Routine cardiac catheterization is less frequently performed before undertaking stage 2 repair, but it has a useful role in the assessment of hemodynamic suitability to adapt to this type of circulation by directly measuring pulmonary vascular resistance. CTA Chest CTA chest is a useful modality and provides accurate means of evaluation of pulmonary arterial anatomy and pulmonary and systemic venous status before stage 2 repair. Thrombosis of the systemic-to-pulmonary arterial shunt may occur in 6% to 17% of cases and constitutes a surgical emergency [44]. CTA can be used as the confirmatory test especially if echocardiography is inconclusive. MRA Abdomen There is no relevant literature to support the use of MRA abdomen in the evaluation of known single ventricle physiology. MRA Chest MRA chest is an excellent imaging technique for the evaluation of pulmonary arterial anatomy before stage 2 repair. It has the advantage that it can be easily combined with MRI heart function and morphology for a complete evaluation of the single ventricle patient. MRA has great diagnostic utility compared with echocardiography and is accurate in comparison to catheter angiography for the diagnosis of pulmonary artery stenoses. MRA Neck There is no relevant literature to support the use of MRA neck in the evaluation of known single ventricle physiology. MRI Heart Function and Morphology CMR allows for the quantification of ventricular volume and function, with abnormal ventricular morphology [42]. This can be useful in decisions regarding stage 1, 1.5, or 2 ventricle repair. MRI Heart Function with Stress There is no relevant literature to support the use of MRI heart function with stress in the evaluation of known single ventricle physiology. Radiography Chest Other than evaluation of patent ductus arteriosus or aortopulmonary shunt stent positioning, there is no relevant literature to support the use of radiography chest in the evaluation of known single ventricle physiology.
Congenital or Acquired Heart Disease. Routine cardiac catheterization is less frequently performed before undertaking stage 2 repair, but it has a useful role in the assessment of hemodynamic suitability to adapt to this type of circulation by directly measuring pulmonary vascular resistance. CTA Chest CTA chest is a useful modality and provides accurate means of evaluation of pulmonary arterial anatomy and pulmonary and systemic venous status before stage 2 repair. Thrombosis of the systemic-to-pulmonary arterial shunt may occur in 6% to 17% of cases and constitutes a surgical emergency [44]. CTA can be used as the confirmatory test especially if echocardiography is inconclusive. MRA Abdomen There is no relevant literature to support the use of MRA abdomen in the evaluation of known single ventricle physiology. MRA Chest MRA chest is an excellent imaging technique for the evaluation of pulmonary arterial anatomy before stage 2 repair. It has the advantage that it can be easily combined with MRI heart function and morphology for a complete evaluation of the single ventricle patient. MRA has great diagnostic utility compared with echocardiography and is accurate in comparison to catheter angiography for the diagnosis of pulmonary artery stenoses. MRA Neck There is no relevant literature to support the use of MRA neck in the evaluation of known single ventricle physiology. MRI Heart Function and Morphology CMR allows for the quantification of ventricular volume and function, with abnormal ventricular morphology [42]. This can be useful in decisions regarding stage 1, 1.5, or 2 ventricle repair. MRI Heart Function with Stress There is no relevant literature to support the use of MRI heart function with stress in the evaluation of known single ventricle physiology. Radiography Chest Other than evaluation of patent ductus arteriosus or aortopulmonary shunt stent positioning, there is no relevant literature to support the use of radiography chest in the evaluation of known single ventricle physiology.