However, MRI of the abdomen and pelvis is not routinely used in the evaluation of renal failure associated with neurogenic bladder regardless of whether or not IV contrast is administered. MRI Abdomen There is no relevant literature for MRI abdomen in the initial evaluation of renal failure associated with neurogenic bladder, regardless of whether or not IV contrasted series are included. MR Urography There is no relevant literature for MRU in the initial evaluation of renal failure associated with neurogenic bladder. However, contrast-enhanced MRU is not routinely performed in this setting, and the majority of the information is obtained by unenhanced MRI sequences. Radiography Abdomen and Pelvis There is no role for radiography in initial evaluation of neurogenic bladder. However, it may be used in the long- term surveillance for development of renal stone disease, acknowledging that radiography is less sensitive than CT for detection of stone disease [24]. MAG3 Renal Scan There is no relevant literature regarding the use of Tc-99m MAG3 as a first-line test in the evaluation of renal failure associated with neurogenic bladder. US Kidneys Retroperitoneum The American Urological Association supports clinical evaluation and measurement of postvoid residual but does not specifically endorse US for this measurement. However, US is routinely used by urologists in the initial workup because it can easily measure bladder volume. In patients with neurogenic bladder and lower urinary tract symptoms, US and postvoid residual measurement is also supported by international guidelines [48,49,53]. In a study of 60 patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction after spinal cord injury, a distended bladder anterior wall detrusor (hypoechoic layer) with a thickness <0.97 mm on US was 92% sensitive and 63% specific for risk assessment of renal damage [54].
Renal Failure. However, MRI of the abdomen and pelvis is not routinely used in the evaluation of renal failure associated with neurogenic bladder regardless of whether or not IV contrast is administered. MRI Abdomen There is no relevant literature for MRI abdomen in the initial evaluation of renal failure associated with neurogenic bladder, regardless of whether or not IV contrasted series are included. MR Urography There is no relevant literature for MRU in the initial evaluation of renal failure associated with neurogenic bladder. However, contrast-enhanced MRU is not routinely performed in this setting, and the majority of the information is obtained by unenhanced MRI sequences. Radiography Abdomen and Pelvis There is no role for radiography in initial evaluation of neurogenic bladder. However, it may be used in the long- term surveillance for development of renal stone disease, acknowledging that radiography is less sensitive than CT for detection of stone disease [24]. MAG3 Renal Scan There is no relevant literature regarding the use of Tc-99m MAG3 as a first-line test in the evaluation of renal failure associated with neurogenic bladder. US Kidneys Retroperitoneum The American Urological Association supports clinical evaluation and measurement of postvoid residual but does not specifically endorse US for this measurement. However, US is routinely used by urologists in the initial workup because it can easily measure bladder volume. In patients with neurogenic bladder and lower urinary tract symptoms, US and postvoid residual measurement is also supported by international guidelines [48,49,53]. In a study of 60 patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction after spinal cord injury, a distended bladder anterior wall detrusor (hypoechoic layer) with a thickness <0.97 mm on US was 92% sensitive and 63% specific for risk assessment of renal damage [54].