Perfusion examinations, including arterial spin-labeled perfusion imaging, may have a role in the evaluation of improved perfusion from obliteration of AVMs after radiation therapy [98]. MRI Head High-flow intracranial vascular malformations can be identified on MRI head because of dilated vessels. In a study evaluating MRI and AVM, T2-weighted images demonstrated overall sensitivity of 89% and 100% for lesions >3 cm as well as low (29%) sensitivity for AVM-associated aneurysms [86]. MRI can also provide important information regarding the associated brain parenchyma including ischemia on diffusion-weighted imaging or gliosis on T2 and Fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery imaging [83]. MRV Head There is no relevant literature to support the use of MRV head in the surveillance of high-flow intracranial vascular malformations. US Duplex Doppler Carotid Artery There is no relevant literature to support the use of carotid artery US duplex Doppler in the surveillance of high- flow intracranial vascular malformations. US Duplex Doppler Transcranial There is no relevant literature to support the use of TCD in the surveillance of high-flow intracranial vascular malformations. Primary CNS vasculitis is a rare disorder with 2.4 cases per 1 million person-years [99,101]. Primary CNS vasculitis typically presents with headache, followed by encephalopathy and behavioral changes. Focal neurological deficit occurs in 20% to 30% of patients. Seizures and intracranial hemorrhage may also occur. The diagnosis of primary CNS vasculitis is challenging because of its nonspecific and varied symptoms. Diagnostic criteria for CNS vasculitis CVD-Aneurysm, Vascular Malformation, and SAH proposed by Calabrese and Mallek in 1988 required diagnosis via histopathology or characteristic findings on DSA [102,103].
Cerebrovascular Diseases Aneurysm Vascular Malformation and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage PCAs. Perfusion examinations, including arterial spin-labeled perfusion imaging, may have a role in the evaluation of improved perfusion from obliteration of AVMs after radiation therapy [98]. MRI Head High-flow intracranial vascular malformations can be identified on MRI head because of dilated vessels. In a study evaluating MRI and AVM, T2-weighted images demonstrated overall sensitivity of 89% and 100% for lesions >3 cm as well as low (29%) sensitivity for AVM-associated aneurysms [86]. MRI can also provide important information regarding the associated brain parenchyma including ischemia on diffusion-weighted imaging or gliosis on T2 and Fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery imaging [83]. MRV Head There is no relevant literature to support the use of MRV head in the surveillance of high-flow intracranial vascular malformations. US Duplex Doppler Carotid Artery There is no relevant literature to support the use of carotid artery US duplex Doppler in the surveillance of high- flow intracranial vascular malformations. US Duplex Doppler Transcranial There is no relevant literature to support the use of TCD in the surveillance of high-flow intracranial vascular malformations. Primary CNS vasculitis is a rare disorder with 2.4 cases per 1 million person-years [99,101]. Primary CNS vasculitis typically presents with headache, followed by encephalopathy and behavioral changes. Focal neurological deficit occurs in 20% to 30% of patients. Seizures and intracranial hemorrhage may also occur. The diagnosis of primary CNS vasculitis is challenging because of its nonspecific and varied symptoms. Diagnostic criteria for CNS vasculitis CVD-Aneurysm, Vascular Malformation, and SAH proposed by Calabrese and Mallek in 1988 required diagnosis via histopathology or characteristic findings on DSA [102,103].