 Introduction/Background Hematospermia (HS), or hemospermia, the presence of blood in the ejaculate or semen, has been recognized for centuries. Although it is not uncommon to encounter HS in clinical practice, the exact prevalence and incidence are not known. Most men with HS are young (<40 years of age), and HS may occur either as a single episode or repeatedly over time. It is typically a cause of great anxiety to men, mainly because of the imagined possibility of underlying malignancy or venereal disease. HS may be associated with pathology in the prostate gland, seminal tract (seminal vesicles, vasa deferentia, and ejaculatory ducts), verumontanum, urethra, urinary bladder, epididymis, or testes, with cited causes reported to include prior prostatic biopsy, prostatic calculi, inflammatory or infectious conditions such as prostatitis or seminal vesiculitis, ductal obstruction, prostatic cyst formation, and rarely vascular malformations. The majority of cases of HS were thought to be idiopathic in nature; however, as a result of improved imaging techniques, the number of cases labeled as idiopathic has decreased significantly, with one of the main sites of bleeding occurring in the seminal vesicles [1-13]. Of specific etiologies, infectious or inflammatory conditions are the most common, accounting for approximately 40% of HS cases overall. An infectious or inflammatory condition of the urogenital tract is the most common etiology in men <40 years of age [1,6,9,14]. Overview of Imaging Modalities Transrectal ultrasound (ultrasound pelvis [prostate] transrectal) Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) is a safe, inexpensive, effective, noninvasive, radiation-free imaging technique often used as the primary screening or diagnostic modality in men with HS to evaluate the prostate gland and seminal tract. Patients are typically placed in the left lateral decubitus position, and grayscale images are obtained with a 5.0- to 10-MHz TRUS transducer in axial and sagittal planes [12,13,19,20].
Hematospermia.  Introduction/Background Hematospermia (HS), or hemospermia, the presence of blood in the ejaculate or semen, has been recognized for centuries. Although it is not uncommon to encounter HS in clinical practice, the exact prevalence and incidence are not known. Most men with HS are young (<40 years of age), and HS may occur either as a single episode or repeatedly over time. It is typically a cause of great anxiety to men, mainly because of the imagined possibility of underlying malignancy or venereal disease. HS may be associated with pathology in the prostate gland, seminal tract (seminal vesicles, vasa deferentia, and ejaculatory ducts), verumontanum, urethra, urinary bladder, epididymis, or testes, with cited causes reported to include prior prostatic biopsy, prostatic calculi, inflammatory or infectious conditions such as prostatitis or seminal vesiculitis, ductal obstruction, prostatic cyst formation, and rarely vascular malformations. The majority of cases of HS were thought to be idiopathic in nature; however, as a result of improved imaging techniques, the number of cases labeled as idiopathic has decreased significantly, with one of the main sites of bleeding occurring in the seminal vesicles [1-13]. Of specific etiologies, infectious or inflammatory conditions are the most common, accounting for approximately 40% of HS cases overall. An infectious or inflammatory condition of the urogenital tract is the most common etiology in men <40 years of age [1,6,9,14]. Overview of Imaging Modalities Transrectal ultrasound (ultrasound pelvis [prostate] transrectal) Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) is a safe, inexpensive, effective, noninvasive, radiation-free imaging technique often used as the primary screening or diagnostic modality in men with HS to evaluate the prostate gland and seminal tract. Patients are typically placed in the left lateral decubitus position, and grayscale images are obtained with a 5.0- to 10-MHz TRUS transducer in axial and sagittal planes [12,13,19,20].