---
language:
- it
- en
license: apache-2.0
size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
task_categories:
- question-answering
pretty_name: Pinocchio
dataset_info:
- config_name: multimodal
  features:
  - name: question
    dtype: string
  - name: options
    list:
    - name: key
      dtype: string
    - name: value
      dtype: string
  - name: answer
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  - name: image
    dtype: image
  - name: macro
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  - name: category
    dtype: string
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    num_examples: 34275
  download_size: 590129851
  dataset_size: 673172291.25
- config_name: text
  features:
  - name: question
    dtype: string
  - name: options
    list:
    - name: key
      dtype: string
    - name: value
      dtype: string
  - name: answer
    dtype: string
  - name: macro
    dtype: string
  - name: category
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    num_examples: 10000
  - name: diritto
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    num_examples: 10000
  - name: lingua_straniera
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    num_examples: 10000
  - name: logica
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    num_examples: 10000
  - name: matematica_e_scienze
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    num_examples: 10000
  - name: generale
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  download_size: 19120837
  dataset_size: 37067220
configs:
- config_name: multimodal
  data_files:
  - split: generale
    path: multimodal/generale-*
- config_name: text
  data_files:
  - split: cultura
    path: text/cultura-*
  - split: diritto
    path: text/diritto-*
  - split: lingua_straniera
    path: text/lingua_straniera-*
  - split: logica
    path: text/logica-*
  - split: matematica_e_scienze
    path: text/matematica_e_scienze-*
  - split: generale
    path: text/generale-*
tags:
- evaluation
---

# Dataset Card

Pinocchio is a comprehensive and challenging Natural Language Understanding (NLU) dataset designed to rigorously evaluate language models' capabilities, with a particular focus on Italian language, culture, and various specialized domains.

<div style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto">
<img src="https://i.imgur.com/wg0y70f.jpeg" alt="Mii-LLM" style="width: 20%; min-width: 200px; display: block; margin: auto;">
</div>
<hr style="margin-top: 1.0em; margin-bottom: 1.0em;">

[**📖Paper (maybe soon)**]()

- **[2024.07.16]** Pinocchio dataset released, featuring ~140,000 questions across modalities and ~40 disciplines.

### Dataset Description

- **Curated by:** Edoardo Federici
- **Language(s) (NLP):** Italian
- **License:** Apache 2.0

## 1. What's unique about Pinocchio?

Compared to other NLU datasets, Pinocchio offers several distinctive features:

- **Comprehensive Italian Focus:** While many datasets prioritize English, Pinocchio is tailored specifically for Italian language and culture, filling a crucial gap in NLU evaluation.
- **Diverse Specialized Domains:** Pinocchio includes dedicated splits for law, foreign languages, logic, and STEM, allowing for in-depth evaluation of models' performance across various fields.
- **Multimodal Evaluation:** With a substantial multimodal split, Pinocchio enables assessment of models' ability to understand and reason about both text and images.
- **Difficulty Stratification:** The dataset provides carefully curated subsets, allowing for nuanced evaluation of model capabilities.

## 2. Dataset Summary

- **Questions and Options:** Each question within the dataset typically has multiple-choice options. The number of options may vary depending on the specific task and split.

- **Languages:** The primary language is Italian, with some tasks in the 'Lingua Straniera' split featuring other languages to assess foreign language proficiency.

- **Modalities:** While most of the dataset is text-based, the 'Multimodale' split incorporate both text and images.

- **Disciplines Covered:** The dataset spans a wide range of topics including general knowledge, Italian culture, law, foreign languages, logic, mathematics, and sciences.

| Split                  | Number of Questions | Focus Area                                          |
|:-----------------------|:---------------------|:----------------------------------------------------|
| Generale               | 50,000               | Comprehensive multi-topic evaluation                |
| Cultura                | 10,000               | Italian and international culture                   |
| Diritto                | 10,000               | Italian law and legal concepts                      |
| Lingua Straniera       | 10,000               | Foreign language proficiency                        |
| Logica                 | 10,000               | Logical reasoning and problem-solving               |
| Matematica e Scienze   | 10,000               | Mathematics and scientific knowledge                |
| Multimodale            | 36,000               | Text and image-based tasks                          |
| **Total**              | **136,000**          |                                                     |

## 3. Dataset Construction

We leveraged our access to a substantial volume of Italian-language data to create Pinocchio. The initial corpus consisted of questions and tasks from real-world exams, professional assessments, and domain-specific challenges. This approach ensured that our dataset would reflect the actual knowledge and skills required in various Italian professional and academic contexts.

## 4. Leaderboard

SOON

## 6. Ethical Considerations and Limitations

- **Cultural Specificity:** Given its focus on Italian language and culture, Pinocchio may not be suitable for evaluating models primarily trained on other languages or cultural contexts, but it can be useful to measure how reasoning capabilities translate between languages in a multilingual model.
- **Potential Biases:** Users should be aware of potential biases in question selection and framing, particularly in culturally sensitive areas.
- **Multimodal Limitations:** The multimodal split may have limitations in terms of image diversity and complexity.

## 7. Dataset Maintenance

If you find any mistake or error, please start a new discussion or open a pull request.

## 8. Citation

If you use the Pinocchio dataset in your research, please cite it as:

```
@software{pinocchio2024nlu,
  author = {Federici, Edoardo},
  title = {Pinocchio: An Italian, Culture-Aware, Language Understanding Dataset},
  month = July,
  year = 2024,
  url = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/efederici/pinocchio},
}
```