US Pelvis Transvaginal To our knowledge, there is no relevant literature regarding the use of transvaginal US (TVUS) alone for functional assessment of a protruding or bulging anterior vaginal mass or clinically suspected POP. Variant 2: Female. Urinary dysfunction (involuntary leakage of urine, or frequent urination, or urgency, straining to void, incomplete voiding, splinting, or digital maneuvers to void). Initial imaging. Urinary dysfunction may present as UI, which is the involuntary leakage of urine, classified as stress, urge, overflow, or mixed type of incontinence [57,58]. Initial evaluation of patients with urinary dysfunction may include physical examination, urinalysis, urinary stress testing, voiding diary, and urodynamic testing with cystourethrography. [58]. Imaging may be requested to assess postvoid bladder volume or evaluate for associated abnormalities in atypical or complex cases to confirm or further Pelvic Floor Dysfunction in Females characterize clinical findings. For instance, imaging can confirm presence of urethral diverticula or other anatomic abnormalities, which may be suspected, based on physical examination, or demonstrate bladder-neck/urethral hypermobility in patients with stress UI (SUI) [59]. In such cases, management of SUI may be aimed at correcting the urethral hypermobility. Imaging can depict bladder wall thickness, which may be increased in the setting of detrusor muscle instability [50]. Imaging may also be indicated in patients who present with persistent or recurrent urinary dysfunction after attempted surgical or nonsurgical treatments. Urinary dysfunction may also include incomplete or difficulty voiding, which can be caused by anatomic or functional abnormalities, for example, urethral or bladder masses; cystocele without urethral rotation, resulting in urethral kinking; neurogenic bladder; or as a complication of urethral sling or bulking agent procedures.
Pelvic Floor Dysfunction in Females. US Pelvis Transvaginal To our knowledge, there is no relevant literature regarding the use of transvaginal US (TVUS) alone for functional assessment of a protruding or bulging anterior vaginal mass or clinically suspected POP. Variant 2: Female. Urinary dysfunction (involuntary leakage of urine, or frequent urination, or urgency, straining to void, incomplete voiding, splinting, or digital maneuvers to void). Initial imaging. Urinary dysfunction may present as UI, which is the involuntary leakage of urine, classified as stress, urge, overflow, or mixed type of incontinence [57,58]. Initial evaluation of patients with urinary dysfunction may include physical examination, urinalysis, urinary stress testing, voiding diary, and urodynamic testing with cystourethrography. [58]. Imaging may be requested to assess postvoid bladder volume or evaluate for associated abnormalities in atypical or complex cases to confirm or further Pelvic Floor Dysfunction in Females characterize clinical findings. For instance, imaging can confirm presence of urethral diverticula or other anatomic abnormalities, which may be suspected, based on physical examination, or demonstrate bladder-neck/urethral hypermobility in patients with stress UI (SUI) [59]. In such cases, management of SUI may be aimed at correcting the urethral hypermobility. Imaging can depict bladder wall thickness, which may be increased in the setting of detrusor muscle instability [50]. Imaging may also be indicated in patients who present with persistent or recurrent urinary dysfunction after attempted surgical or nonsurgical treatments. Urinary dysfunction may also include incomplete or difficulty voiding, which can be caused by anatomic or functional abnormalities, for example, urethral or bladder masses; cystocele without urethral rotation, resulting in urethral kinking; neurogenic bladder; or as a complication of urethral sling or bulking agent procedures.