Functional MRI techniques such as BOLD, ASL, DWI, and DKI that provide information on renal perfusion, oxygenation, and diffusion are still the subject of active research [21,22]. The use of contrast should be considered only after evaluation of the risk-benefit ratio and degree of renal function [9]. There is no literature to support any added diagnostic value of the use of IV contrast and its attendant risks, and it is not appropriate for the diagnosis of and determination of the cause of CKD. There is no relevant literature regarding the use of MRI abdomen without and with IV contrast in the initial evaluation of CKD. MR Urography There is no relevant literature regarding the use of MRU in the initial evaluation of CKD. Radiography Abdomen and Pelvis The role of abdominal radiography in CKD is limited to evaluation of renal stone disease, which acknowledges that radiography is less sensitive than CT for stone disease [24]. Signs of renal osteodystrophy confirm the presence of CKD. DMSA Renal Scan Tc-99m DMSA scintigraphy is ideal for functional renal cortical imaging and is most useful for detection of focal renal parenchymal abnormalities and scars in the setting of acute or chronic pyelonephritis or for differential renal function. Serial imaging may be useful for monitoring renal cortical scarring. The literature search did not identify any studies regarding the use of Tc-99m DMSA as a first-line test in the evaluation of CKD. MAG3 Renal Scan The literature search did not identify any studies regarding the use of Tc-99m MAG3 as a first-line test in the evaluation of CKD. US Kidneys Retroperitoneum US can differentiate AKI from CKD by determining renal size and volume. Renal length correlates with renal function in CKD [30,40-42]. Renal volume may be less useful given the contribution of renal sinus fat. In CKD, the kidneys are typically small with loss of global parenchymal and cortical thickness [42,43]. Renal length <9 cm in an adult is definitely abnormal [44].
Renal Failure. Functional MRI techniques such as BOLD, ASL, DWI, and DKI that provide information on renal perfusion, oxygenation, and diffusion are still the subject of active research [21,22]. The use of contrast should be considered only after evaluation of the risk-benefit ratio and degree of renal function [9]. There is no literature to support any added diagnostic value of the use of IV contrast and its attendant risks, and it is not appropriate for the diagnosis of and determination of the cause of CKD. There is no relevant literature regarding the use of MRI abdomen without and with IV contrast in the initial evaluation of CKD. MR Urography There is no relevant literature regarding the use of MRU in the initial evaluation of CKD. Radiography Abdomen and Pelvis The role of abdominal radiography in CKD is limited to evaluation of renal stone disease, which acknowledges that radiography is less sensitive than CT for stone disease [24]. Signs of renal osteodystrophy confirm the presence of CKD. DMSA Renal Scan Tc-99m DMSA scintigraphy is ideal for functional renal cortical imaging and is most useful for detection of focal renal parenchymal abnormalities and scars in the setting of acute or chronic pyelonephritis or for differential renal function. Serial imaging may be useful for monitoring renal cortical scarring. The literature search did not identify any studies regarding the use of Tc-99m DMSA as a first-line test in the evaluation of CKD. MAG3 Renal Scan The literature search did not identify any studies regarding the use of Tc-99m MAG3 as a first-line test in the evaluation of CKD. US Kidneys Retroperitoneum US can differentiate AKI from CKD by determining renal size and volume. Renal length correlates with renal function in CKD [30,40-42]. Renal volume may be less useful given the contribution of renal sinus fat. In CKD, the kidneys are typically small with loss of global parenchymal and cortical thickness [42,43]. Renal length <9 cm in an adult is definitely abnormal [44].