document: Open courseware and shared knowledge in higher education Most college and university campuses in the United States and much of the developed world today maintain one , two , or several learning management systems -LRB- LMSs -RRB- , which are courseware products that provide students and faculty with Web-based tools to manage course-related applications . Since the mid-1990s , two predominant models of Web courseware management systems have emerged : commercial and noncommercial . Some of the commercial products available today were created in academia as noncommercial but have since become commercially encumbered . Other products remain noncommercial but are struggling to survive in a world of fierce commercial competition . This article argues for an ethics of pedagogy in higher education that would be based on the guiding assumptions of the non-proprietary , peer-to-peer , open-source software movement
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