isotype switching to IgG isotypes.

Definition: The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of an IgG isotype, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion between switch regions that reside 5' of the IgM and one of the IgG constant region gene segments in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.

Name: regulation of isotype switching to IgA isotypes.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgA isotypes.

Name: positive regulation of isotype switching to IgA isotypes.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgA isotypes.

Name: calcium-dependent protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein or protein complex in the presence of calcium.

Name: organelle inheritance.

Definition: The partitioning of organelles between daughter cells at cell division.

Name: mitochondrion distribution.

Definition: Any process that establishes the spatial arrangement of mitochondria between and within cells.

Name: intracellular distribution of mitochondria.

Definition: Any process that establishes the spatial arrangement of mitochondria within the cell.

Name: Golgi inheritance.

Definition: The partitioning of Golgi apparatus between daughter cells at cell division.

Name: mesoderm morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesoderm are generated and organized.

Name: mesodermal cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a mesoderm cell.

Name: positive regulation of mesodermal cell fate specification.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm cell fate specification.

Name: mesendoderm development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesendoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, mesendoderm development gives rise to both mesoderm and endoderm tissues.

Name: retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a retinoic acid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

Name: regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway activity.

Name: positive regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway activity.

Name: negative regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway activity.

Name: endosomal lumen acidification.

Definition: Any process that reduces the pH of the endosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.

Name: intermediate mesoderm development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the intermediate mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The intermediate mesoderm is located between the lateral mesoderm and the paraxial mesoderm. It develops into the kidney and gonads.

Name: intermediate mesoderm morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the intermediate mesoderm are generated and organized.

Name: intermediate mesoderm formation.

Definition: The process that gives rise to the intermediate mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.

Name: intermediate mesodermal cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an intermediate mesoderm cell.

Name: nerve growth factor binding.

Definition: Binding to nerve growth factor (NGF).

Name: platelet-derived growth factor binding.

Definition: Binding to platelet-derived growth factor.

Name: epidermal growth factor binding.

Definition: Binding to epidermal growth factor.

Name: cell development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.

Name: cell maturation.

Definition: A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell to attain its fully functional state.

Name: perinuclear region of cytoplasm.

Definition: Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.

Name: coated membrane.

Definition: A single or double lipid bilayer with any of several different proteinaceous coats that can associate with membranes. Membrane coats include those formed by clathrin plus an adaptor complex, the COPI and COPII complexes.

Name: Holliday junction resolvase complex.

Definition: An endodeoxyribonuclease complex that resolves the 4-way DNA intermediates of a Holliday junction into two separate duplex DNA molecules. Can be branch-migration associated.

Name: oogenesis.

Definition: The complete process of formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell. Examples of this process are found in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.

Name: replication fork protection.

Definition: Any process that prevents the collapse of stalled replication forks.

Name: autonomic nervous system development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the autonomic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands.

Name: enteric nervous system development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the enteric nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The enteric nervous system is composed of two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gallbladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation.

Name: parasympathetic nervous system development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the parasympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerves emerge cranially as pre ganglionic fibers from oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus and from the sacral region of the spinal cord. Most neurons are cholinergic and responses are mediated by muscarinic receptors. The parasympathetic system innervates, for example: salivary glands, thoracic and abdominal viscera, bladder and genitalia.

Name: beta-tubulin binding.

Definition: Binding to the microtubule constituent protein beta-tubulin.

Name: synaptic vesicle endocytosis.

Definition: A vesicle-mediated transport process, in which the synaptic vesicle membrane constituents are retrieved from the presynaptic membrane on the axon terminal after neurotransmitter secretion by exocytosis. Synaptic vesicle endocytosis can occur via clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent mechanisms.

Name: synaptic vesicle transport.

Definition: The directed movement of synaptic vesicles.

Name: Roundabout binding.

Definition: Binding to Roundabout (ROBO) receptor, a transmembrane receptor.

Name: maintenance of animal organ identity.

Definition: The process in which the identity of an animal organ is maintained. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.

Name: synaptic vesicle membrane organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the membrane surrounding a synaptic vesicle.

Name: signal recognition particle.

Definition: A complex of protein and RNA which facilitates translocation of proteins across membranes.

Name: rhythmic process.

Definition: Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism.

Name: animal organ development.

Definition: Development of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.

Name: blood vessel morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.

Name: spermatid differentiation.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.

Name: positive regulation of biological process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.

Name: negative regulation of biological process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.

Name: positive regulation of behavior.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli.

Name: negative regulation of behavior.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli.

Name: positive regulation of cellular process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.

Name: negative regulation of cellular process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.

Name: positive regulation of viral process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant.

Name: negative regulation of viral process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant.

Name: beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a galactose residue from a donor molecule to an oligosaccharide, forming a beta-1,3-linkage.

Name: hematopoietic or lymphoid organ development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of any organ involved in hematopoiesis (also known as hemopoiesis) or lymphoid cell activation over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Such development includes differentiation of resident cell types (stromal cells) and of migratory cell types dependent on the unique microenvironment afforded by the organ for their proper differentiation.

Name: spleen development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spleen over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spleen is a large vascular lymphatic organ composed of white and red pulp, involved both in hemopoietic and immune system functions.

Name: thymus development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thymus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thymus is a symmetric bi-lobed organ involved primarily in the differentiation of immature to mature T cells, with unique vascular, nervous, epithelial, and lymphoid cell components.

Name: bone marrow development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the bone marrow over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: response to steroid hormone.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a steroid hormone stimulus.

Name: digestive tract morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.

Name: regulation of pinocytosis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pinocytosis. Pinocytosis is the process in which cells take in liquid material from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane. These vesicles then move into the cell and pass their contents to endosomes.

Name: positive regulation of pinocytosis.

Definition: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of pinocytosis. Pinocytosis is the process in which cells take in liquid material from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane. These vesicles then move into the cell and pass their contents to endosomes.

Name: negative regulation of pinocytosis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pinocytosis. Pinocytosis is the process in which cells take in liquid material from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane. These vesicles then move into the cell and pass their contents to endosomes.

Name: embryonic digestive tract morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized during embryonic development. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.

Name: establishment of anatomical structure orientation.

Definition: The process that determines the orientation of an anatomical structure with reference to an axis.

Name: embryonic organ morphogenesis.

Definition: Morphogenesis, during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.

Name: post-embryonic animal organ morphogenesis.

Definition: Morphogenesis, during the post-embryonic phase, of an animal tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis pertains to process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.

Name: digestive tract development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.

Name: embryonic digestive tract development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gut over time, from its formation to the mature structure during embryonic development. The gut is the region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus.

Name: ectodermal digestive tract morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the ectodermal digestive tract are generated and organized. The ectodermal digestive tract includes those portions of the digestive tract that are derived from ectoderm.

Name: embryonic organ development.

Definition: Development, taking place during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.

Name: post-embryonic animal organ development.

Definition: Development, taking place during the post-embryonic phase of an animal tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.

Name: regulation of response to stimulus.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus.

Name: positive regulation of response to stimulus.

Definition: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus.

Name: negative regulation of response to stimulus.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus.

Name: developmental cell growth.

Definition: The growth of a cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from one condition to another.

Name: developmental growth.

Definition: The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another.

Name: eye morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized.

Name: camera-type eye morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field.

Name: embryonic camera-type eye morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized during embryonic development.

Name: embryonic morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The embryonic phase begins with zygote formation. The end of the embryonic phase is organism-specific. For example, it would be at birth for mammals, larval hatching for insects and seed dormancy in plants.

Name: oocyte development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.

Name: reproductive structure development.

Definition: The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of somatic structures that will be used in the process of creating new individuals from one or more parents, from their formation to the mature structures.

Name: multicellular organismal reproductive process.

Definition: The process, occurring above the cellular level, that is pertinent to the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. This includes the integrated processes at the level of tissues and organs.

Name: embryonic ectodermal digestive tract development.

Definition: The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectodermal gut over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: embryonic ectodermal digestive tract morphogenesis.

Definition: The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, by which the anatomical structures of the ectodermal digestive tract are generated and organized.

Name: myoblast fate commitment.

Definition: The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.

Name: skeletal muscle tissue growth.

Definition: The increase in size or mass of a skeletal muscle. This may be due to a change in the fiber number or size.

Name: regulation of skeletal muscle tissue growth.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle growth.

Name: negative regulation of skeletal muscle tissue growth.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle growth.

Name: regulation of muscle organ development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development.

Name: negative regulation of muscle organ development.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development.

Name: positive regulation of muscle organ development.

Definition: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of muscle development.

Name: regulation of developmental growth.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth.

Name: positive regulation of developmental growth.

Definition: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of developmental growth.

Name: negative regulation of developmental growth.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth.

Name: regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle tissue development.

Name: negative regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle tissue development.

Name: positive regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development.

Definition: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle tissue development.

Name: muscle organ morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of muscle are generated and organized.

Name: animal organ formation.

Definition: The process pertaining to the initial formation of an animal organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment. Organs are a natural part or structure in an animal or a plant, capable of performing some special action (termed its function), which is essential to the life or well-being of the whole. The heart and lungs are organs of animals, and the petal and leaf are organs of plants. In animals the organs are generally made up of several tissues, one of which usually predominates, and determines the principal function of the organ.

Name: anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis.

Definition: The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.

Name: smooth muscle cell proliferation.

Definition: The multiplication or reproduction of smooth muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.

Name: regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.

Name: negative regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.

Name: neuron fate commitment.

Definition: The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron.

Name: neuron development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.

Name: cell morphogenesis involved in neuron differentiation.

Definition: The process in which the structures of a neuron are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a neuron.

Name: collateral sprouting.

Definition: The process in which outgrowths develop from the shafts of existing axons.

Name: regulation of collateral sprouting.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting.

Name: positive regulation of collateral sprouting.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting.

Name: axon extension.

Definition: Long distance growth of a single axon process involved in cellular development.

Name: response to axon injury.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an axon injury stimulus.

Name: regulation of axon regeneration.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon regeneration.

Name: negative regulation of axon regeneration.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon regeneration.

Name: regulation of sprouting of injured axon.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sprouting of an injured axon.

Name: negative regulation of sprouting of injured axon.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sprouting of an injured axon.

Name: regulation of axon extension involved in regeneration.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in regeneration.

Name: negative regulation of axon extension involved in regeneration.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in regeneration.

Name: generation of neurons.

Definition: The process in which nerve cells are generated. This includes the production of neuroblasts and their differentiation into neurons.

Name: embryonic cranial skeleton morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the cranial skeleton are generated and organized during the embryonic phase.

Name: embryonic neurocranium morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the neurocranium are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The neurocranium is the portion of the vertebrate skull surrounding the brain.

Name: embryonic viscerocranium morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the viscerocranium are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The viscerocranium is the part of the skull comprising the facial bones.

Name: embryonic skeletal system morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized during the embryonic phase.

Name: skeletal system morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized.

Name: embryonic skeletal system development.

Definition: The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: astrocyte differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an astrocyte. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function.

Name: oligodendrocyte differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oligodendrocyte. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons of neurons in the central nervous system.

Name: regulation of astrocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of astrocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of astrocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation.

Name: regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation.

Name: tissue morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of a tissue are generated and organized.

Name: epidermis morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the epidermis are generated and organized. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species.

Name: system development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process.

Name: gland development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A gland is an organ specialised for secretion.

Name: sebaceous gland development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sebaceous gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: appendage development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an appendage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch.

Name: cardiac muscle tissue development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: skeletal muscle fiber development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal muscle fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.

Name: regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.

Name: positive regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development.

Definition: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.

Name: smooth muscle tissue development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: semicircular canal morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the semicircular canals are generated and organized.

Name: pigment granule organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pigment granule.

Name: branching morphogenesis of an epithelial tube.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in an epithelial tube are generated and organized. A tube is a long hollow cylinder.

Name: pigment granule maturation.

Definition: Steps required to form a membrane-bounded organelle into a pigment granule containing pigment. Maturation is a developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell or structure to attain its fully functional state.

Name: mesenchymal cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal cell. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types.

Name: calcium-induced calcium release activity.

Definition: Enables transmembrane transfer of calcium ions from an intracellular store to the cytosol on induction by increased calcium concentration.

Name: sarcomerogenesis.

Definition: The process in which sarcomeres are added in series within a fiber.

Name: pigment granule.

Definition: A small, subcellular membrane-bounded vesicle containing pigment and/or pigment precursor molecules. Pigment granule biogenesis is poorly understood, as pigment granules are derived from multiple sources including the endoplasmic reticulum, coated vesicles, lysosomes, and endosomes.

Name: tissue remodeling.

Definition: The reorganization or renovation of existing tissues. This process can either change the characteristics of a tissue such as in blood vessel remodeling, or result in the dynamic equilibrium of a tissue such as in bone remodeling.

Name: presynaptic active zone.

Definition: A specialized region of the plasma membrane and cell cortex of a presynaptic neuron; encompasses a region of the plasma membrane where synaptic vesicles dock and fuse, and a specialized cortical cytoskeletal matrix.

Name: pronephros development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensable for larval life.

Name: animal organ maturation.

Definition: A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an animal organ to attain its fully functional state. An organ is a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions.

Name: genitalia development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: neuron projection morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of a neuron projection are generated and organized. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites.

Name: dendrite morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendrite are generated and organized.

Name: regulation of dendrite morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis.

Name: negative regulation of hair follicle maturation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle maturation.

Name: positive regulation of hair follicle maturation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle maturation.

Name: regulation of hair follicle maturation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle maturation.

Name: erythrocyte development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an erythrocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: inner ear development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inner ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in axon guidance.

Name: positive regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance.

Definition: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in axon guidance.

Name: artery morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of arterial blood vessels are generated and organized. Arteries are blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the body and its organs.

Name: venous blood vessel morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of venous blood vessels are generated and organized. Veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the body and its organs to the heart.

Name: axon extension involved in axon guidance.

Definition: The long distance growth of a single cell process, that is involved in the migration of an axon growth cone, where the migration is directed to a specific target site by a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

Name: brain morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the brain are generated and organized. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).

Name: anatomical structure development.

Definition: The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an anatomical structure from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.

Name: neural nucleus development.

Definition: The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neural nucleus from its initial condition to its mature state. A neural nucleus is an anatomical structure consisting of a discrete aggregate of neuronal soma.

Name: cell projection morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of a cell projection are generated and organized.

Name: leukemia inhibitory factor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a leukemia inhibitory factor to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: stem cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Name: stem cell development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stem cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to its specific fate.

Name: stem cell fate commitment.

Definition: The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a stem cell.

Name: stem cell fate specification.

Definition: The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a stem cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.

Name: cellular developmental process.

Definition: A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cell over time from an initial condition to a later condition.

Name: cell motility.

Definition: Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another.

Name: multicellular organismal homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the multicellular organism.

Name: homeostasis of number of cells.

Definition: Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells.

Name: host-mediated regulation of intestinal microbiota composition.

Definition: The biological process involved in maintaining the steady-state number of cells within a population of free-living cells such as the bacteria in the gut.

Name: chemical homeostasis.

Definition: Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a chemical.

Name: sensory system development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sensory system over time from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: mechanosensory lateral line system development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mechanosensory lateral line system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mechanosensory lateral line system consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head and body of all fishes and most amphibians. The neuromasts are innervated by several lateral line nerves, which project primarily to the hindbrain. The mechanosensory lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance.

Name: lateral line development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral line over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lateral line consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head and body of all fishes and most amphibians. The lateral line develops from cranial ectodermal placodes situated behind the ear and between the eye and ear.

Name: neuromast development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neuromast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neuromast is the sensory organ of the lateral line and is composed of a population of sensory hair cells, and nonsensory supporting cells and mantle cells. Neuromasts are located superficially on the epithelium or in lateral line canals.

Name: neuromast hair cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuromast hair cell. Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the neuromast and are located in a portion of the neuromast called the sensory strip. Each hair cell of the neuromast is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. There are approximately seven hair cells within each neuromast, with each hair cell innervated by afferent and efferent neurons.

Name: posterior lateral line system development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the posterior lateral line system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The posterior lateral line system develops from cranial ectodermal placodes, situated behind the ear, that give rise to both the neuromasts and the posterior lateral line sensory nerves that innervate the neuromasts. The posterior lateral line system consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head of all fishes and most amphibians. The neuromasts are innervated by several lateral line nerves, which project primarily to the hindbrain. The posterior mechanosensory lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance.

Name: posterior lateral line development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the posterior lateral line over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The posterior lateral line consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the body and trunk of all fishes and most amphibians. The posterior lateral line develops from cranial ectodermal placodes situated behind the ear.

Name: posterior lateral line neuromast development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the posterior lateral line neuromast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neuromast is the sensory receptor of the anterior lateral line system and is composed of a population of sensory hair cells, and nonsensory supporting cells and mantle cells. Neuromast are located superficially on the epithelium or in lateral line canals.

Name: posterior lateral line neuromast hair cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a posterior lateral line neuromast hair cell. (N.B. This may be development of neuromast hair cell type or a set of cell of neuromast hair cell type. This will involve the change of a cell or set of cells from one cell identity to another). Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the neuromast and are located in a portion of the neuromast called the sensory strip. Each hair cell of the neuromast is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. There are approximately seven hair cells within each neuromast, with each hair cell innervated by afferent and efferent neurons.

Name: lateral line system development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral line system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lateral line system is a network of sensory organs (neuromasts) and lateral line nerves located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head and body of all fishes and most amphibians. The lateral line system develops from cranial ectodermal placodes situated between the eye and ear.

Name: chromosome localization.

Definition: Any process in which a chromosome is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Name: L-fuconate dehydratase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-fuconate = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-fuconate + H2O.

Name: L-pipecolate oxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-pipecolate + O2 = 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylate + H2O2 + H+. Delta1-piperideine-6-carboxylate is also known as 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylate.

Name: L-xylulose reductase (NADP+) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + xylitol = L-xylulose + H+ + NADPH.

Name: leukotriene-B4 20-monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: leukotriene B4 + O2 + reduced [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] = 20-hydroxy-leukotriene B4 + H+ + H2O + oxidized [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase].

Name: long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a long-chain aldehyde + NAD+ = a long-chain carboxylate + NADH + H+. A long-chain aldehyde is one with more than 12 carbons.

Name: long-chain-fatty-acyl-CoA reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a long-chain aldehyde + CoA + NADP+ = a long-chain acyl-CoA + NADPH.

Name: m7G(5')pppN diphosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 7-methylguanosine 5'-triphospho-5'-polynucleotide + H2O = 7-methylguanosine 5'-phosphate + polynucleotide.

Name: malonyl-CoA decarboxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: malonyl-CoA = acetyl-CoA + CO2.

Name: methionine-glyoxylate transaminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-methionine + glyoxylate = 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate + glycine.

Name: L-gulonate 3-dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-gulonate + NAD+ = 3-dehydro-L-gulonate + H+ + NADH.

Name: inositol oxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol + O2 = D-glucuronate + H2O + H+.

Name: myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: myosin light-chain phosphate + H2O = myosin light chain + phosphate.

Name: N-acylglucosamine 2-epimerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N-acyl-D-glucosamine = N-acyl-D-mannosamine.

Name: N-acylneuraminate-9-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N-acylneuraminate 9-phosphate + H2O = N-acylneuraminate + phosphate.

Name: NADH dehydrogenase (quinone) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NADH + H+ + a quinone = NAD+ + a quinol.

Name: NADPH peroxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O2 + H+ + NADPH = 2 H2O + NADP+.

Name: nucleoside monophosphate kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nucleoside monophosphate = ADP + nucleoside diphosphate.

Name: nucleoside phosphotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a nucleotide + a 2'-deoxynucleoside = a nucleoside + a 2'-deoxynucleoside 5'-monophosphate.

Name: omega-amidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a monoamide of a dicarboxylic acid + H2O = a dicarboxylate + NH3.

Name: ornithine(lysine) transaminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-ornithine = H2O + L-glutamate + 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate.

Name: phenylpyruvate tautomerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: keto-phenylpyruvate = enol-phenylpyruvate.

Name: phytanate-CoA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + CoA + phytanate = AMP + diphosphate + H+ + phytanoyl-CoA.

Name: fucokinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-fucose + ATP = beta-L-fucose 1-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Name: plasmanylethanolamine desaturase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: O-1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + donor-H2 + O2 = O-1-alk-1-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + acceptor + 2 H2O.

Name: procollagen galactosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + procollagen 5-hydroxy-L-lysine = UDP + procollagen 5-(D-galactosyloxy)-L-lysine.

Name: propionate-CoA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + propanoate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + propanoyl-CoA.

Name: prostaglandin-E synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: prostaglandin H(2) = prostaglandin E(2).

Name: retinol isomerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-retinol = 11-cis-retinol.

Name: retinol O-fatty-acyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + retinol = CoA + retinyl ester.

Name: retinyl-palmitate esterase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: retinyl palmitate + H2O = retinol + palmitate + H+.

Name: rhodopsin kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + rhodopsin = ADP + phosphorhodopsin.

Name: ribosylnicotinamide kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N-ribosylnicotinamide + ATP = ADP + 2 H+ + nicotinamide mononucleotide.

Name: RNA uridylyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1).

Name: sedoheptulokinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + sedoheptulose = ADP + 2 H+ + sedoheptulose 7-phosphate.

Name: sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase D activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + sphingomyelin = ceramide 1-phosphate + choline + H+.

Name: sphingosine N-acyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + sphingosine = CoA + N-acylsphingosine.

Name: steroid sulfotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + a phenolic steroid = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + steroid O-sulfate.

Name: steryl-beta-glucosidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: cholesteryl-beta-D-glucoside + H2O = D-glucose + cholesterol.

Name: sugar-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: sugar phosphate + H2O = sugar + phosphate.

Name: sugar-terminal-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + sugar phosphorylated on the terminal carbon = a sugar + phosphate.

Name: sulfur dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: sulfur + O2 + H2O = sulfite.

Name: tau-protein kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + tau-protein = ADP + O-phospho-tau-protein.

Name: thiamine triphosphate phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + thiamine triphosphate = thiamine diphosphate + H+ + phosphate.

Name: thymidylate 5'-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: thymidylate + H2O = thymidine + phosphate.

Name: trimethyllysine dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + N(6),N(6),N(6)-trimethyl-L-lysine + O2 = 3-hydroxy-N(6),N(6),N(6)-trimethyl-L-lysine + CO2 + succinate.

Name: triokinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde + ATP = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Name: inorganic triphosphate phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + inorganic triphosphate = diphosphate + phosphate.

Name: nitrite reductase (NO-forming) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: nitric oxide + H2O + ferricytochrome c = nitrite + ferrocytochrome c + 2 H+.

Name: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, a naturally occurring mixed anhydride. It is an intermediate in the formation of a variety of sulfo compounds in biological systems.

Name: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, a naturally occurring mixed anhydride. It is an intermediate in the formation of a variety of sulfo compounds in biological systems.

Name: calcium-dependent phospholipase C activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1,2-diacylglycerol + choline phosphate. This reaction requires Ca2+.

Name: transforming growth factor beta binding.

Definition: Binding to TGF-beta, transforming growth factor beta, a multifunctional peptide that controls proliferation, differentiation and other functions in many cell types.

Name: regulation of catecholamine secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of catecholamines.

Name: positive regulation of viral transcription.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription.

Name: amyloid-beta metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving amyloid-beta, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease, and its precursor, amyloid precursor protein (APP).

Name: microfibril binding.

Definition: Binding to a microfibril, any small fibril occurring in biological material.

Name: ethanolamine-phosphate phospho-lyase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + phosphoethanolamine = acetaldehyde + NH4 + phosphate.

Name: arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + O2 = (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-(15S)-15-hydroperoxyicosa-5,8,11,13-tetraenoate.

Name: glyceryl-ether monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1-alkyl-sn-glycerol + O2 + (tetrahydrobiopterin/tetrahydropteridine) = 1-hydroxyalkyl-sn-glycerol + H2O + (dihydrobiopterin/dihydropteridine).

Name: arachidonic acid secretion.

Definition: The controlled release of arachidonic acid from a cell or a tissue.

Name: IMP 5'-nucleotidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 5'-IMP + H2O = inosine + phosphate.

Name: GMP 5'-nucleotidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 5'-GMP + H2O = guanosine + phosphate.

Name: intramolecular transferase activity, transferring hydroxy groups.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a hydroxyl group from one position to another within a single molecule.

Name: hyaluronan synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-D-glucuronate + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = [beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)](n) + 2n UDP.

Name: glucuronosyl-N-acetylglucosaminyl-proteoglycan 4-alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1,4)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-proteoglycan + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1,4)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-proteoglycan + UDP.

Name: N-acetylgalactosaminyl-proteoglycan 3-beta-glucuronosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-proteoglycan + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1,3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-proteoglycan + UDP.

Name: acyloxyacyl hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3-(acyloxy)acyl group of bacterial toxin = 3-hydroxyacyl group of bacterial toxin + a fatty acid.

Name: icosanoid binding.

Definition: Binding to icosanoids, any C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids or their derivatives, including the leukotrienes and the prostanoids.

Name: icosatetraenoic acid binding.

Definition: Binding to icosatetraenoic acid, any straight-chain fatty acid with twenty carbon atoms and four double bonds per molecule.

Name: arachidonic acid binding.

Definition: Binding to arachidonic acid, a straight chain fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms and four double bonds per molecule. Arachidonic acid is the all-Z-(5,8,11,14)-isomer.

Name: aspartate-tRNA(Asn) ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: tRNA(Asx) + L-aspartate + ATP = aspartyl-tRNA(Asx) + diphosphate + AMP.

Name: glutamate-tRNA(Gln) ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: tRNA(Glx) + L-glutamate + ATP = glutamyl-tRNA(Glx) + diphosphate + AMP.

Name: glutaminyl-tRNA synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamine + glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) + ATP = L-glutamate + glutaminyl-tRNA(Gln) + phosphate + ADP.

Name: protein-glutamine glutaminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: protein L-glutamine + H2O = protein L-glutamate + NH3.

Name: GDP-L-fucose synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-L-fucose + NAD+ = GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose + NADH + H+.

Name: delta14-sterol reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + 4,4-dimethyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-beta-ol = NADPH + H+ + 4,4-dimethyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,14,24-trien-3-beta-ol.

Name: delta24-sterol reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + 5-alpha-cholest-7-en-3-beta-ol = NADPH + H+ + 5-alpha-cholesta-7,24-dien-3-beta-ol.

Name: propionyl-CoA C2-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 4,8,12-trimethyltridecanoyl-CoA + propanoyl-CoA = 3-oxopristanoyl-CoA + CoA.

Name: 5-oxo-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-icosatetraenoic acid binding.

Definition: Binding to 5-oxo-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-icosatetraenoic acid, a straight-chain fatty acid with twenty carbon atoms and four double bonds.

Name: 5-hydroxy-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-icosatetraenoic acid binding.

Definition: Binding to 5-hydroxy-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-icosatetraenoic acid, a straight-chain fatty acid with twenty carbon atoms and four double bonds.

Name: 5(S)-hydroxyperoxy-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-icosatetraenoic acid binding.

Definition: Binding to 5(S)-hydroxyperoxy-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-icosatetraenoic acid, a straight-chain fatty acid with twenty carbon atoms and four double bonds.

Name: testosterone 6-beta-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: testosterone + donor-H2 + O2 = 6-beta-hydroxytestosterone + H2O.

Name: chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, any glycoprotein whose glycosaminoglycan units are chondroitin sulfate. Chondroitin sulfates are a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues; the repeat units consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate.

Name: dermatan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, any glycoprotein whose glycosaminoglycan units are dermatan sulfate (chondroitin sulfate B). Dermatan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units.

Name: chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process.

Definition: The elongation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan chains by alternate addition of N-acetylhexosamine and GlcUA residues to the GAG-protein linkage region tetrasaccharide of chondroitin sulfate.

Name: chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, any glycoprotein whose glycosaminoglycan units are chondroitin sulfate. Chondroitin sulfates are a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues; the repeat units consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate.

Name: dermatan sulfate proteoglycan metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, any glycoprotein whose glycosaminoglycan units are dermatan sulfate (chondroitin sulfate B). Dermatan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units.

Name: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate binding.

Definition: Binding to 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), a naturally occurring mixed anhydride. It is an intermediate in the formation of a variety of sulfo compounds in biological systems.

Name: nucleic acid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of nucleic acids, single or double-stranded polynucleotides involved in the storage, transmission and transfer of genetic information, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: RNA transport.

Definition: The directed movement of RNA, ribonucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reactions: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + dermatan = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + dermatan 6'-sulfate and 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + chondroitin = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + chondroitin 6'-sulfate.

Name: flavin adenine dinucleotide binding.

Definition: Binding to FAD, flavin-adenine dinucleotide, the coenzyme or the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, in either the oxidized form, FAD, or the reduced form, FADH2.

Name: NADP binding.

Definition: Binding to nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; binding may be to either the oxidized form, NADP+, or the reduced form, NADPH.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H, oxygen as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an oxygen molecule.

Name: hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.

Name: homocysteine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid. Homocysteine is an important intermediate in the metabolic reactions of its S-methyl derivative, methionine.

Name: regulation of lymphocyte proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation.

Name: negative regulation of lymphocyte proliferation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation.

Name: epithelial cell proliferation.

Definition: The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Epithelial cells make up the epithelium, the covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and other small cavities. It consists of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances.

Name: urothelial cell proliferation.

Definition: The multiplication or reproduction of urothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Urothelial cells make up a layer of transitional epithelium in the wall of the bladder, ureter, and renal pelvis, external to the lamina propria.

Name: regulation of urothelial cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of urothelial cell proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of urothelial cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of urothelial cell proliferation.

Name: regulation of epithelial cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.

Name: negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.

Name: nuclear androgen receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a nuclear androgen receptor.

Name: AF-2 domain binding.

Definition: Binding to an AF-2 protein domain, a highly conserved ligand-dependent transactivation domain which is essential for receptor-mediated transcriptional activation.

Name: AF-1 domain binding.

Definition: Binding to an AF-1 protein domain, a ligand-independent transactivation domain which is required for the full transcriptional activity of the receptor.

Name: regulation of mRNA processing.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing, those processes involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into a mature mRNA prior to its translation into polypeptide.

Name: positive regulation of mRNA processing.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing.

Name: negative regulation of mRNA processing.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing.

Name: negative regulation of defense response to virus.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of antiviral mechanisms, thereby facilitating viral replication.

Name: regulation of defense response to virus.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the antiviral response of a cell or organism.

Name: negative regulation of defense response to virus by host.

Definition: Any host process that results in the inhibition of antiviral immune response mechanisms, thereby facilitating viral replication. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Name: regulation of defense response to virus by host.

Definition: Any host process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the antiviral response of a host cell or organism.

Name: DNA binding domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein's DNA binding domain (DBD).

Name: LBD domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein's ligand binding domain (LBD) domain, found in nuclear receptors. In general, the LBDs consist of three layers comprised of twelve alpha-helices and several beta-strands that are organized around a lipophilic ligand-binding pocket.

Name: galactose 3-O-sulfotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyllactosamine + 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate = 3-sulfo-N-acetyllactosamine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate. N-acetyllactosamine residues are found in a number of different carbohydrate types. N-acetyllactosamine can also be written as Gal-beta-(1,4)-GlcNAc.

Name: WW domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a WW domain of a protein, a small module composed of 40 amino acids and plays a role in mediating protein-protein interactions via proline-rich regions.

Name: CARD domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a CARD (N-terminal caspase recruitment) domain, a protein-protein interaction domain that belongs to the death domain-fold superfamily. These protein molecule families are similar in structure with each consisting of six or seven anti-parallel alpha-helices that form highly specific homophilic interactions between signaling partners. CARD exists in the N-terminal prodomains of several caspases and in apoptosis-regulatory proteins and mediates the assembly of CARD-containing proteins that participate in activation or suppression of CARD carrying members of the caspase family.

Name: regulation of protein secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.

Name: negative regulation of protein secretion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.

Name: positive regulation of protein secretion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.

Name: regulation of inflammatory response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents.

Name: negative regulation of inflammatory response.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response.

Name: positive regulation of inflammatory response.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response.

Name: regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.

Name: positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.

Name: negative regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.

Name: regulation of lipoprotein metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoproteins, any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.

Name: positive regulation of lipoprotein metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoproteins, any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.

Name: negative regulation of lipoprotein metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoproteins, any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.

Name: low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a low-density lipoprotein receptor.

Name: regulation of phagocytosis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the process in which phagocytes engulf external particulate material.

Name: negative regulation of phagocytosis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis.

Name: positive regulation of phagocytosis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis.

Name: regulation of neurogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells in the nervous system.

Name: negative regulation of neurogenesis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system.

Name: positive regulation of neurogenesis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system.

Name: regulation of axonogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis, the generation of an axon, the long process of a neuron.

Name: negative regulation of axonogenesis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis.

Name: positive regulation of axonogenesis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis.

Name: regulation of dendrite development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite development.

Name: negative regulation of dendrite morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis.

Name: positive regulation of dendrite morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis.

Name: regulation of immune response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.

Name: negative regulation of immune response.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.

Name: positive regulation of immune response.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.

Name: RNA destabilization.

Definition: Any process that decreases the stability of an RNA molecule, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes.

Name: dopamine receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a dopamine receptor.

Name: RAGE receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a RAGE receptor, the receptor for advanced glycation end-products.

Name: detoxification of mercury ion.

Definition: Any process that reduce or remove the toxicity of mercuric ion. These include transport of mercury away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of mercury ion and/or reduction of mercury ion (Hg[II]) to metallic mercury (Hg[0]).

Name: regulation of biological process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.

Name: regulation of catalytic activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the activity of an enzyme.

Name: regulation of viral process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the viral life cycle, the set of processes by which a virus reproduces and spreads among hosts.

Name: regulation of developmental process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).

Name: regulation of cellular process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.

Name: regulation of behavior.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli.

Name: regulation of insulin secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.

Name: activated T cell proliferation.

Definition: The expansion of a T cell population following activation by an antigenic stimulus.

Name: monoatomic ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ions within an organism or cell. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.

Name: regulation of synapse structure or activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the physical form or the activity of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).

Name: modulation of chemical synaptic transmission.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency or amplitude of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. Amplitude, in this case, refers to the change in postsynaptic membrane potential due to a single instance of synaptic transmission.

Name: negative regulation of synaptic transmission.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.

Name: positive regulation of synaptic transmission.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.

Name: regulation of synapse organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the physical form of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).

Name: synapse organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).

Name: regulation of steroid biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.

Name: GABA receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) receptor.

Name: regulation of acyl-CoA biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acyl-CoA.

Name: phosphoserine residue binding.

Definition: Binding to a phosphorylated serine residue within a protein.

Name: phosphothreonine residue binding.

Definition: Binding to a phosphorylated threonine residue within a protein.

Name: coagulation.

Definition: The process in which a fluid solution, or part of it, changes into a solid or semisolid mass.

Name: regulation of coagulation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation, the process in which a fluid solution, or part of it, changes into a solid or semisolid mass.

Name: negative regulation of coagulation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation.

Name: positive regulation of coagulation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation.

Name: protein stabilization.

Definition: Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation.

Name: defense response to Gram-negative bacterium.

Definition: Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-negative bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.

Name: defense response to Gram-positive bacterium.

Definition: Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-positive bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.

Name: defense response to fungus.

Definition: Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a fungus that act to protect the cell or organism.

Name: pyruvate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: cell adhesion molecule binding.

Definition: Binding to a cell adhesion molecule.

Name: extracellular matrix binding.

Definition: Binding to a component of the extracellular matrix.

Name: progesterone receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by progesterone binding to its receptor in the cytoplasm.

Name: regulation of calcium-mediated signaling.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling, the process in which a cell uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response.

Name: negative regulation of calcium-mediated signaling.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling.

Name: positive regulation of calcium-mediated signaling.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling.

Name: antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B or T cell.

Name: T cell receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell.

Name: B cell receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.

Name: regulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B- or T cell.

Name: regulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.

Name: regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell.

Name: positive regulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B- or T cell.

Name: negative regulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B- or T cell.

Name: negative regulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.

Name: negative regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell.

Name: positive regulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.

Name: positive regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell.

Name: regulation of T cell activation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation.

Name: regulation of B cell activation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation.

Name: regulation of cell activation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell activation, the change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.

Name: negative regulation of cell activation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell activation.

Name: positive regulation of cell activation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activation.

Name: negative regulation of T cell activation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation.

Name: negative regulation of B cell activation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation.

Name: positive regulation of T cell activation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation.

Name: positive regulation of B cell activation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation.

Name: white fat cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a white adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in energy storage. White adipocytes have cytoplasmic lipids arranged in a unique vacuole.

Name: nervous system process.

Definition: A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of neurological system.

Name: regulation of body fluid levels.

Definition: Any process that modulates the levels of body fluids.

Name: multicellular organismal movement.

Definition: Any physiological process involved in changing the position of a multicellular organism or an anatomical part of a multicellular organism.

Name: musculoskeletal movement.

Definition: The movement of an organism or part of an organism using mechanoreceptors, the nervous system, striated muscle and/or the skeletal system.

Name: voluntary musculoskeletal movement.

Definition: The movement of an organism or part of an organism using mechanoreceptors, the nervous system, striated muscle and/or the skeletal system that can be controlled at will.

Name: neuromuscular process controlling posture.

Definition: Any process in which an organism voluntarily modulates its posture, the alignment of its anatomical parts.

Name: neuromuscular process controlling balance.

Definition: Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors.

Name: endocrine process.

Definition: The process that involves the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system.

Name: cognition.

Definition: The operation of the mind by which an organism becomes aware of objects of thought or perception; it includes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory.

Name: multicellular organismal water homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water within a tissue, organ, or a multicellular organism.

Name: intestinal absorption.

Definition: Any process in which nutrients are taken up from the contents of the intestine.

Name: sensory processing.

Definition: Any neural process required for an organism to sense and interpret the dimensions of a sensory experience: modality, location, intensity and affect.

Name: determination of affect.

Definition: Any process in which an emotional response is associated with a particular sensory stimulation.

Name: response to stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism.

Name: cobalt ion binding.

Definition: Binding to a cobalt ion (Co).

Name: leukocyte migration.

Definition: The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

Name: leukocyte tethering or rolling.

Definition: Transient adhesive interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells lining blood vessels. Carbohydrates on circulating leukocytes bind selectins on the vessel wall causing the leukocytes to slow down and roll along the inner surface of the vessel wall. During this rolling motion, transitory bonds are formed and broken between selectins and their ligands. Typically the first step in cellular extravasation (the movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system, towards the site of tissue damage or infection).

Name: diapedesis.

Definition: The passage of a leukocyte between the tight junctions of endothelial cells lining blood vessels, typically the fourth and final step of cellular extravasation.

Name: neuromuscular process.

Definition: Any process pertaining to the functions of the nervous and muscular systems of an organism.

Name: detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception.

Definition: The series of events involved in sensory perception in which a sensory stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.

Name: detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception.

Definition: The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception.

Name: detection of light stimulus involved in visual perception.

Definition: The series of events involved in visual perception in which a light stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.

Name: sensory perception of taste.

Definition: The series of events required for an organism to receive a gustatory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Gustation involves the direct detection of chemical composition, usually through contact with chemoreceptor cells. This is a neurological process.

Name: detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of sound.

Definition: The series of events involved in the perception of sound vibration in which the vibration is received and converted into a molecular signal.

Name: detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of taste.

Definition: The series of events involved in the perception of taste in which a gustatory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.

Name: sensory perception of bitter taste.

Definition: The series of events required to receive a bitter taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.

Name: sensory perception of sour taste.

Definition: The series of events required to receive a sour taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.

Name: sensory perception of sweet taste.

Definition: The series of events required to receive a sweet taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.

Name: sensory perception of umami taste.

Definition: The series of events required to receive an umami taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Umami taste is the savory taste of meats and other foods that are rich in glutamates. This is a neurological process.

Name: positive chemotaxis.

Definition: The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a chemical.

Name: negative chemotaxis.

Definition: The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of a chemical.

Name: regulation of chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient.

Name: positive regulation of chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient.

Name: negative regulation of chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient.

Name: regulation of negative chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.

Name: positive regulation of negative chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.

Name: negative regulation of negative chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.

Name: regulation of positive chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.

Name: positive regulation of positive chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.

Name: negative regulation of positive chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.

Name: induction of negative chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.

Name: induction of positive chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.

Name: pigment cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a pigmented cell, such as a melanocyte.

Name: regulation of pigment cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pigmented cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of pigment cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pigment cell differentiation.

Name: sensory perception of temperature stimulus.

Definition: The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory temperature stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.

Name: sensory perception of light stimulus.

Definition: The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory light stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.

Name: sensory perception of mechanical stimulus.

Definition: The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory mechanical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.

Name: thermoception.

Definition: The series of events required for an organism to receive a temperature stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Thermoception in larger animals is mainly done in the skin; mammals have at least two types of sensor, for detecting heat (temperatures above body temperature) and cold (temperatures below body temperature).

Name: equilibrioception.

Definition: The series of events required for an organism to receive an orientational stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Equilibrioception refers to a combination of processes by which an organism can perceive its orientation with respect to gravity. In animals, stimuli come from labyrinth system of the inner ears, monitoring the direction of motion; visual stimuli, with information on orientation and motion; pressure receptors, which tell the organism which body surfaces are in contact with the ground; and proprioceptive cues, which report which parts of the body are in motion.

Name: detection of temperature stimulus involved in sensory perception.

Definition: The series of events in which a temperature stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception.

Name: detection of light stimulus involved in sensory perception.

Definition: The series of events in which a light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal as part of the sensory perception of light.

Name: detection of temperature stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain.

Definition: The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a temperature stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.

Name: detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception.

Definition: The series of events in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception.

Name: detection of mechanical stimulus.

Definition: The series of events by which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.

Name: regulation of lipid catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids.

Name: negative regulation of lipid catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids.

Name: positive regulation of lipid catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids.

Name: quaternary ammonium group binding.

Definition: Binding to a quaternary ammonium group, including glycine betaine, choline, carnitine and proline. A quaternary ammonium group is any compound that can be regarded as derived from ammonium hydroxide or an ammonium salt by replacement of all four hydrogen atoms of the NH4+ ion by organic groups.

Name: nitric-oxide synthase binding.

Definition: Binding to nitric-oxide synthase.

Name: regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase.

Name: positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase.

Name: negative regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase.

Name: regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase.

Name: negative regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase.

Name: positive regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase.

Name: Hsp27 protein binding.

Definition: Binding to Hsp27 proteins, a lightweight heat shock protein.

Name: microtubule plus-end binding.

Definition: Binding to the plus end of a microtubule.

Name: microtubule minus-end binding.

Definition: Binding to the minus end of a microtubule.

Name: microtubule sliding.

Definition: The movement of one microtubule along another microtubule.

Name: microtubule severing.

Definition: The process in which a microtubule is broken down into smaller segments. Severing enzymes remove dimers from the middle of the filament to create new ends, unlike depolymerizing kinesins that use ATP to uncap microtubules at their ends.

Name: actin filament severing.

Definition: The process in which an actin filament is broken down into smaller filaments.

Name: actin filament binding.

Definition: Binding to an actin filament, also known as F-actin, a helical filamentous polymer of globular G-actin subunits.

Name: barbed-end actin filament capping.

Definition: The binding of a protein or protein complex to the barbed (or plus) end of an actin filament, thus preventing the addition, exchange or removal of further actin subunits.

Name: actin filament bundle assembly.

Definition: The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness.

Name: protein kinase A binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein kinase A.

Name: mitogen-activated protein kinase binding.

Definition: Binding to a mitogen-activated protein kinase.

Name: GTPase binding.

Definition: Binding to a GTPase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP.

Name: mRNA transport.

Definition: The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: rRNA transport.

Definition: The directed movement of rRNA, ribosomal ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: snRNA transport.

Definition: The directed movement of snRNA, small nuclear ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: tRNA transport.

Definition: The directed movement of tRNA, transfer ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: regulation of endosome size.

Definition: Any process that modulates the volume of an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis.

Name: regulation of calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction.

Name: positive regulation of calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion.

Name: negative regulation of calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion.

Name: regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain (extracellular domain).

Name: positive regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane protein ectodomain peptidolysis.

Name: negative regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis.

Name: regulation of secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.

Name: positive regulation of secretion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.

Name: negative regulation of secretion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.

Name: regulation of transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: positive regulation of transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: negative regulation of transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: regulation of DNA metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.

Name: negative regulation of DNA metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.

Name: positive regulation of DNA metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.

Name: negative regulation of lipid biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.

Name: regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction.

Name: positive regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction.

Name: negative regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction.

Name: NF-kappaB binding.

Definition: Binding to NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters.

Name: nuclear membrane disassembly.

Definition: The controlled breakdown of the nuclear membranes, for example during cellular division.

Name: unfolded protein binding.

Definition: Binding to an unfolded protein.

Name: 'de novo' post-translational protein folding.

Definition: The process of assisting in the correct noncovalent folding of newly formed polypeptides or folding intermediates of polypeptides that have exited the ribosome and/or have been stabilized and transferred by other chaperone proteins. This process could involve several cycles of ATP hydrolysis.

Name: chaperone cofactor-dependent protein refolding.

Definition: The process of assisting in the correct posttranslational noncovalent assembly of proteins, which is dependent on additional protein cofactors. This process occurs over one or several cycles of nucleotide hydrolysis-dependent binding and release.

Name: chaperone mediated protein folding independent of cofactor.

Definition: The process of assisting in the correct noncovalent assembly of posttranslational proteins and does not depend on additional protein cofactors. This function occurs over one or more cycles of nucleotide-dependent binding and release.

Name: chaperone binding.

Definition: Binding to a chaperone protein, a class of proteins that bind to nascent or unfolded polypeptides and ensure correct folding or transport.

Name: constitutive protein ectodomain proteolysis.

Definition: The proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain that occurs constantly, regardless of environmental conditions or demands.

Name: regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.

Name: positive regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.

Name: positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB.

Name: negative regulation of developmental process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).

Name: positive regulation of developmental process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).

Name: regulation of helicase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of helicase activity.

Name: positive regulation of helicase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the activity of a helicase.

Name: negative regulation of helicase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a helicase.

Name: regulation of binding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.

Name: positive regulation of binding.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.

Name: negative regulation of binding.

Definition: Any process that stops or reduces the rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.

Name: regulation of DNA binding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

Name: DNA ligation involved in DNA repair.

Definition: The re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase, that contributes to DNA repair.

Name: regulation of DNA ligation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA ligation, the re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase.

Name: positive regulation of DNA ligation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA ligation, the re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase.

Name: ATPase binding.

Definition: Binding to an ATPase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP.

Name: sugar transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a sugar from one side of a membrane to the other. A sugar is any member of a class of sweet, water-soluble, crystallizable carbohydrates, which are the monosaccharides and smaller oligosaccharides.

Name: hepoxilin A3 synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 12S-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-12-hydro(pero)xy-eicosa-5,8,10,14-tetraenoic acid = (5Z,9E,14Z)-(8,11R,12S)-11,12-epoxy-8-hydroxyicosa-5,9,14-trienoate. 12S-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-12-hydro(pero)xy-eicosa-5,8,10,14-tetraenoic acid is also known as 12S-HpETE, and (5Z,9E,14Z)-(8,11R,12S)-11,12-epoxy-8-hydroxyicosa-5,9,14-trienoate as hepoxilin A3.

Name: hepoxilin metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving hepoxilins, a class of bioactive icosanoids with roles in the regulation of cell physiology.

Name: hepoxilin biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hepoxilins, a class of bioactive icosanoids with roles in the regulation of cell physiology.

Name: RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on an RNA polymerase II promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription by RNA polymerase.

Name: regulation of actin nucleation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin nucleation, the initial step in the formation of an actin filament in which actin monomers combine to form a new filament.

Name: negative regulation of actin nucleation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin nucleation, the initial step in the formation of an actin filament in which actin monomers combine to form a new filament.

Name: positive regulation of actin nucleation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin nucleation, the initial step in the formation of an actin filament in which actin monomers combine to form a new filament.

Name: regulation of cellular component organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.

Name: negative regulation of cellular component organization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.

Name: positive regulation of cellular component organization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.

Name: chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex, mediated by chaperone molecules that do not form part of the finished complex.

Name: regulation of NK T cell activation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell activation.

Name: negative regulation of NK T cell activation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell activation.

Name: positive regulation of NK T cell activation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell activation.

Name: metal cation:proton antiporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: metal ion(in) + H+(out) = metal ion(out) + H+(in).

Name: regulation of NK T cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of NK T cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell proliferation.

Name: smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell; smooth muscle lacks transverse striations in its constituent fibers and are almost always involuntary.

Name: striated muscle cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a striated muscle cell; striated muscle fibers are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and voluntary muscle are types of striated muscle.

Name: regulation of muscle cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of muscle cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of muscle cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.

Name: glucose 6-phosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose 6-phosphate, a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-6.

Name: L-xylitol catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-xylitol, a five-carbon sugar alcohol derived from xylose by reduction of the carbonyl group.

Name: L-xylitol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-xylitol, a five-carbon sugar alcohol derived from xylose by reduction of the carbonyl group. It is as sweet as sucrose and is used as a noncariogenic sweetner and as a sugar substitute in diabetic diets.

Name: nuclear export.

Definition: The directed movement of substances out of the nucleus.

Name: nuclear transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances into, out of, or within the nucleus.

Name: import into nucleus.

Definition: The directed movement of substances into the nucleus.

Name: regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds.

Name: negative regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds.

Name: positive regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds.

Name: regulation of phosphorus metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.

Name: positive regulation of sulfur metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur or compounds containing sulfur.

Name: meiotic sister chromatid cohesion.

Definition: The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the entire length of the chromosome during meiosis.

Name: localization.

Definition: Any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported, tethered to or otherwise maintained in a specific location. In the case of substances, localization may also be achieved via selective degradation.

Name: vitamin transport.

Definition: The directed movement of vitamins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A vitamin is one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.

Name: prosthetic group metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a prosthetic group, the non-amino acid portion of certain protein molecules. Prosthetic groups may be inorganic or organic and are usually required for the biological activity of the protein.

Name: protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane.

Definition: The process that results in the incorporation of a protein into a mitochondrial membrane.

Name: protein insertion into membrane.

Definition: The process that results in the incorporation of a protein into a biological membrane. Incorporation in this context means having some part or covalently attached group that is inserted into the the hydrophobic region of one or both bilayers.

Name: sequestering of calcium ion.

Definition: The process of binding or confining calcium ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.

Name: release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol.

Definition: The process in which calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus or mitochondria are released into the cytosolic compartment.

Name: dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which both atoms of oxygen from one molecule of O2 are incorporated into the (reduced) product(s) of the reaction. The two atoms of oxygen may be distributed between two different products.

Name: cartilage development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cartilage element over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage elements are skeletal elements that consist of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.

Name: phosphoprotein binding.

Definition: Binding to a phosphorylated protein.

Name: cytoplasmic sequestering of protein.

Definition: The selective interaction of a protein with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its transport into other areas of the cell.

Name: positive regulation of protein transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: regulation of protein transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: negative regulation of protein transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: spindle assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart.

Name: mitotic spindle disassembly.

Definition: The controlled breakdown of the spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.

Name: spindle disassembly.

Definition: The controlled breakdown of the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart.

Name: spindle elongation.

Definition: The cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the spindle.

Name: spindle midzone.

Definition: The area in the center of the spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap.

Name: establishment of localization.

Definition: Any process that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation.

Name: maintenance of location.

Definition: Any process in which a cell, substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere.

Name: establishment of RNA localization.

Definition: The directed movement of RNA to a specific location.

Name: sequestering of metal ion.

Definition: The process of binding or confining metal ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.

Name: regulation of multicellular organismal process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a multicellular organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of a multicellular organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs.

Name: positive regulation of multicellular organismal process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, any of the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs.

Name: negative regulation of multicellular organismal process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs.

Name: regulation of protein metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein.

Name: positive regulation of protein metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein.

Name: negative regulation of protein metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein.

Name: regulation of lymphocyte activation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation.

Name: negative regulation of lymphocyte activation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation.

Name: positive regulation of lymphocyte activation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation.

Name: regulation of RNA metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA.

Name: negative regulation of RNA metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA.

Name: positive regulation of RNA metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA.

Name: spindle midzone assembly.

Definition: The cell cycle process in which aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle midzone. The spindle midzone is the area in the center of the spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap.

Name: mitotic spindle midzone assembly.

Definition: The cell cycle process in which the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components forms the spindle midzone.

Name: protein polymerization.

Definition: The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein.

Name: protein complex oligomerization.

Definition: The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of component monomers; protein oligomers may be composed of different or identical monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.

Name: protein homooligomerization.

Definition: The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.

Name: protein depolymerization.

Definition: The process in which protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers, are broken down. Depolymerization occurs by the successive removal of monomers from an existing poly- or oligomeric protein.

Name: protein tetramerization.

Definition: The formation of a protein tetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.

Name: mono-olein transacylation activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: mono-olein + mono-olein = diolein + glycerol. Mono-olein, also known as mono-oleoylglycerol, is the monoglyceride formed from oleic acid, 9-octodecenoic acid; diolein is also known as dioleoylglycerol.

Name: diolein transacylation activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: diolein + mono-olein = triolein + glycerol. Mono-olein, also known as mono-oleoylglycerol, is the monoglyceride formed from oleic acid, 9-octodecenoic acid; diolein is also known as dioleoylglycerol, and triolein as trioleoylglycerol and olein.

Name: CP2 mannose-ethanolamine phosphotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ethanolamine phosphate + Man-alpha-(1,2)-Man-alpha-(1,2)-Man-alpha-(1,6)-R = Man-alpha-(1,2)-Man-alpha-6-P-EtN-(1,2)-Man-alpha-(1,6)-R; R is Man-alpha(1,4)-GlcNH2-inositol-PO4-lipid. This reaction is the transfer of ethanolamine phosphate to C6 of second mannose in the GPI lipid precursor CP2.

Name: chromosome organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. This term covers covalent modifications at the molecular level as well as spatial relationships among the major components of a chromosome.

Name: regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria.

Name: negative regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria.

Name: positive regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria.

Name: regulation of sequestering of calcium ion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the binding or confining calcium ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.

Name: negative regulation of sequestering of calcium ion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the binding or confining calcium ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.

Name: positive regulation of sequestering of calcium ion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the binding or confining calcium ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.

Name: NAD binding.

Definition: Binding to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; binding may be to either the oxidized form, NAD+, or the reduced form, NADH.

Name: protein homotetramerization.

Definition: The formation of a protein homotetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical subunits.

Name: protein heterotetramerization.

Definition: The formation of a protein heterotetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated subunits, of which not all are identical.

Name: protein heterooligomerization.

Definition: The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of component monomers that are not all identical. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.

Name: nuclear pore complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a nuclear pore complex.

Name: establishment of spindle localization.

Definition: The directed movement of the spindle to a specific location in the cell.

Name: establishment of spindle orientation.

Definition: Any process that set the alignment of spindle relative to other cellular structures.

Name: establishment of meiotic spindle localization.

Definition: The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of the meiotic spindle to a specific location in the cell occurs.

Name: centrosome duplication.

Definition: The replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.

Name: centrosome separation.

Definition: The process in which duplicated centrosome components move away from each other. The centriole pair within each centrosome becomes part of a separate microtubule organizing center that nucleates a radial array of microtubules called an aster. The two asters move to opposite sides of the nucleus to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle.

Name: cell division.

Definition: The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells.

Name: regulation of cell division.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells.

Name: establishment of chromosome localization.

Definition: The directed movement of a chromosome to a specific location.

Name: chromosome separation.

Definition: The cell cycle process in which paired chromosomes are detached from each other. Chromosome separation begins with the release of cohesin complexes from chromosomes; in budding yeast, this includes the cleavage of cohesin complexes along the chromosome arms, followed by the separation of the centromeric regions. Chromosome separation also includes formation of chromatid axes mediated by condensins, and ends with the disentangling of inter-sister catenation catalyzed by topoisomerase II (topo II).

Name: chromosome movement towards spindle pole.

Definition: The directed movement of chromosomes in the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles, mediated by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes.

Name: mitotic sister chromatid separation.

Definition: The process in which sister chromatids are physically detached from each other during mitosis.

Name: metaphase plate congression.

Definition: The alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate (spindle equator), a plane halfway between the poles of the spindle.

Name: attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore.

Definition: The cell cycle process in which spindle microtubules become physically associated with the proteins making up the kinetochore complex as part of mitotic metaphase plate congression.

Name: meiotic cell cycle.

Definition: Progression through the phases of the meiotic cell cycle, in which canonically a cell replicates to produce four offspring with half the chromosomal content of the progenitor cell via two nuclear divisions.

Name: regulation of hydrolase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3.

Name: regulation of transferase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.

Name: regulation of lyase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lyase activity, the catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring.

Name: regulation of ligase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ligase activity, the catalysis of the ligation of two substances with concomitant breaking of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate. Ligase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 6.

Name: regulation of oxidoreductase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced.

Name: regulation of cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: nucleotide 3',5'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleotide 5'-phosphate.

Name: positive regulation of cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: nucleotide 3',5'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleotide 5'-phosphate.

Name: positive regulation of hydrolase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds.

Name: negative regulation of hydrolase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops or reduces the rate of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds.

Name: positive regulation of transferase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor.

Name: negative regulation of transferase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops or reduces the rate of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor.

Name: positive regulation of lyase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lyase activity, the catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond.

Name: negative regulation of lyase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops or reduces the rate of lyase activity, the catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond.

Name: positive regulation of ligase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ligase activity, the catalysis of the ligation of two substances with concomitant breaking of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate.

Name: positive regulation of oxidoreductase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered.

Name: negative regulation of oxidoreductase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops or reduces the rate of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered.

Name: muscle alpha-actinin binding.

Definition: Binding to muscle isoforms of actinin. Muscle alpha-actinin isoforms are found in skeletal and cardiac muscle and are localized to the Z-disc.

Name: FATZ binding.

Definition: Binding to a member of the FATZ family of proteins, filamin-, actinin-, and telethonin-binding proteins of the Z-disc of striated muscle. FATZ proteins are located in the Z-disc of the sarcomere and are involved in a complex network of interactions with other Z-band components.

Name: mannose-ethanolamine phosphotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of ethanolamine phosphate to a mannose residue in the GPI lipid precursor.

Name: serotonin binding.

Definition: Binding to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.

Name: epinephrine binding.

Definition: Binding to epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.

Name: norepinephrine binding.

Definition: Binding to norepinephrine, (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol), a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.

Name: kinetochore assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the kinetochore, a multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.

Name: kinetochore organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the kinetochore, a multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.

Name: response to glucocorticoid.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects.

Name: regulation of neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway.

Name: alpha-actinin binding.

Definition: Binding to alpha-actinin, one of a family of proteins that cross-link F-actin as antiparallel homodimers. Alpha-actinin has a molecular mass of 93-103 KDa; at the N-terminus there are two calponin homology domains, at the C-terminus there are two EF-hands. These two domains are connected by the rod domain. This domain is formed by triple-helical spectrin repeats.

Name: regulation of nerve growth factor receptor activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor.

Name: BH domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a Bcl-2 homology (BH) protein domain. Bcl-2-related proteins share homology in one to four conserved regions designated the Bcl-2 homology (BH) domains BH1, BH2, BH3 and BH4. These domains contribute at multiple levels to the function of these proteins in cell death and survival. Anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family have four BH domains (BH1-BH4). Pro-apoptotic members have fewer BH domains.

Name: neuron apoptotic process.

Definition: Any apoptotic process in a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system.

Name: stress-activated MAPK cascade.

Definition: The series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated MAP kinase cascade relays a signal; MAP kinase cascades involve at least three protein kinase activities and culminate in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase.

Name: response to nitrosative stress.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrosative stress stimulus. Nitrosative stress is a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of nitric oxide (NO) or the highly reactive oxidant peroxynitrite, which is produced following interaction of NO with superoxide anions.

Name: detoxification of nitrogen compound.

Definition: Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of nitrogenous compounds which are dangerous or toxic. This includes the aerobic conversion of toxic compounds to harmless substances.

Name: response to cortisol.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cortisol stimulus. Cortisol is the major natural glucocorticoid synthesized in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex; it affects the metabolism of glucose, protein, and fats and has appreciable mineralocorticoid activity. It also regulates the immune system and affects many other functions.

Name: microtubule nucleation by microtubule organizing center.

Definition: The 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, mediated by the microtubule organizing center.

Name: corticotropin-releasing hormone binding.

Definition: Binding to corticotropin-releasing hormone, a polypeptide hormone involved in the stress response. It is released by the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary gland.

Name: PTB domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) Binding to a phosphotyrosine-bindin domain.

Name: hormone receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a receptor for a hormone.

Name: peptide hormone receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a receptor for a peptide hormone.

Name: corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a receptor for corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), a polypeptide hormone involved in the stress response. It is released by the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary gland.

Name: BH3 domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a BH3 protein domain, present in Bcl-2 family members. The BH3 domain is a potent death domain and has an important role in protein-protein interactions and in cell death.

Name: regulation of ubiquitin-protein transferase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin transferase activity.

Name: positive regulation of ubiquitin-protein transferase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin transferase activity.

Name: negative regulation of ubiquitin-protein transferase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin transferase activity.

Name: regulation of meiotic cell cycle.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.

Name: positive regulation of meiotic cell cycle.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.

Name: negative regulation of meiotic cell cycle.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.

Name: myoblast proliferation.

Definition: The multiplication or reproduction of myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of a myoblast cell population. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.

Name: myoblast migration.

Definition: The orderly movement of a myoblast from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. A myoblast is a cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.

Name: intracellular pH reduction.

Definition: Any process that reduces the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.

Name: regulation of intracellular pH.

Definition: Any process that modulates the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.

Name: intracellular pH elevation.

Definition: Any process that increases the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.

Name: maintenance of protein location in nucleus.

Definition: Any process in which a protein is maintained in the nucleus and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration within the nucleus, protein stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that escape the nucleus.

Name: regulation of corticotropin secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of corticotropic hormone from a cell.

Name: negative regulation of corticotropin secretion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of corticotropic hormone from a cell.

Name: positive regulation of corticotropin secretion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of corticotropin hormone from a cell.

Name: regulation of cortisol secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of cortisol from a cell.

Name: positive regulation of cortisol secretion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of cortisol from a cell.

Name: regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the cytosol of a cell or between the cytosol and its surroundings.

Name: negative regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration.

Definition: Any process that decreases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol.

Name: positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration involved in phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol that occurs as part of a PLC-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway. G-protein-activated PLC hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol-bisphosphate (PIP2) to release diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol trisphosphate (IP3). IP3 then binds to calcium release channels in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to trigger calcium ion release into the cytosol.

Name: regulation of filopodium assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.

Name: negative regulation of filopodium assembly.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.

Name: positive regulation of filopodium assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.

Name: regulation of stress fiber assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a stress fiber, a bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts.

Name: regulation of cytoskeleton organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.

Name: negative regulation of cytoskeleton organization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.

Name: positive regulation of cytoskeleton organization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.

Name: positive regulation of stress fiber assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a stress fiber, a bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts.

Name: negative regulation of stress fiber assembly.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly a stress fiber, a bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts.

Name: adenine nucleotide transport.

Definition: The directed movement of adenine nucleotides, ATP, ADP, and/or AMP, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: NFAT protein binding.

Definition: Binding to NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) proteins, a family of transcription factors. NFAT proteins have crucial roles in the development and function of the immune system.

Name: iron-sulfur cluster binding.

Definition: Binding to an iron-sulfur cluster, a combination of iron and sulfur atoms.

Name: 2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster binding.

Definition: Binding to a 2 iron, 2 sulfur (2Fe-2S) cluster; this cluster consists of two iron atoms, with two inorganic sulfur atoms found between the irons and acting as bridging ligands.

Name: 3 iron, 4 sulfur cluster binding.

Definition: Binding to a 3 iron, 4 sulfur (3Fe-4S) cluster; this cluster consists of three iron atoms, with the inorganic sulfur atoms found between the irons and acting as bridging ligands. It is essentially a 4Fe-4S cluster with one iron missing.

Name: 4 iron, 4 sulfur cluster binding.

Definition: Binding to a 4 iron, 4 sulfur (4Fe-4S) cluster; this cluster consists of four iron atoms, with the inorganic sulfur atoms found between the irons and acting as bridging ligands.

Name: metal cluster binding.

Definition: Binding to a cluster of atoms including both metal ions and nonmetal atoms, usually sulfur and oxygen. Examples include iron-sulfur clusters and nickel-iron-sulfur clusters.

Name: elastin metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving elastin, a glycoprotein which is randomly coiled and crosslinked to form elastic fibers that are found in connective tissue.

Name: keratinocyte migration.

Definition: The directed movement of a keratinocyte, epidermal cells which synthesize keratin, from one site to another.

Name: regulation of keratinocyte migration.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte migration.

Name: negative regulation of keratinocyte migration.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte migration.

Name: positive regulation of keratinocyte migration.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte migration.

Name: flavone metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving flavones, a class of pigmented plant compounds based on 2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (2-phenylchromone).

Name: mitochondrial calcium ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the cytoplasm of a cell or between mitochondria and their surroundings.

Name: positive regulation of mitochondrial calcium ion concentration.

Definition: Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in mitochondria.

Name: negative regulation of mitochondrial calcium ion concentration.

Definition: Any process that decreases the concentration of calcium ions in mitochondria.

Name: histone H3-K9 methylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H3 by addition of one or more methyl groups to lysine at position 9 of the histone.

Name: histone H3-K4 methylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H3 by addition of one or more methyl groups to lysine at position 4 of the histone.

Name: regulation of histone H3-K4 methylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 4 of histone H3.

Name: regulation of histone H3-K9 methylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 9 of histone H3.

Name: positive regulation of histone H3-K4 methylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 4 of histone H3.

Name: negative regulation of histone H3-K4 methylation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 4 of histone H3.

Name: negative regulation of histone H3-K9 methylation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 9 of histone H3.

Name: positive regulation of histone H3-K9 methylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 9 of histone H3.

Name: 5'-deoxyribose-5-phosphate lyase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the beta-elimination of the 5' deoxyribose-5-phosphate at an abasic site in DNA where a DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase has already cleaved the C-O-P bond 3' to the apurinic or apyrimidinic site.

Name: regulation of neurotransmitter uptake.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into a neuron or glial cell.

Name: negative regulation of neurotransmitter uptake.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into a neuron or glial cell.

Name: positive regulation of neurotransmitter uptake.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into a neuron or glial cell.

Name: regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the catecholamine neurotransmitter dopamine into a cell.

Name: negative regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of dopamine into a presynaptic neuron or glial cell.

Name: positive regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of dopamine into a cell.

Name: regulation of neurotransmitter transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: negative regulation of neurotransmitter transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: positive regulation of neurotransmitter transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: response to cAMP.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus.

Name: response to calcium ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus.

Name: response to folic acid.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a folic acid stimulus.

Name: detection of glucose.

Definition: The series of events in which a glucose stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.

Name: response to methylglyoxal.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methylglyoxal stimulus. Methylglyoxal is a 2-oxoaldehyde derived from propanal.

Name: methylglyoxal catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methylglyoxal, CH3-CO-CHO, the aldehyde of pyruvic acid.

Name: meiotic recombination checkpoint signaling.

Definition: A signaling process that contributes to a meiotic recombination checkpoint, that acts during late prophase I (pachytene) and prevents segregation of homologous chromosomes until recombination is completed, ensuring proper distribution of the genetic material to the gametes.

Name: response to hydrostatic pressure.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrostatic pressure stimulus. Hydrostatic pressure is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is at rest (as opposed to moving). The weight of the fluid above the object creates pressure on it.

Name: response to electrical stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus.

Name: proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process.

Definition: The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein as part of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by individual cells.

Name: protein maturation.

Definition: Any process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.

Name: detection of stimulus.

Definition: The series of events in which a stimulus is received by a cell or organism and converted into a molecular signal.

Name: defense response to virus.

Definition: Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a virus that act to protect the cell or organism.

Name: histamine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of histamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Histamine is a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.

Name: serotonin uptake.

Definition: The directed movement of serotonin into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems.

Name: regulation of serotonin uptake.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin into a cell.

Name: negative regulation of serotonin uptake.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of serotonin into a cell.

Name: histamine uptake.

Definition: The directed movement of histamine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Histamine is a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.

Name: norepinephrine uptake.

Definition: The directed movement of norepinephrine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.

Name: regulation of norepinephrine uptake.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine into a cell.

Name: negative regulation of norepinephrine uptake.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of norepinephrine into a cell.

Name: epinephrine uptake.

Definition: The directed movement of epinephrine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Epinephrine is a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.

Name: acetylcholine uptake.

Definition: The directed movement of acetylcholine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.

Name: actin filament network formation.

Definition: The assembly of a network of actin filaments; actin filaments on different axes and with differing orientations are crosslinked together to form a mesh of filaments.

Name: organelle localization.

Definition: Any process in which an organelle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.

Name: cellular localization.

Definition: A cellular localization process whereby a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within a cell including the localization of substances or cellular entities to the cell membrane.

Name: centrosome localization.

Definition: Any process in which a centrosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

Name: endoplasmic reticulum localization.

Definition: Any process in which endoplasmic reticulum is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

Name: Golgi localization.

Definition: Any process in which the Golgi is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

Name: mitochondrion localization.

Definition: Any process in which a mitochondrion or mitochondria are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

Name: nucleus localization.

Definition: Any process in which the nucleus is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

Name: vesicle localization.

Definition: Any process in which a vesicle or vesicles are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.

Name: establishment of localization in cell.

Definition: Any process, occuring in a cell, that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation.

Name: establishment of vesicle localization.

Definition: The directed movement of a vesicle to a specific location.

Name: maintenance of location in cell.

Definition: Any process in which a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is maintained in a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.

Name: spindle localization.

Definition: Any process in which is the spindle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.

Name: establishment of mitochondrion localization.

Definition: The directed movement of the mitochondrion to a specific location.

Name: establishment of organelle localization.

Definition: The directed movement of an organelle to a specific location.

Name: maintenance of organelle location.

Definition: Any process in which an organelle is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.

Name: maintenance of mitochondrion location.

Definition: Any process in which a mitochondrion is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.

Name: establishment of centrosome localization.

Definition: The directed movement of the centrosome to a specific location.

Name: maintenance of centrosome location.

Definition: Any process in which a centrosome is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.

Name: nuclear pore localization.

Definition: Any process in which nuclear pores are transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Name: membrane raft localization.

Definition: Any process in which membrane rafts are transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. Membrane rafts are small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes.

Name: localization within membrane.

Definition: Any process in which a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within a membrane.

Name: establishment of Golgi localization.

Definition: The directed movement of the Golgi to a specific location.

Name: maintenance of Golgi location.

Definition: Any process in which the Golgi is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.

Name: cellular oligosaccharide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages, as carried out by individual cells.

Name: cellular oligosaccharide catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages, as carried out by individual cells.

Name: actin filament capping.

Definition: The binding of a protein or protein complex to the end of an actin filament, thus preventing the addition, exchange or removal of further actin subunits.

Name: actin filament uncapping.

Definition: The removal of capping protein from the end of actin filaments to free the ends for addition, exchange or removal of further actin subunits.

Name: protein delipidation.

Definition: The breakage of covalent bonds to detach lipid groups from a protein.

Name: biological process involved in interaction with host.

Definition: An interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association. The term host is used for the larger (macro) of the two members of a symbiosis; the various forms of symbiosis include parasitism, commensalism and mutualism.

Name: biological process involved in interaction with symbiont.

Definition: An interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association. The term symbiont is used for the smaller (macro) of the two members of a symbiosis; the various forms of symbiosis include parasitism, commensalism and mutualism.

Name: biological process involved in intraspecies interaction between organisms.

Definition: Any process in which an organism has an effect on an organism of the same species.

Name: response to other organism.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from another living organism.

Name: regulation of killing of cells of another organism.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the killing by an organism of cells in another organism.

Name: positive regulation of killing of cells of another organism.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the killing by an organism of cells in another organism.

Name: cytolysis in another organism.

Definition: The killing by an organism of a cell in another organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm.

Name: cellular response to stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus by a cell and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell.

Name: inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate 3-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate + phosphate.

Name: protein phosphatase 2A binding.

Definition: Binding to protein phosphatase 2A.

Name: protein C-terminal methylesterase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: C-terminal protein amino acid methyl ester + H2O = protein amino acid + methanol.

Name: protein methylesterase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: protein amino acid methyl ester + H2O = protein amino acid + methanol.

Name: NAD transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of NAD from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: protein de-ADP-ribosylation.

Definition: The process of removing one or more ADP-ribose residues from a protein.

Name: regulation of cell cycle.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.

Name: polynucleotide 5'-hydroxyl-kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NTP + 5'-dephosphopolynucleotide = NDP + 5'-phosphopolynucleotide. The polynucleotide may be DNA or RNA.

Name: polyribonucleotide kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NTP + 5'-dephospho-RNA = NDP + 5'-phospho-RNA.

Name: polydeoxyribonucleotide kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NTP + 5'-dephospho-DNA = NDP + 5'-phospho-DNA.

Name: polynucleotide kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 5'-dephosphopolynucleotide = ADP + 5'-phosphopolynucleotide. The polynucleotide may be DNA or RNA.

Name: polyribonucleotide 5'-hydroxyl-kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 5'-dephospho-RNA = ADP + 5'-phospho-RNA.

Name: cytosine C-5 DNA demethylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: methyl-dCpdG DNA + H2O = dCpdG DNA + methanol. This reaction is the hydrolytic removal of the methyl group on the 5 position of cytosine in DNA.

Name: UTP-monosaccharide-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + a monosaccharide 1-phosphate = diphosphate + UDP-monosaccharide.

Name: actin crosslink formation.

Definition: The process in which two or more actin filaments are connected together by proteins that act as crosslinks between the filaments. The crosslinked filaments may be on the same or differing axes.

Name: inositol tetrakisphosphate kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: inositol tetrakisphosphate + ATP = inositol pentakisphosphate + ADP.

Name: inositol trisphosphate kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: inositol trisphosphate + ATP = inositol tetrakisphosphate + ADP.

Name: regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nitric-oxide synthase enzyme.

Name: positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nitric oxide synthase enzyme.

Name: negative regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nitric-oxide synthase enzyme.

Name: response to redox state.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating redox state. Redox state refers to the balance of oxidized versus reduced forms of electron donors and acceptors in an organelle, cell or organ; plastoquinone, glutathione (GSH/GSSG), and nicotinamide nucleotides (NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH) are among the most important.

Name: positive regulation of cell division.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell division.

Name: negative regulation of cell division.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell division.

Name: regulation of nuclear division.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.

Name: negative regulation of nuclear division.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.

Name: positive regulation of nuclear division.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.

Name: misfolded protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a misfolded protein.

Name: response to misfolded protein.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a misfolded protein stimulus.

Name: short-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids with a chain length of less than C6.

Name: medium-chain fatty acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving medium-chain fatty acids, any fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.

Name: medium-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.

Name: medium-chain fatty acid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.

Name: regulation of timing of catagen.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of timing of catagen, the regression phase of the hair cycle.

Name: positive regulation of timing of catagen.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of timing of catagen, the regression phase of the hair cycle.

Name: negative regulation of timing of catagen.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of timing of catagen, the regression phase of the hair cycle.

Name: regulation of hair follicle development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development.

Name: positive regulation of hair follicle development.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development.

Name: negative regulation of hair follicle development.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development.

Name: phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate 3-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + phosphate.

Name: regulation of synapse structural plasticity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse structural plasticity. Synapse structural plasticity is a type of cytoskeletal remodeling; this remodeling is induced by stimuli that can lead to long term potentiation and it can be activity-dependent or -independent. Examples of cytoskeletal changes include the formation of new spines and increase in spine size; this can be accompanied by the insertion of greater numbers of glutamate (or other neurotransmitter) receptors into the post-synaptic membrane.

Name: positive regulation of synapse structural plasticity.

Definition: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic structural plasticity.

Name: cytolysis by host of symbiont cells.

Definition: The killing by an organism of a cell in its symbiont organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Name: modulation by host of symbiont process.

Definition: The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or processes of a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Name: glycolipid binding.

Definition: Binding to a glycolipid, any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic group such as an acylglycerol, a sphingoid, a ceramide (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate.

Name: histone H3K36 demethylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a modified lysine residue at position 36 of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.

Name: protein autoubiquitination.

Definition: The ubiquitination by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein. Ubiquitination occurs on the lysine residue by formation of an isopeptide crosslink.

Name: killing by host of symbiont cells.

Definition: Any process mediated by an organism that results in the death of cells in the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Name: pigment granule localization.

Definition: Any process in which a pigment granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

Name: Hsp90 protein binding.

Definition: Binding to Hsp90 proteins, any of a group of heat shock proteins around 90kDa in size.

Name: G-quadruplex DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to G-quadruplex DNA structures, in which groups of four guanines adopt a flat, cyclic Hoogsteen hydrogen-bonding arrangement known as a guanine tetrad. The stacking of guanine tetrads results in G-quadruplex DNA structures. G-quadruplex DNA can form under physiological conditions from some G-rich sequences, such as those found in telomeres, immunoglobulin switch regions, gene promoters, fragile X repeats, and the dimerization domain in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genome.

Name: regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential.

Definition: Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of the mitochondrial membrane potential, the electric potential existing across the mitochondrial membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.

Name: mitochondrial depolarization.

Definition: The process in which the potential difference across the mitochondrial membrane is reduced from its steady state level.

Name: regulation of cardioblast differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.

Name: positive regulation of cardioblast differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.

Name: negative regulation of cardioblast differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.

Name: regulation of focal adhesion assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of focal adhesion formation, the establishment and maturation of focal adhesions.

Name: positive regulation of focal adhesion assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of focal adhesion assembly, the establishment and maturation of focal adhesions.

Name: negative regulation of focal adhesion assembly.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of focal adhesion assembly, the establishment and maturation of focal adhesions.

Name: regulation of protein kinase B signaling.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase B signaling, a series of reactions mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B.

Name: positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase B signaling, a series of reactions mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B.

Name: negative regulation of protein kinase B signaling.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase B signaling, a series of reactions mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B.

Name: membrane depolarization.

Definition: The process in which membrane potential decreases with respect to its steady-state potential, usually from negative potential to a more positive potential. For example, the initial depolarization during the rising phase of an action potential is in the direction from the negative steady-state resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.

Name: regulation of mitochondrial depolarization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the change in the membrane potential of the mitochondria from negative to positive.

Name: positive regulation of mitochondrial depolarization.

Definition: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the change in the membrane potential of the mitochondria from negative to positive.

Name: negative regulation of mitochondrial depolarization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the change in the membrane potential of the mitochondria from negative to positive.

Name: pigment granule transport.

Definition: The directed movement of pigment granules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: establishment of pigment granule localization.

Definition: The directed movement of a pigment granule to a specific location.

Name: double-stranded DNA 5'-3' exodeoxyribonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' terminus of a double-stranded DNA molecule.

Name: regulation of fibrinolysis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibrinolysis, an ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots.

Name: negative regulation of fibrinolysis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibrinolysis, an ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots.

Name: positive regulation of fibrinolysis.

Definition: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibrinolysis, an ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots.

Name: peroxiredoxin activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: [protein]-dithol + ROOH = [protein]-disulfide + H2O + ROH.

Name: sulfation.

Definition: The addition of a sulfate group to a molecule.

Name: regulation of calcium ion transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: negative regulation of calcium ion transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: positive regulation of calcium ion transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: regulation of sensory perception of pain.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the sensory perception of pain, the series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal.

Name: regulation of sensory perception.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception, the series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal.

Name: catecholamine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of catecholamines, a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.

Name: L-glutamate import.

Definition: The directed movement of L-glutamate, the L-enantiomer of the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into a cell or organelle.

Name: gamma-aminobutyric acid import.

Definition: The directed movement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) into a cell or organelle.

Name: regulation of catecholamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of catecholamine neurotransmitters into a neuron or glial cell.

Name: positive regulation of catecholamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission.

Definition: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of catecholamine neurotransmitters into a neuron or glial cell.

Name: negative regulation of catecholamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of catecholamine neurotransmitters into a neuron or glial cell.

Name: regulation of amine transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: negative regulation of amine transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: positive regulation of amine transport.

Definition: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: regulation of amino acid transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: negative regulation of amino acid transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: positive regulation of amino acid transport.

Definition: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: methotrexate transport.

Definition: The directed movement of methotrexate, 4-amino-10-methylformic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Methotrexate is a folic acid analogue and a potent competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase.

Name: dynein light intermediate chain binding.

Definition: Binding to a light intermediate chain of the dynein complex.

Name: regulation of nervous system development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.

Name: negative regulation of nervous system development.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.

Name: positive regulation of nervous system development.

Definition: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.

Name: regulation of synapse assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.

Name: positive regulation of synapse assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.

Name: regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate.

Name: regulation of transmission of nerve impulse.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation.

Name: negative regulation of transmission of nerve impulse.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation.

Name: positive regulation of transmission of nerve impulse.

Definition: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation.

Name: regulation of telomerase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). Telomerases catalyze extension of the 3'- end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time using an internal RNA template that encodes the telomeric repeat sequence.

Name: positive regulation of telomerase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1).

Name: negative regulation of telomerase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme telomerase, which catalyzes of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1).

Name: lysophospholipid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of phospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A lysophospholipid is a phospholipid that lacks one of its fatty acyl chains; it is an intermediate formed during digestion of dietary and biliary phospholipids.

Name: lysophospholipid:sodium symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the directed movement of lysophospholipids from one side of a membrane to the other. A lysophospholipid is a phospholipid that lacks one of its fatty acyl chains; it is an intermediate formed during digestion of dietary and biliary phospholipids.

Name: regulation of chromosome segregation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.

Name: positive regulation of chromosome segregation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.

Name: negative regulation of chromosome segregation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.

Name: positive regulation of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of spindle microtubules to the kinetochore.

Name: regulation of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of spindle microtubules to the kinetochore.

Name: (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate + acceptor = 2-oxoglutarate + reduced acceptor.

Name: protein carboxyl O-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to a carboxyl group on a protein.

Name: modulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death.

Definition: Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Name: suppression by symbiont of host programmed cell death.

Definition: Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Name: modulation by symbiont of host apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Name: disruption by host of symbiont structure.

Definition: The process in which a host organism destabilizes an anatomical part or a cellular component of the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Name: disruption by host of symbiont membrane.

Definition: The process in which a host organism destabilizes a symbiont membrane. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Name: modulation by symbiont of entry into host.

Definition: Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent to which it enters into the host organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.

Name: tRNA dimethylallyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: dimethylallyl diphosphate + tRNA = diphosphate + tRNA containing 6-dimethylallyladenosine.

Name: negative regulation by host of symbiont catalytic activity.

Definition: Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont enzyme activity. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Name: modulation by host of symbiont catalytic activity.

Definition: The process in which a host organism effects a change in the enzyme activity of its symbiont organism.

Name: modulation by host of symbiont transcription.

Definition: Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of its symbiont's transcription.

Name: regulation of peptidase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.

Name: regulation of endopeptidase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.

Name: diamine oxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a diamine + H2O + O2 = a monoamine + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.

Name: phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate 3-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 5-phosphate + phosphate + 2 H+.

Name: lysophosphatidic acid phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: lysophosphatidic acid + H2O = phosphate + monoacylglycerol.

Name: alditol phosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving alditol phosphates, any phosphorylated polyhydric alcohol derived from the acyclic form of a monosaccharide by reduction of its aldehyde or keto group to an alcoholic group.

Name: NADP-retinol dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-retinol + NADP+ = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H+.

Name: monoacylglycerol catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monoacylglycerol, any ester of glycerol in which any one of its hydroxyl groups has been acylated with a fatty acid, the other being non-esterified.

Name: cyclic purine nucleotide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue and the base is a purine.

Name: L-leucine transaminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-leucine = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamatic acid.

Name: L-valine transaminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-valine = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid + L-glutamatic acid.

Name: L-isoleucine transaminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-isoleucine = (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid + L-glutamic acid.

Name: guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: GMP + diphosphate = guanine + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.

Name: inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.

Name: tRNA (cytosine-2'-O-)-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2'-O-methylcytosine.

Name: carboxylic ester hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond.

Name: cellular glucuronidation.

Definition: The modification of an organic chemical by the conjugation of glucuronic acid. The substances resulting from glucuronidation are known as glucuronosides (or glucuronides) and are often much more water-soluble than the non-glucuronic acid-containing precursor.

Name: flavonoid glucuronidation.

Definition: The modification of a flavonoid by the conjugation of glucuronic acid. The resultant flavonoid glucuronosides are often much more water-soluble than the precursor.

Name: xenobiotic glucuronidation.

Definition: The modification of a xenobiotic substance by the conjugation of glucuronic acid. The resultant glucuronosides are often much more water-soluble than the xenobiotic precursor, enabling efficient excretion.

Name: class II DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) endonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages immediately 5' to an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP; also called abasic) site within a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule by creating internal breaks, generating a single-strand break with 5'-deoxyribose phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl ends.

Name: fatty acid in-chain hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: fatty acid + O2 + 2 NADPH + H+ = fatty acid with in-chain hydroxy group + 2 NADP+ + H2O.

Name: inositol-1,3,4-trisphosphate 6-kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Name: inositol-1,3,4-trisphosphate 5-kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Name: phosphocholine phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: choline phosphate + H2O = choline + phosphate.

Name: phosphoethanolamine phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: O-phosphoethanolamine + H2O = ethanolamine + phosphate.

Name: tRNA (cytosine-3-)-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 3-methylcytosine.

Name: phosphatidylinositol kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a phosphatidylinositol = ADP + a phosphatidylinositol phosphate.

Name: inositol tetrakisphosphate phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol trisphosphate + phosphate.

Name: phosphatidylinositol monophosphate phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol monophosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol + phosphate.

Name: inositol phosphate phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: inositol phosphate(n) + H2O = inositol phosphate(n-1) + phosphate. This reaction is the removal of a phosphate group from an inositol phosphate.

Name: inositol phosphorylation.

Definition: The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into inositol. Inositol is the cyclic alcohol 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, which is widely distributed in nature and acts as a growth factor in animals and microorganisms.

Name: exo-alpha-(2->3)-sialidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-(2->3)-glycosidic linkages of terminal sialic residues in substrates.

Name: exo-alpha-(2->8)-sialidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-(2->8)-glycosidic linkages of terminal sialic residues in substrates.

Name: beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of sialyl residues alpha-2,3-linked to a beta galactosyl residue on the donor to form an alpha-2,3 linkage to a terminal beta galactosyl residue on the acceptor.

Name: imidazole-containing compound metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving imidazoles, five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.

Name: imidazole-containing compound catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of imidazoles, five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.

Name: 1-phosphatidylinositol-5-kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 5-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.

Name: phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate = ADP + a phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate.

Name: medium-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a medium-chain aldehyde + NAD+ = a medium-chain carboxylate + NADH + H+. Medium-chain aldehydes have a chain length of between 8 and 12 carbons.

Name: medium-chain acyl-CoA hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a medium-chain acyl-CoA = a medium-chain carboxylate + CoA. A medium chain is a chain of between eight and twelve carbons in length.

Name: long-chain acyl-CoA hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a long-chain acyl-CoA = a long-chain carboxylate + CoA. A long chain is a chain of greater than 12 carbons in length.

Name: very long chain acyl-CoA hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a very long chain acyl-CoA = a very long chain carboxylate + CoA. A very long chain has chain length greater than C18.

Name: inositol monophosphate phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol phosphate + H2O = myo-inositol + phosphate.

Name: inositol diphosphate tetrakisphosphate diphosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: diphospho-1D-myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol pentakisphosphate + phosphate.

Name: inositol diphosphate pentakisphosphate diphosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: diphospho-1D-myo-inositol pentakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol hexakisphosphate + phosphate.

Name: ferric-chelate reductase (NADPH) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2 Fe3+-siderophore + NADP+ + H+ -> 2 Fe2+-siderophore + NADPH.

Name: peptidyl-lysine acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl phosphate + peptidyl-L-lysine = phosphate + peptidyl-N6-acetyl-L-lysine.

Name: phosphatidylinositol phosphate phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol phosphate(n) + H2O = phosphatidylinositol phosphate(n-1) + phosphate. This reaction is the removal of a phosphate group from a phosphatidylinositol phosphate.

Name: arachidonic acid omega-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonic acid + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 20-HETE + NADP+ + H2O. Arachidonic acid is also known as (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid, and 20-HETE is also known as (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-20-hydroxyicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid.

Name: tocopherol omega-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: tocopherol + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 13'-hydroxy-tocopherol + NADP+ + H2O .

Name: alpha-tocopherol omega-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-tocopherol + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 13'-hydroxy-alpha-tocopherol + NADP+ + H2O .

Name: tocotrienol omega-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: tocotrienol + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 13'-hydroxy-tocotrienol + NADP+ + H2O .

Name: all-trans-retinyl-palmitate hydrolase, 11-cis retinol forming activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + all-trans-retinyl palmitate = 11-cis-retinol + H+ + palmitate.

Name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors, with a flavin as acceptor.

Definition: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a flavin.

Name: tRNA (guanine(9)-N(1))-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanine(9) in tRNA = N(1)-methylguanine(9) in tRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.

Name: muscle cell development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle cell development does not include the steps involved in committing an unspecified cell to the muscle cell fate.

Name: striated muscle cell development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle cells contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle.

Name: cardiac myofibril assembly.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells.

Name: cardiac cell development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. A cardiac cell is a cell that will form part of the cardiac organ of an individual.

Name: cardiac muscle cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a cardiac muscle precursor cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.

Name: cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac muscle tissue are generated and organized.

Name: atrial cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structure of cardiac atrium muscle is generated and organized.

Name: ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac ventricle muscle is generated and organized.

Name: cardiac muscle cell development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state.

Name: cardiac muscle tissue growth.

Definition: The increase in size or mass of a cardiac muscle, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another.

Name: regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.

Name: positive regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development.

Definition: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.

Name: regulation of cardiac muscle tissue growth.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.

Name: negative regulation of cardiac muscle tissue growth.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.

Name: positive regulation of cardiac muscle tissue growth.

Definition: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.

Name: regulation of cardiac muscle tissue development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.

Name: negative regulation of cardiac muscle tissue development.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.

Name: cortical microtubule.

Definition: Arrays of microtubules underlying and connected to the plasma membrane in the cortical cytosol.

Name: nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex.

Definition: A protein complex, located in the nucleus, that possesses DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity.

Name: recycling endosome.

Definition: An organelle consisting of a network of tubules that functions in targeting molecules, such as receptors transporters and lipids, to the plasma membrane.

Name: recycling endosome membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding a recycling endosome.

Name: anastral spindle assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart, in the absence of centrosomes. Formation is initiated by the nucleation of microtubules (MTs) in the vicinity of condensed chromatin. MTs then attach to and congress around the chromatin due to activity of microtubule motors. A bipolar spindle is formed by focusing of the terminal ends of the MT array into spindle poles by molecular motors and cross-linking proteins.

Name: D-glucose transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of the D-enantiomer of the hexose monosaccharide glucose from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: neuroblast division.

Definition: The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into daughter cells. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.

Name: asymmetric neuroblast division.

Definition: The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into two daughter cells with different developmental potentials.

Name: phosphate ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of phosphate ions within an organism or cell.

Name: chloride ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of chloride ions within an organism or cell.

Name: metal ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of metal ions within an organism or cell.

Name: zinc ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of zinc ions within an organism or cell.

Name: copper ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of copper ions within an organism or cell.

Name: iron ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of iron ions within an organism or cell.

Name: cadmium ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cadmium ions within an organism or cell.

Name: calcium ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within an organism or cell.

Name: potassium ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of potassium ions within an organism or cell.

Name: transition metal ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of transition metal ions within an organism or cell. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.

Name: gap junction hemi-channel activity.

Definition: A wide pore channel activity that enables the transport of a solute across a membrane via a gap junction hemi-channel. Two gap junction hemi-channels coupled together form a complete gap junction.

Name: sodium ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sodium ions within an organism or cell.

Name: monoatomic cation homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cations within an organism or cell. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are cations consisting of exactly one atom.

Name: monoatomic anion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of anions within an organism or cell. Monatomic anions (also called simple anions) are anions consisting of exactly one atom.

Name: cellular chemical homeostasis.

Definition: Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a chemical at the level of the cell.

Name: transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process.

Definition: The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide.

Name: Ski complex.

Definition: A protein complex that regulates RNA degradation by the exosome complex. In Saccharomyces the complex has a heterotetrameric stoichiometry consisting of one copy each of Ski2p and Ski3 and two copies of Ski8p.

Name: lipid homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of lipid within an organism or cell.

Name: fatty acid homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of fatty acid within an organism or cell.

Name: acylglycerol homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of acylglycerol within an organism or cell.

Name: phospholipid homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of phospholipid within an organism or cell.

Name: sterol homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sterol within an organism or cell.

Name: response to hyperoxia.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating increased oxygen tension.

Name: response to lipoprotein particle.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipoprotein particle stimulus.

Name: lipoprotein particle mediated signaling.

Definition: The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a lipoprotein particle.

Name: low-density lipoprotein particle mediated signaling.

Definition: The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of low-density lipoprotein particle.

Name: adiponectin binding.

Definition: Binding to adiponectin, a protein hormone produced by adipose tissue that modulates a number of metabolic processes, including glucose regulation and fatty acid catabolism.

Name: lipase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a lipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a lipid.

Name: ligase regulator activity.

Definition: Binds to and modulates the activity of a ligase.

Name: ubiquitin-protein transferase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a ubiquitin-protein transferase.

Name: ubiquitin-protein transferase regulator activity.

Definition: Binds to and modulates the activity of a ubiquitin-protein transferase, an enzyme that catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to lysine in a substrate protein.

Name: epiboly involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second.

Definition: The expansion of one cell sheet over other cells involved in deuterostomic gastrulation.

Name: regulation of cardiac muscle contraction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction.

Name: relaxation of cardiac muscle.

Definition: The process in which the extent of cardiac muscle contraction is reduced.

Name: digestive system development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive system is the entire structure in which digestion takes place. Digestion is all of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.

Name: L-proline biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-proline, an L-enantiomer of a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.

Name: D-alanine catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-alanine, the D-enantiomer of the amino acid alanine.

Name: C3HC4-type RING finger domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a C3HC4-type zinc finger domain of a protein. The C3HC4-type zinc finger is a variant of RING finger, is a cysteine-rich domain of 40 to 60 residues that coordinates two zinc ions, and has the consensus sequence: C-X2-C-X(9-39)-C-X(1-3)-H-X(2-3)-C-X2-C-X(4-48)-C-X2-C, where X is any amino acid. Many proteins containing a C3HC4-type RING finger play a key role in the ubiquitination pathway.

Name: plus-end directed microfilament motor activity.

Definition: A motor activity that generates movement along a microfilament towards the plus end, driven by ATP hydrolysis. The minus end of an actin filament is the end that does not preferentially add actin monomers.

Name: copper ion export.

Definition: The directed movement of copper ions out of a cell or organelle.

Name: synaptic transmission, glycinergic.

Definition: The vesicular release of glycine from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of glycine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.

Name: parathyroid gland development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the parathyroid gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The parathyroid gland is an organ specialised for secretion of parathyroid hormone.

Name: roof of mouth development.

Definition: The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the roof of the mouth from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The roof of the mouth is the partition that separates the nasal and oral cavities.

Name: hard palate development.

Definition: The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hard palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. The hard palate is the anterior portion of the palate consisting of bone and mucous membranes.

Name: soft palate development.

Definition: The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the soft palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. The soft palate is the posterior portion of the palate extending from the posterior edge of the hard palate.

Name: convergent extension.

Definition: The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis.

Name: convergent extension involved in gastrulation.

Definition: The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis usually resulting in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.

Name: anatomical structure regression.

Definition: The developmental process in which an anatomical stucture is destroyed as a part of its normal progression.

Name: pharyngeal system development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pharyngeal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pharyngeal system is a transient embryonic complex that is specific to vertebrates. It comprises the pharyngeal arches, bulges of tissues of mesoderm and neural crest derivation through which pass nerves and pharyngeal arch arteries. The arches are separated internally by pharyngeal pouches, evaginations of foregut endoderm, and externally by pharyngeal clefts, invaginations of surface ectoderm. The development of the system ends when the stucture it contributes to are forming: the thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, maxilla, mandible, aortic arch, cardiac outflow tract, external and middle ear.

Name: cardiac muscle cell proliferation.

Definition: The expansion of a cardiac muscle cell population by cell division.

Name: pericardium development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pericardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pericardium is a double-walled sac that contains the heart and the roots of the aorta, vena cava and the pulmonary artery.

Name: retina development in camera-type eye.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.

Name: retina morphogenesis in camera-type eye.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized.

Name: regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.

Name: negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.

Name: regulation of acrosome reaction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the acrosome reaction.

Name: heart contraction.

Definition: The multicellular organismal process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.

Name: cardiac muscle contraction.

Definition: Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue.

Name: regulation of protein glycosylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein glycosylation. Protein glycosylation is the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.

Name: positive regulation of protein glycosylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the glycosylation of one or more amino acid residues within a protein. Protein glycosylation is the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.

Name: positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in wound healing.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation, contributing to the restoration of integrity to a damaged tissue following an injury.

Name: angiogenesis involved in wound healing.

Definition: Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.

Name: embryonic retina morphogenesis in camera-type eye.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized in a camera-type eye during the embryonic life stage.

Name: Spemann organizer formation.

Definition: Formation of the specialized region on the dorsalmost side of the embryo that acts as the main signaling center establishing the vertebrate body plan.

Name: uterus development.

Definition: The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the uterus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: canonical Wnt signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.

Name: Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity.

Name: large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of potassium by a channel with a unit conductance of 100 to 220 picoSiemens that opens in response to stimulus by concerted actions of internal calcium ions and membrane potential. Large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels are less sensitive to calcium than are small or intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.

Name: micturition.

Definition: The regulation of body fluids process in which parasympathetic nerves stimulate the bladder wall muscle to contract and expel urine from the body.

Name: regulation of resting membrane potential.

Definition: Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a resting potential, the electrical charge across the plasma membrane, with the interior of the cell negative with respect to the exterior. The resting potential is the membrane potential of a cell that is not stimulated to be depolarized or hyperpolarized.

Name: excitatory synapse.

Definition: A synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell increases the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell.

Name: membrane hyperpolarization.

Definition: The process in which membrane potential increases with respect to its steady-state potential, usually from negative potential to a more negative potential. For example, during the repolarization phase of an action potential the membrane potential often becomes more negative or hyperpolarized before returning to the steady-state resting potential.

Name: smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition.

Definition: The process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in the urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue involved in the expulsion urine from the body.

Name: synaptic transmission involved in micturition.

Definition: The process of communication from a neuron to a smooth muscle in the bladder that contributes to the expulsion of urine from the body.

Name: molecular transducer activity.

Definition: A compound molecular function in which an effector function is controlled by one or more regulatory components.

Name: molecular adaptor activity.

Definition: The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two or more molecules through a selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric interaction, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way.

Name: regulation of phagocytosis, engulfment.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis.

Name: positive regulation of phagocytosis, engulfment.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis.

Name: negative regulation of phagocytosis, engulfment.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis.

Name: regulation of growth hormone secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of growth hormone from a cell.

Name: positive regulation of growth hormone secretion.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of growth hormone from a cell.

Name: prepulse inhibition.

Definition: The process in which a startle magnitude is reduced when the startling stimulus is preceded by a low-intensity prepulse.

Name: maternal process involved in female pregnancy.

Definition: A reproductive process occurring in the mother that allows an embryo or fetus to develop within it.

Name: embryonic process involved in female pregnancy.

Definition: A reproductive process occurring in the embryo or fetus that allows the embryo or fetus to develop within the mother.

Name: regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.

Name: positive regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.

Name: regulation of post-transcriptional gene silencing.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inactivation of gene expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism.

Name: positive regulation of post-transcriptional gene silencing.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inactivation of gene expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism.

Name: negative regulation of post-transcriptional gene silencing.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the inactivation of gene expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism.

Name: peroxisome localization.

Definition: Any process in which a peroxisome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. A peroxisome is a small membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.

Name: microtubule-based peroxisome localization.

Definition: The microtubule-based process in which a peroxisome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. A peroxisome is a small membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.

Name: platelet dense granule organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a platelet dense granule. A platelet dense granule is an electron-dense granule occurring in blood platelets that stores and secretes adenosine nucleotides and serotonin. They contain a highly condensed core consisting of serotonin, histamine, calcium, magnesium, ATP, ADP, pyrophosphate and membrane lysosomal proteins.

Name: urinary bladder development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urinary bladder over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The urinary bladder is an elastic, muscular sac situated in the anterior part of the pelvic cavity in which urine collects before excretion.

Name: phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: A phospholipase C-activating receptor G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by dopamine binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a dopamine receptor signaling pathway activity. A dopamine receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

Name: negative regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dopamine receptor protein signaling pathway activity. A dopamine receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

Name: positive regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the dopamine receptor protein signaling pathway. A dopamine receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

Name: regulation of adenosine receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the adenosine receptor signaling pathway. The adenosine receptor pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adenosine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

Name: positive regulation of adenosine receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the adenosine receptor signaling pathway. The adenosine receptor pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adenosine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

Name: negative regulation of adenosine receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the adenosine receptor signaling pathway. The adenosine receptor pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adenosine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

Name: ciliary membrane.

Definition: The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cilium.

Name: limb development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. Examples include legs, arms or some types of fin.

Name: limb bud formation.

Definition: The process pertaining to the initial formation of a limb bud from unspecified parts. This process begins with the formation of a local condensation of mesenchyme cells within the prospective limb field, and ends when a limb bud is recognizable.

Name: brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a brain-derived neurotrophic factor and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: regulation of angiotensin metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving angiotensin.

Name: apelin receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by apelin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

Name: regulation of lipase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipase activity, the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.

Name: negative regulation of lipase activity.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of lipase activity, the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.

Name: positive regulation of lipase activity.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipase activity, the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.

Name: cloacal septation.

Definition: The separation of the single opening of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts, the cloaca, into multiple isolated openings during development.

Name: cytoplasmic vesicle lumen.

Definition: The volume enclosed by a cytoplasmic vesicle.

Name: regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA poly(A) tail shortening.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of poly(A) tail shortening of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA. Poly(A) tail shortening is the decrease in length of the poly(A) tail of an mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.

Name: negative regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA poly(A) tail shortening.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of poly(A) tail shortening of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA. Poly(A) tail shortening is the decrease in length of the poly(A) tail of an mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.

Name: positive regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA poly(A) tail shortening.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of poly(A) tail shortening of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA. Poly(A) tail shortening is the decrease in length of the poly(A) tail of an mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.

Name: hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hematopoietic stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Name: camera-type eye photoreceptor cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell in a camera-type eye.

Name: phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase activator activity.

Definition: Binds to and increases the activity of phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase.

Name: lipase activator activity.

Definition: Binds to and increases the activity of a lipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a lipid.

Name: lipoprotein lipase activator activity.

Definition: Binds to and increases the activity of a lipoprotein lipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a lipid within a lipoprotein.

Name: mesenchymal to epithelial transition.

Definition: A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell.

Name: delamination.

Definition: The process of negative regulation of cell adhesion that results in a cell or sheet of cells splitting off from an existing epithelial sheet.

Name: regulation of mitotic spindle organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.

Name: contact inhibition.

Definition: The series of events in which information about the density of cells in a population is received by direct cell-cell contact and is converted into a molecular signal, resulting in the cessation of cell growth or proliferation.

Name: negative regulation of cell growth involved in contact inhibition.

Definition: The negative regulation of cell growth in response to increased cell density.

Name: negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in contact inhibition.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation in response to cell density.

Name: detection of cell density.

Definition: The series of events in which information about the density of cells in a population is received and converted into a molecular signal.

Name: anatomical structure homeostasis.

Definition: A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined anatomical structure of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.

Name: regulation of glial cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of glial cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.

Name: negative regulation of glial cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.

Name: regulation of macromolecule metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.

Name: regulation of feeding behavior.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the behavior associated with the intake of food.

Name: regulation of transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a process involved in starting transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Name: positive regulation of transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a process involved in starting transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Name: regulation of respiratory burst.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.

Name: regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.

Name: positive regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.

Name: negative regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.

Name: positive regulation of respiratory burst.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.

Name: negative regulation of respiratory burst.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.

Name: cilium assembly.

Definition: The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.

Name: embryonic skeletal joint morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of skeletal joints are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. A skeletal joint is the connecting structure between the bones of the skeleton.

Name: regulation of oocyte development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.

Name: negative regulation of oocyte development.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.

Name: regulation of cell development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.

Name: cilium-dependent cell motility.

Definition: Cell motility due to the motion of one or more eukaryotic cilia. A eukaryotic cilium is a specialized organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.

Name: epithelial cilium movement involved in determination of left/right asymmetry.

Definition: The movement of cilia of epithelial cells of the Left Right Organizer (LRO), also referred to as the node in mouse or the Kupffer's vesicle in zebrafish, resulting in the leftward fluid flow across the LRO and generation or transport of a signal which determines asymmetry in an organism's body plan with respect to the left and right halves.

Name: transdifferentiation.

Definition: The conversion of a differentiated cell of one fate into a differentiated cell of another fate without first undergoing cell division or reversion to a more primitive or stem cell-like fate.

Name: long-term synaptic potentiation.

Definition: A process that modulates synaptic plasticity such that synapses are changed resulting in the increase in the rate, or frequency of synaptic transmission at the synapse.

Name: cilium movement involved in cell motility.

Definition: Movement of cilia mediated by motor proteins that contributes to the movement of a cell.

Name: regulation of cilium movement involved in cell motility.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of cilium movement involved in ciliary motility.

Name: regulation of cilium beat frequency involved in ciliary motility.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency of cilium beating involved in ciliary motility.

Name: regulation of sarcomere organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.

Name: positive regulation of sarcomere organization.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.

Name: negative regulation of sarcomere organization.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.

Name: regulation of cytokine activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the activity of a molecule that controls the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.

Name: negative regulation of cytokine activity.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the activity of a molecule that controls the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.

Name: regulation of phosphatidylinositol dephosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reaction involving the removal of one or more phosphate groups from a phosphatidylinositol.

Name: regulation of cell diameter.

Definition: Any process that modulates the diameter of a cell, the length of a line segment that crosses through the center of a circular section through a cell.

Name: regulation of membrane repolarization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential, usually from positive to negative.

Name: regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential in a ventricular cardiomyocyte.

Name: elastin catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of elastin. Elastin is a glycoprotein which is randomly coiled and crosslinked to form elastic fibers that are found in connective tissue.

Name: regulation of elastin catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of elastin catabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of elastin.

Name: negative regulation of elastin catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of elastin catabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of elastin.

Name: regulation of blood vessel remodeling.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of blood vessel remodeling, the reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels.

Name: negative regulation of blood vessel remodeling.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of blood vessel remodeling, the reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels.

Name: regulation of ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the activity of a ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel. The ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel catalyzes the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when a ryanodine class ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Name: negative regulation of ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activity.

Definition: Any process that decreases the activity of a ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel. The ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel catalyzes the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when a ryanodine class ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Name: positive regulation of ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activity.

Definition: Any process that increases the activity of a ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel. The ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel catalyzes the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when a ryanodine class ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Name: cardiac epithelial to mesenchymal transition.

Definition: A transition where a cardiac epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.

Name: head development.

Definition: The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a head from an initial condition to its mature state. The head is the anterior-most division of the body.

Name: head morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the head are generated and organized. The head is the anterior-most division of the body.

Name: face development.

Definition: The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head.

Name: face morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the face are generated and organized. The face is the ventral division of the head.

Name: cell chemotaxis.

Definition: The directed movement of a motile cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).

Name: cytoplasmic actin-based contraction involved in cell motility.

Definition: The actin filament-based movement by which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in a contraction that propels the cell from one place to another.

Name: regulation of response to type II interferon.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a response to type II interferon (interferon-gamma). Response to interferon gamma is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus.

Name: negative regulation of response to type II interferon.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a response to type II interferon (interferon-gamma). Response to interferon gamma is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus.

Name: positive regulation of response to type II interferon.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a response to type II interferon (interferon-gamma). Response to interferon gamma is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus.

Name: type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by interferon-gamma binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far.

Name: regulation of type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of an interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of an interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of an interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway.

Name: type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by type I interferon binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.

Name: regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of cellular localization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in a specific location within or in the membrane of a cell.

Name: photoreceptor inner segment membrane.

Definition: The membrane surrounding the inner segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor. The photoreceptor inner segment contains mitochondria, ribosomes and membranes where opsin molecules are assembled and passed to be part of the outer segment discs.

Name: bone development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of bone over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Bone is the hard skeletal connective tissue consisting of both mineral and cellular components.

Name: bone morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which bones are generated and organized.

Name: endochondral bone morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of initial cartilaginous anlage into bone.

Name: cartilage development involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones.

Name: cell adhesion molecule production.

Definition: The appearance of a cell adhesion molecule due to biosynthesis or secretion.

Name: regulation of cell adhesion molecule production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cell adhesion molecule production. Cell adhesion molecule production is the appearance of a cell adhesion molecule as a result of its biosynthesis or a decrease in its catabolism.

Name: negative regulation of cell adhesion molecule production.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cell adhesion molecule production. Cell adhesion molecule production is the appearance of a cell adhesion molecule as a result of its biosynthesis or a decrease in its catabolism.

Name: positive regulation of cell adhesion molecule production.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of cell adhesion molecule production. Cell adhesion molecule production is the appearance of a cell adhesion molecule as a result of its biosynthesis or a decrease in its catabolism.

Name: regulation of leucine import.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of leucine import. Leucine import is the directed movement of leucine into a cell or organelle.

Name: negative regulation of leucine import.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of leucine import. Leucine import is the directed movement of leucine into a cell or organelle.

Name: response to ammonium ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ammonium stimulus.

Name: regulation of Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway..

Name: positive regulation of Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway.

Name: susceptibility to T cell mediated cytotoxicity.

Definition: The process of causing a cell to become susceptible to T cell mediated cytotoxicity.

Name: regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane depolarization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the depolarizing direction away from the resting potential in an atrial cardiomyocyte.

Name: regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential in an atrial cardiomyocyte.

Name: regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell membrane depolarization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the depolarizing direction away from the resting potential in a ventricular cardiomyocyte.

Name: cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac myoblast. A cardiac myoblast is a precursor cell that has been committed to a cardiac muscle cell fate but retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life.

Name: regulation of single-stranded telomeric DNA binding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of binding to single-stranded telomeric DNA.

Name: positive regulation of single-stranded telomeric DNA binding.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of single-stranded telomeric DNA binding.

Name: regulation of DNA strand elongation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of DNA strand elongation. DNA strand elongation is the DNA metabolic process in which an existing DNA strand is extended by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand.

Name: positive regulation of DNA strand elongation.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of DNA strand elongation. DNA strand elongation is the DNA metabolic process in which an existing DNA strand is extended by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand.

Name: pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation.

Definition: The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a pathway restricted SMAD protein. A pathway restricted SMAD protein is an effector protein that acts directly downstream of the transforming growth factor family receptor.

Name: regulation of SMAD protein signal transduction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of SMAD protein signal transduction. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.

Name: positive regulation of SMAD protein signal transduction.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of SMAD protein signal transduction. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.

Name: negative regulation of SMAD protein signal transduction.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the SMAD protein signaling pathway. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.

Name: regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.

Name: negative regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.

Name: SMAD protein signal transduction.

Definition: An intracellular signal transduction process that starts with the activation of a SMAD protein, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell, for e. g. transcription. SMAD proteins are activated by protein serine/threonine kinase cell surface receptors.

Name: growth hormone receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of growth hormone receptor binding to its physiological ligand.

Name: growth hormone receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT.

Definition: The process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) are activated by members of the JAK (janus activated kinase) family of tyrosine kinases, following the binding of physiological ligands to the growth hormone receptor. Once activated, STATs dimerize and translocate to the nucleus and modulate the expression of target genes.

Name: regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the growth hormone receptor signaling pathway. The growth hormone receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of growth hormone receptor binding to its physiological ligand.

Name: negative regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the growth hormone receptor signaling pathway. The growth hormone receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of growth hormone receptor binding to its physiological ligand.

Name: calcium ion transport into cytosol.

Definition: The directed movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) into the cytosol.

Name: cardiac septum morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structure of a cardiac septum is generated and organized. A cardiac septum is a partition that separates parts of the heart.

Name: ventricular septum morphogenesis.

Definition: The developmental process in which a ventricular septum is generated and organized. A ventricular septum is an anatomical structure that separates the lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart from one another.

Name: atrial septum morphogenesis.

Definition: The developmental process in which atrial septum is generated and organized. The atrial septum separates the upper chambers (the atria) of the heart from one another.

Name: aorta smooth muscle tissue morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the structure of the smooth muscle tissue surrounding the aorta is generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.

Name: muscle tissue morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of muscle tissue are generated and organized. Muscle tissue consists of a set of cells that are part of an organ and carry out a contractive function.

Name: response to growth hormone.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth hormone stimulus. Growth hormone is a peptide hormone that binds to the growth hormone receptor and stimulates growth.

Name: heart growth.

Definition: The increase in size or mass of the heart.

Name: regulation of heart growth.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart.

Name: positive regulation of heart growth.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart.

Name: peptidyl-dipeptidase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a peptidyl-dipeptidase. Peptidyl-dipeptidase activity catalyzes the release of C-terminal dipeptides from a polypeptide chain.

Name: lung morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the lung are generated and organized.

Name: lung vasculature development.

Definition: The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung vasculature from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lung vasculature and ends with the mature structure. The lung vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs.

Name: lung epithelium development.

Definition: The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung epithelium from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung epithelium and ends with the mature structure. The lung epithelium is the specialized epithelium that lines the inside of the lung.

Name: epithelium development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.

Name: lung saccule development.

Definition: The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung saccule from an initial condition to its mature state. The lung saccule is the primitive gas exchange portion of the lung composed of type I and type II cells.

Name: bronchus development.

Definition: The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bronchus from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the bronchus and ends with the mature structure. The bronchus is the portion of the airway that connects to the lungs.

Name: lung growth.

Definition: The increase in size or mass of a lung. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax.

Name: trachea development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a trachea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches.

Name: epithelial tube branching involved in lung morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched epithelial tubes of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.

Name: mammary gland morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which anatomical structures of the mammary gland are generated and organized. Morphogenesis refers to the creation of shape. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.

Name: bud outgrowth involved in lung branching.

Definition: The process in which a region of the lung epithelium initiates an outgrowth.

Name: positive regulation of cardiac muscle contraction.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction.

Name: positive regulation of digestive system process.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.

Name: negative regulation of digestive system process.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.

Name: pharynx development.

Definition: The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pharynx from an initial condition to its mature state. The pharynx is the part of the digestive system immediately posterior to the mouth.

Name: positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration involved in egg activation.

Definition: The process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol after fertilization or the physiological activation of an egg.

Name: cortical granule.

Definition: A secretory vesicle that is stored under the cell membrane of an egg. These vesicles fuse with the egg plasma membrane as part of egg activation and are part of the block to polyspermy.

Name: positive regulation of flagellated sperm motility involved in capacitation.

Definition: The process in which the controlled movement of a flagellated sperm cell is initiated as part of the process required for flagellated sperm to reach fertilization competence.

Name: acrosomal vesicle exocytosis.

Definition: The calcium ion regulated exocytosis which results in fusion of the acrosomal vesicle with the plasma membrane of the sperm as part of the acrosome reaction.

Name: lung-associated mesenchyme development.

Definition: The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung-associated mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung-associated mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Lung-associated mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the lung.

Name: mesenchyme development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesenchymal tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A mesenchymal tissue is made up of loosely packed stellate cells.

Name: regulation of cell projection assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell projection assembly.

Name: positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate or frequency of epithelial cell proliferation that results in the lung attaining its shape.

Name: epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis.

Definition: The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the lung.

Name: bud dilation involved in lung branching.

Definition: The process in which a bud in the lung increases radially.

Name: prostate gland morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of a prostate gland are generated and organized.

Name: cartilage morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of cartilage are generated and organized.

Name: muscle tissue development.

Definition: The progression of muscle tissue over time, from its initial formation to its mature state. Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers.

Name: skeletal muscle organ development.

Definition: The progression of a skeletal muscle organ over time from its initial formation to its mature state. A skeletal muscle organ includes the skeletal muscle tissue and its associated connective tissue.

Name: diaphragm development.

Definition: The progression of the diaphragm over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle that is responsible for contraction and expansion of the lungs.

Name: respiratory system development.

Definition: The progression of the respiratory system over time from its formation to its mature structure. The respiratory system carries out respiratory gaseous exchange.

Name: regulation of strand invasion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of strand invasion. Strand invasion is the process in which the nucleoprotein complex (composed of the broken single-strand DNA and the recombinase) searches and identifies a region of homology in intact duplex DNA. The broken single-strand DNA displaces the like strand and forms Watson-Crick base pairs with its complement, forming a duplex in which each strand is from one of the two recombining DNA molecules.

Name: regulation of necroptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a necroptotic process, a necrotic cell death process that results from the activation of endogenous cellular processes, such as signaling involving death domain receptors or Toll-like receptors.

Name: positive regulation of necroptotic process.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a necroptotic process, a necrotic cell death process that results from the activation of endogenous cellular processes, such as signaling involving death domain receptors or Toll-like receptors.

Name: negative regulation of necroptotic process.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a necroptotic process, a necrotic cell death process that results from the activation of endogenous cellular processes, such as signaling involving death domain receptors or Toll-like receptors.

Name: negative regulation of necrotic cell death.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of necrotic cell death. Necrotic cell death is a cell death process that is morphologically characterized by a gain in cell volume (oncosis), swelling of organelles, plasma membrane rupture and subsequent loss of intracellular contents.

Name: negative regulation of cell death.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death.

Name: regulation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + H2O = D-fructose 6-phosphate + phosphate.

Name: positive regulation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + H2O = D-fructose 6-phosphate + phosphate.

Name: regulation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolism. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolism is the chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, also known as FBP. The D enantiomer is a metabolic intermediate in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Name: positive regulation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolism. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolism is the chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, also known as FBP. The D enantiomer is a metabolic intermediate in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Name: regulation of vitamin D biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of a vitamin D biosynthetic process. Vitamin D biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).

Name: positive regulation of vitamin D biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a vitamin D biosynthetic process. Vitamin D biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).

Name: regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity. Calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity is catalysis of the reaction: calcidiol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = calcitriol + NADP+ + H2O.

Name: positive regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity. Calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: calcidiol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = calcitriol + NADP+ + H2O.

Name: developmental growth involved in morphogenesis.

Definition: The increase in size or mass of an anatomical structure that contributes to the structure attaining its shape.

Name: apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis.

Definition: Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an anatomical structure.

Name: epithelial tube morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from an epithelium. Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system.

Name: neuroepithelial cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells.

Name: positive regulation of termination of DNA-templated transcription.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of DNA-templated transcription termination, the process in which transcription is completed; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA.

Name: negative regulation of termination of DNA-templated transcription.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of DNA-dependent transcription termination, the process in which transcription is completed; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA.

Name: intestinal epithelial cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine.

Name: intestinal epithelial cell development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: pulmonary vein morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structure of the pulmonary venous blood vessels are generated and organized. Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the lungs to the heart.

Name: ventral spinal cord interneuron fate commitment.

Definition: The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a ventral spinal cord interneuron. Ventral spinal cord interneurons are cells located in the ventral portion of the spinal cord that transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons and are required for reflexive responses.

Name: cell fate commitment involved in pattern specification.

Definition: The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells within a field of cells that will exhibit a certain pattern of differentiation. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a developmental field resulting in specification of a cell type. Those signals are then interpreted in a cell-autonomous manner resulting in the determination of the cell type.

Name: regulation of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + donor-H2 + 2 O2 = prostaglandin H2 + acceptor + H2O.

Name: positive regulation of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + donor-H2 + 2 O2 = prostaglandin H2 + acceptor + H2O.

Name: multicellular organismal iron ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of the distribution of iron stores within tissues and organs of a multicellular organism.

Name: regulation of lipoprotein lipid oxidation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of lipoprotein lipid oxidation. Lipoprotein lipid oxidation is the modification of a lipoprotein by oxidation of the lipid group.

Name: negative regulation of lipoprotein lipid oxidation.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of lipoprotein lipid oxidation. Lipoprotein lipid oxidation is the modification of a lipoprotein by oxidation of the lipid group.

Name: nucleoside-triphosphatase regulator activity.

Definition: Binds to and modulates the activity of an NTPase.

Name: ATPase regulator activity.

Definition: Binds to and modulates the activity of an ATP hydrolysis activity.

Name: chondroblast differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a mesenchymal cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondroblast. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a chondroblast fate. A chondroblast is a precursor cell to chondrocytes.

Name: mammary gland formation.

Definition: The process pertaining to the initial formation of the mammary gland from unspecified parts. The process begins with formation of the mammary line and ends when the solid mammary bud invades the primary mammary mesenchyme.

Name: mammary gland specification.

Definition: The regionalization process in which the mammary line is specified. The mammary line is a ridge of epidermal cells that will form the mammary placodes.

Name: fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in mammary gland specification.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a fibroblast growth factor to its receptor on the surface of al cell in the epidermis resulting in the formation of the mammary line. The mammary line is a ridge of epidermal cells that will form the mammary placodes.

Name: branch elongation of an epithelium.

Definition: The growth process in which a branch increases in length from its base to its tip.

Name: tube closure.

Definition: Creation of the central hole of a tube in an anatomical structure by sealing the edges of an epithelial fold.

Name: adipose tissue development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of adipose tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Adipose tissue is specialized tissue that is used to store fat.

Name: regulation of cholesterol import.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cholesterol import. Cholesterol import is the directed movement of cholesterol into a cell or organelle.

Name: negative regulation of cholesterol import.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cholesterol import. Cholesterol import is the directed movement of cholesterol into a cell or organelle.

Name: regulation of chromosome condensation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of chromosome condensation, the progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells.

Name: regulation of vesicle-mediated transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of vesicle-mediated transport, the directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell.

Name: regulation of ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport, the directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.

Name: regulation of homologous chromosome segregation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of homologous chromosome segregation, the cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the first division of the meiotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner; this pairing off, referred to as synapsis, permits genetic recombination. One homolog (both sister chromatids) of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.

Name: regulation of microtubule-based movement.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of microtubule-based movement, the movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins.

Name: negative regulation of transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a process involved in starting transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Name: mesenchymal-epithelial cell signaling.

Definition: Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a mesenchymal cell to an epithelial cell where it is received and interpreted.

Name: mammary gland epithelial cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized epithelial cell becomes a more specialized epithelial cell of the mammary gland.

Name: regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis by mesenchymal-epithelial signaling.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis as a result of signals being generated by the mesenchyme and received and interpreted by the salivary gland epithelium.

Name: ureteric bud morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the ureteric bud is generated and organized.

Name: ureteric bud elongation.

Definition: The developmental growth in which the ureteric bud grows along its axis beginning with the growth of the primary ureteric bud and ending when the branches of the bud have elongated.

Name: branch elongation involved in ureteric bud branching.

Definition: The growth of a branch of the ureteric bud along its axis.

Name: epithelial-mesenchymal cell signaling.

Definition: Any process that results in the transfer of information from an epithelial cell to a mesenchymal cell where it is interpreted.

Name: regulation of morphogenesis of a branching structure.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized.

Name: regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching morphogenesis in the salivary gland epithelium.

Name: regulation of cholesterol transporter activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cholesterol transporter activity.

Name: negative regulation of cholesterol transporter activity.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cholesterol transporter activity.

Name: regulation of phospholipid catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of phospholipid catabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.

Name: positive regulation of phospholipid catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of phospholipid catabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.

Name: endoribonuclease inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of endoribonuclease.

Name: regulation of endoribonuclease activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.

Name: regulation of ribonuclease activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of ribonuclease activity, catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in chains of RNA.

Name: negative regulation of ribonuclease activity.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of ribonuclease activity, catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in chains of RNA.

Name: negative regulation of endoribonuclease activity.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.

Name: deoxyribonuclease inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of deoxyribonuclease.

Name: spongiotrophoblast layer development.

Definition: The process in which the spongiotrophoblast layer of the placenta progresses from its formation to its mature state.

Name: regulation of intestinal epithelial structure maintenance.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of intestinal epithelial structure maintenance, a tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of the structure of the intestinal epithelium.

Name: positive regulation of intestinal epithelial structure maintenance.

Definition: Any process the increases the rate, frequency or extent of intestinal epithelial structure maintenance, a tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of the structure of the intestinal epithelium.

Name: positive regulation of inositol phosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of inositol phosphate biosynthesis. Inositol phosphate biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.

Name: regulation of eIF2 alpha phosphorylation by dsRNA.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of eIF2 alpha phosphorylation as a cellular response to double-stranded RNA.

Name: epithelial-mesenchymal signaling involved in prostate gland development.

Definition: Any process that results in the transfer of information from an epithelial cell to a mesenchymal cell where it is interpreted and contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time.

Name: prostate gland stromal morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the prostate gland stroma is generated and organized. The prostate gland stroma is made up of the mesenchymal or fibroblast cells of the prostate gland.

Name: regulation of mast cell chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell chemotaxis. Mast cell chemotaxis is the movement of a mast cell in response to an external stimulus.

Name: positive regulation of mast cell chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell chemotaxis. Mast cell chemotaxis is the movement of a mast cell in response to an external stimulus.

Name: negative regulation of mast cell chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell chemotaxis. Mast cell chemotaxis is the movement of a mast cell in response to an external stimulus.

Name: regulation of response to cytokine stimulus.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of a response to cytokine stimulus.

Name: positive regulation of response to cytokine stimulus.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of a response to cytokine stimulus.

Name: negative regulation of response to cytokine stimulus.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of a response to cytokine stimulus.

Name: regulation of androgen receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the androgen receptor signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of androgen receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the androgen receptor signaling pathway.

Name: cell fate commitment involved in formation of primary germ layer.

Definition: The commitment of cells to specific cell fates of the endoderm, ectoderm, or mesoderm as a part of gastrulation.

Name: regulation of cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cell differentiation that contributes to the progression of the placenta over time, from its initial condition to its mature state.

Name: random inactivation of X chromosome.

Definition: Compensating for the two-fold variation in X-chromosome:autosome ratios between sexes by a global inactivation of all, or most of, the genes on either the paternal or maternal X-chromosome in the XX sex.

Name: fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in neural plate anterior/posterior pattern formation.

Definition: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands contributing to the anterior/posterior pattern of the neural plate.

Name: regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.

Name: lymphatic endothelial cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a venous blood vessel endothelial cell acquires specialized features of a lymphatic vessel endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of lymph vessels.

Name: lymphatic endothelial cell fate commitment.

Definition: The commitment of a venous blood vessel endothelial cell to a lymphatic endothelial cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into a lymphatic endothelial cell.

Name: endothelial cell fate commitment.

Definition: The commitment of a cell to an endothelial cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into an endothelial cell.

Name: artery development.

Definition: The progression of the artery over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to a capillary bed.

Name: venous blood vessel development.

Definition: The progression of the venous blood vessel over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. Venous blood vessels carry blood back to the heart after the capillary bed.

Name: semicircular canal development.

Definition: The progression of the semicircular canal from its initial formation to the mature structure.

Name: semicircular canal formation.

Definition: The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the semicircular canal from the otic vesicle. This process begins with the regionalization of the vesicle that specifies the area where the vesicles will form and continues through the process of fusion which forms the initial tubes.

Name: neural plate pattern specification.

Definition: The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the neural plate to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.

Name: neural plate regionalization.

Definition: The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of an axis or axes of the neural plate in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment.

Name: embryonic camera-type eye formation.

Definition: The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a camera-type eye from unspecified neurectoderm. This process begins with the differentiation of cells that form the optic field and ends when the optic cup has attained its shape.

Name: regulation of hair cycle by canonical Wnt signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the hair cycle.

Name: positive regulation of macrophage cytokine production.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage cytokine production. Macrophage cytokine production is the appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

Name: cardiac cell fate commitment.

Definition: The commitment of cells to specific cardiac cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into cardiac cells. Cardiac cells are cells that comprise the organ which pumps blood through the circulatory system.

Name: cardiac cell fate determination.

Definition: The process involved in cardiac cell fate commitment. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment.

Name: heart formation.

Definition: The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the heart from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the heart field and the arrival of cardiac neural crest to the heart region. The process ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.

Name: cardiac pacemaker cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a pacemaker cell. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions.

Name: sinoatrial node cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node.

Name: cardiac muscle cell fate commitment.

Definition: The commitment of cells to specific cardiac muscle cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into cardiac muscle cells. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.

Name: cardiac pacemaker cell development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pacemaker cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions.

Name: cardiac pacemaker cell fate commitment.

Definition: The commitment of cells to pacemaker cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into pacemaker cells. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions.

Name: sinoatrial node cell fate commitment.

Definition: The commitment of cells to sinoatrial (SA) node cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into SA node cells. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node.

Name: sinoatrial node cell development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node.

Name: cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell. A cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell covers the heart vasculature and lacks transverse striations in its constituent fibers.

Name: endocardial cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an endocardial cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart. The endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.

Name: endocardial cell fate commitment.

Definition: The commitment of a cell to an endocardial cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into an endocardial cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart.

Name: regulation of miRNA-mediated gene silencing.

Definition: A process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the downregulation of gene expression through the action of microRNAs (miRNAs).

Name: negative regulation of miRNA-mediated gene silencing.

Definition: A process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of gene silencing by a microRNA (miRNA).

Name: regulation of gene silencing by RNA.

Definition: Any process that regulates the rate, frequency, or extent of gene silencing by RNA. Gene silencing by RNA is the process in which RNA molecules inactivate expression of target genes.

Name: negative regulation of gene silencing by RNA.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of gene silencing by RNA. Gene silencing by RNA is the process in which RNA molecules inactivate expression of target genes.

Name: left/right pattern formation.

Definition: The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of the left/right axis in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment.

Name: cell migration involved in heart development.

Definition: The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the heart over time, from its initial formation, to the mature organ.

Name: coronary vasculature development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blood vessels of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: coronary vasculature morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels of the heart are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.

Name: vasculogenesis involved in coronary vascular morphogenesis.

Definition: The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells that contributes to blood vessel development in the heart, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes.

Name: endocrine hormone secretion.

Definition: The regulated release of a hormone into the circulatory system.

Name: lipid tube.

Definition: A macromolecular complex that contains a tube of lipid surrounded by a protein coat.

Name: lipid tube assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a macromolecular complex that contains a tube of lipid surrounded by a protein coat involved in membrane shaping of vesicle membranes as they fuse or undergo fission.

Name: kidney morphogenesis.

Definition: Morphogenesis of a kidney. A kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.

Name: dendritic spine development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.

Name: dendritic spine morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.

Name: regulation of dendritic spine development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: positive regulation of dendritic spine development.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: negative regulation of dendritic spine development.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: regulation of dendritic spine morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.

Name: negative regulation of dendritic spine morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.

Name: pattern specification involved in kidney development.

Definition: Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the kidney to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.

Name: cell differentiation involved in kidney development.

Definition: The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.

Name: hepaticobiliary system development.

Definition: The progression of the hepaticobiliary system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hepaticobiliary system is responsible for metabolic and catabolic processing of small molecules absorbed from the blood or gut, hormones and serum proteins, detoxification, storage of glycogen, triglycerides, metals and lipid soluble vitamins and excretion of bile. Included are the synthesis of albumin, blood coagulation factors, complement, and specific binding proteins.

Name: gallbladder development.

Definition: The progression of the gallbladder over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The gallbladder is a cavitated organ that stores bile.

Name: regulation of mRNA catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of a mRNA catabolic process, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.

Name: positive regulation of mRNA catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of a mRNA catabolic process, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.

Name: snRNA import into nucleus.

Definition: The directed movement of snRNA, small nuclear ribonucleic acid into the nucleus.

Name: membrane organization.

Definition: A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.

Name: membrane fusion.

Definition: The membrane organization process that joins two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane.

Name: establishment of endothelial barrier.

Definition: The establishment of a barrier between endothelial cell layers, such as those in the brain, lung or intestine, to exert specific and selective control over the passage of water and solutes, thus allowing formation and maintenance of compartments that differ in fluid and solute composition.

Name: eyelid development in camera-type eye.

Definition: The progression of the eyelid in a camera-type eye from its formation to the mature state. The eyelid is a membranous cover that helps protect and lubricate the eye.

Name: visceral serous pericardium development.

Definition: The progression of the visceral serous pericardium from its formation to the mature structure. The visceral serous pericardium is the inner layer of the pericardium.

Name: secretion by lung epithelial cell involved in lung growth.

Definition: The controlled release of liquid by a lung epithelial cell that contributes to an increase in size of the lung as part of its development.

Name: olfactory bulb mitral cell layer development.

Definition: The progression of the olfactory bulb mitral cell layer over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The mitral cell layer is composed of pyramidal neurons whose cell bodies are located between the granule cell layer and the plexiform layer.

Name: regulation of cartilage development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.

Name: positive regulation of cartilage development.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.

Name: negative regulation of cartilage development.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.

Name: uterus morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which anatomical structures of the uterus are generated and organized.

Name: regulation of wound healing.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.

Name: vascular wound healing.

Definition: Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to damaged vasculature.

Name: regulation of vascular wound healing.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to damaged vasculature.

Name: negative regulation of vascular wound healing.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to damaged vasculature.

Name: negative regulation of wound healing.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.

Name: regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.

Name: negative regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.

Name: regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.

Name: positive regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.

Name: somite development.

Definition: The progression of a somite from its initial formation to the mature structure. Somites are mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo.

Name: muscle structure development.

Definition: The progression of a muscle structure over time, from its formation to its mature state. Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms.

Name: iris morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the iris is generated and organized. The iris is an anatomical structure in the eye whose opening forms the pupil. The iris is responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and the amount of light reaching the retina.

Name: chaperone-mediated protein folding.

Definition: The process of inhibiting aggregation and assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure that is dependent on interaction with a chaperone.

Name: positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte cytokine production involved in immune response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the production of a cytokine that contributes to the immune response.

Name: regulation of histone H3-K27 methylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of histone H3-K27 methylation. Histone H3-K27 methylation is the modification of histone H3 by addition of a methyl group to lysine at position 27 of the histone.

Name: negative regulation of histone H3-K27 methylation.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of histone H3-K27 methylation. Histone H3-K27 methylation is the modification of histone H3 by addition of a methyl group to lysine at position 27 of the histone.

Name: positive regulation of histone H3-K27 methylation.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of histone H3-K27 methylation. Histone H3-K27 methylation is the modification of histone H3 by addition of a methyl group to lysine at position 27 of the histone.

Name: regulation of sequestering of zinc ion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of sequestering of zinc ion. Sequestering of zinc ion is the process of binding or confining zinc ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.

Name: positive regulation of sequestering of zinc ion.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of sequestering of zinc ion. Sequestering of zinc ion is the process of binding or confining zinc ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.

Name: regulation of phospholipid translocation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the translocation, or flipping, of phospholipid molecules from one monolayer of a membrane bilayer to the opposite monolayer.

Name: positive regulation of phospholipid translocation.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the translocation, or flipping, of phospholipid molecules from one monolayer of a membrane bilayer to the opposite monolayer.

Name: regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity.

Name: positive regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity.

Name: negative regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity.

Name: neuroendocrine cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a neuroendocrine cell. A neuroendocrine cell is a cell that receives input form a neuron which controls the secretion of an endocrine substance.

Name: negative regulation of heart growth.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart.

Name: endopeptidase activator activity.

Definition: Binds to and increases the activity of an endopeptidase.

Name: peptidase regulator activity.

Definition: Binds to and modulates the activity of a peptidase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis peptide bonds.

Name: endopeptidase regulator activity.

Definition: Binds to and modulates the activity of a peptidase, any enzyme that hydrolyzes nonterminal peptide bonds in polypeptides.

Name: regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome.

Name: morphogenesis of a branching epithelium.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of a branched epithelium are generated and organized.

Name: alveolar primary septum development.

Definition: The progression of a primary alveolar septum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A primary alveolar septum is a specialized epithelium that surrounds the saccule as it forms.

Name: endothelial tube morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from an endothelium. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.

Name: pulmonary artery endothelial tube morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from the pulmonary artery endothelium. An pulmonary artery endothelium is an epithelium that lines the pulmonary artery.

Name: pulmonary artery morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the pulmonary artery are generated and organized. The pulmonary artery is the artery that carries blood from the heart to the lungs.

Name: mRNA destabilization.

Definition: Any process that decreases the stability of an mRNA molecule, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes. Messenger RNA is the intermediate molecule between DNA and protein. It includes UTR and coding sequences. It does not contain introns.

Name: 3'-UTR-mediated mRNA destabilization.

Definition: An mRNA destabilization process in which one or more RNA-binding proteins associate with the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of an mRNA.

Name: establishment of monopolar cell polarity.

Definition: The specification and formation of monopolar intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. Monopolar cell organization is directional organization along an axis.

Name: regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin that contributes to the response of a cell to glucose.

Name: negative regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin that contributes to the response of a cell to glucose.

Name: mammary gland epithelium development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.

Name: regulation of chondrocyte development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.

Name: negative regulation of chondrocyte development.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.

Name: regulation of dermatome development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin.

Name: positive regulation of dermatome development.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin.

Name: regulation of rDNA heterochromatin formation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of rDNA heterochromatin formation.

Name: negative regulation of rDNA heterochromatin formation.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of ribosomal DNA heterochromatin formation.

Name: positive regulation of sclerotome development.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra.

Name: regulation of sclerotome development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra.

Name: paramesonephric duct development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the paramesonephric duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Mullerian ducts (or paramesonephric ducts) are paired ducts of the embryo that run down the lateral sides of the urogenital ridge and terminate at the mullerian eminence in the primitive urogenital sinus. In the female, they will develop to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and the upper portion of the vagina; in the male, they are lost. These ducts are made of tissue of mesodermal origin.

Name: regulation of mesonephros development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mesonephros development. Mesonephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.

Name: pattern specification involved in mesonephros development.

Definition: Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the mesonephros to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.

Name: establishment or maintenance of bipolar cell polarity.

Definition: Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of a bipolar intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.

Name: retina vasculature development in camera-type eye.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: retina vasculature morphogenesis in camera-type eye.

Definition: The process in which the vasculature of the retina is generated and organized.

Name: smooth muscle cell-matrix adhesion.

Definition: The binding of a smooth muscle cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules.

Name: cornea development in camera-type eye.

Definition: The progression of the cornea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cornea is the transparent structure that covers the anterior of the eye.

Name: retinal blood vessel morphogenesis.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: cell surface receptor signaling pathway involved in heart development.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand the binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, which contributes to the progression of the heart over time.

Name: Notch signaling involved in heart development.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell and contributing to the progression of the heart over time.

Name: canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in heart development.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contributes to the progression of the heart over time. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.

Name: canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in cardiac muscle cell fate commitment.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin and contributing to cardiac muscle cell fate commitment. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.

Name: renal filtration cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a renal filtration cell. Renal filtration cells are specialized cells of the renal system that filter fluids by charge, size or both. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.

Name: renal tubule development.

Definition: The progression of the renal tubule over time from its formation to the mature form. A renal tubule is a tube that filters, re-absorbs and secretes substances to rid an organism of waste and to play a role in fluid homeostasis.

Name: renal tubule morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the renal tubule is generated by specification of cell fate, through the maintenance of cell polarity, regulated cell proliferation and morphogenetic cell rearrangements, shape changes and growth. A renal tubule is a tube that filters, re-absorbs and secretes substances to rid an organism of waste and to play a role in fluid homeostasis.

Name: cardiac conduction.

Definition: Transfer of an organized electrical impulse across the heart to coordinate the contraction of cardiac muscles. The process begins with generation of an action potential (in the sinoatrial node (SA) in humans) and ends with a change in the rate, frequency, or extent of the contraction of the heart muscles.

Name: establishment or maintenance of monopolar cell polarity.

Definition: Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of monopolar intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. Monopolar cell organization is directional organization along an axis.

Name: neural precursor cell proliferation.

Definition: The multiplication or reproduction of neural precursor cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A neural precursor cell is either a nervous system stem cell or a nervous system progenitor cell.

Name: Wnt protein secretion.

Definition: The controlled release of a Wnt protein from a cell.

Name: regulation of Wnt protein secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a Wnt protein from a cell.

Name: positive regulation of Wnt protein secretion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a Wnt protein from a cell.

Name: negative regulation of Wnt protein secretion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a Wnt protein from a cell.

Name: apoptotic process involved in luteolysis.

Definition: The apoptotic process that contributes to luteolysis.

Name: positive regulation of triglyceride lipase activity.

Definition: Any process that increases the activity of triglyceride lipase.

Name: negative regulation of testicular blood vessel morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel morphogenesis in the testicle.

Name: testosterone biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of testosterone, an androgen having 17beta-hydroxy and 3-oxo groups, together with unsaturation at C-4 C-5.

Name: determination of heart left/right asymmetry.

Definition: Determination of the asymmetric location of the heart with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.

Name: trabecula morphogenesis.

Definition: The process of shaping a trabecula in an organ. A trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, which generally has a mechanical function. Trabecula are usually but not necessarily, composed of dense collagenous tissue.

Name: heart trabecula morphogenesis.

Definition: The process of shaping a trabecula in the heart. A trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, which generally has a mechanical function. Trabecula are usually but not necessarily, composed of dense collagenous tissue.

Name: regulation of extent of cell growth.

Definition: Any process that modulates the extent of cell growth.

Name: regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to hypoxia.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a hypoxia stimulus.

Name: positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to hypoxia.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a hypoxia stimulus.

Name: negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to hypoxia.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a hypoxia stimulus.

Name: establishment of skin barrier.

Definition: Establishment of the epithelial barrier, the functional barrier in the skin that limits its permeability.

Name: renal system vasculature development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of vasculature of the renal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: renal system vasculature morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the renal system vasculature is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.

Name: kidney vasculature morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the kidney vasculature is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.

Name: kidney vasculature development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: renal artery morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structure of a renal artery is generated and organized. Renal arteries supply the kidneys with blood.

Name: endocardial cushion cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an endocardial cushion cell.

Name: endocardial cushion cell fate commitment.

Definition: The commitment of a cell to an endocardial cushion cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into an endocardial cushion cell.

Name: connective tissue development.

Definition: The progression of a connective tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: reproductive system development.

Definition: The progression of the reproductive system over time from its formation to the mature structure. The reproductive system consists of the organs that function in reproduction.

Name: L-arginine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of L-arginine from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: protein localization to lysosome.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a lysosome.

Name: O-acetyl-ADP-ribose deacetylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction O-acetyl-ADP-ribose + H2O = ADP-ribose + acetate.

Name: regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell proliferation.

Name: response to TNF agonist.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a TNF agonist stimulus.

Name: hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis.

Definition: Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of hematopoietic stem cells within a population of cells.

Name: memory T cell proliferation.

Definition: The expansion of a memory T cell population by cell division.

Name: 2',3'-cyclic GMP-AMP synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GTP = 2 diphosphate + cyclic G-P(2'-5')A-P(3'-5') (cyclic 2',3' GAMP).

Name: 2',3'-cyclic GMP-AMP binding.

Definition: Binding to 2',3' cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) nucleotide, a cyclic purine dinucleotide that consists of AMP and GMP units cyclized via 2',5' and 3',5' linkages.

Name: CDP phosphorylation.

Definition: The process of introducing a phosphate group into CDP to produce a CTP.

Name: centriole elongation.

Definition: The centrosome organization process by which a centriole increases in length as part of the process of replication.

Name: protein localization to cilium.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cilium.

Name: glucose 6-phosphate:inorganic phosphate antiporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose 6-phosphate(out) + inorganic phosphate(in) = glucose 6-phosphate(in) + inorganic phosphate(out).

Name: interleukin-34-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-34 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: myeloid cell development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a myeloid cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: macrophage proliferation.

Definition: The expansion of a macrophage population by cell division.

Name: microglial cell proliferation.

Definition: The expansion of a microglial cell population by cell division.

Name: cilium disassembly.

Definition: A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cilium.

Name: acetylcholine secretion.

Definition: The regulated release of acetylcholine by a cell.

Name: glycogen synthase activity, transferring glucose-1-phosphate.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = UMP + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n)-glucose-1-phosphate.

Name: ganglion development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: axon development.

Definition: The progression of an axon over time. Covers axonogenesis (de novo generation of an axon) and axon regeneration (regrowth), as well as processes pertaining to the progression of the axon over time (fasciculation and defasciculation).

Name: dAMP phosphorylation.

Definition: The process of introducing a phosphate group into dAMP, deoxyadenosine monophosphate, to produce dADP. Addition of two phosphate groups produces dATP.

Name: CMP phosphorylation.

Definition: The process of introducing a phosphate group into CMP, cytidine monophosphate, to produce CDP. Addition of two phosphate groups produces CTP.

Name: dCMP phosphorylation.

Definition: The process of introducing a phosphate group into dCMP, deoxycytidine monophosphate, to produce dCDP. Addition of two phosphate groups produces dCTP.

Name: GDP phosphorylation.

Definition: The process of introducing a phosphate group into GDP, guanosine diphosphate, to produce GTP.

Name: UDP phosphorylation.

Definition: The process of introducing a phosphate group into UDP, uridine diphosphate, to produce UTP.

Name: dCDP phosphorylation.

Definition: The process of introducing a phosphate group into dCDP to produce a dCTP.

Name: TDP phosphorylation.

Definition: The process of introducing a phosphate group into TDP to produce a TTP.

Name: actin filament bundle organization.

Definition: A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an actin filament bundle.

Name: ASAP complex.

Definition: A protein complex involved in regulation of mRNA processing and apoptosis. It binds to RNA in a sequence-independent manner and is recruited to the EJC prior to or during the splicing process. In humans the core proteins are RNPS1, SAP18 and ACIN1.

Name: cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activator activity.

Definition: Binds to and increases the activity of a cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase.

Name: calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage-gated calcium channel.

Definition: A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of a high voltage-gated calcium channel.

Name: K63-linked deubiquitinase activity.

Definition: Hydrolysis of a ubiquitin unit from a ubiquitinated protein linked via the Lys63 residue of ubiquitin.

Name: colon epithelial cell migration.

Definition: The orderly movement of a colonic epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.

Name: intestinal epithelial cell migration.

Definition: The orderly movement of an intestinal epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.

Name: nuclear import signal receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a nuclear import signal (NIS) on a cargo to be transported, to mediate transport of the cargo through the nuclear pore, from the cytoplasm to the nuclear lumen. The cargo can be either a RNA or a protein.

Name: fructose-1-phosphate aldolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose-1-phosphate = dihydroxyacetone phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde.

Name: glycolytic process through fructose-6-phosphate.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide into pyruvate, occurring through a fructose-6-phosphate intermediate, with the concomitant production of ATP and NADH.

Name: MICOS complex.

Definition: Mitochondrial inner membrane complex involved in maintenance of crista junctions, inner membrane architecture, and formation of contact sites to the outer membrane. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the complex has six subunits: MIC10, MIC12, MIC19, MIC26, MIC27, and MIC60.

Name: glycolytic process through glucose-6-phosphate.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, occurring through a glucose-6-phosphate intermediate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP.

Name: canonical glycolysis.

Definition: The glycolytic process that begins with the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate by glucokinase activity. Glycolytic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP.

Name: S-methylmethionine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H+.

Name: H3K27me3 modified histone binding.

Definition: Binding to a histone H3 in which the lysine residue at position 27 has been modified by trimethylation.

Name: RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding.

Definition: Binding to a sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor, any of the factors that interact selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription.

Name: ubiquitin protein ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ubiquitin + S -> X + S-ubiquitin, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ubiquitin linkage is an amide bond: an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate or, in the linear extension of ubiquitin chains, a peptide bond the between the C-terminal glycine and N-terminal methionine of ubiquitin residues.

Name: ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity.

Definition: Isoenergetic transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to another via the reaction X-ubiquitin + Y -> Y-ubiquitin + X, where both the X-ubiquitin and Y-ubiquitin linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.

Name: regulation of protein complex stability.

Definition: Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein complex by altering the likelihood of its assembly or disassembly.

Name: CENP-A containing chromatin.

Definition: The specialized chromatin located in the centromeric core region or the entire centromeric region in organisms with point centromeres, which is enriched for CENP-A-containing nucleosomes. This chromatin forms a 3-dimensional structure which provides a platform for kinetochore assembly and microtubule attachment.

Name: cytoskeleton-dependent cytokinesis.

Definition: A cytokinesis that involves the function of a set of proteins that are part of the microfilament or microtubule cytoskeleton.

Name: histone H3-K9 modification.

Definition: The modification of histone H3 at a lysine in position 9 of the histone.

Name: ubiquitin modification-dependent histone binding.

Definition: Binding to a histone protein in which a residue has been modified by ubiquitination.

Name: ubiquitin-like protein conjugating enzyme activity.

Definition: Isoenergetic transfer of a ubiquitin-like protein (ULP) from one protein to another via the reaction X-SCP + Y -> Y-SCP + X, where both the X-SCP and Y-SCP linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of SCP and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.

Name: NEDD8 conjugating enzyme activity.

Definition: Isoenergetic transfer of NEDD8 from one protein to another via the reaction X-NEDD8 + Y -> Y-NEDD8 + X, where both the X-NEDD8 and Y-NEDD8 linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of NEDD8 and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.

Name: SUMO conjugating enzyme activity.

Definition: Isoenergetic transfer of SUMO from one protein to another via the reaction X-SUMO + Y -> Y-SUMO + X, where both the X-SUMO and Y-SUMO linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of SUMO and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.

Name: UFM1 conjugating enzyme activity.

Definition: Isoenergetic transfer of UFM1 from one protein to another via the reaction X-UFM1 + Y -> Y-UFM1 + X, where both the X-UFM1 and Y-UFM1 linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of UFM1 and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.

Name: ubiquitin-like protein ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin-like protein (ULP) to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ULP + S --> X + S-ULP, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ULP linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ULP linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ULP and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.

Name: NEDD8 ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of NEDD8 to a substrate protein via the reaction X-NEDD8 + S --> X + S-NEDD8, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-NEDD8 linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-NEDD8 linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal amino acid of NEDD8 and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.

Name: SUMO ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of SUMO to a substrate protein via the reaction X-SUMO + S --> X + S-SUMO, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-SUMO linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-SUMO linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal amino acid of SUMO and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.

Name: UFM1 ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of UFM1 to a substrate protein via the reaction X-UFM1 + S --> X + S-UFM1, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-UFM1 linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-UFM1 linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal amino acid of UFM1 and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.

Name: mitochondrial ribosome assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the mitochondrial ribosome and of its subunits.

Name: mitotic spindle astral microtubule.

Definition: Any of the mitotic spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles and are thought to contribute to the forces that separate the poles and position them in relation to the rest of the cell.

Name: importin-alpha family protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a member of the importin-alpha family.

Name: chaperone-mediated autophagy.

Definition: The autophagy process which begins when chaperones and co-chaperones recognize a target motif and unfold the substrate protein. The proteins are then transported to the lysosome where they are degraded.

Name: detoxification of inorganic compound.

Definition: Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of inorganic compounds. These include transport of such compounds away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of inorganic compounds.

Name: tricellular tight junction.

Definition: An specialized occluding junction where three epithelial cells meet. It is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that run perpendicularly to the bicellular tight junction at the point of contact between three epithelial cells in an epithelial sheet.

Name: detoxification of hydrogen peroxide.

Definition: Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of hydrogen peroxide. These include transport of hydrogen peroxide away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration.

Name: cellular detoxification of hydrogen peroxide.

Definition: Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of hydrogen peroxide in a cell. These include transport of hydrogen peroxide away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration.

Name: transferase complex, transferring phosphorus-containing groups.

Definition: A transferase complex capable of catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).

Name: pituitary gonadotropin complex.

Definition: A protein complex that is a protein hormone secreted by gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary of vertebrates. capable of regulating normal growth, sexual development, and reproductive function.

Name: protein-glutaryllysine deglutarylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N(6)-glutaryl-L-lysyl-[protein] + NAD(+) = 2''-O-glutaryl-ADP-D-ribose + L-lysyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.

Name: protein deglutarylation.

Definition: The removal of a glutaryl group (CO-CH2-CH2-CH2-CO) from a residue in a peptide or protein.

Name: GATOR2 complex.

Definition: A multiprotein subcomplex of the GATOR complex that regulates TORC1 signaling by interacting with the Rag GTPase. In human, this complex consists of WDR24, WDR59, MIOS, SEH1L, and SEC13. In S. cerevisiae, this complex is referred to as SEACAT and contains the Sea2p, Sea3p, Sea4p, Seh1p, Sec13p proteins.

Name: inflammasome complex.

Definition: A cytosolic protein complex that is capable of activating caspase-1.

Name: reticulophagy.

Definition: The selective autohagy process in which parts of the endoplasmic reticulum are loaded into autophagosomes, delivered to the vacuole, and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.

Name: L-threonylcarbamoyladenylate synthase.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-threonine + ATP + bicarbonate = L-threonylcarbamoyladenylate + diphosphate + H2O.

Name: N(6)-L-threonylcarbamoyladenine synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-threonylcarbamoyladenylate + adenine(37) in tRNA = AMP + N(6)-L-threonylcarbamoyladenine(37) in tRNA.

Name: folic acid receptor activity.

Definition: Combining selectively with extracellular folic acid and delivering it into the cell via endocytosis.

Name: glucose catabolic process to pyruvate.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, with the production of pyruvate.

Name: glycophagy.

Definition: The selective autophagy process in which cellular glycogen is delivered to the vacuole and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.

Name: lipophagy.

Definition: The selective autophagy process in which lipid droplets are delivered to the vacuole and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.

Name: mitochondrion disassembly.

Definition: The disaggregation of a mitochondrion into its constituent components.

Name: methylglyoxal catabolic process to lactate.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methylglyoxal, CH3-CO-CHO, into lactate.

Name: ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate from ribonucleoside diphosphate, using either thioredoxin disulfide or glutaredoxin disulfide as an acceptor.

Name: peptide-lysine-N-acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + lysine in peptide = CoA + N-acetyl-lysine-peptide.

Name: parkin-mediated stimulation of mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization.

Definition: A positive regulation of the macromitophagy pathway that is triggered by mitochondrial depolarization and requires the function of a parkin-family molecule.

Name: engulfment of target by autophagosome.

Definition: The membrane invagination process by which an autophagosomal membrane surrounds an object that will be degraded by macroautophagy.

Name: leukotriene signaling pathway.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by leukotriene binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

Name: protein lipidation involved in autophagosome assembly.

Definition: The protein lipidation process by which phosphatidylethanolamine is conjugated to a protein of the ATG8 family, leading to membrane insertion of the protein as a step in autophagosome assembly.

Name: protein targeting to lysosome involved in chaperone-mediated autophagy.

Definition: The targeting of a protein to the lysosome process in which an input protein binds to a chaperone and subsequently to a lysosomal receptor.

Name: motor behavior.

Definition: The specific neuromuscular movement of a single organism in response to external or internal stimuli.

Name: forked DNA-dependent helicase activity.

Definition: Unwinding a DNA helix containing forked DNA, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Name: acid sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + sphingomyelin = ceramide + choline phosphate + H+ in an acidic environment.

Name: telomeric repeat-containing RNA binding.

Definition: Binding to long non-coding RNA molecules transcribed from subtelomeric regions in most eukaryotes. Telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) molecules consist of subtelomeric-derived sequences and G-rich telomeric repeats.

Name: substrate localization to autophagosome.

Definition: The localization process by which an autophagic substrate is delivered to a forming autophagosome.

Name: leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell.

Definition: The attachment of a leukocyte to vascular endothelial cell via adhesion molecules.

Name: antifungal innate immune response.

Definition: An defense response against a fungus mediated through an innate immune response. An innate immune response is mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.

Name: CAMKK-AMPK signaling cascade.

Definition: The series of molecular signals in which calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity enabled by a CAMKK directly activates an AMPK. The cascade begins with calmodulin binding calcium which in turn binds CAMKK enabling its calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity. The cascade ends with AMP-activated protein kinase activity.

Name: multivesicular body-lysosome fusion.

Definition: The organelle membrane fusion process in which the membrane of a multivesicular body fuses with a lysosome to create a hybrid organelle.

Name: magnesium:sodium antiporter activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: Na+(in) + Mg2+(out) = Na+(out) + Mg2+(in).

Name: ribosylnicotinate kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N-ribosylnicotinate + ATP = ADP + 2 H+ + nicotinate mononucleotide.

Name: translation elongation factor binding.

Definition: Binding to a translation elongation factor, any polypeptide factor involved in the peptide elongation in ribosome-mediated translation.

Name: response to caloric restriction.

Definition: A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a caloric restriction, insufficient food energy intake.

Name: eNoSc complex.

Definition: A chromatin silencing complex that recruits histone-modifying enzymes and upregulates silencing of rDNA in response to glucose starvation.

Name: cohesin loader activity.

Definition: Facilitating a conformational change to load a cohesin complex around sister chromatids, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Name: intracellular chloride channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of chloride across the membrane of an intracellular compartment. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.

Name: Tapasin-ERp57 complex.

Definition: Subunit of the MHC class I peptide loading complex (GO:0042824) (=PLC) involved in the assembly of the heavy-chain-beta2-microglobulin dimers of the MHC class I molecules that fold with eight to ten residue peptides in the endoplasmic reticulum. Required for the inhibition of the reduction of the disulfide bonds of the heavy chains and the assembly and stabilization of the PLC, suggesting it may play a structural rather than a catalytic role.

Name: peptidoglycan muralytic activity.

Definition: A catalytic activity that contributes to the degradation of peptidoglycan.

Name: secretory granule maturation.

Definition: Steps required to transform an immature secretory vesicle into a mature secretory vesicle. Typically proceeds through homotypic membrane fusion and membrane remodelling.

Name: chromatin lock complex.

Definition: A chromatin silencing complex that binds and bridges separate nucleosomal histones resulting in heterochromatin assembly and chromatin looping.

Name: pH-gated chloride channel activity.

Definition: A gated channel activity that enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens in response to a change in pH.

Name: NAD+ nucleotidase, cyclic ADP-ribose generating.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + H2O = nicotinamide + ADP-ribose that proceeds in a stepwise fashion by ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity followed by cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase activity.

Name: ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NAD = cyclic ADP-ribose + nicotinamide.

Name: cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: cyclic ADP-ribose + H20 = ADP-ribose (ADPR).

Name: endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane tethering.

Definition: The attachment of an endoplasmic reticulum membrane to the plasma membrane via molecular tethers.

Name: telomeric DNA-containing double minutes formation.

Definition: A telomere maintenance process that results in the formation of small fragments of circular extrachromosomal DNA elements which contain telomeric DNA. It is speculated that telomeric DNA-containing double minutes are formed through a recombination event between the telomere and chromosome-internal TTAGGG-like sequences. Telomeric DNA-containing double minutes appear as two closely positioned dots in metaphase.

Name: telomeric D-loop disassembly.

Definition: A telomere loop disassembly process that results in the disassembly of telomeric D-loops. A telomeric D-loop is a three-stranded DNA displacement loop that forms at the site where the telomeric 3' single-stranded DNA overhang (formed of the repeat sequence TTAGGG in mammals) is tucked back inside the double-stranded component of telomeric DNA molecule, thus forming a t-loop or telomeric-loop and protecting the chromosome terminus.

Name: telomeric D-loop binding.

Definition: Binding to a telomeric D-loop. A telomeric D-loop is a three-stranded DNA displacement loop that forms at the site where the telomeric 3' single-stranded DNA overhang (formed of the repeat sequence TTAGGG in mammals) is tucked back inside the double-stranded component of telomeric DNA molecule, thus forming a t-loop or telomeric-loop and protecting the chromosome terminus.

Name: cytosolic ciliogenesis.

Definition: The process in which an axoneme is exposed entirely or partially to the cytoplasm or by which the cytoplasmic portion is assembled or extended. Cytosolic ciliogenesis can occur following compartmentalized ciliogenesis, in which the cilium is formed within a compartment separated from the cytoplasm.

Name: sperm head.

Definition: The part of the late spermatid or spermatozoon that contains the nucleus and acrosome.

Name: neuropeptide processing.

Definition: Any protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a neuropeptide precursor. Processing leads to the attainment of the full functional capacity of the neuropeptide.

Name: microtubule organizing center localization.

Definition: Any process in which the microtubule organizing center is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

Name: antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide.

Definition: An immune response against microbes mediated by anti-microbial peptides in body fluid.

Name: telomeric G-quadruplex DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to telomeric G-quadruplex DNA structures, in which groups of four guanines adopt a flat, cyclic Hoogsteen hydrogen-bonding arrangement known as a guanine tetrad. The stacking of guanine tetrads results in G-quadruplex DNA structures in telomeres.

Name: leading edge of lamellipodium.

Definition: That part of the lamellipodium which represents the distal part of the structure.

Name: retrograde transporter complex, Golgi to ER.

Definition: Transporter complex that recognises, binds and returns endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident proteins that have trafficked to Golgi compartments. Targets proteins lacking the HDEL motif recognised by COPI-coated vesicles.

Name: endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced pre-emptive quality control.

Definition: The response to endoplasimic reticulum stress in which nascent proteins are degraded by attenuation of their translocation into the ER followed by rerouting to the cytosol without cleavage of the signal peptide, and subsequent degradation by the proteasome.

Name: DNA clamp unloader activity.

Definition: Facilitating the opening of the ring structure of the PCNA complex, or any of the related sliding clamp complexes, and their removal from the DNA duplex, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Name: calcium ion sensor activity.

Definition: Binding to and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of calcium ions (Ca2+).

Name: all-trans retinol 3,4-desaturase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-retinol + 2 H+ + O2 + 2 reduced [adrenodoxin] = all-trans-3,4-didehydro retinol + 2 H2O + 2 oxidized [adrenodoxin].

Name: all-trans retinal 3,4-desaturase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-retinal + 2 H+ + O2 + 2 reduced [adrenodoxin] = all-trans-3,4-didehydro retinal + 2 H2O + 2 oxidized [adrenodoxin].

Name: all-trans retinoic acid 3,4-desaturase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-retinoic acid + 2 H+ + O2 + 2 reduced [adrenodoxin] = all-trans-3,4-didehydro retinoic acid + 2 H2O + 2 oxidized [adrenodoxin].

Name: 11-cis-retinal 3,4-desaturase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 11-cis-retinal + 2 H+ + O2 + 2 reduced [adrenodoxin] = 11-cis-3,4-didehydro-retinal + 2 H2O + 2 oxidized [adrenodoxin].

Name: glial cell activation.

Definition: A change in morphology and behavior of a glial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.

Name: autophagosome-lysosome fusion.

Definition: The process in which autophagosomes, double-membraned vesicles containing cytoplasmic material, fuse with a vacuole (yeast) or lysosome (e.g. mammals and insects). In the case of yeast, inner membrane-bounded structures (autophagic bodies) appear in the vacuole. Fusion provides an acidic environment and digestive function to the interior of the autophagosome.

Name: autophagosome-endosome fusion.

Definition: The process in which an autophagosome fuses with an endosome to create an intermediate autophagic organelle called amphisome.

Name: selective autophagy.

Definition: The macroautophagy process in which specific structures are targeted by the autophagy process.

Name: process utilizing autophagic mechanism.

Definition: A cellular process involving delivery of a portion of the cytoplasm to lysosomes or to the plant or fungal vacuole that does not involve direct transport through the endocytic or vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) pathways. This process typically leads to degradation of the cargo; however, it can also be used to deliver resident proteins, such as in the cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway.

Name: protein propionyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: propionyl-CoA + lysine in peptide = CoA + N-propionyl-lysine-peptide.

Name: peptidyl-lysine propionylation.

Definition: The propionylation of peptidyl-lysine.

Name: gamma-glutamylaminecyclotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: epsilon-(L-gamma-glutamyl)-L-lysine = L-lysine + 5-oxo-L-proline.

Name: negative regulation of protein K48-linked ubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of K48-linked ubiquitination, a protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K48-linked ubiquitination targets the substrate protein for degradation.

Name: regulation of protein K48-linked ubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of protein K-48-linked ubiquitination, a protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K48-linked ubiquitination targets the substrate protein for degradation.

Name: establishment of protein localization to plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a plasma membrane.

Name: midbody abscission.

Definition: The process by which the midbody, the cytoplasmic bridge that connects the two prospective daughter cells, is severed at the end of mitotic cytokinesis, resulting in two separate daughter cells.

Name: mRNA (adenine-N1-)-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + adenine in mRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N(1)-methyladenine in mRNA.

Name: establishment of left/right asymmetry.

Definition: The initial formation of the type asymmetry in an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves.

Name: regulatory RNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a small regulatory RNA, a short RNA (usually 50-200 nt long) that is either independently transcribed or processed from a longer RNA by an RNAse enzyme.

Name: 3-hydroxykynureninase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-3-hydroxykynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine.

Name: meiosis I cell cycle process.

Definition: A process that contributes to the first meiotic division. The first meiotic division is the reductive division resulting in the separation of homologous chromosome pairs.

Name: meiosis II cell cycle process.

Definition: A process that coontributes to the second meiotic division. The second meiotic division separates chromatids resulting in a haploid number of chromosomes.

Name: secondary palate development.

Definition: The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the secondary palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The secondary palate is the part of the palate formed from the fusion of the two palatine shelves, extensions of the maxillary prominences.

Name: regulation of small molecule metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a small molecule metabolic process.

Name: positive regulation of small molecule metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a small molecule metabolic process.

Name: negative regulation of small molecule metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a small molecule metabolic process.

Name: collagen-containing extracellular matrix.

Definition: An extracellular matrix consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that provides not only essential physical scaffolding for the cellular constituents but can also initiate crucial biochemical and biomechanical cues required for tissue morphogenesis, differentiation and homeostasis. The components are secreted by cells in the vicinity and form a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells.

Name: regulation of SCF-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modualtes the rate, frequency or extent of SCF-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by an SCF (Skp1/Cul1/F-box protein) complex, and mediated by the proteasome.

Name: negative regulation of SCF-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops or decreases the rate, frequency or extent of SCF-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by an SCF (Skp1/Cul1/F-box protein) complex, and mediated by the proteasome.

Name: regulation of stress granule assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of stress granule assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a stress granule.

Name: positive regulation of stress granule assembly.

Definition: Any process that starts or increases the rate, frequency or extent of stress-granule assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a stress granule.

Name: negative regulation of stress granule assembly.

Definition: Any process that stops or decreases the rate, frequency or extent of stress-granule assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a stress granule.

Name: positive regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation.

Definition: Any process that starts or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.

Name: D-loop DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a DNA D-loop. A D-loop is a three-stranded DNA structure formed by the invasion of a single DNA strand that base pairs with one strand of duplex DNA, while the rest of the double-stranded DNA does not unwind.

Name: TAP complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a TAP complex.

Name: BBSome binding.

Definition: Binding to a BBSome complex.

Name: box C/D snoRNP complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a box C/D snoRNP complex.

Name: GARP complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a GARP complex.

Name: H3K9me3 modified histone binding.

Definition: Binding to a histone H3 in which the lysine residue at position 9 has been modified by trimethylation.

Name: histone mRNA stem-loop binding complex.

Definition: A protein-containing complex composed of a stem-loop binding protein (in most species SLBP) and its interacting partner (SLIP1 or MIF4GD in most species) that binds to the histone mRNA (hmRNA) 3-prime-stem-loop structure. Facilitates hmRNA translation initiation and may also be involved in its processing and nuclear export.

Name: acyl-CoA delta5-desaturase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H+ + O2 = (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O. Can also use a substrate with 3 double bonds (a (8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA) and add a fourth double bond (a (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoyl-CoA).

Name: TSC1-TSC2 complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a TSC1-TSC2 complex.

Name: inhibitory MHC class Ib receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a MHC class Ib protein complex to mediate signaling that inhibits activation of a lymphocyte.

Name: activating MHC class Ib receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a MHC class Ib protein complex to mediate signaling that activates a lymphocyte.

Name: HLA-E specific inhibitory MHC class Ib receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a MHC class Ib molecule of the HLA-A subclass to mediate signaling that inhibits activation of a lymphocyte.

Name: stomach development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stomach over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The stomach is an expanded region of the vertebrate alimentary tract that serves as a food storage compartment and digestive organ.

Name: regulation of programmed necrotic cell death.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed necrotic cell death.

Name: negative regulation of programmed necrotic cell death.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed necrotic cell death.

Name: positive regulation of programmed necrotic cell death.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed necrotic cell death.

Name: peptidyl-aspartic acid 3-dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: protein L-aspartate + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = protein 3-hydroxy-L-aspartate + succinate + CO2.

Name: RNA 2'-O-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + RNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + RNA containing 2'-O-methylribonucleotide.

Name: zinc ion import into organelle.

Definition: The directed import of zinc(2+) from the cytosol, across an organelle membrane, into the organelle.

Name: 4-hydroxybutyrate receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with 4-hydroxybutyrte to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: regulation of mitochondrial gene expression.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).

Name: detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain.

Definition: The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.

Name: catalase complex.

Definition: A protein-containing complex that is capable of catalase activity.

Name: mRNA (cytidine-5-)-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a cytidine in mRNA + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = a 5-methylcytidine in mRNA + H+ + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.

Name: C5-methylcytidine-containing RNA binding.

Definition: Binding to an RNA molecule modified by C5-methylcytidine.

Name: mitochondrial ATP-gated potassium channel activity.

Definition: Enables the ATP-dependent diffusion of a potassium ion across the mitochondrial inner membrane.

Name: mitochondrial ATP-gated potassium channel complex.

Definition: A protein-containing complex that is capable of the ATP-dependent diffusion of a potassium ion across the mitochondrial inner membrane.

Name: complement component C1q complex.

Definition: A protein-containing complex composed of six subunits of each of the three homologous polypeptide chains C1QA, C1QB, and C1QB. It is a subunit of the complement C1 complex. In addition to complement activation, C1q appears to have roles in homeostasis and cellular development, superoxide (O2-) production by neutrophils, blood coagulation and neurological synapse pruning.

Name: brexanolone metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways by which living organisms transform brexanolone.

Name: brexanolone catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of brexanolone.

Name: R-loop processing.

Definition: A DNA metabolic process that results in the disassembly of R-loops. R-loops are three-stranded nucleic acid structures consisitng of an RNA:DNA heteroduplex and a looped-out non-template strand. Aberrant formation and persistence of R-loops block transcription elongation and cause DNA damage. Mechanisms that resolve R-loops are essential for genome stability.

Name: vitamin D 23-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydroxylation of C-23 of any form of vitamin D.

Name: 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-23-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: calcidiol + 2 H+ + O2 + 2 reduced [adrenodoxin] = (23S)-23,25-dihydroxycalciol + H2O + 2 oxidized [adrenodoxin].

Name: 1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 23-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catatlysis of the reaction: calcitriol + 2 H+ + O2 + 2 reduced [adrenodoxin] = 1alpha,23S,25-trihydroxycholecalciferol + H2O + 2 oxidized [adrenodoxin].

Name: all-trans retinoic acid 18-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-retinoate + O2 + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] = all-trans-18-hydroxyretinoate + H+ + H2O + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase].

Name: testosterone 16-beta-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + testosterone = 16beta,17beta-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one + H+ + H2O + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase].

Name: secalciferol 1-monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction:2 H+ + O2 + 2 reduced [adrenodoxin] + secalciferol = calcitetrol + H2O + 2 oxidized [adrenodoxin].

Name: anandamide epoxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the epoxidation of double bonds of the arachidonoyl moiety of anandamide.

Name: anandamide 8,9 epoxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-ethanolamine + O2 + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] = H+ + H2O + N-(8,9-epoxy-5Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatrienoyl)-ethanolamine + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase].

Name: anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-ethanolamine + O2 + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] = H+ + H2O + N-(11,12-epoxy-5Z,8Z,14Z-eicosatrienoyl)-ethanolamine + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase].

Name: anandamide 14,15 epoxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-ethanolamine + O2 + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] = H+ + H2O + N-(14,15-epoxy-5Z,8Z,11Z-eicosatrienoyl)-ethanolamine + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase].

Name: cellular response to chemical stress.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.

Name: regulation of pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway.

Name: peroxynitrite isomerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: peroxynitrite = nitrate.

Name: prostanoid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of prostanoids.

Name: platelet activating factor catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of platelet activating factor, 2-O-acetyl-1-O-octadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.

Name: specification of axis polarity.

Definition: The pattern specification process in which the polarity of a body or organ axis is established and maintained.

Name: intracellular protein transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: protein-containing complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex.

Name: protein-DNA complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and DNA molecules to form a protein-DNA complex.

Name: protein-lipid complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and lipids to form a protein-lipid complex.

Name: biological regulation.

Definition: Any process that modulates a measurable attribute of any biological process, quality or function.

Name: regulation of biological quality.

Definition: Any process that modulates a qualitative or quantitative trait of a biological quality. A biological quality is a measurable attribute of an organism or part of an organism, such as size, mass, shape, color, etc.

Name: regulation of molecular function.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.

Name: extracellular membrane-bounded organelle.

Definition: Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring outside the cell.

Name: aspartic-type peptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which a water molecule bound by the side chains of aspartic residues at the active center acts as a nucleophile.

Name: threonine-type peptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the hydroxyl group of a threonine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.

Name: cysteine-type exopeptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of C- or N-terminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.

Name: metalloaminopeptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a single N-terminal amino acid residue from a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.

Name: serine-type exopeptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond not more than three residues from the N- or C-terminus of a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).

Name: intracellular organelle lumen.

Definition: An organelle lumen that is part of an intracellular organelle.

Name: armadillo repeat domain binding.

Definition: Binding to an armadillo repeat domain, an approximately 40 amino acid long tandemly repeated sequence motif first identified in the Drosophila segment polarity protein armadillo. Arm-repeat proteins are involved in various processes, including intracellular signalling and cytoskeletal regulation.

Name: transforming growth factor beta ligand-receptor complex.

Definition: A protein complex that is formed by the association of a TGF-beta dimeric ligand with 2 molecules of each receptor molecule, TGF-beta type I receptor and TGF-beta type II receptor. The receptor molecules may form homo- or heterodimers but only once bound by the ligand.

Name: carbon monoxide binding.

Definition: Binding to carbon monoxide (CO).

Name: nitric oxide binding.

Definition: Binding to nitric oxide (NO).

Name: telomerase RNA binding.

Definition: Binding to the telomerase RNA template.

Name: rRNA (pseudouridine) methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a pseudouridine residue in an rRNA molecule.

Name: rRNA (guanosine-2'-O-)-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing 2'-O-methylguanosine.

Name: rRNA (uridine-C5-)-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing C5-methyluridine.

Name: neuron cellular homeostasis.

Definition: The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a neuron in a stable, differentiated functional and structural state.

Name: fibrinogen binding.

Definition: Binding to fibrinogen, a highly soluble hexameric glycoprotein complex that is found in blood plasma and is converted to fibrin by thrombin in the coagulation cascade.

Name: collagen V binding.

Definition: Binding to a type V collagen trimer.

Name: thrombospondin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with thrombospondin and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: mRNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation.

Definition: Splicing of mRNA substrates via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons.

Name: intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Definition: The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to a stimulus indicating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen.

Name: fructose binding.

Definition: Binding to the D- or L-enantiomer of fructose, the ketohexose arabino-hex-2-ulose.

Name: extracellular exosome.

Definition: A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.

Name: RNA polymerase binding.

Definition: Binding to an RNA polymerase molecule or complex.

Name: proline-rich region binding.

Definition: Binding to a proline-rich region, i.e. a region that contains a high proportion of proline residues, in a protein.

Name: cytochrome complex.

Definition: A protein complex in which at least one of the proteins is a cytochrome, i.e. a heme-containing protein involved in catalysis of redox reactions.

Name: proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex, proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex that couples ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across a concentration gradient.

Name: proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex, a large protein complex that catalyzes the synthesis or hydrolysis of ATP by a rotational mechanism, coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane.

Name: vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex, proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex that couples ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across the vacuolar membrane.

Name: tear secretion.

Definition: The regulated release of the aqueous layer of the tear film from the lacrimal glands. Tears are the liquid product of a process of lacrimation to clean and lubricate the eyes. Tear fluid contains water, mucin, lipids, lysozyme, lactoferrin, lipocalin, lacritin, immunoglobulins, glucose, urea, sodium, and potassium.

Name: histone lysine demethylation.

Definition: The modification of a histone by the removal of a methyl group from a lysine residue.

Name: histone H3-R2 demethylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H3 by the removal of a methyl group from arginine at position 2 of the histone.

Name: histone H4-R3 demethylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H4 by the removal of a methyl group from arginine at position 3 of the histone.

Name: titin Z domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a titin Z protein domain, which recognizes and binds to the C-terminal calmodulin-like domain of alpha-actinin-2 (Act-EF34), adopts a helical structure, and binds in a groove formed by the two planes between the helix pairs of Act-EF34.

Name: protein initiator methionine removal.

Definition: The protein modification process in which the translation-initiating methionine or formylmethionine residue is removed from a protein.

Name: glycosylation.

Definition: The covalent attachment and further modification of carbohydrate residues to a substrate molecule.

Name: ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis.

Definition: Endocytosis of a protein that requires the substrate to be modified by ubiquitination. Several plasma membrane proteins, including cell surface permeases and some receptors, are targeted for internalization by endocytosis, and are thereafter delivered to the vacuole or lysosome, where they are degraded.

Name: chromo shadow domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a chromo shadow domain, a protein domain that is distantly related, and found in association with, the chromo domain.

Name: chloride-activated potassium channel activity.

Definition: Enables the chloride concentration-regulatable energy-independent passage of potassium ions across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient.

Name: regulation of glucagon secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon.

Name: fructose-6-phosphate binding.

Definition: Binding to fructose 6-phosphate.

Name: delta-catenin binding.

Definition: Binding to the delta subunit of the catenin complex.

Name: chemokine-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a chemokine binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: regulation of chemokine-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a chemokine-mediated signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of chemokine-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a chemokine-mediated signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of chemokine-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a chemokine-mediated signaling pathway.

Name: interleukin-6-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-6 binding to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: regulation of interleukin-6-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of an interleukin-6-mediated signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of interleukin-6-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of an interleukin-6-mediated signaling pathway.

Name: interleukin-27-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-27 binding to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor complex.

Definition: A protein complex that acts as a receptor for the cytokine ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). In humans the receptor complex is a hexamer composed of two molecules each of CNTF and CNTFR and one molecule each of gp130 and LIFR.

Name: ciliary neurotrophic factor binding.

Definition: Binding to the cytokine ciliary neurotrophic factor.

Name: ciliary neurotrophic factor-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: transforming growth factor beta receptor activity, type III.

Definition: Combining with transforming growth factor beta to initiate a change in cell activity; facilitates ligand binding to type I and type II TGF-beta receptors.

Name: mitochondrial translational initiation.

Definition: The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in a mitochondrion. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.

Name: mitochondrial translational elongation.

Definition: The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis in a mitochondrion.

Name: mitochondrial translational termination.

Definition: The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome in a mitochondrion, usually in response to a termination codon (note that mitochondria use variants of the universal genetic code that differ between different taxa).

Name: tRNA aminoacylation for mitochondrial protein translation.

Definition: The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis in a mitochondrion.

Name: regulation of mitochondrial translation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA in a mitochondrion.

Name: negative regulation of mitochondrial translation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA in a mitochondrion.

Name: positive regulation of mitochondrial translation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA in a mitochondrion.

Name: ubiquitin-like protein-specific endopeptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds between an alpha-carboxyl group and an alpha-amino group within a small protein such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein (e.g. APG8, ISG15, NEDD8, SUMO).

Name: SUMO-specific endopeptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds between an alpha-carboxyl group and an alpha-amino group within the small conjugating protein SUMO.

Name: response to UV-A.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-A radiation stimulus. UV-A radiation (UV-A light) spans the wavelengths 315 to 400 nm.

Name: mitochondrial alanyl-tRNA aminoacylation.

Definition: The process of coupling alanine to alanyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by alanyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.

Name: mitochondrial asparaginyl-tRNA aminoacylation.

Definition: The process of coupling asparagine to asparaginyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.

Name: tight junction.

Definition: A cell-cell junction that seals cells together in an epithelium in a way that prevents even small molecules from leaking from one side of the sheet to the other.

Name: anchoring junction.

Definition: A cell junction that mechanically attaches a cell (and its cytoskeleton) to neighboring cells or to the extracellular matrix.

Name: regulation of adiponectin secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of adiponectin from a cell.

Name: negative regulation of adiponectin secretion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of adiponectin from a cell.

Name: positive regulation of adiponectin secretion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of adiponectin from a cell.

Name: enamel mineralization.

Definition: The process in which calcium salts, mainly carbonated hydroxyapatite, are deposited in tooth enamel.

Name: regulation of biomineral tissue development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of biomineral tissue development, the formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds.

Name: negative regulation of biomineral tissue development.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of biomineral tissue development, the formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds.

Name: positive regulation of biomineral tissue development.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of biomineral tissue development, the formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds.

Name: regulation of tooth mineralization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tooth mineralization, the deposition of calcium salts in tooth structures.

Name: negative regulation of tooth mineralization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tooth mineralization, the deposition of calcium salts in tooth structures.

Name: positive regulation of tooth mineralization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tooth mineralization, the deposition of calcium salts in tooth structures.

Name: regulation of enamel mineralization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of enamel mineralization, the deposition of calcium salts in tooth enamel.

Name: positive regulation of enamel mineralization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of enamel mineralization, the deposition of calcium salts in tooth enamel.

Name: D-serine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-serine, the D-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2R)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.

Name: D-serine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-serine, the D-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2R)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid. D-serine is often formed by racemization of L-serine.

Name: large ribosomal subunit rRNA binding.

Definition: Binding to large ribosomal subunit RNA (LSU rRNA), a constituent of the large ribosomal subunit. In S. cerevisiae, this is the 25S rRNA.

Name: small ribosomal subunit rRNA binding.

Definition: Binding to small ribosomal subunit RNA (SSU rRNA), a constituent of the small ribosomal subunit. In S. cerevisiae, this is the 18S rRNA.

Name: DNA polymerase binding.

Definition: Binding to a DNA polymerase.

Name: mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA aminoacylation.

Definition: The process of coupling tyrosine to tyrosyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.

Name: shelterin complex.

Definition: A nuclear telomere cap complex that is formed by the association of telomeric ssDNA- and dsDNA-binding proteins with telomeric DNA, and is involved in telomere protection and recruitment of telomerase. The complex is known to contain TERF1, TERF2, POT1, RAP1, TINF2 and ACD in mammalian cells, and Pot1, Tpz1, Rap1, Rif1, Rif2 and Taz1 in Saccharomyces. Taz1 and Rap1 (or their mammalian equivalents) form a dsDNA-binding subcomplex, Pot1 and Tpz1 form an ssDNA-binding subcomplex, and the two subcomplexes are bridged by Poz1, which acts as an effector molecule along with Ccq1.

Name: kynurenine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving kynurenine, the amino acid 3-(2-aminobenzoyl)-alanine.

Name: chromosome organization involved in meiotic cell cycle.

Definition: A process of chromosome organization that is involved in a meiotic cell cycle.

Name: growth hormone receptor complex.

Definition: A receptor complex that consists of two identical subunits and binds growth hormone.

Name: protein localization to chromosome, telomeric region.

Definition: Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the telomeric region of a chromosome.

Name: establishment of protein localization to chromosome.

Definition: The directed movement of a protein to a specific location on a chromosome.

Name: establishment of protein localization to telomere.

Definition: The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the telomeric region of a chromosome.

Name: regulation of establishment of protein localization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location.

Name: regulation of establishment of protein localization to chromosome.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location on a chromosome.

Name: regulation of establishment of protein localization to telomere.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the telomeric region of a chromosome.

Name: protein trimerization.

Definition: The formation of a protein trimer, a macromolecular structure consisting of three noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.

Name: protein homotrimerization.

Definition: The formation of a protein homotrimer, a macromolecular structure consisting of three noncovalently associated identical subunits.

Name: protein poly-ADP-ribosylation.

Definition: The transfer of multiple ADP-ribose residues from NAD to a protein amino acid, forming a poly(ADP-ribose) chain.

Name: protein auto-ADP-ribosylation.

Definition: The ADP-ribosylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein.

Name: sulfide oxidation, using sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase.

Definition: A sulfide oxidation process that proceeds via the reaction catalyzed by sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase.

Name: sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2S (hydrogen sulfide) + a quinone = S0 (sulfane sulfur) + a hydroquinone.

Name: lymphocyte apoptotic process.

Definition: Any apoptotic process in a lymphocyte, a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin.

Name: regulation of lymphocyte apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of lymphocyte death by apoptotic process.

Name: negative regulation of lymphocyte apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte death by apoptotic process.

Name: positive regulation of lymphocyte apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte death by apoptotic process.

Name: T cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any apoptotic process in a T cell, a type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.

Name: regulation of T cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of T cell death by apoptotic process.

Name: negative regulation of T cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell death by apoptotic process.

Name: positive regulation of T cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell death by apoptotic process.

Name: regulation of activated T cell autonomous cell death.

Definition: Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of activated T cell autonomous cell death.

Name: positive regulation of activated T cell autonomous cell death.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activated T cell autonomous cell death.

Name: regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of thymocyte death by apoptotic process.

Name: negative regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte death by apoptotic process.

Name: positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte death by apoptotic process.

Name: regulation of natural killer cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of natural killer cell death by apoptotic process.

Name: pristanate-CoA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + pristanate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + pristanoyl-CoA.

Name: actin-mediated cell contraction.

Definition: The actin filament-based process in which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in contraction of all or part of the cell body.

Name: mucus secretion.

Definition: The regulated release of mucus by the mucosa. Mucus is a viscous slimy secretion consisting of mucins and various inorganic salts dissolved in water, with suspended epithelial cells and leukocytes. The mucosa, or mucous membrane, is the membrane covered with epithelium that lines the tubular organs of the body. Mucins are carbohydrate-rich glycoproteins that have a lubricating and protective function.

Name: regulation of mucus secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue.

Name: positive regulation of mucus secretion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue.

Name: tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphotyrosyl groups formed as covalent intermediates (in DNA backbone breakage) between a DNA topoisomerase and DNA.

Name: 5'-tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of 5'-phosphotyrosyl groups formed as covalent intermediates (in DNA backbone breakage) between DNA topoisomerase II and DNA.

Name: peptidyl-serine dephosphorylation.

Definition: The removal of phosphoric residues from peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine to form peptidyl-serine.

Name: necrotic cell death.

Definition: A type of cell death that is morphologically characterized by an increasingly translucent cytoplasm, swelling of organelles, minor ultrastructural modifications of the nucleus (specifically, dilatation of the nuclear membrane and condensation of chromatin into small, irregular, circumscribed patches) and increased cell volume (oncosis), culminating in the disruption of the plasma membrane and subsequent loss of intracellular contents. Necrotic cells do not fragment into discrete corpses as their apoptotic counterparts do. Moreover, their nuclei remain intact and can aggregate and accumulate in necrotic tissues.

Name: necroptotic process.

Definition: A programmed necrotic cell death process which begins when a cell receives a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a death receptor or to a Toll-like receptor), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathways), characterized by activation of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 and/or 3 (RIPK1/3, also called RIP1/3) and by critical dependence on mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL), and which typically lead to common morphological features of necrotic cell death. The process ends when the cell has died. The process is divided into a signaling phase, and an execution phase, which is triggered by the former.

Name: oncosis.

Definition: A cellular process that results in swelling of the cell body, and that is morphologically characteristic of necrotic cell death.

Name: pyroptosis.

Definition: A caspase-1-dependent cell death subroutine that is associated with the generation of pyrogenic mediators such as IL-1beta and IL-18.

Name: phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate binding.

Definition: Binding to phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 4' position.

Name: vitamin B6 binding.

Definition: Binding to a vitamin B6 compound: pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, pyridoxine, or the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.

Name: axonemal dynein complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an axonemal dynein complex, a dynein complex found in eukaryotic cilia and flagella, in which the motor domain heads interact with adjacent microtubules to generate a sliding force which is converted to a bending motion.

Name: ferritin complex.

Definition: A protein complex that binds iron and acts as a major iron storage system. Intracellular and extracellular ferritin complexes have different ratios of two types of ferritin monomer, the L (light) chain and H (heavy) chain.

Name: N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-specific phospholipase D activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the release of N-acylethanolamine from N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE) to generate N-acylethanolamine (NAE).

Name: N-acylethanolamine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acylethanolamines. An N-acylethanolamine is an ethanolamine substituted at nitrogen by an acyl group.

Name: N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines. An N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine is a phosphatidylethanolamine substituted at nitrogen by an acyl group.

Name: renal absorption.

Definition: A renal system process in which water, ions, glucose and proteins are taken up from the collecting ducts, glomerulus and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures (e.g. protein absorption is observed in nephrocytes in Drosophila, see PMID:23264686).

Name: renal sodium ion absorption.

Definition: A renal system process in which sodium ions are taken up from the collecting ducts and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures.

Name: sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ion transport.

Definition: The directed movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) into, out of or within the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Name: phosphatidic acid binding.

Definition: Binding to phosphatidic acid, any of a class of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids.

Name: cellular response to hydrogen peroxide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus.

Name: regulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via a stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade.

Name: negative regulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade.

Name: positive regulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade.

Name: response to cGMP.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cGMP (cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus.

Name: lens fiber cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lens fiber cell, any of the elongated, tightly packed cells that make up the bulk of the mature lens in the camera-type eye. The cytoplasm of a lens fiber cell is devoid of most intracellular organelles including the cell nucleus, and contains primarily crystallins, a group of water-soluble proteins expressed in vary large quantities.

Name: lens fiber cell development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lens fiber cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a lens fiber cell fate. A lens fiber cell is any of the elongated, tightly packed cells that make up the bulk of the mature lens in a camera-type eye.

Name: lens fiber cell morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the structures of a lens fiber cell are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a lens fiber cell. A lens fiber cell is any of the elongated, tightly packed cells that make up the bulk of the mature lens in a camera-type eye.

Name: ATR-ATRIP complex.

Definition: A protein complex that contains the protein kinase ATR and ATR-interacting protein (ATRIP) and binds single-stranded DNA; ssDNA binding affinity is increased in the presence of replication protein A.

Name: G1 to G0 transition.

Definition: A cell cycle arrest process that results in arrest during G1 phase, whereupon the cell enters a specialized resting state known as G0 or quiescence.

Name: G1 to G0 transition involved in cell differentiation.

Definition: A cell cycle arrest process that results in arrest during G1 phase, whereupon the cell enters G0 phase, in the context of cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of G0 to G1 transition.

Definition: A cell cycle process that modulates the rate or extent of the transition from the G0 quiescent state to the G1 phase.

Name: negative regulation of G0 to G1 transition.

Definition: A cell cycle process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of the transition from the G0 quiescent state to the G1 phase.

Name: positive regulation of G0 to G1 transition.

Definition: A cell cycle process that activates or increases the rate or extent of the transition from the G0 quiescent state to the G1 phase.

Name: inward rectifier potassium channel inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of an inwardly rectifying potassium channel.

Name: thyroid hormone binding.

Definition: Binding to thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3), tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland.

Name: lipoprotein particle receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a lipoprotein particle receptor.

Name: very-low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a very-low-density lipoprotein receptor.

Name: thyroid hormone transport.

Definition: The directed movement of thyroid hormone into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: triglyceride homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of triglyceride within an organism or cell.

Name: aromatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reduction of an aliphatic ring to yield an aromatic ring.

Name: flap-structured DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a flap structure in DNA. A DNA flap structure is one in which a single-stranded length of DNA or RNA protrudes from a double-stranded DNA molecule.

Name: 3'-flap-structured DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a 3'-flap structure in DNA. A DNA flap structure is one in which a single-stranded 3'-end of DNA or RNA protrudes from a double-stranded DNA molecule.

Name: response to bacterial lipopeptide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bacterial lipopeptide stimulus.

Name: detection of bacterial lipopeptide.

Definition: The series of events in which a bacterial lipopeptide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.

Name: regulation of fat cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell proliferation.

Name: negative regulation of fat cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of fat cell proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of fat cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of fat cell proliferation.

Name: regulation of white fat cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of white fat cell proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of white fat cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of white fat cell proliferation.

Name: actin polymerization-dependent cell motility.

Definition: A process involved in the controlled movement of a bacterial cell powered by the continuous polymerization of actin at one pole of the cell.

Name: hepatocyte differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a hepatocyte. A hepatocyte is specialized epithelial cell that is organized into interconnected plates called lobules, and is the main structural component of the liver.

Name: beta-catenin-TCF7L2 complex.

Definition: A protein complex that contains beta-catenin and TCF7L2 (TCF4), binds to the TCF DNA motif within a promoter element, and is involved in the regulation of WNT target gene transcription.

Name: cellular heat acclimation.

Definition: Any process that increases heat tolerance of a cell in response to high temperatures.

Name: ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.

Definition: An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least ERK1 or ERK2 (MAPKs), a MEK (a MAPKK) and a MAP3K. The cascade may involve 4 different kinases, as it can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.

Name: regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.

Name: negative regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.

Name: positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.

Name: ERK5 cascade.

Definition: An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least ERK5 (also called BMK1; a MAPK), a MEK (a MAPKK) and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.

Name: regulation of ERK5 cascade.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK5 cascade.

Name: positive regulation of ERK5 cascade.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK5 cascade.

Name: endosome to plasma membrane transport vesicle.

Definition: A transport vesicle that mediates transport from the endosome to the plasma membrane, and fuses with the plasma membrane to deliver lipids and membrane proteins to the plasma membrane and to release various cargo molecules, such as proteins or hormones, by exocytosis.

Name: exocytic vesicle.

Definition: A transport vesicle that mediates transport from an intracellular compartment to the plasma membrane, and fuses with the plasma membrane to release various cargo molecules, such as proteins or hormones, by exocytosis.

Name: DNA cytosine deamination.

Definition: The removal of an amino group from a cytosine residue in DNA, forming a uracil residue.

Name: transcription export complex 2.

Definition: A protein complex that couples SAGA-dependent gene expression to mRNA export at the inner side of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). The TREX-2 complex is tethered to the inner side of the NPC via the nucleoporins Nup1 and Nup60; in S. cerevisiae it contains Sac3p, Thp1p, Sem1, Sus1p and Cdc31p.

Name: response to lipoteichoic acid.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipoteichoic acid stimulus; lipoteichoic acid is a major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria and typically consists of a chain of glycerol-phosphate repeating units linked to a glycolipid anchor.

Name: NADP+ binding.

Definition: Binding to the oxidized form, NADP+, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions.

Name: NADPH binding.

Definition: Binding to the reduced form, NADPH, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions.

Name: NAD+ binding.

Definition: Binding to the oxidized form, NAD, of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions.

Name: NADH binding.

Definition: Binding to the reduced form, NADH, of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions.

Name: oxidation-dependent protein catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the oxidation of one or more amino acid residues in the protein.

Name: carbamoyl phosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbamoyl phosphate, an intermediate in the urea cycle and other nitrogen compound metabolic pathways.

Name: carbamoyl phosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbamoyl phosphate, an intermediate in the urea cycle and other nitrogen compound metabolic pathways.

Name: co-SMAD binding.

Definition: Binding to a common mediator SMAD signaling protein.

Name: I-SMAD binding.

Definition: Binding to an inhibitory SMAD signaling protein.

Name: R-SMAD binding.

Definition: Binding to a receptor-regulated SMAD signaling protein.

Name: trehalose metabolism in response to stress.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving trehalose that occur as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.

Name: cellular response to cold.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism.

Name: DNA-dependent protein kinase complex.

Definition: A protein complex that is involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks and, in mammals, V(D)J recombination events. It consists of the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and the DNA end-binding heterodimer Ku.

Name: nonhomologous end joining complex.

Definition: A protein complex that plays a role in DNA double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining. Such complexes typically contain a specialized DNA ligase (e.g. Lig4 in eukaryotes) and one or more proteins that bind to DNA ends.

Name: nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand (such as a bacterial peptidoglycan) to a cytoplasmic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing (NOD) protein receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process.

Name: regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing (NOD) pathway.

Name: negative regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing (NOD) pathway.

Name: positive regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing (NOD) pathway.

Name: regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 (NOD1) pathway.

Name: positive regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 (NOD1) pathway.

Name: nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand (such as a bacterial peptidoglycan) to a cytoplasmic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) protein receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process.

Name: regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) pathway.

Name: negative regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) pathway.

Name: positive regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) pathway.

Name: Grb2-EGFR complex.

Definition: A protein complex that contains the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Grb2, and is involved in linking EGFR activation to the p21-Ras pathway.

Name: Mad-Max complex.

Definition: A transcriptional repressor complex that consists of a heterodimer of the bHLH-ZIP proteins Mad and Max.

Name: elongin complex.

Definition: A transcription elongation factor complex that suppresses RNA polymerase II pausing, and may act by promoting proper alignment of the 3'-end of nascent transcripts with the polymerase catalytic site. Consists of a transcriptionally active Elongin A subunit (about 100 kDa) and two smaller Elongin B (about 18 kDa) and Elongin C (about 15 kDa) subunits.

Name: regulation of heme biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme.

Name: positive regulation of heme biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme.

Name: cellular detoxification of nitrogen compound.

Definition: Any cellular process that reduces or removes the toxicity of nitrogenous compounds which are dangerous or toxic. This includes the aerobic conversion of toxic compounds to harmless substances.

Name: SAGA-type complex.

Definition: A histone acetyltransferase complex that acetylates nucleosomal histones H2B, H3, or H4 and is required for the expression of a subset of Pol II-transcribed genes. This complex includes the acetyltransferases GCN5/KAT2A or PCAF/KAT2B, several proteins of the ADA, SGF and SPT families, and several TBP-associate proteins (TAFs).

Name: tubulin-dependent ATPase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate. This reaction requires the presence of a tubulin dimer to accelerate release of ADP and phosphate.

Name: respirasome.

Definition: The protein complexes that form the electron transport system (the respiratory chain), associated with a cell membrane, usually the plasma membrane (in prokaryotes) or the inner mitochondrial membrane (on eukaryotes). The respiratory chain complexes transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor and are associated with a proton pump to create a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.

Name: regulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of uterine smooth muscle contraction.

Name: positive regulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of uterine smooth muscle contraction.

Name: rRNA base methylation.

Definition: The addition of a methyl group to an atom in the nucleoside base portion of a nucleotide residue in an rRNA molecule.

Name: rRNA (guanine-N7)-methylation.

Definition: The addition of a methyl group to the N7 atom in the base portion of a guanine nucleotide residue in an rRNA molecule.

Name: response to oxygen levels.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of oxygen.

Name: detection of hypoxia.

Definition: The series of events in which a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.

Name: leukocyte aggregation.

Definition: The adhesion of one leukocyte to one or more other leukocytes via adhesion molecules.

Name: monocyte aggregation.

Definition: The adhesion of one monocyte to one or more other monocytes via adhesion molecules.

Name: neutrophil aggregation.

Definition: The adhesion of one neutrophil to one or more other neutrophils via adhesion molecules.

Name: T cell aggregation.

Definition: The adhesion of one T cell to one or more other T cells via adhesion molecules.

Name: oligosaccharide binding.

Definition: Binding to an oligosaccharide, a molecule with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.

Name: thrombin-activated receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by thrombin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

Name: regulation of thrombin-activated receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a thrombin-activated receptor signaling pathway activity. A thrombin receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a thrombin-activated receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

Name: negative regulation of thrombin-activated receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of thrombin-activated receptor protein signaling pathway activity. A thrombin receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a thrombin-activated receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

Name: interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-1 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: high-density lipoprotein particle receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a high-density lipoprotein particle and delivering the high-density lipoprotein into the cell via endocytosis.

Name: regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.

Name: cholesterol import.

Definition: The directed movement of cholesterol into a cell or organelle.

Name: calcium ion import.

Definition: The directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.

Name: positive regulation of histone H4-K20 methylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 20 of histone H4.

Name: death domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a death domain of a protein. The death domain (DD) is a homotypic protein interaction module composed of a bundle of six alpha-helices. DD bind each other forming oligomers. Some DD-containing proteins are involved in the regulation of apoptosis and inflammation through their activation of caspases and NF-kappaB.

Name: CAK-ERCC2 complex.

Definition: A protein complex formed by the association of the cyclin-dependent protein kinase activating kinase (CAK) holoenzyme complex with ERCC2.

Name: ERCC4-ERCC1 complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric nucleotide-excision repair complex that has endonuclease activity specific for bubble structures characteristic of certain DNA lesions. The subunits are known as XPF/ERCC4 and ERCC1 in mammals, and Rad1p and Rad10p in S. cerevisiae.

Name: 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: an 11-beta-hydroxysteroid + NAD+ = an 11-oxosteroid + NADH + H+.

Name: 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: an 11-beta-hydroxysteroid + NADP+ = an 11-oxosteroid + NADPH + H+.

Name: tRNA threonylcarbamoyladenosine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving tRNA threonylcarbamoyladenosine, a modified nucleoside found in some tRNA molecules.

Name: platelet aggregation.

Definition: The adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.

Name: protein kinase C signaling.

Definition: A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.

Name: K63-linked polyubiquitin modification-dependent protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein upon poly-ubiquitination formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 in the target protein.

Name: BRCA1-A complex.

Definition: A protein complex that contains the BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimer, RAP80/UIMC1, BRCC3/BRCC36, BRE/BRCC45, FAM175A/CCDC98/Abraxas and MERIT40/NBA1, and specifically recognizes and binds K63-linked polyubiquitin chains present on histone H2A and H2AX at DNA damage sites.

Name: BRCA1-B complex.

Definition: A protein complex that contains the BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimer, BACH1 and TopBP1, and binds to DNA during S phase at DNA damage sites.

Name: BRCA1-C complex.

Definition: A protein complex that contains the BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimer, CtIP and Mre11/Rad50/NBS1 (M/R/N) complex, and binds to DNA at DNA damage sites. BRCA1-C binding ta damaged DNA is required for DNA damage-induced Chk1 phosphorylation and the G2/M transition checkpoint.

Name: protein K63-linked ubiquitination.

Definition: A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K63-linked ubiquitination does not target the substrate protein for degradation, but is involved in several pathways, notably as a signal to promote error-free DNA postreplication repair.

Name: histone H2A K63-linked ubiquitination.

Definition: A histone ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a lysine residue in histone H2A or the variant H2AX.

Name: protein K63-linked deubiquitination.

Definition: A protein deubiquitination process in which a K63-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.

Name: histone H2A K63-linked deubiquitination.

Definition: A protein deubiquitination process in which a K63-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a lysine residue in histone H2A or the variant H2AX.

Name: oleic acid binding.

Definition: Binding to oleic acid, the 18-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid (9Z)-octadec-9-enoic acid.

Name: linoleic acid binding.

Definition: Binding to linoleic acid, the 18-carbon unsaturated fatty acid (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid.

Name: response to fatty acid.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fatty acid stimulus.

Name: PeBoW complex.

Definition: A protein complex that is involved in coordinating ribosome biogenesis with cell cycle progression. In human, it is composed of Pes1, Bop1, and WDR12; in Saccharomyces the proteins are known as Nop7p, Erb1 and Ytm1 respectively.

Name: L-tyrosine aminotransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an amino group from L-tyrosine to an acceptor, usually a 2-oxo acid.

Name: endoribonuclease activity, cleaving siRNA-paired mRNA.

Definition: Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA in a double-stranded RNA molecule formed by the base pairing of an mRNA with an siRNA, yielding 5'-phosphomonoesters.

Name: BRISC complex.

Definition: A protein complex that contains the FAM175B/ABRO1, BRCC3/BRCC36, BRE/BRCC45 and MERIT40/NBA1 proteins, and specifically cleaves K63-linked polyubiquitin chains.

Name: response to interleukin-1.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-1 stimulus.

Name: PCNA-p21 complex.

Definition: A protein complex that contains the cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1 bound to PCNA; formation of the complex inhibits DNA replication.

Name: vitamin D receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a vitamin D receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

Name: regulation of vitamin D receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vitamin D receptor signaling pathway activity.

Name: negative regulation of vitamin D receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the vitamin D receptor signaling pathway activity.

Name: positive regulation of vitamin D receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vitamin D receptor signaling pathway activity.

Name: adenylyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an adenylyl group to an acceptor.

Name: cytidylyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a cytidylyl group to an acceptor.

Name: guanylyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a guanylyl group to an acceptor.

Name: uridylyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of an uridylyl group to an acceptor.

Name: regulation of neuron projection regeneration.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection regeneration, the regrowth of neuronal processes such as axons or dendrites following their loss or damage.

Name: negative regulation of neuron projection regeneration.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron projection regeneration, the regrowth of neuronal processes such as axons or dendrites following their loss or damage.

Name: metallodipeptidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a dipeptide by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.

Name: cadmium ion transmembrane transport.

Definition: A process in which a cadmium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydroxylation of C-24 of any form of vitamin D.

Name: lysine-acetylated histone binding.

Definition: Binding to a histone in which a lysine residue has been modified by acetylation.

Name: RISC-loading complex.

Definition: A trimeric protein complex required for the formation of a mature RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). In humans the complex is composed of the endonuclease Dicer (DICER1), TRBP (TARBP2) and the Argonaute protein Ago2 (EIF2C2/AGO2). Within the complex, Dicer and TRBP are required to process precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs) to mature miRNAs and then load them onto Ago2. Ago2 bound to the mature miRNA constitutes the minimal RISC and may subsequently dissociate from Dicer and TRBP. This complex has endoribonuclease activity.

Name: methylcytosine dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: methylcytosine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 5-hydroxymethylcytosine + succinate + CO2.

Name: mitochondrion morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of a mitochondrion are generated and organized.

Name: protein localization to mitochondrion.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the mitochondrion.

Name: regulation of cell-cell adhesion involved in gastrulation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell affecting gastrulation.

Name: calcium ion transmembrane transport.

Definition: A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: centromeric sister chromatid cohesion.

Definition: The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the length of the centromeric region of the chromosome.

Name: regulation of centromeric sister chromatid cohesion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid cohesion in the centromeric region of a chromosome.

Name: SWI/SNF superfamily-type complex.

Definition: A protein complex that contains an ortholog of the Saccharomyces ATPase Swi2/Snf2 as one of the catalytic subunit components (ATPase) and mediates assembly of nucleosomes, changes to the spacing or structure of nucleosomes, or some combination of those activities in a manner that requires ATP.

Name: histone H3R2 methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (histone H3)-arginine (position 2) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (histone H3)-N-methyl-arginine (position 2). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the arginine residue at position 2 of histone H3.

Name: histone H2AR3 methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (histone H2A)-arginine (position 3) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (histone H2A)-N-methyl-arginine (position 3). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the arginine residue at position 3 of histone H2A.

Name: regulation of protein processing.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein processing, a protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.

Name: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-lysosomal-enzyme N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase complex.

Definition: A protein complex that possesses UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-lysosomal-enzyme N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase activity; the bovine complex contains disulfide-linked homodimers of 166- and 51-kDa subunits and two identical, noncovalently associated 56-kDa subunits.

Name: (S)-2-(5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido) succinate lyase (fumarate-forming) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2-(5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido)succinate = fumarate + 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide.

Name: proteasome binding.

Definition: Binding to a proteasome, a large multisubunit protein complex that catalyzes protein degradation.

Name: transepithelial transport.

Definition: The directed movement of a substance from one side of an epithelium to the other.

Name: transepithelial ammonium transport.

Definition: The directed movement of ammonium ions from one side of an epithelium to the other.

Name: pyridine nucleoside metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any pyridine nucleoside, a nucleoside in which a pyridine base covalently bonded to a sugar, usually ribose.

Name: pyridine nucleoside catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any pyridine nucleoside, a nucleoside in which a pyridine base covalently bonded to a sugar, usually ribose.

Name: vitamin D3 metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin D3, (3S,5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trien-3-ol.

Name: vitamin D 25-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydroxylation of C-25 of any form of vitamin D.

Name: vitamin D response element binding.

Definition: Binding to a vitamin D response element (VDRE), a short sequence with dyad symmetry found in the promoters of some of the cellular immediate-early genes, regulated by serum.

Name: protein modification by small protein removal.

Definition: A protein modification process in which one or more covalently attached groups of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are removed from a target protein.

Name: protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal.

Definition: A protein modification process in which one or more groups of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are covalently attached to or removed from a target protein.

Name: formin-nucleated actin cable assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a formin-nucleated actin cable. A formin-nucleated actin cable is an actin filament bundle that consists of short filaments organized into bundles of uniform polarity, and is nucleated by formins.

Name: HAUS complex.

Definition: A protein complex that localizes to interphase centrosomes and to mitotic spindle tubules and regulates mitotic spindle assembly and centrosome integrity; in human, the complex consists of eight subunits, some of which are homologous to subunits of the Drosophila Augmin complex.

Name: high-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a high-density lipoprotein receptor.

Name: leukocyte proliferation.

Definition: The expansion of a leukocyte population by cell division.

Name: regulation of leukocyte proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation.

Name: negative regulation of leukocyte proliferation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of leukocyte proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation.

Name: regulation of mast cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mast cell proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of mast cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of mast cell proliferation.

Name: response to interleukin-2.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-2 stimulus.

Name: response to interleukin-4.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-4 stimulus.

Name: response to interleukin-12.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-12 stimulus.

Name: response to interleukin-15.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-15 stimulus.

Name: response to interleukin-18.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-18 stimulus.

Name: hypoxanthine dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: hypoxanthine + NAD+ + H2O = xanthine + NADH + H+.

Name: intralumenal vesicle formation.

Definition: The invagination of the endosome membrane and resulting formation of a vesicle within the lumen of the endosome.

Name: inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate binding.

Definition: Binding to inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate.

Name: glutaminyl-tRNAGln biosynthesis via transamidation.

Definition: A tRNA aminoacylation process in which glutaminyl-tRNAGln is formed by a tRNA-dependent two-step pathway. In the first step a non-discriminating glutamyl-tRNAGlx synthetase generates the misacylated L-glutamyl-tRNAGln species, and in the second step it is amidated to the correctly charged L-glutaminyl-tRNAGln by a glutamyl-tRNAGln amidotransferase.

Name: proteasome regulatory particle assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a mature, active proteasome regulatory particle complex.

Name: seminal clot liquefaction.

Definition: The reproductive process in which coagulated semen becomes liquid following ejaculation, allowing the progressive release of motile spermatozoa.

Name: macropinocytic cup.

Definition: A cell projection that forms at the site of macropinocytosis, a form of endocytosis that results in the uptake of relatively large amounts of extracellular fluid. The macropinocytic cup membrane selectively excludes certain proteins, such as H36 or PM4C4 in Dictyostelium, and the underlying cytoskeleton is enriched in F-actin and coronin.

Name: P-TEFb complex.

Definition: A dimeric positive transcription elongation factor complex b that comprises a cyclin-dependent kinase containing the catalytic subunit, Cdk9, and a regulatory subunit, cyclin T.

Name: deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate N-glycosidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate + H2O = deoxyribose 5-monophosphate + a purine or pyrimidine base.

Name: FHF complex.

Definition: A protein complex that is composed of AKTIP/FTS, FAM160A2/p107FHIP, and one or more members of the Hook family of proteins, HOOK1, HOOK2, and HOOK3. The complex is thought to promote vesicle trafficking and/or fusion, and associates with the homotypic vesicular sorting complex (the HOPS complex).

Name: transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase binding.

Definition: Binding to a receptor that spans a cell membrane and possesses protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Name: activin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to an activin receptor.

Name: type I activin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a type I activin receptor.

Name: type II activin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a type II activin receptor.

Name: BMP receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a BMP receptor.

Name: mucus layer.

Definition: An extracellular region part that consists of a protective layer of mucus secreted by epithelial cells lining tubular organs of the body such as the colon or secreted into fluids such as saliva. Mucus is a viscous slimy secretion consisting of mucins (i.e. highly glycosylated mucin proteins) and various inorganic salts dissolved in water, with suspended epithelial cells and leukocytes.

Name: sterol desaturase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the introduction of a double bond into a sterol molecule.

Name: sodium-dependent organic cation transport.

Definition: The directed, sodium-dependent, movement of organic cations into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: mismatch repair involved in maintenance of fidelity involved in DNA-dependent DNA replication.

Definition: A mismatch repair process that corrects errors introduced that ensures the accuracy of DNA replication.

Name: poly-purine tract binding.

Definition: Binding to a stretch of purines (adenine or guanine) in an RNA molecule.

Name: ISGF3 complex.

Definition: A transcription factor complex that consists of a Stat1-Stat2 heterodimer and the IRF9 protein.

Name: response to cholesterol.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cholesterol stimulus.

Name: BMP receptor complex.

Definition: A protein complex that acts as a receptor for bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs); a homo- or heterodimer of type I and/or type II BMP receptor subunits.

Name: cellular macromolecule localization.

Definition: Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location at the level of a cell. Localization at the cellular level encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell.

Name: leucine binding.

Definition: Binding to 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid.

Name: cyclic nucleotide transport.

Definition: The directed movement of a cyclic nucleotide, any nucleotide in which phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue, into, out of or within a cell.

Name: cAMP transport.

Definition: The directed movement of cyclic AMP (cAMP), into, out of or within a cell.

Name: cGMP transport.

Definition: The directed movement of cyclic GMP (cGMP), into, out of or within a cell.

Name: protein adenylyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + protein = diphosphate + adenylyl-protein; mediates the addition of an adenylyl (adenosine 5'-monophosphate; AMP group) to specific residues of target proteins.

Name: histone H3-K27 methylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H3 by addition of one or more methyl groups to lysine at position 27 of the histone.

Name: protein-glycine ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the posttranslational transfer of one or more glycine residues to a specific glutamate residue on a target protein.

Name: protein-glutamic acid ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the posttranslational transfer of one or more glutamate residues to a specific residue on a target protein.

Name: tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the posttranslational transfer of one or more glutamate residues to the gamma-carboxyl group(s) of one or more specific glutamate residues on a tubulin molecule.

Name: response to interleukin-6.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-6 stimulus.

Name: C2H2 zinc finger domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a C2H2-type zinc finger domain of a protein. The C2H2 zinc finger is the classical zinc finger domain, in which two conserved cysteines and histidines co-ordinate a zinc ion.

Name: interleukin-23 complex.

Definition: A protein complex that is composed of an interleukin-23 alpha (p19, product of the IL23A gene) and an interleukin-12 beta (p40, product of the IL12B gene) subunit and is secreted into the extracellular space.

Name: pre-snoRNP complex.

Definition: A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains a precursor small nucleolar RNA (pre-snoRNA) and associated proteins, and forms during small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein complex (snoRNP) assembly. Pre-snoRNP complexes may contain proteins not found in the corresponding mature snoRNP complexes.

Name: gamma-secretase complex.

Definition: A protein complex that has aspartic-type endopeptidase activity and contains a presenilin catalytic subunit (either PSEN1 or PSEN2), an APH1 subunit (multiple genes and splice variants exist), nicastrin (NCT), and presenilin enhancer (aka PEN-2 or Psenen), as the core complex. Variants of the complex with different subunit compositions differ in localization and specific substrates. Additionally, variants of the complex exist that contain a additional regulatory subunit as well as the four core subunits; known regulatory subunits include gamma-secretase-activating protein (aka gSAP), TMP1 (aka TMED10), and CD147 antigen (aka basigin). Gamma-secretase cleaves type I transmembrane protein substrates, including the cell surface receptor Notch and the amyloid-beta precursor protein.

Name: phytoceramidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a phytoceramide + H2O = a fatty acid + phytosphingosine.

Name: H3 histone acetyltransferase complex.

Definition: A multisubunit complex that catalyzes the acetylation of histone H3.

Name: MOZ/MORF histone acetyltransferase complex.

Definition: A histone acetyltransferase complex that has histone H3 acetyltransferase and coactivator activities. Subunits of the human complex include MYST3/MOZ, MYST4/MORF, ING5, EAF6 and one of BRPF1, BRD1/BRPF2 and BRPF3.

Name: D-aspartate transport.

Definition: The directed movement of D-aspartate, the D-enantiomer of the anion of (2R)-2-aminobutanedioic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: L-aspartate transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of L-aspartate across a membrane.

Name: D-aspartate import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed import of D-aspartate from the extracellular region across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: response to biotin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotin stimulus.

Name: phosphatidylserine exposure on apoptotic cell surface.

Definition: A phospholipid scrambling process that results in the appearance of phosphatidylserine on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane of an apoptotic cell, which acts as an 'eat-me' signal for engulfing cells. Phosphatidylserine is exposed on the apoptotic cell surface by a phospholipid scramblase activity.

Name: hydrogen sulfide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen sulfide, H2S.

Name: hydrogen sulfide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen sulfide, H2S.

Name: peptidyl-lysine 5-dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: protein L-lysine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = protein 5-hydroxy-L-lysine + succinate + CO2.

Name: phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain.

Definition: The process of introducing a phosphate group on to an amino acid residue in the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. Typically, this occurs during the transcription cycle and results in production of an RNA polymerase II enzyme where the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit is extensively phosphorylated, often referred to as hyperphosphorylated or the II(0) form. Specific types of phosphorylation within the CTD are usually associated with specific regions of genes, though there are exceptions. The phosphorylation state regulates the association of specific complexes such as the capping enzyme or 3'-RNA processing machinery to the elongating RNA polymerase complex.

Name: protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: protoporphyrinogen IX + acceptor = protoporphyrin IX + reduced acceptor.

Name: tertiary granule.

Definition: A secretory granule that contains cathepsin and gelatinase and is readily exocytosed upon cell activation; found primarily in mature neutrophil cells.

Name: tertiary granule membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding a tertiary granule.

Name: Sin3-type complex.

Definition: Any of a number of evolutionarily conserved histone deacetylase complexes (HDACs) containing a core consisting of a paired amphipathic helix motif protein (e.g. Sin3p in S. cerevisiae, Pst1 in S. pombe or Sin3A in mammals) at least one class I histone deacetylase (e.g. Rpd3p in S. cerevisiae, Clr6 in S. pombe, or HDAC1 and HDAC2 in mammals), and at least one WD40 repeat protein (e.g. Ume1p in S. cerevisiae, Prw1 in S. pombe, or RbAp46 and RbAp48 in mammals). These complexes also contain a variable number of other proteins that direct histone binding, DNA binding, or add other functionality to the complex.

Name: paraferritin complex.

Definition: A cytoplasmic protein complex that contains integrin, mobilferrin and a flavin monooxygenase, is capable of reducing Fe(III) to Fe(II) utilizing NADPH, and is involved in iron transport. Fe(II) is required in the cell as the substrate for ferrochelatase in the synthesis of heme.

Name: heterochromatin organization.

Definition: Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic heterochromatin, a compact and highly condensed form of chromatin.

Name: bicellular tight junction assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a tight junction, an occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet.

Name: basement membrane assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a basement membrane, a part of the extracellular region that consists of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue.

Name: caveola assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a caveola. A caveola is a plasma membrane raft that forms a small pit, depression, or invagination that communicates with the outside of a cell and extends inward, indenting the cytoplasm and the cell membrane.

Name: dehydroascorbic acid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of dehydroascorbate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Dehydroascorbate, 5-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)furan-2,3,4(5H)-trione, is an oxidized form of vitamin C.

Name: dynein complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a dynein complex, a protein complex that contains two or three dynein heavy chains and several light chains, and has microtubule motor activity.

Name: inclusion body assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an inclusion body.

Name: aggresome assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an aggresome; requires the microtubule cytoskeleton and dynein.

Name: misfolded protein transport.

Definition: The directed movement of misfolded proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell.

Name: polyubiquitinated protein transport.

Definition: The directed movement of polyubiquitinated proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell.

Name: polyubiquitinated misfolded protein transport.

Definition: The directed movement of misfolded polyubiquitinated proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell.

Name: core mediator complex.

Definition: A protein complex that interacts with the carboxy-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and plays an active role in transducing the signal from a transcription factor to the transcriptional machinery. The core mediator complex has a stimulatory effect on basal transcription, and contains most of the same subdomains as the larger form of mediator complex -- a head domain comprising proteins known in Saccharomyces as Srb2, -4, and -5, Med6, -8, and -11, and Rox3 proteins; a middle domain comprising Med1, -4, and -7, Nut1 and -2, Cse2, Rgr1, Soh1, and Srb7 proteins; and a tail consisting of Gal11p, Med2p, Pgd1p, and Sin4p -- but lacks the regulatory subcomplex comprising Ssn2, -3, and -8, and Srb8 proteins. Metazoan core mediator complexes have similar modular structures and include homologs of yeast Srb and Med proteins.

Name: response to growth factor.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.

Name: response to epidermal growth factor.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epidermal growth factor stimulus.

Name: growth factor receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a growth factor receptor.

Name: myosin VI binding.

Definition: Binding to a class VI myosin. The myosin VI heavy chain has a single IQ motif in the neck and a tail region with a coiled coil domain followed by a unique globular domain, a unique insertion that enables myosin VI to move towards the pointed or minus end of actin filaments.

Name: myosin VI light chain binding.

Definition: Binding to a light chain of a myosin VI complex.

Name: regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids.

Name: negative regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids.

Name: positive regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids.

Name: RNA polymerase I core factor complex.

Definition: A RNA polymerase I-specific transcription factor complex that is required for the transcription of rDNA by RNA polymerase I. In yeast the complex consists of Rrn6p, Rrn7p, and Rrn11p.

Name: regulation of protein exit from endoplasmic reticulum.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: negative regulation of protein exit from endoplasmic reticulum.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: positive regulation of protein exit from endoplasmic reticulum.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of directed movement of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: regulation of glycogen metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen.

Name: negative regulation of glycogen metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen.

Name: positive regulation of glycogen metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen.

Name: SOSS complex.

Definition: A protein complex that functions downstream of the MRN complex to promote DNA repair and the G2/M checkpoint. The SOSS complex associates with single-stranded DNA at DNA lesions and is composed of SOSS-B (SOSS-B1/OBFC2B or SOSS-B2/OBFC2A), SOSS-A/INTS3 and SOSS-C/C9orf80.

Name: microprocessor complex.

Definition: A protein complex that binds to heme and to pri-miRNAs, and is required for the formation of a pre-microRNA (pre-miRNA), the initial step of microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis. The complex is composed of the double-stranded-RNA-specific RNase Drosha (also called RNASEN) and the RNA-binding protein DGCR8 (heme-free or heme-bound forms). Within the complex, DGCR8 function as a molecular anchor necessary for the recognition of pri-miRNA at dsRNA-ssRNA junction and directs RNASEN/Drosha to cleave the 3' and 5' strands of a stem-loop to release hairpin-shaped pre-miRNAs.

Name: primary miRNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a primary microRNA (pri-miRNA) transcript, an RNA molecule that is processed into a short hairpin-shaped structure called a pre-miRNA and finally into a functional miRNA. Both double-stranded and single-stranded regions of a pri-miRNA are required for binding.

Name: regulation of proline transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of proline transport.

Name: pre-miRNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a precursor microRNA (pre-miRNA) transcript, a stem-loop-containing precursor of microRNA.

Name: regulation of calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade.

Name: negative regulation of calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade.

Name: positive regulation of calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade.

Name: cellular response to chemical stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus.

Name: E-box binding.

Definition: Binding to an E-box, a DNA motif with the consensus sequence CANNTG that is found in the promoters of a wide array of genes expressed in neurons, muscle and other tissues.

Name: platelet alpha granule organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a platelet alpha granule. A platelet alpha granule is a secretory organelle found in blood platelets.

Name: lipoteichoic acid binding.

Definition: Binding to lipoteichoic acid.

Name: regulation of transposon integration.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of regulation of transposon integration, a process in which a transposable element is incorporated into another DNA molecule.

Name: negative regulation of transposon integration.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transposon integration, a process in which a transposable element is incorporated into another DNA molecule.

Name: transcription preinitiation complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), required for transcription.

Name: mitochondrial tRNA modification.

Definition: The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within a mitochondrial tRNA molecule to produce a mitochondrial tRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.

Name: mitochondrial tRNA methylation.

Definition: The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in a mitochondrial tRNA molecule.

Name: mitochondrial tRNA pseudouridine synthesis.

Definition: The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine in a mitochondrial tRNA molecule.

Name: serine binding.

Definition: Binding to 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.

Name: UV-damage excision repair.

Definition: A DNA repair process that is initiated by an endonuclease that introduces a single-strand incision immediately 5' of a UV-induced damage site. UV-damage excision repair acts on both cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and pyrimidine-pyrimidone 6-4 photoproducts (6-4PPs).

Name: lysophosphatidic acid receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with the phospholipid derivative lysophosphatidic acid, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.

Name: regulatory ncRNA processing.

Definition: A process leading to the generation of a functional regulatory non-coding RNA.

Name: regulation of production of small RNA involved in gene silencing by RNA.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of small RNA involved in gene silencing by RNA.

Name: RISC complex assembly.

Definition: The process in which a single-stranded small RNA is incorporated within the RNA-initiated silencing complex (RISC). The assembly includes the maturation of the small RNA, the stabilization of the complex by accessory proteins of the RISC complex, duplex separation and the release of the second strand, forming a base-pairing completent complex that mediates gene silencing by small RNA.

Name: organelle assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an organelle. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.

Name: regulation of ATP:ADP antiporter activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the activity of an ATP:ADP antiporter.

Name: histone H3 deacetylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H3 by the removal of one or more acetyl groups.

Name: histone H4 deacetylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H4 by the removal of one or more acetyl groups.

Name: CRD-mediated mRNA stabilization.

Definition: An mRNA stabilization process in which one or more RNA-binding proteins associate with a sequence in the open reading frame called the coding region instability determinant (CRD).

Name: 3'-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilization.

Definition: An mRNA stabilization process in which one or more RNA-binding proteins associate with the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of an mRNA.

Name: protein K48-linked ubiquitination.

Definition: A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K48-linked ubiquitination targets the substrate protein for degradation.

Name: CRD-mediated mRNA stability complex.

Definition: A protein complex that binds to, and promotes stabilization of, mRNA molecules containing the coding region instability determinant (CRD). In human, it may consist of IGF2BP1, HNRNPU, SYNCRIP/HNRNPQ, YBX1, and DHX9.

Name: contractile ring.

Definition: A cytoskeletal structure composed of filamentous protein that forms beneath the membrane of many cells or organelles, in the plane of cell or organelle division. Ring contraction is associated with centripetal growth of the membrane that divides the cytoplasm of the two daughter cells or organelles.

Name: Dsl1/NZR complex.

Definition: A multisubunit tethering complex, i.e. a protein complex involved in mediating the initial interaction between vesicles and the membranes with which they fuse, that is involved in trafficking from the Golgi apparatus to the ER. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the Dsl1p complex contains Dsl1p, Tip20p, and Sec39p.

Name: dephosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain.

Definition: The process of removing a phosphate group from an amino acid residue in the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. Some dephosphorylation occurs during transcription while some may occur after the enzyme is released from the template in order to prepare it for the beginning of the transcription cycle again. RNA polymerase II with little or no phosphorylation is referred to as the hypophosphorylated or II(A) form.

Name: neutrophil mediated cytotoxicity.

Definition: The directed killing of a target cell by a neutrophil.

Name: neutrophil-mediated killing of symbiont cell.

Definition: The directed killing of a symbiont target cell by a neutrophil. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Name: neutrophil-mediated killing of bacterium.

Definition: The directed killing of a bacterium by a neutrophil.

Name: neutrophil-mediated killing of gram-negative bacterium.

Definition: The directed killing of a gram-negative bacterium by a neutrophil.

Name: regulation of neutrophil mediated cytotoxicity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neutrophil mediated killing of a target cell, the directed killing of a target cell by a neutrophil.

Name: regulation of neutrophil mediated killing of symbiont cell.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neutrophil mediated killing of a symbiont cell, the directed killing of a symbiont target cell by a neutrophil.

Name: regulation of neutrophil mediated killing of bacterium.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neutrophil mediated killing of a bacterium, the directed killing of a bacterium by a neutrophil.

Name: regulation of neutrophil mediated killing of gram-negative bacterium.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neutrophil mediated killing of a gram-negative bacterium, the directed killing of a gram-negative bacterium by a neutrophil.

Name: regulation of neutrophil mediated killing of fungus.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neutrophil mediated killing of a fungal cell, the directed killing of a fungal cell by a neutrophil.

Name: positive regulation of neutrophil mediated cytotoxicity.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed killing of a target cell by a neutrophil.

Name: positive regulation of neutrophil mediated killing of symbiont cell.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed killing of a symbiont target cell by a neutrophil.

Name: positive regulation of neutrophil mediated killing of bacterium.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed killing of a bacterium by a neutrophil.

Name: positive regulation of neutrophil mediated killing of gram-negative bacterium.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed killing of a gram-negative bacterium by a neutrophil.

Name: positive regulation of neutrophil mediated killing of fungus.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed killing of a fungal cell by a neutrophil.

Name: nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, no-go decay.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the transcript body of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA with stalls in translation elongation.

Name: endoplasmic reticulum exit site.

Definition: An endoplasmic reticulum part at which COPII-coated vesicles are produced.

Name: protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum exit site.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location at an endoplasmic reticulum exit site.

Name: FHA domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a FHA domain of a protein. The FHA domain is a phosphopeptide recognition domain found in many regulatory proteins, and consists of approximately 80-100 amino acid residues folded into an 11-stranded beta sandwich.

Name: TIR domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a Toll-Interleukin receptor (TIR) domain of a protein. The TIR domain is an intracellular 200 residue domain that is found in the Toll protein, the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R), and MyD88; it contains three highly-conserved regions, and mediates protein-protein interactions between the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and signal-transduction components.

Name: bone maturation.

Definition: A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for bone to attain its fully functional state.

Name: protein K11-linked ubiquitination.

Definition: A protein ubiquitination process in which ubiquitin monomers are attached to a protein, and then ubiquitin polymers are formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 11 of the ubiquitin monomers. K11-linked polyubiquitination targets the substrate protein for degradation. The anaphase-promoting complex promotes the degradation of mitotic regulators by assembling K11-linked polyubiquitin chains.

Name: L-asparagine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-asparagine, (2S)-2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid.

Name: transcription factor TFIIK complex.

Definition: A transcription factor complex that forms part of the holo TFIIH complex. In Saccharomyces/human, TFIIK contains Ccl1p/Cyclin H, Tfb3p/MAT1 and Kin28p/CDK7.

Name: error-free translesion synthesis.

Definition: The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA after replication by using a specialized DNA polymerase or replication complex to insert a defined nucleotide across the lesion. This process does not remove the replication-blocking lesions but does not causes an increase in the endogenous mutation level. For S. cerevisiae, RAD30 encodes DNA polymerase eta, which incorporates two adenines. When incorporated across a thymine-thymine dimer, it does not increase the endogenous mutation level.

Name: demethylation.

Definition: The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule.

Name: oxidative demethylation.

Definition: The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule, involving the oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms in the substrate.

Name: snRNP binding.

Definition: Binding to a small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle.

Name: medium-chain-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a medium-chain 2,3-saturated fatty acyl-CoA + H+ + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] = a medium-chain trans-(2E)-enoyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein]. A medium chain fatty acid is any fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.

Name: translation preinitiation complex.

Definition: A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains the small ribosomal subunit, a translation initiation ternary complex (i.e. an initiator tRNA, GTP, and an IF2 or eIF2 complex), and an mRNA.

Name: NADPH oxidation.

Definition: A metabolic process that results in the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADPH, to the oxidized form, NADP.

Name: type 1 melanocortin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a type 1 melanocortin receptor.

Name: neuron death.

Definition: The process of cell death in a neuron.

Name: U4/U6 snRNP.

Definition: A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains the extensively base paired small nuclear RNAs U4 and U6, a heptameric ring of Sm proteins associated with U4, the Lsm2-8 heptameric ring complex associated with U6, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U4 snRNP or U6 snRNPs, some of which remain associated with the U4/U6 snRNA both while the U4 snRNP is free or assembled into a series of spliceosomal complexes.

Name: U2-type prespliceosome.

Definition: A spliceosomal complex that is formed by association of the 5' splice site with the U1 snRNP, while the branch point sequence is recognized by the U2 snRNP. The prespliceosome includes many proteins in addition to those found in the U1 and U2 snRNPs. Commitment to a given pair of 5' and 3' splice sites occurs at the time of prespliceosome formation.

Name: U2-type precatalytic spliceosome.

Definition: A spliceosomal complex that is formed by the recruitment of the preassembled U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP to the prespliceosome. Although all 5 snRNPs are present, the precatalytic spliceosome is catalytically inactive. The precatalytic spliceosome includes many proteins in addition to those found in the U1, U2 and U4/U6.U5 snRNPs.

Name: U2-type catalytic step 1 spliceosome.

Definition: A spliceosomal complex that is formed by the displacement of the U1 and U4 snRNPs from the precatalytic spliceosome; the U2, U5 and U6 snRNPs remain associated with the mRNA. This complex, sometimes called the activated spliceosome, is the catalytically active form of the spliceosome, and includes many proteins in addition to those found in the U2, and U5 and U6 snRNPs.

Name: U2-type catalytic step 2 spliceosome.

Definition: A spliceosomal complex that contains the U2, U5 and U6 snRNPs bound to a splicing intermediate in which the first catalytic cleavage of the 5' splice site has occurred. The precise subunit composition differs significantly from that of the catalytic step 1, or activated, spliceosome, and includes many proteins in addition to those found in the U2, U5 and U6 snRNPs.

Name: U2-type post-mRNA release spliceosomal complex.

Definition: A spliceosomal complex that is formed following the release of the spliced product from the post-spliceosomal complex and contains the excised intron and the U2, U5 and U6 snRNPs.

Name: prespliceosome.

Definition: A spliceosomal complex that is formed by association of the 5' splice site and the branch point sequence with specific snRNPs. The prespliceosome includes many proteins in addition to those found in the bound snRNPs. Commitment to a given pair of 5' and 3' splice sites occurs at the time of prespliceosome formation. Prespliceosome complexes are not active for splicing, but are instead an early step in the assembly of a spliceosomal complex.

Name: precatalytic spliceosome.

Definition: A spliceosomal complex that is formed by the recruitment of a preassembled U5-containing tri-snRNP to the prespliceosome. Although all 5 snRNPs are present, the precatalytic spliceosome is catalytically inactive. The precatalytic spliceosome includes many proteins in addition to those found in the associated snRNPs.

Name: catalytic step 1 spliceosome.

Definition: A spliceosomal complex that is formed by the displacement of the two snRNPs from the precatalytic spliceosome; three snRNPs including U5 remain associated with the mRNA. This complex, sometimes called the activated spliceosome, is the catalytically active form of the spliceosome, and includes many proteins in addition to those found in the associated snRNPs.

Name: catalytic step 2 spliceosome.

Definition: A spliceosomal complex that contains three snRNPs, including U5, bound to a splicing intermediate in which the first catalytic cleavage of the 5' splice site has occurred. The precise subunit composition differs significantly from that of the catalytic step 1, or activated, spliceosome, and includes many proteins in addition to those found in the associated snRNPs.

Name: post-mRNA release spliceosomal complex.

Definition: A spliceosomal complex that is formed following the release of the spliced product from the post-spliceosomal complex and contains the excised intron and three snRNPs, including U5.

Name: RNA surveillance.

Definition: A process that identifies and degrades defective or aberrant RNAs.

Name: cytoplasmic RNA surveillance.

Definition: The set of processes involved in identifying and degrading defective or aberrant RNAs within the cytoplasm.

Name: nuclear RNA surveillance.

Definition: A process that identifies and degrades defective or aberrant RNAs within the nucleus.

Name: nuclear mRNA surveillance.

Definition: A process that identifies and degrades defective or aberrant mRNAs within the nucleus.

Name: nuclear ncRNA surveillance.

Definition: The set of processes involved in identifying and degrading defective or aberrant ncRNAs within the nucleus.

Name: CUT catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs).

Name: nuclear polyadenylation-dependent rRNA catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways occurring in the nucleus and resulting in the breakdown of a ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule, including RNA fragments released as part of processing the primary transcript into multiple mature rRNA species, initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3' end the target rRNA.

Name: nuclear polyadenylation-dependent mRNA catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways occurring in the nucleus and resulting in the breakdown of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3' end the target mRNA.

Name: CUT metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs), which are transcribed from intergenic regions. Many intergenic regions are heavily transcribed, but the transcripts are rarely detected due to rapid degradation by the nuclear exosome.

Name: histone mRNA catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histone messenger RNA (mRNA).

Name: nuclear histone mRNA catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histone messenger RNA (mRNA) within the nucleus.

Name: nuclear polyadenylation-dependent ncRNA catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways occurring in the nucleus and resulting in the breakdown of a noncoding RNA (ncRNA) molecule, initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3' end the target ncRNA.

Name: polyadenylation-dependent mRNA catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3' end the target mRNA.

Name: sno(s)RNA polyadenylation.

Definition: The enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues at the 3' end of snoRNA class molecule (referred to as an sRNA in Archaea). In eukaryotes, this occurs in conjunction with termination of transcription of precursor snoRNA molecules and may occur post-transcriptionally on incorrectly processed molecules targeted for degradation.

Name: polyadenylation-dependent snoRNA 3'-end processing.

Definition: Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a snoRNA molecule linked to prior polyadenylation of the 3'-end of the precursor snoRNA.

Name: alpha9-beta1 integrin-vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 complex.

Definition: A protein complex that consists of an alpha9-beta1 integrin complex bound to vascular cell adhesion molecule-1.

Name: regulation of phospholipid biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids.

Name: negative regulation of phospholipid biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids.

Name: positive regulation of phospholipid biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids.

Name: eukaryotic initiation factor eIF2 binding.

Definition: Binding to eukaryotic initiation factor eIF2, a protein complex involved in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation.

Name: RNA 3' uridylation.

Definition: The enzymatic addition of a sequence of uridylyl residues at the 3' end of an RNA molecule.

Name: adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: DNA conformation change.

Definition: A cellular process that results in a change in the spatial configuration of a DNA molecule. A conformation change can bend DNA, or alter the, twist, writhe, or linking number of a DNA molecule.

Name: adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate is transported across a membrane.

Name: response to parathyroid hormone.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a parathyroid hormone stimulus.

Name: protein K48-linked deubiquitination.

Definition: A protein deubiquitination process in which a K48-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.

Name: superior temporal gyrus development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the superior temporal gyrus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The superior temporal gyrus is a portion of the cerebral cortex that extends from the lateral sulcus to the superior temporal sulcus.

Name: resolution of recombination intermediates.

Definition: The cleavage and rejoining of intermediates, such as Holliday junctions, formed during DNA recombination to produce two intact molecules in which genetic material has been exchanged.

Name: resolution of mitotic recombination intermediates.

Definition: The cleavage and rejoining of intermediates, mitotic recombination to produce two intact molecules in which genetic material has been exchanged.

Name: SMAD protein complex.

Definition: A protein complex that consists of only SMAD proteins; may be homomeric or heteromeric. Heteromeric complexes act as transcription factors while homomeric complexes exist but are transcriptionally inactive. Hetero- versus homotrimerization is largely enthalpy driven.

Name: homomeric SMAD protein complex.

Definition: A protein complex composed of a single type of SMAD family proteins. In the absence of Smad4, phosphorylation of R-SMADs results in their homotrimerization. However, these complexes do not appear to import into the nucleus and are assumed to be transcriptionally inactive.

Name: heteromeric SMAD protein complex.

Definition: A protein complex composed of SMAD family proteins, a transcription factor complex which binds to the promoters of target genes and recruits co-activators and histone acetyltransferases, facilitating transcription. Phosphorylation of the non-SMAD4 subunit(s) enables binding of SMAD4 to form heteromeric complexes that enter the nucleus to initiate gene transcription. DNA-binding specificity is conferred by other transcription factors binding to SMAD complexes. Interactions with coactivators or corepressors modulate their transcriptional activity. Can be heterotrimeric or heterodimeric.

Name: NF-kappaB complex.

Definition: A protein complex that consists of a homo- or heterodimer of members of a family of structurally related proteins that contain a conserved N-terminal region called the Rel homology domain (RHD). In the nucleus, NF-kappaB complexes act as transcription factors. In unstimulated cells, NF-kappaB dimers are sequestered in the cytoplasm by IkappaB monomers; signals that induce NF-kappaB activity cause degradation of IkappaB, allowing NF-kappaB dimers to translocate to the nucleus and induce gene expression.

Name: CMG complex.

Definition: A protein complex that contains the GINS complex, Cdc45p, and the heterohexameric MCM complex, and that is involved in unwinding DNA during replication.

Name: DNA replication preinitiation complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the DNA replication preinitiation complex, a protein-DNA complex that is assembled at DNA replication origins immediately prior to the initiation of DNA replication. The complex consists of proteins that initiate the DNA binding, melt the helix and enable helicase activity.

Name: RNA trimethylguanosine synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of two successive methyl transfer reactions from AdoMet to the N-2 atom of guanosine, thereby converting 7-methylguanosine in an RNA cap to 2,2,7 trimethylguanosine.

Name: ribonucleoprotein complex localization.

Definition: Any process in which a ribonucleoprotein complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location within a cell.

Name: protein localization to chromatin.

Definition: Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin.

Name: establishment of protein localization to chromatin.

Definition: The directed movement of a protein to a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin.

Name: spindle assembly checkpoint signaling.

Definition: A signaling process that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.

Name: mitotic spindle checkpoint signaling.

Definition: A signaling process that contributes to a mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that originates from the spindle and delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a mitotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and oriented, the completion of anaphase until chromosomes are attached to the spindle, or mitotic exit and cytokinesis when the spindle does not form.

Name: WASH complex.

Definition: A protein complex that localizes at the surface of endosomes, where it recruits and activates the Arp2/3 complex to induce actin polymerization. In human, the WASH complex is composed of F-actin-capping protein subunits alpha and beta, WASH1, FAM21, KIAA1033, KIAA0196 and CCDC53.

Name: U7 snRNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a U7 small nuclear RNA (U7 snRNA).

Name: protein targeting to vacuole involved in autophagy.

Definition: The process of directing proteins towards the vacuole using signals contained within the protein, occurring as part of autophagy, the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.

Name: cellular response to abiotic stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (non-living) stimulus.

Name: cellular response to biotic stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism.

Name: cellular response to misfolded protein.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a misfolded protein stimulus.

Name: cellular response to molecule of bacterial origin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of bacterial origin such as peptides derived from bacterial flagellin.

Name: cellular response to bacterial lipoprotein.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bacterial lipoprotein stimulus.

Name: cellular response to bacterial lipopeptide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bacterial lipopeptide stimulus.

Name: cellular response to lipopolysaccharide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.

Name: cellular response to lipoteichoic acid.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipoteichoic acid stimulus; lipoteichoic acid is a major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria and typically consists of a chain of glycerol-phosphate repeating units linked to a glycolipid anchor.

Name: cellular response to peptidoglycan.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptidoglycan stimulus. Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall macromolecule.

Name: cellular response to muramyl dipeptide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muramyl dipeptide stimulus. Muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan.

Name: cellular response to molecule of fungal origin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of fungal origin such as chito-octamer oligosaccharide.

Name: cellular response to tumor cell.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a tumor cell.

Name: cellular response to acid chemical.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of the dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form.

Name: cellular response to amino acid stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amino acid stimulus. An amino acid is a carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.

Name: cellular response to folic acid.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a folic acid stimulus.

Name: cellular response to leucine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leucine stimulus.

Name: cellular response to antibiotic.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antibiotic stimulus. An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms.

Name: cellular response to inorganic substance.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inorganic substance stimulus.

Name: cellular response to ammonium ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ammonium stimulus.

Name: cellular response to arsenic-containing substance.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an arsenic stimulus from compounds containing arsenic, including arsenates, arsenites, and arsenides.

Name: cellular response to metal ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus.

Name: connexin binding.

Definition: Binding to a connexin, any of a group of related proteins that assemble to form gap junctions.

Name: cellular response to electrical stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus.

Name: cellular response to mechanical stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus.

Name: L-methionine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-methionine, the L-enantiomer of (2S)-2-amino-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanoic acid.

Name: 'de novo' L-methionine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-methionine, the L-enantiomer of (2S)-2-amino-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanoic acid, from simpler components.

Name: L-methionine salvage.

Definition: Any process that generates L-methionine from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.

Name: cellular response to cadmium ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cadmium (Cd) ion stimulus.

Name: cellular response to calcium ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus.

Name: cellular response to cobalt ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cobalt ion stimulus.

Name: cellular response to copper ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a copper ion stimulus.

Name: cellular response to iron ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron ion stimulus.

Name: cellular response to lithium ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lithium (Li+) ion stimulus.

Name: cellular response to magnesium ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a magnesium ion stimulus.

Name: cellular response to manganese ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a manganese ion stimulus.

Name: cellular response to mercury ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mercury ion stimulus.

Name: cellular response to zinc ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a zinc ion stimulus.

Name: cellular response to vitamin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin stimulus.

Name: cellular response to retinoic acid.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus.

Name: cellular response to vitamin D.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin D stimulus.

Name: cellular response to vitamin K.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin K stimulus.

Name: cellular response to organic substance.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus.

Name: cellular response to alkaloid.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alkaloid stimulus. Alkaloids are a large group of nitrogenous substances found in naturally in plants, many of which have extracts that are pharmacologically active.

Name: cellular response to caffeine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a caffeine stimulus. Caffeine is an alkaloid found in numerous plant species, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding upon them.

Name: cellular response to cocaine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cocaine stimulus. Cocaine is a crystalline alkaloid obtained from the leaves of the coca plant.

Name: cellular response to nicotine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nicotine stimulus.

Name: cellular response to ATP.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) stimulus.

Name: cellular response to cAMP.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus.

Name: cellular response to cGMP.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cGMP (cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus.

Name: cellular response to carbohydrate stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbohydrate stimulus.

Name: cellular response to disaccharide stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disaccharide stimulus.

Name: cellular response to monosaccharide stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monosaccharide stimulus.

Name: cellular response to sucrose stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sucrose stimulus.

Name: cellular response to hexose stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hexose stimulus.

Name: cellular response to glucose stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus.

Name: regulation of hair follicle cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle cell proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of hair follicle cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of hair follicle cell proliferation.

Name: MLL1 complex.

Definition: A protein complex that can methylate lysine-4 of histone H3. MLL1/MLL is the catalytic methyltransferase subunit, and the complex also contains the core components ASH2L, HCFC1/HCF1 WDR5 and RBBP5.

Name: diphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving diphosphate, the anion or salt of diphosphoric acid.

Name: cellular response to cytokine stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus.

Name: cellular response to type II interferon.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far.

Name: cellular response to interleukin-1.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-1 stimulus.

Name: cellular response to interleukin-12.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-12 stimulus.

Name: cellular response to interleukin-15.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-15 stimulus.

Name: cellular response to interleukin-18.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-18 stimulus.

Name: cellular response to interleukin-2.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-2 stimulus.

Name: cellular response to interleukin-4.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-4 stimulus.

Name: cellular response to interleukin-6.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-6 stimulus.

Name: cellular response to tumor necrosis factor.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tumor necrosis factor stimulus.

Name: cellular response to type I interferon.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a type I interferon stimulus. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.

Name: cellular response to dsRNA.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a double-stranded RNA stimulus.

Name: cellular response to exogenous dsRNA.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an exogenous double-stranded RNA stimulus.

Name: cellular response to ethanol.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus.

Name: cellular response to ether.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ether stimulus.

Name: cellular response to growth factor stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.

Name: cellular response to epidermal growth factor stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epidermal growth factor stimulus.

Name: cellular response to gonadotropin stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gonadotropin stimulus.

Name: cellular response to follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus.

Name: cellular response to luteinizing hormone stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a luteinizing hormone stimulus.

Name: cellular response to parathyroid hormone stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a parathyroid hormone stimulus.

Name: cellular response to peptide hormone stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals.

Name: cellular response to corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulus. Corticotropin-releasing hormone is a peptide hormone involved in the stress response.

Name: cellular response to glucagon stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucagon stimulus.

Name: cellular response to growth hormone stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth hormone stimulus. Growth hormone is a peptide hormone that binds to the growth hormone receptor and stimulates growth.

Name: cellular response to prostaglandin stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin stimulus.

Name: cellular response to prostaglandin E stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin E stimulus.

Name: cellular response to steroid hormone stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a steroid hormone stimulus.

Name: cellular response to corticosteroid stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticosteroid hormone stimulus. A corticosteroid is a steroid hormone that is produced in the adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids are involved in a wide range of physiologic systems such as stress response, immune response and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte levels, and behavior. They include glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.

Name: cellular response to glucocorticoid stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects.

Name: cellular response to cortisol stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cortisol stimulus. Cortisol is the major natural glucocorticoid synthesized in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex; it affects the metabolism of glucose, protein, and fats and has appreciable mineralocorticoid activity. It also regulates the immune system and affects many other functions.

Name: cellular response to estrogen stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by an estrogen, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics.

Name: cellular response to estradiol stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen.

Name: cellular response to progesterone stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a progesterone stimulus.

Name: cellular response to testosterone stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a testosterone stimulus.

Name: cellular response to jasmonic acid stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a jasmonic acid stimulus.

Name: cellular response to lipid.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid stimulus.

Name: cellular response to cholesterol.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cholesterol stimulus.

Name: cellular response to fatty acid.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fatty acid stimulus.

Name: cellular response to triglyceride.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a triglyceride stimulus.

Name: cellular response to lipoprotein particle stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipoprotein particle stimulus.

Name: cellular response to high density lipoprotein particle stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a high density lipoprotein particle stimulus.

Name: cellular response to low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus.

Name: cellular response to organic cyclic compound.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus.

Name: cellular response to genistein.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a genistein stimulus.

Name: cellular response to hydroxyisoflavone.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroxyisoflavone stimulus.

Name: cellular response to purine-containing compound.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a purine-containing compound stimulus.

Name: cellular response to organonitrogen compound.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organonitrogen stimulus. An organonitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.

Name: cellular response to histamine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a histamine stimulus. Histamine, the biogenic amine 2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethanamine, is involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter.

Name: manganese ion transmembrane transport.

Definition: A process in which a manganese ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: succinate transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which succinate is transported across a membrane.

Name: rRNA (cytosine-N4-)-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a cytidine in rRNA + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = an N(4)-methylcytidine in rRNA + H+ + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.

Name: hematopoietic stem cell proliferation.

Definition: The expansion of a hematopoietic stem cell population by cell division. A hematopoietic stem cell is a stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop.

Name: clathrin complex.

Definition: A protein complex that consists of three clathrin heavy chains and three clathrin light chains, organized into a symmetrical three-legged structure called a triskelion. In clathrin-coated vesicles clathrin is the main component of the coat and forms a polymeric mechanical scaffold on the vesicle surface.

Name: regulation of histone H3-K14 acetylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to histone H3 at position 14 of the histone.

Name: negative regulation of histone H3-K14 acetylation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to histone H3 at position 14 of the histone.

Name: positive regulation of histone H3-K14 acetylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to histone H3 at position 14 of the histone.

Name: cellular response to hydroperoxide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroperoxide stimulus. Hydroperoxides are monosubstitution products of hydrogen peroxide, HOOH.

Name: cellular response to lipid hydroperoxide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid hydroperoxide stimulus. Lipid hydroperoxide is the highly reactive primary oxygenated products of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Name: cellular response to oxygen radical.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen radical stimulus. An oxygen radical is any oxygen species that carries a free electron; examples include hydroxyl radicals and the superoxide anion.

Name: cellular response to superoxide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a superoxide stimulus. Superoxide is the anion, oxygen-, formed by addition of one electron to dioxygen (O2) or any compound containing the superoxide anion.

Name: cellular response to oxygen levels.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of oxygen.

Name: cellular response to hyperoxia.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating increased oxygen tension.

Name: cellular response to hypoxia.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.

Name: protein localization to chromosome, centromeric region.

Definition: Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the centromeric region of a chromosome.

Name: cellular response to water stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of water.

Name: cellular response to hydrostatic pressure.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrostatic pressure stimulus. Hydrostatic pressure is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is at rest (as opposed to moving). The weight of the fluid above the object creates pressure on it.

Name: cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organism exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.

Name: cellular response to pH.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.

Name: cellular response to acidic pH.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus with pH < 7. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.

Name: cellular response to alkaline pH.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus with pH > 7. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.

Name: cellular response to osmotic stress.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.

Name: cellular response to salt stress.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.

Name: cellular hyperosmotic response.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hyperosmotic environment, i.e. an environment with a higher concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.

Name: cellular hyperosmotic salinity response.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, an increase in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.

Name: cellular hypotonic response.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hypotonic environment, i.e. an environment with a lower concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.

Name: cellular hypotonic salinity response.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.

Name: cellular response to radiation.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation.

Name: cellular response to ionizing radiation.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays.

Name: cellular response to gamma radiation.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.

Name: cellular response to X-ray.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz).

Name: cellular response to light stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light.

Name: cellular response to UV-A.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-A radiation stimulus. UV-A radiation (UV-A light) spans the wavelengths 315 to 400 nm.

Name: cellular response to UV-B.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-B radiation stimulus. UV-B radiation (UV-B light) spans the wavelengths 280 to 315 nm.

Name: cellular response to UV-C.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-C radiation stimulus. UV-C radiation (UV-C light) spans the wavelengths 100 to 280 nm.

Name: cellular response to endogenous stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus arising within the organism.

Name: cellular response to external stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus.

Name: cellular response to fluid shear stress.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluid shear stress stimulus. Fluid shear stress is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is moving across a solid surface.

Name: cellular response to laminar fluid shear stress.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a laminar fluid shear stress stimulus. Laminar fluid flow is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is moving across a solid surface in parallel layers.

Name: cellular response to nitrosative stress.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrosative stress stimulus. Nitrosative stress is a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of nitric oxide (NO) or the highly reactive oxidant peroxynitrite, which is produced following interaction of NO with superoxide anions.

Name: cellular response to sterol depletion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating deprivation of sterols. Sterols are a group of steroids characterized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.

Name: response to heparin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heparin stimulus.

Name: cellular response to heparin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heparin stimulus.

Name: genomic imprinting.

Definition: The establishment of epigenetic modifications (imprints) during gametogenesis, leading to an asymmetry in the heterochromatin between the maternal and paternal alleles, and differential expression of the corresponding alleles. This asymmetry results from the different epigenetic pathways acting in maternal and paternal gametes.

Name: semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a semaphorin receptor (composed of a plexin and a neurophilin) binding to a semaphorin ligand.

Name: ankyrin repeat binding.

Definition: Binding to an ankyrin repeat of a protein. Ankyrin repeats are tandemly repeated modules of about 33 amino acids; each repeat folds into a helix-loop-helix structure with a beta-hairpin/loop region projecting out from the helices at a 90-degree angle, and repeats stack to form an L-shaped structure.

Name: RING-like zinc finger domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a RING-like zinc finger domain domain of a protein. The RING-like domain is a zinc finger domain that is related to the C3HC4 RING finger domain.

Name: protein localization to centrosome.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the centrosome.

Name: dopaminergic neuron differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a neuroblast acquires the specialized structural and functional features of a dopaminergic neuron, a neuron that secretes dopamine.

Name: diphosphoinositol polyphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a diphosphoinositol polyphosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol with one or more diphosphate groups and multiple monophosphate groups attached.

Name: diphosphoinositol polyphosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a diphosphoinositol polyphosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol with one or more diphosphate groups and multiple monophosphate groups attached.

Name: inositol phosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.

Name: response to dexamethasone.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dexamethasone stimulus.

Name: cellular response to dexamethasone stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dexamethasone stimulus.

Name: death-inducing signaling complex assembly.

Definition: A process of protein complex assembly in which the arrangement and bonding together of the set of components that form the protein complex is mediated by a death domain (DD) interaction, as part of the extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: G protein-coupled pyrimidinergic nucleotide receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a pyrimidine nucleotide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Name: histone H3K27me2/H3K27me3 demethylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a tri- or a dimethyl-lysine residue at position 27 of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.

Name: response to transforming growth factor beta.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transforming growth factor beta stimulus.

Name: cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transforming growth factor beta stimulus.

Name: npBAF complex.

Definition: A SWI/SNF-type complex that is found in neural stem or progenitor cells, and in human contains actin and proteins encoded by the ARID1A/BAF250A or ARID1B/BAF250B, SMARCD1/BAF60A, SMARCD3/BAF60C, SMARCA2/BRM/BAF190B, SMARCA4/BRG1/BAF190A, SMARCB1/BAF47, SMARCC1/BAF155, SMARCE1/BAF57, SMARCC2/BAF170, PHF10/BAF45A, ACTL6A/BAF53A genes. The npBAF complex is essential for the self-renewal/proliferative capacity of the multipotent neural stem cells.

Name: UFM1 activating enzyme activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier UFM1, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.

Name: deUFMylase activity.

Definition: A thiol-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves UFM1 from a target protein to which it is conjugated.

Name: UFM1 transferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of UFM1 from one protein to another via the reaction X-UFM1 + Y --> Y-UFM1 + X, where both X-UFM1 and Y-UFM1 are covalent linkages.

Name: protein ufmylation.

Definition: Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein UFM1 to another protein.

Name: zinc ion transmembrane transport.

Definition: A process in which a zinc II ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: zinc ion import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of zinc(2+) ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: regulation of zinc ion transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of zinc ions (Zn2+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: detoxification of cadmium ion.

Definition: Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of cadmium ion. These may include transport of cadmium away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of cadmium ion.

Name: CAAX-box protein processing.

Definition: The second process in a series of specific posttranslational modifications to the CAAX box region of CAAX box proteins, in which the last three amino acids of the protein (AAX) are removed by proteolysis.

Name: lymphocyte aggregation.

Definition: The adhesion of one lymphocyte to one or more other lymphocytes via adhesion molecules.

Name: Nem1-Spo7 phosphatase complex.

Definition: A protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex that is involved in nuclear envelope organization, and contains proteins known in budding yeast as Nem1p and Spo7p.

Name: otic vesicle development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the otic vesicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The otic vesicle is a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear.

Name: phytosphingosine biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytosphingosine, (2S,3S,4R)-2-aminooctadecane-1,3,4-triol.

Name: endothelial cell-cell adhesion.

Definition: The attachment of an endothelial cell to another endothelial cell via adhesion molecules.

Name: transforming growth factor beta production.

Definition: The appearance of any member of the transforming growth factor-beta family of cytokines due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Transforming growth factor-beta family members include TGF-B1, TGF-B2, and TGF-B3.

Name: linoleic acid epoxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of an NADPH- and oxygen-dependent reaction that converts linoleic acid to a cis-epoxyoctadecenoic acid.

Name: acyl-CoA biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with an acyl group.

Name: lysophospholipid acyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of acyl groups from an acyl-CoA to a lysophospholipid.

Name: phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain serine 2 residues.

Definition: The process of introducing a phosphate group onto a serine residue at position 2 within the heptapeptide repeat (YSPTSPS) of the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. Typically, phosphorylation of serine 2 (Ser2) occurs subsequent to phosphorylation of serine 5 and is thus seen in the middle and 3' ends of genes. In vivo, Ser2 phosphorylation is primarily performed by CTDK-I in S. cerevisiae or CDK9 in metazoans.

Name: phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain serine 5 residues.

Definition: The process of introducing a phosphate group onto a serine residue at position 5 within the heptapeptide repeat (YSPTSPS) of the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. Typically, phosphorylation of serine 5 (Ser5) occurs near the 5' ends of genes. It is generally still observed in the middle of genes, overlapping with phosphorylation of serine 2, but is generally not present at the 3' ends of genes. In vivo, Ser5 phosphorylation occurs primarily through the action of TFIIH (KIN28 in S. cerevisiae, CKD7 in metazoans).

Name: granulocyte chemotaxis.

Definition: The movement of a granulocyte in response to an external stimulus.

Name: regulation of granulocyte chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of granulocyte chemotaxis. Granulocyte chemotaxis is the movement of a granulocyte in response to an external stimulus.

Name: negative regulation of granulocyte chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of granulocyte chemotaxis. Granulocyte chemotaxis is the movement of a granulocyte in response to an external stimulus.

Name: positive regulation of granulocyte chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of granulocyte chemotaxis. Granulocyte chemotaxis is the movement of a granulocyte in response to an external stimulus.

Name: vocalization behavior.

Definition: The behavior in which an organism produces sounds by a mechanism involving its respiratory system.

Name: mastication.

Definition: The process of biting and mashing food with the teeth prior to swallowing.

Name: cytoplasm protein quality control by the ubiquitin-proteasome system.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded proteins in the cytoplasm, which are targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation.

Name: nuclear protein quality control by the ubiquitin-proteasome system.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded proteins via a mechanism in which the proteins are transported to the nucleus for ubiquitination, and then targeted to proteasomes for degradation.

Name: dihydroceramidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a dihydroceramide + H2O = a fatty acid + dihydrosphingosine.

Name: regulation of transforming growth factor beta production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta.

Name: negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta.

Name: positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta.

Name: regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of monocyte chemotactic protein-1.

Name: negative regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of monocyte chemotactic protein-1.

Name: positive regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of monocyte chemotactic protein-1.

Name: regulation of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha.

Name: negative regulation of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha.

Name: regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5.

Name: negative regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5.

Name: positive regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5.

Name: regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1 production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1.

Name: positive regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1 production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1.

Name: regulation of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.

Name: negative regulation of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of granulocyte colony stimulating factor.

Name: positive regulation of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.

Name: regulation of IP-10 production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of IP-10.

Name: negative regulation of IP-10 production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of IP-10.

Name: positive regulation of IP-10 production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of IP-10.

Name: regulation of granzyme B production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of granzyme B.

Name: positive regulation of granzyme B production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of granzyme B.

Name: catenin-TCF7L2 complex.

Definition: A protein complex that contains a catenin and TCF7L2 (TCF4), binds to the TCF DNA motif within a promoter element, and is involved in the regulation of WNT target gene transcription.

Name: gamma-catenin-TCF7L2 complex.

Definition: A protein complex that contains gamma-catenin and TCF7L2 (TCF4), binds to the TCF DNA motif within a promoter element, and is involved in the regulation of WNT target gene transcription.

Name: DNA/RNA hybrid binding.

Definition: Binding to a RNA/DNA hybrid.

Name: regulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis.

Name: negative regulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis.

Name: positive regulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis.

Name: mononuclear cell migration.

Definition: The movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

Name: regulation of mononuclear cell migration.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

Name: negative regulation of mononuclear cell migration.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

Name: positive regulation of mononuclear cell migration.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

Name: response to indole-3-methanol.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an indole-3-methanol stimulus.

Name: cellular response to indole-3-methanol.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an indole-3-methanol stimulus.

Name: striated muscle myosin thick filament assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the myosin-based thick filaments of myofibrils in striated muscle.

Name: cardiac muscle thin filament assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the actin-based thin filaments of myofibrils in cardiac muscle.

Name: protein localization to extracellular region.

Definition: Any process in which a protein is transported from one specific location in the extracellular region to another, or maintained in a specific extracellular location.

Name: protein transport within extracellular region.

Definition: The directed movement of proteins in the extracellular region, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: maintenance of protein location in extracellular region.

Definition: Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location within the extracellular region and is prevented from moving elsewhere.

Name: anatomical structure maturation.

Definition: A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure to attain its fully functional state.

Name: organic substance transport.

Definition: The directed movement of organic substances into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An organic substance is a molecular entity that contains carbon.

Name: organic substance metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon.

Name: nitrogen compound transport.

Definition: The directed movement of nitrogen-containing compounds into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: membrane assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a membrane.

Name: basement membrane organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the basement membrane.

Name: ER-associated misfolded protein catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded proteins transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation.

Name: icosanoid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of icosanoids from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: icosanoid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of icosanoids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Icosanoids are unsaturated C20 fatty acids and skeletally related compounds.

Name: leukotriene transport.

Definition: The directed movement of leukotrienes into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Leukotrienes are linear C20 endogenous metabolites of arachidonic acid (icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid) containing a terminal carboxy function and four or more double bonds (three or more of which are conjugated) as well as other functional groups.

Name: lipopeptide binding.

Definition: Binding to a lipopeptide, any of a group of organic compounds comprising two or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds and containing a nonprotein group consisting of a lipid or lipids.

Name: response to diacyl bacterial lipopeptide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a diacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus.

Name: response to triacyl bacterial lipopeptide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a triacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus.

Name: cellular response to diacyl bacterial lipopeptide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a diacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus.

Name: cellular response to triacyl bacterial lipopeptide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a triacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus.

Name: response to nitric oxide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitric oxide stimulus.

Name: cellular response to nitric oxide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitric oxide stimulus.

Name: IgG immunoglobulin complex.

Definition: A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgG isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. An IgG immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.

Name: IgA immunoglobulin complex.

Definition: A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgA isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and sometimes complexed with J chain or J chain and secretory component. An IgA immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.

Name: IgA immunoglobulin complex, circulating.

Definition: A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgA isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, sometimes complexed with J chain or J chain and secretory component, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.

Name: monomeric IgA immunoglobulin complex.

Definition: A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgA isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.

Name: polymeric IgA immunoglobulin complex.

Definition: A protein complex composed of two, three, or four monomeric IgA immunoglobulin complexes linked through both direct disulfide bonds and through disulfide binded monomers of J chain acting as a bridge. Each IgA monomer consists of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgA isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. Dimeric IgA is sometimes complexed additionally with secretory component, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.

Name: dimeric IgA immunoglobulin complex.

Definition: A protein complex composed of two monomeric IgA immunoglobulin complexes linked through both direct disulfide bonds and through a disulfide binded monomer of J chain acting as a bridge. Each IgA monomer consists of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgA isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. Dimeric IgA is sometimes complexed additionally with secretory component, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.

Name: secretory IgA immunoglobulin complex.

Definition: A polymeric IgA immunoglobulin complex that is complexed with one chain of secretory component (SC). Polymeric IgA is present in mucosal areas, having been transported via a transcytosis mechanism in mucosal epithelial cells relying on the polymeric Ig receptor, a portion of which then remains bound to the polymeric IgA as secretory component.

Name: secretory dimeric IgA immunoglobulin complex.

Definition: A dimeric form of secretory IgA immunoglobulin complex.

Name: IgM immunoglobulin complex.

Definition: A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgM isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and in its circulating form complexed with J chain in polymeric forms. An IgM immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.

Name: IgM immunoglobulin complex, circulating.

Definition: A polymer of five or six IgM core units each composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgM isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds; the individual IgM core units are held together via disulfide bonds with a single J chain polypeptide acting as a bridge between two of the polymeric units. Circulating IgM is present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or in the blood or lymph.

Name: pentameric IgM immunoglobulin complex.

Definition: A circulating form of IgM consisting of a pentamer of IgM core units with a single J chain polypeptide.

Name: hexameric IgM immunoglobulin complex.

Definition: A circulating form of IgM consisting of a hexamer of IgM core units with a single J chain polypeptide.

Name: nuclear membrane organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear inner or outer membrane.

Name: nuclear inner membrane organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear inner membrane.

Name: response to BMP.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) stimulus.

Name: cellular response to BMP stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) stimulus.

Name: response to fibroblast growth factor.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fibroblast growth factor stimulus.

Name: endoplasmic reticulum tubular network.

Definition: A subcompartment of the endoplasmic reticulum consisting of tubules having membranes with high curvature in cross-section.

Name: endoplasmic reticulum tubular network organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubular network. The ER tubular network is the ER part that that has membranes with high curvature in cross-section.

Name: endoplasmic reticulum tubular network formation.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubular network. The ER tubular network is the ER part that comprises the membranes with high curvature in cross-section.

Name: endoplasmic reticulum tubular network maintenance.

Definition: The organization process that preserves the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubular network in a stable functional or structural state. The ER tubular network is the ER part that comprises the membranes with high curvature in cross-section.

Name: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 binding.

Definition: Binding to chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5.

Name: K11-linked polyubiquitin modification-dependent protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein upon poly-ubiquitination formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 11 in the target protein.

Name: K6-linked polyubiquitin modification-dependent protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein upon poly-ubiquitination formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 6 in the target protein.

Name: LUBAC complex.

Definition: A ubiquitin ligase complex that catalyzes linear head-to-tail polyubiquitin conjugation on its targets. In human the complex consists of RBCK1, RNF31 and SHARPIN, and has an MW of approximately 600 kDa, suggesting a heteromultimeric assembly of its subunits. LUBAC stands for Linear Ubiquitin Chain Assembly Complex.

Name: response to prostaglandin D.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin D stimulus.

Name: cellular response to prostaglandin D stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin D stimulus.

Name: podosome assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a podosome, an actin-rich adhesion structure characterized by formation upon cell substrate contact and localization at the substrate-attached part of the cell.

Name: regulation of podosome assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of podosome assembly.

Name: positive regulation of podosome assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of podosome assembly.

Name: potassium ion transmembrane transport.

Definition: A process in which a potassium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: protein transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which a protein is transported across a membrane.

Name: lipoprotein particle binding.

Definition: Binding to a lipoprotein particle. A lipoprotein particle, also known as a lipoprotein, is a clathrate complex consisting of a lipid enwrapped in a protein host without covalent binding in such a way that the complex has a hydrophilic outer surface consisting of all the protein and the polar ends of any phospholipids.

Name: protein-lipid complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein-lipid complex, any macromolecular complex that contains both protein and lipid molecules.

Name: tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into ER membrane.

Definition: A process of protein insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane in which a tail-anchored (TA) transmembrane protein is incorporated into an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. TA transmembrane protein, also named type II transmembrane proteins, contain a single C- terminal transmembrane region.

Name: MMXD complex.

Definition: A protein complex that contains the proteins MMS19, MIP18 and XPD, localizes to mitotic spindle during mitosis, and is required for proper chromosome segregation.

Name: BAT3 complex.

Definition: A protein complex found in mammals that transfers tail-anchored (TA) proteins from SGTA to GET3 (ASNA1/TRC4) for targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Also chaperones polypeptides from the endoplasmic reticulum retrotranslocation machinery to the proteasome, maintaining the solubility of substrates to improve ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). Consists of BAG6 (BAT3) and its cofactors GET4 (TRC35) and UBL4A.

Name: DUBm complex.

Definition: A protein complex that forms part of SAGA-type complexes SAGA and SLIK, and mediates deubiquitination of histone H2B. In S. cerevisiae, the DUBm consists of the proteins Ubp8p, Sgf11p, Sus1p, and Sgf73p.

Name: FANCM-MHF complex.

Definition: A protein complex contains the proteins FANCM and MHF, or their orthologs, plays an essential role in DNA remodeling, protects replication forks, and is conserved in eukaryotes.

Name: protein-DNA complex subunit organization.

Definition: Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein-DNA complex.

Name: protein-lipid complex subunit organization.

Definition: Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein-lipid complex.

Name: ribonucleoprotein complex subunit organization.

Definition: Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a ribonucleoprotein complex.

Name: plasma lipoprotein particle organization.

Definition: A protein-lipid complex subunit organization process that results in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a plasma lipoprotein particle. A plasma lipoprotein particle is a spherical particle with a hydrophobic core of triglycerides and/or cholesterol esters, surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol and apolipoproteins.

Name: triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle clearance.

Definition: The process in which a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

Name: intermediate-density lipoprotein particle clearance.

Definition: The process in which a intermediate-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

Name: HMG box domain binding.

Definition: Binding to an HMG box domain, a protein domain that consists of three helices in an irregular array. HMG-box domains are found in one or more copies in HMG-box proteins, which form a large, diverse family involved in the regulation of DNA-dependent processes such as transcription, replication, and strand repair, all of which require the bending and unwinding of chromatin.

Name: cellular component organization or biogenesis.

Definition: A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.

Name: TNFSF11-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11 (TNFSF11) to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade via TNFSF11-mediated signaling.

Definition: Any TNFSF11-mediated signaling process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.

Name: neuropeptide receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a neuropeptide receptor.

Name: regulation of cell proliferation in bone marrow.

Definition: A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in the bone marrow.

Name: positive regulation of cell proliferation in bone marrow.

Definition: A process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in the bone marrow.

Name: regulation of apoptotic process in bone marrow cell.

Definition: Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in the bone marrow.

Name: negative regulation of apoptotic process in bone marrow cell.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in the bone marrow.

Name: response to monoamine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monoamine stimulus. A monoamine is any of a group of molecular messengers that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan.

Name: cellular response to monoamine stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monoamine stimulus. A monoamine is any of a group of molecular messengers that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan.

Name: response to catecholamine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a catecholamine stimulus. A catecholamine is any of a group of biogenic amines that includes 4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] and derivatives formed by substitution.

Name: cellular response to catecholamine stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a catecholamine stimulus. A catecholamine is any of a group of biogenic amines that includes 4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] and derivatives formed by substitution.

Name: response to epinephrine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epinephrine stimulus. Epinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C9H13NO3; it is secreted by the adrenal medulla to act as a hormone, and released by certain neurons to act as a neurotransmitter active in the central nervous system.

Name: cellular response to epinephrine stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epinephrine stimulus. Epinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C9H13NO3; it is secreted by the adrenal medulla to act as a hormone, and released by certain neurons to act as a neurotransmitter active in the central nervous system.

Name: response to norepinephrine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a norepinephrine stimulus. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C8H11NO3; it acts as a hormone, and as a neurotransmitter in most of the sympathetic nervous system.

Name: cellular response to norepinephrine stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a norepinephrine stimulus. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C8H11NO3; it acts as a hormone, and as a neurotransmitter in most of the sympathetic nervous system.

Name: adrenergic receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a ligand binding to an adrenergic receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

Name: negative regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor protein signaling pathway activity. An adrenergic receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adrenergic receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

Name: adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: An adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a ligand binding to an adrenergic receptor on the surface of the target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

Name: adenylate cyclase-inhibiting adrenergic receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a ligand binding to an adrenergic receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

Name: phospholipase C-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: A phospholipase C-activating receptor G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by ligand binding to an adrenergic receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: N-terminal protein N-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) to the alpha-amino group of the N-terminal amino or imino acid residue of a protein substrate. For example, yeast Tae1p and mammalian family member METTL11A preferentially modify the N-terminal residue of substrates with the N-terminal sequence X-Pro-Lys, where X can be Pro, Ala, or Ser.

Name: 1-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine binding.

Definition: Binding to the amine 1-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine, a serotonin receptor agonist that can act as a psychedelic drug.

Name: leukocyte apoptotic process.

Definition: Any apoptotic process in a leukocyte, an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue.

Name: 14-3-3 protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a 14-3-3 protein. A 14-3-3 protein is any of a large family of approximately 30kDa acidic proteins which exist primarily as homo- and heterodimers within all eukaryotic cells, and have been implicated in the modulation of distinct biological processes by binding to specific phosphorylated sites on diverse target proteins, thereby forcing conformational changes or influencing interactions between their targets and other molecules. Each 14-3-3 protein sequence can be roughly divided into three sections: a divergent amino terminus, the conserved core region and a divergent carboxy-terminus. The conserved middle core region of the 14-3-3s encodes an amphipathic groove that forms the main functional domain, a cradle for interacting with client proteins.

Name: bicarbonate binding.

Definition: Binding to bicarbonate ions (CHO3-).

Name: BMP signaling pathway involved in nephric duct formation.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to nephric duct formation.

Name: histone H2B conserved C-terminal lysine ubiquitination.

Definition: A histone ubiquitination process in which a ubiquitin monomer is added to a conserved lysine residue in the C-terminus of histone H2B. The conserved lysine residue is K119 in fission yeast, K123 in budding yeast, and K120 in mammals.

Name: odontoblast differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell of neural crest origin acquires the specialized features of an odontoblast, a cell on the outer surface of the dental pulp whose biological function is the creation of dentin.

Name: protein localization to adherens junction.

Definition: Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the adherens junction.

Name: DNA biosynthetic process.

Definition: The biosynthetic process resulting in the formation of DNA.

Name: regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Name: negative regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Name: positive regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Name: determination of digestive tract left/right asymmetry.

Definition: Determination of the asymmetric location of various parts of the digestive tract with respect to the left and right halves of the organism. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.

Name: determination of intestine left/right asymmetry.

Definition: Determination of the asymmetric location of the intestine loops with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.

Name: determination of stomach left/right asymmetry.

Definition: Determination of the asymmetric location of the stomach with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.

Name: determination of liver left/right asymmetry.

Definition: Determination of the asymmetric location of the liver with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.

Name: citrate secondary active transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of citrate from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.

Name: dipeptide transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a dipeptide from one side of a membrane to the other. A dipeptide is a combination of two amino acids linked together by a peptide (-CO-NH-) bond.

Name: urea transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which urea, the water-soluble compound H2N-CO-NH2, is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: G-quadruplex DNA formation.

Definition: A DNA metabolic process that results in the formation of G-quadruplex DNA structures, in which groups of four guanines adopt a flat, cyclic Hoogsteen hydrogen-bonding arrangement known as a guanine tetrad or G-quartet. The stacking of several layers of G-quartets forms G-quadruplexes, in which one or more DNA single strands are assembled in parallel and/or antiparallel, with interactions that can be either intra- or intermolecular in nature.

Name: cleavage body.

Definition: A nuclear body that contains proteins involved in pre-mRNA 3'-end cleavage and polyadenylation, such as DDX1, CSTF2 and CPSFs, as well as the transcription factors TFIIE and TFIIF. Cleavage bodies are localized adjacent to Cajal bodies and are involved in mRNA3'-end processing.

Name: endocannabinoid signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an endocannabinoid binding to a cell surface receptor. The pathway proceeds with the receptor transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Endocannabinoids are small molecules derived from arachidonic acid, anandamide (arachidonoylethanolamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol.

Name: alpha-tubulin acetylation.

Definition: The addition of an acetyl group to the lysine 40 residue of alpha-tubulin.

Name: negative regulation of transcription involved in G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle.

Definition: Any process that stop, prevents or decreases transcription as part of the G1/S transition of the mitotic cell cycle.

Name: positive regulation of transcription involved in G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases transcription as part of the G1/S transition of the mitotic cell cycle.

Name: replication fork reversal.

Definition: Replication fork processing that involves the unwinding of blocked forks to form four-stranded structures resembling Holliday junctions, which are subsequently resolved.

Name: Arp2/3 complex binding.

Definition: Binding to an Arp2/3 complex, a protein complex that contains two actin-related proteins, Arp2 and Arp3, and five novel proteins (ARPC1-5).

Name: thiamine transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which thiamine is transported across a membrane. Thiamine is vitamin B1, a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.

Name: coreceptor activity involved in Wnt signaling pathway.

Definition: In cooperation with a primary Wnt receptor, initiating a change in cell activity through the Wnt signaling pathway.

Name: nitrogen cycle metabolic process.

Definition: A nitrogen compound metabolic process that contributes to the nitrogen cycle. The nitrogen cycle is a series of metabolic pathways by which nitrogen is converted between various forms and redox states; it encompasses pathways in which nitrogen is acted upon directly, such as nitrification, denitrification, nitrogen fixation, and mineralization.

Name: XPC complex.

Definition: A nucleotide-excision repair complex that is involved in damage sensing during global genome nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER). It is part of the pre-incision (or initial recognition) complex bound to sites of DNA damage. In human, it is composed of XPC, RAD23B and CETN2.

Name: Myc-Max complex.

Definition: A transcription factor complex that consists of a heterodimer of the bHLH-ZIP proteins Myc and Max.

Name: cell periphery.

Definition: The part of a cell encompassing the cell cortex, the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures.

Name: protein deubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.

Definition: The removal of one or more ubiquitin groups from a protein as part of a process of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism.

Name: FAD binding.

Definition: Binding to the oxidized form, FAD, of flavin-adenine dinucleotide, the coenzyme or the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes.

Name: conversion of methionyl-tRNA to N-formyl-methionyl-tRNA.

Definition: The modification process that results in the conversion of methionine charged on a tRNA(fMet) to N-formyl-methionine-tRNA(fMet).

Name: elastic fiber.

Definition: An supramolecular fiber that consists of an insoluble core of polymerized tropoelastin monomers and a surrounding mantle of microfibrils. Elastic fibers provide elasticity and recoiling to tissues and organs, and maintain structural integrity against mechanical strain.

Name: recycling endosome to Golgi transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances from recycling endosomes to the Golgi.

Name: mitotic sister chromatid cohesion, centromeric.

Definition: The cell cycle process in which centromeres of sister chromatids are joined during mitosis.

Name: establishment or maintenance of cell polarity regulating cell shape.

Definition: Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of a polarized intracellular organization or cell growth patterns that regulate the shape of a cell.

Name: extracellular exosome assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an extracellular vesicular exosome, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Exosomes are defined by their size, which generally ranges from 30 nm to 100 nm.

Name: multivesicular body sorting pathway.

Definition: A vesicle-mediated transport process in which transmembrane proteins are ubiquitylated to facilitate their entry into luminal vesicles of multivesicular bodies (MVBs); upon subsequent fusion of MVBs with lysosomes or vacuoles, the cargo proteins are degraded.

Name: Ragulator complex.

Definition: A vacuolar membrane-anchored guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) complex for the Rag GTPases (Gtr1-Gtr2 GTPase complex GO:1990131) in TORC1 signalling pathway. In human, Ragulator is comprised of the membrane anchor subunit LAMTOR1 (Meh1p in S. cerevisiae, Lam1 in S. pombe), a GEF subunit LAMTOR2 ( Slm4 in S. cerevisiae , Lam2 in S. pombe ) , LAMTOR3 (no S. cerevisiae ortholog identified, Lam3 in S. pombe) , LAMTOR4 (no S. cerevisiae ortholog identified, Lam4 in S. pombe), and LAMTOR5 (no S. cerevisiae or S. pombe ortholog identified).

Name: WD40-repeat domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a WD40 repeat domain of a protein. The WD40 repeat is a short structural motif of approximately 40 amino acids, often terminating in a tryptophan-aspartic acid (W-D) dipeptide. Several of these repeats are combined to form a type of protein domain called the WD domain.

Name: renal system development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal system maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels.

Name: nephron development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.

Name: mesangial cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesangial cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.

Name: glomerular mesangial cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the glomerular mesangial cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.

Name: nephron epithelium development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nephron epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron.

Name: glomerular epithelium development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the glomerular epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The glomerular epithelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the outer surfaces of the glomerulus. The glomerular epithelium consists of both parietal and visceral epithelium. Metanephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport. A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros.

Name: glomerular endothelium development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the glomerular endothelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The glomerular endothelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the internal surfaces of the glomerulus.

Name: glomerulus vasculature development.

Definition: The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerulus vasculature from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the glomerulus vasculature and ends with the mature structure. The glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the glomerulus.

Name: proximal tubule development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the proximal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the proximal tubule is a nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle. It has a brush border epithelial morphology.

Name: podocyte development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerular visceral epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells.

Name: glomerular parietal epithelial cell development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerular parietal epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport.

Name: distal tubule development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the distal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the distal tubule is a nephron tubule that begins at the macula densa and extends to the connecting tubule.

Name: ascending thin limb development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an ascending thin limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ascending thin limb is a segment of a nephron tubule lying in the inner medulla that is permeable to ions but not to water and has a simple epithelium; active transepithelial solute transport is absent.

Name: nephron morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the nephron are generated and organized. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.

Name: collecting duct development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a collecting duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The collecting duct responds to vasopressin and aldosterone to regulate water, electrolyte and acid-base balance. It is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder.

Name: renal system pattern specification.

Definition: Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate into the anatomical structures of the renal system.

Name: comma-shaped body morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the comma-shaped body is generated and organized. The comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of the nephron.

Name: S-shaped body morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the S-shaped body is generated and organized. The S-shaped body is the successor of the comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of the nephron.

Name: renal cortex development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney.

Name: cortical collecting duct development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cortical collecting duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cortical collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex.

Name: loop of Henle development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the loop of Henle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The loop of Henle is a nephron tubule that connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule.

Name: kidney epithelium development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium in the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.

Name: kidney mesenchyme development.

Definition: The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a kidney mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of kidney mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Kidney mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the kidney.

Name: metanephric mesenchyme development.

Definition: The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of metanephric mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Metanephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the metanephros.

Name: renal vesicle morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the renal vesicle are generated and organized. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells.

Name: nephron tubule morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of a nephron tubule are generated and organized. A nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney.

Name: nephron tubule development.

Definition: The progression of a nephron tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney.

Name: renal vesicle development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal vesicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells.

Name: nephron epithelium morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the nephron epithelium are generated and organized. The nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron.

Name: stem cell proliferation.

Definition: The multiplication or reproduction of stem cells, resulting in the expansion of a stem cell population. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Name: regulation of stem cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Name: regulation of branch elongation involved in ureteric bud branching.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of branch elongation involved in ureteric bud branching, the growth of a branch of the ureteric bud along its axis.

Name: negative regulation of branch elongation involved in ureteric bud branching.

Definition: Any process that reduces the frequency, rate or extent of branch elongation involved in ureteric bud branching, the growth of a branch of the ureteric bud along its axis.

Name: negative regulation of branch elongation involved in ureteric bud branching by BMP signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor resulting in the reduction of the frequency, rate or extent of branch elongation involved in ureteric bud branching, the growth of a branch of the ureteric bud along its axis.

Name: anterior/posterior pattern specification involved in kidney development.

Definition: The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the kidney along the anterior/posterior axis to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.

Name: anterior/posterior pattern specification involved in ureteric bud development.

Definition: The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the ureteric bud along the anterior/posterior axis to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.

Name: specification of ureteric bud anterior/posterior symmetry.

Definition: The establishment of the ureteric bud such that there is a similar arrangement in form and relationship of parts along its anterior/posterior axis.

Name: specification of ureteric bud anterior/posterior symmetry by BMP signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor that results in the establishment of the ureteric bud such that there is a similar arrangement in form and relationship of parts along its anterior/posterior axis.

Name: regulation of ureteric bud formation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the ureteric bud from the Wolffian duct.

Name: positive regulation of ureteric bud formation.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate or extent of the developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the ureteric bud from the Wolffian duct.

Name: positive regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.

Name: glomerular mesangium development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the glomerular mesangium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The glomerular mesangium is the thin membrane connective tissue composed of mesangial cells, which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus.

Name: podocyte differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glomerular visceral epithelial cell. A glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells.

Name: pronephros morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the pronephros are generated and organized. In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensable for larval life.

Name: regulation of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation.

Name: negative regulation of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation.

Name: mesenchyme morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. A mesenchymal tissue is made up of loosely packed stellate cells.

Name: glomerular parietal epithelial cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glomerular parietal epithelial cell. Glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport.

Name: mesangial cell development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesangial cell in the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: glomerular mesangial cell development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerular mesangial cell in the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: epithelial cell fate commitment.

Definition: The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into an epithelial cell.

Name: distal tubule morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of a distal tubule are generated and organized. The distal tubule is a nephron tubule that begins at the macula densa and extends to the connecting tubule.

Name: mesonephric epithelium development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium in the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.

Name: mesonephric tubule development.

Definition: The progression of a mesonephric tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros.

Name: metanephric tubule development.

Definition: The progression of a metanephric tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros.

Name: mesonephric tubule morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesonephric tubule are generated and organized. A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros.

Name: metanephric tubule morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric tubule are generated and organized from an epithelium. A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros.

Name: epithelial tube formation.

Definition: The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an epithelial tube.

Name: nephric duct development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephric duct over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney.

Name: mesonephric duct development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesonephric duct over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. A mesonephric duct is a tube drains the mesonephros.

Name: nephric duct morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the nephric duct are generated and organized. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney.

Name: nephric duct formation.

Definition: The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a nephric duct. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney.

Name: regulation of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.

Name: ureter development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ureter over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or from the Malpighian tubule to the hindgut.

Name: kidney smooth muscle tissue development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle in the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the ureter gland over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.

Name: negative regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the ureter gland over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.

Name: negative regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.

Name: cell differentiation involved in metanephros development.

Definition: The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the metanephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.

Name: metanephric collecting duct development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a collecting duct in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The collecting duct responds to vasopressin and aldosterone to regulate water, electrolyte and acid-base balance. The collecting duct is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder.

Name: metanephric epithelium development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.

Name: metanephric smooth muscle tissue development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: metanephric mesangial cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesangial cells of the metanephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.

Name: metanephric nephron development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephron in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.

Name: metanephric cortex development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric cortex is the outer region of the metanephros.

Name: metanephric ascending thin limb development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric ascending thin limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric ascending thin limb is a segment of a nephron tubule in the metanephros lying in the inner medulla that is permeable to ions but not to water and has a simple epithelium; active transepithelial solute transport is absent.

Name: metanephric cortical collecting duct development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric cortical collecting duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric cortical collecting duct is the portion of the metanephric collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex.

Name: metanephric glomerular mesangium development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric glomerular mesangium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric glomerular mesangium is the thin membrane connective tissue composed of mesangial cells in the metanephros, which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus.

Name: metanephric glomerulus development.

Definition: The progression of the metanephric glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The metanephric glomerulus is a capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the mature vertebrate kidney, or metanephros.

Name: metanephric nephron tubule development.

Definition: The progression of a metanephric nephron tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephric nephron, the functional part of the metanephros.

Name: metanephric distal tubule development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric distal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric distal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that begins at the metanephric macula densa and extends to the metanephric connecting tubule.

Name: metanephric loop of Henle development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric loop of Henle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric loop of Henle is a metanephric nephron tubule that connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule in the metanephros.

Name: metanephric proximal tubule development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric proximal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric proximal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle in the metanephros. It has a brush border epithelial morphology.

Name: metanephric glomerulus vasculature development.

Definition: The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric glomerulus vasculature from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the metanephric glomerulus vasculature and ends with the mature structure. The metanephric glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the metanephric glomerulus.

Name: metanephric nephron epithelium development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric nephron epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The metanephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the metanephros.

Name: metanephric glomerular epithelium development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric glomerular epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric glomerular epithelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the outer surfaces of the glomerulus in the metanephros. The metanephric glomerular epithelium consists of both parietal and visceral epithelium. Metanephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport. A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros.

Name: metanephric podocyte differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell. A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros.

Name: metanephric podocyte development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros.

Name: metanephric glomerular mesangial cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the glomerular mesangial cells of the metanephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.

Name: metanephric nephron morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephric nephron are generated and organized. A metanephric nephron is the functional unit of the metanephros.

Name: metanephric comma-shaped body morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the metanephric comma-shaped body is generated and organized. The metanephric comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the metanephric S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the metanephros.

Name: metanephric nephron tubule morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric nephron tubule are generated and organized. A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephric nephron, the functional part of the metanephros.

Name: metanephric renal vesicle morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephric renal vesicle are generated and organized. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the metanephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells.

Name: metanephric S-shaped body morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the metanephric S-shaped body is generated and organized. The metanephric S-shaped body is the successor of the metanephric comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the metanephros.

Name: metanephric distal tubule morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric distal tubule are generated and organized. The metanephric distal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that begins at the macula densa and extends to the metanephric connecting tubule.

Name: regulation of metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.

Name: glomerular epithelial cell development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerular epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Glomerular epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form part of the glomerulus; there are two types, glomerular parietal epithelial cells and glomerular visceral epithelial cells.

Name: glomerular epithelial cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glomerular epithelial cell. Glomerular epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form part of the glomerulus; there are two types, glomerular parietal epithelial cells and glomerular visceral epithelial cells.

Name: metanephric glomerular epithelial cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a metanephric glomerular epithelial cell. Metanephric glomerular epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form part of the metanephric glomerulus; there are two types, metanephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells and metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cells.

Name: metanephric glomerular epithelial cell development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric glomerular epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Metanephric glomerular epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form part of the metanephric glomerulus; there are two types, metanephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells and metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cells.

Name: clathrin coat disassembly.

Definition: The disaggregation of a clathrin coat into its constituent components; results in stripping or removing the clathrin coat from clathrin-coated vesicles (CCV) before fusing with their targets. CVVs transport cargo from plasma membrane and trans-Golgi to the endosomal system.

Name: vesicle uncoating.

Definition: A protein depolymerization process that results in the disassembly of vesicle coat proteins.

Name: volume-sensitive chloride channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a volume-sensitive channel. A volume-sensitive channel is a channel that responds to changes in the volume of a cell.

Name: monocarboxylic acid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (-COOH) group.

Name: monocarboxylic acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (-COOH) group.

Name: signal transduction by p53 class mediator.

Definition: An intracellular signaling process that is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53 or an equivalent protein.

Name: intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator.

Definition: The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.

Name: UDP-galactose transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which UDP-galactose is transported across a membrane.

Name: modified amino acid transport.

Definition: The directed movement of modified amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: lactam metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving lactams, any cyclic amides of amino carboxylic acids, having a 1-azacycloalkan-2-one structure, or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.

Name: modified amino acid binding.

Definition: Binding to a modified amino acid.

Name: rescue of stalled ribosome.

Definition: A process of translational elongation that takes place when a ribosome has stalled during translation, and results in freeing the ribosome from the stalled translation complex.

Name: NAADP-sensitive calcium-release channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Name: sulfur compound transport.

Definition: The directed movement of compounds that contain sulfur, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: modified amino acid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of modified amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: tricarboxylic acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing three carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).

Name: histone H3T3 kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the threonine-3 residue of the N-terminal tail of histone H3.

Name: chromosome passenger complex localization to kinetochore.

Definition: A cellular protein complex localization that acts on a chromosome passenger complex; as a result, the complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location at the kinetochore. A chromosome passenger complex is a protein complex that contains the BIR-domain-containing protein Survivin, Aurora B kinase, INCENP and Borealin, and coordinates various events based on its location to different structures during the course of mitosis.

Name: PTW/PP1 phosphatase complex.

Definition: A protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex that contains a catalytic subunit (PPP1CA, PPP1CB or PPP1CC) and the regulatory subunits PPP1R10 (PNUTS), TOX4 and WDR82, and plays a role in the control of chromatin structure and cell cycle progression during the transition from mitosis into interphase.

Name: circulatory system development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the circulatory system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The circulatory system is the organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis.

Name: protein activation cascade.

Definition: A sequential series of modifications to a set of proteins where the product of one reaction catalyzes the following reaction, ultimately leading to the generation of a mature protein. Modifications typically include proteolysis or covalent modification, and may also include binding events.

Name: blood coagulation, common pathway.

Definition: A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of events leading from the formation of activated factor X to the formation of active thrombin, the cleavage of fibrinogen by thrombin, and the formation of cleaved fibrin into a stable multimeric, cross-linked complex.

Name: blood coagulation, fibrin clot formation.

Definition: A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of the cascade of enzymatic reactions initiated by physical damage to the wall of a blood vessel, leading to the formation of a formation of a fibrin clot at the site of the injury. The process also includes numerous positive and negative regulatory events.

Name: ER membrane insertion complex.

Definition: A protein complex that is involved in the post-translational delivery of tail-anchored (TA) membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum. TA membrane proteins, also called type II transmembrane proteins, contain a single C-terminal transmembrane region. Some ER membrane insertion complex subunits are conserved between different species such as mammals and budding yeast.

Name: plus-end-directed vesicle transport along microtubule.

Definition: The directed movement of a vesicle towards the plus end of a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of a vesicle to a microtubule, and ends when the vesicle reaches its final destination.

Name: organelle transport along microtubule.

Definition: The directed movement of an organelle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of an organelle to a microtubule, and ends when the organelle reaches its final destination.

Name: minus-end-directed organelle transport along microtubule.

Definition: The directed movement of an organelle towards the minus end of a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of an organelle to a microtubule, and ends when the organelle reaches its final destination.

Name: plus-end-directed organelle transport along microtubule.

Definition: The directed movement of an organelle towards the plus end of a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of an organelle to a microtubule, and ends when the organelle reaches its final destination.

Name: flavin adenine dinucleotide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving flavin adenine dinucleotide, which acts as a coenzyme or prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes.

Name: flavin adenine dinucleotide catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of flavin adenine dinucleotide, which acts as a coenzyme or prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes.

Name: microtubule anchoring at microtubule organizing center.

Definition: Any process in which a microtubule is maintained in a specific location in a cell by attachment to a microtubule organizing center.

Name: response to cell cycle checkpoint signaling.

Definition: A process that occurs in response to signals generated as a result of cell cycle checkpoint signaling.

Name: response to DNA integrity checkpoint signaling.

Definition: A process that occurs in response to signals generated as a result of DNA integrity checkpoint signaling.

Name: response to DNA damage checkpoint signaling.

Definition: A process that occurs in response to signals generated as a result of DNA damage checkpoint signaling.

Name: response to intra-S DNA damage checkpoint signaling.

Definition: A process that occurs in response to signals generated as a result of intra-S DNA damage checkpoint signaling.

Name: MSL complex.

Definition: A histone acetyltransferase complex that catalyzes the acetylation of a histone H4 lysine residue at position 16. In human, it contains the catalytic subunit MOF, and MSL1, MSL2 and MSL3.

Name: ammonium transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which ammonium is transported across a membrane. Ammonium is the cation NH4+.

Name: mesenchymal stem cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal stem cell. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells.

Name: embryonic skeletal joint development.

Definition: The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal joints over time, from formation to mature structure.

Name: Rho-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Definition: Rho GTPase-dependent catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein.

Name: purine-containing compound metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains purine or a formal derivative thereof.

Name: purine-containing compound biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains purine or a formal derivative thereof.

Name: purine-containing compound catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains purine or a formal derivative thereof.

Name: pyridine-containing compound metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyridine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyridine or a formal derivative thereof.

Name: pyridine-containing compound biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyridine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyridine or a formal derivative thereof.

Name: pyridine-containing compound catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyridine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyridine or a formal derivative thereof.

Name: pyrimidine-containing compound metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyrimidine or a formal derivative thereof.

Name: pyrimidine-containing compound biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyrimidine or a formal derivative thereof.

Name: pyrimidine-containing compound catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyrimidine or a formal derivative thereof.

Name: purine-containing compound transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which a purine-containing compound is transported across a membrane. A purine-containing compound is any compound that contains purine or a formal derivative thereof.

Name: pyrimidine-containing compound transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which a pyrimidine-containing compound is transported across a membrane. A pyrimidine-containing compound is any compound that contains pyrimidine or a formal derivative thereof.

Name: interleukin-23 receptor complex.

Definition: A protein complex that binds interleukin-23 and that consists of, at a minimum, a dimeric interleukin and its two receptor subunits as well as optional additional kinase subunits.

Name: fibroblast activation.

Definition: A change in the morphology or behavior of a fibroblast resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.

Name: T-helper 17 type immune response.

Definition: An immune response which is associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria with a key role in inflammation and tissue injury. This immune response is associated with pathological autoimmune conditions such as multiple sclerosis, arthritis and psoriasis which is typically orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines by T-helper 17 cells, most notably interleukin-17, IL-21 and IL-22.

Name: T-helper 17 cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires the specialized features of a T-helper 17 (Th17) cell. A Th17 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype RORgamma-t-positive that produces IL-17.

Name: T-helper 17 cell lineage commitment.

Definition: The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper 17 cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype RORgamma-t-positive that produces IL-17.

Name: protein phosphatase activator activity.

Definition: Binds to and increases the activity of a protein phosphatase.

Name: L-DOPA binding.

Definition: Binding to L-DOPA, the modified amino acid (2S)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.

Name: tyrosine binding.

Definition: Binding to 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.

Name: EMC complex.

Definition: A transmembrane protein complex located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) involved in the insertion of newly synthesized proteins in the membrane of the ER. In S. cerevisiae, it has six members: EMC1, EMC2, AIM27, EMC4, KRE27, and EMC6.

Name: 17-beta-ketosteroid reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a 17-beta-ketosteroid + NADPH + H+ = a 17-beta-hydroxysteroid + NADP+.

Name: NLRP1 inflammasome complex.

Definition: An inflammasome complex that consists of two components, NLRP1 (NALP1) and caspase-1 or caspase-5. The exact mechanisms of NLRP1 activation remain obscure, but potassium ion efflux appears to be essential.

Name: NLRP3 inflammasome complex.

Definition: An inflammasome complex that consists of three components, NLRP3 (NALP3), PYCARD and caspase-1. It is activated upon exposure to whole pathogens, as well as a number of structurally diverse pathogen- and danger-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs) and environmental irritants. Whole pathogens demonstrated to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome complex include the fungi Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, bacteria that produce pore-forming toxins, including Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, and viruses such as Sendai virus, adenovirus, and influenza virus.

Name: ADP-D-ribose binding.

Definition: Binding to ADP-D-ribose, an ADP-aldose having ribose as the aldose fragment.

Name: mono-ADP-D-ribose binding.

Definition: Binding to monomeric ADP-D-ribose, an ADP-aldose having ribose as the aldose fragment.

Name: poly-ADP-D-ribose binding.

Definition: Binding to polymeric ADP-D-ribose, a polymer that is composed of poly-ADP-D-ribose units linked through 1,2-glycosidic bonds at the ribose ring.

Name: tolerance induction to lipopolysaccharide.

Definition: Tolerance induction directed at lipopolysaccharide antigens.

Name: hepatocyte proliferation.

Definition: The multiplication or reproduction of hepatocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Hepatocytes form the main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.

Name: epithelial cell proliferation involved in liver morphogenesis.

Definition: The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the liver.

Name: liver morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of the liver are generated and organized.

Name: endothelial cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any apoptotic process in an endothelial cell. An endothelial cell comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures and can be squamous or cuboidal.

Name: neurotransmitter-gated ion channel clustering.

Definition: The receptor clustering process in which neurotransmitter-gated ion channels are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.

Name: 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a 17-beta-hydroxysteroid + NADP+ = a 17-oxosteroid + NADPH + H+.

Name: clathrin-dependent endocytosis.

Definition: An endocytosis process that begins when material is taken up into clathrin-coated pits, which then pinch off to form clathrin-coated endocytic vesicles.

Name: caveolin-mediated endocytosis.

Definition: An endocytosis process that begins when material is taken up into plasma membrane caveolae, which then pinch off to form endocytic caveolar carriers.

Name: box H/ACA RNP complex.

Definition: A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains an RNA of the box H/ACA type and the four core proteins dyskerin, NOP10, NHP2, and GAR1 (human protein nomenclature). RNA pseudouridylation (isomerization of uridine to pseudouridine) is the major, and most likely the ancestral, function of H/ACA RNPs. Pseudouridylation targets include both large and small ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and small nuclear RNA (U2 snRNA). In addition to these catalytic H/ACA RNPs, a less abundant but more diverse class of structural H/ACA RNPs exists, which does not have pseudouridylation activity. These include the vertebrate telomerase RNP complex.

Name: reactive oxygen species metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers.

Name: establishment of protein localization to organelle.

Definition: The directed movement of a protein to a specific location on or in an organelle. Encompasses establishment of localization in the membrane or lumen of a membrane-bounded organelle.

Name: maintenance of protein localization in organelle.

Definition: Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location a specific location on or in an organelle, and is prevented from moving elsewhere. Encompasses establishment of localization in the membrane or lumen of a membrane-bounded organelle.

Name: establishment of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum.

Definition: The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion.

Definition: The directed movement of a protein to the mitochondrion or a part of the mitochondrion.

Name: maintenance of protein location in mitochondrion.

Definition: Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location in a mitochondrion, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.

Name: protein localization to membrane.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in a membrane.

Name: maintenance of protein location in membrane.

Definition: Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location in a membrane, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.

Name: protein localization to plasma membrane.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane.

Name: maintenance of protein location in plasma membrane.

Definition: Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location in the plasma membrane, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.

Name: protein localization to peroxisome.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location in a peroxisome.

Name: establishment of protein localization to peroxisome.

Definition: The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a peroxisome.

Name: protein localization to vacuole.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location in a vacuole.

Name: establishment of protein localization to vacuole.

Definition: The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a vacuole.

Name: tRNA-splicing ligase complex.

Definition: A protein complex that catalyzes the ligation of cleaved pre-tRNAs by directly joining spliced tRNA halves to mature-sized tRNAs by incorporating the precursor-derived splice junction phosphate into the mature tRNA as a canonical 3',5'-phosphodiester.

Name: neutrophil extravasation.

Definition: The migration of a neutrophil from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.

Name: lamellipodium morphogenesis.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level and in which the structure of a lamellipodium is organized.

Name: multinuclear osteoclast differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a multinuclear osteoclast. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue.

Name: osteoclast fusion.

Definition: The plasma membrane fusion process that results in fusion of mononuclear osteoclasts to form a multinuclear osteoclast.

Name: lymphocyte migration.

Definition: The movement of a lymphocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

Name: eosinophil migration.

Definition: The movement of an eosinophil within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

Name: T cell migration.

Definition: The movement of a T cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

Name: T cell extravasation.

Definition: The migration of a T cell from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.

Name: mitochondrial tRNA 3'-trailer cleavage, endonucleolytic.

Definition: Endonucleolytic cleavage of the 3'-end of the pre-tRNA as part of the process of generating the mature 3'-end of the tRNA in the mitochondrion.

Name: mitotic spindle.

Definition: A spindle that forms as part of mitosis. Mitotic and meiotic spindles contain distinctive complements of proteins associated with microtubules.

Name: meiotic spindle.

Definition: A spindle that forms as part of meiosis. Several proteins, such as budding yeast Spo21p, fission yeast Spo2 and Spo13, and C. elegans mei-1, localize specifically to the meiotic spindle and are absent from the mitotic spindle.

Name: regulation of DNA recombination at telomere.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination within the telomere.

Name: protein localization to cell cortex.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the cell cortex.

Name: protein localization to microtubule cytoskeleton.

Definition: A cellular protein localization process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location within the microtubule cytoskeleton.

Name: response to sodium dodecyl sulfate.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) stimulus.

Name: cellular response to sodium dodecyl sulfate.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) stimulus.

Name: response to sorbitol.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sorbitol stimulus.

Name: cellular response to sorbitol.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sorbitol stimulus.

Name: response to hydroxyurea.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroxyurea stimulus.

Name: cellular response to hydroxyurea.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroxyurea stimulus.

Name: response to actinomycin D.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an actinomycin D stimulus.

Name: cellular response to actinomycin D.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an actinomycin D stimulus.

Name: response to cisplatin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cisplatin stimulus.

Name: cellular response to cisplatin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cisplatin stimulus.

Name: response to dithiothreitol.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dithiothreitol stimulus.

Name: cellular response to dithiothreitol.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dithiothreitol stimulus.

Name: response to staurosporine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a staurosporine stimulus.

Name: cellular response to staurosporine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a staurosporine stimulus.

Name: response to diamide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a diamide (N,N,N',N'-tetramethyldiazene-1,2-dicarboxamide) stimulus.

Name: cellular response to diamide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a diamide (N,N,N',N'-tetramethyldiazene-1,2-dicarboxamide) stimulus.

Name: response to anisomycin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an anisomycin stimulus.

Name: cellular response to anisomycin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an anisomycin stimulus.

Name: cellular response to cytochalasin B.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytochalasin B stimulus.

Name: cellular response to rapamycin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a rapamycin stimulus.

Name: cellular response to camptothecin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a camptothecin stimulus.

Name: modulation by symbiont of host autophagy.

Definition: Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy in the host cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Name: positive regulation by symbiont of entry into host.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent to which it enters into the host organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.

Name: entry of viral genome into host nucleus through nuclear pore complex via importin.

Definition: Viral penetration into the host nucleus where the viral genome passes through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) using the cellular importin transport machinery.

Name: endocytosis involved in viral entry into host cell.

Definition: Any endocytosis that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell.

Name: IRES-dependent viral translational initiation.

Definition: Process by which viral mRNA translation is initiated, where a domain in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the viral mRNA called an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) binds the host 43S preinitiation complex, circumventing regular cap-dependent translation initiation.

Name: viral translational frameshifting.

Definition: A process which occurs during viral translation, which involves a translational recoding mechanism called programmed ribosomal frameshifting. This causes the ribosome to alter its reading of the mRNA to an a different open reading frame to produce alternate viral proteins.

Name: viral translational termination-reinitiation.

Definition: A process which occurs as part of viral mRNA translation which allows expression of a downstream open reading frame (ORF) in a dicistronic mRNA. In this process, ribosomes translate the upstream ORF but following termination, a proportion of 40S subunits remain tethered to the mRNA and go on to re-initiate translation at the start codon of the downstream ORF.

Name: viral penetration into host nucleus.

Definition: The crossing by the virus of the host nuclear membrane, either as naked viral genome or for small viruses as an intact capsid.

Name: intracellular transport of virus.

Definition: The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, within the host cell.

Name: Cul4-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex.

Definition: A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul4 family and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by an adaptor protein.

Name: mRNA methylation.

Definition: The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in an mRNA molecule.

Name: fatty-acyl-CoA reductase (alcohol-forming) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a very long chain fatty acyl-CoA + NADPH + H+ = a very long chain primary alcohol + NADP+ + CoA.

Name: 3R-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3R-hydroxyacyl-CoA = 2E-enoyl-CoA + H2O.

Name: phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate binding.

Definition: Binding to phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3' and 5' positions.

Name: GDP-D-glucose phosphorylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-alpha-D-glucose + phosphate = alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate + GDP.

Name: 5S rDNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a 5S rDNA sequence, encoding ribosomal 5S rRNA, which is individually transcribed by RNA polymerase III, rather than by RNA polymerase I, in species where it exists.

Name: regulation of primary metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism involving those compounds formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism.

Name: DNA demethylation.

Definition: The removal of a methyl group from one or more nucleotides within an DNA molecule.

Name: CAAX-box protein maturation.

Definition: A series of specific posttranslational modifications to the CAAX box region of CAAX box proteins. CAAX box proteins are eukaryotic proteins that contain a CAAX motif where the C is a cysteine, the two A residues are aliphatic amino acids and the X can be one of several amino acids. The CAAX-box proteins undergo three sequential, enzymatic, post-translational modifications essential to their targeting: First, the proteins are prenylated by one of two prenyltransferases called farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase-I. Prenylation results in the covalent attachment of either farnesyl or geranylgeranyl isoprenoid groups to the cysteine in the CAAX box motif. Prenylation is followed by proteolytic removal of the last three amino acids of the protein (AAX). Finally, the newly exposed carboxylate group of the isoprenylcysteine is methylated by an ER-associated prenyl-dependent carboxylmethyltransferase.

Name: AMP transport.

Definition: The directed movement of AMP, adenosine monophosphate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: AMP transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of AMP, adenosine monophosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: fatty acid alpha-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the conversion of a fatty acid to an alpha-hydroxylated fatty acid. A hydroxyl group is added to the second carbon, counted from the carboxyl end, of a fatty acid chain.

Name: regulation of response to stress.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to stress. Response to stress is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).

Name: regulation of cellular response to stress.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular response to stress. Cellular response to stress is a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).

Name: cellular amino acid homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of amino acid within a cell.

Name: regulation of protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity: catalysis of the reaction: protein serine/threonine phosphate + H2O = protein serine/threonine + phosphate.

Name: regulation of nitric oxide metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water.

Name: hydrogen peroxide transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which hydrogen peroxide is transported across a membrane.

Name: lytic vacuole organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lytic vacuole.

Name: histone H3-K4 trimethylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H3 by addition of three methyl groups to lysine at position 4 of the histone.

Name: response to phenylpropanoid.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as the result of a phenylpropanoid stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism. A phenylpropanoid is any of secondary metabolites with structures based on a phenylpropane skeleton. The class includes phenylpropanoid esters, flavonoids, anthocyanins, coumarins and many small phenolic molecules. Phenylpropanoids are also precursors of lignin.

Name: protein K6-linked ubiquitination.

Definition: A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 6 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K6-linked ubiquitination is involved in DNA repair.

Name: extracellular matrix assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the extracellular matrix.

Name: cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Definition: An action potential that occurs in a cardiac muscle cell.

Name: cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in contraction.

Definition: An action potential that occurs in a cardiac muscle cell and is involved in its contraction.

Name: cardiac muscle cell contraction.

Definition: The actin filament-based process in which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in contraction of a cardiac muscle cell.

Name: regulation of cardiac muscle cell contraction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell contraction.

Name: ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Definition: An action potential that occurs in a ventricular cardiac muscle cell.

Name: voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of a cardiac muscle cell contributing to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Name: voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel across the plasma membrane of a cardiac muscle cell that contributes to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Name: voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of a cardiac muscle cell contributing to the repolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Name: membrane repolarization.

Definition: The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the membrane potential changes in the repolarizing direction, toward the steady state potential. For example, the repolarization during an action potential is from a positive membrane potential towards a negative resting potential.

Name: membrane depolarization during action potential.

Definition: The process in which membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.

Name: membrane repolarization during action potential.

Definition: The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential.

Name: membrane depolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Definition: The process in which cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.

Name: membrane repolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Definition: The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the cardiac muscle cell plasma membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential.

Name: atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Definition: An action potential that occurs in an atrial cardiac muscle cell.

Name: SA node cell action potential.

Definition: An action potential that occurs in a sinoatrial node cardiac muscle cell.

Name: AV node cell action potential.

Definition: An action potential that occurs in an atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell.

Name: Purkinje myocyte action potential.

Definition: An action potential that occurs in a Purkinje myocyte.

Name: SA node cell to atrial cardiac muscle cell signaling.

Definition: Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an SA node cardiomyocyte to an atrial cardiomyocyte.

Name: cell-cell signaling involved in cardiac conduction.

Definition: Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the heart process that regulates cardiac muscle contraction; beginning with the generation of an action potential in the sinoatrial node and ending with regulation of contraction of the myocardium.

Name: atrial cardiac muscle cell to AV node cell signaling.

Definition: Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an atrial cardiomyocyte to an AV node cell.

Name: AV node cell to bundle of His cell signaling.

Definition: Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an AV node cardiac muscle cell to a bundle of His cardiomyocyte.

Name: bundle of His cell to Purkinje myocyte signaling.

Definition: Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a bundle of His cardiomyocyte to a Purkinje myocyte.

Name: Purkinje myocyte to ventricular cardiac muscle cell signaling.

Definition: Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a Purkinje myocyte to a ventricular cardiac muscle cell.

Name: regulation of cardiac muscle cell membrane potential.

Definition: Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in a cardiac muscle cell (a cardiomyocyte). A membrane potential is the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.

Name: P-type calcium transporter activity involved in regulation of cardiac muscle cell membrane potential.

Definition: A calcium-transporting P-type ATPase activity involved in regulation of the plasma membrane potential.

Name: voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in SA node cell action potential depolarization.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of an SA node cardiac muscle cell contributing to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Name: cardiac muscle cell-cardiac muscle cell adhesion.

Definition: The attachment of one cardiomyocyte to another cardiomyocyte via adhesion molecules.

Name: bundle of His cell action potential.

Definition: An action potential that occurs in a bundle of His cell.

Name: atrial cardiac muscle cell to AV node cell communication by electrical coupling.

Definition: The process that mediates signaling interactions between an atrial cardiomyocyte and an AV node cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.

Name: membrane depolarization during AV node cell action potential.

Definition: The process in which AV node cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.

Name: membrane depolarization during SA node cell action potential.

Definition: The process in which SA node cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.

Name: membrane depolarization during Purkinje myocyte cell action potential.

Definition: The process in which Purkinje myocyte membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.

Name: membrane depolarization during bundle of His cell action potential.

Definition: The process in which bundle of His cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.

Name: membrane repolarization during bundle of His cell action potential.

Definition: The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the bundle of His cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential.

Name: membrane repolarization during SA node cell action potential.

Definition: The process in which an SA node cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential.

Name: AV node cell to bundle of His cell communication by electrical coupling.

Definition: The process that mediates signaling interactions between an AV node cardiomyocyte and a bundle of His cardiac muscle cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.

Name: bundle of His cell to Purkinje myocyte communication by electrical coupling.

Definition: The process that mediates signaling interactions between a bundle of His cardiac muscle cell and a Purkinje myocyte by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.

Name: voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in AV node cell action potential.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel across the plasma membrane of an AV node cardiac muscle cell that contributes to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Name: voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in bundle of His cell action potential.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel across the plasma membrane of a bundle of His cardiac muscle cell that contributes to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Name: voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved SA node cell action potential.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel across the plasma membrane of an SA node cardiac muscle cell that contributes to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Name: voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in AV node cell action potential.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of an AV node cardiac muscle cell contributing to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Name: voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in bundle of His cell action potential.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of a bundle of His cardiac muscle cell contributing to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Name: voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in Purkinje myocyte action potential.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of a Purkinje myocyte contributing to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Name: voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in SA node cell action potential.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of an SA node cardiac muscle cell contributing to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Name: cell communication by electrical coupling involved in cardiac conduction.

Definition: The process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels and contributes to the process of cardiac conduction.

Name: cell communication involved in cardiac conduction.

Definition: Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.

Name: atrial cardiac muscle cell to AV node cell communication.

Definition: The process that mediates interactions between an atrial cardiomyocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the atrial cardiomyocyte communicating with an AV node cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.

Name: AV node cell to bundle of His cell communication.

Definition: The process that mediates interactions between an AV node cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the AV node cell communicating with a bundle of His cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.

Name: Purkinje myocyte to ventricular cardiac muscle cell communication.

Definition: The process that mediates interactions between a Purkinje myocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the Purkinje myocyte communicating with a ventricular cardiac muscle cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.

Name: bundle of His cell to Purkinje myocyte communication.

Definition: The process that mediates interactions between a bundle of His cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the bundle of His cell communicating with a Purkinje myocyte in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.

Name: SA node cell to atrial cardiac muscle cell communication.

Definition: The process that mediates interactions between an SA node cardiomyocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the SA node cardiomyocyte communicating with an atrial cardiomyocyte in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.

Name: bundle of His cell-Purkinje myocyte adhesion involved in cell communication.

Definition: The attachment of a bundle of His cell to a Purkinje myocyte via adhesion molecules that results in the cells being juxtaposed so that they can communicate.

Name: gap junction channel activity involved in cardiac conduction electrical coupling.

Definition: A wide pore channel activity that enables a direct cytoplasmic connection from one cardiomyocyte to an adjacent cardiomyocyte. The gap junction passes electrical signals between the cells contributing to cardiac conduction.

Name: gap junction channel activity involved in atrial cardiac muscle cell-AV node cell electrical coupling.

Definition: A wide pore channel activity that enables a direct cytoplasmic connection from an atrial cardiomyocyte to an AV node cell. The gap junction passes electrical signals between the cells contributing to cardiac conduction.

Name: gap junction channel activity involved in AV node cell-bundle of His cell electrical coupling.

Definition: A wide pore channel activity that enables a direct cytoplasmic connection from an AV node cell to a bundle of His cell. The gap junction passes electrical signals between the cells contributing to cardiac conduction.

Name: gap junction channel activity involved in bundle of His cell-Purkinje myocyte electrical coupling.

Definition: A wide pore channel activity that enables a direct cytoplasmic connection from a bundle of His cell to a Purkinje myocyte. The gap junction passes electrical signals between the cells contributing to cardiac conduction.

Name: voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in bundle of His cell action potential repolarization.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of a bundle of His cell contributing to the repolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Name: voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of an atrial cardiomyocyte contributing to the repolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Name: voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in SA node cell action potential repolarization.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of an SA node cell contributing to the repolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Name: regulation of heart rate by cardiac conduction.

Definition: A cardiac conduction process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction.

Name: regulation of the force of heart contraction by cardiac conduction.

Definition: A cardiac conduction process that modulates the extent of heart contraction, changing the force with which blood is propelled.

Name: phospholipase C-activating angiotensin-activated signaling pathway.

Definition: A phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by angiotensin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: endothelin receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by endothelin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: protein kinase D signaling.

Definition: A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase D, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.

Name: U2AF complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric protein complex consisting of conserved large and small U2AF subunits that contributes to spliceosomal RNA splicing by binding to consensus sequences at the 3' splice site. U2AF is required to stabilize the association of the U2 snRNP with the branch point.

Name: L-histidine transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of L-histidine across a membrane.

Name: tRNA m6t6A37 methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA containing N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing N6-methylthreonylcarbamoyladenosine.

Name: amino acid import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of an amino acid from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: caspase binding.

Definition: Binding to a caspase family protein.

Name: regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophil chemotaxis is the directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.

Name: positive regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophil chemotaxis is the directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.

Name: negative regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophil chemotaxis is the directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.

Name: regulation of monocyte chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte chemotaxis.

Name: positive regulation of monocyte chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte chemotaxis.

Name: negative regulation of monocyte chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte chemotaxis.

Name: regulation of steroid hormone biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroid hormones,compounds with a 1, 2, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus that act as hormones.

Name: positive regulation of steroid hormone biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroid hormones,compounds with a 1, 2, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus that act as hormones.

Name: negative regulation of steroid hormone biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroid hormones,compounds with a 1, 2, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus that act as hormones.

Name: regulation of chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly. Chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex, mediated by chaperone molecules that do not form part of the finished complex.

Name: positive regulation of chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly. Chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex, mediated by chaperone molecules that do not form part of the finished complex.

Name: regulation of protein kinase C signaling.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.

Name: positive regulation of protein kinase C signaling.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.

Name: negative regulation of protein kinase C signaling.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of a series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.

Name: tubulin deacetylation.

Definition: The removal of an acetyl group from tubulin. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.

Name: regulation of tubulin deacetylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tubulin deacetylation. Tubulin deacetylation is the removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid.

Name: positive regulation of tubulin deacetylation.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of tubulin deacetylation. Tubulin deacetylation is the removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid.

Name: positive regulation of deacetylase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of deacetylase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of an acetyl group or groups from a substrate molecule.

Name: regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis. Cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis is the orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels contributing to the process of sprouting angiogenesis.

Name: positive regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis. Cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis is the orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels contributing to the process of sprouting angiogenesis.

Name: negative regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis. Cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis is the orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels contributing to the process of sprouting angiogenesis.

Name: positive regulation of microtubule nucleation.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of microtubule nucleation. Microtubule nucleation is the 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell.

Name: regulation of anatomical structure size.

Definition: Any process that modulates the size of an anatomical structure.

Name: regulation of thalamus size.

Definition: Any process that modulates the size of the thalamus. The thalamus is a part of the diencephalon that is composed of the dorsal thalamus and the ventral thalamus.

Name: positive regulation of cell cycle process.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.

Name: regulation of ribosome biogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits.

Name: negative regulation of ribosome biogenesis.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits.

Name: negative regulation of protein homodimerization activity.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of protein homodimerization, interacting selectively with an identical protein to form a homodimer.

Name: relaxation of muscle.

Definition: A process in which the extent of muscle contraction is reduced. Muscle relaxation can involve a number of processes including the removal of calcium from the cytoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen through the action of Ca2+ ATPases. In some muscles, calcium-independent pathways also play a role in muscle relaxation by decreasing the phosphorylation state of myosin light chain.

Name: relaxation of skeletal muscle.

Definition: A process in which the extent of skeletal muscle tissue contraction is reduced. Muscle relaxation involves the removal of calcium from the cytoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen through the action of Ca2+ ATPases.

Name: foam cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.

Name: translation regulator activity, nucleic acid binding.

Definition: Any selective and non-covalent interaction with a nucleic acid involved in the initiation, activation, perpetuation, repression or termination of polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.

Name: regulation of inclusion body assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of inclusion body assembly. Inclusion body assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an inclusion body.

Name: negative regulation of inclusion body assembly.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of inclusion body assembly. Inclusion body assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an inclusion body.

Name: regulation of protein deubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein deubiquitination. Protein deubiquitination is the removal of one or more ubiquitin groups from a protein.

Name: negative regulation of protein deubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of protein deubiquitination. Protein deubiquitination is the removal of one or more ubiquitin groups from a protein.

Name: regulation of peptide transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.

Name: positive regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.

Name: regulation of transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor serine/threonine kinase binding to its physiological ligand.

Name: positive regulation of transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor serine/threonine kinase binding to its physiological ligand.

Name: negative regulation of transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor serine/threonine kinase binding to its physiological ligand.

Name: cochlea development.

Definition: The progression of the cochlea over time from its formation to the mature structure. The cochlea is the snail-shaped portion of the inner ear that is responsible for the detection of sound.

Name: cochlea morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the cochlea is generated and organized.

Name: regulation of cell-substrate junction assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell-substrate junction assembly. Cell-substrate junction assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between a cell and its substrate.

Name: COPII-coated vesicle cargo loading.

Definition: The formation of a macromolecular complex between the COPII coat proteins and proteins and/or lipoproteins that are going to be transported by the COPII vesicle to the Golgi.

Name: COPII-coated vesicle budding.

Definition: The evagination of an endoplasmic reticulum membrane, resulting in formation of a COPII-coated vesicle.

Name: C-5 methylation of cytosine.

Definition: The covalent transfer of a methyl group to C-5 of cytosine in a DNA molecule.

Name: endosome to lysosome transport of low-density lipoprotein particle.

Definition: The directed movement of low-density lipoprotein particle from endosomes to lysosomes.

Name: receptor-mediated endocytosis involved in cholesterol transport.

Definition: A receptor-mediated endocytosis process involved in intracellular cholesterol transport.

Name: vesicle-mediated cholesterol transport.

Definition: The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, or cholesterol-containing compounds, by membrane-bounded vesicles.

Name: regulation of synapse maturation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the extent of synapse maturation, the process that organizes a synapse so that it attains its fully functional state.

Name: tissue migration.

Definition: The process in which the population of cells that make up a tissue undergo directed movement.

Name: epithelium migration.

Definition: The process in which the population of cells that make up an epithelium undergo directed movement.

Name: actin filament branching.

Definition: The formation of daughter actin filament branches at an angle on the sides of preexisting mother filaments.

Name: epithelial cell-cell adhesion.

Definition: The attachment of an epithelial cell to another epithelial cell via adhesion molecules.

Name: regulation of mitochondrial fission.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mitochondrial fission. Mitochondrial fission is the division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments.

Name: positive regulation of mitochondrial fission.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mitochondrial fission. Mitochondrial fission is the division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments.

Name: nucleoid organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleoid. The nucleoid is the region of a bacterial cell, virion, mitochondrion or chloroplast to which the DNA is confined.

Name: mitochondrial nucleoid organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial nucleoid. The mitochondrial nucleoid is the region of a mitochondrion to which the DNA is confined.

Name: membrane fission.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the separation of a single continuous membrane into two membranes.

Name: mitochondrial membrane fission.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the separation of a single continuous mitochondrial membrane into two membranes and contributes to mitochondrial fission.

Name: establishment of protein localization to membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a membrane.

Name: establishment of protein localization to mitochondrial membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the mitochondrial membrane.

Name: regulation of sphingolipid biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Sphingolipid biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).

Name: positive regulation of sphingolipid biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Sphingolipid biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).

Name: negative regulation of sphingolipid biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Sphingolipid biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).

Name: cellular sphingolipid homeostasis.

Definition: Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sphingolipids at the level of the cell.

Name: endoplasmic reticulum membrane organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an endoplasmic reticulum membrane.

Name: Golgi to lysosome transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to lysosomes.

Name: Golgi ribbon formation.

Definition: The formation of a continuous ribbon of interconnected Golgi stacks of flat cisternae.

Name: establishment of epithelial cell polarity.

Definition: The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization of an epithelial cell.

Name: asymmetric Golgi ribbon formation.

Definition: The asymmetric formation of a continuous ribbon of interconnected Golgi stacks of flat cisternae that contributes to the establishment of epithelial cell polarity.

Name: Golgi disassembly.

Definition: A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a Golgi apparatus that contributes to Golgi inheritance.

Name: Golgi reassembly.

Definition: The reformation of the Golgi following its breakdown and partitioning contributing to Golgi inheritance.

Name: regulation of spindle assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of spindle assembly. Spindle assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart.

Name: organelle membrane fusion.

Definition: The joining of two lipid bilayers to form a single organelle membrane.

Name: regulation of establishment of planar polarity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the establishment of planar polarity, the coordinated organization of groups of cells in a tissue, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.

Name: regulation of cholesterol metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cholesterol metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.

Name: regulation of kidney development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of kidney development. Kidney development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.

Name: positive regulation of kidney development.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of kidney development. Kidney development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.

Name: negative regulation of kidney development.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of kidney development. Kidney development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.

Name: regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis, the process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.

Name: positive regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis, the process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.

Name: negative regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis, the process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.

Name: regulation of glomerulus development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of glomerulus development, the progression of the glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney.

Name: negative regulation of glomerulus development.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of glomerulus development, the progression of the glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney.

Name: regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, the process in which cytochrome c is enabled to move from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is an early step in apoptosis and leads to caspase activation.

Name: positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, the process in which cytochrome c is enabled to move from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is an early step in apoptosis and leads to caspase activation.

Name: negative regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, the process in which cytochrome c is enabled to move from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is an early step in apoptosis and leads to caspase activation.

Name: positive regulation of cholesterol metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cholesterol metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.

Name: negative regulation of cholesterol metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cholesterol metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.

Name: regulation of triglyceride metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.

Name: positive regulation of triglyceride metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.

Name: negative regulation of triglyceride metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.

Name: regulation of 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate = ADP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate.

Name: positive regulation of 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate = ADP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate.

Name: negative regulation of 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate = ADP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate.

Name: positive regulation of lipid kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipid kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a simple or complex lipid.

Name: negative regulation of lipid kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of lipid kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a simple or complex lipid.

Name: centrosome-templated microtubule nucleation.

Definition: The 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates from the centrosome.

Name: regulation of spindle organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle.

Name: regulation of microtubule nucleation by Ran protein signal transduction.

Definition: The series of molecular signals in which a Ran GTPase relays a signal resulting in the modulation of the rate, frequency or extent of microtubule nucleation.

Name: regulation of centromere complex assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of centromere complex assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and centromeric DNA molecules to form a centromeric protein-DNA complex.

Name: regulation of spindle checkpoint.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the spindle checkpoint, a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and oriented, and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.

Name: positive regulation of spindle checkpoint.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the spindle checkpoint, a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and oriented, and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.

Name: negative regulation of spindle checkpoint.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the spindle checkpoint, a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and oriented, and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.

Name: regulation of kinetochore assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of kinetochore assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the kinetochore, a multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.

Name: regulation of metaphase plate congression.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of metaphase plate congression, the alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the spindle.

Name: regulation of arachidonic acid secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of arachidonic acid secretion, the controlled release of arachidonic acid from a cell or a tissue.

Name: positive regulation of arachidonic acid secretion.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of arachidonic acid secretion, the controlled release of arachidonic acid from a cell or a tissue.

Name: regulation of histone H4 acetylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of histone H4 acetylation, the modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group.

Name: positive regulation of histone H4 acetylation.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of histone H4 acetylation, the modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group.

Name: negative regulation of histone H4 acetylation.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of histone H4 acetylation, the modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group.

Name: regulation of muscle system process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a muscle system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in a muscle system.

Name: negative regulation of mitochondrial fission.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of mitochondrial fission. Mitochondrial fission is the division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments.

Name: regulation of retinal ganglion cell axon guidance.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of retinal ganglion cell axon guidance, the process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

Name: negative regulation of retinal ganglion cell axon guidance.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of retinal ganglion cell axon guidance, the process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

Name: positive regulation of inclusion body assembly.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of inclusion body assembly. Inclusion body assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an inclusion body.

Name: regulation of transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-excision repair process that carries out preferential repair of DNA lesions on the actively transcribed strand of the DNA duplex. In addition, the transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair pathway is required for the recognition and repair of a small subset of lesions that are not recognized by the global genome nucleotide excision repair pathway.

Name: positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.

Name: regulation of immune complex clearance by monocytes and macrophages.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process of immune complex clearance by monocytes or macrophages.

Name: positive regulation of immune complex clearance by monocytes and macrophages.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process of immune complex clearance by monocytes or macrophages.

Name: regulation of mitotic cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the mitotic cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint, a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a mitotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.

Name: positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the mitotic cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint, a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a mitotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.

Name: regulation of fibroblast growth factor production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the appearance of a fibroblast growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

Name: positive regulation of fibroblast growth factor production.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the appearance of a fibroblast growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

Name: negative regulation of fibroblast growth factor production.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the appearance of a fibroblast growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

Name: regulation of peptide hormone secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules.

Name: positive regulation of peptide hormone secretion.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules.

Name: negative regulation of peptide hormone secretion.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules.

Name: regulation of calcium ion import.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.

Name: positive regulation of calcium ion import.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.

Name: negative regulation of calcium ion import.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.

Name: regulation of cellular response to growth factor stimulus.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.

Name: negative regulation of cellular response to growth factor stimulus.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.

Name: regulation of osteoclast proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of osteoclasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoclast cell population.

Name: negative regulation of osteoclast proliferation.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of osteoclasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoclast cell population.

Name: nuclear matrix anchoring at nuclear membrane.

Definition: The process in which the nuclear matrix, the dense fibrillar network lying on the inner side of the nuclear membrane, is directly or indirectly linked to the nuclear membrane.

Name: regulation of mitochondrial DNA replication.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized in the mitochondrion.

Name: positive regulation of mitochondrial DNA replication.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized in the mitochondrion.

Name: negative regulation of mitochondrial DNA replication.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized in the mitochondrion.

Name: positive regulation of wound healing.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.

Name: nucleic acid metabolic process.

Definition: Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleic acids.

Name: nucleic acid phosphodiester bond hydrolysis.

Definition: The nucleic acid metabolic process in which the phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides are cleaved by hydrolysis.

Name: meiotic spindle assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle that contributes to the process of meiosis.

Name: mitotic spindle assembly.

Definition: Mitotic bipolar spindle assembly begins with spindle microtubule nucleation from the separated spindle pole body, includes spindle elongation during prometaphase, and is complete when all kinetochores are stably attached the spindle, and the spindle assembly checkpoint is satisfied.

Name: regulation of DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation.

Name: positive regulation of DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation.

Name: negative regulation of DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation.

Name: regulation of protein deacetylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein deacetylation, the removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.

Name: positive regulation of protein deacetylation.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein deacetylation, the removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.

Name: regulation of protein targeting to membrane.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein.

Name: positive regulation of protein targeting to membrane.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein.

Name: negative regulation of protein targeting to membrane.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein.

Name: positive regulation of intracellular protein transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.

Name: negative regulation of intracellular protein transport.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.

Name: regulation of superoxide metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of superoxide metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species.

Name: negative regulation of oxidative phosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.

Name: regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of DNA-templated DNA replication, the process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized.

Name: regulation of platelet aggregation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of platelet aggregation. Platelet aggregation is the adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.

Name: negative regulation of platelet aggregation.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of platelet aggregation. Platelet aggregation is the adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.

Name: regulation of brown fat cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of brown fat cell differentiation. Brown fat cell differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria.

Name: positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of brown fat cell differentiation. Brown fat cell differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria.

Name: cellular organohalogen metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving organohalogen compounds, as carried out by individual cells.

Name: cellular organofluorine metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving organofluorine compounds, as carried out by individual cells.

Name: regulation of cellular organohalogen metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving organohalogen compounds, as carried out by individual cells.

Name: regulation of cellular organofluorine metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving organofluorine compounds, as carried out by individual cells.

Name: negative regulation of cellular organohalogen metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving organohalogen compounds, as carried out by individual cells.

Name: negative regulation of cellular organofluorine metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving organofluorine compounds, as carried out by individual cells.

Name: negative regulation of cholesterol efflux.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol efflux. Cholesterol efflux is the directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.

Name: regulation of heart induction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of heart induction. Heart induction is the close range interaction between mesoderm and endoderm or ectoderm that causes cells to change their fates and specify the development of the heart.

Name: phagosome maturation.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the arrangement of constituent parts of a phagosome within a cell. Phagosome maturation begins with endocytosis and formation of the early phagosome and ends with the formation of the hybrid organelle, the phagolysosome.

Name: phagosome acidification.

Definition: Any process that reduces the pH of the phagosome, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.

Name: phagosome-lysosome fusion.

Definition: The creation of a phagolysosome from a phagosome and a lysosome.

Name: negative regulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential.

Definition: Any process that prevents the establishment or decreases the extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which is a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.

Name: cellular senescence.

Definition: A cell aging process stimulated in response to cellular stress, whereby normal cells lose the ability to divide through irreversible cell cycle arrest.

Name: replicative senescence.

Definition: A cell aging process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to telomere shortening and/or cellular aging.

Name: stress-induced premature senescence.

Definition: A cellular senescence process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to environmental factors such as hydrogen peroxide or X-rays.

Name: oncogene-induced cell senescence.

Definition: A cellular senescence process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to oncogenic stress, such as the activation of the Ras oncogenic family.

Name: oxidative stress-induced premature senescence.

Definition: A cellular senescence process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to oxidative stress, e.g. high levels of reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals.

Name: organophosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of deoxyribose phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 2-deoxy-erythro-pentose.

Name: malonyl-CoA synthetase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: malonate + ATP + coenzyme A = malonyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate.

Name: malonate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of malonate, the propanedioate ion.

Name: nicotinate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of nicotinate from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: thiamine pyrophosphate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of thiamine pyrophosphate a substance from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: palmitoyl-CoA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + palmitic acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + palmitoyl-CoA.

Name: oleoyl-CoA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + oleic acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + oleoyl-CoA.

Name: protein localization to nuclear envelope.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location within a nuclear envelope.

Name: FAR/SIN/STRIPAK complex.

Definition: A conserved protein phosphatase type 2A complex which contains a protein phosphatase type 2A, a protein phosphatase regulatory subunit, a striatin, an FHA domain protein and other subunits (at least six proteins). In fission yeast this complex negatively regulate the septation initiation network at the spindle pole body.

Name: cellular glutamate homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glutamate within a cell.

Name: dibasic protein processing.

Definition: Any protein processing achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond after two basic amino acids within a protein.

Name: purine nucleotide-sugar transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which a purine nucleotide-sugar is transported across a membrane. Purine nucleotide-sugars are purine nucleotides in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.

Name: pyrimidine nucleotide-sugar transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which a pyrimidine nucleotide-sugar is transported across a membrane. Pyrimidine nucleotide-sugars are pyrimidine nucleotides in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.

Name: vitamin transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a vitamin from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: small RNA 2'-O-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the oxygen atom of a nucleoside residue in a small RNA molecule. Reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + small RNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + small RNA containing a 3'-terminal 2'-O-methylnucleotide.

Name: catecholamine uptake.

Definition: The directed movement of catecholamine into a cell.

Name: dopamine uptake.

Definition: The directed movement of dopamine into a cell.

Name: mesenchymal cell migration.

Definition: The orderly movement of a mesenchymal cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.

Name: extrinsic component of Golgi membrane.

Definition: The component of a Golgi membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

Name: RNA phosphodiester bond hydrolysis.

Definition: The RNA metabolic process in which the phosphodiester bonds between ribonucleotides are cleaved by hydrolysis.

Name: RNA phosphodiester bond hydrolysis, endonucleolytic.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving the hydrolysis of internal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of ribonucleotides.

Name: RNA phosphodiester bond hydrolysis, exonucleolytic.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving the hydrolysis of terminal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of ribonucleotides.

Name: epiboly.

Definition: The expansion of one cell sheet over other cells or yolk.

Name: epiboly involved in wound healing.

Definition: The expansion of one cell sheet over other cells involved in wound healing.

Name: sphingolipid mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals mediated by a sphingolipid.

Name: podocyte cell migration.

Definition: The orderly movement of a podocyte from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism or multicellular structure. A podocyte is a specialized kidney epithelial cell.

Name: actin filament reorganization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in dynamic structural changes to the arrangement of actin filaments.

Name: cation-transporting ATPase complex.

Definition: Protein complex that carries out the reaction: ATP + H2O + cation(out) = ADP + phosphate + cation(in).

Name: calcium ion-transporting ATPase complex.

Definition: Protein complex that carries out the reaction: ATP + H2O + Ca2+(out) = ADP + phosphate + Ca2+(in).

Name: WICH complex.

Definition: An ISWI complex that contains an ATPase subunit of the ISWI family (specifically SNF2H in mammals, which contain two ISWI homologs) and WSTF (Williams Syndrome Transcription Factor). WICH plays roles in regulation of RNAP I and III transcription and in DNA replication and repair.

Name: CERF complex.

Definition: An ISWI complex that contains an ATPase subunit of the ISWI family (specifically SNF2L in mammals, which contain two ISWI homologs) and a CECR2 homolog. In mammals, CERF is involved in regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoters.

Name: MIT domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a MIT protein domain. The MIT domain is found in vacuolar sorting proteins, spastin (probable ATPase involved in the assembly or function of nuclear protein complexes), and a sorting nexin, which may play a role in intracellular trafficking.

Name: Flemming body.

Definition: A cell part that is the central region of the midbody characterized by a gap in alpha-tubulin staining. It is a dense structure of antiparallel microtubules from the central spindle in the middle of the intercellular bridge.

Name: CHD-type complex.

Definition: A SWI/SNF-type complex that contains a subunit from the CHD(Chromodomain helicase DNA-binding) family. The CHD family is characterized by two signature sequence motifs: tandem chromodomains located in the N-terminal region, and the SNF2-like ATPase domain located in the central region of the protein structure.

Name: phosphatidylcholine floppase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the movement of phosphatidylcholine from the cytosolic to the exoplasmic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.

Name: phosphatidylethanolamine flippase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the movement of phosphatidylethanolamine from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.

Name: phosphatidylserine floppase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the movement of phosphatidylserine from the cytosolic to the exoplasmic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.

Name: establishment of endothelial intestinal barrier.

Definition: The establishment of a barrier between endothelial cell layers of the intestine to exert specific and selective control over the passage of water and solutes, thus allowing formation and maintenance of compartments that differ in fluid and solute composition.

Name: regulation of membrane permeability.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by a membrane.

Name: 2-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)histidine synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction S-adenosyl-L-methionine + L-histidine-[translation elongation factor 2] = S-methyl-5-thioadenosine + 2-[(3S)-3-amino-3-carboxypropyl]-L-histidine-[translation elongation factor 2].

Name: RNA polymerase II transcription repressor complex.

Definition: A protein complex, located in the nucleus, that possesses activity that prevents or downregulates transcription from a RNA polymerase II promoter.

Name: RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex.

Definition: A transcription factor complex that acts at a regulatory region of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II.

Name: RNA polymerase III transcription regulator complex.

Definition: A transcription factor complex that acts at a regulatory region of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase III.

Name: phosphodiesterase activity, acting on 3'-phosphoglycolate-terminated DNA strands.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolytic removal of phosphoglycolate from the 3'-terminus of a 3'-phosphoglycolate-terminated DNA strand.

Name: inflammatory response to wounding.

Definition: The immediate defensive reaction by vertebrate tissue to injury caused by chemical or physical agents.

Name: sensory organ morphogenesis.

Definition: Morphogenesis of a sensory organ. A sensory organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to receive and transmit signals from external or internal stimuli. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.

Name: alpha-glucosidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-linked alpha-D-glucose residue with release of alpha-D-glucose.

Name: alpha-1,3-glucosidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-(1->3)-linked alpha-D-glucose residues with release of alpha-D-glucose.

Name: ubiquitin-independent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide, via the multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway; proteins are sorted into MVBs, and delivered to a lysosome/vacuole for degradation. This process is independent of ubiquitination.

Name: mitochondrial mRNA processing.

Definition: Steps involved in processing precursor RNAs arising from transcription of operons in the mitochondrial genome into mature mRNAs.

Name: mitochondrial mRNA 3'-end processing.

Definition: Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an mRNA molecule that derives from the mitochondrial genome.

Name: endoribonuclease activity, cleaving miRNA-paired mRNA.

Definition: Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA in a double-stranded RNA molecule formed by the base pairing of an mRNA with an miRNA.

Name: siRNA-mediated gene silencing by mRNA destabilization.

Definition: An siRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing pathway in which small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) direct the cleavage of target mRNAs. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), an siRNA will typically direct cleavage by base pairing with perfect or near-perfect complementarity to the target mRNA.

Name: activation of GTPase activity.

Definition: Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive GTPase through the replacement of GDP by GTP.

Name: mitochondrial tRNA processing.

Definition: The process in which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group, in the mitochondrion.

Name: t-circle formation.

Definition: A telomere maintenance process that results in the formation of a telomeric circle, or t-circle. A t-circle is an extrachromosomal duplex or single-stranded circular DNA molecule composed of t-arrays. T-circles are involved in the control of telomere length via alternative-lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway and telomere rapid deletion (TRD).

Name: telomeric loop disassembly.

Definition: The telomere maintenance process in which telomeric loops are disassembled to permit efficient telomere replication.

Name: box H/ACA telomerase RNP complex.

Definition: A box H/ACA ribonucleoprotein complex that contains the RNA component of vertebrate telomerase, the enzyme essential for the replication of chromosome termini in most eukaryotes. This ribonucleoprotein complex is a structural box H/ACA RNP, which does not have the catalytic pseudouridylation function shared by the majority of H/ACA RNPs present in the cell.

Name: galanin-activated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the peptide neurotransmitter galanin binding to a cell surface receptor.

Name: glycoprotein complex.

Definition: A protein complex containing at least one glycosylated protein, may be held together by both covalent and noncovalent bonds.

Name: scaRNA localization to Cajal body.

Definition: A process in which a small Cajal body-specific RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a Cajal body.

Name: cell chemotaxis to vascular endothelial growth factor.

Definition: The directed movement of a motile cell in response to the presence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).

Name: endothelial cell chemotaxis to vascular endothelial growth factor.

Definition: The directed movement of an endothelial cell in response to the presence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).

Name: telomerase RNA stabilization.

Definition: Prevention of degradation of telomerase RNA (TERC) molecules.

Name: RNA localization to Cajal body.

Definition: A process in which an RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a Cajal body.

Name: telomerase RNA localization to Cajal body.

Definition: A process in which telomerase RNA (TERC) is transported to, or maintained in, a Cajal body.

Name: telomerase RNA localization.

Definition: Any process in which telomerase RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Name: intermicrovillar adhesion.

Definition: The cell-cell adhesion process by which adjacent microvilli attach to each other through Ca(2+)-dependent adhesion links made of protocadherin-24 and mucin-like protocadherin.

Name: RNA localization to nucleus.

Definition: A macromolecular localization process in which RNA is transported to and maintained in a location within the nucleus.

Name: Scc2-Scc4 cohesin loading complex.

Definition: A eukaryotically conserved heterodimeric protein complex (comprising adherin and the chromatid cohesion factor MAU2/Scc4/Ssl3) required for the loading of a cohesin, complex onto DNA.

Name: primary adaptive immune response.

Definition: An adaptive immune response against an antigen not previously encountered by immune system.

Name: primary adaptive immune response involving T cells and B cells.

Definition: An adaptive immune response mediated by naive T or B cells against an antigen not previously encountered by immune system.

Name: receptor-receptor interaction.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of two or more different receptor complexes that individually undergo combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to form a higher level receptor complex. The formation of the higher level complex initiates a change in cell function.

Name: tenascin complex.

Definition: A extracellular matrix complex involved in cell adhesion and cell migration. Typically homotrimeric or homohexameric. In mammals, four complexes exist: Tenascin-C, Tenascin-N (also known as Tenascin-W), Tenascin-X and Tenascin-R.

Name: site of DNA damage.

Definition: A region of a chromosome at which DNA damage has occurred. DNA damage signaling and repair proteins accumulate at the lesion to respond to the damage and repair the DNA to form a continuous DNA helix.

Name: DNA repair complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a DNA repair complex.

Name: telomere maintenance via telomere trimming.

Definition: A process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure via the activation of telomere shortening pathways that compensate telomerase-dependent excessive telomere elongation. Telomere attrition is mediated by a mechanism which involves the generation of single-stranded C-rich telomeric DNA, and the formation and removal of double-stranded telomeric circular DNA (T-circles). Telomere trimming is an independent pathway to recombination-mediated telomere elongation and the well-documented gradual telomere attrition that accompanies cellular replication.

Name: pigment granule membrane.

Definition: Any membrane that is part of a pigment granule.

Name: acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an acetylcholine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

Name: ceramide binding.

Definition: Binding to a ceramide, a class of lipids composed of sphingosine linked to a fatty acid. Ceramides are a major component of cell membranes.

Name: adipokinetic hormone receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with an adipokinetic hormone to initiate a change in cell activity. Adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) are protein or peptide hormones that are important for sugar and fat homeostasis in metazoa. In insects, they mobilize sugar and lipids from the insect fat body during energy-requiring activities such as flight and locomotion. They also contribute to hemolymph sugar homeostasis.

Name: adipokinetic hormone binding.

Definition: Binding to an adipokinetic hormone. Adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) are peptide hormones that are involved in the mobilization of sugar and lipids from the insect fat body during energy-requiring activities such as flight and locomotion. They also contribute to hemolymph sugar homeostasis.

Name: regulation of plasma lipoprotein particle levels.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of internal levels of plasma lipoprotein particles within an organism.

Name: energy homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the balance between food intake (energy input) and energy expenditure.

Name: cellular response to granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.

Name: response to granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.

Name: ciliary plasm.

Definition: All of the contents of a cilium, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the cilium.

Name: L27 domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a L27 domain of a protein. L27 is composed of conserved negatively charged amino acids and a conserved aromatic amino acid. L27 domains can assemble proteins involved in signaling and establishment and maintenance of cell polarity into complexes by interacting in a heterodimeric manner.

Name: renal protein absorption.

Definition: A renal system process in which proteins are taken up from the collecting ducts, glomerulus and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures (e.g. protein absorption is observed in nephrocytes in Drosophila, see PMID:23264686).

Name: MPP7-DLG1-LIN7 complex.

Definition: A heterotrimeric protein complex formed by the association of MMP7, DLG1 and either LIN7A or LIN7C; regulates the stability and localization of DLG1 to cell junctions.

Name: ubiquitin-protein transferase activator activity.

Definition: Binds to and increases the activity of a ubiquitin-protein transferase.

Name: dendritic cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a dendritic cell. A dendritic cell is a leukocyte of dendritic lineage specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation.

Name: mature conventional dendritic cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which antigen-activated dendritic cells acquire the specialized features of a mature conventional dendritic cell. Mature conventional dendritic cells upregulate the surface expression of MHC molecules, chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules, and increase the number of dendrites (cytoplasmic protrusions) in preparation for migration to lymphoid organs where they present antigen to T cells.

Name: regulation of membrane lipid distribution.

Definition: Any process that modulates the proportions or spatial arrangement of lipids in a cellular membrane.

Name: heme export.

Definition: The directed movement of heme out of a cell or organelle.

Name: perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum.

Definition: The portion of endoplasmic reticulum, the intracellular network of tubules and cisternae, that occurs near the nucleus. The lumen of the perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum is contiguous with the nuclear envelope lumen (also called perinuclear space), the region between the inner and outer nuclear membranes.

Name: protein linear polyubiquitination.

Definition: A protein ubiquitination process in which a linear polymer of ubiquitin, formed by the amino-terminal methionine (M1) of one ubiquitin molecule and by the carboxy-terminal glycine (G76) of the next, is added to a protein.

Name: phosphatidylserine exposure on blood platelet.

Definition: A phospholipid scrambling process that results in the appearance of phosphatidylserine on the surface of activated blood platelets, and triggers the clotting system.

Name: type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any apoptotic process in a type B pancreatic cell, a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.

Name: establishment of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.

Name: TRAF2-GSTP1 complex.

Definition: A protein complex comprising tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) and glutathione S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1). This complex is thought to disrupt the TNF signaling cascade, thus down-regulating inflammatory responses.

Name: CRLF-CLCF1 complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric protein complex that is composed of cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (product of the CLCF1 gene) and cytokine receptor-like factor 1 (product of the CRLF gene) and is secreted into the extracellular space. The CRLF-CLCF1 complex is a ligand for the ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) receptor complex.

Name: CNTFR-CLCF1 complex.

Definition: A protein complex that is composed of two soluble ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor alpha subunits (product of the CNTFR gene) and two molecules of cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (product of the CLCF1 gene). The complex is secreted into the extracellular space.

Name: synaptic membrane.

Definition: A specialized area of membrane on either the presynaptic or the postsynaptic side of a synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell.

Name: dendritic spine organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a dendritic spine. A dendritic spine is a specialized protrusion from a neuronal dendrite and is involved in synaptic transmission.

Name: ncRNA export from nucleus.

Definition: The directed movement of a non-coding RNA transcript (ncRNA) from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

Name: response to thyroid hormone.

Definition: A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a thyroid hormone stimulus.

Name: cellular response to thyroid hormone stimulus.

Definition: A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a thyroid hormone stimulus.

Name: ductus arteriosus closure.

Definition: The morphogenesis process in which the ductus arteriosus changes to no longer permit blood flow after birth. The ductus arteriosus is the shunt between the aorta and the pulmonary artery which allows blood to bypass the fetus' lungs.

Name: plasma membrane selenite transport.

Definition: The directed movement of inorganic selenite (HSeO3-1 at physiological pH) across a plasma membrane.

Name: vascular associated smooth muscle cell development.

Definition: The process aimed at the progression of a vascular smooth muscle cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels.

Name: methyl-branched fatty acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl-branched fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with methyl branches on the main chain.

Name: presynaptic membrane organization.

Definition: A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a presynaptic membrane, including any proteins associated with the membrane, but excluding other cellular components. A presynaptic membrane is a specialized area of membrane of the axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction.

Name: craniofacial suture morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which any suture between cranial and/or facial bones is generated and organized.

Name: supercoiled DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to supercoiled DNA. For example, during replication and transcription, template DNA is negatively supercoiled in the receding downstream DNA and positively supercoiled in the approaching downstream DNA.

Name: presynaptic membrane assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a presynaptic membrane, including any proteins associated with the membrane, but excluding other cellular components. A presynaptic membrane is a specialized area of membrane of the axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction.

Name: hedgehog family protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a member of the hedgehog protein family, signaling proteins involved in development.

Name: neuroligin family protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a member of the neuroligin protein family, neuronal cell surface proteins that mediate synapse formation.

Name: scaffold protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a scaffold protein. Scaffold proteins are crucial regulators of many key signaling pathways. Although not strictly defined in function, they are known to interact and/or bind with multiple members of a signaling pathway, tethering them into complexes.

Name: endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartment.

Name: gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor clustering.

Definition: The receptor clustering process in which gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.

Name: AMPA glutamate receptor clustering.

Definition: The glutamate receptor clustering process in which alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.

Name: NMDA glutamate receptor clustering.

Definition: The receptor clustering process in which N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.

Name: cyclin A2-CDK2 complex.

Definition: A protein complex consisting of cyclin A2 and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2). Cyclins are characterized by periodicity in protein abundance throughout the cell cycle. Cyclin-dependent kinases represent a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that become active upon binding to a cyclin regulatory partner.

Name: cyclin B1-CDK1 complex.

Definition: A protein complex consisting of cyclin B1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1). Cyclins are characterized by periodicity in protein abundance throughout the cell cycle. Cyclin-dependent kinases represent a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that become active upon binding to a cyclin regulatory partner.

Name: cyclin D1-CDK4 complex.

Definition: A protein complex consisting of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). Cyclins are characterized by periodicity in protein abundance throughout the cell cycle. Cyclin-dependent kinases represent a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that become active upon binding to a cyclin regulatory partner.

Name: cyclin D2-CDK4 complex.

Definition: A protein complex consisting of cyclin D2 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). Cyclins are characterized by periodicity in protein abundance throughout the cell cycle. Cyclin-dependent kinases represent a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that become active upon binding to a cyclin regulatory partner.

Name: cyclin D3-CDK4 complex.

Definition: A protein complex consisting of cyclin D3 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). Cyclins are characterized by periodicity in protein abundance throughout the cell cycle. Cyclin-dependent kinases represent a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that become active upon binding to a cyclin regulatory partner.

Name: Bcl-2 family protein complex.

Definition: A protein complex that consists of members of the Bcl-2 family of anti- and proapoptotic regulators. Bcl-2 proteins respond to cues from various forms of intracellular stress, such as DNA damage or cytokine deprivation, and interact with opposing family members to determine whether or not the caspase proteolytic cascade should be unleashed.

Name: BAD-BCL-2 complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric protein complex consisting of BAD and BCL-2, members of the Bcl-2 family of anti- and proapoptotic regulators.

Name: BAX complex.

Definition: An oligomeric protein complex consisting of BAX, a member of the Bcl-2 family of anti- and proapoptotic regulators.

Name: BAK complex.

Definition: An oligomeric protein complex consisting of BAK, a member of the Bcl-2 family of anti- and proapoptotic regulators.

Name: centralspindlin complex.

Definition: A heterotetrameric protein complex playing a key role in the formation of the central spindle in mitosis. Made up of two molecules each of a mitotic kinesin (ZEN-4 in Caenorhabditis elegans or MKLP1 in mammals) and of two molecules each of a GTPase activating protein (GAP) factor (CYK-4 in Caenorhabditis elegans or MgcRacGAP in mammals).

Name: neuronal stem cell population maintenance.

Definition: Any process in by an organism or tissue maintains a population of neuronal stem cells.

Name: cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile, and contributing to the apoptotic process.

Name: GABAergic neuron differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a neuroblast acquires the specialized structural and functional features of a GABAergic neuron.

Name: pre-mRNA intronic binding.

Definition: Binding to an intronic sequence of a pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA).

Name: pre-mRNA intronic pyrimidine-rich binding.

Definition: Binding to a pyrimidine-rich (CU-rich) intronic sequence of a pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA).

Name: organic cyclic compound binding.

Definition: Binding to an organic cyclic compound, any molecular entity that contains carbon arranged in a cyclic molecular structure.

Name: DH domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a DH (Dbl homology) domain of a protein. The DH domain contains three structurally conserved regions separated by more variable regions. It is composed of 11 alpha helices that are folded into a flattened, elongated alpha-helix bundle in which two of the three conserved regions, conserved region 1 (CR1) and conserved region 3 (CR3), are exposed near the centre of one surface. CR1 and CR3, together with a part of alpha-6 and the DH/PH (pleckstrin homology) junction site, constitute the Rho GTPase interacting pocket.

Name: sulfur carrier activity.

Definition: Covalently binding to sulfur and delivering it to an acceptor molecule.

Name: ammonium ion metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving the ammonium ion.

Name: nuclear stress granule.

Definition: A dense aggregation in the nucleus composed of proteins and RNAs that appear when the cell is under stress.

Name: circadian regulation of translation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA translation with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.

Name: AIM2 inflammasome complex.

Definition: An inflammasome complex that consists of AIM2, ASC, and caspase-1. AIM2 is a member of the HN-200 protein family that appears to be the sensor of cytosolic double-stranded DNA.

Name: epoxide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving epoxides, compounds in which an oxygen atom is directly attached to two adjacent or non-adjacent carbon atoms of a carbon chain or ring system; thus cyclic ethers.

Name: mitochondrial ribosome binding.

Definition: Binding to a mitochondrial ribosome.

Name: ruffle assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a ruffle, a projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell; the protrusions are supported by a microfilament meshwork. The formation of ruffles (also called membrane ruffling) is thought to be controlled by a group of enzymes known as Rho GTPases, specifically RhoA, Rac1 and cdc42.

Name: protease inhibitor complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric protein complex that contains a protease inhibitor and a protease; formation of the complex inhibits protease activity.

Name: serine protease inhibitor complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric protein complex that contains a serine protease inhibitor and a protease; formation of the complex inhibits serine protease activity.

Name: protein C inhibitor-coagulation factor V complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and coagulation factor V (F5); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of coagulation factor V.

Name: protein C inhibitor-coagulation factor Xa complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and coagulation factor Xa (F10); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of coagulation factor Xa.

Name: protein C inhibitor-coagulation factor XI complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and coagulation factor XI (F11); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of coagulation factor XI.

Name: response to azide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an azide stimulus.

Name: cellular response to azide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an azide stimulus.

Name: amelogenesis.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the formation of tooth enamel, occurring in two stages: secretory stage and maturation stage.

Name: dentinogenesis.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the formation of dentin, the mineralized tissue that constitutes the major bulk of teeth. Dentin may be one of three types: primary dentin, secondary dentin, and tertiary dentin.

Name: apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.

Name: extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with either a ligand binding to a cell surface receptor, or a ligand being withdrawn from a cell surface receptor (e.g. in the case of signaling by dependence receptors), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.

Name: extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand.

Definition: The series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with withdrawal of a ligand from a cell surface receptor, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.

Name: intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of an intracellular signal (e.g. DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress etc.), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. The intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway is crucially regulated by permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOMP).

Name: execution phase of apoptosis.

Definition: A stage of the apoptotic process that starts with the controlled breakdown of the cell through the action of effector caspases or other effector molecules (e.g. cathepsins, calpains etc.). Key steps of the execution phase are rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.

Name: Shu complex.

Definition: A protein complex involved in error-free DNA post-replication repair (PRR). In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the complex contains Csm2p, Psy3p, Shu1p, and Shu2p.

Name: tetraspanin-enriched microdomain.

Definition: A pre-organized unit composed either of adhesion molecules (mainly integrins and members of the Ig superfamily), signaling receptors and/or enzyme-enriched plasma membrane domains that compartmentalizes cellular processes. Tetraspanin-enriched microdomains might be specially suited for the regulation of avidity of adhesion receptors and the compartmentalization of enzymatic activities.

Name: histone H3-K36 trimethylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H3 by addition of three methyl groups to lysine at position 36 of the histone.

Name: cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile, and contributing to the apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile, and contributing to the execution phase of apoptosis.

Name: negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to stress.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).

Name: activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.

Definition: Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase.

Name: renal filtration.

Definition: A renal system process in which fluid circulating through the body is filtered through a barrier system.

Name: alveolar lamellar body.

Definition: A specialized secretory organelle found in type II pneumocytes and involved in the synthesis, secretion, and reutilization of pulmonary surfactant.

Name: epidermal lamellar body.

Definition: A specialized secretory organelle found in keratinocytes and involved in the formation of an impermeable, lipid-containing membrane that serves as a water barrier and is required for correct skin barrier function.

Name: response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulus. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a peptide hormone responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary. GnRH is synthesized and released by the hypothalamus.

Name: lysosomal membrane organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosomal membrane. A lysosomal membrane is the lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm.

Name: regulation of lysosomal membrane permeability.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the lysosomal membrane.

Name: positive regulation of lysosomal membrane permeability.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the lysosomal membrane.

Name: mitochondrial mRNA polyadenylation.

Definition: The enzymatic addition of a sequence of 40-60 adenylyl residues at the 3' end of a eukaryotic mitochondrial mRNA primary transcript. Mitochondria contain both stabilizing and destabilizing poly(A) tails.

Name: sperm connecting piece.

Definition: The segment of the sperm flagellum that attaches to the implantation fossa of the nucleus in the sperm head; from the remnant of the centriole at this point, the axoneme extends throughout the length of the flagellum.

Name: sperm midpiece.

Definition: The highly organized segment of the sperm flagellum which begins at the connecting piece and is characterized by the presence of 9 outer dense fibers (ODFs) that lie outside each of the 9 outer axonemal microtubule doublets and by a sheath of mitochondria that encloses the ODFs and the axoneme; the midpiece terminates about one-fourth of the way down the sperm flagellum at the annulus, which marks the beginning of the principal piece.

Name: sperm annulus.

Definition: The ring-like, filamentous structure located at the distal end of the midpiece of the sperm flagellum; the annulus is thought to form a diffusion barrier between the midpiece and the principal piece and serve as a stabilizing structure for tail rigidity.

Name: sperm principal piece.

Definition: The segment of the sperm flagellum where the mitochondrial sheath ends, and the outer dense fibers (ODFs) associated with outer axonemal doublets 3 and 8 are replaced by the 2 longitudinal columns of the fibrous sheath (FS) which run the length of the principal piece and are stabilized by circumferential ribs. The principal piece makes up ~2/3 of the length of the sperm flagellum and is defined by the presence of the FS and of only 7 (rather than 9) ODFs which taper and then terminate near the distal end of the principal piece.

Name: sperm end piece.

Definition: The short tip of the sperm flagellum, adjacent to the sperm principal piece and furthest from the sperm head, which contains only the axoneme surrounded by the plasma membrane.

Name: lamellar body membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding a lamellar body. A lamellar body is a membrane-bounded organelle, specialized for the storage and secretion of various substances (surfactant phospholipids, glycoproteins and acid phosphates) which are arranged in the form of tightly packed, concentric, membrane sheets or lamellae. Has some similar properties to, but is distinct from, a lysosome.

Name: alveolar lamellar body membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding an alveolar lamellar body, a specialized secretory organelle found in type II pneumocytes and involved in the synthesis, secretion, and reutilization of pulmonary surfactant.

Name: epidermal lamellar body membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding an epidermal lamellar body, a specialized secretory organelle found in keratinocytes and involved in the formation of an impermeable, lipid-containing membrane that serves as a water barrier and is required for correct skin barrier function.

Name: cellular response to toxic substance.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus.

Name: cellular response to methylglyoxal.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methylglyoxal stimulus. Methylglyoxal is a 2-oxoaldehyde derived from propanal.

Name: chromosome attachment to the nuclear envelope.

Definition: The process in which chromatin is anchored to the nuclear envelope.

Name: hematopoietic stem cell migration to bone marrow.

Definition: The orderly movement of a hematopoietic stem cell into the bone marrow, and its subsequent positioning within defined functional compartments in that microenvironment. A hematopoietic stem cell is a cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system.

Name: amyloid-beta clearance.

Definition: The process in which amyloid-beta is removed from extracellular brain regions by mechanisms involving cell surface receptors.

Name: flavonoid binding.

Definition: Binding to a flavonoid, a compound containing two or more aromatic rings, each bearing at least one aromatic hydroxyl and connected with a carbon bridge.

Name: mitochondrial respirasome assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of respiratory enzyme complexes of the mitochondrial inner membrane (including, for example, complex II, complex III, complex IV) to form a large supercomplex.

Name: oligodendrocyte apoptotic process.

Definition: Any apoptotic process in an oligodendrocyte. Oligodendrocytes belong to a class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system, where they form the insulating myelin sheath of axons.

Name: renal tubular secretion.

Definition: The elimination of substances from peritubular capillaries (or surrounding hemolymph in invertebrates) into the renal tubules to be incorporated subsequently into the urine. Substances that are secreted include organic anions, ammonia, potassium and drugs.

Name: R2TP complex.

Definition: A highly conserved protein complex comprised of two ATP-dependent DNA helicases (Rvb1p and Rvb2p in yeast, Pontin52 and Reptin52 in humans), Pih1p in yeast or PIH1D1 in humans, and Tah1 in yeast or RPAP3 in humans. The complex associates with Hsp90 and is thought to have a role in assembly of large protein or protein/nucleic acid complexes. In this role it is involved in multiple processes such as box C/D snoRNP biogenesis, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase-related protein kinase (PIKK) signaling, RNA polymerase II assembly, and others.

Name: self proteolysis.

Definition: The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their own peptide bonds.

Name: omega-hydroxylase P450 pathway.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways by which arachidonic acid is converted to other compounds initially by omega-hydroxylation.

Name: cytoophidium.

Definition: A subcellular filamentary structure where CTP synthase is compartmentalized in a range of organisms including bacteria, yeast, fruit fly, rat and human.

Name: all-trans-decaprenyl-diphosphate synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate + 7 isopentenyl diphosphate = 7 diphosphate + all-trans-decaprenyl diphosphate.

Name: ammonium homeostasis.

Definition: Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ammonium.

Name: complement-dependent cytotoxicity.

Definition: Cell killing caused by the membrane attack complex formed following complement activation.

Name: hepatocyte apoptotic process.

Definition: Any apoptotic process in a hepatocyte, the main structural component of the liver.

Name: renal phosphate ion absorption.

Definition: A renal system process in which phosphate ions are taken up from the collecting ducts and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures.

Name: XMP metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving XMP, xanthosine monophosphate.

Name: XMP biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of XMP, xanthosine monophosphate.

Name: 'de novo' XMP biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of XMP, xanthosine monophosphate, from simpler precursors.

Name: regulation of nucleus size.

Definition: Any process that modulates the size of the nucleus.

Name: programmed necrotic cell death.

Definition: A necrotic cell death process that results from the activation of endogenous cellular processes, such as signaling involving death domain receptors or Toll-like receptors.

Name: response to alcohol.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alcohol stimulus.

Name: cellular response to alcohol.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alcohol stimulus.

Name: cap1 mRNA methylation.

Definition: Methylation of the ribose of the first nucleotide of a 5'-capped mRNA.

Name: cap2 mRNA methylation.

Definition: Methylation of the ribose of the first and second nucleotides of a 5'-capped mRNA.

Name: plasma membrane tubulation.

Definition: A membrane tubulation process occurring in a plasma membrane.

Name: 7SK snRNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a 7SK small nuclear RNA (7SK snRNA).

Name: B cell adhesion.

Definition: The attachment of a B cell to another cell via adhesion molecules.

Name: melanocyte proliferation.

Definition: The multiplication or reproduction of melanocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A melanocyte is a pigment cell derived from the neural crest. It contains melanin-filled pigment granules, which give a brown to black appearance.

Name: inhibition of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.

Definition: Any process that prevents the activation of an inactive cysteine-type endopeptidase.

Name: zymogen inhibition.

Definition: Any process that prevents the proteolytic processing of an inactive enzyme to an active form.

Name: ripoptosome.

Definition: A protein complex whose core components are the receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinases RIPK1 and RIPK3 (also called RIP1 and RIP3). Formation of the ripoptosome can induce an extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway or a necroptotic signaling pathway. The composition of this protein complex may depend on several factors including nature of the signal, cell type and more.

Name: ripoptosome assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a ripoptosome, a protein complex whose formation can induce an extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway or a necroptotic signaling pathway. The composition of this protein complex may depend on several factors including nature of the signal, cell type and more.

Name: mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization.

Definition: The process by which the mitochondrial outer membrane becomes permeable to the passing of proteins and other molecules from the intermembrane space to the cytosol as part of the apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: INO80-type complex.

Definition: A chromatin remodeling protein complex initially purified from S. cerevisiae and containing more than 10 subunits, including the SWR1-related complexes. INO80 (inositol requiring 80)-type complexes have diverse functions, including promoting transcriptional activation and DNA repair.

Name: neutrophil clearance.

Definition: The selective elimination of senescent neutrophils from the body by autoregulatory mechanisms.

Name: autophagosome maturation.

Definition: Removal of PI3P and Atg8/LC3 after the closure of the phagophore and before the fusion with the endosome/lysosome (e.g. mammals and insects) or vacuole (yeast), and that very likely destabilizes other Atg proteins and thus enables their efficient dissociation and recycling.

Name: prenylation.

Definition: The covalent attachment of a prenyl group to a molecule; geranyl, farnesyl, or geranylgeranyl groups may be added.

Name: protein localization to heterochromatin.

Definition: Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into heterochromatin.

Name: perinucleolar compartment.

Definition: The perinucleolar compartment (PNC) is a subnuclear structure associated with, but structurally distinct from, the nucleolus. The PNC contains large amounts of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex (hnRNP) called hnRNP 1 (PTB). Many RNA binding proteins as well as RNA polymerase III transcripts are highly enriched in this compartment. PTB and pol III transcripts are required for the integrity of the PNC.

Name: CIA complex.

Definition: The cytosolic iron-sulfur protein assembly (CIA) complex mediates the incorporation of iron-sulfur clusters into apoproteins involved in DNA metabolism and genomic integrity.

Name: MCM8-MCM9 complex.

Definition: A hexameric protein complex composed of MCM8 and MCM9 and involved in homologous recombination repair following DNA interstrand cross-links.

Name: protein O-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + [protein]-L-serine = UDP + [protein]-3-O-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-serine, or UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + [protein]-L-threonine = UDP + [protein]-3-O-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-threonine.

Name: carbohydrate derivative binding.

Definition: Binding to a carbohydrate derivative.

Name: MDM2/MDM4 family protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a member of the MDM2/MDM4 protein family, comprising negative regulators of p53.

Name: NAD-dependent histone H3K18 deacetylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 18) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 18) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 18 of the histone H3 protein.

Name: photoreceptor disc membrane.

Definition: Stack of disc membranes located inside a photoreceptor outer segment, and containing densely packed molecules of photoreceptor proteins that traverse the lipid bilayer. Disc membranes arise as evaginations of the ciliary membrane during the development of the outer segment and may or may not remain contiguous with the ciliary membrane.

Name: cellular lipid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, as carried out by individual cells.

Name: glial cell projection.

Definition: A prolongation or process extending from a glial cell.

Name: response to interleukin-17.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-17 stimulus.

Name: cellular response to interleukin-17.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-17 stimulus.

Name: interleukin-17-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-17 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: glial cytoplasmic inclusion.

Definition: Non-membrane-bound cytoplasmic inclusions composed of 10-40 nm granule-coated fibrils. These inclusions have an abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein protein and are found in association with multiple system atrophy.

Name: hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF1) in response to lowered oxygen levels (hypoxia). Under hypoxic conditions, the oxygen-sensitive alpha-subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 dimerizes with a HIF1-beta subunit (also called ARNT or aryl-hydrocarbon-receptor nuclear translocator), translocates to the nucleus and activates transcription of genes whose products participate in responding to hypoxia.

Name: Lewy body.

Definition: Cytoplasmic, spherical inclusion commonly found in damaged neurons, and composed of abnormally phosphorylated, neurofilament proteins aggregated with ubiquitin and alpha-synuclein.

Name: classical Lewy body.

Definition: Cytoplasmic inclusion, 5 to 15 micrometers in diameter, with a dense core surrounded by a halo of 10 to 20 nm wide radially oriented alpha-synuclein fibrils.

Name: neurofibrillary tangle.

Definition: Intracellular mass of paired, helically wound protein filaments (also called PHF) lying in the cytoplasm of neuronal cell bodies and neuritic cell processes. Neurofibrillary tangles contain an abnormally phosphorylated form of a microtubule-associated protein, tau. The shape of these inclusions may resemble a flame or a star.

Name: liver regeneration.

Definition: The regrowth of lost or destroyed liver.

Name: tubular endosome.

Definition: A network of fine tubules in the vicinity of the Golgi complex and around the centriole.

Name: microtubule bundle.

Definition: An arrangement of closely apposed microtubules running parallel to each other.

Name: protein maturation by iron-sulfur cluster transfer.

Definition: The transfer of an assembled iron-sulfur cluster from a scaffold protein to an acceptor protein that contributes to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.

Name: mitotic spindle pole.

Definition: Either of the ends of a mitotic spindle, a spindle that forms as part of mitosis, where spindle microtubules are organized; usually contains a microtubule organizing center and accessory molecules, spindle microtubules and astral microtubules.

Name: supramolecular fiber organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a supramolecular fiber, a polymer consisting of an indefinite number of protein or protein complex subunits that have polymerised to form a fiber-shaped structure.

Name: apical dendrite.

Definition: A dendrite that emerges near the apical pole of a neuron. In bipolar neurons, apical dendrites are located on the opposite side of the soma from the axon.

Name: sorting endosome.

Definition: A multivesicular body surrounded by and connected with multiple tubular compartments with associated vesicles.

Name: dendritic tree.

Definition: The entire complement of dendrites for a neuron, consisting of each primary dendrite and all its branches.

Name: astrocyte projection.

Definition: A prolongation or process extending from the soma of an astrocyte and wrapping around neurons.

Name: GAIT complex.

Definition: A protein complex which mediates interferon-gamma-induced transcript-selective translation inhibition in inflammation processes. The complex binds to stem loop-containing GAIT elements in the 3'-UTR of diverse inflammatory mRNAs and suppresses their translation by blocking the recruitment of the 43S ribosomal complex to m7G cap-bound eIF4G. In humans it includes RPL13A, EPRS, SYNCRIP and GAPDH; mouse complexes lack SYNCRIP.

Name: Lewy neurite.

Definition: Elongated neuronal process, often with side branches and more than one branching point, described in brains of patients with Parkinson's disease. Lewy neurites stain positively for ubiquitin in brainstem and forebrain regions affected in Parkinson's disease.

Name: ubiquitin-dependent glycoprotein ERAD pathway.

Definition: An ERAD pathway whereby endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident glycoproteins are targeted for degradation. Includes differential processing of the glycoprotein sugar chains, retrotranslocation to the cytosol and degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. A glycoprotein is a compound in which a carbohydrate component is covalently bound to a protein component.

Name: programmed cell death in response to reactive oxygen species.

Definition: Cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes and occurring as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.

Name: cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity.

Definition: Cyclin-dependent catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP.

Name: synaptic vesicle localization.

Definition: Any process in which a synaptic vesicle or vesicles are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.

Name: dendrite extension.

Definition: Long distance growth of a single dendrite involved in cellular development.

Name: neuron projection guidance.

Definition: The process in which the migration of a neuron projection is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

Name: multivesicular body, internal vesicle.

Definition: A membrane-bounded vesicle wholly contained within a multivesicular body.

Name: multivesicular body, internal vesicle lumen.

Definition: The volume enclosed by the membrane of the multivesicular body internal vesicle.

Name: structural molecule activity conferring elasticity.

Definition: The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex or assembly within or outside a cell, providing elasticity and recoiling.

Name: regulation of vesicle size.

Definition: Any process that modulates the size of a vesicle.

Name: blood vessel endothelial cell delamination.

Definition: The process of negative regulation of cell adhesion that results in blood vessel endothelial cells splitting off from an existing endothelial sheet.

Name: endothelial tube lumen extension.

Definition: Any endothelial tube morphogenesis process by which the tube is increased in length.

Name: protein localization to non-motile cilium.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a non-motile cilium.

Name: stress response to metal ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis caused by a metal ion stimulus.

Name: mannosylation.

Definition: The covalent attachment of a mannose residue to a substrate molecule.

Name: sialylation.

Definition: The covalent attachment of sialic acid to a substrate molecule.

Name: Gemini of coiled bodies.

Definition: Nuclear bodies frequently found near or associated with Cajal bodies (also called coiled bodies or CBs). Gemini of coiled bodies, or 'gems', are similar in size and shape to CBs, and often indistinguishable under the microscope. Unlike CBs, gems do not contain small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs); they contain a protein called survivor of motor neurons (SMN) whose function relates to snRNP biogenesis. Gems are believed to assist CBs in snRNP biogenesis, and to play a role in the etiology of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).

Name: deaminated base DNA N-glycosylase activity.

Definition: DNA N-glycosylase activity acting on deaminated bases.

Name: base-excision repair, AP site formation via deaminated base removal.

Definition: A base-excision repair, AP site formation process occurring via excision of a deaminated base.

Name: cardiac myofibril.

Definition: A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells.

Name: myosin II filament.

Definition: A bipolar filament composed of myosin II molecules.

Name: contractile actin filament bundle.

Definition: An actin filament bundle in which the filaments are loosely packed (approximately 30-60 nm apart) and arranged with opposing polarities; the loose packing allows myosin (usually myosin-II) to enter the bundle.

Name: sperm plasma membrane.

Definition: A plasma membrane that is part of a sperm cell.

Name: spliceosomal snRNP complex.

Definition: A small ribonucleoprotein complex involved in formation of the spliceosome.

Name: spliceosomal tri-snRNP complex.

Definition: A spliceosomal snRNP complex that is formed by the association of the U4/U6 (or U4atac/U6atac) snRNP with the U5 snRNP.

Name: necroptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals which triggers the necroptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, is characterized by activation of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 and/or 3 (RIPK1/3, also called RIP1/3), and ends when the execution phase of necroptosis is triggered.

Name: myeloid leukocyte migration.

Definition: The movement of a myeloid leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

Name: granulocyte migration.

Definition: The movement of a granulocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

Name: mast cell migration.

Definition: The movement of a mast cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

Name: stress response to acid chemical.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis caused by the chemical structure of the anion portion of a dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form.

Name: cellular stress response to acid chemical.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in cellular homeostasis caused by the chemical structure of the anion portion of a dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form.

Name: lymphoid lineage cell migration.

Definition: The orderly movement of a lymphoid lineage cell from one site to another. A lymphoid lineage cell, also called a lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell, is a progenitor cell restricted to the lymphoid lineage.

Name: lymphoid lineage cell migration into thymus.

Definition: The movement of a lymphoid lineage cell (also called a lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell) into the thymus. Lymphoid lineage cells enter and exit the thymus several times as part of this process.

Name: ciliary transition fiber.

Definition: A nine-bladed, propeller-like protein complex that links the distal end of the basal body and the cilium to the plasma membrane. Functions in protein sorting and gating (i.e. active and passive transport of proteins in and out of the cilium).

Name: ciliary tip.

Definition: Part of the cilium where the axoneme ends. The ciliary tip has been implicated in ciliary assembly and disassembly, as well as signal transduction.

Name: ciliary base.

Definition: Area of the cilium (also called flagellum) where the basal body and the axoneme are anchored to the plasma membrane. The ciliary base encompasses the distal part of the basal body, transition fibers and transition zone and is structurally and functionally very distinct from the rest of the cilium. In this area proteins are sorted and filtered before entering the cilium, and many ciliary proteins localize specifically to this area.

Name: transcription preinitiation complex.

Definition: A protein-DNA complex composed of proteins binding promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription.

Name: calcium ion transmembrane import into cytosol.

Definition: A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other into the cytosol by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: lateral part of cell.

Definition: The region of a polarized cell other than its tips or ends (in some cell types, one end may be called the apex and the other the base). For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the lateral part includes the cell sides which interface adjacent cells.

Name: lateral cell cortex.

Definition: The region directly beneath the plasma membrane of the lateral portion of the cell.

Name: sequestering of iron ion.

Definition: The process of binding or confining iron ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.

Name: lamellipodium organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lamellipodium. A lamellipodium is a thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a crawling fibroblast; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments.

Name: cullin family protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a member of the cullin family, hydrophobic proteins that act as scaffolds for ubiquitin ligases (E3).

Name: temperature-gated ion channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens in response to a temperature stimulus (e.g. exposure to a temperature range different than the optimal temperature for that organism).

Name: temperature-gated cation channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens in response to a temperature stimulus (e.g. exposure to a temperature range different than the optimal temperature for that organism).

Name: monoamine oxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: RCH2NHR' + H2O + O2 = RCHO + R'NH2 + H2O2.

Name: potassium ion export across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of potassium ions from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.

Name: extrinsic component of omegasome membrane.

Definition: The component of the omegasome membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

Name: extrinsic component of phagophore assembly site membrane.

Definition: The component of the phagophore assembly site membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

Name: L-arginine import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of L-arginine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: L-lysine import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of L-lysine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: L-ornithine import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of L-ornithine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: calcitonin family receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with any member of the calcitonin family (e.g. adrenomedullin, adrenomedullin 2 (intermedin), amylin, calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRPs)) to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: amylin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with amylin to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: calcitonin family binding.

Definition: Binding to a member of the calcitonin family (e.g. adrenomedullin, adrenomedullin 2 (intermedin), amylin, calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRPs)).

Name: calcitonin family receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by an extracellular member of the calcitonin family (e.g. adrenomedullin, adrenomedullin 2 (intermedin), amylin, calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRPs)) binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

Name: amylin receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by amylin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.

Name: G protein-coupled receptor complex.

Definition: A protein complex that contains G protein-coupled receptors.

Name: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class I.

Definition: A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex that contains a catalytic and a regulatory subunit of a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) enzyme, plus one or more adaptor proteins. Class I PI3Ks phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol [PI], phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate [PI(4)P] and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], and are divided into subclasses A and B according to the type of adaptor subunit with which they associate. The class I PI3K subfamily of genes comprises members in vertebrates, worm and fly, but none in yeast.

Name: serpin family protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a member of the serpin protein family (serine protease inhibitors or classified inhibitor family I4). Serpins are a broadly distributed family of protease inhibitors that use a conformational change to inhibit target enzymes. They are central in controlling many important proteolytic cascades. The majority of serpins inhibit serine proteases, but serpins that inhibit caspases and papain-like cysteine proteases have also been identified. Rarely, serpins perform a non-inhibitory function; for example, several human serpins function as hormone transporters and certain serpins function as molecular chaperones or tumor suppressors.

Name: nucleic acid-templated transcription.

Definition: The synthesis of an RNA transcript from a nucleic acid template (DNA or RNA).

Name: histone H3-K36 dimethylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H3 by addition of two methyl groups to lysine at position 36 of the histone.

Name: STAT family protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a member of the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) protein family. STATs are, as the name indicates, both signal transducers and transcription factors. STATs are activated by cytokines and some growth factors and thus control important biological processes including cell growth, cell differentiation, apoptosis and immune responses.

Name: double-strand break repair via classical nonhomologous end joining.

Definition: An instance of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining that requires a number of factors important for V(D)J recombination, including the KU70/80 heterodimer (KU), XRCC4, ligase IV, and DNA-PKcs in mammals. It does not produce translocations (as opposed to the alternative nonhomologous end joining).

Name: double-strand break repair via alternative nonhomologous end joining.

Definition: An instance of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining that is independent of factors important for V(D)J recombination (as opposed to classical nonhomologous end joining). It often results in a deletion with microhomology (i.e. 5-25bp homology) at the repair junction. Among different subclasses of nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), alternative NHEJ appears to play a significant role in the etiology of mutations that arise during cancer development and treatment.

Name: intracellular phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate-sensitive monatomic cation channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of cations by a channel that opens when phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Name: glutamate receptor clustering.

Definition: The neurotransmitter-gated ion channel clustering process in which glutamate receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.

Name: histone H3-K4 monomethylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H3 by addition of one methyl group to lysine at position 4 of the histone.

Name: establishment of RNA localization to telomere.

Definition: The directed movement of RNA to a specific location in the telomeric region of a chromosome.

Name: establishment of protein-containing complex localization to telomere.

Definition: The directed movement of a protein-containing macromolecular complex to a specific location in the telomeric region of a chromosome.

Name: receptor signaling pathway via STAT.

Definition: An intracellular signal transduction process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) convey a signal to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. The STAT cascade begins with receptor activation followed by activation of STAT proteins by kinases. It proceeds through STA dimerization and subsequent nuclear translocation of STAT proteins, and ends with regulation of target gene expression by STAT proteins.

Name: telomere maintenance via base-excision repair.

Definition: A telomere maintenance process that occurs by base-excision repair of telomeric DNA in response to DNA damage. Telomeric sequences are particularly susceptible to oxidative DNA damage, due to their G-rich nature.

Name: intracellular vesicle.

Definition: Any vesicle that is part of the intracellular region.

Name: connective tissue replacement.

Definition: The series of events leading to growth of connective tissue when loss of tissues that are incapable of regeneration occurs, or when fibrinous exudate cannot be adequately cleared.

Name: vesicle targeting, trans-Golgi to periciliary membrane compartment.

Definition: The process in which vesicles formed at the trans-Golgi network are directed to the plasma membrane surrounding the base of the cilium, including the ciliary pocket, mediated by molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces.

Name: disordered domain specific binding.

Definition: Binding to a disordered domain of a protein.

Name: calcineurin-mediated signaling.

Definition: Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell by activation of a transcription factor as a consequence of dephosphorylation by Ca(2+)-activated calcineurin. The process begins with calcium-dependent activation of the phosphatase calcineurin. Calcineurin is a calcium- and calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase with a conserved function in eukaryotic species from yeast to humans. In yeast and fungi, calcineurin regulates stress signaling and cell cycle, and sporulation and virulence in pathogenic fungi. In metazoans, calcineurin is involved in cell commitment, organogenesis and organ development and immune function of T-lymphocytes. By a conserved mechanism, calcineurin phosphatase activates fungal Crz1 and mammalian NFATc by dephosphorylation and translocation of these transcription factors to the nucleus to regulate gene expression.

Name: sperm motility.

Definition: Any process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell.

Name: LEM domain binding.

Definition: Binding to a LEM domain. The LEM domain (for lamina-associated polypeptide, emerin, MAN1 domain) is present in a group of nuclear proteins that bind chromatin through interaction of the LEM motif with the conserved DNA crosslinking protein, barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF).

Name: 9+2 motile cilium.

Definition: A motile cilium where the axoneme has a ring of nine outer microtubule doublets plus two central microtubules (and is therefore called a 9+2 axoneme).

Name: non-motile cilium.

Definition: A cilium which may have a variable array of axonemal microtubules but does not contain molecular motors.

Name: 9+0 non-motile cilium.

Definition: A non-motile cilium where the axoneme has a ring of nine outer microtubule doublets but no central microtubules (and is therefore called a 9+0 axoneme).

Name: photoreceptor cell cilium.

Definition: A specialised 9+0 non-motile cilium found in photoreceptor cells. A ciliary transition zone called 'photoreceptor connecting cilium' links the photoreceptor outer segment to the inner segment.

Name: extracellular exosome biogenesis.

Definition: The assembly and secretion of an extracellular exosome, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane.

Name: de novo centriole assembly.

Definition: Centriole assembly in which a centriole arises de novo, rather than by replication from an existing centriole. This process may occur via different mechanisms. Examples include the deuterosome pathway in multicilated epithelial animal cells and formation of centrioles during parthenogenesis in some insects.

Name: renal urate salt excretion.

Definition: The elimination of urate salt or uric acid from peritubular capillaries (or surrounding hemolymph in invertebrates) into the renal tubules to be incorporated subsequently into the urine.

Name: mitochondrial tRNA 5'-end processing.

Definition: The process in which the 5' end of a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to that of a mature tRNA in the mitochondrion.

Name: blood vessel diameter maintenance.

Definition: Any process that modulates the diameter of blood vessels.

Name: RNA polymerase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1); the synthesis of RNA from ribonucleotide triphosphates in the presence of a nucleic acid template.

Name: membrane tubulation.

Definition: A membrane organization process resulting in the formation of a tubular projection. This may face inwardly (as in tubular membrane invaginations) or outwardly (as in endosomal tubules).

Name: endosome membrane tubulation.

Definition: A membrane tubulation process occurring in an endosome membrane.

Name: regulation of DNA stability.

Definition: Any process that modulates the stability of DNA.

Name: membrane bending.

Definition: A membrane organization process resulting in the bending of a membrane.

Name: non-replicative transposition, DNA-mediated.

Definition: Process by which a transposable element is excised from the donor site and integrated at the target site without replication of the element. Also referred to as cut-and-paste transposition.

Name: G-rich strand telomeric DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to G-rich, single-stranded, telomere-associated DNA.

Name: positive regulation of strand invasion.

Definition: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of strand invasion. Strand invasion is the process in which the nucleoprotein complex (composed of the broken single-strand DNA and the recombinase) searches and identifies a region of homology in intact duplex DNA. The broken single-strand DNA displaces the like strand and forms Watson-Crick base pairs with its complement, forming a duplex in which each strand is from one of the two recombining DNA molecules.

Name: ligand-activated transcription factor activity.

Definition: A DNA-binding transcription factor activity regulated by binding to a ligand and that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets. Examples include the lac and trp repressors in E.coli and steroid hormone receptors.

Name: histone H3-K27 trimethylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H3 by addition of three methyl groups to lysine at position 27 of the histone.

Name: ATPase dependent transmembrane transport complex.

Definition: A transmembrane protein complex that functions in ATPase dependent active transport across a membrane.

Name: centriole assembly.

Definition: A cellular process that results in the assembly of one or more centrioles.

Name: de novo centriole assembly involved in multi-ciliated epithelial cell differentiation.

Definition: Centriole assembly in which a centriole arises de novo by a process involving an electron-dense structure known as a deuterosome, rather than by duplication of an existing centriole, and occurring as part of multi-ciliated epithelial cell differentiation.

Name: deuterosome.

Definition: A spherical, electron dense, cytoplasmic structure that is involved in de novo assembly of centrioles.

Name: cytoplasmic side of transport vesicle membrane.

Definition: The side (leaflet) of the transport vesicle membrane that faces the cytoplasm.

Name: cytoplasmic side of trans-Golgi network transport vesicle membrane.

Definition: The side (leaflet) of the trans-Golgi network transport vesicle membrane that faces the cytoplasm.

Name: defense response to other organism.

Definition: Reactions triggered in response to the presence of another organism that act to protect the cell or organism from damage caused by that organism.

Name: detection of other organism.

Definition: The series of events in which a stimulus from another organism is received and converted into a molecular signal.

Name: side of membrane.

Definition: A cellular component consisting of one leaflet of a membrane bilayer and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.

Name: lumenal side of endoplasmic reticulum membrane.

Definition: The side (leaflet) of the plasma membrane that faces the lumen.

Name: cytoplasmic side of endoplasmic reticulum membrane.

Definition: The side (leaflet) of the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm.

Name: cytoplasmic side of early endosome membrane.

Definition: The side (leaflet) of the early endosome membrane that faces the cytoplasm.

Name: cytoplasmic side of late endosome membrane.

Definition: The side (leaflet) of the late endosome membrane that faces the cytoplasm.

Name: cytoplasmic side of membrane.

Definition: The side of a membrane that faces the cytoplasm.

Name: cytoplasmic side of lysosomal membrane.

Definition: The side (leaflet) of the lysosomal membrane that faces the cytoplasm.

Name: lumenal side of membrane.

Definition: Any side (leaflet) of a membrane that faces the lumen of an organelle.

Name: inactive sex chromosome.

Definition: A sex chromosome that has been inactivated.

Name: detection of external biotic stimulus.

Definition: The series of events in which an external biotic stimulus is detected and converted into a molecular signal. An external biotic stimulus is defined as one caused or produced by a living organism other than the one being stimulated.

Name: learned vocalization behavior.

Definition: A vocalization behavior that is the result of learning.

Name: cellular response to virus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus.

Name: bounding membrane of organelle.

Definition: The lipid bilayer that forms the outer-most layer of an organelle.

Name: plasma membrane region.

Definition: A membrane that is a (regional) part of the plasma membrane.

Name: external side of apical plasma membrane.

Definition: The leaflet the apical region of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.

Name: cytoplasmic side of apical plasma membrane.

Definition: The side (leaflet) of the apical region of the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm.

Name: mucin granule.

Definition: A secretory granule that contains mucin.

Name: imitative learning.

Definition: Learning in which new behaviors are acquired through imitation.

Name: observational learning.

Definition: Learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others.

Name: learned vocalization behavior or vocal learning.

Definition: Vocalisation behavior that is the result of learning, or the process by which new vocalizations are learned.

Name: palmitoyl hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of a hydrolase reaction that removes a palmitoyl moiety from some substrate.

Name: cell-cell adhesion.

Definition: The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules.

Name: selenocysteine-tRNA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: tRNASec + L-Ser + ATP = Ser-tRNASec + AMP + diphosphate.

Name: trans-Golgi network membrane organization.

Definition: A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a trans-Golgi network membrane.

Name: cell adhesion mediator activity.

Definition: The binding by a cell-adhesion protein on a cell surface to an adhesion molecule on another cell surface or an external substrate, to mediate adhesion of the cell to the external substrate or to another cell.

Name: cell-cell adhesion mediator activity.

Definition: The binding by a cell-adhesion protein on the cell surface to an extracellular matrix component, to mediate adhesion of the cell to another cell.

Name: collagen fibril binding.

Definition: Binding to a collagen fibril.

Name: cell-matrix adhesion mediator activity.

Definition: The binding by a cell-adhesion protein on the cell surface to an extracellular matrix component, to mediate adhesion of the cell to the extracellular matrix.

Name: protein complex involved in cell-cell adhesion.

Definition: Any protein complex that is capable of carrying out some part of the process of cell-cell adhesion.

Name: protein complex involved in cell adhesion.

Definition: Any protein complex that is capable of carrying out some part of the process of cell adhesion to the cell matrix or to another cell.

Name: protein complex involved in cell-matrix adhesion.

Definition: Any protein complex that is capable of carrying out some part of the process of cell-matrix adhesion.

Name: collagen binding involved in cell-matrix adhesion.

Definition: Any collagen binding that occurs as part of cell-matrix adhesion.

Name: integrin binding involved in cell-matrix adhesion.

Definition: Any integrin binding that occurs as part of the process of cell-matrix adhesion.

Name: cadherin binding involved in cell-cell adhesion.

Definition: Any cadherin binding that occurs as part of the process of cell-cell adhesion.

Name: network-forming collagen trimer.

Definition: A collagen trimer that forms networks.

Name: banded collagen fibril.

Definition: A supramolecular assembly of fibrillar collagen complexes in the form of a long fiber (fibril) with transverse striations (bands).

Name: complex of collagen trimers.

Definition: A complex of collagen trimers such as a fibril or collagen network.

Name: collagen network.

Definition: A supramolecular complex that consists of collagen triple helices associated to form a network.

Name: collagen sheet.

Definition: A protein complex that consists of collagen triple helices associated to form a sheet-like network.

Name: basement membrane collagen trimer.

Definition: Any collagen timer that is part of a basement membrane.

Name: monoatomic cation transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which a cation is transported across a membrane.

Name: monoatomic anion transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which an anion is transported across a membrane.

Name: import into cell.

Definition: The directed movement of some substance from outside of a cell into a cell. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis.

Name: inorganic anion import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of inorganic anions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: inorganic cation import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of inorganic cations from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: inorganic ion transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which an inorganic ion is transported across a membrane.

Name: inorganic anion transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which an inorganic anion is transported across a membrane.

Name: inorganic cation transmembrane transport.

Definition: A process in which an inorganic cation is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G protein-coupled serotonin receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

Name: serotonin receptor complex.

Definition: A protein complex that is capable of serotonin receptor activity.

Name: G protein-coupled serotonin receptor complex.

Definition: A protein complex that is capable of G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity.

Name: template-free RNA nucleotidyltransferase.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1); the addition of a terminal nucleotide to an RNA molecule in the absence of a nucleic acid template.

Name: Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapse.

Definition: A synapse between the Schaffer collateral axon of a CA3 pyramidal cell and a CA1 pyramidal cell.

Name: hippocampal mossy fiber to CA3 synapse.

Definition: One of the giant synapses that form between the mossy fiber axons of dentate gyrus granule cells and the large complex spines of CA3 pyramidal cells. It consists of a giant bouton known as the mossy fiber expansion, synapsed to the complex, multiheaded spine (thorny excresence) of a CA3 pyramidal cell.

Name: chromosomal region.

Definition: Any subdivision of a chromosome along its length.

Name: dopaminergic synapse.

Definition: A synapse that uses dopamine as a neurotransmitter.

Name: regulation of synaptic vesicle cycle.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synaptic vesicle cycle.

Name: regulation of neurotransmitter receptor localization to postsynaptic specialization membrane.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurotransmitter receptor localization to postsynaptic specialization membrane.

Name: neurotransmitter loading into synaptic vesicle.

Definition: The active transport of neurotransmitters into a synaptic vesicle. This import is fuelled by an electrochemical gradient across the vesicle membrane, established by the action of proton pumps.

Name: calcium ion import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of calcium ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: carbohydrate import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of a carbohydrate from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: glucose import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of glucose from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: iron ion import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of iron ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: L-glutamate import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of L-glutamate from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: leucine import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of leucine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: serine import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of serine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: sodium ion import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of sodium ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: maintenance of cell number.

Definition: Any process by which the numbers of cells of a particular type or in a tissue are maintained.

Name: macromolecule deacylation.

Definition: The removal of an acyl group, any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group, from a macromolecule.

Name: macromolecule depalmitoylation.

Definition: The removal of palymitoyl groups from a macromolecule.

Name: positive regulation of the force of heart contraction.

Definition: Any process that increases the force of heart muscle contraction.

Name: negative regulation of the force of heart contraction.

Definition: Any process that decreases the force of heart muscle contraction.

Name: import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of some substance from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: cell-cell adhesion via plasma-membrane adhesion molecules.

Definition: The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that are at least partially embedded in the plasma membrane.

Name: cell aggregation.

Definition: The clustering together and adhesion of initially separate cells to form an aggregate. Examples include the clustering of unicellular organisms or blood cells in suspension and the condensation of mesenchymal cells during cartilage formation.

Name: bone cell development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bone cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.

Name: detoxification.

Definition: Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of a toxic substance. These may include transport of the toxic substance away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of the toxic substance.

Name: response to interleukin-8.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-8 stimulus.

Name: cellular response to interleukin-8.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-8 stimulus.

Name: FBXO family protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a member of the FBXO protein family. Members of this family have an F-box protein motif of approximately 50 amino acids that functions as a site of protein-protein interaction.

Name: inorganic ion homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of inorganic ions within an organism or cell.

Name: molecular function regulator activity.

Definition: A molecular function regulator regulates the activity of its target via non-covalent binding that does not result in covalent modification to the target. Examples of molecular function regulators include regulatory subunits of multimeric enzymes and channels. Mechanisms of regulation include allosteric changes in the target and competitive inhibition.

Name: skin epidermis development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: positive regulation of mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization.

Name: response to mitochondrial depolarisation.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) in response to the depolarization of one or more mitochondria.

Name: ncRNA transcription.

Definition: The transcription of non (protein) coding RNA from a DNA template.

Name: mechanosensitived potassium channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress.

Name: biofilm matrix organization.

Definition: A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a biofilm matrix.

Name: biofilm matrix disassembly.

Definition: A process that results in the disassembly of a biofilm matrix.

Name: mRNA cleavage involved in mRNA processing.

Definition: Cleavage of an immature mRNA transcript to produce one or more more mature mRNA transcripts, prior to translation into polypeptide.

Name: pre-mRNA cleavage required for polyadenylation.

Definition: The targeted, endonucleolytic cleavage of a pre-mRNA, required for polyadenylation of the 3' end. This cleavage is directed by binding sites near the 3' end of the mRNA and leaves a 3' hydoxyl end which then becomes a target for adenylation.

Name: Golgi apparatus subcompartment.

Definition: A compartment that consists of a lumen and an enclosing membrane, and is part of the Golgi apparatus.

Name: xenophagy.

Definition: The selective autophagy process in which a region of cytoplasm containing an intracellular pathogen or some part of an intracellular pathogen (e.g. viral capsid) is enclosed in a double membrane bound autophagosome, which then fuses with the lysosome leading to degradation of the contents.

Name: presynapse.

Definition: The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell.

Name: postsynapse.

Definition: The part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell.

Name: global gene silencing by mRNA cleavage.

Definition: A posttranscriptional gene silencing pathway that involves the cleavage of mRNAs in a non-gene-specific manner.

Name: membrane protein complex.

Definition: Any protein complex that is part of a membrane.

Name: plasma membrane protein complex.

Definition: Any protein complex that is part of the plasma membrane.

Name: mitochondrial protein-containing complex.

Definition: A protein complex that is part of a mitochondrion.

Name: outer mitochondrial membrane protein complex.

Definition: Any protein complex that is part of the outer mitochondrial membrane.

Name: inner mitochondrial membrane protein complex.

Definition: Any protein complex that is part of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Name: regulation of renal system process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by the renal system.

Name: plasma membrane signaling receptor complex.

Definition: Any protein complex that is part of the plasma membrane and which functions as a signaling receptor.

Name: respiratory chain complex.

Definition: Any protein complex that is part of a respiratory chain.

Name: mRNA cap binding.

Definition: Binding to a 7-methylguanosine (m7G) group or derivative located at the 5' end of an mRNA molecule.

Name: nitrite reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: nitrite + acceptor = product(s) of nitrate reduction + reduced acceptor.

Name: neurotransmitter reuptake.

Definition: The directed movement of neurotransmitter molecules from the extrasynaptic space into the presynaptic cytosol.

Name: nuclear chromosome segregation.

Definition: The process in which genetic material, in the form of nuclear chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. Nuclear chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.

Name: modulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). EPSP is a process that leads to a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.

Name: BMP receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family, and transmitting a signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: endoplasmic reticulum tubular network membrane.

Definition: The membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum tubular network.

Name: endoplasmic reticulum subcompartment.

Definition: A distinct region of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: postsynaptic recycling endosome.

Definition: A recycling endosome of the postsynapse. In postsynaptic terminals with dendritic spines, it is typically located at the base of a dendritic spine. It is involved in recycling of neurotransmitter receptors to the postsynaptic membrane. In some cases at least, this recycling is activated by postsynaptic signalling and so can play a role in long term potentiation.

Name: folate transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which a folic acid, or one of its derivatives (dihydrofolate, tetrahydrofolate, methylene-tetrahydrofolate or methyl-tetrahydrofolate) is transported across a membrane.

Name: postsynaptic density membrane.

Definition: The membrane component of the postsynaptic density. This is the region of the postsynaptic membrane in which the population of neurotransmitter receptors involved in synaptic transmission are concentrated.

Name: protein transport along microtubule.

Definition: The directed movement of a protein along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins.

Name: postsynaptic endocytic zone.

Definition: A stably positioned site of clathrin adjacent and physically attached to the postsynaptic specialization, which is the site of endocytosis of post-synaptic proteins.

Name: postsynaptic endosome.

Definition: An endosomal compartment that is part of the post-synapse. Only early and recycling endosomes are typically present in the postsynapse.

Name: podocyte foot.

Definition: A cell projection of a podocyte (glomerular visceral epithelial cell) forming a foot-like structure projecting from a podocyte primary projection, that wraps around capillaries of a renal glomerulus. Adjacent feet (pedicels) interdigitate, leaving thin filtration slits between them, which are covered by slit diaphragms.

Name: sequence-specific single stranded DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to single-stranded DNA of a specific nucleotide composition.

Name: cellular detoxification of cadmium ion.

Definition: Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of cadmium cations in a cell. These include transport of cadmium cations away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration.

Name: lytic vacuole membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding a lytic vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell.

Name: HCN channel complex.

Definition: A cation ion channel with a preference for K+ over Na+ ions, which is activated by membrane hyperpolarization, and consists of a tetramer of HCN family members. Some members of this family (HCN1, HCN2 and HCN4) are also activated when cAMP binds to their cyclic nucleotide binding domain (CNBD). Channel complexes of this family play an important role in the control of pacemaker activity in the heart.

Name: intestinal lipid absorption.

Definition: Any process in which lipids are taken up from the contents of the intestine.

Name: membrane microdomain.

Definition: A membrane region with a lipid composition that is distinct from that of the membrane regions that surround it.

Name: actin-based cell projection.

Definition: A cell projection supported by an assembly of actin filaments, and which lacks microtubules.

Name: cluster of actin-based cell projections.

Definition: A cell part consisting of multiple, closely packed actin-based cell projections.

Name: bone growth.

Definition: The increase in size or mass of a bone that contributes to the shaping of that bone.

Name: cellular oxidant detoxification.

Definition: Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity superoxide radicals or hydrogen peroxide.

Name: postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.

Definition: The actin cytoskeleton that is part of a postsynapse.

Name: vesicle-mediated transport to the plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of substances to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane by exocytosis.

Name: neurotransmitter receptor transport to plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of neurotransmitter receptor to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles.

Name: neurotransmitter receptor complex.

Definition: Any protein complex that is capable of functioning as a neurotransmitter receptor.

Name: modification of postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.

Definition: Any process that modifies the structure of a postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.

Name: modification of dendritic spine.

Definition: Any process that modifies the structure of a dendritic spine.

Name: regulation of action potential.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.

Name: regulation of cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a cardiac muscle cell. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.

Name: regulation of membrane depolarization during action potential.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of membrane depolarization during an action potential. Membrane depolarization is the process in which membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the resting potential.

Name: regulation of membrane repolarization during action potential.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of membrane repolarization during an action potential. Membrane repolarization is the process in which membrane potential changes in the repolarizing direction, towards the resting potential.

Name: regulation of AV node cell action potential.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in an atrioventricular node myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.

Name: regulation of bundle of His cell action potential.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a cardiac muscle cell of the bundle of His. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.

Name: regulation of Purkinje myocyte action potential.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a Purkinje myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.

Name: regulation of SA node cell action potential.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in an SA node cardiac myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.

Name: regulation of neuronal action potential.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a neuron. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.

Name: regulation of cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in regulation of contraction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a cardiac muscle cell contributing to the regulation of its contraction.

Name: regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in an atrial cardiac muscle cell contributing to the regulation of its contraction. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.

Name: regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a ventricular cardiac muscle cell contributing to the regulation of its contraction. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.

Name: membrane depolarization during atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Definition: The process in which atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.

Name: membrane repolarization during atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Definition: The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the atrial cardiomyocyte membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential.

Name: membrane repolarization during ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Definition: The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the ventricular cardiomyocyte membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential.

Name: anterograde trans-synaptic signaling.

Definition: Cell-cell signaling from pre to post-synapse, across the synaptic cleft.

Name: retrograde trans-synaptic signaling.

Definition: Cell-cell signaling from post to pre-synapse, across the synaptic cleft.

Name: structural constituent of synapse.

Definition: The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a synapse.

Name: retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by lipid.

Definition: Cell-cell signaling from postsynapse to presynapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by a lipid ligand.

Name: retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by endocannabinoid.

Definition: Cell-cell signaling from postsynapse to presynapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by an endocannabinoid ligand.

Name: postsynaptic signal transduction.

Definition: Signal transduction in which the initial step occurs in a postsynapse.

Name: vesicle-mediated transport between endosomal compartments.

Definition: A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles between endosomal compartments, e.g, between early endosome and sorting endosome.

Name: axonal transport.

Definition: The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in axons.

Name: postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor activity.

Definition: Neurotransmitter receptor activity occuring in the postsynaptic membrane during synaptic transmission.

Name: regulation of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurotransmitter receptor activity involved in synaptic transmission. Modulation may be via an effect on ligand affinity, or effector funtion such as ion selectivity or pore opening/closing in ionotropic receptors.

Name: structural constituent of postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.

Definition: The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.

Name: postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.

Name: glutamatergic synapse.

Definition: A synapse that uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter.

Name: cholinergic synapse.

Definition: A synapse that uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.

Name: GABA-ergic synapse.

Definition: A synapse that uses GABA as a neurotransmitter. These synapses are typically inhibitory.

Name: neuron to neuron synapse.

Definition: A synapse in which pre and post-synaptic cells are neurons.

Name: G protein-coupled glutamate receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with glutamate and transmitting a signal from one side of the membrane to the other by activating an associated G-protein, initiating a change in cell activity.

Name: NMDA selective glutamate receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by glutamate binding to an NMDA-selective glutamate receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by the movement of ions through a channel in the receptor complex, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: neuronal dense core vesicle.

Definition: A dense core vesicle (granule) that is part of a neuron. These vesicles typically contain neuropeptides. They can be found in all parts of neurons, including the soma, dendrites, axonal swellings (varicosities) and synaptic terminals.

Name: vesicle-mediated transport in synapse.

Definition: Any vesicle-mediated transport that occurs in a synapse.

Name: calmodulin dependent kinase signaling pathway.

Definition: Any signal transduction pathway involving calmodulin dependent kinase activity.

Name: modification of postsynaptic structure.

Definition: Any process that modifies the structure of a postsynapse.

Name: perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum lumen.

Definition: The volume enclosed by the membranes of the perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: vesicle tethering.

Definition: The initial, indirect interaction between a vesicle membrane and a membrane to which it is targeted for fusion. This interaction is mediated by tethering factors (or complexes), which interact with both membranes. Interaction can occur via direct binding to membrane phospholipids or membrane proteins, or via binding to vesicle coat proteins. This process is distinct from and prior to interaction between factors involved in fusion.

Name: vesicle tethering complex.

Definition: Any protein complex that plays a role in vesicle tethering.

Name: plasma membrane invagination.

Definition: An infolding of the plasma membrane.

Name: ceramide floppase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the movement of ceramide from the cytosolic to the exoplasmic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.

Name: sphingolipid translocation.

Definition: The movement of a sphingolipid molecule from one leaflet of a membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet.

Name: ceramide translocation.

Definition: The movement of a ceramide molecule from one leaflet of a membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet.

Name: vesicle tethering to Golgi.

Definition: The initial, indirect interaction between a transport vesicle membrane and the membrane of the Golgi. This interaction is mediated by tethering factors (or complexes), which interact with both membranes. Interaction can occur via direct binding to membrane phospholipids or membrane proteins, or via binding to vesicle coat proteins. This process is distinct from and prior fusion.

Name: vesicle tethering to endoplasmic reticulum.

Definition: The initial, indirect interaction between a transport vesicle membrane and the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. This interaction is mediated by tethering factors (or complexes), which interact with both membranes. Interaction can occur via direct binding to membrane phospholipids or membrane proteins, or via binding to vesicle coat proteins. This process is distinct from and prior fusion.

Name: clearance of foreign intracellular nucleic acids.

Definition: A defense process that protects an organism from DNA or RNA from an invading organism.

Name: activating signal cointegrator 1 complex.

Definition: A protein complex that contains TRIP4 (ASC1) and acts a transcriptional coactivator by interacting with transcription factors such as NF-kappa B. In humans this complex has 4 subunits: TRIP4 + ASCC1-3.

Name: presynapse assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a presynapse.

Name: regulation of postsynaptic membrane neurotransmitter receptor levels.

Definition: Any process that regulates the the local concentration of neurotransmitter receptor at the postsynaptic membrane.

Name: mitochondrion-derived vesicle.

Definition: A vesicle derived via budding from a mitochondrion. These vesicles often contain inner membrane and, much more rarely, cristae.

Name: mitochondrion to lysosome transport.

Definition: Transport from the mitochondrion to the lysosome, mediated by mitochondrion-derived vesicles.

Name: mitochondrion-derived vesicle mediated transport.

Definition: Transport from the mitochondrion, mediated by mitochondrion derived vesicles.

Name: BORC complex.

Definition: A protein complex that is involved in positioning of the lysosome within the cytoplasm and which is composed of BLOC1S1, BLOC1S2, BORCS5, BORCS6, BORCS7, BORCS8, KXD1 and SNAPIN. The BORC complex recruits ARL8 at the cytosolic face of lysosomes and couples them to microtubule plus-end-directed kinesin motors.

Name: supramolecular complex.

Definition: A cellular component that consists of an indeterminate number of proteins or macromolecular complexes, organized into a regular, higher-order structure such as a polymer, sheet, network or a fiber.

Name: supramolecular polymer.

Definition: A polymeric supramolecular structure.

Name: synaptonemal structure.

Definition: A proteinaceous scaffold found between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

Name: calcium export from the mitochondrion.

Definition: A process in which a calcium ion (Ca2+) is transported out of the mitochondrial matrix, and into the cytosol.

Name: ligand-gated monoatomic cation channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an inorganic cation by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Name: ligand-gated monoatomic anion channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an inorganic anion by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Name: channel activator activity.

Definition: Direct interaction with a channel (binding or modification), resulting in its opening. A channel catalyzes energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.

Name: potassium channel activator activity.

Definition: Binds to and increases the activity of a potassium channel, resulting in its opening.

Name: ion channel regulator activity.

Definition: Modulates the activity of a channel via direct interaction with it. A channel catalyzes energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.

Name: microtubule-based transport.

Definition: A microtubule-based process that results in the transport of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules.

Name: chromosome, subtelomeric region.

Definition: A region of the chromosome, adjacent to the telomere (on the centromeric side) that contains repetitive DNA and sometimes genes. This region is usually heterochromatin.

Name: tRNA 5'-end processing.

Definition: The process in which the 5' end of a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to that of a mature tRNA.

Name: microtubule-based protein transport.

Definition: A microtubule-based process that results in the transport of proteins.

Name: RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain binding.

Definition: Binding to the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II. The CTD is comprised of repeats of a heptapeptide with the consensus sequence YSPTSPS. The number of repeats varies with the species and a minimum number of repeats is required for RNAP II function.

Name: mitochondrial iron-sulfur cluster assembly complex.

Definition: A protein complex consisting of frataxin, cysteine desulfurase, an accessory protein and a Fe-S scaffold protein. In human these genes correspond to FXN, NFS1, ISD11 and ISCU respectively. This complex assembles Fe-S clusters onto the scaffolding protein using the substrates ferrous iron, electrons, and sulfur from l-cysteine.

Name: estrogen binding.

Definition: Binding to an estrogen.

Name: intracellularly ATP-gated ion channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when ATP has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts on the intracellular side of the plasma membrane.

Name: regulation of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor internalization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis of neurotransmitter receptor at the postsynapse.

Name: cell-cell signaling via exosome.

Definition: Cell-cell signaling in which the ligand is carried between cells by an exosome.

Name: regulation of modification of postsynaptic structure.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of modification of postsynaptic structure.

Name: postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission.

Definition: Any process, acting in the postsynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission.

Name: presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission.

Definition: Any process, acting in the presynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission.

Name: presynapse organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a presynapse.

Name: postsynapse organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a postsynapse.

Name: regulation of presynapse organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the physical form of a presynapse.

Name: regulation of postsynapse organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the physical form of a postsynapse.

Name: regulation of trans-synaptic signaling.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trans-synaptic signaling.

Name: regulation of synaptic membrane adhesion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adhesion between pre- and post-synaptic membranes.

Name: structural constituent of postsynapse.

Definition: The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a postsynapse.

Name: postsynaptic cytoskeleton organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising cytoskeletal filaments and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic cytoskeleton.

Name: caveola neck.

Definition: A membrane microdomain that forms a necklace around the bulb (crater) of a caveola. Intramembrane particles are concentrated in this region and cytoskeletal components, including actin, are highly enriched in the area underlying it.

Name: exocytic vesicle membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding an exocytic vesicle.

Name: secretory vesicle.

Definition: A cytoplasmic, membrane bound vesicle that is capable of fusing to the plasma membrane to release its contents into the extracellular space.

Name: synaptic vesicle cycle.

Definition: A biological process in which synaptic vesicles are loaded with neurotransmitters, move to the active zone, exocytose and are then recycled via endocytosis, ultimately leading to reloading with neurotransmitters.

Name: ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential.

Definition: Any ligand-gated ion channel activity, occurring in the presynaptic membrane, that is involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential.

Name: voltage-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential.

Definition: Voltage-gated ion channel activity, occurring in the presynaptic membrane, involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential. This is a key step in synaptic transmission, following the arrival of an action potential at the synapse.

Name: supramolecular fiber.

Definition: A polymer consisting of an indefinite number of protein or protein complex subunits that have polymerised to form a fiber-shaped structure.

Name: polymeric cytoskeletal fiber.

Definition: A component of the cytoskeleton consisting of a homo or heteropolymeric fiber constructed from an indeterminate number of protein subunits.

Name: actin filament-based transport.

Definition: The transport of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another along actin filaments.

Name: vesicle cytoskeletal trafficking.

Definition: The directed movement of a vesicle along a cytoskeletal fiber such as a microtubule or and actin filament, mediated by motor proteins.

Name: dense core granule cytoskeletal transport.

Definition: The directed movement of dense core granules along cytoskeletal fibers, such as microtubules or actin filaments.

Name: cytosolic region.

Definition: Any (proper) part of the cytosol of a single cell of sufficient size to still be considered cytosol.

Name: presynaptic cytosol.

Definition: The region of the cytosol consisting of all cytosol that is part of the presynapse.

Name: postsynaptic cytosol.

Definition: The region of the cytosol consisting of all cytosol that is part of the postsynapse.

Name: postsynapse to nucleus signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals that conveys information from the postsynapse to the nucleus via cytoskeletal transport of a protein from a postsynapse to the component to the nucleus where it affects biochemical processes that occur in the nucleus (e.g DNA transcription, mRNA splicing, or DNA/histone modifications).

Name: G protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a neurotransmitter and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Name: neurotransmitter receptor activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential.

Definition: Neurotransmitter receptor activity occurring in the postsynaptic membrane that is involved in regulating postsynaptic membrane potential, either directly (ionotropic receptors) or indirectly (e.g. via GPCR activation of an ion channel).

Name: synaptic signaling.

Definition: Cell-cell signaling to, from or within a synapse.

Name: trans-synaptic signaling.

Definition: Cell-cell signaling in either direction across the synaptic cleft.

Name: trans-synaptic signaling by lipid.

Definition: Cell-cell signaling from post to pre-synapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by a lipid.

Name: trans-synaptic signaling by endocannabinoid.

Definition: Cell-cell signaling in either direction across the synaptic cleft, mediated by an endocannabinoid ligand.

Name: trans-synaptic signaling by trans-synaptic complex.

Definition: Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse mediated by a trans-synaptic protein complex.

Name: maintenance of synapse structure.

Definition: A process that preserves the structural organistation and orientation of a synaptic cellular component such as the synaptic cytoskeleton and molecular scaffolds.

Name: synaptic membrane adhesion.

Definition: The attachment of presynaptic membrane to postsynaptic membrane via adhesion molecules that are at least partially embedded in the plasma membrane.

Name: modification of synaptic structure.

Definition: Any process that modifies the structure/morphology of a synapse.

Name: regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration.

Definition: Any process that regulates the concentration of calcium in the postsynaptic cytosol.

Name: cytoplasmic region.

Definition: Any (proper) part of the cytoplasm of a single cell of sufficient size to still be considered cytoplasm.

Name: postsynaptic cytoskeleton.

Definition: The portion of the cytoskeleton contained within the postsynapse.

Name: postsynaptic specialization.

Definition: A network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.

Name: inorganic ion import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of inorganic ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: serotonin receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with the biogenic amine serotonin and transmitting a signal across a membrane by activating some effector activity. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a neurotransmitter and hormone found in vertebrates and invertebrates.

Name: regulation of neurotransmitter receptor activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurotransmitter receptor activity. Modulation may be via an effect on ligand affinity, or effector funtion such as ion selectivity or pore opening/closing in ionotropic receptors.

Name: neurotransmitter receptor regulator activity.

Definition: A molecular function that directly (via physical interaction or direct modification) activates, inhibits or otherwise modulates the activity of a neurotransmitter receptor. Modulation of activity includes changes in desensitization rate, ligand affinity, ion selectivity and pore-opening/closing.

Name: ligand-gated calcium channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ions by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

Name: microtubule plus-end directed mitotic chromosome migration.

Definition: The cell cycle process in which chromosomes that are laterally attached to one or more mitotic spindle microtubules migrate towards the spindle equator via plus-end-directed movement along the microtubules. This process is part of mitotic metaphase plate congression.

Name: lateral attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore.

Definition: The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids become laterally attached to spindle microtubules as part of mitotic metaphase plate congression. Attachment precedes migration along microtubules towards the spindle equator (metaphase plate).

Name: microtubule lateral binding.

Definition: Binding to the side of a microtubule.

Name: matrix side of mitochondrial inner membrane.

Definition: The side (leaflet) of the mitochondrial inner membrane that faces the matrix.

Name: cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization.

Definition: The process in which ions are transported across the plasma membrane of a cardiac muscle cell such that the membrane potential changes in the repolarizing direction, toward the steady state potential. For example, the repolarization during an action potential is from a positive membrane potential towards a negative resting potential.

Name: regulation of cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a change in membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential in a cardiomyocyte.

Name: atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization.

Definition: The process in which ions are transported across the plasma membrane of an atrial cardiac muscle cell such that the membrane potential changes in the repolarizing direction, toward the steady state potential. For example, the repolarization during an action potential is from a positive membrane potential towards a negative resting potential.

Name: ventricular cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization.

Definition: The process in which ions are transported across the plasma membrane of a ventricular cardiac muscle cell such that the membrane potential changes in the repolarizing direction, toward the steady state potential. For example, the repolarization during an action potential is from a positive membrane potential towards a negative resting potential.

Name: postsynaptic specialization membrane.

Definition: The membrane component of the postsynaptic specialization. This is the region of the postsynaptic membrane in which the population of neurotransmitter receptors involved in synaptic transmission are concentrated.

Name: neurotransmitter receptor transport.

Definition: The directed movement of neurotransmitter receptors.

Name: endosome to plasma membrane protein transport.

Definition: The directed movement of proteins from the endosome to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles.

Name: neurotransmitter receptor transport, endosome to plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of neurotransmitter receptor from the endosome to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles.

Name: axo-dendritic protein transport.

Definition: The directed movement of proteins along microtubules in neuron projections.

Name: anterograde axonal protein transport.

Definition: The directed movement of proteins along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons.

Name: signal release from synapse.

Definition: Any signal release from a synapse.

Name: cell cortex region.

Definition: The complete extent of cell cortex that underlies some some region of the plasma membrane.

Name: regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by action potential.

Definition: Any action potential process that regulates skeletal muscle contraction.

Name: regulation of heart induction by canonical Wnt signaling pathway.

Definition: Any canonical Wnt signaling pathway process that regulates heart induction.

Name: cytolytic granule membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding the cytolytic granule.

Name: deubiquitinase activity.

Definition: An isopeptidase activity that cleaves ubiquitin from a target protein to which it is conjugated.

Name: protein histidine phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: protein histidine phosphate + H2O = protein histidine + phosphate.

Name: estrogen 16-alpha-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: estrogen + donor-H2 + O2 = 16-alpha-hydroxyestrogen + H2O.

Name: estrogen 2-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: estrogen + donor-H2 + O2 = 2-hydroxyestrogen + H2O.

Name: mitotic nuclear membrane organization.

Definition: A mitotic cell cycle process which results in the assembly, arrangement, or disassembly of the nuclear inner or outer membrane during mitosis.

Name: tRNA-guanine transglycosylation.

Definition: The modification of a tRNA anticodon loop by replacing guanine with queuonine. Reaction is tRNA guanine + queuine = tRNA queuine + guanine.

Name: chaperone complex.

Definition: A protein complex required for the non-covalent folding or unfolding, maturation, stabilization or assembly or disassembly of macromolecular structures. Usually active during or immediately after completion of translation. Many chaperone complexes contain heat shock proteins.

Name: long-chain fatty acid omega-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: an omega-methyl-long-chain fatty acid + O2 + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] = an omega-hydroxy-long-chain fatty acid + H+ + H2O + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase].

Name: homocarnosine synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: gamma-aminobutyric acid + L-histidine + ATP = H+ + homocarnosine + ADP + hydrogenphosphate.

Name: laurate hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: dodecanoate + NADPH + O2 + H+ <=> 11-hydroxylaurate + NADP + H2O.

Name: heparan sulfate N-deacetylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + [heparan sulfate]-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine = acetate + H+ + [heparan sulfate]-alpha-D-glucosamine.

Name: protein-fructosamine 3-kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a [protein]-N6-D-fructosyl-L-lysine <=> ADP + H+ + a [protein]-N6-(3-O-phospho-D-fructosyl)-L-lysine.

Name: decanoate-CoA ligase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + decanoate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + decanoyl-CoA.

Name: tRNAPhe (7-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)wyosine37-C2)-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + 7-[(3S)-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)]-wyosine37 in tRNAPhe = succinate + carbon dioxide + 7-(2-hydroxy-3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-wyosine37 in tRNAPhe.

Name: UDP-alpha-D-glucose:glucosyl-glycogenin alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + a glucosyl-glycogenin = (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n-glucosyl glucogenin + UDP + H+.

Name: NADPH phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H2O = NADH + hydrogenphosphate.

Name: very-long-chain enoyl-CoA reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NADP(3-) + a very-long-chain 2,3,4-saturated fatty acyl CoA <=> NADPH(4-) + H+ + a very-long-chain trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA.

Name: 16-hydroxypalmitate dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 16-hydroxypalmitate + NADP <=> H+ + 16-oxo-palmitate + NADPH.

Name: 17-hydroxyprogesterone 21-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone + O2 + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] = 11-deoxycortisol + H+ + H2O + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase].

Name: cellular response to environmental stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an environmental stimulus.

Name: mCRD-mediated mRNA stability complex.

Definition: A protein complex that binds to, and promotes stabilization of, mRNA molecules containing the major coding region instability determinant (mCRD) by bridging the mCRD domain and the poly(A) tail of the mRNA. In human, it consists of CSDE1, HNRPD, PABPC1, PAIP1 and SYNCRIP.

Name: amyloid-beta complex.

Definition: Protein complex involved in modulation of signaling and synaptic function in the brain, predominantly in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Forms dimers and multimers of amyloid beta peptide 40 and peptide 42 (proteolytic cleavage products of amyloid beta A4 protein, also known as amyloid beta precursor protein). Mostly found in the extracellular space with a proportion occurring as membrane-bound species. Influences synaptic plasticity through various receptors, mediates dendritic spine loss leading to decreased synapse density, inhibits long-term potentiation (LTP) and enhances long-term depression (LTD). Soluble multimeric form is the main pathogenic species linked to Alzheimer's disease.

Name: cytoskeletal protein-membrane anchor activity.

Definition: The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a cytoskeletal protein or protein complex and a plasma membrane lipid or membrane-associated protein, in order to maintain the localization of the cytoskeleton at a specific cortical membrane location.

Name: regulation of inflammatory response to wounding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response to wounding.

Name: negative regulation of inflammatory response to wounding.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response to wounding.

Name: phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol phosphate + phosphate.

Name: phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol phosphate + phosphate.

Name: phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol phosphate + phosphate.

Name: neuron projection organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a neuron, e.g. an axon, or a dendrite.

Name: tRNA pseudouridine synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: tRNA uridine = tRNA pseudouridine. Conversion of uridine in a tRNA molecule to pseudouridine by rotation of the C1'-N-1 glycosidic bond of uridine in RNA to a C1'-C5.

Name: protein maturation by [2Fe-2S] cluster transfer.

Definition: The transfer of an assembled [2Fe-2S] cluster from a scaffold protein to an acceptor protein that contributes to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.

Name: protein maturation by [4Fe-4S] cluster transfer.

Definition: The transfer of an assembled 4Fe-4S] cluster from a scaffold protein to an acceptor protein that contributes to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.

Name: guanine deglycation.

Definition: The removal of a sugar or dicarbonyl from a glycated guanine.

Name: guanine deglycation, methylglyoxal removal.

Definition: The removal of methylglyoxal from a glycated guanine, to form lactate and a deglycated guanine.

Name: guanine deglycation, glyoxal removal.

Definition: The removal of glyoxal from a glycated guanine, to form glycolate and a deglycated guanine.

Name: polyamine deacetylation.

Definition: The modification of acetylpolyamine by the removal of acetyl groups.

Name: spermidine deacetylation.

Definition: The modification of acetylspermadine by the removal of acetyl groups.

Name: regulation of cellular response to osmotic stress.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cellular response to osmotic stress.

Name: tRNA 2'-O-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing a 2'-O-nucleotide.

Name: regulation of calcineurin-mediated signaling.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcineurin-mediated signaling.

Name: negative regulation of calcineurin-mediated signaling.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcineurin-mediated signalling.

Name: positive regulation of calcineurin-mediated signaling.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcineurin-mediated signaling.

Name: regulation of cobalamin metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.

Name: SUMO ligase complex.

Definition: A protein ligase complex that enables protein sumoylation. Consists of a SUMO-protein transferase and other proteins that may confer substrate specificity of the complex.

Name: regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Name: aminoacyl-tRNA metabolism involved in translational fidelity.

Definition: Any process which detects an amino-acid acetylated tRNA is charged with the correct amino acid, or removes incorrect amino acids from a charged tRNA. This process can be performed by tRNA synthases, or by subsequent reactions after tRNA aminoacylation.

Name: peptide N-succinyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the acetylation of an amino acid residue of a peptide or protein, according to the reaction: succinyl-CoA + peptide = CoA + N-succinylpeptide.

Name: histone succinylation.

Definition: The modification of a histone by the addition of an succinyl group.

Name: histone succinyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: succinyl-CoA + histone = CoA + succinyl-histone.

Name: nuclear membrane protein complex.

Definition: Any protein complex that is part of the nuclear membrane.

Name: regulation of cell adhesion involved in sprouting angiogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion involved in sprouting angiogenesis.

Name: negative regulation of cell adhesion involved in sprouting angiogenesis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion involved in sprouting angiogenesis.

Name: nuclear membrane microtubule tethering complex.

Definition: A nuclear membrane protein complex which connects the nuclear outer and inner membranes together, and links thereby links the nuclear lumen to cytoplasmic microtubules.

Name: ER-dependent peroxisome localization.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location in a peroxisome via the endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: Ala-tRNA(Thr) hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of misacylated ala-tRNA(thr).

Name: regulation of sterol biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a sterol biosynthetic process.

Name: negative regulation of sterol biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a sterol biosynthetic process.

Name: positive regulation of sterol biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a sterol biosynthetic process.

Name: purine phosphoribosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: RMP + diphosphate = R + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.

Name: IkappaB kinase complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a IkappaB kinase complex.

Name: Sec61 translocon complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a Sec61 translocon complex.

Name: symbiont cell surface.

Definition: The cell surface of a secondary, endosymbiont organism with which the first organism is interacting. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Name: P-TEFb complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a P-TEFb complex.

Name: phosphorylated histone binding.

Definition: Binding to a histone in which a residue has been modified by phosphorylation.

Name: peptidyl-lysine 3-dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: protein L-lysine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = protein 3-hydroxy-L-lysine + succinate + CO2.

Name: peptidyl-arginine 3-dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalyzes the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + [protein]-L-arginine + O2 = [protein]-(3R)-3-hydroxy-L-arginine + CO2 + succinate.

Name: mRNA N-acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a cytidine in mRNA + acetyl-CoA + ATP + H2O = ADP + an N(4)-acetylcytidine in mRNA + CoA + H+ + phosphate.

Name: cyclic-GMP-AMP hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: cyclic GMP-AMP + 2 H2O = AMP + GMP.

Name: tRNA C3-cytosine methylation.

Definition: The process whereby a cytosine in a tRNA is methylated at position 3 of the cytosine.

Name: lncRNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA).

Name: peptidyl-lysine glutarylation.

Definition: The glutarylation of a lysine residue in a protein.

Name: peptide glutaryltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: glutaryl-CoA + L-lysyl-[protein] = CoA + H+ + N6-glutaryl-L-lysyl-[protein].

Name: histone glutaryltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: glutaryl-CoA + histone = CoA + H+ + N6-glutaryl-histone.

Name: ceramide-1-phosphate phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ceramide-1-phosphate + H2O = ceramide+ phosphate.

Name: L-serine-phosphatidylethanolamine phosphatidyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-1-phosphatidylethanolamine + L-serine <=> L-1-phosphatidylserine + ethanolamine.

Name: lipid sensor activity.

Definition: Binding to and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of a lipid.

Name: hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase activity.

Definition: A hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate <=> an oxoicosatetraenoate + H2O.

Name: L-serine-phosphatidylcholine phosphatidyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + L-serine = 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine + choline.

Name: DNA-DNA tethering activity.

Definition: Bridging together two regions of a DNA molecule.

Name: 1-acylglycerophosphoethanolamine O-acyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + CoA.

Name: 1-acylglycerophosphoserine O-acyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction:a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine + CoA.

Name: protein serine kinase activity (using GTP as donor).

Definition: Catalysis of the reactions: GTP + L-seryl-[protein] = GDP + H+ + O-phospho-L-seryl-[protein].

Name: protein localization to ERGIC.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC).

Name: cytosol to ERGIC protein transport.

Definition: The directed movement of proteins from the cystosol to the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC).

Name: NAD+-protein-arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginyl-[protein] + NAD+ = H+ + (ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-arginyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.

Name: biliberdin reductase NAD+ activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: bilirubin + NAD+ = biliverdin + NADH+ H+.

Name: chenodeoxycholate 7-alpha-dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: chenodeoxycholate + NAD+ = 7-oxolithocholate + H+ + NADH.

Name: isoursodeoxycholate 7-beta-dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3beta,7beta-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oate + NAD+ = 3beta-hydroxy-7-oxo-5beta-cholan-24-oate + H+ + NADH.

Name: ursodeoxycholate 7-beta-dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + ursodeoxycholate = 7-oxolithocholate + H+ + NADH.

Name: regulation of deadenylation-dependent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of deadenylation-dependent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA.

Name: negative regulation of deadenylation-dependent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of deadenylation-dependent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA.

Name: protein-DNA covalent cross-linking repair.

Definition: The removal of covalent cross-link between DNA and a protein.

Name: progesterone 21-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + progesterone + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] = 21-hydroxyprogesterone + H+ + H2O + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase].

Name: protein serine kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate.

Name: subcortical maternal complex.

Definition: Comprised of at least NLRP5, OOEP, TLE6, and KHDC3/KHDC3L with evidence of additional SCMC-associated proteins that interact with one or multiple members of the core complex.

Name: omega-hydroxyceramide transacylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2,3-tri-(9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoylglycerol + N-(30-hydroxytriacontanoyl)-sphing-4-enine = di-(9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoylglycerol + N-[30-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyloxy)-triacontanoyl]-sphing-4-enine.

Name: omega-hydroxyceramide biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of omega-hydroxyceramide/acylceramide.

Name: glyoxylate reductase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: glycolate + NAD(P)+ = glyoxylate + NAD(P)H.

Name: snRNA methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from a donor to a nucleoside residue in an snRNA molecule.

Name: snRNA methylation.

Definition: The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in an snRNA molecule.

Name: 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: A 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA = formyl-CoA + a propanol.

Name: 2-hydroxy-3-methylhexadecanoyl-CoA lyase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-3-methylhexadecanoyl-CoA = 2-methylpentadecanal + formyl-CoA.

Name: protein-cysteine methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-cysteinyl-[protein] + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = H+ + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + S-methyl-L-cysteinyl-[protein].

Name: protein-L-histidine N-pros-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-histidyl-[protein] + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = N(pros)-methyl-L-histidyl-[protein] + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.

Name: 3-deoxyglucosone dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3-deoxyglucosone + H2O + NAD+ = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + 2 H+ + NADH.

Name: 2-hydroxy-ATP hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-ATP + H2O = 2-hydroxy-AMP + H+ + diphosphate.

Name: 2-hydroxy-dATP hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-dATP + H2O = 2-hydroxy-dAMP + H+ + diphosphate.

Name: purine ribonucleotide salvage.

Definition: Any process which produces a purine ribonucleotide from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.

Name: purine deoxyribonucleotide salvage.

Definition: Any process which produces a purine deoxyribonucleotide from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.

Name: dAMP salvage.

Definition: Any process which produces a dAMP from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.

Name: (3R)-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NAD) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 3R-hydroxyacyl-CoA + NAD+ = 3-oxoacyl-CoA + NADH.

Name: 18S rRNA aminocarboxypropyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N1-methylpseudouridine in 18S rRNA + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = H+ + N1-methyl-N3-[(3S)-3-amino-3-carboxypropyl]pseudouridine in 18S rRNA + S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine.

Name: acyl-coenzyme A diphosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: an acyl-CoA + H2O = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + an acyl-4'-phosphopantetheine + 2 H+.

Name: isoprenoid diphosphate phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the dephosphorylation of isoprenoid diphosphates.

Name: dihydrouridine synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: RNA-uracil + acceptor = RNA-dihydrouridine + reduced acceptor.

Name: mRNA dihydrouridine synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: mRNA-uracil + acceptor = mRNA-dihydrouridine + reduced acceptor.

Name: NAD-dependent protein lipoamidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-N6-lipoyl-L-lysyl-[protein] + H2O + NAD+ = 2''-O-lipoyl-ADP-D-ribose + L-lysyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.

Name: NAD-dependent protein biotinidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N6-biotinyl-L-lysyl-[protein] + NAD+ = 2''-O-biotinyl-ADP-D-ribose + L-lysyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.

Name: tubulin-tyrosine carboxypeptidase.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: C-terminal L-alpha-aminoacyl-L-glutamyl-L-glutamyl-L-tyrosyl-[tubulin] + H2O = C-terminal L-alpha-aminoacyl-L-glutamyl-L-glutamyl-[tubulin] + L-tyrosine.

Name: carboxylesterase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a carboxylic ester + H2O = a carboxylate + an alcohol + H(+).

Name: ncRNA deadenylation.

Definition: Shortening of the poly(A) tail of a nuclear-transcribed ncRNA.

Name: formin-nucleated actin cable organization.

Definition: A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a formin-nucleated actin cable.

Name: regulation of basement membrane organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly, disassembly or arrangement of constituent parts of the basement membrane.

Name: B-WICH complex.

Definition: A chromatin remodeling complex that positively regulates histone H3 acetylation, in particular H3K9, by recruiting histone acetyltransferases to rDNA gene regions. Located in the nucleolus where it assembles on RNA Polymerase I (Pol I) and possibly on RNA Polymerase III (Pol III) promoter and coding regions during early G1 phase and activates the post-initiation phases of Pol I transcription. May also activate RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) gene transcription. In mammals, B-WICH contains the WICH complex core of BAZ1B and SMARCA5, additional protein subunits and possibly rRNAs. Although it contains several catalytic subunits it is not clear which functions are carried out by the complex itself.

Name: cap-independent translational initiation of linear mRNA.

Definition: The process where translation initiation recruits the 40S ribosomal subunits in a cap and 5' end independent fashion before an AUG codon is encountered in an appropriate sequence context to initiate linear mRNA translation.

Name: regulation of actomyosin structure organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin or paramyosin.

Name: regulation of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation.

Name: DNA strand resection involved in replication fork processing.

Definition: The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of DNA at the site of a stalled replication fork that contributes to replication fork processing.

Name: regulation of DNA strand resection involved in replication fork processing.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA strand resection involved in replication fork processing.

Name: regulation of G2/MI transition of meiotic cell cycle.

Definition: Any signalling pathway that modulates the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to MI phase of the meiotic cell cycle.

Name: regulation of actin filament organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament organization.

Name: regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of angiotensin-activated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the angiotensin-activated signaling pathway.

Name: lncRNA catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lncRNAs, non-coding RNAs over 200 nucleotides in length.

Name: cellularization cleavage furrow.

Definition: A plasma membrane invagination at the site of separation of a multi-nucleate cell or syncytium into individual cells.

Name: regulation of ferroptosis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ferroptosis.

Name: negative regulation of ferroptosis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ferroptosis.

Name: TTT complex.

Definition: A protein complex responsible for the stabilisation of protein levels of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related protein kinase (PIKK) family proteins. The TTT complex can also be found as part of the ASTRA complex (GO:0070209).

Name: regulation of hippocampal neuron apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in hippocampal neurons.

Name: negative regulation of hippocampal neuron apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in hippocampal neurons.

Name: cellular detoxification of aldehyde.

Definition: Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity of an aldehyde. These may include transport of aldehydes away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of the toxic substance.

Name: cellular response to aldehyde.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an aldehyde stimulus.

Name: regulation of calcium import into the mitochondrion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium import into the mitochondrion.

Name: negative regulation of calcium import into the mitochondrion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion import into the mitochondrion.

Name: mRNA alternative polyadenylation.

Definition: The process of generating multiple mRNA molecules with variable 3'-end length formation from a given pre-mRNA by differential use of cleavage and polyadenylation signals (pA signals).

Name: positive regulation of animal organ morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis.

Name: regulation of lipid transporter activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lipid transporter activity.

Name: positive regulation of lipid transporter activity.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lipid transporter activity.

Name: negative regulation of lipid transporter activity.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of lipid transporter activity.

Name: Norrin signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of the cysteine knot protein Norrin to a Frizzled 4 (Fzd4) family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state.

Name: ubiquinone biosynthesis complex.

Definition: The cytosolic ubiquinone biosynthesis complex is composed of enzymes and accessory factors of the ubiquinone biosynthesis pathway and enables synthesis of the extremely hydrophobic molecule ubiquinone. In E. coli, the complex is composed of seven proteins: UbiE, F, G, H, I, J and K.

Name: RNA decapping.

Definition: Cleavage of the 5'-cap of an RNA.

Name: NAD-cap decapping.

Definition: Cleavage of the 5'-NAD-cap of an RNA. The NAD-cap is present at the 5'-end of some RNAs in both bacetria and eukaryotes. While it promotes RNA stability in bacteria, it promotes RNA decay in eukaryotes.

Name: methylguanosine-cap decapping.

Definition: Cleavage of the 5'-methylguanosine-cap of an mRNA. The methylguanosine-cap is present at the 5'-end of eukaryotic mRNAs. Decapping inactivates translation initiation and promotes 5'-to-3' decay of mRNA.

Name: reelin complex.

Definition: An extracellular complex that binds lipoprotein receptors VLDLR and APOER2, cadherin-related neuronal receptors (CNRs) or alpha3beta1 integrin and induces various downstream, reelin-dependent, phosphorylation cascades. It ultimately affects polarization, differentiation, neuronal migration and layer formation in the embryonic brain and neuron growth, maturation, and synaptic activity in the postnatal and adult brain.

Name: calpain complex.

Definition: A calcium-dependent protease complex that processes its substrate by limited proteolysis rather than degrading it. In some cases limited proteolysis is required for the activation of its substrate.

Name: cellular anatomical entity.

Definition: A part of a cellular organism that is either an immaterial entity or a material entity with granularity above the level of a protein complex but below that of an anatomical system. Or, a substance produced by a cellular organism with granularity above the level of a protein complex.

Name: intermembrane lipid transfer.

Definition: The transport of lipids between membranes in which a lipid molecule is transported through an aqueous phase from the outer leaflet of a donor membrane to the outer leaflet of an acceptor membrane. This process does not require metabolic energy and can be either spontaneous or mediated by lipid transfer proteins (LTPs).

Name: intermembrane sphingolipid transfer.

Definition: The transport of sphingolipids between membranes in which a sphingolipid molecule is transported through an aqueous phase from the outer leaflet of a donor membrane to the outer leaflet of an acceptor membrane. This process does not require metabolic energy and can be either spontaneous or mediated by lipid transfer proteins (LTPs).

Name: lipid transfer activity.

Definition: Removes a lipid from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle. This results in intermembrane transfer of lipids.

Name: phospholipid transfer activity.

Definition: Removes a phospholipid from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.

Name: sterol transfer activity.

Definition: Removes a sterol from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.

Name: sphingolipid transfer activity.

Definition: Removes a sphingolipid from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.

Name: ceramide transfer activity.

Definition: Removes a ceramide from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.

Name: phosphatidylcholine transfer activity.

Definition: Removes phosphatidylcholine from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.

Name: cholesterol transfer activity.

Definition: Removes cholesterol from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.

Name: glucagon family peptide binding.

Definition: Binding to a member of the glucagon family peptide hormone (e.g. glucagon, glucagon-like peptides, oxyntomodulin, glicentin, ADCYAP1, GHRH, secretin, VIP, GIP).

Name: plasma membrane bounded cell projection.

Definition: A prolongation or process extending from a cell and that is bounded by plasma membrane, e.g. a cilium, lamellipodium, or axon.

Name: plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly.

Definition: Formation of a prolongation or process extending and that is bounded by plasma membrane, e.g. a cilium, lamellipodium, or axon.

Name: regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly.

Name: negative regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly.

Name: positive regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly.

Name: regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of plasma membrane bounded cell projections.

Name: plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a plasma membrane bounded prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a cilium or axon.

Name: plasma membrane bounded cell projection morphogenesis.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of a plasma membrane bounded cell projection are generated and organized.

Name: regulation of macrophage proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of macrophage proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage proliferation.

Name: U6 snRNA (adenine-(43)-N(6))-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + adenine(43) in U6 snRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N(6)-methyladenine(43) in U6 snRNA.

Name: snRNA (adenine-N6)-methylation.

Definition: The posttranscriptional N6-methylation of an adenine residue in an snRNA molecule.

Name: ribitol beta-1,4-xylosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-D-xylose + D-ribitol 5-phosphate-R = UDP + beta1,4-xylosyl-D-ribitol 5-phosphate-R.

Name: crotonyl-CoA hydratase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: Acetyl-CoA + [protein]-L-lysine = CoA + [protein]-N(6)-acetyl-L-lysine.

Name: regulation of peptidyl-lysine crotonylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of crotonylation of a lysine residue in a protein.

Name: negative regulation of peptidyl-lysine crotonylation.

Definition: Any process that stops or reduces the rate of crotonylation of a lysine residue in a protein.

Name: vacuole-isolation membrane contact site.

Definition: An organelle membrane contact site formed at the junction of the vacuolar membrane and the isolation membrane or phagophore in response to starvation or other stresses, leading to the formation of the autophagosome.

Name: procentriole.

Definition: A cellular structure that is the site of a developing centriole, which will become a microtubule organizing center. During the canonical pathway of centriole duplication that occurs during the cell division cycle, procentrioles grow at the proximal ends of both mother and daughter centrioles. In the newly divided cells, the original mother and daughter centrioles become mother centrioles while the procentrioles become the new daughter centrioles. Procentrioles can also arise from de novo pathways that occur in multiciliated cells. In ciliated epithelial cells, numerous procentrioles arise form electron dense material referred to as fibrous granules and deuterosomes. The pathway of procentriole formation in multiciliated protists appears to be similar to that in mammalian multiciliated epithelium. In sperm of primative land plants, multiple procentrioles are formed from a blepharoplast giving rise to multicilated sperm cells.

Name: procentriole replication complex.

Definition: A protein complex that acts as a chaperone or scaffold for centriolar proteins during the maturation of the procentriole. Some of its members may become integrated into the growing centriole. Examples are the CPAP(CENPJ)-STIL complex, CEP192-PLK4 complex or CEP152-PLK4 complex in vertebrates.

Name: centriolar subdistal appendage.

Definition: A protein complex which assembles on the mother centriole during cilium formation, adjacent and proximal to a centriolar distal appendage. In human, it contains ODF2, CNTRL, NIN, CCDC120c and CCDC68.

Name: neuron projection cytoplasm.

Definition: All of the contents of a plasma membrane bounded neuron projection, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the projection.

Name: Sm-like protein family complex.

Definition: A protein complex containing members of the Like-Sm family of proteins, which includes both the Sm proteins and the Lsm proteins, and which generally form hexameric or heptameric ring structures which bind to RNA. While some of these ring complexes may form independently of RNA, many only form in association with their target RNA. In addition to Lsm-family proteins, many of these complexes contain additional protein members. Members of this family of complexes include the snRNPs which comprise the majority of the spliceosome. Others are involved in the 5' to 3' degradation pathways of mRNAs in the cytoplasm and of unspliced transcripts in the nucleus, as well as other diverse roles.

Name: Lsm2-8 complex.

Definition: A heteroheptameric, nuclear protein complex composed of Lsm2, Lsm3, Lsm4, Lsm5, Lsm6, Lsm7, and Lsm8, or orthologs thereof, that selectively binds to snRNAs, in particular U6 or U6atac snRNAs, and also to unspliced transcripts localized within the nucleus.

Name: response to copper ion starvation.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of copper ion.

Name: proximal portion of axoneme.

Definition: The portion of the axoneme that is close to the base of the cilium.

Name: distal portion of axoneme.

Definition: The portion of the axoneme that is close to the tip of the cilium.

Name: sulfatide binding.

Definition: Binding to sulfatide, also known as 3-O-sulfogalactosylceramide, SM4, or sulfated galactocerebroside. Sulfatide is a class of sulfoglycolipid, which are glycolipids that contain a sulfate group.

Name: formylglycine-generating oxidase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: A [sulfatase]-L-cysteine + O2 + 2 a thiol = a [sulfatase]-3-oxo-L-alanine + hydrogen sulfide + a disulfide + H2O.

Name: calcium-dependent carbohydrate binding.

Definition: Binding to a carbohydrate in the presence of calcium.

Name: negative regulation of ERBB4 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ERBB4 signaling pathway.

Name: PAR polarity complex.

Definition: A protein kinase complex that is required for the establishment of a cell polarity axis during the cell division cycle. Binds directly to activated CDC42 GTPase and is required for orchestrating a cellular gradient of CDC42. In S. cerevisiae components are: BEM1, CDC24 and CLA4; from worms to vertebrates it contains a PAR6 protein, PAR3 protein and an atypical PKC.

Name: positive regulation of collagen catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.

Name: intraciliary transport particle A binding.

Definition: Binding to an intraciliary transport particle A (IFT A) complex.

Name: regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cold-induced thermogenesis.

Name: negative regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of cold-induced thermogenesis.

Name: steroid hormone biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any steroid hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.

Name: regulation of focal adhesion disassembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of disaggregation of a focal adhesion into its constituent components.

Name: positive regulation of focal adhesion disassembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of disaggregation of a focal adhesion into its constituent components.

Name: positive regulation of protein localization to chromatin.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromatin.

Name: regulation of bile acid secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of bile acid from a cell or a tissue.

Name: negative regulation of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription.

Name: tight junction assembly.

Definition: A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a tight junction. A tight junction seals cells together in an epithelium in a way that prevents even small molecules from leaking from one side of the sheet to the other.

Name: tight junction organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a tight junction. A tight junction seals cells together in an epithelium in a way that prevents even small molecules from leaking from one side of the sheet to the other.

Name: mucociliary clearance.

Definition: The respiratory system process driven by motile cilia on epithelial cells of the respiratory tract by which mucus and associated inhaled particles and pathogens trapped within it are moved out of the airways.

Name: cone photoreceptor outer segment.

Definition: The outer segment of a vertebrate cone photoreceptor that contains membrane discs that are contiguous with the ciliary membrane and containing opsin photoreceptor proteins.

Name: rod photoreceptor outer segment.

Definition: The outer segment of a vertebrate rod photoreceptor that contains sealed membrane discs that are not connected to the ciliary membrane and containing rhodopsin photoreceptor proteins.

Name: subapical part of cell.

Definition: The region of a polarized cell that is just below the apical region. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the apical region has an exposed surface and lies opposite to the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue so the subapical region is further from the exposed surface and closer to the basal lamina.

Name: coenzyme A binding.

Definition: Binding to coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.

Name: acyl-CoA binding.

Definition: Binding to an acyl-CoA, a thioester that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of any carboxylic acid.

Name: outer dynein arm docking complex.

Definition: A complex which stabilizes the binding of and correctly positions the outer dynein arm complex along an A-tubule of the flagellar axoneme outer doublet microtubules.

Name: protein localization to motile cilium.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a motile cilium.

Name: 2-iminobutanoate/2-iminopropanoate deaminase.

Definition: Catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of imine intermediates formed by several types of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent dehydratases, such as EC 4.3.1.19 and EC 4.3.1.17.

Name: 2-iminobutanoate deaminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-iminobutanoate + H2O = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+).

Name: fatty acid omega-hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: an omega-methyl fatty acid + O2 + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] = an omega-hydroxy fatty acid + H+ + H2O + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase].

Name: hydrocarbon metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a hydrocarbon, a compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only.

Name: hydrocarbon catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a hydrocarbon, a compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only.

Name: olefinic compound metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving an olefinic compound, any compound which contains a carbon-carbon double bond (aka C=C).

Name: olefinic compound biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an olefinic compound, any compound which contains a carbon-carbon double bond (aka C=C).

Name: olefinic compound catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an olefinic compound, any compound which contains a carbon-carbon double bond (aka C=C).

Name: 7SK snRNP.

Definition: A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains the 7SK snRNA. The 7SK snRNP plays a central role in RNA polymerase II elongation control by regulating the availability of active P-TEFb.

Name: regulation of heterochromatin organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or location of heterochromatin organization.

Name: negative regulation of heterochromatin organization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heterochromatin organization.

Name: positive regulation of heterochromatin organization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heterochromatin organization.

Name: virus coreceptor activity.

Definition: Combining with a virus component, and in cooperation with a nearby primary receptor, initiating a change in cell activity.

Name: protein serine/threonine kinase binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein serine/threonine kinase.

Name: dynein axonemal particle.

Definition: An aggregation of axonemal dyneins, their specific assembly factors, and broadly-acting chaperones that is located in the cytoplasm.

Name: peptide serotonyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutaminyl-[protein] + serotonin = 5-serotonyl-L-glutamyl-[protein] + NH4(+).

Name: histone serotonyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutaminyl-[histone] + serotonin = 5-serotonyl-L-glutamyl-[histone] + NH4(+).

Name: peptide dopaminyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: dopamine + L-glutaminyl-[protein] = 5-dopaminyl-L-glutamyl-[protein] + NH4(+).

Name: histone dopaminyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: dopamine + L-glutaminyl-[histone] = 5-dopaminyl-L-glutamyl-[histone] + NH4(+).

Name: peptide histaminyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: histamine + L-glutaminyl-[protein] = 5-histaminyl-L-glutamyl-[protein].

Name: peptide lactyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (L-lysyl-[protein] + lactoyl-CoA = CoA + H+ + N(6)-lactoyl-L-lysyl-[protein].

Name: histone lactyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (L-lysyl-[histone] + lactoyl-CoA = CoA + H+ + N(6)-lactoyl-L-lysyl-[histone].

Name: regulation of pigmentation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition or modulates the distribution of coloring matter in an organism.

Name: sperm flagellum assembly.

Definition: The assembly and organization of the sperm flagellum, the microtubule-based axoneme and associated structures that are part of a sperm flagellum (or cilium).

Name: sperm mitochondrial sheath assembly.

Definition: The assembly and organization of the sperm mitochondrial sheath, the tightly packed helical sheath of ATP-producing mitochondria restricted to the midpiece of the sperm flagellum.

Name: long-chain fatty acid omega-1 hydroxylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: an (omega-1)-ethyl long-chain fatty acid + O2 + reduced [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] = an (omega-1)-hydroxy-long-chain fatty acid + H+ + H2O + oxidized [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase.

Name: lipid modification by small protein conjugation.

Definition: A lipid modification process in which one or more groups of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are covalently attached to a target lipid.

Name: lipid ubiquitination.

Definition: The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a lipid.

Name: NuRD complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a NuRD complex.

Name: KICSTOR complex.

Definition: A protein complex that regulates the TORC1 signaling pathway in response to nutrients. The KICSTOR complex is composed of KPTN, ITFG2, C12orf66 and SZT2.

Name: L-aspartate import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of L-aspartate from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: D-aspartate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of D-aspartate from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: meiotic nuclear division.

Definition: One of the two nuclear divisions that occur as part of the meiotic cell cycle.

Name: mitotic nuclear division.

Definition: A mitotic cell cycle process comprising the steps by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides; the process involves condensation of chromosomal DNA into a highly compacted form. Canonically, mitosis produces two daughter nuclei whose chromosome complement is identical to that of the mother cell.

Name: mitochondrial ADP transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which ADP is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.

Name: exocytic process.

Definition: The cellular processes that contribute to exocytosis.

Name: modification-dependent protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein upon post-translation modification of the target protein.

Name: phosphorylation-dependent protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein upon phosphorylation of the target protein.

Name: acetylation-dependent protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein upon acetylation of the target protein.

Name: methylation-dependent protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein upon methylation of the target protein.

Name: ubiquitination-like modification-dependent protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein upon modification by a ubiquitin-like protein of the target protein.

Name: ubiquitin-dependent protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein upon ubiquitination of the target protein.

Name: sumo-dependent protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein upon sumoylation of the target protein.

Name: cell-cell adhesion in response to extracellular stimulus.

Definition: The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules as a result of an extracellular stimulus.

Name: cellular detoxification of methylglyoxal.

Definition: Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity of methylglyoxal.

Name: lipid droplet formation.

Definition: A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts of a lipid droplet.

Name: cellular response to oxidised low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxidized lipoprotein particle stimulus.

Name: mitochondrial gene expression.

Definition: The process in which a mitochondrial gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

Name: organelle localization by membrane tethering.

Definition: The process by which an organelle membrane interacts with another membrane via molecular tethers that physically bridge the two membranes and attach them to each other.

Name: neuron projection arborization.

Definition: The process in which the anatomical structures of a neuron projection are generated and organized into branches. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites.

Name: axon arborization.

Definition: The process in which the terminal anatomical structures of an axon are generated and organized into branches of specialised projections, or boutons. An axon is the long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminal branches.

Name: peptide crotonyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: crotonyl-CoA + lysine in peptide = CoA + N-crotonyl-lysine-peptide.

Name: peptide butyryltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: butyryl-CoA + lysine in peptide = CoA + N-butyryl-lysine-peptide.

Name: peptidyl-lysine crotonylation.

Definition: The crotonylation of a lysine residue in a protein. Crotonyl is the univalent radical CH3-CH=CH-CO- derived from crotonic acid.

Name: peptidyl-lysine butyrylation.

Definition: The butyrylation of a lysine residue in a protein. Butyryl is the univalent radical C3H7COO- derived from butyric acid.

Name: histone crotonyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: crotonyl-CoA + histone = CoA + crotonyl-histone.

Name: class I DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) endonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the cleavage of an AP site 3' of the baseless site by a beta-lyase mechanism, leaving an unsaturated aldehyde, termed a 3'-(4-hydroxy-5-phospho-2-pentenal) residue, and a 5'-phosphate.

Name: ATP-dependent protein-DNA unloader activity.

Definition: Facilitating the removal of a protein or protein complex from a DNA molecule driven by ATP hydrolysis. This can be achieved for example by introducing non-canonical DNA structures or generating torque to directly inhibit a protein-DNA binding interaction.

Name: membrane curvature sensor activity.

Definition: Preferential binding of proteins on curved membranes. The binding to curved membranes by insertion (aka wedging) to curved membranes is mediated by both the hydrophobic and hydrophilic faces of the helix of membrane curvature sensing (MCS) proteins.

Name: catalytic activity, acting on a protein.

Definition: Catalytic activity that acts to modify a protein.

Name: catalytic activity, acting on DNA.

Definition: Catalytic activity that acts to modify DNA.

Name: catalytic activity, acting on RNA.

Definition: Catalytic activity that acts to modify RNA, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Name: catalytic activity, acting on a tRNA.

Definition: Catalytic activity that acts to modify a tRNA.

Name: catalytic activity, acting on a rRNA.

Definition: Catalytic activity that acts to modify a ribosomal RNA.

Name: catalytic activity, acting on a glycoprotein.

Definition: Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures in which one of the substrates is a glycoprotein.

Name: molecular carrier activity.

Definition: Directly binding to a specific ion or molecule and delivering it either to an acceptor molecule or to a specific location.

Name: interleukin-10-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-10 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: transcription regulator activity.

Definition: A molecular function that controls the rate, timing and/or magnitude of gene transcription. The function of transcriptional regulators is to modulate gene expression at the transcription step so that they are expressed in the right cell at the right time and in the right amount throughout the life of the cell and the organism. Genes are transcriptional units, and include bacterial operons.

Name: extracellular vesicle biogenesis.

Definition: The assembly and secretion a set of components to form an extracellular vesicule, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region. Extracellular vesicles include exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies, based on the mechanism by which they are released from cells and differentiated based on their size and content.

Name: export across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of some substance from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.

Name: positive regulation of lymphocyte chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte chemotaxis.

Name: mechanosensitive monoatomic cation channel activity.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress.

Name: mitochondrial potassium ion transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which a potassium ion is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.

Name: nucleocytoplasmic carrier activity.

Definition: Binding to and carrying a cargo between the nucleus and the cytoplasm by moving along with the cargo. The cargo can be either a RNA or a protein.

Name: ammonium import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of an ammonium ion from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: monocarboxylate:sodium symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: monocarboxylate(out) + Na+(out) = monocarboxylate(in) + Na+(in).

Name: regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in some heart process.

Name: negative regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in some heart process.

Name: oligopeptide import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of an oligopeptide from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: dipeptide import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of a dipeptide from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: folic acid:proton symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: folic acid(out) + H+(out) = folic acid(in) + H+(in). The main folic acid symporter is the Proton-Coupled Folate Transporter (PCFT/SLC46A1), which has similar affinity for transport of reduced folates (5-methyl THF, 5-formyl THF) and folic acid.

Name: regulation of long-chain fatty acid import into cell.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of long-chain fatty acid import into a cell.

Name: negative regulation of long-chain fatty acid import into cell.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of long-chain fatty acid import into a cell.

Name: general transcription initiation factor activity.

Definition: A molecular function required for core promoter activity that mediates the assembly of the RNA polymerase holoenzyme at promoter DNA to form the pre-initiation complex (PIC). General transcription factors (GTFs) bind to and open promoter DNA, initiate RNA synthesis and stimulate the escape of the polymerase from the promoter. Not all subunits of the general transcription factor are necessarily present at all promoters to initiate transcription. GTFs act at each promoter, although the exact subunit composition at individual promoters may vary.

Name: DNA topoisomerase III-beta-TDRD3 complex.

Definition: A protein complex that has DNA topoisomerase type I and RNA topoisomerase activities.

Name: presynaptic endocytosis.

Definition: A vesicle-mediated transport process in which the presynapse take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.

Name: regulation protein catabolic process at synapse.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at the synapse.

Name: regulation protein catabolic process at presynapse.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at the presynapse.

Name: cell-cell fusion.

Definition: A cellular process in which two or more cells combine together, their plasma membrane fusing, producing a single cell. In some cases, nuclei fuse, producing a polyploid cell, while in other cases, nuclei remain separate, producing a syncytium.

Name: mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase complex.

Name: BCOR complex.

Definition: A protein-containing complex that monoubiquitinates histone H2A on K119, thus it facilitates the maintenance of the transcriptionally repressive state of some genes, such as BCL6. It consists of the corepressor BCOR or BCORL1, a Polycomb group (PcG) and a SCF ubiquitin ligase subcomplexes. In mammals, the core subunits of the complex include the PcG and PcG-associated proteins NSPC1, RING1, RNF2, and RYBP and the components of the SCF ubiquitin ligase, SKP1, and FBXL10.

Name: mRNA cap binding complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a mRNA cap binding complex.

Name: endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane contact site.

Definition: A contact site between the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and the plasma membrane, structured by bridging complexes.

Name: hexose import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of hexose from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: exogenous protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein or protein complex from a different species, for example a pathogen molecule binding to a host protein.

Name: endoplasmic reticulum-endosome membrane contact site.

Definition: A contact site between the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and the endosome membrane.

Name: endosome fission.

Definition: The process by which early and late endosomes undergo budding and fission reactions that separate regions destined for lysosomal degradation from carriers to be recycled to the plasma membrane.

Name: peptidyl-serine ADP-deribosylation.

Definition: The removal of ADP-ribose from ADP-ribosylserine.

Name: peptidyl-glutamate ADP-deribosylation.

Definition: The removal of ADP-ribose from ADP-ribosylglutamate.

Name: ADP-ribosylserine hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-seryl-[protein] + H2O = L-seryl-[protein] + ADP-ribose.

Name: ADP-ribosylglutamate hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: (ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-glutamyl-[protein] + H2O = L-glutamyl-[protein] + ADP-ribose.

Name: NAD DNA ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of the ADP-ribose group of NAD+ to a residue in double-stranded DNA.

Name: general transcription initiation factor binding.

Definition: Binding to a general transcription initiation factor, a protein that contributes to transcription start site selection and transcription initiation.

Name: DNA-binding transcription factor binding.

Definition: Binding to a DNA-binding transcription factor, a protein that interacts with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within the regulatory region of a gene to modulate transcription.

Name: endocytic iron import into cell.

Definition: Uptake of iron into a cell via binding to an extracellular receptor, which is internalized by endocytosis.

Name: small molecule sensor activity.

Definition: Binding to a small molecule and eliciting a change in the protein's activity in response to the intracellular level of that small molecule.

Name: serine import into mitochondrion.

Definition: The process in which serine is transported from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix.

Name: intramembrane lipid transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transport of a lipid from a region of a membrane to a different region on the same membrane.

Name: protein sequestering activity.

Definition: Binding to a protein to prevent it from interacting with other partners or to inhibit its localization to the area of the cell or complex where it is active.

Name: cargo adaptor activity.

Definition: Binding directly to the structural scaffolding elements of a vesicle coat (such as clathrin or COPII), and bridging the membrane, cargo receptor, and membrane deformation machinery.

Name: molecular sequestering activity.

Definition: Binding to a specific molecule to prevent it from interacting with other partners or to inhibit its localization to the area of the cell or complex where it is active.

Name: calcium ion sequestering activity.

Definition: Binding to a calcium ion to prevent it from interacting with other partners or to inhibit its localization to the area of the cell or complex where it is active.

Name: protein transporter activity.

Definition: Directly binding to a specific protein and delivering it to a specific cellular location.

Name: suppression of host autophagy.

Definition: Any process in which a symbiont organism decreases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy in the host cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.

Name: ATPase-coupled intramembrane lipid transporter activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the movement of lipids from one membrane leaflet to the other, driven by ATP hydrolysis. This includes flippases and floppases.

Name: flippase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the movement of lipids from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.

Name: floppase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the movement of a lipid from the cytosolic to the exoplasmic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.

Name: lysophospholipid translocation.

Definition: The movement of a lysophospholipid molecule from one leaflet of a membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet.

Name: aminophospholipid translocation.

Definition: The movement of an aminophospholipid molecule from one leaflet of a membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet.

Name: glycerophospholipid flippase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the movement of a glycerophospholipid from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.

Name: diacylglyceride transfer activity.

Definition: Directly binding to diacylglyceride and delivering it either to an acceptor molecule or to a specific location.

Name: sphingomyelin transfer activity.

Definition: Removes a sphingomyelin from the outer leaflet of a donor membrane, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to the outer leaflet of an acceptor membrane.

Name: phosphatidylglycerol transfer activity.

Definition: Directly binding to phosphatidylglycerol and delivering it either to an acceptor molecule or to a specific location.

Name: cerebroside transfer activity.

Definition: Directly binding to a cerebroside and delivering it either to an acceptor molecule or to a specific location.

Name: phosphatidylserine transfer activity.

Definition: Removes phosphatidylserine from the outer leaflet of a donor membrane, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to the outer leaflet of an acceptor membrane.

Name: triglyceride transfer activity.

Definition: Directly binding to a triglyceride and delivering it either to an acceptor molecule or to a specific location.

Name: phosphatidylcholine flippase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the movement of phosphatidylcholine from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.

Name: phosphatidylserine flippase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the movement of phosphatidylserine from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.

Name: glycosylceramide flippase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the movement of glycosylceramide from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP. Glycosylceramides are ceramides containing a functional group derived from a sugar.

Name: export from cell.

Definition: The directed movement of some substance from a cell, into the extracellular region. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via exocytosis.

Name: lipid export from cell.

Definition: The directed movement of a lipid from a cell, into the extracellular region.

Name: lipid import into cell.

Definition: The directed movement of a lipid from outside of a cell into a cell. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis.

Name: P-type transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Primary active transporter that auto-phosphorylates (hence P) at a key conserved aspartate residue, generating a conformational change that allows transport of the substrate. Hydrolysis of the phosphorylated Asp residue, catalyzed by the actuator (A) domain, results in another state with occluded substrates. Upon dissociation of Mg2+ and inorganic phosphate (Pi), the enzyme reverts to the initial state, in which the counter-transported substrate is released into the cytosol.

Name: ABC-type transporter activity.

Definition: Primary active transporter characterized by two nucleotide-binding domains and two transmembrane domains. Uses the energy generated from ATP hydrolysis to drive the transport of a substance across a membrane.

Name: cyclic-GMP-AMP transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of cyclic-GMP-AMP from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: cyclic-GMP-AMP transmembrane import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of cyclic-GMP-AMP from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: antibacterial innate immune response.

Definition: An defense response against a bacteria mediated through an innate immune response. An innate immune response is mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.

Name: antiviral innate immune response.

Definition: A defense response against viruses mediated through an innate immune response. An innate immune response is mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.

Name: immune receptor activity.

Definition: Receiving a signal and transmitting it in a cell to initiate an immune response.

Name: solute:bicarbonate symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + HCO3-(out) = solute(in) + HCO3-(in).

Name: transcription regulator inhibitor activity.

Definition: A molecular function regulator that inhibits the activity of a transcription regulator via direct binding and/or post-translational modification.

Name: DNA-(abasic site) binding.

Definition: Binding to a DNA site that has neither a purine nor a pyrimidine base. Apurinic sites can form spontaneously or when DNA glycosylase removes a damaged base.

Name: protein stearoylation.

Definition: The covalent attachment of a stearoyl group to an amino acid in a protein.

Name: protein-cysteine S-stearoyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a stearoyl (systematic name, octadecanoyl) group to a sulfur atom on the cysteine of a protein molecule, in the reaction: octadecanoyl-CoA + L-cysteinyl-[protein] = CoA + S-octadecanoyl-L-cysteinyl-[protein].

Name: cytoskeleton-nuclear membrane anchor activity.

Definition: The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a cytoskeletal protein or protein complex and a nuclear membrane lipid or membrane-associated protein, in order to maintain the localization of the cytoskeleton at a specific location of the nuclear membrane.

Name: chromosome, telomeric repeat region.

Definition: A complex of DNA and protein that seals the end of a chromosome. The telomeric repeat DNA consists of simple tandemly repeated sequences specific for each species. Typically one strand is G-rich and the other C-rich. The G-rich strand forms a 3'-terminal overhang, the length of which varies with species. The single strand overhang is bound by a variety of proteins, including telomere capping proteins that bind to the single-stranded DNA and seal the telomeric loop.

Name: cytokine precursor processing.

Definition: The cleavage of a peptide bond in a precursor form of a cytokine, resulting in the mature (active) form of the cytokine.

Name: signaling receptor ligand precursor processing.

Definition: The cleavage of a peptide bond in a precursor form of a signaling receptor ligand, resulting in the mature (active) form of the ligand.

Name: protein targeting to Golgi apparatus.

Definition: The process of targeting specific proteins to the Golgi apparatus. Usually requires an organelle-specific protein sequence motif or a protein modification (for example a palmitoylation).

Name: cytoplasm protein quality control.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded proteins in the cytoplasm, which are either targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation or protected by chaperones to shield thermosensitive proteins from degradation until conditions allow disaggregation and refolding.

Name: protein demethylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a protein.

Name: chromatin-protein adaptor activity.

Definition: The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a protein or a protein complex with a nucleosome, to establish or maintain the chromatin localization of the protein, or protein complex.

Name: iron-sulfur cluster export from the mitochondrion.

Definition: The directed movement of iron sulfur clusters from inside the mitochondrion into the cytosol by crossing the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Name: integrated stress response signaling.

Definition: The series of molecular signals generated in response to diverse stress stimuli required to restore cellular homeostasis. The core event in this pathway is the phosphorylation of eIF2 alpha by one of four members of the eIF2a kinase family (EIF2AK1/HRI, EIF2AK2/PKR, EIF2AK3/PERK and EIF2AK4/GCN2), which leads to a decrease in global protein synthesis and the induction of selected genes, including the transcription factor ATF4, that together promote cellular recovery.

Name: HRI-mediated signaling.

Definition: A series of reactions in which a signal is passed on to downstream proteins within the cell via HRI (also known as EIF2AK1), an intracellular protein kinase that is activated by stress signals, such as heme deficiency, oxidative stress, osmotic shock, mitochondrial dysfunction and heat shock.

Name: GCN2-mediated signaling.

Definition: A series of reactions in which a signal is passed on to downstream proteins within the cell via GCN2 (also known as EIF2AK4), an intracellular protein kinase that is activated by stress signals, such as amino acid starvation.

Name: ABC-type iron-sulfur cluster transporter activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + iron-sulfur cluster(in) = ADP + phosphate + iron-sulfur cluster(out).

Name: kinetochore adaptor activity.

Definition: The binding activity of a protein that brings the kinetochore and another molecule into contact, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way.

Name: 5-aminolevulinic acid import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of 5-aminolevulinic acid from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: 5-aminolevulinic acid transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of 5-aminolevulinic acid from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: metal ion sequestering activity.

Definition: Binding to a metal ion to prevent it from interacting with other partners or to inhibit its localization to the area of the cell or complex where it is active.

Name: metal-dependent deubiquitinase activity.

Definition: An metal-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves ubiquitin from a target protein to which it is conjugated.

Name: very long-chain fatty acid beta-oxidation.

Definition: A fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway acting on fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22 in which the initial step, which converts an acyl-CoA to a trans-2-enoyl-CoA, is catalyzed by acyl-CoA oxidase; the electrons removed by oxidation pass directly to oxygen and produce hydrogen peroxide, which is cleaved by peroxisomal catalases. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and ends when only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).

Name: negative regulation of mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of negative regulation of mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling.

Name: granzyme-mediated programmed cell death signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals induced by granzymes which triggers the cell death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a granzyme signal, and ends when the execution phase of cell death is triggered. Granzymes are serine proteases that are secreted by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells to induce cell death in target cells.

Name: nuclear protein-containing complex.

Definition: A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together in the nucleus.

Name: protein-RNA adaptor activity.

Definition: The binding activity of a protein that brings together another protein and an RNA, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way.

Name: reciprocal homologous recombination.

Definition: A DNA recombination process that results in the bidirectional exchange of genetic material between highly homologous DNA molecules.

Name: endoplasmic reticulum protein-containing complex.

Definition: A protein complex that is part of an endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: intracellular protein-containing complex.

Definition: A protein-containing complex located intracellularly.

Name: nuclear receptor corepressor activity.

Definition: A transcription corepressor activity that represses or decreases the transcription of specific gene sets via binding to a DNA-bound nuclear receptor, either on its own or as part of a complex. Nuclear receptor corepressors often act by altering chromatin structure and modifications. For example, one class of transcription nuclear receptor corepressors modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second class remodels the conformation of chromatin in an ATP-dependent fashion. A third class modulates interactions of DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factors with other transcription coregulators.

Name: transcription regulator activator activity.

Definition: A molecular function regulator that increases the activity of a transcription regulator via direct binding and/or post-translational modification.

Name: ATP-dependent protein disaggregase activity.

Definition: An ATP-dependent molecular chaperone activity that mediates the solubilization of ordered protein aggregates.

Name: defense response to symbiont.

Definition: Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a symbiont that act to protect the cell or organism from damage caused by that symbiont.

Name: TEAD-YAP complex.

Definition: A transcription factor complex that is composed of the one DNA binding protein of the TEAD family and the transcriptional coactivator YAP.

Name: xylosyl alpha-1,3-xylosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalyzes the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-xylose + [protein with EGF-like domain]-3-O-(alpha-D-xylosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucosyl)-L-serine <=> UDP + [protein with EGF-like domain]-3-O-(alpha-D-xylosyl-(1->3)-alpha-D-xylosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucosyl)-L-serine. The enzyme, found in animals and insects, is involved in the biosynthesis of the alpha-D-xylosyl-(1->3)-alpha-D-xylosyl-(1->3)- beta-D-glucosyl trisaccharide on epidermal growth factor-like (EGF- like) domains.

Name: histone reader activity.

Definition: A chromatin adaptor that recognizes specific forms of histones, either modified by a post-translational modification, or the unmodified form. Histone readers have roles in many processes, including in centromere function or in modulating the accessibility of cis-regulatory regions to the transcription machinery.

Name: membrane protein dislocase activity.

Definition: The activity of removing a protein from a membrane, by binding to a transmembrane helical fragment of a tail-anchored protein and releasing it from the the hydrophobic region of one or both lipid bilayers. The reaction is driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Name: extraction of mislocalized protein from membrane.

Definition: The removal of a mislocalized protein from a cellular membrane.

Name: extraction of mislocalized protein from ER membrane.

Definition: The removal of a mislocalized protein from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane.

Name: extraction of mislocalized protein from mitochondrial outer membrane.

Definition: The removal of a mislocalized protein from the mitochondrial outer membrane.

Name: transmembrane ascorbate ferrireductase activity.

Definition: Oxidation of Fe(3+) to Fe(2+) on the outer side of a membrane coupled to the reduction of L-ascorbate to monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical on the inner side of a membrane. Electrons get transferred across the membrane during the reaction.

Name: transmembrane monodehydroascorbate reductase activity.

Definition: Oxidation of monodehydroascorbate outside of a membrane coupled to the reduction of L-ascorbate to monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical on the inner side of a membrane. Electrons get transferred across the membrane during the reaction.

Name: ascorbate homeostasis.

Definition: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ascorbate at the level of a cell.

Name: P-type monovalent copper transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Cu+(in) -> ADP + phosphate + Cu+(out).

Name: promoter-enhancer loop anchoring activity.

Definition: Bridging together two cis-regulatory elements, colloquially referred to as promoters and/or enhancers, holding two loop anchors together to maintain a chromatin loop.

Name: chromatin loop anchoring activity.

Definition: Bridging together two DNA loop anchors together, maintaining a chromatin loop.

Name: chromatin looping.

Definition: A chromatin organization process that starts with the loading of an extrusion motor (by an SMC family complex) onto the chromatin, followed by chromatin extrusion that stops at loop anchoring sites on the chromosome.

Name: protein carrier chaperone.

Definition: Binding to and carrying a protein between two different cellular components by moving along with the target protein.

Name: cysteine-type endopeptidase activator activity.

Definition: Binds to and increases the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase.

Name: DNA damage sensor activity.

Definition: A molecule that recognises toxic DNA structures, for example, double-strand breaks or collapsed replication forks, and initiates a signalling response.

Name: P-type manganese transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Mn2+(in) = ADP + H+ + Mn2+(out) + phosphate.

Name: iodotyrosine deiodinase activity.

Definition: Catalyzes the reaction: 2 iodide + L-tyrosine + 2 NADP+ = 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine + H+ + 2 NADPH. Note that this activity has only been demonstrated in the direction of 3-deiodination. 3-bromo-L-tyrosine and 3-chloro-L-tyrosine can also be used as substrates.

Name: ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the C-end degron rule pathway.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide covalently tagged with ubiquitin, via the DesCEND (destruction via C-end degron) pathway. In the DesCEND pathway, C-terminal residues (C-end degrons) in substrates are recognized by Cul2-RING and Cul4-RING E3 ligases, whereupon the substrates are linked to ubiquitin and then delivered to the proteasome for degradation. C-end degrons can be present in full-length proteins, truncated proteins or proteolytically cleaved forms.

Name: inflammasome complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an inflammasome complex.

Name: catalytic activity, acting on a nucleic acid.

Definition: Catalytic activity that acts to modify a nucleic acid.

Name: radial glia-guided pyramidal neuron migration.

Definition: The radial migration of a pyramidal neuron along radial glial cells.

Name: ATP-dependent activity.

Definition: A molecular function characterized by the coupling of ATP hydrolysis to other steps of a reaction mechanism to make the reaction energetically favorable, for example to catalyze a reaction or drive transport against a concentration gradient.

Name: ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler activity.

Definition: An activity, driven by ATP hydrolysis, that modulates the contacts between histones and DNA, resulting in a change in chromosome architecture within the nucleosomal array, leading to chromatin remodeling.

Name: ATP-dependent protein folding chaperone.

Definition: Binding to a protein or a protein-containing complex to assist the protein folding process, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Name: ATP-dependent DNA damage sensor activity.

Definition: A molecule that recognises toxic DNA structures, and initiates a signalling response, driven by ATP hydrolysis.

Name: annealing activity.

Definition: An activity that facilitates the formation of a complementary double-stranded polynucleotide molecule.

Name: ATAC complex.

Definition: A chromatin remodelling complex that regulates transcription via acetylation primarily of nucleosomal histones H3 and possibly H4. Shares the histone acetylation (HAT) module of GCN5/PCAF-ADA2-ADA3-SGF29 (or orthologs) with the related SAGA complex (GO:0000124). Contains HAT subunits GCN5 or PCAF in a mutually exclusive manner. In addition to the HAT module contains DR1/NC2B, KAT14, MBIP, WDR5, YEATS2 and ZZZ3 or orthologs. Also regulates the activity of non-histone targets and orchestrates mitotic progression by regulating Cyclin A degradation through acetylation.

Name: transcription elongation-coupled chromatin remodeling.

Definition: A chromatin remodeling process that reestablishes the chromatin structure following the passage of RNA polymerase II during transcription elongation.

Name: molecular function activator activity.

Definition: A molecular function regulator that activates or increases the activity of its target via non-covalent binding that does not result in covalent modification to the target.

Name: molecular function inhibitor activity.

Definition: A molecular function regulator that inhibits or decreases the activity of its target via non-covalent binding that does not result in covalent modification to the target.

Name: FAD-dependent H3K4me/H3K4me3 demethylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a di- or a monomethyl-lysine residue at position 4 of the histone H3 protein. This is a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent amine oxidation reaction.

Name: histone H3K9me/H3K9me2 demethylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a di or a monomethyl-lysine residue at position 9 of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.

Name: histone H3K9me2/H3K9me3 demethylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a tri or a dimethyl-lysine residue at position 9 of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.

Name: molecular condensate scaffold activity.

Definition: Binding and bringing together two or more macromolecules in contact, permitting those molecules to organize as a molecular condensate.

Name: non-membrane-bounded organelle assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a non-membrane-bounded organelle.

Name: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GTP = 2 diphosphate + cyclic GMP-AMP.

Name: cyclic GMP-AMP binding.

Definition: Binding to cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) nucleotide.

Name: protein-containing complex localization to centriolar satellite.

Definition: A protein-containing complex localization by which the complex is transported to, or maintained in, the centriolar satellite.

Name: histone chaperone activity.

Definition: Binding to and carrying a histone or a histone complex to unload or deposit it as a nucleosome. The histone can be newly synthesized or result from nucleosome disassembly (either spontaneously, or by a histone chaperone).

Name: facultative heterochromatin formation.

Definition: The compaction of chromatin into a conformation that is refactory to transcription but that be converted to euchromatin and allow transcription in specific contexts. These can be temporal (e.g., developmental states or specific cell-cycle stages), spatial (e.g., nuclear localization changes from the center to the periphery or vice versa due to exogenous factors/signals), or parental/heritable (e.g., monoallelic gene expression).

Name: constitutive heterochromatin formation.

Definition: The compaction of chromatin into a conformation that is refactory to transcription.

Name: nuclease inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and modulates the activity of a nuclease.

Name: NLRP6 inflammasome complex.

Definition: An inflammasome complex that consists of NLRP6, PYCARD/ASC and caspase-1 or caspase-4/caspase-11.

Name: NLRP6 inflammasome complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a NLRP6 inflammasome complex.

Name: regulation of lncRNA transcription.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of a lncRNA.

Name: negative regulation of lncRNA transcription.

Definition: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of a lncRNA.

Name: siRNA transcription.

Definition: The transcription of a small interfering RNA from an RNA template.

Name: regulation of ncRNA transcription.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription of a non-protein coding gene from a DNA-template.

Name: phlorizin hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: phlorizin + H2O = beta-D-glucose + phloretin.

Name: histone octamer slider activity.

Definition: A chromatin remodeler activity that slides core histone octamers along chromosomal DNA.

Name: reorganization of cellular membranes to establish viral sites of replication.

Definition: A process in intracellular membranes are reorganized by viral proteins that perturb membrane integrity and can cause an extensive rearrangement of cellular membranes, forming membranous webs, which are thought to be the site of replication or certain viruses, for example the HPV virus.

Name: NAD-dependent histone H3K56 deacetylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 56) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 56) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 56 of the histone H3 protein.

Name: siRNA-mediated gene silencing.

Definition: A post-transcriptional gene silencing pathway in which small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) elicit silencing of specific target genes. siRNAs are 21-23 nucleotide RNA duplexes that are fully complementary to their target mRNA. siRNAs can be exported and act in other cells, including in germline cells. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), siRNAs can downregulate gene expression by either of two posttranscriptional mechanisms: endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA or mRNA translational repression. siRNAs are present in lower animals and plants, but not found in mammals; whereas miRNAs are present in all the animals and in plants.

Name: enzyme-substrate adaptor activity.

Definition: An adaptor that brings together an enzyme and its substrate. Adaptors recruit the substrate to its enzyme, thus contributing to substrate selection and specificity.

Name: protein ADP-ribosyltransferase-substrate adaptor activity.

Definition: An enzyme-substrate adaptor that bings together a protein ADP-ribosyl transferase and its substrate.

Name: NAD-dependent protein demyristoylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N6-tetradecanoyl-L-lysyl-[protein] + NAD+ + H2O = tetradecanoyl-ADP-D-ribose + L-lysyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.

Name: NAD-dependent protein depalmitoylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: N6-octadecanoyl-L-lysyl-[protein] + NAD+ + H2O = octadecanoyl-ADP-D-ribose + L-lysyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.

Name: protein-containing complex destabilizing activity.

Definition: A molecular function that involves direct binding to one of the subunits of a protein-containing complex and promoting the dissociation of one or many subunits. This often happens by changing the conformation of the protein being bound, which decreases its affinity for the rest of the complex.

Name: metal ion sensor activity.

Definition: Binding to and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of a metal ion.

Name: phosphate ion uniporter activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the active transport of a phosphate ion across a membrane by a mechanism involving conformational change, where energy for active transport is derived from membrane potential if the solute is charged.

Name: L-glutamate uniporter activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the active transport of a L-glutamate across a membrane by a mechanism involving conformational change, where energy for active transport is derived from membrane potential if the solute is charged.

Name: histone phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphorylated histone + H2O = a protein + phosphate.

Name: histone tyrosine phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: histone tyrosine phosphate + H2O = histone tyrosine + phosphate.

Name: histone H2Y142 phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: histone H2 tyrosine phosphate (position 142) + H2O = histone tyrosine (position 142) + phosphate.

Name: histone arginine deiminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + histone 3 L-arginyl = histone 3 L-citrullyl + NH4+, resulting in histone citrullination.

Name: histone H3R2 arginine deiminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + histone 3 L-arginyl (position 2)= histone 3 L-citrullyl (position 2) + NH4+, resulting in histone H3 citrullination at position 2.

Name: histone H3R8 arginine deiminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + histone 3 L-arginyl (position 8)= histone 3 L-citrullyl (position 8) + NH4+, resulting in histone H3 citrullination at position 8.

Name: histone H3R17 arginine deiminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + histone 3 L-arginyl (position 17)= histone 3 L-citrullyl (position 17) + NH4+, resulting in histone H3 citrullination at position 17.

Name: histone H3R26 arginine deiminase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + histone 3 L-arginyl (position 26)= histone 3 L-citrullyl (position 26) + NH4+, resulting in histone H3 citrullination at position 26.

Name: histone H2AY142 kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the tyrosine-142 residue of the C-terminal tail of histone H2A.

Name: NAD+-protein-C-terminal glycine ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: [protein]-C-terminal glycine + NAD+ = [protein]-C-terminal O-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-glycine + nicotinamide.

Name: NAD+- protein-cysteine ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-cysteinyl-[protein] + NAD+ = H+ + nicotinamide + S-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-cysteinyl-[protein].

Name: NAD+- protein-lysine ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysyl-[protein] + NAD+ = H+ + N(6)-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-lysyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.

Name: NAD+-protein-serine ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-seryl-[protein] + NAD+ = H+ + nicotinamide + O-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-seryl-[protein].

Name: NAD+- protein-aspartate ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartyl-[protein] + NAD+ = 4-O-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-aspartyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.

Name: NAD+-protein-glutamate ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamyl-[protein] + NAD+ = 5-O-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-glutamyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.

Name: NAD+-protein-tyrosine ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosyl-[protein] + NAD+ = H+ + nicotinamide + O-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-tyrosyl-[protein].

Name: NAD+-protein-histidine ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: L-histidyl-[protein] + NAD+ = H+ + Nt-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-histidyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.

Name: cytosol to Golgi apparatus transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances from the cytosol into the Golgi apparatus of a cell.

Name: thioredoxin-dependent peroxiredoxin activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: [thioredoxin]-dithiol + a hydroperoxide = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + an alcohol + H2O.

Name: zinc:proton antiporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of zinc from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + Zn2+(in) = H+(in) + Zn2+(out).

Name: metal cation:monoatomic cation antiporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + Na+(in) = solute(in) + Na+(out).

Name: bicarbonate:monoatomic anion antiporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(in) + HCO3-(out) = solute(out) + HCO3-(in).

Name: amino acid:monoatomic cation antiporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + monoatomic cation(in) = solute(in) + monoatomic cation(out). Monoatomic cations include H+, Mg2+, Ca2+, etc.

Name: histone H3T45 kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the threonine-45 residue of histone H3.

Name: DNA repair-dependent chromatin remodeling.

Definition: A chromatin remodeling process that allows DNA repair enzyme to access genomic DNA and repair DNA lesions.

Name: interferon-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by type II interferon binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Type II interferon is also known as interferon-gamma.

Name: DNA replication-dependent chromatin disassembly.

Definition: The disruption of nucleosomes during DNA replication to allow the replication machinery to access the DNA.

Name: neutral amino acid, sodium:proton antiporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(in) + amino acid(out) + Na+(out) = H+(out) + amino acid(in) + Na+(in).

Name: endolysosomal toll-like receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to an endolysosomal pattern recognition receptor (PRR) of the toll-like family. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species.

Name: cell surface toll-like receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a cell surface pattern recognition receptor (PRR) of the toll-like family.

Name: chloride:bicarbonate antiporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: chloride(in) + HCO3-(out) = chloride(out) + HCO3-(in).

Name: L-asparagine:sodium symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: L-asparagine(out) + Na+(out) = L-asparagine(in) + Na+(in).

Name: L-glutamine:sodium symporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: L-glutamine(out) + Na+(out) = L-glutamine(in) + Na+(in).

Name: histone H3K122 acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 122) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 122).

Name: pore-forming activity.

Definition: An activity in which a protein is inserted into the membrane of another cell where it forms transmembrane pores. Pores disrupts the integrity of the cell membrane, resulting in deregulated ion homeostasis, cellular dysfunction, and can result in cell death.

Name: membrane destabilizing activity.

Definition: Binding to a membrane and increasing its permeability. This may lead to cell membrane lysis and cell content release.

Name: zinc ion import into lysosome.

Definition: The directed import of zinc(2+) from the cytosol, across an organelle membrane, into a lysosome.

Name: L-kynurenine transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of L-kynurenine across a membrane.

Name: L-kynurenine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of L-kynurenine from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: histone H3 methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a histone H3 = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a methylated histone H3. Histone methylation generally occurs on either an arginine or a lysine residue.

Name: histone H4 methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a histone H4 = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a methylated histone H4. Histone methylation generally occurs on either an arginine or a lysine residue.

Name: disruption of cellular component of another organism.

Definition: The disruption of a cellular component of another organism, leading to damage or temporary subversion of that structure. In some cases this can cause malfunctioning of the cells and death of the target organism.

Name: regulation of spontaneous synaptic transmission.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of spontaneous synaptic transmission.

Name: enzyme activator complex.

Definition: A protein complex capable of activating an enzyme. Activating subunits may dissociate from the catalytic unit before the enzyme is active.

Name: oxidised low-density lipoprotein particle clearance.

Definition: The process in which an oxidised low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.

Name: oxidised low-density lipoprotein particle receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with an oxidised low-density lipoprotein particle and delivering the oxidised low-density lipoprotein particle into the cell via endocytosis.

Name: regulation of protein localization to lysosome.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to lysosome.

Name: positive regulation of protein localization to lysosome.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to lysosome.

Name: negative regulation of protein localization to lysosome.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to lysosome.

Name: distal axon.

Definition: That part of an axon close to and including the growth cone or the axon terminus.

Name: amylin receptor complex 1.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor complex that serves as a receptor for amylin polypeptide (AMY) and consists of a calcitonin receptor (CTR/CALCR) and a receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP) 1. Amylin receptor complex 1 (AMY1) also serves as a receptor for the calcitonin related peptide (CGRP) and adrenomedullin (AM/ADM).

Name: amylin receptor complex 2.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor complex that serves as a receptor for amylin polypeptide (AMY) and consists of a calcitonin receptor (CTR/CALCR) and a receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP) 2. Amylin receptor complex 2 (AMY2) also serves as a receptor for adrenomedullin (AM/ADM).

Name: amylin receptor complex 3.

Definition: A G protein-coupled receptor complex that serves as a receptor for amylin polypeptide (AMY) and consists of a calcitonin receptor (CTR/CALCR) and a receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP) 3. Amylin receptor complex 3 (AMY3) also serves as a receptor for the amyloid-beta complex. Ligand binding to AMY3 results in increased cytosolic calcium ion levels and in activation on multiple intracellular signalling pathways.

Name: visual system development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the visual system over time, from its formation to the mature structure, including the eye, parts of the central nervous system (CNS) involved in processing of visual inputs, and connecting nerve pathways.

Name: regulation of deacetylase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of deacetylase activity.

Name: negative regulation of deacetylase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of deacetylase activity.

Name: regulation of arginase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of arginase activity.

Name: positive regulation of arginase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of arginase activity.

Name: regulation of protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase activity.

Name: positive regulation of protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase activity.

Name: neuroinflammatory response.

Definition: The immediate defensive reaction by neural vertebrate tissue to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents.

Name: regulation of neuroinflammatory response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuroinflammatory response.

Name: positive regulation of neuroinflammatory response.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuroinflammatory response.

Name: negative regulation of neuroinflammatory response.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuroinflammatory response.

Name: amyloid-beta clearance by transcytosis.

Definition: The process in which amyloid-beta is removed from extracellular brain regions by cell surface receptor-mediated endocytosis, followed by transcytosis across the blood-brain barrier.

Name: amyloid-beta clearance by cellular catabolic process.

Definition: The process in which amyloid-beta is removed from extracellular brain regions by cell surface receptor-mediated endocytosis, followed by intracellular degradation.

Name: regulation of microtubule anchoring at centrosome.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule anchoring at centrosome.

Name: negative regulation of monocyte activation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte activation.

Name: transport across blood-brain barrier.

Definition: The directed movement of substances (e.g. macromolecules, small molecules, ions) through the blood-brain barrier.

Name: protein localization to cell-cell junction.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained, in a location within a cell-cell junction.

Name: regulation of protein localization to cell-cell junction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell-cell junction.

Name: positive regulation of protein localization to cell-cell junction.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell-cell junction.

Name: regulation of transepithelial transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transepithelial transport.

Name: cell-substrate junction organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell-substrate junction. A cell-substrate junction is a specialized region of connection between a cell and the extracellular matrix.

Name: regulation of cell-substrate junction organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate junction organization.

Name: positive regulation of cell-substrate junction organization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate junction organization.

Name: negative regulation of cell-substrate junction organization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate junction organization.

Name: regulation of interleukin-33 production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-33 production.

Name: positive regulation of interleukin-33 production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-33 production.

Name: cell junction disassembly.

Definition: The disaggregation of a cell junction into its constituent components.

Name: cell-cell junction disassembly.

Definition: The disaggregation of a cell-cell junction into its constituent components.

Name: regulation of phosphatidylcholine metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylcholine metabolic process.

Name: positive regulation of phosphatidylcholine metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylcholine metabolic process.

Name: negative regulation of phosphatidylcholine metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylcholine metabolic process.

Name: regulation of transport across blood-brain barrier.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transport across the blood-brain barrier.

Name: positive regulation of transport across blood-brain barrier.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transport across blood-brain barrier.

Name: ADP-D-ribose modification-dependent protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein upon ADP-ribosylation of the target protein.

Name: poly-ADP-D-ribose modification-dependent protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein upon poly-ADP-ribosylation of the target protein.

Name: glutathione import into mitochondrion.

Definition: The process in which glutathione is transported from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix.

Name: protein decrotonylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N6-(2E)-butenoyl-L-lysyl-[protein] = (2E)-2-butenoate + L-lysyl-[protein].

Name: histone decrotonylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N6-(2E)-butenoyl-L-lysyl-[histone] = (2E)-2-butenoate + L-lysyl-[histone].

Name: protein de-2-hydroxyisobutyrylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N6-(2-hydroxyisobutanoyl)-L-lysyl-[protein] = 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate + L-lysyl-[protein].

Name: NAD-dependent protein decrotonylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N6-(2E)-butenoyl-L-lysyl-[protein] + NAD+ = 2''-O-(2E)-but-2-enoyl-ADP-D-ribose + L-lysyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.

Name: NAD-dependent histone decrotonylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N6-(2E)-butenoyl-L-lysyl-[histone] + NAD+ = 2''-O-(2E)-but-2-enoyl-ADP-D-ribose + L-lysyl-[histone] + nicotinamide.

Name: positive regulation of ferroptosis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ferroptosis.

Name: maternal-to-zygotic transition of gene expression.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression by which developmental control passes from the maternal genome to the zygotic genome.

Name: microfibril assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of microfibril.

Name: cell-cell signaling by wnt.

Definition: Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another, medaited by a wnt family protein ligand. This process includes wnt signal transduction in the receiving cell, release of wnt ligand from a secreting cell as well as any processes that actively facilitate wnt transport and presentation to receptor on the recieving cell.

Name: regulation of serine-type endopeptidase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type endopeptidase activity.

Name: negative regulation of serine-type endopeptidase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type endopeptidase activity.

Name: positive regulation of serine-type endopeptidase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type endopeptidase activity.

Name: positive regulation of dendrite development.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite development.

Name: regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor activity.

Name: negative regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor activity.

Name: regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response.

Name: negative regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response.

Name: positive regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response.

Name: regulation of protein kinase C activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase C activity.

Name: positive regulation of protein kinase C activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase C activity.

Name: regulation of D-erythro-sphingosine kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of D-erythro-sphingosine kinase activity.

Name: regulation of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading.

Name: negative regulation of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading.

Name: positive regulation of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading.

Name: regulation of ruffle assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ruffle assembly.

Name: negative regulation of ruffle assembly.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ruffle assembly.

Name: positive regulation of ruffle assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ruffle assembly.

Name: regulation of cellular response to heat.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to heat.

Name: negative regulation of cellular response to heat.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to heat.

Name: positive regulation of cellular response to heat.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to heat.

Name: regulation of cellular response to hypoxia.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to hypoxia.

Name: negative regulation of cellular response to hypoxia.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to hypoxia.

Name: regulation of protein K63-linked ubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein K63-linked ubiquitination.

Name: negative regulation of protein K63-linked ubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein K63-linked ubiquitination.

Name: regulation of hemostasis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hemostasis.

Name: negative regulation of hemostasis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hemostasis.

Name: positive regulation of hemostasis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hemostasis.

Name: regulation of retinoic acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retinoic acid biosynthetic process.

Name: negative regulation of retinoic acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retinoic acid biosynthetic process.

Name: negative regulation of ceramide biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a ceramide biosynthetic process.

Name: regulation of peroxisome organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peroxisome organization.

Name: regulation of cellular hyperosmotic salinity response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular hyperosmotic salinity response.

Name: regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to insulin stimulus.

Name: negative regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to insulin stimulus.

Name: positive regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to insulin stimulus.

Name: regulation of arginine catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of arginine catabolic process.

Name: negative regulation of arginine catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of arginine catabolic process.

Name: regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation.

Name: negative regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation.

Name: positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation.

Name: positive regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle.

Definition: Any signalling pathway that increases or activates a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.

Name: regulation of plasma cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of plasma cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of plasma cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of plasma cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of plasma cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of plasma cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response.

Name: negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response.

Name: positive regulation of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response.

Name: regulation of hyaluranon cable assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluranon cable assembly.

Name: positive regulation of hyaluranon cable assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluranon cable assembly.

Name: regulation of nodal signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nodal signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of histone H3-K9 dimethylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K9 dimethylation.

Name: negative regulation of histone H3-K9 dimethylation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K9 dimethylation.

Name: regulation of histone H3-K9 trimethylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K9 trimethylation.

Name: negative regulation of histone H3-K9 trimethylation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K9 trimethylation.

Name: extracellular regulation of signal transduction.

Definition: Any regulation of signal transduction that takes place in the extracellular region.

Name: extracellular negative regulation of signal transduction.

Definition: Any negative regulation of signal transduction that takes place in extracellular region.

Name: regulation of execution phase of apoptosis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.

Name: negative regulation of execution phase of apoptosis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.

Name: positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.

Name: regulation of receptor binding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.

Name: negative regulation of receptor binding.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.

Name: positive regulation of receptor binding.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.

Name: regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process.

Name: negative regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process.

Name: positive regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process.

Name: regulation of lipid binding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid binding.

Name: negative regulation of lipid binding.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lipid binding.

Name: negative regulation of phospholipase A2 activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase A2 activity.

Name: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process.

Name: negative regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process.

Name: regulation of nodal signaling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a nodal signaling pathway, where the nodal signaling pathway is involved in determination of left/right asymmetry.

Name: regulation of defense response to fungus.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to fungus.

Name: regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay.

Name: negative regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay.

Name: positive regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay.

Name: regulation of bone trabecula formation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone trabecula formation.

Name: negative regulation of bone trabecula formation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone trabecula formation.

Name: regulation of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation.

Name: negative regulation of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation.

Name: positive regulation of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation.

Name: regulation of phospholipid scramblase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid scramblase activity.

Name: positive regulation of phospholipid scramblase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid scramblase activity.

Name: regulation of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor production.

Name: positive regulation of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor production.

Name: regulation of nodal signaling pathway involved in determination of lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a nodal signaling pathway, where the nodal signaling pathway is involved in determination of left/right asymmetry in the lateral mesoderm.

Name: regulation of protein localization to nucleus.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus.

Name: negative regulation of protein localization to nucleus.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus.

Name: positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus.

Name: negative regulation of clathrin-dependent endocytosis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.

Name: regulation of single-species biofilm formation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of single-species biofilm formation.

Name: negative regulation of single-species biofilm formation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of single-species biofilm formation.

Name: regulation of oocyte maturation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation.

Name: negative regulation of oocyte maturation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation.

Name: positive regulation of oocyte maturation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation.

Name: regulation of amyloid-beta clearance.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid-beta clearance.

Name: negative regulation of amyloid-beta clearance.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid-beta clearance.

Name: positive regulation of amyloid-beta clearance.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid-beta clearance.

Name: positive regulation of nodal signaling pathway involved in determination of lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nodal signaling pathway involved in determination of lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry.

Name: regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly.

Name: negative regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly.

Name: positive regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly.

Name: regulation of single-species biofilm formation in or on host organism.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of single-species biofilm formation in or on host organism.

Name: negative regulation of single-species biofilm formation in or on host organism.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of single-species biofilm formation in or on host organism.

Name: regulation of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration by platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of regulation of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration, by platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of phenotypic switching.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phenotypic switching.

Name: negative regulation of phenotypic switching.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phenotypic switching.

Name: regulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle endocytosis.

Name: positive regulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle endocytosis.

Name: positive regulation of MDA-5 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MDA-5 signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of RIG-I signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RIG-I signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of cytoplasmic translational elongation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translational elongation.

Name: regulation of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA-directed 5'-3' RNA polymerase activity.

Name: negative regulation of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA-directed 5'-3' RNA polymerase activity.

Name: regulation of DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity.

Name: positive regulation of DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity.

Name: regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of long-term synaptic potentiation.

Name: negative regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of long-term synaptic potentiation.

Name: positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of long-term synaptic potentiation.

Name: regulation of phospholipase C activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase C activity.

Name: negative regulation of phospholipase C activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase C activity.

Name: regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell costimulation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell costimulation.

Name: negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell costimulation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell costimulation.

Name: regulation of mRNA polyadenylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA polyadenylation.

Name: positive regulation of mRNA polyadenylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA polyadenylation.

Name: regulation of post-transcriptional gene silencing by RNA.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of post-transcriptional gene silencing by RNA.

Name: negative regulation of post-transcriptional gene silencing by RNA.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of post-transcriptional gene silencing by RNA.

Name: positive regulation of post-transcriptional gene silencing by RNA.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of post-transcriptional gene silencing by RNA.

Name: regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide biosynthetic processes.

Name: negative regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide biosynthetic processes.

Name: positive regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide biosynthetic processes.

Name: regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process.

Name: negative regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process.

Name: positive regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process.

Name: regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidative stress.

Name: regulation of defense response to bacterium.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium.

Name: negative regulation of defense response to bacterium.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium.

Name: positive regulation of defense response to bacterium.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium.

Name: regulation of glutamate receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate receptor signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of glutamate receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate receptor signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of long-term synaptic depression.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of long term synaptic depression.

Name: negative regulation of long-term synaptic depression.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of long term synaptic depression.

Name: positive regulation of long-term synaptic depression.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of long term synaptic depression.

Name: negative regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle by negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle by stopping, preventing, or reducing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Name: regulation of diacylglycerol biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of diacylglycerol biosynthetic process.

Name: palmitic acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving palmitic acid.

Name: palmitic acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of palmitic acid.

Name: regulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide metabolic process.

Name: negative regulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide metabolic process.

Name: positive regulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide metabolic process.

Name: acetate ester metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving an acetate ester, any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid.

Name: acetate ester biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an acetate esteran acetate ester, any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid.

Name: regulation of monocyte aggregation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte aggregation.

Name: positive regulation of monocyte aggregation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte aggregation.

Name: regulation of phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of p38MAPK cascade.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of p38MAPK cascade.

Name: positive regulation of p38MAPK cascade.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of p38MAPK cascade.

Name: regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway.

Name: (R)-carnitine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of a (R)-carnitine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: oligopeptide binding.

Definition: Binding to an oligopeptide.

Name: doxorubicin transport.

Definition: The directed movement of a doxorubicin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: regulation of D-amino-acid oxidase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of D-amino-acid oxidase activity.

Name: negative regulation of D-amino-acid oxidase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of D-amino-acid oxidase activity.

Name: regulation of membrane depolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane depolarization during a cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Name: mitochondrial RNA modification.

Definition: Any RNA modification that takes place in mitochondrion.

Name: regulation of response to salt stress.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to salt stress.

Name: regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Name: negative regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Name: positive regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Name: regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Name: negative regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Name: positive regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Name: dextrin catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dextrin.

Name: regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of response to reactive oxygen species.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to reactive oxygen species.

Name: negative regulation of response to reactive oxygen species.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to reactive oxygen species.

Name: positive regulation of response to reactive oxygen species.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to reactive oxygen species.

Name: glucosamine-containing compound metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucosamine-containing compounds (glucosamines).

Name: glucosamine-containing compound catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucosamine-containing compounds (glucosamines).

Name: regulation of engulfment of apoptotic cell.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of engulfment of apoptotic cell.

Name: positive regulation of engulfment of apoptotic cell.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of engulfment of apoptotic cell.

Name: regulation of relaxation of muscle.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of relaxation of muscle.

Name: negative regulation of relaxation of muscle.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of relaxation of muscle.

Name: positive regulation of relaxation of muscle.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of relaxation of muscle.

Name: regulation of relaxation of smooth muscle.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of relaxation of smooth muscle.

Name: negative regulation of relaxation of smooth muscle.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of relaxation of smooth muscle.

Name: regulation of autophagosome maturation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagosome maturation.

Name: negative regulation of autophagosome maturation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagosome maturation.

Name: positive regulation of autophagosome maturation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagosome maturation.

Name: negative regulation of signal transduction in absence of ligand.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction in absence of ligand.

Name: carbohydrate derivative metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate derivative.

Name: carbohydrate derivative catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrate derivative.

Name: carbohydrate derivative biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrate derivative.

Name: insulin metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving insulin.

Name: insulin catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of insulin.

Name: regulation of trophoblast cell migration.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trophoblast cell migration.

Name: negative regulation of trophoblast cell migration.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of trophoblast cell migration.

Name: positive regulation of trophoblast cell migration.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of trophoblast cell migration.

Name: neural crest cell migration involved in autonomic nervous system development.

Definition: Any neural crest cell migration that is involved in autonomic nervous system development.

Name: naphthalene catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of naphthalene.

Name: regulation of ERBB signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ERBB signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of ERBB signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ERBB signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of ERBB signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ERBB signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of formation of translation preinitiation complex.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of formation of translation preinitiation complex.

Name: negative regulation of formation of translation preinitiation complex.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of formation of translation preinitiation complex.

Name: regulation of extracellular matrix assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly.

Name: positive regulation of extracellular matrix assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly.

Name: regulation of neuron death.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death.

Name: negative regulation of neuron death.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death.

Name: positive regulation of neuron death.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death.

Name: regulation of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling.

Name: negative regulation of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling.

Name: positive regulation of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling.

Name: (R)-carnitine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of (R)-carnitine from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of intracellular transport of viral material.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of egress of virus within host cell.

Name: negative regulation of intracellular transport of viral material.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular transport of viral material.

Name: positive regulation of intracellular transport of viral material.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular transport of viral material.

Name: nucleotide-excision repair involved in interstrand cross-link repair.

Definition: Any nucleotide-excision repair that is involved in interstrand cross-link repair.

Name: regulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage colony-stimulating factor production.

Name: negative regulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage colony-stimulating factor production.

Name: positive regulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage colony-stimulating factor production.

Name: carbohydrate derivative transport.

Definition: The directed movement of a carbohydrate derivative into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: nucleoside phosphate binding.

Definition: Binding to nucleoside phosphate.

Name: negative regulation of double-strand break repair via single-strand annealing.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via single-strand annealing.

Name: nucleoside phosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside phosphate.

Name: nucleoside phosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside phosphate.

Name: regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in cardiac muscle cell fate commitment.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in cardiac muscle cell fate commitment.

Name: negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in cardiac muscle cell fate commitment.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in cardiac muscle cell fate commitment.

Name: regulation of hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death.

Name: negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death.

Name: positive regulation of hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death.

Name: regulation of cargo loading into COPII-coated vesicle.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cargo loading into COPII-coated vesicle.

Name: negative regulation of cargo loading into COPII-coated vesicle.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cargo loading into a COPII-coated vesicle.

Name: regulation of spermidine biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of spermidine biosynthetic process.

Name: positive regulation of spermidine biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of spermidine biosynthetic process.

Name: regulation of histone H2A K63-linked ubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H2A K63-linked ubiquitination.

Name: negative regulation of histone H2A K63-linked ubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of histone H2A K63-linked ubiquitination.

Name: regulation of flagellated sperm motility.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of flagellated sperm motility.

Name: negative regulation of flagellated sperm motility.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of flagellated sperm motility.

Name: negative regulation of heart induction.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart induction.

Name: response to cytochalasin B.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytochalasin B stimulus.

Name: regulation of odontoblast differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of odontoblast differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of odontoblast differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of odontoblast differentiation.

Name: lactone metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving lactone.

Name: catecholamine binding.

Definition: Binding to catecholamine.

Name: regulation of store-operated calcium channel activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of store-operated calcium channel activity.

Name: negative regulation of store-operated calcium channel activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of store-operated calcium channel activity.

Name: positive regulation of store-operated calcium channel activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of store-operated calcium channel activity.

Name: regulation of vasculature development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.

Name: negative regulation of vasculature development.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.

Name: negative regulation of vasculature development involved in avascular cornea development in camera-type eye.

Definition: Any negative regulation of vasculature development that is involved in developing an avascular cornea of a camera-type eye.

Name: response to rapamycin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a rapamycin stimulus.

Name: organic cyclic compound metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic cyclic compound.

Name: organic cyclic compound catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic cyclic compound.

Name: organic cyclic compound biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic cyclic compound.

Name: heterocyclic compound binding.

Definition: Binding to heterocyclic compound.

Name: lipid hydroperoxide transport.

Definition: The directed movement of a lipid hydroperoxide into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: acetate ester transport.

Definition: The directed movement of an acetate ester into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: acetate ester transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of an acetate ester from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: organic heteropentacyclic compound metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic heteropentacyclic compound.

Name: regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transport.

Name: negative regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transport.

Name: positive regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transport.

Name: regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation.

Name: negative regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation.

Name: regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated calcium channel activity.

Name: negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated calcium channel activity.

Name: regulation of transforming growth factor beta activation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transforming growth factor beta activation.

Name: negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta activation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transforming growth factor beta activation.

Name: positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta activation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transforming growth factor beta activation.

Name: regulation of transforming growth factor beta1 activation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transforming growth factor beta1 activation.

Name: positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta1 activation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transforming growth factor beta1 activation.

Name: regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole metabolic process.

Name: positive regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole metabolic process.

Name: regulation of phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain.

Name: positive regulation of phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain.

Name: regulation of response to alcohol.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to alcohol.

Name: regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process.

Name: positive regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process.

Name: azole transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the directed movement of azoles, heterocyclic compound found in many biologically important substances, from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: pyruvate transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of pyruvate across a membrane.

Name: oleate transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of oleate from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: regulation of transcription factor catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription factor catabolic process.

Name: positive regulation of transcription factor catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription factor catabolic process.

Name: regulation of lymphangiogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphangiogenesis.

Name: negative regulation of lymphangiogenesis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphangiogenesis.

Name: ether catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ether.

Name: ether biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ether.

Name: carbohydrate derivative transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of carbohydrate derivative from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial tube morphogenesis.

Name: positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in cellular response to chemical stimulus.

Definition: Any positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter that is involved in cellular response to chemical stimulus.

Name: icosanoid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of icosanoid.

Name: regulation of mitophagy.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macromitophagy.

Name: negative regulation of mitophagy.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitophagy.

Name: positive regulation of mitophagy.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitophagy.

Name: positive regulation of anion channel activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anion channel activity.

Name: regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of DNA demethylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA demethylation.

Name: positive regulation of DNA demethylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA demethylation.

Name: changes to DNA methylation involved in embryo development.

Definition: The addition or removal of methyl groups to DNA that contributes to the epigenetic regulation of embryonic gene expression.

Name: regulation of endothelial cell development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development.

Name: negative regulation of endothelial cell development.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development.

Name: positive regulation of endothelial cell development.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development.

Name: response to camptothecin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a camptothecin stimulus.

Name: organonitrogen compound metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving organonitrogen compound.

Name: organonitrogen compound catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organonitrogen compound.

Name: organonitrogen compound biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organonitrogen compound.

Name: fatty acid derivative binding.

Definition: Binding to fatty acid derivative.

Name: fatty acid derivative metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acid derivative.

Name: fatty acid derivative catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fatty acid derivative.

Name: fatty acid derivative biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acid derivative.

Name: organic substance catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon.

Name: organic substance biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon.

Name: regulation of telomeric RNA transcription from RNA pol II promoter.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric RNA transcription from RNA pol II promoter.

Name: positive regulation of telomeric RNA transcription from RNA pol II promoter.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric RNA transcription from RNA pol II promoter.

Name: dendritic microtubule.

Definition: Any microtubule in a dendrite, a neuron projection.

Name: response to capsazepine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a capsazepine stimulus.

Name: alpha-amino acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alpha-amino acid.

Name: alpha-amino acid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an alpha-amino acid.

Name: alpha-amino acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an alpha-amino acid.

Name: regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle transport along microtubule.

Name: positive regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle transport along microtubule.

Name: phosphatidylglycerol binding.

Definition: Binding to phosphatidylglycerol.

Name: cardiolipin binding.

Definition: Binding to cardiolipin.

Name: organic hydroxy compound metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic hydroxy compound.

Name: organic hydroxy compound catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic hydroxy compound.

Name: organic hydroxy compound biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic hydroxy compound.

Name: organic hydroxy compound transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of organic hydroxy compound from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: regulation of lymphocyte chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte chemotaxis.

Name: negative regulation of lymphocyte chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte chemotaxis.

Name: cellular response to ergosterol.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ergosterol stimulus.

Name: nucleoside transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of nucleoside across a membrane.

Name: regulation of synoviocyte proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synoviocyte proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of synoviocyte proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synoviocyte proliferation.

Name: response to peptide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide stimulus.

Name: cellular response to peptide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide stimulus.

Name: response to ketone.

Definition: A response that results in a state of tolerance to ketone.

Name: cellular response to ketone.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ketone stimulus.

Name: glycoside transport.

Definition: The directed movement of a glycoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: glycosyl compound metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosyl compound.

Name: glycosyl compound catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosyl compound.

Name: glycosyl compound biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosyl compound.

Name: calcium ion export.

Definition: The directed movement of calcium ion out of a cell or organelle.

Name: quinone metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving quinone.

Name: quinone catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of quinone.

Name: quinone biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of quinone.

Name: regulation of NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.

Name: positive regulation of NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.

Name: regulation of superoxide dismutase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of superoxide dismutase activity.

Name: positive regulation of superoxide dismutase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of superoxide dismutase activity.

Name: regulation of mitotic spindle assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic spindle assembly.

Name: regulation of histone H3-K27 acetylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K27 acetylation.

Name: negative regulation of histone H3-K27 acetylation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K27 acetylation.

Name: positive regulation of histone H3-K27 acetylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K27 acetylation.

Name: iron coordination entity transport.

Definition: The directed movement of an iron coordination entity into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: nucleotide transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of nucleotide across a membrane.

Name: sulfur-containing amino acid secondary active transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of sulfur-containing amino acid from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.

Name: sulfur compound binding.

Definition: Binding to a sulfur compound.

Name: sulfur compound transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a sulfur compound from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: glutathione derivative metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutathione derivative.

Name: glutathione derivative biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutathione derivative.

Name: cannabinoid biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cannabinoid.

Name: response to nitrogen compound.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrogen compound stimulus.

Name: cellular response to nitrogen compound.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrogen compound stimulus.

Name: response to oxygen-containing compound.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen-containing compound stimulus.

Name: cellular response to oxygen-containing compound.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen-containing compound stimulus.

Name: salt transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of salt from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in kidney development.

Name: negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in kidney development.

Name: positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in kidney development.

Name: regulation of histone deacetylase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone deacetylase activity.

Name: negative regulation of histone deacetylase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of histone deacetylase activity.

Name: positive regulation of histone deacetylase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histone deacetylase activity.

Name: positive regulation of platelet aggregation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of platelet aggregation. Platelet aggregation is the adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.

Name: quercetin metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving quercetin.

Name: quercetin catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of quercetin.

Name: regulation of myoblast fusion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast fusion.

Name: positive regulation of myoblast fusion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast fusion.

Name: leukotriene D4 metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving leukotriene D4.

Name: leukotriene D4 catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of leukotriene D4.

Name: leukotriene D4 biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leukotriene D4.

Name: leukotriene A4 metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving leukotriene A4.

Name: leukotriene A4 biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leukotriene A4.

Name: benzoyl-CoA metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving benzoyl-CoA.

Name: regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction by p53 class mediator.

Name: negative regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction by p53 class mediator.

Name: positive regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction by p53 class mediator.

Name: negative regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of proteasomal protein catabolic process.

Name: positive regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of proteasomal protein catabolic process.

Name: beta-glucoside metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving beta-glucoside.

Name: beta-glucoside catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of beta-glucoside.

Name: zeaxanthin metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving zeaxanthin.

Name: zeaxanthin biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of zeaxanthin.

Name: regulation of deadenylation-independent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of deadenylation-independent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA.

Name: positive regulation of deadenylation-independent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of deadenylation-independent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA.

Name: regulation of transcription of nucleolar large rRNA by RNA polymerase I.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription of nuclear large rRNA mediated by RNA polymerase I.

Name: negative regulation of transcription of nucleolar large rRNA by RNA polymerase I.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription of nuclear large rRNA transcript mediated by RNA polymerase I.

Name: positive regulation of transcription of nucleolar large rRNA by RNA polymerase I.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription of nuclear large rRNA mediated by RNA polymerase I.

Name: regulation of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity.

Name: negative regulation of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity.

Name: regulation of cell communication by electrical coupling involved in cardiac conduction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication by electrical coupling involved in cardiac conduction.

Name: negative regulation of cellular respiration.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular respiration.

Name: positive regulation of cellular respiration.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular respiration.

Name: regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process.

Name: negative regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process.

Name: positive regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process.

Name: regulation of muscle tissue development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development.

Name: negative regulation of muscle tissue development.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development.

Name: positive regulation of muscle tissue development.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development.

Name: regulation of post-translational protein modification.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of post-translational protein modification.

Name: negative regulation of post-translational protein modification.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of post-translational protein modification.

Name: positive regulation of post-translational protein modification.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of post-translational protein modification.

Name: regulation of calcium ion binding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion binding.

Name: negative regulation of calcium ion binding.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion binding.

Name: regulation of protein depolymerization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization.

Name: negative regulation of protein depolymerization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization.

Name: positive regulation of protein depolymerization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization.

Name: regulation of cell junction assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly.

Name: negative regulation of cell junction assembly.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly.

Name: positive regulation of cell junction assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly.

Name: regulation of ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity.

Name: negative regulation of ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity.

Name: positive regulation of ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity.

Name: regulation of relaxation of cardiac muscle.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of relaxation of cardiac muscle.

Name: positive regulation of relaxation of cardiac muscle.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of relaxation of cardiac muscle.

Name: dense core granule transport.

Definition: The directed movement a dense core granule within a cell.

Name: positive regulation of mitotic sister chromatid separation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic sister chromatid separation.

Name: regulation of cell cycle checkpoint.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle checkpoint.

Name: negative regulation of cell cycle checkpoint.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle checkpoint.

Name: positive regulation of cell cycle checkpoint.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle checkpoint.

Name: regulation of inward rectifier potassium channel activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of inward rectifier potassium channel activity.

Name: positive regulation of inward rectifier potassium channel activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of inward rectifier potassium channel activity.

Name: phosphatidylinositol phosphate binding.

Definition: Binding to phosphatidylinositol phosphate.

Name: regulation of protein acetylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein acetylation.

Name: negative regulation of protein acetylation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein acetylation.

Name: positive regulation of protein acetylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein acetylation.

Name: regulation of cell cycle phase transition.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle phase transition.

Name: negative regulation of cell cycle phase transition.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle phase transition.

Name: positive regulation of cell cycle phase transition.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle phase transition.

Name: regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle phase transition.

Name: negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle phase transition.

Name: positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle phase transition.

Name: regulation of meiotic cell cycle phase transition.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle phase transition.

Name: negative regulation of meiotic cell cycle phase transition.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle phase transition.

Name: toxin transport.

Definition: The directed movement of a toxin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: fatty acid transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which a fatty acid is transported across a membrane.

Name: regulation of amyloid-beta formation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid-beta formation.

Name: positive regulation of amyloid-beta formation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid-beta formation.

Name: negative regulation of translation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Name: regulation of cilium assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cilium assembly.

Name: negative regulation of cilium assembly.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cilium assembly.

Name: regulation of cilium-dependent cell motility.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cilium-dependent cell motility.

Name: negative regulation of cilium-dependent cell motility.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cilium-dependent cell motility.

Name: L-lysine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of a L-lysine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: L-histidine transport.

Definition: The directed movement of a L-histidine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: regulation of NADP metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of NADP metabolic process.

Name: regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation.

Name: regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors.

Name: negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors.

Name: positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors.

Name: regulation of Fas signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Fas signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of Fas signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Fas signaling pathway.

Name: polyamine transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which a polyamine macromolecule is transported across a membrane.

Name: response to L-glutamate.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an L-glutamate stimulus.

Name: regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha signaling pathway.

Name: response to salt.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a salt stimulus.

Name: cellular response to salt.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a salt stimulus.

Name: negative regulation of peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation.

Name: positive regulation of flagellated sperm motility.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of flagellated sperm motility.

Name: calcitriol binding.

Definition: Binding to calcitriol. Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) is the hormonally active form of vitamin D3.

Name: regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle.

Name: negative regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle.

Name: positive regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle.

Name: regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle.

Name: negative regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle.

Name: regulation of leukocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of leukocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of leukocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation.

Name: regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process.

Definition: Any regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability that is involved in apoptotic process.

Name: negative regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process.

Definition: Any negative regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability that is involved in apoptotic process.

Name: positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process.

Definition: Any positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability that is involved in apoptotic process.

Name: regulation of organelle assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly.

Name: negative regulation of organelle assembly.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly.

Name: positive regulation of organelle assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly.

Name: calcidiol binding.

Definition: Binding to calcidiol.

Name: lithocholic acid binding.

Definition: Binding to lithocholic acid.

Name: chenodeoxycholic acid binding.

Definition: Binding to chenodeoxycholic acid.

Name: regulation of response to cell cycle checkpoint signaling.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to cell cycle checkpoint signaling.

Name: regulation of response to DNA integrity checkpoint signaling.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to DNA integrity checkpoint signaling.

Name: regulation of response to DNA damage checkpoint signaling.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to DNA damage checkpoint signaling.

Name: regulation of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel activity.

Name: positive regulation of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel activity.

Name: regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator.

Name: positive regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator.

Name: regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator.

Name: negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator.

Name: positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator.

Name: cellular response to reactive nitrogen species.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive nitrogen species stimulus.

Name: regulation of keratinocyte apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte apoptotic process.

Name: negative regulation of keratinocyte apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte apoptotic process.

Name: positive regulation of keratinocyte apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte apoptotic process.

Name: regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: fibroblast growth factor receptor apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: An apoptotic signaling pathway that starts with a ligand binding to, or being withdrawn from, a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR).

Name: regulation of hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of interleukin-2-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-2-mediated signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of interleukin-2-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-2-mediated signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of interleukin-4-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-4-mediated signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of interleukin-4-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-4-mediated signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress.

Name: negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress.

Name: erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid.

Name: erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid.

Name: ketone body metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving ketone body.

Name: regulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage.

Name: negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage.

Name: positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage.

Name: regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: geranylgeranyl diphosphate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of geranylgeranyl diphosphate.

Name: regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte apoptotic process.

Name: negative regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte apoptotic process.

Name: regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator.

Name: negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator.

Name: positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator.

Name: regulation of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity.

Name: negative regulation of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity.

Name: positive regulation of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity.

Name: regulation of polyamine transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of polyamine transmembrane transport.

Name: positive regulation of polyamine transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of polyamine transmembrane transport.

Name: (R)-carnitine transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which (R)-carnitine is transported across a membrane.

Name: D3 vitamins binding.

Definition: Binding to D3 vitamins.

Name: regulation of chromatin organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization.

Name: voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization.

Definition: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of a ventricular cardiomyocyte contributing to the repolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.

Name: negative regulation of primary amine oxidase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of primary amine oxidase activity.

Name: neuron projection extension involved in neuron projection guidance.

Definition: Any neuron projection extension that is involved in neuron projection guidance.

Name: cell cycle DNA replication maintenance of fidelity.

Definition: Any maintenance of fidelity that is involved in cell cycle DNA replication.

Name: regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transport.

Name: negative regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transport.

Name: positive regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transport.

Name: regulation of peptidyl-serine dephosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-serine dephosphorylation.

Name: negative regulation of peptidyl-serine dephosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-serine dephosphorylation.

Name: positive regulation of peptidyl-serine dephosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-serine dephosphorylation.

Name: negative regulation of chromosome condensation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome condensation.

Name: response to chloroquine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chloroquine stimulus.

Name: sulfate transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of sulfate across a membrane.

Name: regulation of protein localization to spindle pole body.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to spindle pole body.

Name: positive regulation of protein localization to spindle pole body.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to spindle pole body.

Name: negative regulation of RNA catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA catabolic process.

Name: negative regulation of mRNA catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA catabolic process.

Name: regulation of rRNA catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rRNA catabolic process.

Name: positive regulation of endoribonuclease activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endoribonuclease activity.

Name: ceramide 1-phosphate binding.

Definition: Binding to ceramide 1-phosphate.

Name: ceramide 1-phosphate transfer activity.

Definition: Removes a ceramide 1-phosphate from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.

Name: ceramide 1-phosphate transport.

Definition: The directed movement of a ceramide 1-phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: protein localization to bicellular tight junction.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a bicellular tight junction.

Name: mitotic cytokinetic process.

Definition: Any cytokinetic process that is involved in mitotic cell cycle.

Name: regulation of mitotic cytokinesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cytokinesis.

Name: protein localization to cell junction.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cell junction.

Name: regulation of mRNA binding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA binding.

Name: positive regulation of mRNA binding.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA binding.

Name: regulation of attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore involved in mitotic sister chromatid segregation.

Name: positive regulation of attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore involved in mitotic sister chromatid segregation.

Name: deactivation of mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint.

Definition: A positive regulation of the mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition that results from deactivation of the mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint.

Name: negative regulation of amyloid-beta formation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid-beta formation.

Name: regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in programmed necrotic cell death.

Definition: Any regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability that is involved in programmed necrotic cell death.

Name: negative regulation of stem cell population maintenance.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell population maintenance.

Name: positive regulation of stem cell population maintenance.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell population maintenance.

Name: regulation of mesenchymal stem cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell proliferation.

Name: protein localization to cell leading edge.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cell leading edge.

Name: regulation of protein localization to synapse.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to synapse.

Name: positive regulation of protein localization to synapse.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to synapse.

Name: L-alpha-amino acid transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of L-alpha-amino acid across a membrane.

Name: chloride transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which chloride is transported across a membrane.

Name: protein localization to mitotic spindle.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a mitotic spindle.

Name: cytotoxic T cell pyroptotic process.

Definition: Any pyroptotic process in a cytotoxic T cell.

Name: regulation of sperm capacitation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sperm capacitation.

Name: negative regulation of sperm capacitation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sperm capacitation.

Name: acetyltransferase complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of acetyltransferase activity.

Name: catalytic complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of catalytic activity.

Name: transmembrane transporter complex.

Definition: A transmembrane protein complex which enables the transfer of a substance from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: iron-sulfur cluster transmembrane transport.

Definition: A process in which an iron-sulfur cluster is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: regulation of protein autoubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein autoubiquitination.

Name: positive regulation of protein autoubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein autoubiquitination.

Name: vacuolar HOPS complex.

Definition: Any HOPS complex that is part of a vacuolar membrane.

Name: lysosomal HOPS complex.

Definition: Any HOPS complex that is part of a lysosomal membrane.

Name: regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic DNA fragmentation.

Name: negative regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic DNA fragmentation.

Name: positive regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic DNA fragmentation.

Name: regulation of organelle transport along microtubule.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of organelle transport along microtubule.

Name: regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage-gated calcium channel.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of generation of calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage-gated calcium channel.

Name: positive regulation of protein K63-linked ubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein K63-linked ubiquitination.

Name: positive regulation of protein K48-linked ubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein K48-linked ubiquitination.

Name: regulation of protein monoubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein monoubiquitination.

Name: positive regulation of protein monoubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein monoubiquitination.

Name: regulation of protein linear polyubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein linear polyubiquitination.

Name: positive regulation of protein linear polyubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein linear polyubiquitination.

Name: regulation of intracellular signal transduction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.

Name: negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.

Name: positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.

Name: regulation of DNA N-glycosylase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA N-glycosylase activity.

Name: positive regulation of DNA N-glycosylase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA N-glycosylase activity.

Name: regulation of cellular response to vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus.

Name: negative regulation of cellular response to vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus.

Name: regulation of catalase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of catalase activity.

Name: positive regulation of catalase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of catalase activity.

Name: serine/threonine protein kinase complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Name: endoribonuclease complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of endoribonuclease activity.

Name: H4 histone acetyltransferase complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of H4 histone acetyltransferase activity.

Name: regulation of neutrophil activation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil activation.

Name: negative regulation of neutrophil activation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil activation.

Name: positive regulation of neutrophil activation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil activation.

Name: regulation of eosinophil activation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil activation.

Name: negative regulation of eosinophil activation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil activation.

Name: positive regulation of eosinophil activation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil activation.

Name: negative regulation of activation of Janus kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) kinase activity.

Name: protein localization to nucleolus.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a nucleolus.

Name: regulation of serine-type peptidase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type peptidase activity.

Name: negative regulation of serine-type peptidase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type peptidase activity.

Name: positive regulation of serine-type peptidase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type peptidase activity.

Name: regulation of DNA replication origin binding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication origin binding.

Name: proton transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of a proton across a membrane.

Name: carnitine transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of carnitine across a membrane.

Name: regulation of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity.

Name: positive regulation of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity.

Name: regulation of neutrophil migration.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil migration.

Name: negative regulation of neutrophil migration.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil migration.

Name: positive regulation of neutrophil migration.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil migration.

Name: regulation of mRNA stability involved in cellular response to UV.

Definition: Any regulation of mRNA stability that is involved in cellular response to UV.

Name: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate.

Name: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate.

Name: tertiary alcohol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving tertiary alcohol.

Name: tertiary alcohol biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tertiary alcohol.

Name: secondary alcohol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving secondary alcohol.

Name: secondary alcohol biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of secondary alcohol.

Name: calcium ion import into cytosol.

Definition: The directed movement of calcium ion into a cytosol.

Name: regulation of glucose mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucose mediated signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of glucose mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose mediated signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of axon guidance.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon guidance.

Name: negative regulation of axon guidance.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon guidance.

Name: positive regulation of axon guidance.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon guidance.

Name: negative regulation of RNA biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process.

Name: positive regulation of RNA biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process.

Name: regulation of receptor localization to synapse.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor localization to synapse.

Name: positive regulation of receptor localization to synapse.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor localization to synapse.

Name: mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in programmed cell death.

Definition: The process by which the mitochondrial outer membrane becomes permeable to the passing of proteins and other molecules from the intermembrane space to the cytosol as part of a programmed cell death process.

Name: regulation of neuroblast proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuroblast proliferation.

Name: GABA receptor complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of GABA receptor activity. Upon binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) it transmits the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Major inhibitory receptor in vertebrate brain. Also found in other vertebrate tissues, invertebrates and possibly in plants. Effective benzodiazepine receptor.

Name: GABA-A receptor complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of GABA-A receptor activity. In human, it is usually composed of either two alpha, two beta and one gamma chain of the GABA-A receptor subunits or 5 chains of the GABA-A receptor subunits rho1-3 (formally known as GABA-C receptor).

Name: G protein-coupled GABA receptor complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of G protein-coupled GABA receptor activity. In human, it is usually a heterodimer composed of GABA-B receptor subunits 1 and 2.

Name: negative regulation of proteoglycan biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.

Name: positive regulation of proteoglycan biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.

Name: negative regulation of chondrocyte proliferation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.

Name: positive regulation of chondrocyte proliferation.

Definition: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.

Name: apoptotic process involved in development.

Definition: Any apoptotic process that is involved in anatomical structure development.

Name: regulation of lamellipodium organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lamellipodium organization.

Name: negative regulation of lamellipodium organization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lamellipodium organization.

Name: positive regulation of lamellipodium organization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lamellipodium organization.

Name: regulation of lens fiber cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lens fiber cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of lens fiber cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lens fiber cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition.

Definition: Any signalling pathway that modulates the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the cell cycle.

Name: negative regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition.

Definition: Any signalling pathway that decreases or inhibits the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the cell cycle.

Name: positive regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition.

Definition: Any signalling pathway that activates or increases the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the cell cycle.

Name: late endosome to lysosome transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances from late endosome to lysosome.

Name: mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit.

Name: regulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition.

Definition: Any signalling pathway that modulates the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the cell cycle.

Name: negative regulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition.

Definition: Any signalling pathway that decreases or inhibits the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the cell cycle.

Name: positive regulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition.

Definition: Any signalling pathway that activates or increases the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the cell cycle.

Name: regulation of protein localization to microtubule.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to microtubule.

Name: negative regulation of protein localization to microtubule.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to microtubule.

Name: regulation of late endosome to lysosome transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of late endosome to lysosome transport.

Name: negative regulation of late endosome to lysosome transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of late endosome to lysosome transport.

Name: regulation of proline import across plasma membrane.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of proline import into cell.

Name: positive regulation of proline import across plasma membrane.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of proline import into cell.

Name: positive regulation of mitotic spindle elongation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic spindle elongation.

Name: regulation of neuronal signal transduction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuronal signal transduction.

Name: microtubule cytoskeleton organization involved in mitosis.

Definition: Any microtubule cytoskeleton organization that is involved in mitosis.

Name: regulation of non-motile cilium assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-motile cilium assembly.

Name: negative regulation of non-motile cilium assembly.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of non-motile cilium assembly.

Name: positive regulation of non-motile cilium assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of non-motile cilium assembly.

Name: propionyl-CoA metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving propionyl-CoA.

Name: propionyl-CoA biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of propionyl-CoA.

Name: regulation of response to oxidative stress.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to oxidative stress.

Name: negative regulation of response to oxidative stress.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to oxidative stress.

Name: positive regulation of response to oxidative stress.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to oxidative stress.

Name: protein localization to astral microtubule.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an astral microtubule.

Name: protein localization to spindle microtubule.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a spindle microtubule.

Name: regulation of miRNA transcription.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microRNA (miRNA) gene transcription.

Name: negative regulation of miRNA transcription.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microRNA (miRNA) gene transcription.

Name: positive regulation of miRNA transcription.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microRNA (miRNA) gene transcription.

Name: negative regulation of autophagosome assembly.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagosome assembly.

Name: regulation of supramolecular fiber organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of supramolecular fiber organization.

Name: negative regulation of supramolecular fiber organization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibril organization.

Name: positive regulation of supramolecular fiber organization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of supramolecular fiber organization.

Name: regulation of melanosome transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of melanosome transport.

Name: positive regulation of melanosome transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of melanosome transport.

Name: protein kinase complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of protein kinase activity.

Name: positive regulation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuroepithelial cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of protein polyubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein polyubiquitination.

Name: negative regulation of protein polyubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein polyubiquitination.

Name: positive regulation of protein polyubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein polyubiquitination.

Name: regulation of alcohol biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alcohol biosynthetic process.

Name: negative regulation of alcohol biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alcohol biosynthetic process.

Name: positive regulation of alcohol biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alcohol biosynthetic process.

Name: phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate binding.

Definition: Binding to phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate.

Name: inward rectifier potassium channel complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of inward rectifier potassium channel activity.

Name: regulation of intracellular calcium activated chloride channel activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular calcium activated chloride channel activity.

Name: negative regulation of intracellular calcium activated chloride channel activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular calcium activated chloride channel activity.

Name: regulation of voltage-gated chloride channel activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated chloride channel activity.

Name: positive regulation of voltage-gated chloride channel activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated chloride channel activity.

Name: metalloendopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any metalloendopeptidase activity that is involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Name: regulation of tau-protein kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tau-protein kinase activity.

Name: negative regulation of tau-protein kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tau-protein kinase activity.

Name: positive regulation of tau-protein kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tau-protein kinase activity.

Name: regulation of dendritic spine maintenance.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic spine maintenance.

Name: positive regulation of dendritic spine maintenance.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic spine maintenance.

Name: positive regulation of ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport.

Name: regulation of early endosome to recycling endosome transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of early endosome to recycling endosome transport.

Name: positive regulation of early endosome to recycling endosome transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of early endosome to recycling endosome transport.

Name: regulation of mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone.

Name: positive regulation of mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone.

Name: regulation of aspartic-type endopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aspartic-type endopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Name: negative regulation of aspartic-type endopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aspartic-type endopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Name: positive regulation of aspartic-type endopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aspartic-type endopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Name: regulation of metalloendopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metalloendopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Name: negative regulation of metalloendopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metalloendopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Name: regulation of protein localization to early endosome.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to early endosome.

Name: positive regulation of protein localization to early endosome.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to early endosome.

Name: mitotic DNA replication.

Definition: Any nuclear DNA replication that is involved in a mitotic cell cycle.

Name: regulation of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Name: negative regulation of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Name: positive regulation of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.

Name: regulation of phospholipid efflux.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid efflux.

Name: positive regulation of phospholipid efflux.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid efflux.

Name: regulation of neurofibrillary tangle assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurofibrillary tangle assembly.

Name: positive regulation of neurofibrillary tangle assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neurofibrillary tangle assembly.

Name: regulation of lipid transport across blood-brain barrier.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid transport across blood-brain barrier.

Name: positive regulation of lipid transport across blood-brain barrier.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipid transport across blood-brain barrier.

Name: positive regulation of protein deubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein deubiquitination.

Name: regulation of protein K63-linked deubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein K63-linked deubiquitination.

Name: positive regulation of protein K63-linked deubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein K63-linked deubiquitination.

Name: positive regulation of Lys63-specific deubiquitinase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Lys63-specific deubiquitinase activity.

Name: organelle disassembly.

Definition: The disaggregation of an organelle into its constituent components.

Name: regulation of exo-alpha-sialidase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exo-alpha-sialidase activity.

Name: negative regulation of exo-alpha-sialidase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exo-alpha-sialidase activity.

Name: positive regulation of exo-alpha-sialidase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exo-alpha-sialidase activity.

Name: regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process.

Name: negative regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process.

Name: positive regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process.

Name: regulation of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.

Name: negative regulation of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.

Name: regulation of opsonization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of opsonization.

Name: positive regulation of opsonization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of opsonization.

Name: regulation of response to wounding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to wounding.

Name: negative regulation of response to wounding.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to wounding.

Name: positive regulation of response to wounding.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to wounding.

Name: regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion.

Name: negative regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion.

Name: positive regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion.

Name: protein localization to membrane raft.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a membrane raft.

Name: meiotic cell cycle process.

Definition: A process that is part of the meiotic cell cycle.

Name: mitotic cell cycle process.

Definition: A process that is part of the mitotic cell cycle.

Name: regulation of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of proteolysis involved in cellular catabolic process.

Name: negative regulation of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process.

Name: positive regulation of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process.

Name: regulation of extracellular matrix organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization.

Name: negative regulation of extracellular matrix organization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization.

Name: positive regulation of extracellular matrix organization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization.

Name: regulation of protein lipidation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein lipidation.

Name: negative regulation of protein lipidation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein lipidation.

Name: positive regulation of protein lipidation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein lipidation.

Name: regulation of ER-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ER-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.

Name: negative regulation of ER-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ER-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.

Name: positive regulation of ER-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ER-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.

Name: regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.

Name: negative regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.

Name: positive regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.

Name: regulation of C-C chemokine receptor CCR7 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of C-C chemokine receptor CCR7 signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of C-C chemokine receptor CCR7 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of C-C chemokine receptor CCR7 signaling pathway.

Name: protein localization to condensed chromosome.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a condensed chromosome.

Name: regulation of protein K48-linked deubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein K48-linked deubiquitination.

Name: negative regulation of protein K48-linked deubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein K48-linked deubiquitination.

Name: ribonuclease III complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of ribonuclease III activity.

Name: regulation of mitochondrial transcription.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription occuring in the mitochondrion.

Name: regulation of actin filament-based movement.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament-based movement.

Name: regulation of TRAIL-activated apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of TRAIL-activated apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of TRAIL-activated apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of TRAIL-activated apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of thioredoxin peroxidase activity by peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation.

Definition: A peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation that results in negative regulation of thioredoxin peroxidase activity.

Name: negative regulation of centriole-centriole cohesion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of centriole-centriole cohesion.

Name: mononuclear cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a mononuclear cell.

Name: cupric ion binding.

Definition: Binding to a cupric ion, copper(2+).

Name: cuprous ion binding.

Definition: Binding to a cuprous ion, copper(1+).

Name: regulation of establishment of endothelial barrier.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of endothelial barrier.

Name: negative regulation of establishment of endothelial barrier.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of endothelial barrier.

Name: positive regulation of establishment of endothelial barrier.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of endothelial barrier.

Name: adrenomedullin receptor complex.

Definition: A transmembrane, G protein-coupled signalling receptor complex which is capable of adrenomedullin receptor activity.

Name: regulation of autophagy of mitochondrion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrion degradation by an autophagic process.

Name: negative regulation of autophagy of mitochondrion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrion degradation by autophagy.

Name: regulation of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity.

Name: positive regulation of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity.

Name: regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transport.

Name: negative regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transport.

Name: fatty alcohol metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty alcohol.

Name: regulation of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity.

Name: positive regulation of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity.

Name: regulation of dopamine biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dopamine biosynthetic process.

Name: positive regulation of dopamine biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dopamine biosynthetic process.

Name: regulation of SUMO transferase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of SUMO ligase activity.

Name: glyoxal metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glyoxal.

Name: regulation of L-dopa biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-dopa biosynthetic process.

Name: positive regulation of L-dopa biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-dopa biosynthetic process.

Name: regulation of L-dopa decarboxylase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-dopa decarboxylase activity.

Name: positive regulation of L-dopa decarboxylase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-dopa decarboxylase activity.

Name: regulation of oxidative stress-induced cell death.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced cell death.

Name: negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced cell death.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced cell death.

Name: regulation of oxidative stress-induced neuron death.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced neuron death.

Name: negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced neuron death.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced neuron death.

Name: regulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death.

Name: negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death.

Name: regulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron death.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron death.

Name: negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron death.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron death.

Name: positive regulation of oxidative stress-induced cell death.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced cell death.

Name: regulation of protein targeting to mitochondrion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting to mitochondrion.

Name: negative regulation of protein targeting to mitochondrion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting to mitochondrion.

Name: positive regulation of oxidative stress-induced neuron death.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced neuron death.

Name: regulation of endodermal cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of endodermal cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of endodermal cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation.

Name: melanosome assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a melanosome, a tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored.

Name: regulation of leukocyte tethering or rolling.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte tethering or rolling.

Name: negative regulation of leukocyte tethering or rolling.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte tethering or rolling.

Name: positive regulation of leukocyte tethering or rolling.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte tethering or rolling.

Name: U2-type prespliceosome assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an U2-type prespliceosome.

Name: regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress.

Name: negative regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress.

Name: positive regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress.

Name: regulation of citrulline biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of citrulline biosynthetic process.

Name: negative regulation of citrulline biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of citrulline biosynthetic process.

Name: multi-ciliated epithelial cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a multi-ciliated epithelial cell.

Name: exon-exon junction complex disassembly.

Definition: The disaggregation of an exon-exon junction complex into its constituent components.

Name: positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of sodium ion export across plasma membrane.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion export across the plasma membrane.

Name: positive regulation of sodium ion export across plasma membrane.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion export across the plasma membrane.

Name: regulation of calcium:sodium antiporter activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium:sodium antiporter activity.

Name: positive regulation of calcium:sodium antiporter activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium:sodium antiporter activity.

Name: regulation of glutathione peroxidase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutathione peroxidase activity.

Name: positive regulation of glutathione peroxidase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutathione peroxidase activity.

Name: positive regulation of hydrogen peroxide catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide catabolic process.

Name: regulation of potassium ion import.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion import.

Name: positive regulation of potassium ion import across plasma membrane.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion import across the plasma membrane.

Name: protein localization to Golgi membrane.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a Golgi membrane.

Name: phosphatase complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of phosphatase activity.

Name: regulation of hypoxia-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hypoxia-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of hypoxia-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hypoxia-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of hexokinase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hexokinase activity.

Name: negative regulation of hexokinase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hexokinase activity.

Name: positive regulation of hexokinase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hexokinase activity.

Name: regulation of pyruvate kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pyruvate kinase activity.

Name: regulation of regulated secretory pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of regulated secretory pathway.

Name: negative regulation of regulated secretory pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of regulated secretory pathway.

Name: positive regulation of regulated secretory pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of regulated secretory pathway.

Name: regulation of mRNA metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA metabolic process.

Name: negative regulation of mRNA metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA metabolic process.

Name: positive regulation of mRNA metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA metabolic process.

Name: regulation of protein maturation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein maturation.

Name: negative regulation of protein maturation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein maturation.

Name: positive regulation of protein maturation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein maturation.

Name: regulation of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal.

Name: negative regulation of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal.

Name: positive regulation of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal.

Name: regulation of iron-sulfur cluster assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of iron-sulfur cluster assembly.

Name: positive regulation of iron-sulfur cluster assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of iron-sulfur cluster assembly.

Name: regulation of protein folding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein folding.

Name: negative regulation of protein folding.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein folding.

Name: positive regulation of protein folding.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein folding.

Name: regulation of vacuolar transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vacuolar transport.

Name: negative regulation of vacuolar transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vacuolar transport.

Name: negative regulation of bicellular tight junction assembly.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tight junction assembly.

Name: positive regulation of bicellular tight junction assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tight junction assembly.

Name: omegasome membrane.

Definition: Any membrane that is part of an omegasome.

Name: response to dopamine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dopamine stimulus.

Name: cellular response to dopamine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dopamine stimulus.

Name: L-ornithine transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of L-ornithine across a membrane.

Name: regulation of Golgi organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Golgi organization.

Name: regulation of fear response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fear response.

Name: regulation of endoplasmic reticulum tubular network organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum tubular network organization.

Name: positive regulation of endoplasmic reticulum tubular network organization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum tubular network organization.

Name: regulation of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation.

Name: regulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of homophilic cell adhesion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of homophilic cell adhesion.

Name: positive regulation of homophilic cell adhesion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of homophilic cell adhesion.

Name: regulation of adherens junction organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adherens junction organization.

Name: negative regulation of adherens junction organization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adherens junction organization.

Name: positive regulation of adherens junction organization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adherens junction organization.

Name: L-lysine transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of L-lysine across a membrane.

Name: regulation of renal phosphate excretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of renal phosphate excretion.

Name: negative regulation of renal phosphate excretion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of renal phosphate excretion.

Name: protein localization to nuclear body.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a nuclear body.

Name: regulation of P-type sodium:potassium-exchanging transporter activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPase activity.

Name: positive regulation of P-type sodium:potassium-exchanging transporter activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPase activity.

Name: reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen.

Name: response to bile acid.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bile acid stimulus.

Name: cellular response to bile acid.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bile acid stimulus.

Name: response to glycoside.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glycoside stimulus.

Name: protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum tubular network.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an endoplasmic reticulum tubular network.

Name: regulation of synaptic vesicle recycling.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle recycling.

Name: positive regulation of synaptic vesicle recycling.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle recycling.

Name: regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process.

Name: negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process.

Name: positive regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process.

Name: regulation of cell maturation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation.

Name: negative regulation of cell maturation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation.

Name: positive regulation of cell maturation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation.

Name: regulation of TORC1 signaling.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of TORC1 signaling.

Name: regulation of constitutive secretory pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of constitutive secretory pathway.

Name: negative regulation of constitutive secretory pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of constitutive secretory pathway.

Name: positive regulation of constitutive secretory pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of constitutive secretory pathway.

Name: regulation of mitotic cytokinetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cytokinetic process.

Name: positive regulation of mitotic cytokinetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cytokinetic process.

Name: calcitonin family receptor complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of calcitonin family receptor activity. Calcitonin family receptors may form dimers, trimers or tetramers; adrenomedullin and amylin receptors have only been observed as dimers so far.

Name: amylin receptor complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of amylin receptor activity.

Name: protein localization to ciliary membrane.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a ciliary membrane.

Name: regulation of G1 to G0 transition.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G1 to G0 transition.

Name: negative regulation of G1 to G0 transition.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G1 to G0 transition.

Name: lactate catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lactate.

Name: positive regulation of mitotic cytokinesis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cytokinesis.

Name: ATPase inhibitor complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of ATPase inhibitor activity.

Name: regulation of mitotic spindle checkpoint.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic spindle checkpoint.

Name: regulation of nucleic acid-templated transcription.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nucleic acid-templated transcription.

Name: negative regulation of nucleic acid-templated transcription.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nucleic acid-templated transcription.

Name: positive regulation of nucleic acid-templated transcription.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nucleic acid-templated transcription.

Name: liposaccharide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving liposaccharide.

Name: mucopolysaccharide metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving mucopolysaccharide.

Name: phytanic acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytanic acid.

Name: endoplasmic reticulum to cytosol transport.

Definition: The directed movement of substances from endoplasmic reticulum to cytosol.

Name: release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by endoplasmic reticulum.

Definition: The directed movement of calcium ion from endoplasmic reticulum to cytosol.

Name: calcium ion transport from cytosol to endoplasmic reticulum.

Definition: The directed movement of calcium ion from cytosol to endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: regulation of single strand break repair.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of single strand break repair.

Name: positive regulation of single strand break repair.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of single strand break repair.

Name: regulation of blood circulation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation.

Name: negative regulation of blood circulation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation.

Name: positive regulation of blood circulation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation.

Name: regulation of membrane tubulation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane tubulation.

Name: negative regulation of membrane tubulation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane tubulation.

Name: positive regulation of membrane tubulation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane tubulation.

Name: regulation of secretion by cell.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell.

Name: negative regulation of secretion by cell.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell.

Name: positive regulation of secretion by cell.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell.

Name: regulation of protein targeting.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting.

Name: regulation of exosomal secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.

Name: negative regulation of exosomal secretion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.

Name: positive regulation of exosomal secretion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.

Name: protein localization to photoreceptor outer segment.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a photoreceptor outer segment.

Name: regulation of extracellular exosome assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly.

Name: positive regulation of extracellular exosome assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly.

Name: regulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production.

Name: negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production.

Name: positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production.

Name: extracellular vesicle.

Definition: Any vesicle that is part of the extracellular region.

Name: regulation of protein localization to cilium.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium.

Name: negative regulation of protein localization to cilium.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium.

Name: positive regulation of protein localization to cilium.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium.

Name: regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to ciliary membrane.

Name: negative regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to ciliary membrane.

Name: regulation of protein kinase D signaling.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase D signaling.

Name: positive regulation of protein kinase D signaling.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase D signaling.

Name: negative regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Name: cornified envelope assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a cornified envelope.

Name: response to L-arginine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a L-arginine stimulus.

Name: cellular response to L-arginine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a L-arginine stimulus.

Name: regulation of ATP metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ATP metabolic process.

Name: negative regulation of ATP metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ATP metabolic process.

Name: positive regulation of ATP metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ATP metabolic process.

Name: regulation of histone deubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone deubiquitination.

Name: positive regulation of histone deubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histone deubiquitination.

Name: regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis.

Name: negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis.

Name: positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis.

Name: regulation of histamine secretion by mast cell.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histamine secretion by mast cell.

Name: positive regulation of histamine secretion by mast cell.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histamine secretion by mast cell.

Name: regulation of gap junction assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gap junction assembly.

Name: negative regulation of gap junction assembly.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gap junction assembly.

Name: positive regulation of gap junction assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gap junction assembly.

Name: positive regulation of autophagy of mitochondrion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrion degradation by autophagy.

Name: protein localization to cytoplasmic stress granule.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cytoplasmic stress granule.

Name: negative regulation of inward rectifier potassium channel activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of inward rectifier potassium channel activity.

Name: regulation of calcium-dependent ATPase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-dependent ATPase activity.

Name: positive regulation of calcium-dependent ATPase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-dependent ATPase activity.

Name: regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity.

Name: negative regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity.

Name: positive regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity.

Name: regulation of DNA catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA catabolic process.

Name: negative regulation of DNA catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA catabolic process.

Name: positive regulation of DNA catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA catabolic process.

Name: regulation of protein insertion into mitochondrial outer membrane.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein insertion into mitochondrial outer membrane.

Name: positive regulation of protein insertion into mitochondrial outer membrane.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein insertion into mitochondrial outer membrane.

Name: regulation of chaperone-mediated protein folding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chaperone-mediated protein folding.

Name: negative regulation of chaperone-mediated protein folding.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chaperone-mediated protein folding.

Name: regulation of cytoplasmic transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic transport.

Name: negative regulation of cytoplasmic transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic transport.

Name: positive regulation of cytoplasmic transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic transport.

Name: phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain serine 5 residues involved in positive regulation of transcription elongation from RNA polymerase II promoter.

Definition: Any phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain serine 5 residues that is involved in positive regulation of transcription elongation from RNA polymerase II promoter.

Name: phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain serine 2 residues involved in positive regulation of transcription elongation from RNA polymerase II promoter.

Definition: Any phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain serine 2 residues that is involved in positive regulation of transcription elongation from RNA polymerase II promoter.

Name: regulation of complement-dependent cytotoxicity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of complement-dependent cytotoxicity.

Name: negative regulation of complement-dependent cytotoxicity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement-dependent cytotoxicity.

Name: regulation of sprouting angiogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sprouting angiogenesis.

Name: negative regulation of sprouting angiogenesis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sprouting angiogenesis.

Name: positive regulation of sprouting angiogenesis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sprouting angiogenesis.

Name: mitotic cleavage furrow formation.

Definition: Any cleavage furrow formation that is involved in mitotic cell cycle.

Name: regulation of cap-dependent translational initiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cap-dependent translational initiation.

Name: positive regulation of cap-dependent translational initiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cap-dependent translational initiation.

Name: regulation of cap-independent translational initiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cap-independent translational initiation.

Name: positive regulation of cap-independent translational initiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cap-independent translational initiation.

Name: regulation of wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells.

Name: negative regulation of wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells.

Name: positive regulation of wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells.

Name: negative regulation of microvillus assembly.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microvillus assembly.

Name: regulation of hemopoiesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis.

Name: negative regulation of hemopoiesis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis.

Name: positive regulation of hemopoiesis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis.

Name: spermine transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which spermine is transported across a membrane.

Name: cysteine transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of cysteine across a membrane.

Name: asparagine transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of asparagine across a membrane.

Name: regulation of aerobic respiration.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aerobic respiration.

Name: regulation of I-kappaB phosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB phosphorylation.

Name: positive regulation of I-kappaB phosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB phosphorylation.

Name: regulation of centriole elongation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of centriole elongation.

Name: negative regulation of centriole elongation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of centriole elongation.

Name: positive regulation of centriole elongation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of centriole elongation.

Name: regulation of phospholipid metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid metabolic process.

Name: negative regulation of phospholipid metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid metabolic process.

Name: positive regulation of phospholipid metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid metabolic process.

Name: regulation of plasma membrane organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane organization.

Name: regulation of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion.

Name: negative regulation of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion.

Name: positive regulation of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion.

Name: regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hydrogen peroxide.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hydrogen peroxide.

Name: negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hydrogen peroxide.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hydrogen peroxide.

Name: negative regulation of p38MAPK cascade.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of p38MAPK cascade.

Name: positive regulation of SUMO transferase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of SUMO transferase activity.

Name: regulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization.

Name: positive regulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization.

Name: gap junction channel activity involved in cell communication by electrical coupling.

Definition: Any gap junction channel activity that is involved in cell communication by electrical coupling.

Name: regulation of potassium ion export across plasma membrane.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion export across the plasma membrane.

Name: negative regulation of potassium ion export across plasma membrane.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion export across the plasma membrane.

Name: positive regulation of potassium ion export across plasma membrane.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion export across the plasma membrane.

Name: sweet taste receptor complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of sweet taste receptor activity.

Name: taste receptor complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of taste receptor activity.

Name: negative regulation of beta-galactosidase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of beta-galactosidase activity.

Name: positive regulation of beta-galactosidase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of beta-galactosidase activity.

Name: regulation of viral budding via host ESCRT complex.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral budding via host ESCRT complex.

Name: positive regulation of viral budding via host ESCRT complex.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral budding via host ESCRT complex.

Name: regulation of DNA double-strand break processing.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA double-strand break processing.

Name: protein localization to vacuolar membrane.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a vacuolar membrane.

Name: regulation of cardiac conduction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac conduction.

Name: L-valine transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of L-valine across a membrane.

Name: regulation of amino acid transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amino acid transmembrane transport.

Name: guanine nucleotide transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which a guanyl nucleotide is transported across a membrane.

Name: negative regulation of monoatomic anion transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anion transport.

Name: positive regulation of monoatomic anion transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anion transport.

Name: regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of inorganic anion transmembrane transport.

Name: positive regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of inorganic anion transmembrane transport.

Name: regulation of miRNA maturation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of maturation of miRNAs.

Name: negative regulation of miRNA maturation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of maturation of miRNAs.

Name: positive regulation of miRNA maturation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of maturation of miRNAs.

Name: L-leucine import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of L-leucine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: glycine import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of glycine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: L-histidine import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of L-histidine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: L-serine import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of L-serine into a cell.

Name: negative regulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated potassium channel activity.

Name: positive regulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated potassium channel activity.

Name: organic acid transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which an organic acid is transported across a membrane.

Name: L-arginine transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of L-arginine across a membrane.

Name: negative regulation of protein localization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a protein localization.

Name: positive regulation of protein localization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a protein localization.

Name: magnesium ion transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of magnesium ion across a membrane.

Name: regulation of mRNA 3'-UTR binding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA 3'-UTR binding.

Name: positive regulation of mRNA 3'-UTR binding.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA 3'-UTR binding.

Name: response to arsenite(3-).

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an arsenite(3-) stimulus.

Name: cellular response to arsenite(3-).

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an arsenite(3-) stimulus.

Name: response to arsenite ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an arsenite ion stimulus.

Name: cellular response to arsenite ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an arsenite ion stimulus.

Name: regulation of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus.

Name: negative regulation of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus.

Name: positive regulation of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus.

Name: regulation of cristae formation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cristae formation.

Name: positive regulation of cristae formation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cristae formation.

Name: regulation of dendrite extension.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite extension.

Name: negative regulation of dendrite extension.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite extension.

Name: positive regulation of dendrite extension.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite extension.

Name: positive regulation of oxidative phosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative phosphorylation.

Name: regulation of ATF6-mediated unfolded protein response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the ATF6-mediated unfolded protein response.

Name: negative regulation of ATF6-mediated unfolded protein response.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the ATF6-mediated unfolded protein response.

Name: positive regulation of ATF6-mediated unfolded protein response.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the ATF6-mediated unfolded protein response.

Name: regulation of IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response.

Name: negative regulation of IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response.

Name: positive regulation of IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response.

Name: regulation of PERK-mediated unfolded protein response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the PERK-mediated unfolded protein response.

Name: negative regulation of PERK-mediated unfolded protein response.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the PERK-mediated unfolded protein response.

Name: positive regulation of PERK-mediated unfolded protein response.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the PERK-mediated unfolded protein response.

Name: regulation of viral life cycle.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral life cycle.

Name: negative regulation of viral life cycle.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral life cycle.

Name: positive regulation of viral life cycle.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral life cycle.

Name: regulation of establishment of T cell polarity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of T cell polarity.

Name: negative regulation of establishment of T cell polarity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of T cell polarity.

Name: positive regulation of establishment of T cell polarity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of T cell polarity.

Name: regulation of plasma membrane raft polarization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane raft polarization.

Name: regulation of receptor clustering.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor clustering.

Name: positive regulation of receptor clustering.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor clustering.

Name: negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced eIF2 alpha phosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced eiF2alpha phosphorylation.

Name: regulation of fusion of virus membrane with host plasma membrane.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fusion of virus membrane with host plasma membrane.

Name: negative regulation of fusion of virus membrane with host plasma membrane.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fusion of virus membrane with host plasma membrane.

Name: regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced eIF2 alpha dephosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced eIF2alpha dephosphorylation.

Name: positive regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced eIF2 alpha dephosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced eIF2alpha dephosphorylation.

Name: regulation of actin filament severing.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament severing.

Name: negative regulation of actin filament severing.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament severing.

Name: estradiol binding.

Definition: Binding to estradiol.

Name: regulation of DNA primase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA primase activity.

Name: positive regulation of DNA primase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA primase activity.

Name: response to sodium arsenite.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sodium arsenite stimulus.

Name: cellular response to sodium arsenite.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sodium arsenite stimulus.

Name: regulation of TORC2 signaling.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of TORC2 signaling.

Name: negative regulation of TORC2 signaling.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of TORC2 signaling.

Name: regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte apoptotic process.

Name: negative regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte apoptotic process.

Name: positive regulation of protein targeting to mitochondrion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting to mitochondrion.

Name: nitric-oxide synthase complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of nitric-oxide synthase activity.

Name: regulation of monoatomic anion transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anion transmembrane transport.

Name: negative regulation of anion transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anion transmembrane transport.

Name: positive regulation of anion transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anion transmembrane transport.

Name: arachidonate transport.

Definition: The directed movement of an arachidonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: monounsaturated fatty acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving monounsaturated fatty acid.

Name: monounsaturated fatty acid catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monounsaturated fatty acid.

Name: regulation of response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

Name: positive regulation of response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

Name: regulation of cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.

Name: positive regulation of cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.

Name: regulation of glial cell migration.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell migration.

Name: positive regulation of glial cell migration.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell migration.

Name: regulation of microglial cell activation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microglial cell activation.

Name: positive regulation of microglial cell activation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microglial cell activation.

Name: enterobactin binding.

Definition: Binding to enterobactin.

Name: positive regulation of TRAIL-activated apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TRAIL-activated apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase activity.

Name: negative regulation of non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase activity.

Name: regulation of sebum secreting cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sebum secreting cell proliferation.

Name: negative regulation of sebum secreting cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sebum secreting cell proliferation.

Name: response to serotonin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a serotonin stimulus.

Name: cellular response to serotonin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a serotonin stimulus.

Name: positive regulation of vasculature development.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.

Name: epithelial cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any apoptotic process in an epithelial cell.

Name: regulation of G protein-coupled receptor internalization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor internalization.

Name: negative regulation of G protein-coupled receptor internalization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor internalization.

Name: positive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor internalization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor internalization.

Name: regulation of collagen fibril organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization.

Name: negative regulation of collagen fibril organization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization.

Name: positive regulation of collagen fibril organization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization.

Name: regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity.

Name: negative regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity.

Name: positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity.

Name: regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process.

Name: negative regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process.

Name: positive regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process.

Name: regulation of cystathionine beta-synthase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cystathionine beta-synthase activity.

Name: negative regulation of cystathionine beta-synthase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cystathionine beta-synthase activity.

Name: negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor production.

Name: S-adenosyl-L-methionine binding.

Definition: Binding to S-adenosyl-L-methionine.

Name: regulation of spontaneous neurotransmitter secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of spontaneous neurotransmitter secretion.

Name: negative regulation of spontaneous neurotransmitter secretion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of spontaneous neurotransmitter secretion.

Name: regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of sensory perception of pain.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of pain.

Name: regulation of monoatomic cation transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport.

Name: negative regulation of cation transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport.

Name: positive regulation of cation transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport.

Name: regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trophectodermal cell proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of trophectodermal cell proliferation.

Name: peptidase inhibitor complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of peptidase inhibitor activity.

Name: regulation of autophagic cell death.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagic cell death.

Name: negative regulation of autophagic cell death.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagic cell death.

Name: positive regulation of autophagic cell death.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagic cell death.

Name: protein localization to microvillus.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a microvillus.

Name: axon cytoplasm.

Definition: Any cytoplasm that is part of a axon.

Name: phosphatidylethanolamine transfer activity.

Definition: Removes phosphatidylethanolamine from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.

Name: regulation of microglial cell migration.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microglial cell migration.

Name: positive regulation of microglial cell migration.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microglial cell migration.

Name: regulation of retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol.

Name: negative regulation of retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol.

Name: positive regulation of retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol.

Name: axonemal central apparatus assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an axonemal central apparatus.

Name: regulation of bleb assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly.

Name: positive regulation of bleb assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly.

Name: regulation of adipose tissue development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development.

Name: negative regulation of adipose tissue development.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development.

Name: positive regulation of adipose tissue development.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development.

Name: negative regulation of membrane depolarization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane depolarization.

Name: positive regulation of membrane depolarization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane depolarization.

Name: regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity.

Name: iodide transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which iodide is transported across a membrane.

Name: membrane protein proteolysis involved in retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol.

Definition: Any membrane protein proteolysis that is involved in retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol.

Name: regulation of glycogen synthase activity, transferring glucose-1-phosphate.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycogen synthase activity, transferring glucose-1-phosphate.

Name: negative regulation of glycogen synthase activity, transferring glucose-1-phosphate.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycogen synthase activity, transferring glucose-1-phosphate.

Name: regulation of succinate dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of succinate dehydrogenase activity.

Name: positive regulation of succinate dehydrogenase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of succinate dehydrogenase activity.

Name: regulation of aconitate hydratase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aconitate hydratase activity.

Name: positive regulation of aconitate hydratase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aconitate hydratase activity.

Name: regulation of substrate-dependent cell migration, cell attachment to substrate.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of substrate-dependent cell migration, cell attachment to substrate.

Name: positive regulation of substrate-dependent cell migration, cell attachment to substrate.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of substrate-dependent cell migration, cell attachment to substrate.

Name: pericyte cell differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a pericyte cell.

Name: regulation of bile acid metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bile acid metabolic process.

Name: negative regulation of bile acid metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bile acid metabolic process.

Name: positive regulation of bile acid metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bile acid metabolic process.

Name: zinc ion import into Golgi lumen.

Definition: The directed import of zinc(2+) from the cytosol across the Golgi membrane into the Golgi lumen.

Name: regulation of basement membrane assembly involved in embryonic body morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of basement membrane assembly involved in embryonic body morphogenesis.

Name: positive regulation of basement membrane assembly involved in embryonic body morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of basement membrane assembly involved in embryonic body morphogenesis.

Name: negative regulation of TORC1 signaling.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of TORC1 signaling.

Name: positive regulation of TORC1 signaling.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TORC1 signaling.

Name: pyroptosome complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a pyroptosome complex.

Name: L-proline import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of L-proline from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: L-alanine import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed import of L-alanine from the extracellular region across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: regulation of antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I.

Name: negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I.

Name: BAT3 complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a BAT3 complex.

Name: regulation of mitotic DNA damage checkpoint.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic DNA damage checkpoint.

Name: negative regulation of mitotic DNA damage checkpoint.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic DNA damage checkpoint.

Name: positive regulation of mitotic DNA damage checkpoint.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic DNA damage checkpoint.

Name: regulation of ERAD pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ERAD pathway.

Name: negative regulation of ERAD pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ERAD pathway.

Name: positive regulation of ERAD pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ERAD pathway.

Name: regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction.

Name: positive regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction.

Name: transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential.

Definition: Any transmitter-gated ion channel activity that is involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential.

Name: response to forskolin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a forskolin stimulus.

Name: cellular response to forskolin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a forskolin stimulus.

Name: regulation of inhibitory G protein-coupled receptor phosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of inhibitory G protein-coupled receptor phosphorylation.

Name: positive regulation of inhibitory G protein-coupled receptor phosphorylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of inhibitory G protein-coupled receptor phosphorylation.

Name: protein localization to cytosolic proteasome complex.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cytosolic proteasome complex.

Name: regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process in the vacuole.

Name: negative regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process in the vacuole.

Name: positive regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process in the vacuole.

Name: regulation of telomere capping.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomere capping.

Name: negative regulation of telomere capping.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomere capping.

Name: positive regulation of telomere capping.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomere capping.

Name: regulation of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening.

Name: negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening.

Name: positive regulation of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening.

Name: regulation of protein localization to cell periphery.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery.

Name: negative regulation of protein localization to cell periphery.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery.

Name: positive regulation of protein localization to cell periphery.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery.

Name: maintenance of unfolded protein involved in ERAD pathway.

Definition: Maintaining an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein in an unfolded, soluble state that contributes to its degradation by the cytoplasmic proteasome. Maintaining ER-resident proteins in an unfolded yet soluble state condition after their retro-translocation favors their turnover by the cytosolic proteasome.

Name: protein localization to cytosolic proteasome complex involved in ERAD pathway.

Definition: Any protein localization to cytosolic proteasome complex that is involved in ERAD pathway. Following their retrotranslocation out of the endoplasmic reticulum, protein substrates must be shuttled to the cytosolic proteasome for degradation.

Name: endoplasmic reticulum mannose trimming.

Definition: Any protein alpha-1,2-demannosylation that takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum quality control compartment (ERQC).

Name: mannose trimming involved in glycoprotein ERAD pathway.

Definition: The removal of one or more alpha 1,2-linked mannose residues from a mannosylated protein that occurs as part of glycoprotein ER-associated glycoprotein degradation (gpERAD).

Name: cellular response to angiotensin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an angiotensin stimulus. Angiotensin is any of three physiologically active peptides (angiotensin II, III, or IV) processed from angiotensinogen.

Name: regulation of neuromuscular junction development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular junction development.

Name: positive regulation of neuromuscular junction development.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular junction development.

Name: heparan sulfate binding.

Definition: Binding to heparan sulfate.

Name: response to Thyroid stimulating hormone.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulus.

Name: cellular response to Thyroid stimulating hormone.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulus.

Name: negative regulation of nitric oxide metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nitric oxide metabolic process.

Name: positive regulation of nitric oxide metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nitric oxide metabolic process.

Name: melatonin binding.

Definition: Binding to melatonin.

Name: regulation of xenophagy.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of xenophagy.

Name: positive regulation of xenophagy.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of xenophagy.

Name: dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase activity.

Name: regulation of GTP binding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of GTP binding.

Name: positive regulation of GTP binding.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of GTP binding.

Name: positive regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transport.

Name: negative regulation of tubulin deacetylation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tubulin deacetylation.

Name: regulation of t-circle formation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of t-circle formation.

Name: negative regulation of t-circle formation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of t-circle formation.

Name: regulation of ferrous iron binding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ferrous iron binding.

Name: positive regulation of ferrous iron binding.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ferrous iron binding.

Name: regulation of transferrin receptor binding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transferrin receptor binding.

Name: positive regulation of transferrin receptor binding.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transferrin receptor binding.

Name: regulation of iron ion import across plasma membrane.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of iron ions import across plasma membrane.

Name: negative regulation of iron ion import across plasma membrane.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of iron ions import across plasma membrane.

Name: folate import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of folic acid from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: positive regulation of neuronal action potential.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuronal action potential.

Name: regulation of matrix metallopeptidase secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of matrix metallopeptidase secretion.

Name: negative regulation of matrix metallopeptidase secretion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of matrix metallopeptidase secretion.

Name: positive regulation of matrix metallopeptidase secretion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of matrix metallopeptidase secretion.

Name: regulation of intestinal absorption.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal absorption.

Name: negative regulation of intestinal absorption.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal absorption.

Name: response to tetrahydrofolate.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tetrahydrofolate stimulus.

Name: cellular response to tetrahydrofolate.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tetrahydrofolate stimulus.

Name: protein localization to ciliary transition zone.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a ciliary transition zone.

Name: Ac-Asp-Glu binding.

Definition: Binding to Ac-Asp-Glu.

Name: tetrahydrofolyl-poly(glutamate) polymer binding.

Definition: Binding to tetrahydrofolyl-poly(glutamate) polymer.

Name: regulation of lipophagy.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipophagy.

Name: positive regulation of lipophagy.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipophagy.

Name: regulation of telomere maintenance in response to DNA damage.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomere maintenance in response to DNA damage.

Name: negative regulation of telomere maintenance in response to DNA damage.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomere maintenance in response to DNA damage.

Name: positive regulation of TORC2 signaling.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TORC2 signaling.

Name: protein localization to cytoplasmic microtubule plus-end.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location at a cytoplasmic microtubule plus-end.

Name: regulation of microtubule binding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule binding.

Name: negative regulation of microtubule binding.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule binding.

Name: positive regulation of microtubule binding.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule binding.

Name: regulation of actin filament binding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament binding.

Name: negative regulation of actin filament binding.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament binding.

Name: positive regulation of actin filament binding.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament binding.

Name: regulation of telomeric loop disassembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric loop disassembly.

Name: negative regulation of telomeric loop disassembly.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric loop disassembly.

Name: regulation of free ubiquitin chain polymerization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of free ubiquitin chain polymerization.

Name: positive regulation of free ubiquitin chain polymerization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of free ubiquitin chain polymerization.

Name: L-proline transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of L-proline across a membrane.

Name: L-tryptophan transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of L-tryptophan across a membrane.

Name: L-alanine transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of L-alanine across a membrane.

Name: phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate.

Name: regulation of intracellular mRNA localization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular mRNA localization.

Name: positive regulation of intracellular mRNA localization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular mRNA localization.

Name: response to glycoprotein.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glycoprotein stimulus.

Name: cellular response to glycoprotein.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glycoprotein stimulus.

Name: regulation of protein import.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein import.

Name: positive regulation of protein import.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein import.

Name: regulation of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription.

Name: positive regulation of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription.

Name: serotonin-activated cation-selective channel complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of serotonin-activated cation-selective channel activity. Mainly found in pre- and postsynaptic membranes of the brain and gastrointestinal tract. Depending on its location it transports Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ or K+. It is always a pentamer, containing at least the 5HT3A subunit forming 5HT3A homopentamers or 5HT3A/B heteropentamers. In human, 5HT3A/C, A/D and A/E heteropentamers also exist.

Name: response to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine stimulus.

Name: cellular response to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine stimulus.

Name: regulation of actin binding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin binding.

Name: negative regulation of actin binding.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin binding.

Name: positive regulation of actin binding.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin binding.

Name: response to phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate stimulus.

Name: cellular response to phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate stimulus.

Name: regulation of podocyte apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptotic process.

Name: positive regulation of podocyte apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptotic process.

Name: response to amyloid-beta.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a amyloid-beta stimulus.

Name: cellular response to amyloid-beta.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a amyloid-beta stimulus.

Name: glucose transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which glucose is transported across a membrane.

Name: regulation of ubiquitin protein ligase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin protein ligase activity.

Name: negative regulation of ubiquitin protein ligase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin protein ligase activity.

Name: positive regulation of ubiquitin protein ligase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin protein ligase activity.

Name: ATP export.

Definition: The directed movement of ATP out of a cell or organelle.

Name: peptide transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Enables the transfer of a peptide from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: regulation of metalloendopeptidase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metalloendopeptidase activity.

Name: negative regulation of metalloendopeptidase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metalloendopeptidase activity.

Name: positive regulation of metalloendopeptidase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of metalloendopeptidase activity.

Name: regulation of cytoplasmic translational initiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translational initiation.

Name: negative regulation of cytoplasmic translational initiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translational initiation.

Name: positive regulation of cytoplasmic translational initiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translational initiation.

Name: positive regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell proliferation.

Name: negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle contraction.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle contraction.

Name: regulation of protein localization to adherens junction.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to adherens junction. An adherens junction is a cell-cell junction composed of the epithelial cadherin-catenin complex at which the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is attached to actin filaments.

Name: regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.

Name: negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.

Name: regulation of granulosa cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of granulosa cell apoptotic process.

Name: regulation of Wnt-Frizzled-LRP5/6 complex assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt-Frizzled-LRP5/6 complex assembly.

Name: beta-catenin destruction complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a beta-catenin destruction complex.

Name: regulation of chaperone-mediated autophagy.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chaperone-mediated autophagy.

Name: negative regulation of chaperone-mediated autophagy.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chaperone-mediated autophagy.

Name: positive regulation of chaperone-mediated autophagy.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chaperone-mediated autophagy.

Name: negative regulation of Wnt-Frizzled-LRP5/6 complex assembly.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt-Frizzled-LRP5/6 complex assembly.

Name: regulation of intestinal lipid absorption.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal lipid absorption.

Name: negative regulation of intestinal lipid absorption.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal lipid absorption.

Name: regulation of electron transfer activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of electron transfer activity.

Name: negative regulation of electron transfer activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of electron transfer activity.

Name: positive regulation of electron transfer activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of electron transfer activity.

Name: regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA dehydrogenase.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA dehydrogenase.

Name: negative regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA dehydrogenase.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA dehydrogenase.

Name: regulation of telomeric DNA binding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric DNA binding.

Name: negative regulation of telomeric DNA binding.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric DNA binding.

Name: positive regulation of telomeric DNA binding.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric DNA binding.

Name: regulation of protein localization to nucleolus.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus.

Name: negative regulation of protein localization to nucleolus.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus.

Name: positive regulation of protein localization to nucleolus.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus.

Name: regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration.

Name: negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration.

Name: positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration.

Name: regulation of myofibroblast differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myofibroblast differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of myofibroblast differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myofibroblast differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of macroautophagy by TORC1 signaling.

Definition: A TORC1 signaling that results in negative regulation of macroautophagy.

Name: all-trans-retinol binding.

Definition: Binding to all-trans-retinol.

Name: regulation of protein localization to cell cortex.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell cortex.

Name: negative regulation of protein localization to cell cortex.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell cortex.

Name: positive regulation of protein localization to cell cortex.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell cortex.

Name: regulation of protein localization to centrosome.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to centrosome.

Name: negative regulation of protein localization to centrosome.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to centrosome.

Name: positive regulation of protein localization to centrosome.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to centrosome.

Name: NLRP1 inflammasome complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a NLRP1 inflammasome complex.

Name: regulation of shelterin complex assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of shelterin complex assembly.

Name: negative regulation of shelterin complex assembly.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of shelterin complex assembly.

Name: positive regulation of shelterin complex assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of shelterin complex assembly.

Name: regulation of core promoter binding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of core promoter binding.

Name: negative regulation of core promoter binding.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of core promoter binding.

Name: positive regulation of core promoter binding.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of core promoter binding.

Name: regulation of translation involved in cellular response to UV.

Definition: Any regulation of translation that is involved in cellular response to UV.

Name: regulation of protein oxidation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein oxidation.

Name: positive regulation of protein oxidation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein oxidation.

Name: regulation of protein localization to chromosome, telomeric region.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromosome, telomeric region.

Name: negative regulation of protein localization to chromosome, telomeric region.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromosome, telomeric region.

Name: positive regulation of protein localization to chromosome, telomeric region.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromosome, telomeric region.

Name: purine nucleobase transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which a purine nucleobase is transported across a membrane.

Name: protein localization to microtubule plus-end.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location at a microtubule plus-end.

Name: regulation of hydrogen sulfide biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen sulfide biosynthetic process.

Name: positive regulation of hydrogen sulfide biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen sulfide biosynthetic process.

Name: regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Name: TORC2 complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a TORC2 complex.

Name: regulation of cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor.

Name: negative regulation of cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor.

Name: positive regulation of cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor.

Name: negative regulation of establishment of protein localization to telomere.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization to telomere.

Name: positive regulation of establishment of protein localization to telomere.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization to telomere.

Name: proteasome regulatory particle binding.

Definition: Binding to a proteasome regulatory particle.

Name: excitatory synapse assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an excitatory synapse.

Name: inhibitory synapse assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an inhibitory synapse.

Name: regulation of beta-catenin-TCF complex assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of beta-catenin-TCF complex assembly.

Name: negative regulation of beta-catenin-TCF complex assembly.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of beta-catenin-TCF complex assembly.

Name: protein localization to Cajal body.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a Cajal body.

Name: regulation of protein localization to Cajal body.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to Cajal body.

Name: positive regulation of protein localization to Cajal body.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to Cajal body.

Name: regulation of telomerase RNA localization to Cajal body.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase RNA localization to Cajal body.

Name: positive regulation of telomerase RNA localization to Cajal body.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase RNA localization to Cajal body.

Name: regulation of DNA ligase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA ligase activity.

Name: positive regulation of DNA ligase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA ligase activity.

Name: negative regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage-gated calcium channel.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage-gated calcium channel.

Name: response to hydrogen sulfide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen sulfide stimulus.

Name: cellular response to hydrogen sulfide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen sulfide stimulus.

Name: regulation of telomerase catalytic core complex assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase catalytic core complex assembly.

Name: positive regulation of telomerase catalytic core complex assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase catalytic core complex assembly.

Name: beta-catenin destruction complex disassembly.

Definition: The disaggregation of a beta-catenin destruction complex into its constituent components.

Name: Wnt signalosome assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a Wnt signalosome.

Name: cranial skeletal system development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial skeletal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial skeletal system is the skeletal subdivision of the head, and includes the skull (cranium plus mandible), pharyngeal and/or hyoid apparatus.

Name: regulation of excitatory synapse assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of excitatory synapse assembly.

Name: positive regulation of excitatory synapse assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of excitatory synapse assembly.

Name: regulation of receptor signaling pathway via STAT.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor signaling via STAT.

Name: negative regulation of receptor signaling pathway via STAT.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor signaling via STAT.

Name: positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via STAT.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor signaling pathway via STAT.

Name: ESCRT complex disassembly.

Definition: The disaggregation of an ESCRT complex into its constituent components.

Name: ESCRT III complex disassembly.

Definition: The disaggregation of an ESCRT III complex into its constituent components.

Name: regulation of endothelial cell-matrix adhesion via fibronectin.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell-matrix adhesion via fibronectin.

Name: negative regulation of endothelial cell-matrix adhesion via fibronectin.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell-matrix adhesion via fibronectin.

Name: positive regulation of endothelial cell-matrix adhesion via fibronectin.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell-matrix adhesion via fibronectin.

Name: regulation of maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion, telomeric.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion, telomeric.

Name: negative regulation of maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion, telomeric.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion, telomeric.

Name: regulation of establishment of RNA localization to telomere.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of RNA localization to telomere.

Name: negative regulation of establishment of RNA localization to telomere.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of RNA localization to telomere.

Name: regulation of autophagy of mitochondrion in response to mitochondrial depolarization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy of mitochondrion in response to mitochondrial depolarization.

Name: positive regulation of autophagy of mitochondrion in response to mitochondrial depolarization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy of the mitochondrion in response to mitochondrial depolarization.

Name: amphisome membrane.

Definition: Any membrane that is part of an amphisome.

Name: folate import into mitochondrion.

Definition: The process in which folic acid is transported from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix.

Name: midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation.

Definition: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a midbrain dopaminergic neuron.

Name: ATPase complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of ATPase activity.

Name: negative regulation of establishment of protein localization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization.

Name: positive regulation of establishment of protein localization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization.

Name: Wnt signaling pathway involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation.

Definition: Any Wnt signaling pathway that is involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation.

Name: canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation.

Definition: Any canonical Wnt signaling pathway that is involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation.

Name: regulation of cytochrome-c oxidase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytochrome-c oxidase activity.

Name: positive regulation of cytochrome-c oxidase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytochrome-c oxidase activity.

Name: brush border assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of adjacent microvilli through the formation of Ca(2+)-dependent adhesion links between them, forming a brush border.

Name: regulation of viral translation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral translation.

Name: positive regulation of viral translation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral translation.

Name: response to bleomycin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bleomycin stimulus.

Name: cellular response to bleomycin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bleomycin stimulus.

Name: lymphatic endothelial cell migration.

Definition: The orderly movement of a lymphatic endothelial cell from one site to another in the wall of a lymphatic vessel.

Name: regulation of endosome organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endosome organization.

Name: negative regulation of endosome organization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endosome organization.

Name: positive regulation of endosome organization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endosome organization.

Name: glycine import into mitochondrion.

Definition: The process in which glycine is transported from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix.

Name: regulation of quinolinate biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of quinolinate biosynthetic process.

Name: negative regulation of quinolinate biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of quinolinate biosynthetic process.

Name: regulation of adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell.

Name: negative regulation of leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell.

Name: positive regulation of leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell.

Name: regulation of leukocyte adhesion to arterial endothelial cell.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte adhesion to arterial endothelial cell.

Name: negative regulation of leukocyte adhesion to arterial endothelial cell.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte adhesion to arterial endothelial cell.

Name: positive regulation of leukocyte adhesion to arterial endothelial cell.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte adhesion to arterial endothelial cell.

Name: regulation of membrane repolarization during ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane repolarization during ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Name: negative regulation of membrane repolarization during ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane repolarization during ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Name: positive regulation of membrane repolarization during ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane repolarization during ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Name: regulation of membrane repolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane repolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Name: negative regulation of membrane repolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane repolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Name: positive regulation of membrane repolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane repolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential.

Name: regulation of antifungal innate immune response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an antifungal innate immune response.

Name: negative regulation of antifungal innate immune response.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an antifungal innate immune response.

Name: positive regulation of antifungal innate immune response.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an antifungal innate immune response.

Name: autophagosome organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an autophagosome.

Name: regulation of membrane lipid metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane lipid metabolic process.

Name: carboxylic acid transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which carboxylic acid is transported across a membrane.

Name: regulation of metallopeptidase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metallopeptidase activity.

Name: negative regulation of metallopeptidase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metallopeptidase activity.

Name: positive regulation of metallopeptidase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of metallopeptidase activity.

Name: regulation of base-excision repair.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of base-excision repair.

Name: positive regulation of base-excision repair.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of base-excision repair.

Name: P-type calcium transporter activity involved in regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration.

Definition: A calcium-transporting P-type ATPase activity involved in regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration.

Name: P-type calcium transporter activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration.

Definition: A calcium-transporting P-type ATPase activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration.

Name: positive regulation of cardioblast proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation.

Name: regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in heart development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in heart development.

Name: negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in heart development.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in heart development.

Name: cardiac jelly development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac jelly over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac jelly is an acellular gelatinous matrix secreted by the myocardium and plays a central role in the septation of the heart.

Name: regulation of tight junction disassembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tight junction disassembly.

Name: positive regulation of tight junction disassembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tight junction disassembly.

Name: regulation of parkin-mediated stimulation of mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a parkin-mediated process that positively regulates mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization.

Name: negative regulation of parkin-mediated stimulation of mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of parkin-mediated mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization.

Name: positive regulation of parkin-mediated stimulation of mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of parkin-mediated mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization.

Name: regulation of guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity.

Name: negative regulation of guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity.

Name: positive regulation of guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity.

Name: cell surface receptor signaling pathway involved in cell-cell signaling.

Definition: Any cell surface receptor signaling pathway that is involved in cell-cell signaling.

Name: regulation of lateral attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lateral attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore.

Name: positive regulation of lateral attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lateral attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore.

Name: regulation of meiotic chromosome separation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic chromosome separation.

Name: negative regulation of meiotic chromosome separation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic chromosome separation.

Name: biotin import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of biotin from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: response to acetylcholine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an acetylcholine stimulus.

Name: cellular response to acetylcholine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an acetylcholine stimulus.

Name: lysosomal protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any cellular protein catabolic process that takes place in a lysosome.

Name: regulation of voltage-gated sodium channel activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated sodium channel activity.

Name: regulation of membrane invagination.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane invagination.

Name: negative regulation of membrane invagination.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane invagination.

Name: positive regulation of membrane invagination.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane invagination.

Name: regulation of lysosomal protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lysosomal protein catabolic process.

Name: negative regulation of lysosomal protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lysosomal protein catabolic process.

Name: positive regulation of lysosomal protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lysosomal protein catabolic process.

Name: positive regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.

Name: RISC complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a RISC complex.

Name: regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation.

Name: positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation.

Name: negative regulation of protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity.

Name: positive regulation of protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity.

Name: methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase activity.

Name: regulation of connective tissue replacement.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of connective tissue replacement.

Name: positive regulation of connective tissue replacement.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of connective tissue replacement.

Name: positive regulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death in response to hydrogen peroxide.

Name: regulation of cardiocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of cardiocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of cardiocyte differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation.

Name: regulation of RNA binding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA binding.

Name: negative regulation of RNA binding.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA binding.

Name: positive regulation of RNA binding.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA binding.

Name: epicardium morphogenesis.

Definition: The developmental process by which an epicardium is generated and organized.

Name: clathrin-coated pit assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a clathrin-coated pit.

Name: response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulus. TRH increases the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary.

Name: regulation of adhesion of symbiont to host epithelial cell.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adhesion of symbiont to host epithelial cell.

Name: cellular response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulus. TRH increases the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary.

Name: regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in osteoblast differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in osteoblast differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in osteoblast differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in osteoblast differentiation.

Name: regulation of modification of synaptic structure.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of modification of synaptic structure.

Name: regulation of aspartic-type peptidase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aspartic-type peptidase activity.

Name: negative regulation of aspartic-type peptidase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aspartic-type peptidase activity.

Name: positive regulation of aspartic-type peptidase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aspartic-type peptidase activity.

Name: regulation of nitrosative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to nitrosative stress.

Name: negative regulation of nitrosative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to nitrosative stress.

Name: endonucleolytic cleavage involved in tRNA processing.

Definition: Any endonucleolytic RNA phosphodiester bond hydrolysis that is involved in tRNA processing.

Name: negative regulation of chromatin organization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization.

Name: positive regulation of chromatin organization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization.

Name: regulation of proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism.

Name: positive regulation of proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism.

Name: regulation of modification of postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of modification of postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.

Name: regulation of epithelial tube formation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial tube formation.

Name: positive regulation of epithelial tube formation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial tube formation.

Name: regulation of retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi.

Name: negative regulation of retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi.

Name: positive regulation of retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi.

Name: serine-type peptidase complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of serine-type peptidase activity.

Name: regulation of CAMKK-AMPK signaling cascade.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CAMKK-AMPK signaling cascade.

Name: semi-lunar valve development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a semi-lunar valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell migration.

Name: positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell migration.

Name: telomerase holoenzyme complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a telomerase holoenzyme complex.

Name: regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium.

Name: negative regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium.

Name: positive regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium.

Name: regulation of gastric motility.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gastric motility.

Name: regulation of aggrephagy.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aggrephagy.

Name: positive regulation of aggrephagy.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aggrephagy.

Name: regulation of protein localization to kinetochore.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to kinetochore.

Name: negative regulation of protein localization to kinetochore.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to kinetochore.

Name: positive regulation of protein localization to kinetochore.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to kinetochore.

Name: prostaglandin catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of prostaglandin.

Name: endodeoxyribonuclease complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of endodeoxyribonuclease activity.

Name: endonuclease complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of endonuclease activity.

Name: exoribonuclease complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of exoribonuclease activity.

Name: GTPase complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of GTPase activity.

Name: regulation of intralumenal vesicle formation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intralumenal vesicle formation.

Name: negative regulation of intralumenal vesicle formation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intralumenal vesicle formation.

Name: peptidase complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of peptidase activity.

Name: endopeptidase complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of endopeptidase activity.

Name: serine-type endopeptidase complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of serine-type endopeptidase activity.

Name: beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase complex.

Definition: A protein complex which is capable of beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase activity.

Name: regulation of snRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of snRNA transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.

Name: negative regulation of snRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of snRNA transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.

Name: positive regulation of snRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of snRNA transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.

Name: protein localization to presynapse.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a presynapse.

Name: retromer complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a retromer complex.

Name: response to flavonoid.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a flavonoid stimulus.

Name: cellular response to flavonoid.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a flavonoid stimulus.

Name: regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process.

Name: positive regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process.

Name: regulation of creatine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of creatine transmembrane transporter activity.

Name: negative regulation of creatine transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of creatine transmembrane transporter activity.

Name: regulation of dense core granule exocytosis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dense core granule exocytosis.

Name: response to glycine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glycine stimulus.

Name: non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation.

Definition: Any non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway that is involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation.

Name: regulation of mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transport.

Name: positive regulation of mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transport.

Name: regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.

Name: negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.

Name: positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.

Name: regulation of DNA duplex unwinding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA duplex unwinding.

Name: negative regulation of DNA duplex unwinding.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA duplex unwinding.

Name: positive regulation of DNA duplex unwinding.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA duplex unwinding.

Name: canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in stem cell proliferation.

Definition: Any canonical Wnt signaling pathway that is involved in stem cell proliferation.

Name: regulation of protein localization to membrane.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to membrane.

Name: negative regulation of protein localization to membrane.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to membrane.

Name: positive regulation of protein localization to membrane.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to membrane.

Name: acetyl-CoA binding.

Definition: Binding to acetyl-CoA, an acyl-CoA having acetyl as its S-acetyl component.

Name: protein localization to microtubule organizing center.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a microtubule organizing center.

Name: non-motile cilium assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a non-motile cilium.

Name: macrophage migration.

Definition: The orderly movement of a macrophage from one site to another.

Name: regulation of macrophage migration.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage migration.

Name: negative regulation of macrophage migration.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage migration.

Name: positive regulation of macrophage migration.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage migration.

Name: negative regulation of protein autoubiquitination.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein autoubiquitination.

Name: regulation of Golgi lumen acidification.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Golgi lumen acidification.

Name: regulation of leucine import across plasma membrane.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leucine import across plasma membrane.

Name: negative regulation of leucine import across plasma membrane.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leucine import across plasma membrane.

Name: regulation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F complex assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F complex assembly.

Name: positive regulation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F complex assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F complex assembly.

Name: polysome binding.

Definition: Binding to a polysome.

Name: cellular response to phenylpropanoid.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a phenylpropanoid stimulus.

Name: regulation of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: negative regulation of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: positive regulation of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum.

Name: regulation of blood vessel branching.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel branching.

Name: positive regulation of blood vessel branching.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel branching.

Name: regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation.

Name: negative regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation.

Name: ganglioside GM1 transport to membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of ganglioside GM1 to membrane.

Name: ganglioside GM1 binding.

Definition: Binding to ganglioside GM1.

Name: ganglioside GM2 binding.

Definition: Binding to ganglioside GM2.

Name: ganglioside GM3 binding.

Definition: Binding to ganglioside GM3.

Name: ganglioside GT1b binding.

Definition: Binding to ganglioside GT1b.

Name: ganglioside GP1c binding.

Definition: Binding to ganglioside GP1c.

Name: regulation of ERBB3 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ERBB3 signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of ERBB3 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ERBB3 signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance.

Name: fibronectin fibril organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a fibronectin fibril.

Name: resveratrol binding.

Definition: Binding to resveratrol.

Name: regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding.

Name: negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding.

Name: positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding.

Name: negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of low-density lipoprotein receptor activity.

Name: positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of low-density lipoprotein receptor activity.

Name: regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis involved in cholesterol transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor-mediated endocytosis involved in cholesterol transport.

Name: negative regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis involved in cholesterol transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor-mediated endocytosis involved in cholesterol transport.

Name: positive regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis involved in cholesterol transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor-mediated endocytosis involved in cholesterol transport.

Name: regulation of blood-brain barrier permeability.

Definition: Any process that modulates blood-brain barrier permeability, the quality of the blood-brain barrier that allows for a controlled passage of substances (e.g. macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into and out of the brain.

Name: negative regulation of blood-brain barrier permeability.

Definition: Any process that decreases blood-brain barrier permeability, the quality of the blood-brain barrier that allows for a controlled passage of substances (e.g. macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into and out of the brain.

Name: positive regulation of blood-brain barrier permeability.

Definition: Any process that increases blood-brain barrier permeability, the quality of the blood-brain barrier that allows for a controlled passage of substances (e.g. macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into and out of the brain.

Name: regulation of presynapse assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of presynapse assembly.

Name: positive regulation of smooth muscle cell-matrix adhesion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell-matrix adhesion.

Name: regulation of mRNA cap binding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA cap binding.

Name: positive regulation of mRNA cap binding.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA cap binding.

Name: regulation of protein localization to chromatin.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromatin.

Name: positive regulation of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.

Name: negative regulation of DNA methylation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA methylation.

Name: positive regulation of DNA methylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA methylation.

Name: proline import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of proline from outside of a cell into the cytoplasmic compartment.

Name: regulation of telomerase RNA reverse transcriptase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase RNA reverse transcriptase activity.

Name: negative regulation of telomerase RNA reverse transcriptase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase RNA reverse transcriptase activity.

Name: regulation of calcium ion import across plasma membrane.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion import across plasma membrane.

Name: positive regulation of calcium ion import across plasma membrane.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion import across plasma membrane.

Name: regulation of protein localization to endosome.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to endosome.

Name: negative regulation of protein localization to endosome.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to endosome.

Name: positive regulation of protein localization to endosome.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to endosome.

Name: TORC1 complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a TORC1 complex.

Name: regulation of lysosome organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lysosome organization.

Name: positive regulation of lysosome organization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lysosome organization.

Name: regulation of adaptive immune memory response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adaptive immune memory response.

Name: negative regulation of adaptive immune memory response.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adaptive immune memory response.

Name: positive regulation of adaptive immune memory response.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adaptive immune memory response.

Name: regulation of plasma membrane repair.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane repair.

Name: lipid droplet disassembly.

Definition: The disaggregation of a lipid particle into its constituent components.

Name: regulation of phosphatidic acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidic acid biosynthetic process.

Name: positive regulation of phosphatidic acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidic acid biosynthetic process.

Name: regulation of polysome binding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of polysome binding.

Name: positive regulation of polysome binding.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of polysome binding.

Name: regulation of mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled proton transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled proton transport.

Name: negative regulation of membrane permeability.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by a membrane.

Name: positive regulation of membrane permeability.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by a membrane.

Name: regulation of cornification.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cornification.

Name: negative regulation of cornification.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cornification.

Name: protein localization to perinuclear region of cytoplasm.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the perinuclear region of the cytoplasm.

Name: cytoplasmic microtubule bundle.

Definition: Any microtubule bundle that is part of a cytoplasm.

Name: mitotic spindle astral microtubule end.

Definition: Any microtubule end that is part of a mitotic spindle astral microtubule.

Name: protein localization to microtubule end.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location at a microtubule end.

Name: regulation of L-proline import across plasma membrane.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-proline import across plasma membrane.

Name: positive regulation of L-proline import across plasma membrane.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-proline import across plasma membrane.

Name: negative regulation of saliva secretion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of saliva secretion.

Name: hard palate morphogenesis.

Definition: The developmental process by which a hard palate is generated and organized.

Name: regulation of endosome to plasma membrane protein transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endosome to plasma membrane protein transport.

Name: positive regulation of endosome to plasma membrane protein transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endosome to plasma membrane protein transport.

Name: protein localization to cytoplasmic microtubule.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cytoplasmic microtubule.

Name: CCR4-NOT complex binding.

Definition: Binding to a CCR4-NOT complex.

Name: regulation of protection from non-homologous end joining at telomere.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protection from non-homologous end joining at telomere.

Name: negative regulation of protection from non-homologous end joining at telomere.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protection from non-homologous end joining at telomere.

Name: regulation of double-stranded telomeric DNA binding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of double-stranded telomeric DNA binding.

Name: negative regulation of double-stranded telomeric DNA binding.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of double-stranded telomeric DNA binding.

Name: regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesodermal cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesodermal cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesodermal cell differentiation.

Name: 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine an oxidized purine residue found in damaged DNA.

Name: regulation of DNA helicase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ATP-dependent DNA helicase activity.

Name: negative regulation of DNA helicase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ATP-dependent DNA helicase activity.

Name: positive regulation of DNA helicase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ATP-dependent DNA helicase activity.

Name: regulation of exonuclease activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exonuclease activity.

Name: negative regulation of exonuclease activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exonuclease activity.

Name: regulation of phosphatidylserine exposure on apoptotic cell surface.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylserine exposure on apoptotic cell surface.

Name: positive regulation of phosphatidylserine exposure on apoptotic cell surface.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylserine exposure on apoptotic cell surface.

Name: protein localization to pericentriolar material.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a pericentriolar material.

Name: regulation of intraciliary retrograde transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intraciliary retrograde transport.

Name: regulation of cellular response to manganese ion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to manganese ion.

Name: regulation of synapse pruning.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse pruning.

Name: positive regulation of synapse pruning.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synapse pruning.

Name: regulation of chromosome separation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome separation.

Name: negative regulation of chromosome separation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome separation.

Name: positive regulation of chromosome separation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome separation.

Name: positive regulation of chromosome condensation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome condensation.

Name: regulation of prostaglandin catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of prostaglandin catabolic process.

Name: positive regulation of spindle assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of spindle assembly.

Name: negative regulation of microtubule nucleation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule nucleation.

Name: response to pyrimidine ribonucleotide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pyrimidine ribonucleotide stimulus.

Name: cellular response to pyrimidine ribonucleotide.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pyrimidine ribonucleotide stimulus.

Name: regulation of telomeric D-loop disassembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric D-loop disassembly.

Name: negative regulation of telomeric D-loop disassembly.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric D-loop disassembly.

Name: regulation of heparan sulfate binding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heparan sulfate binding.

Name: positive regulation of heparan sulfate binding.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heparan sulfate binding.

Name: negative regulation of pentose-phosphate shunt.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pentose-phosphate shunt.

Name: regulation of heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding.

Name: positive regulation of heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding.

Name: regulation of 3'-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of 3'-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilization.

Name: negative regulation of 3'-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of 3'-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilization.

Name: positive regulation of 3'-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of 3'-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilization.

Name: regulation of oogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis.

Name: regulation of cellular response to very-low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to very-low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus.

Name: regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Name: positive regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Name: regulation of amyloid fibril formation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid fibril formation.

Name: negative regulation of amyloid fibril formation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid fibril formation.

Name: positive regulation of amyloid fibril formation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid fibril formation.

Name: regulation of calcium ion export across plasma membrane.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion export across the plasma membrane.

Name: negative regulation of calcium ion export across plasma membrane.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion export across the plasma membrane.

Name: regulation of cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching.

Name: negative regulation of cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching.

Name: positive regulation of cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching.

Name: regulation of CoA-transferase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CoA-transferase activity.

Name: positive regulation of CoA-transferase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CoA-transferase activity.

Name: regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching.

Name: negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching.

Name: positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching.

Name: regulation of gonad development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development.

Name: negative regulation of gonad development.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development.

Name: positive regulation of gonad development.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development.

Name: regulation of lipid localization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization.

Name: negative regulation of lipid localization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization.

Name: positive regulation of lipid localization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization.

Name: positive regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial tube morphogenesis.

Name: regulation of cellular response to alcohol.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to alcohol.

Name: amyloid fibril formation.

Definition: The generation of amyloid fibrils, insoluble fibrous protein aggregates exhibiting beta sheet structure, from proteins.

Name: inhibition of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that prevents the activation of an inactive cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in an apoptotic process.

Name: IDP phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: IDP + H2O = IMP + H+ + phosphate.

Name: granular vesicle.

Definition: A cytoplasmic membrane-bounded vesicle of varying size, but usually larger than 45 nm, with an electron dense granular core, found in noradrenergic and peptidergic cells.

Name: mitotic spindle midzone.

Definition: The area in the center of the anaphase spindle consisting of microtubules, microtubule bundling factors and kinesin motors where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap in an antiparallel manner.

Name: calcium ion export across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of calcium ions from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.

Name: calcium ion import into sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Definition: The directed movement of calcium ions into a sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Name: Lewy body core.

Definition: The center portion of a Lewy body. In Parkinson's disease, it contains a matted meshwork of filaments.

Name: Lewy body corona.

Definition: The periphery of a Lewy body. In Parkinson's disease, it contains spherical accumulations of filaments arranged in a loose, radiating array.

Name: protein localization to lipid droplet.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location on or within a lipid droplet.

Name: stress-induced mitochondrial fusion.

Definition: Merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment, as a result of a disturbance in cellular homeostasis.

Name: spindle matrix.

Definition: A proteinaceous, nuclear-derived structure that embeds the microtubule spindle apparatus from pole to pole in a microtubule-independent manner during mitosis.

Name: phosphatidic acid transfer activity.

Definition: Removes a phosphatidic acid from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle. Phosphatidic acid refers to a glycophospholipids with, in general, a saturated fatty acid bonded to carbon-1, an unsaturated fatty acid bonded to carbon-2, and a phosphate group bonded to carbon-3.

Name: activation of protein kinase C activity.

Definition: Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase C.

Name: RPAP3/R2TP/prefoldin-like complex.

Definition: A protein complex first characterized in human and comprised of a R2TP module (R2TP complex), a prefoldin-like module (containing both prefoldin-like proteins and canonical prefoldins), WD40 repeat protein Monad/WDR92 and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase subunit RPB5. This complex might have chaperone activity.

Name: TRAPPII protein complex.

Definition: A complex that mediates intra-Golgi traffic, Golgi exit, endosome-to-Golgi traffic, and the trafficking of autophagy proteins from Golgi to the phagophore assembly site. Binds to a component of the COPI coat. In yeast it includes the following subunits: Bet3 (as homodimer), Bet5, Tca17, Trs20, Trs23, Trs31, Trs33, Trs65, Trs120, Trs130. The whole complex is thought to dimerize with itself.

Name: cartilage homeostasis.

Definition: A tissue homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium within cartilage, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.

Name: trimethylamine receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with the biogenic amine trimethylamine to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: response to nerve growth factor.

Definition: A process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nerve growth factor stimulus.

Name: cellular response to nerve growth factor stimulus.

Definition: A process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nerve growth factor stimulus.

Name: calcium-dependent self proteolysis.

Definition: The calcium-dependent hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their own peptide bonds.

Name: protein linear deubiquitination.

Definition: A protein deubiquitination process in which a linear polymer of ubiquitin, formed by the amino-terminal methionine (M1) of one ubiquitin molecule and by the carboxy-terminal glycine (G76) of the next, is removed from a protein.

Name: RQC complex.

Definition: A multiprotein complex that forms a stable complex with large ribosomal subunits (60S in eukaryotes and 50S in prokaryotes) containing stalled polypeptides and triggers their degradation (ribosomal quality control). In budding yeast, this complex includes Cdc48p, Rkr1p, Tae2p, Rqc1p, Npl4p and Ufd1p proteins.

Name: RNA polymerase II core complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the eukaryotic RNA polymerase II core complex.

Name: ribosome-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide encoded by an aberrant message and associated with a stalled ribosome. Degradation is initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the ribosome-associated protein.

Name: B cell receptor apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: An extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.

Name: messenger ribonucleoprotein complex assembly.

Definition: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules to form a messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complex.

Name: messenger ribonucleoprotein complex.

Definition: A ribonucleoprotein complex containing both protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules.

Name: GATOR1 complex.

Definition: A GTPase-activating protein (GAP) complex that regulates TORC1 signaling by interacting with the Rag GTPase. In human, the GATOR1 complex consists of DEPDC5, NPRL2, and NPRL3. In S. cerevisiae, this complex is referred to as SEACIT and contains the Iml1p, Npr2p, and Npr3p proteins.

Name: neuron projection extension.

Definition: Long distance growth of a single neuron projection involved in cellular development. A neuron projection is a prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.

Name: intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hypoxia.

Definition: The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to hypoxia (lowered oxygen tension). Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. The pathway ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.

Name: maintenance of translational fidelity.

Definition: Suppression of the occurrence of translational errors, such as codon-anticodon mis-paring, during the process of translation of a protein using an mRNA template.

Name: talin binding.

Definition: Binding to a talin, a family of related cytoskeletal proteins that play a role in assembly of actin filaments and migration of various cell types.

Name: VEGF-A complex.

Definition: A homodimeric, extracellular protein complex containing two VEGF-A monomers. Binds to and activates a receptor tyrosine kinase.

Name: protein localization to site of double-strand break.

Definition: Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a region of a chromosome at which a DNA double-strand break has occurred.

Name: protein K27-linked deubiquitination.

Definition: A protein deubiquitination process in which a K27-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 27 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.

Name: protein K33-linked deubiquitination.

Definition: A protein deubiquitination process in which a K33-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 33 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.

Name: stress response to copper ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis caused by a copper ion stimulus.

Name: stress response to cadmium ion.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis caused by a cadmium ion stimulus.

Name: G protein-coupled receptor catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a G protein-coupled receptor.

Name: protein localization to nucleoplasm.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the nucleoplasm.

Name: phosphodiesterase decapping endonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of the cap from an unmethylated 5'-end capped RNA resulting in the release of the entire cap structure (GpppN) and a 5' monophosphorylated RNA.

Name: mitochondrial tRNA 3'-end processing.

Definition: The process in which the 3' end of a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to that of a mature tRNA in the mitochondrion.

Name: exosomal secretion.

Definition: The process whereby a membrane-bounded vesicle is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane.

Name: amino acid transport complex.

Definition: A heteromeric protein complex consisting of a multi-transmembrane spanning subunit (the light chain) and a type II glycoprotein subunit (the heavy chain) that functions to transport amino acids across a plasma membrane.

Name: peptide-serine-alpha-N-acetyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + N-terminal L-serine in peptide = CoA + N-acetyl-L-serine-peptide.

Name: oxidoreductase complex.

Definition: Any protein complex that possesses oxidoreductase activity.

Name: L-cysteine desulfurase complex.

Definition: A protein complex capable of cysteine desulfurase activity decomposing L-cysteine to L-alanine and sulfur. It belongs to a ubiquitous family of pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes. In E. coli it consists of a SufS dimer.

Name: histone methyltransferase binding.

Definition: Binding to a histone methyltransferase enzyme.

Name: iron-sulfur cluster assembly complex.

Definition: A protein complex capable of assembling an iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster.

Name: STING complex.

Definition: A protein dimer containing two STING monomers. It binds cyclic purine di-nucleotides. Activation of the sting complex by 2',5'-3'-5'-cyclic GMP-AMP activates nuclear transcription factor kB (NF-kB) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) which then induce transcription of the genes encoding type I IFN and cytokines active in the innate immune response.

Name: transferase complex.

Definition: A protein complex capable of catalyzing the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor).

Name: steroid hormone binding.

Definition: Binding to a steroid hormone.

Name: histone H2AT120 kinase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the threonine-120 residue of histone H2A.

Name: uniplex complex.

Definition: A calcium channel complex in the mitochondrial inner membrane capable of highly-selective calcium channel activity. Its components include the EF-hand-containing proteins mitochondrial calcium uptake 1 (MICU1) and MICU2, the pore-forming subunit mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) and its paralog MCUb, and the MCU regulator EMRE.

Name: N6-methyladenosine-containing RNA binding.

Definition: Binding to an RNA molecule modified by N6-methyladenosine (m6A), a modification present at internal sites of mRNAs and some non-coding RNAs.

Name: regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to DNA damage.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of DNA damage.

Name: cellular response to leucine starvation.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of leucine.

Name: keratin filament binding.

Definition: Binding to a keratin filament, an intermediate filament composed of acidic and basic keratins (types I and II), typically expressed in epithelial cells.

Name: histone glutamine methylation.

Definition: The modification of a histone by addition of a methyl group to an glutamine residue.

Name: histone glutamine N-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (histone)-glutamine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (histone)-N5-methyl-glutamine.

Name: pre-mRNA catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the unspliced pre-mRNA (pre-messenger RNA).

Name: anti-Mullerian hormone signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of anti-Mullerian hormone to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: peptidyl-tyrosine dephosphorylation involved in inactivation of protein kinase activity.

Definition: Any peptidyl-tyrosine dephosphorylation that is involved in inactivation of protein kinase activity.

Name: platelet-derived growth factor complex.

Definition: A protein complex consisting of two chains of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) subunits. PDGF dimers bind to PDGF receptors in the plasma membrane and induce receptor dimerisation and activation. PDGFs are involved in a wide variety of signalling processes. PDGFs are found in all vertebrates where at least 2 different chains (A and B) exist. In human (and other mammals), four types of PDGF chains (A, B, C, and D) are known which form five different dimers (AA, AB, BB, CC and DD).

Name: neutrophil migration.

Definition: The movement of a neutrophil within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

Name: RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain phosphoserine binding.

Definition: Binding to phosphorylated serine residues in the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II.

Name: anti-Mullerian hormone receptor activity.

Definition: Combining with anti-Mullerian hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.

Name: preribosome binding.

Definition: Binding to a preribosome.

Name: RNA 5'-methyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the 5'-gamma-phosphate in an RNA molecule.

Name: cellular response to insulin-like growth factor stimulus.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin-like growth factor stimulus.

Name: Atg1/ULK1 kinase complex.

Definition: A protein complex consisting of Atg1 (or Atg1 homologs e.g. ULK1, ULK2 in mammals) and Atg13 along with other proteins that regulate its function (e.g. Atg17 in yeast or RB1CC1(FIP200) in mammals). This complex has serine/threonine protein kinase activity and is involved in autophagosome formation.

Name: gap junction-mediated intercellular transport.

Definition: The movement of substances between cells via gap junctions. A gap junction is a fine cytoplasmic channel, found in animal cells, that connects the cytoplasm of one cell to that of an adjacent cell, allowing ions and other molecules to pass freely between the two cells.

Name: transporter complex.

Definition: A protein complex facilitating transport of molecules (proteins, small molecules, nucleic acids) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.

Name: lipid transport across blood-brain barrier.

Definition: The directed movement of lipid molecules passing through the blood-brain barrier.

Name: K48-linked deubiquitinase activity.

Definition: Hydrolysis of a ubiquitin unit from a ubiquitinated protein linked via the Lys48 residue of ubiquitin.

Name: ubiquitin-specific protease binding.

Definition: Binding to a ubiquitin-specific protease.

Name: protein K33-linked ubiquitination.

Definition: A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 33 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein.

Name: DNA repair complex.

Definition: A protein complex involved in DNA repair processes including direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway.

Name: 3M complex.

Definition: A protein complex, at least composed of CUL7, CCDC8 and OBSL1, that is required for maintaining microtubule and genome integrity.

Name: mitochondrial ribosomal large subunit rRNA binding.

Definition: Binding to a mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit RNA (LSU rRNA).

Name: embryonic lung development.

Definition: The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: embryonic brain development.

Definition: The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: NAD+-protein ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: amino acyl-[protein] + NAD+ = H+ + (ADP-D-ribosyl)-amino acyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.

Name: protein antigen binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein antigen.

Name: CGRP receptor complex.

Definition: A transmembrane, G protein-coupled signalling receptor complex recognized by calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRP).

Name: calcitonin gene-related peptide binding.

Definition: Binding to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP).

Name: calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) combining with a calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor on the surface of the target cell. Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors may form dimers, trimers or tetramers.

Name: adrenomedullin binding.

Definition: Binding to adrenomedullin (AM).

Name: adrenomedullin receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular adrenomedullin combining with a dimeric adrenomedullin receptor on the surface of the target cell.

Name: replication-born double-strand break repair via sister chromatid exchange.

Definition: The repair of a replication-born double-strand DNA break in which the DNA molecule is repaired using the homologous sequence of the sister chromatid which serves as a template to repair the breaks.

Name: glyoxalase (glycolic acid-forming) activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: glyoxal + H2O = glycolic acid. Catalysis occurs in the absence of a cofactor.

Name: RZZ complex.

Definition: A kinetochore component required for both meiotic and mitotic spindle assembly checkpoints.

Name: mitotic recombination-dependent replication fork processing.

Definition: Replication fork processing that includes recombination between DNA near the arrested fork and homologous sequences. Proteins involved in homologous recombination are required for replication restart.

Name: miRNA transport.

Definition: The directed movement of microRNA (miRNA) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: extracellular matrix protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein that is part of an extracellular matrix.

Name: snRNA 2'-O-methylation.

Definition: The posttranscriptional addition of a methyl group to the 2' oxygen atom of a nucleotide residue in an snRNA molecule.

Name: U6 2'-O-snRNA methylation.

Definition: The posttranscriptional addition a methyl group to the 2'-oxygen atom of a nucleotide residue in an U6 snRNA molecule.

Name: MAP kinase serine/threonine phosphatase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: MAP kinase threonine phosphate + H2O = MAP kinase threonine + phosphate and MAP kinase serine phosphate + H2O = MAP kinase serine + phosphate.

Name: positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of an endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Name: negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of an endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Name: peptidyl-threonine autophosphorylation.

Definition: The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own threonine amino acid residues, or a threonine residue on an identical protein.

Name: F-box domain binding.

Definition: Binding to an F-box domain of a protein.

Name: exon-exon junction complex binding.

Definition: Binding to an exon-exon junction complex, a protein complex deposited by the spliceosome upstream of messenger RNA exon-exon junctions. The exon-exon junction complex provides a binding platform for factors involved in mRNA export and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.

Name: linear polyubiquitin binding.

Definition: Binding to a linear polymer of ubiquitin. Linear ubiquitin polymers are formed by linking the amino-terminal methionine (M1) of one ubiquitin molecule to the carboxy-terminal glycine (G76) of the next.

Name: cellular stress response to acidic pH.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in the homeostasis of organismal or cellular pH (with pH < 7). pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.

Name: Parkin-FBXW7-Cul1 ubiquitin ligase complex.

Definition: A ubiquitin ligase complex containing Parkin (PARK2), the F-box protein FBXW7 (also called SEL-10) and a cullin from the Cul1 subfamily; substrate specificity is conferred by the F-box protein.

Name: L-type voltage-gated calcium channel complex.

Definition: A type of voltage-dependent calcium channel responsible for excitation-contraction coupling of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. 'L' stands for 'long-lasting' referring to the length of activation.

Name: mitochondrion-endoplasmic reticulum membrane tethering.

Definition: The attachment of a mitochondrion and an endoplasmic reticulum via molecular tethers that physically bridge their respective membranes and attach them to each other. The tethering may facilitate exchange of metabolites between the organelles.

Name: transferrin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a transferrin receptor.

Name: leptin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a leptin receptor.

Name: omegasome.

Definition: Omega-shaped (as in the Greek capital letter) intracellular membrane-bounded organelle enriched in phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and dynamically connected to the endoplasmic reticulum. Omegasomes are the first step of the formation of autophagosomes via the phagophore assembly sites.

Name: protein autosumoylation.

Definition: The sumoylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein.

Name: mRNA pseudouridine synthesis.

Definition: The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine in an mRNA molecule.

Name: mitotic spindle microtubule.

Definition: Any microtubule that is part of a mitotic spindle; anchored at one spindle pole.

Name: exon-exon junction subcomplex mago-y14.

Definition: Component of the core exon-exon-junction complex (EJC). Fairly conserved in eukaryotes; in Drosophila, consists of the Mago and Y14 (tsunagi) gene products. Important for coupling nuclear and cytoplasmic events in gene expression. Inhibits the ATPase activity of eIF4AIII (Q9VHS8) to ensure a stable association of the EJC core with the mRNA.

Name: dense core granule maturation.

Definition: Steps required to transform a dense core granule generated at the trans-Golgi network into a fully formed and transmissible dense core granule. Dense core granule maturation proceeds through clathrin-mediated membrane remodeling events and is essential for efficient processing of cargo within dense core granules as well as for removing factors that might otherwise interfere with dense core granule trafficking and exocytosis.

Name: mitotic DNA replication maintenance of fidelity.

Definition: Any maintenance of fidelity that is involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication.

Name: Cry-Per complex.

Definition: Nuclear transcriptional repressor complex that is capable of negatively regulating CLOCK-BMAL-dependent transactivation of genes in a delayed negative feedback manner which generates circadian rhythms.

Name: CLOCK-BMAL transcription complex.

Definition: Transcription factor complex which interacts with E-box regulatory elements in target genes, including Period (Per1, Per2, Per3) and Cryptochrome (Cry1, Cry2), to activate their transcription during the daytime. The CRY-PER complexes inhibit CLOCK-BMAL1-driven transcription in a negative feedback loop to generate circadian rhythms.

Name: single-stranded 3'-5' DNA helicase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, in the presence of single-stranded DNA; drives the unwinding of the DNA helix in the direction 3' to 5'.

Name: pyrimidine nucleotide import into mitochondrion.

Definition: The process in which a pyrimidine nucleotide is transported across the mitochondrial inner membrane, into the mitochondrial matrix.

Name: phospholipid-translocating ATPase complex.

Definition: A protein complex that functions as a phospholipid-translocating P-Type ATPase.

Name: neuron projection maintenance.

Definition: The organization process that preserves a neuron projection in a stable functional or structural state. A neuron projection is a prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.

Name: fructose import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of fructose substance from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: mitochondrial manganese ion transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which a manganese ion is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.

Name: mitochondrial transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other into, out of or within a mitochondrion.

Name: mitochondrial ATP transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which ATP is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.

Name: mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which a tricarboxylic acid is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.

Name: mitochondrial FAD transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which FAD is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.

Name: mitochondrial NAD transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which NAD is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.

Name: mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which alpha-ketoglutarate is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.

Name: protein polyufmylation.

Definition: Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein UFM1 to a protein, forming an UFM1 chain.

Name: HSP90-CDC37 chaperone complex.

Definition: A protein kinase chaperone complex required for the proper folding, maturation and stabilization of target proteins (mostly signalling protein kinases, some steroid hormone receptors), usually during or immediately after completion of translation. The highly conserved, phosphorylated CDC37-Ser13 (vertebrates) or cdc37-Ser14 (yeast) is essential for complex assembly and target protein binding. CDC37-Ser13 (Ser14) is phosphorylated by Casein kinase II (CK2), which in turn is a target of CDC37 creating a positive feedback loop. Complex binding also prevents rapid ubiquitin-dependent proteosomal degradation of target proteins.

Name: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which UDP-N-acetylglucosamine is transported across a membrane.

Name: TERT-RMRP complex.

Definition: A ribonucleoprotein complex that has RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRP) activity, and is composed of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and the non-coding RNA component of mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease (RMRP).

Name: potassium ion import across plasma membrane.

Definition: The directed movement of potassium ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.

Name: mitochondrial L-ornithine transmembrane transport.

Definition: The process in which L-ornithine is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.

Name: perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum membrane.

Definition: The membrane of the perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum, which is the portion of endoplasmic reticulum, the intracellular network of tubules and cisternae, that occurs near the nucleus.

Name: peptidyl-serine trans-autophosphorylation.

Definition: The phosphorylation of a peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine on an identical protein. For example, phosphorylation by the other kinase within a homodimer.

Name: cardiac Troponin complex.

Definition: A complex of accessory proteins (cardiac troponin T, cardiac troponin I and cardiac troponin C) found associated with actin in cardiac muscle thin filaments; involved in calcium regulation important for muscle contraction.

Name: ATF4-CREB1 transcription factor complex.

Definition: Transcription factor complex consisting of ATF4 and CREB1 subunits that is capable of binding to cAMP response element (CRE) (consensus: 5'-GTGACGT[AC][AG]-3') as part of the positive regulation of transcription. Regulatory targets include the GRP78 (HSPA5) promoter in humans, whose activation by this complex is part of the ER stress response pathway.

Name: ATF1-ATF4 transcription factor complex.

Definition: Transcription factor complex consisting of ATF1 and ATF4 subunits that is capable of binding to cAMP response element (CRE) (consensus: 5'-GTGACGT[AC][AG]-3') of the GRP78 (HSPA5) promoter. Involved in the ER stress response pathway.

Name: protein K69-linked ufmylation.

Definition: A protein ufmylation process in which a polymer of the ubiquitin-like protein UFM1 is formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 69 of the UFM1 monomers, is added to a protein.

Name: AIP1-IRE1 complex.

Definition: A protein complex consisting of IRE1 (inositol-requiring enzyme-1) bound to AIP1 (ASK1-interacting protein 1/DAB2-interacting protein).

Name: 3' overhang single-stranded DNA endodeoxyribonuclease activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within 3' overhang single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.

Name: IRE1-TRAF2-ASK1 complex.

Definition: A protein complex of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane that consists of IRE1 (Inositol-requiring enzyme-1), TRAF2 (TNF receptor-associated factor 2) and ASK1 (Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1, a MAP3K).

Name: CHOP-ATF4 complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric transcription factor complex that is composed of CHOP (C/EBP homology protein, GADD153) and ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4, also known as cAMP response element binding protein-2/CREB-2) subunits.

Name: CHOP-ATF3 complex.

Definition: A heterodimeric protein complex that is composed of CHOP (C/EBP homology protein, GADD153) and ATF3 (activating transcription factor 3) subunits.

Name: IRE1-RACK1-PP2A complex.

Definition: A protein complex consisting of IRE1 (Inositol-requiring enzyme-1), RACK1 (Receptor of activated protein kinase C 1, GNB2L1) and PP2A (protein phosphatase 2A). RACK1 acts as an adaptor to bridge an interaction between IRE1 and PP2A.

Name: proximal dendrite.

Definition: The dendrite of the dendritic tree that is closest to the neuronal cell body (the soma).

Name: response to iron ion starvation.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of iron ion.

Name: C/EBP complex.

Definition: A dimeric, sequence specific DNA-binding transcription factor complex regulating the expression of genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses. Exists at least as alpha and beta homodimeric forms. Binds to regulatory regions of several acute-phase and cytokines genes and probably plays a role in the regulation of acute-phase reaction, inflammation and hemopoiesis. The consensus recognition site is 5'-T[TG]NNGNAA[TG]-3'. Transcription factor activity is inhibited by binding of CHOP forming heterodimers with alternative transcription factor activities.

Name: AnxA2-p11 complex.

Definition: A heterotetrameric protein complex comprising two Annexin A2 (AnxA2) monomers and two copies of its binding partner, S100 protein p11 (S100A10).

Name: PCSK9-LDLR complex.

Definition: A protein complex consisting of the serine protease PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin-9) and a low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). Interaction typically occurs through the epidermal growth factor-like repeat A (EGF-A) domain of the LDLR, and complex formation promotes degradation of the LDLR through the endosome/lysosome pathway.

Name: PCSK9-AnxA2 complex.

Definition: A protein complex consisting of the serine protease PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin-9) and annexin A2 (AnxA2).

Name: Golgi cis cisterna membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the thin, flattened compartments that form the cis portion of the Golgi complex.

Name: Golgi medial cisterna membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the thin, flattened compartments that form the medial portion of the Golgi complex.

Name: Golgi trans cisterna membrane.

Definition: The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the thin, flattened compartments that form the trans portion of the Golgi complex.

Name: histone H4-K16 deacetylation.

Definition: The modification of histone H4 by the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 16 of the histone.

Name: DNA double-strand break attachment to nuclear envelope.

Definition: A process in which the DNA double-strand breaks are attached to the inner surface of the nuclear envelope proximal to the spindle pole body, or iMTOCs.

Name: protein depalmitoleylation.

Definition: The removal of palmitoleyl group, a 16-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid (C16:1), from a lipoprotein.

Name: palmitoleyl hydrolase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of a hydrolase reaction that removes a palmitoleyl moiety, a 16-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid (C16:1), from some substrate.

Name: nucleolar chromatin organization.

Definition: Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of nucleolar chromatin.

Name: MAD1 complex.

Definition: A protein complex involved in the assembly of the mitotic checkpoint complex that in turn inhibits the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C).

Name: HFE-transferrin receptor complex.

Definition: A protein complex containing at least HFE and a transferrin receptor (either TFR1/TFRC or TFR2), proposed to play a role in the sensing of transferrin-bound Fe (Fe2-Tf) on the plasma membrane to regulate hepcidin transcription.

Name: survivin complex.

Definition: A protein complex that negatively regulates apoptotic processes. In human, this anti-apoptotic complex is a homodimer of BIRC5 (survivin) and provides one survivin molecule to the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC).

Name: mRNA CDS binding.

Definition: Binding to an mRNA molecule coding sequence (CDS).

Name: DAPK1-calmodulin complex.

Definition: A serine/threonine protein kinase complex involved in cell survival, apoptosis and autophagic cell death pathways. DAPK1 is activated by the dephosphorylation of a n-terminal serine and calcium-calmodulin binding.

Name: galectin complex.

Definition: A homodimeric protein complex that is capable of binding a range of carbohydrates and is involved in anti-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic processes.

Name: mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint MAD1-MAD2 complex.

Definition: A protein complex involved in the assembly of the mitotic checkpoint complex that in turn inhibits the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). The MAD1 dimer recruits the open form of MAD2 (O-MAD2) turning it into the closed form (C-MAD2) upon binding. C-MAD2 inhibits CDC20, a member of the APC/C, upon release from the MAD1-MAD2 complex.

Name: titin-telethonin complex.

Definition: A protein complex formed between the N-terminus of the giant sarcomeric filament protein titin and the Z-disk ligand, telethonin. The complex is part of the Z-disk of the skeletal and cardiac sarcomere. Telethonin binding to titin might be essential for the initial assembly, stabilization and functional integrity of the titin filament, and hence important for muscle contraction relaxation in mature myofibrils.

Name: microvesicle.

Definition: An extracellular vesicle released from the plasma membrane and ranging in size from about 100 nm to 1000 nm.

Name: protein sialylation.

Definition: A protein modification process that results in the addition of a sialic acid unit to the end of an oligosaccharide chain in a glycoprotein.

Name: EARP complex.

Definition: A quatrefoil tethering complex required for endocytic recycling.

Name: cellular detoxification.

Definition: Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity of a toxic substance. These may include transport of the toxic substance away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of the toxic substance.

Name: microtubule end.

Definition: Any end of a microtubule. Microtubule ends differ in that the so-called microtubule plus-end is the one that preferentially grows by polymerization, with respect to the minus-end.

Name: mitotic spindle microtubule depolymerization.

Definition: The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a microtubule that is part of the mitotic spindle.

Name: ubiquitin ligase-substrate adaptor activity.

Definition: The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a ubiquitin ligase and its substrate. Usually mediated by F-box BTB/POZ domain proteins.

Name: ubiquitin ligase activator activity.

Definition: Binds to and increases the activity of a ubiquitin ligase.

Name: mitotic sister chromatid biorientation.

Definition: The mitotic cell cycle process in which sister chromatids establish stable, end-on attachments to the plus ends of microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles, oriented such that separation can proceed. This is the final step in metaphase plate congression.

Name: arrestin family protein binding.

Definition: Binding to a member of the arrestin family, proteins involved in agonist-mediated desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors.

Name: myofibroblast contraction.

Definition: The actin filament-based process in which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in contraction of a myofibroblast.

Name: response to angiotensin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an angiotensin stimulus. Angiotensin is any of three physiologically active peptides (angiotensin II, III, or IV) processed from angiotensinogen.

Name: lipoprotein particle.

Definition: A spherical particle containing non-covalently associated proteins and lipids. Examples are plasma lipoprotein particles which transport lipids in the blood or lymph.

Name: protein localization to cell periphery.

Definition: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the cell periphery.

Name: glycoprotein Ib-IX-V complex.

Definition: A transmembrane signalling receptor complex found exclusively on platelets. Involved in haemostasis and thrombosis where it aids blood coagulation.

Name: protein tyrosine kinase binding.

Definition: Binding to protein tyrosine kinase.

Name: response to dsDNA.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a double-stranded DNA stimulus.

Name: cellular response to dsDNA.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a double-stranded DNA stimulus.

Name: negative regulation of hh target transcription factor activity.

Definition: Any process that decreases the activity of a transcription factor that activates transcription of Hedgehog-target genes in response to Smoothened signaling. In Drosophila, Cubitus interruptus (Ci) is the only identified transcription factor so far in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. In vertebrates members of the Gli protein family are activated by Hedgehog signaling.

Name: GLI-SUFU complex.

Definition: A protein repressing GLI's transcription factor activity when SMO signalling is inactive. Upon ligand binding to the upstream receptor PTC (Patched) GLI dissociates from SUFU and activates transcription of hedgehog-target genes. In mammals it consists of SUFU and one of the GLI family proteins.

Name: dorsal root ganglion development.

Definition: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a dorsal root ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Name: ligand-gated ion channel signaling pathway.

Definition: The series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a ligand-gated ion channel on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a ligand-gated ion channel and ends with a molecular function that directly regulates a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Name: endoplasmic reticulum tubular network membrane organization.

Definition: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubular network membrane.

Name: DNA/DNA annealing activity.

Definition: An activity that faciliates the formation of a complementary double-stranded DNA molecule.

Name: RNA adenylyltransferase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the template-independent extension of the 3'- end of an RNA strand by addition of one adenosine molecule at a time. Cannot initiate a chain 'de novo'. The primer, depending on the source of the enzyme, may be an RNA, or oligo(A) bearing a 3'-OH terminal group.

Name: basic amino acid transmembrane transport.

Definition: The directed movement of basic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other.

Name: sequence-specific mRNA binding.

Definition: Binding to messenger RNA (mRNA) of a specific nucleotide composition or a specific sequence motif.

Name: sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to double-stranded DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA, e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding.

Name: poly(U)-specific exoribonuclease activity, producing 3' uridine cyclic phosphate ends.

Definition: Catalysis of 3' exonucleolytic cleavage of poly(U), to form poly(U)-N containing a 3' uridine cyclic phosphate (U>P).

Name: response to lectin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lectin stimulus. A lectin is a carbohydrate-binding protein, highly specific for binding sugar moieties.

Name: promoter-specific chromatin binding.

Definition: Binding to a section of chromatin that is associated with gene promoter sequences of DNA.

Name: adaptive thermogenesis.

Definition: The regulated production of heat in response to short term environmental changes, such as stress, diet or reduced temperature.

Name: vacuolar localization.

Definition: Any process in which the vacuole is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.

Name: Wnt-Frizzled-LRP5/6 complex.

Definition: A protein complex containing a secreted Wnt protein associated with its receptor, Frizzled (Fz), and co-receptor low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) or LRP6.

Name: cellular response to lectin.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lectin stimulus. A lectin is a carbohydrate-binding protein, highly specific for binding sugar moieties.

Name: response to chemokine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemokine stimulus.

Name: cellular response to chemokine.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemokine stimulus.

Name: cytoplasmic side of nuclear pore.

Definition: The side of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) that faces the cytoplasm.

Name: CST complex.

Definition: A complex formed by the association of Cdc13 (CTC1 in mammals) with Stn1 in yeast (OBFC1 in mammals) and Ten1 protein (also TEN1 in mammals) with single-stranded telomeric DNA. The CST complex plays a role in telomere protection.

Name: H4K20me3 modified histone binding.

Definition: Binding to a histone H4 in which the lysine residue at position 20 has been modified by trimethylation.

Name: netrin receptor binding.

Definition: Binding to a netrin receptor.

Name: ribonucleoprotein complex.

Definition: A macromolecular complex that contains both RNA and protein molecules.

Name: beta-catenin-TCF complex.

Definition: A protein complex that contains beta-catenin and a member of the T-cell factor (TCF)/lymphoid enhancer binding factor (LEF) family of transcription factors.

Name: Wnt signalosome.

Definition: A multiprotein protein complex containing membrane-localized Wnt receptors and cytosolic protein complexes, which is capable of transmitting the Wnt signal. Contains at least a Wnt protein, LRP5 or LRP6, a member of the Frizzled (Fz) family, Axin and and a Dishevelled (DVL) protein.

Name: calcium ion regulated lysosome exocytosis.

Definition: The process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules contained within a lysosome by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell, induced by a rise in cytosolic calcium-ion levels.

Name: response to amino acid starvation.

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of amino acids.

Name: mRNA N1-methyladenosine dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the oxidative demethylation of N1-methyladenosine RNA, with concomitant decarboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate and releases oxidized methyl group on N1-methyladenosine as formaldehyde.

Name: mRNA N6-methyladenosine dioxygenase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the oxidative demethylation of N6-methyladenosine RNA, with concomitant decarboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate and releases oxidized methyl group on N6-methyladenosine as formaldehyde.

Name: splicing factor binding.

Definition: Binding to a protein involved in the process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to form the mature form of the RNA.

Name: peptidyl-aspartic acid autophosphorylation.

Definition: The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own aspartate amino acid residues, or an aspartate residue on an identical protein.

Name: ubiquitin ligase inhibitor activity.

Definition: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a ubiquitin ligase.

Name: G-rich single-stranded DNA binding.

Definition: Binding to G-rich, single-stranded DNA.

Name: xenobiotic detoxification by transmembrane export across the plasma membrane.

Definition: A process that reduces or removes the toxicity of a xenobiotic by exporting it outside the cell.

Name: xenobiotic transport across blood-brain barrier.

Definition: The directed movement of a xenobiotic through the blood-brain barrier.

Name: establishment of blood-retinal barrier.

Definition: Establishment of the barrier between the blood and the retina. The blood-retinal barrier is located at two levels, forming an outer barrier in the retinal pigment epithelium and an inner barrier in the endothelial membrane of the retinal vessels. Both these membranes have tight junctions of the 'nonleaky' type.

Name: ATP generation from poly-ADP-D-ribose.

Definition: The process of generating ATP in the nucleus from poly-ADP-D-ribose. Nuclear ATP generation is required for extensive chromatin remodeling events that are energy-consuming.

Name: modulation by host of RNA binding by virus.

Definition: A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a viral gene product binding to RNA.

Name: modulation by host of viral RNA-binding transcription factor activity.

Definition: A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a viral RNA-binding transcription factor.

Name: EMILIN complex.

Definition: Glycoprotein complex of the C1q/TNF superfamily found in the extracellular matrix (ECM) where it is an important component of the elastic fiber system. A homotrimer that will combine to form supramolecular EMILIN structures.

Name: multimerin complex.

Definition: Glycoprotein complex of the C1q/TNF superfamily involved in cell adhesion. A homotrimer that will combine to form supramolecular Multimerin structures.

Name: tRNA demethylation.

Definition: The removal of a methyl group from one or more residues within a tRNA molecule.

Name: tRNA demethylase activity.

Definition: Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from one or more positions within a tRNA molecule.

Name: regulation of DNA damage checkpoint.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a DNA damage checkpoint.

Name: negative regulation of DNA damage checkpoint.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a DNA damage checkpoint.

Name: positive regulation of DNA damage checkpoint.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a DNA damage checkpoint.

Name: regulation of metanephric S-shaped body morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric S-shaped body morphogenesis.

Name: negative regulation of metanephric S-shaped body morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric S-shaped body morphogenesis.

Name: regulation of metanephric comma-shaped body morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric comma-shaped body morphogenesis.

Name: negative regulation of metanephric comma-shaped body morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric comma-shaped body morphogenesis.

Name: regulation of protein localization to cell surface.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to the cell surface.

Name: negative regulation of protein localization to cell surface.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to the cell surface.

Name: positive regulation of protein localization to cell surface.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to the cell surface.

Name: regulation of determination of dorsal identity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of determination of dorsal identity.

Name: negative regulation of determination of dorsal identity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of determination of dorsal identity.

Name: positive regulation of determination of dorsal identity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of determination of dorsal identity.

Name: regulation of male gonad development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of male gonad development.

Name: negative regulation of male gonad development.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of male gonad development.

Name: positive regulation of male gonad development.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of male gonad development.

Name: regulation of multicellular organismal development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multicellular organismal development.

Name: regulation of animal organ morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis.

Name: regulation of stem cell division.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell division.

Name: regulation of stem cell population maintenance.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell population maintenance.

Name: negative regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.

Name: regulation of cardiac cell fate specification.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac cell fate specification.

Name: negative regulation of cardiac cell fate specification.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac cell fate specification.

Name: regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle.

Definition: Any signalling pathway that modulates the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.

Name: regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin.

Name: negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin.

Name: positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin.

Name: regulation of non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of non-canonical Wnt-activated signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of Wnt signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral axis specification.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral axis specification.

Name: negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral axis specification.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral axis specification.

Name: regulation of Wnt signaling pathway involved in digestive tract morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signaling pathway involved in digestive tract morphogenesis.

Name: negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway involved in digestive tract morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signaling pathway involved in digestive tract morphogenesis.

Name: regulation of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.

Name: negative regulation of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.

Name: positive regulation of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.

Name: regulation of cortisol biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cortisol biosynthetic process.

Name: negative regulation of cortisol biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cortisol biosynthetic process.

Name: positive regulation of cortisol biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cortisol biosynthetic process.

Name: regulation of type B pancreatic cell development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic B cell development.

Name: regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in controlling type B pancreatic cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of canonical Wnt signaling pathway modulating the rate or frequency of pancreatic B cell proliferation.

Name: negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in controlling type B pancreatic cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of canonical Wnt signaling pathway modulating the rate or frequency of pancreatic B cell proliferation.

Name: regulation of Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway.

Name: positive regulation of Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway.

Name: regulation of smooth muscle cell-matrix adhesion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell-matrix adhesion.

Name: negative regulation of smooth muscle cell-matrix adhesion.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell-matrix adhesion.

Name: negative regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent DNA replication.

Name: positive regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-templated DNA replication.

Name: regulation of leukocyte apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process.

Name: negative regulation of leukocyte apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process.

Name: positive regulation of leukocyte apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process.

Name: regulation of macrophage apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage apoptotic process.

Name: negative regulation of macrophage apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage apoptotic process.

Name: regulation of cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process.

Name: negative regulation of cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process.

Name: regulation of establishment of cell polarity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of cell polarity.

Name: regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.

Name: negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.

Name: regulation of sodium-dependent phosphate transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium-dependent phosphate transport.

Name: negative regulation of sodium-dependent phosphate transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sodium-dependent phosphate transport.

Name: positive regulation of sodium-dependent phosphate transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium-dependent phosphate transport.

Name: regulation of removal of superoxide radicals.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of removal of superoxide radicals.

Name: negative regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle.

Definition: Any signalling pathway that decreases or inhibits the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.

Name: regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis.

Name: negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis.

Name: positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis.

Name: regulation of DNA-templated transcription initiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-templated transcription initiation.

Name: negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription initiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-templated transcription initiation.

Name: positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription initiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-templated transcription initiation.

Name: regulation of cell motility.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.

Name: negative regulation of cell motility.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.

Name: positive regulation of cell motility.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.

Name: regulation of ubiquitin-specific protease activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of regulation of ubiquitin-specific protease activity (deubiquitinase) activity.

Name: positive regulation of cilium-dependent cell motility.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cilium-dependent cell motility.

Name: regulation of retrograde vesicle-mediated transport, Golgi to ER.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde vesicle-mediated transport, Golgi to ER.

Name: negative regulation of ubiquitin-specific protease activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-specific protease (deubiquitinase) activity.

Name: positive regulation of ubiquitin-specific protease activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-specific protease (deubiquitinase) activity.

Name: regulation of peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation.

Name: positive regulation of peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation.

Name: negative regulation of dendrite development.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite development.

Name: regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve.

Name: regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.

Name: negative regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.

Name: negative regulation of androgen biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of androgen biosynthetic process.

Name: negative regulation of blood vessel morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel morphogenesis.

Name: regulation of progesterone biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of progesterone biosynthetic process.

Name: regulation of fatty acid transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid transport.

Name: negative regulation of fatty acid transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid transport.

Name: positive regulation of fatty acid transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid transport.

Name: regulation of female gonad development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of female gonad development.

Name: regulation of ribonucleoprotein complex localization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ribonucleoprotein complex localization.

Name: positive regulation of ribonucleoprotein complex localization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ribonucleoprotein complex localization.

Name: regulation of ribosomal subunit export from nucleus.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ribosomal subunit export from nucleus.

Name: positive regulation of ribosomal subunit export from nucleus.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ribosomal subunit export from nucleus.

Name: regulation of ribosomal small subunit export from nucleus.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ribosomal small subunit export from nucleus.

Name: positive regulation of ribosomal small subunit export from nucleus.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ribosomal small subunit export from nucleus.

Name: regulation of anoikis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anoikis.

Name: positive regulation of anoikis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anoikis.

Name: regulation of glutamate metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate metabolic process.

Name: negative regulation of glutamate metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate metabolic process.

Name: regulation of testosterone biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of testosterone biosynthetic process.

Name: negative regulation of testosterone biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of testosterone biosynthetic process.

Name: regulation of rRNA processing.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rRNA processing.

Name: negative regulation of rRNA processing.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of rRNA processing.

Name: positive regulation of rRNA processing.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of rRNA processing.

Name: regulation of reproductive process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.

Name: negative regulation of reproductive process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.

Name: positive regulation of reproductive process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.

Name: regulation of actin cytoskeleton reorganization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin cytoskeleton reorganization.

Name: negative regulation of actin cytoskeleton reorganization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin cytoskeleton reorganization.

Name: positive regulation of actin cytoskeleton reorganization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin cytoskeleton reorganization.

Name: negative regulation of feeding behavior.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of feeding behavior.

Name: positive regulation of feeding behavior.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of feeding behavior.

Name: regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process.

Name: negative regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process.

Name: positive regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process.

Name: negative regulation of signaling receptor activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling receptor activity.

Name: positive regulation of signaling receptor activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling receptor activity.

Name: regulation of DNA biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process.

Name: negative regulation of DNA biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process.

Name: regulation of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process.

Name: negative regulation of amino acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an amino acid biosynthetic process.

Name: positive regulation of amino acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process.

Name: receptor internalization involved in canonical Wnt signaling pathway.

Definition: A receptor internalization process that contributes to canonical Wnt signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of myoblast proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation.

Name: regulation of myoblast proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation.

Name: regulation of hydrogen peroxide catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide catabolic process.

Name: negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide catabolic process.

Name: regulation of Rho-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Name: negative regulation of Rho-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Rho-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.

Name: regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle exocytosis.

Name: regulation of ceramide biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a ceramide biosynthetic process.

Name: positive regulation of ceramide biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ceramide biosynthetic process.

Name: regulation of tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 11 production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 11 production.

Name: positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 11 production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 11 production.

Name: regulation of NMDA receptor activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of N-methyl-D-aspartate selective glutamate receptor activity.

Name: regulation of AMPA receptor activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of AMPA selective glutamate receptor activity.

Name: regulation of kainate selective glutamate receptor activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of kainate selective glutamate receptor activity.

Name: regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in neural plate anterior/posterior pattern formation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in neural plate anterior/posterior pattern formation.

Name: regulation of T-helper 17 type immune response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 type immune response.

Name: negative regulation of T-helper 17 type immune response.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 type immune response.

Name: positive regulation of T-helper 17 type immune response.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 type immune response.

Name: regulation of T-helper 17 cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of T-helper 17 cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of terminal button organization.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of terminal button organization.

Name: regulation of blood microparticle formation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood microparticle formation.

Name: positive regulation of blood microparticle formation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood microparticle formation.

Name: regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 production.

Name: positive regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 production.

Name: regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production.

Name: negative regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production.

Name: positive regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production.

Name: positive regulation of acrosome reaction.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the acrosome reaction.

Name: regulation of hepatocyte proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of hepatocyte proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte proliferation.

Name: regulation of CD40 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the CD40 signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of CD40 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the CD40 signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of CD40 signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the CD40 signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process.

Name: negative regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process.

Name: positive regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process.

Name: regulation of binding of sperm to zona pellucida.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of binding of sperm to the zona pellucida.

Name: negative regulation of binding of sperm to zona pellucida.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of binding of sperm to the zona pellucida.

Name: regulation of acrosomal vesicle exocytosis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of acrosomal vesicle exocytosis.

Name: positive regulation of acrosomal vesicle exocytosis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of acrosomal vesicle exocytosis.

Name: regulation of clathrin-dependent endocytosis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.

Name: positive regulation of clathrin-dependent endocytosis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.

Name: regulation of DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity.

Name: positive regulation of DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity.

Name: regulation of oxygen metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process.

Name: positive regulation of oxygen metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process.

Name: regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.

Name: negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.

Name: positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.

Name: regulation of mesoderm development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development.

Name: negative regulation of mesoderm development.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development.

Name: regulation of neutrophil extravasation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil extravasation.

Name: positive regulation of neutrophil extravasation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil extravasation.

Name: regulation of lamellipodium morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lamellipodium morphogenesis.

Name: negative regulation of lamellipodium morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lamellipodium morphogenesis.

Name: positive regulation of lamellipodium morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lamellipodium morphogenesis.

Name: regulation of ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis.

Name: positive regulation of ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis.

Name: regulation of lymphocyte migration.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte migration.

Name: negative regulation of lymphocyte migration.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte migration.

Name: positive regulation of lymphocyte migration.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte migration.

Name: regulation of T cell migration.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration.

Name: negative regulation of T cell migration.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration.

Name: positive regulation of T cell migration.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration.

Name: regulation of eosinophil migration.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil migration.

Name: negative regulation of eosinophil migration.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil migration.

Name: positive regulation of eosinophil migration.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil migration.

Name: regulation of eosinophil extravasation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil extravasation.

Name: negative regulation of eosinophil extravasation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil extravasation.

Name: regulation of eosinophil chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil chemotaxis.

Name: positive regulation of eosinophil chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil chemotaxis.

Name: regulation of apoptotic cell clearance.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic cell clearance.

Name: negative regulation of apoptotic cell clearance.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic cell clearance.

Name: positive regulation of apoptotic cell clearance.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic cell clearance.

Name: regulation of protein neddylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein neddylation.

Name: negative regulation of protein neddylation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein neddylation.

Name: positive regulation of protein neddylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein neddylation.

Name: regulation of monocyte extravasation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte extravasation.

Name: positive regulation of monocyte extravasation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte extravasation.

Name: regulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage migration inhibitory factor signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage migration inhibitory factor signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of astrocyte chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte chemotaxis.

Name: positive regulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential.

Definition: Any process that enhances the establishment or increases the extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which is a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.

Name: positive regulation of astrocyte chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte chemotaxis.

Name: regulation of glycogen (starch) synthase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycogen (starch) synthase activity.

Name: regulation of peroxidase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peroxidase activity.

Name: positive regulation of peroxidase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of peroxidase activity.

Name: regulation of hematopoietic stem cell migration.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell migration.

Name: positive regulation of hematopoietic stem cell migration.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell migration.

Name: regulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.

Name: negative regulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.

Name: positive regulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.

Name: regulation of hepatic stellate cell activation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell activation.

Name: positive regulation of hepatic stellate cell activation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell activation.

Name: regulation of interleukin-18-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-18-mediated signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of interleukin-18-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-18-mediated signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of natural killer cell chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell chemotaxis.

Name: negative regulation of natural killer cell chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell chemotaxis.

Name: positive regulation of natural killer cell chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell chemotaxis.

Name: positive regulation of blood vessel remodeling.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel remodeling.

Name: regulation of dendritic cell chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell chemotaxis.

Name: positive regulation of dendritic cell chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell chemotaxis.

Name: regulation of granzyme A production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of granzyme A production.

Name: positive regulation of granzyme A production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of granzyme A production.

Name: regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.

Name: negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.

Name: positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.

Name: regulation of T-helper 1 cell activation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell activation.

Name: negative regulation of T-helper 1 cell activation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell activation.

Name: regulation of T cell costimulation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell costimulation.

Name: negative regulation of T cell costimulation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell costimulation.

Name: regulation of myeloid dendritic cell chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid dendritic cell chemotaxis.

Name: positive regulation of myeloid dendritic cell chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid dendritic cell chemotaxis.

Name: regulation of renal albumin absorption.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of renal albumin absorption.

Name: positive regulation of renal albumin absorption.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of renal albumin absorption.

Name: regulation of entry of bacterium into host cell.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of entry of bacterium into host cell.

Name: negative regulation of entry of bacterium into host cell.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of entry of bacterium into host cell.

Name: positive regulation of gastrulation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastrulation.

Name: regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor.

Name: negative regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor.

Name: positive regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor.

Name: regulation of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production.

Name: negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production.

Name: positive regulation of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production.

Name: regulation of T-helper 1 cell cytokine production.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell cytokine production.

Name: positive regulation of T-helper 1 cell cytokine production.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell cytokine production.

Name: regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.

Name: negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.

Name: regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.

Name: negative regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.

Name: regulation of memory T cell activation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of memory T cell activation.

Name: positive regulation of memory T cell activation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of memory T cell activation.

Name: positive regulation of DNA biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process.

Name: regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration.

Name: positive regulation of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration.

Name: positive regulation of Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation.

Name: regulation of thyroid hormone generation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of thyroid hormone generation.

Name: positive regulation of thyroid hormone generation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of thyroid hormone generation.

Name: regulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion.

Name: regulation of histone H3-K9 acetylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K9 acetylation.

Name: positive regulation of histone H3-K9 acetylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K9 acetylation.

Name: regulation of histone H4-K16 acetylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H4-K16 acetylation.

Name: negative regulation of histone H4-K16 acetylation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of histone H4-K16 acetylation.

Name: positive regulation of histone H4-K16 acetylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histone H4-K16 acetylation.

Name: regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay.

Name: negative regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay.

Name: regulation of miRNA catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA catabolic process.

Name: negative regulation of miRNA catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA catabolic process.

Name: positive regulation of miRNA catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA catabolic process.

Name: regulation of miRNA metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA metabolic process.

Name: negative regulation of miRNA metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA metabolic process.

Name: positive regulation of miRNA metabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA metabolic process.

Name: regulation of pre-miRNA processing.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pre-microRNA processing.

Name: negative regulation of pre-miRNA processing.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pre-microRNA processing.

Name: positive regulation of pre-miRNA processing.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pre-microRNA processing.

Name: regulation of primary miRNA processing.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of primary microRNA processing.

Name: negative regulation of primary miRNA processing.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of primary microRNA processing.

Name: positive regulation of miRNA-mediated gene silencing.

Definition: A process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene silencing by a microRNA (miRNA).

Name: regulation of SREBP signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the SREBP signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of SREBP signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the SREBP signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of SREBP signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the SREBP signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of early endosome to late endosome transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of early endosome to late endosome transport.

Name: negative regulation of early endosome to late endosome transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of early endosome to late endosome transport.

Name: positive regulation of early endosome to late endosome transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of early endosome to late endosome transport.

Name: regulation of receptor catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor catabolic process.

Name: negative regulation of receptor catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor catabolic process.

Name: positive regulation of receptor catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor catabolic process.

Name: negative regulation of stem cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of stem cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation.

Name: regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Name: negative regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Name: positive regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

Name: regulation of genetic imprinting.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of genetic imprinting.

Name: regulation of cellular response to testosterone stimulus.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to testosterone stimulus.

Name: negative regulation of cellular response to testosterone stimulus.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to testosterone stimulus.

Name: regulation of interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of dendritic cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell apoptotic process.

Name: negative regulation of dendritic cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell apoptotic process.

Name: positive regulation of dendritic cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell apoptotic process.

Name: regulation of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process.

Name: negative regulation of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process.

Name: regulation of transcription regulatory region DNA binding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription regulatory region DNA binding.

Name: negative regulation of transcription regulatory region DNA binding.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription regulatory region DNA binding.

Name: positive regulation of transcription regulatory region DNA binding.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription regulatory region DNA binding.

Name: regulation of cellular response to X-ray.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to X-ray.

Name: regulation of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation.

Name: regulation of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development.

Name: positive regulation of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development.

Name: regulation of maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion, centromeric.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion in the centromeric region.

Name: negative regulation of maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion, centromeric.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion in the centromeric region.

Name: regulation of cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of stem cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of stem cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of stem cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of glucosylceramide catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucosylceramide catabolic process.

Name: positive regulation of glucosylceramide catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucosylceramide catabolic process.

Name: regulation of sphingomyelin catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sphingomyelin catabolic process.

Name: positive regulation of sphingomyelin catabolic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sphingomyelin catabolic process.

Name: regulation of peptidyl-lysine acetylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-lysine acetylation.

Name: negative regulation of peptidyl-lysine acetylation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-lysine acetylation.

Name: positive regulation of peptidyl-lysine acetylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-lysine acetylation.

Name: regulation of N-terminal peptidyl-lysine acetylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of N-terminal peptidyl-lysine acetylation.

Name: positive regulation of N-terminal peptidyl-lysine acetylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of N-terminal peptidyl-lysine acetylation.

Name: regulation of cytoplasmic translation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translation.

Name: negative regulation of cytoplasmic translation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translation.

Name: positive regulation of cytoplasmic translation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translation.

Name: positive regulation of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of cellular senescence.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular senescence.

Name: negative regulation of cellular senescence.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular senescence.

Name: positive regulation of cellular senescence.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular senescence.

Name: positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process involved in cellular response to hypoxia.

Definition: Any positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process that is involved in a cellular response to hypoxia.

Name: regulation of double-strand break repair.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair.

Name: negative regulation of double-strand break repair.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair.

Name: positive regulation of double-strand break repair.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair.

Name: regulation of autophagosome assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagosome assembly.

Name: positive regulation of autophagosome assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagic vacuole assembly.

Name: cell proliferation involved in heart valve development.

Definition: Any cell proliferation that is involved in heart valve development.

Name: regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis.

Name: regulation of amniotic stem cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amniotic stem cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of amniotic stem cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amniotic stem cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription, poly(A)-coupled.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription, poly(A)-coupled.

Name: negative regulation of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription, poly(A)-coupled.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription, poly(A)-coupled.

Name: positive regulation of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription, poly(A)-coupled.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription, poly(A)-coupled.

Name: regulation of bicellular tight junction assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tight junction assembly.

Name: negative regulation of anoikis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anoikis.

Name: regulation of barbed-end actin filament capping.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of barbed-end actin filament capping.

Name: negative regulation of barbed-end actin filament capping.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of barbed-end actin filament capping.

Name: negative regulation of mitotic sister chromatid separation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic sister chromatid separation.

Name: regulation of nucleotide-excision repair.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nucleotide-excision repair.

Name: negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Definition: Any negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter that is involved in smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of behavioral fear response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of behavioral fear response.

Name: positive regulation of androgen receptor activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of androgen receptor activity.

Name: regulation of heart morphogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart morphogenesis.

Name: mitochondrial RNA surveillance.

Definition: The set of processes involved in identifying and degrading defective or aberrant RNAs that takes place in the mitochondrion.

Name: regulation of steroid hormone secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion.

Name: positive regulation of steroid hormone secretion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion.

Name: regulation of androgen secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of androgen secretion.

Name: positive regulation of androgen secretion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of androgen secretion.

Name: regulation of corticosteroid hormone secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of corticosteroid hormone secretion.

Name: positive regulation of corticosteroid hormone secretion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of corticosteroid hormone secretion.

Name: regulation of glucocorticoid secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid secretion.

Name: positive regulation of glucocorticoid secretion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid secretion.

Name: regulation of mineralocorticoid secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mineralocorticoid secretion.

Name: positive regulation of mineralocorticoid secretion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mineralocorticoid secretion.

Name: regulation of aldosterone secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aldosterone secretion.

Name: positive regulation of aldosterone secretion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aldosterone secretion.

Name: regulation of estradiol secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of estradiol secretion.

Name: positive regulation of estradiol secretion.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of estradiol secretion.

Name: regulation of progesterone secretion.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of progesterone secretion.

Name: cellobiose metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cellobiose.

Name: cellobiose catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cellobiose.

Name: positive regulation of AMPA receptor activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of AMPA selective glutamate receptor activity.

Name: regulation of pro-B cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pro-B cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of pro-B cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pro-B cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of forebrain neuron differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of forebrain neuron differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of forebrain neuron differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of forebrain neuron differentiation.

Name: regulation of ATP citrate synthase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ATP citrate synthase activity.

Name: negative regulation of ATP citrate synthase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ATP citrate synthase activity.

Name: regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of response to DNA damage stimulus.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to DNA damage stimulus.

Name: negative regulation of response to DNA damage stimulus.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to DNA damage stimulus.

Name: positive regulation of response to DNA damage stimulus.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to DNA damage stimulus.

Name: regulation of response to drug.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to drug.

Name: regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis.

Name: negative regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis.

Name: positive regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis.

Name: regulation of cellular glucuronidation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular glucuronidation.

Name: positive regulation of cellular glucuronidation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular glucuronidation.

Name: regulation of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining.

Name: negative regulation of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining.

Name: positive regulation of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining.

Name: regulation of integrin-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of integrin-mediated signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of integrin-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of integrin-mediated signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of integrin-mediated signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of integrin-mediated signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.

Name: reactive nitrogen species metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a reactive nitrogen species.

Name: mannan binding.

Definition: Binding to mannan.

Name: glycogen binding.

Definition: Binding to glycogen.

Name: negative regulation of Rho guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Rho guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity.

Name: positive regulation of Rho guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Rho guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity.

Name: regulation of lens epithelial cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lens epithelial cell proliferation.

Name: positive regulation of lens epithelial cell proliferation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lens epithelial cell proliferation.

Name: regulation of cellular response to hepatocyte growth factor stimulus.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to hepatocyte growth factor stimulus.

Name: negative regulation of cellular response to hepatocyte growth factor stimulus.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to hepatocyte growth factor stimulus.

Name: positive regulation of cellular response to hepatocyte growth factor stimulus.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to hepatocyte growth factor stimulus.

Name: regulation of translational frameshifting.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational frameshifting.

Name: negative regulation of translational frameshifting.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational frameshifting.

Name: regulation of endocytic recycling.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytic recycling.

Name: negative regulation of endocytic recycling.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endocytic recycling.

Name: positive regulation of endocytic recycling.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endocytic recycling.

Name: regulation of phospholipid transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid transport.

Name: positive regulation of phospholipid transport.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid transport.

Name: regulation of RNA biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process.

Name: nicotinate transport.

Definition: The directed movement of a nicotinateacetate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Name: regulation of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity.

Name: negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity.

Name: regulation of histone H3-K79 methylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K79 methylation.

Name: positive regulation of histone H3-K79 methylation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K79 methylation.

Name: regulation of phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain serine 2 residues.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain serine 2 residues.

Name: positive regulation of phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain serine 2 residues.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain serine 2 residues.

Name: regulation of ATP biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ATP biosynthetic process.

Name: negative regulation of ATP biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ATP biosynthetic process.

Name: positive regulation of ATP biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ATP biosynthetic process.

Name: regulation of mediator complex assembly.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mediator complex assembly.

Name: positive regulation of mediator complex assembly.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mediator complex assembly.

Name: regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.

Name: negative regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.

Name: positive regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.

Name: regulation of T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell.

Name: negative regulation of T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell.

Name: positive regulation of T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell.

Name: regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation involved in immune response.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell activation involved in immune response.

Name: positive regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation involved in immune response.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell activation involved in immune response.

Name: regulation of dendritic cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation.

Name: negative regulation of dendritic cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation.

Name: positive regulation of dendritic cell differentiation.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation.

Name: regulation of osteoclast development.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast development.

Name: negative regulation of osteoclast development.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast development.

Name: regulation of vasculogenesis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis.

Name: negative regulation of vasculogenesis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis.

Name: positive regulation of vasculogenesis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis.

Name: regulation of neuron migration.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration.

Name: negative regulation of neuron migration.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration.

Name: positive regulation of neuron migration.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration.

Name: regulation of chloride transport.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chloride transport.

Name: negative regulation of chloride transport.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chloride transport.

Name: regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand.

Name: negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand.

Name: positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand.

Name: regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process.

Name: positive regulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process.

Name: negative regulation of chromosome organization.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome organization.

Name: positive regulation of chromosome organization.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome organization.

Name: regulation of histone H3-K36 trimethylation.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K36 trimethylation.

Name: regulation of store-operated calcium entry.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of store-operated calcium entry.

Name: regulation of cation channel activity.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cation channel activity.

Name: negative regulation of cation channel activity.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cation channel activity.

Name: positive regulation of cation channel activity.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cation channel activity.

Name: regulation of C-C chemokine binding.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of C-C chemokine binding.

Name: negative regulation of C-C chemokine binding.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of C-C chemokine binding.

Name: regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.

Name: regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis.

Name: negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis.

Name: positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis.

Name: regulation of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process.

Name: positive regulation of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process.

Definition: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process.

Name: regulation of caveolin-mediated endocytosis.

Definition: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of caveolin-mediated endocytosis.

Name: negative regulation of caveolin-mediated endocytosis.

Definition: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of caveolin-mediated endocytosis.

Name: malonyl-CoA metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving malonyl-CoA, the S-malonyl derivative of coenzyme A.

Name: malonyl-CoA catabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of malonyl-CoA, the S-malonyl derivative of coenzyme A.

Name: lipoxin metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a lipoxin. A lipoxin is a non-classic eicosanoid and signalling molecule that has four conjugated double bonds and is derived from arachidonic acid.

Name: lipoxin biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a lipoxin. A lipoxin is a non-classic eicosanoid and signalling molecule that has four conjugated double bonds and is derived from arachidonic acid.

Name: lipoxin A4 metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoxin A4. Lipoxin A4 is a C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (6R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (7E)- (9E)-, (11Z)- and (13E)-double bonds.

Name: lipoxin A4 biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipoxin A4. Lipoxin A4 is a C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (6R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (7E)- (9E)-, (11Z)- and (13E)-double bonds.

Name: lipoxin B4 metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoxin B4. Lipoxin B4 is a C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (14R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (6E)- (8Z)-, (10E)- and (12E)-double bonds.

Name: lipoxin B4 biosynthetic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipoxin B4. Lipoxin B4 is a C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (14R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (6E)- (8Z)-, (10E)- and (12E)-double bonds.

Name: lysobisphosphatidic acid metabolic process.

Definition: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a lysobisphosphatidic acid. A lysobisphosphatidic acid is a lysophosphatidic acid having the unusual property of a phosphodiester moiety linked to positions sn-1 and sn1' of glycerol; and two additional fatty acids esterified to the glycerol head group.