In conclusion, dynamic CTA was found to detect multiple pathologic findings not detected by US [85]. While no large studies exist, CTA is frequently performed in practice as a complementary imaging modality to diagnostic US and fistulography. CTV Extremity Area of Interest With IV Contrast There is no relevant literature to support the use of CTV with IV contrast in evaluation of suspected dysfunction of a hemodialysis access. MRA Extremity Area of Interest Area of Interest Without and With IV Contrast There is no relevant literature to support the use of MRA without and with IV contrast in evaluation of suspected dysfunction of a hemodialysis access. MRA Extremity Area of Interest Without IV Contrast Multiple publications provide support for specific noncontrast MRA sequences to evaluate hemodialysis access, for example time-of-flight imaging, black-blood imaging, and quiescent-interval single-shot imaging. However, there is no significant literature to support or recommend its wide-spread usage [86,87]. MRA carries additional disadvantages of flow-related artifacts, as well as artifacts from endoprostheses. MRV Extremity Area of Interest Without and With IV Contrast There is no relevant literature to support the use of MRV without and with IV contrast in evaluation of suspected dysfunction of a hemodialysis access. MRV Extremity Area of Interest Without IV Contrast There is no relevant literature to support the use of MRV without IV contrast in evaluation of suspected dysfunction of a hemodialysis access. Variant 4: Suspected thrombosis of the upper or lower extremity hemodialysis access, marked by absent pulse and thrill on physical examination. Treatment and procedures. Fluoroscopy Fistulography Hemodialysis Access with Intervention Roughly 30% to 60% of AVFs experience thrombosis. Their restoration may be readily achieved using a combination of image-guided percutaneous interventional procedures, surgery, or some permutation of these therapeutic techniques [4].
Dialysis Fistula Malfunction. In conclusion, dynamic CTA was found to detect multiple pathologic findings not detected by US [85]. While no large studies exist, CTA is frequently performed in practice as a complementary imaging modality to diagnostic US and fistulography. CTV Extremity Area of Interest With IV Contrast There is no relevant literature to support the use of CTV with IV contrast in evaluation of suspected dysfunction of a hemodialysis access. MRA Extremity Area of Interest Area of Interest Without and With IV Contrast There is no relevant literature to support the use of MRA without and with IV contrast in evaluation of suspected dysfunction of a hemodialysis access. MRA Extremity Area of Interest Without IV Contrast Multiple publications provide support for specific noncontrast MRA sequences to evaluate hemodialysis access, for example time-of-flight imaging, black-blood imaging, and quiescent-interval single-shot imaging. However, there is no significant literature to support or recommend its wide-spread usage [86,87]. MRA carries additional disadvantages of flow-related artifacts, as well as artifacts from endoprostheses. MRV Extremity Area of Interest Without and With IV Contrast There is no relevant literature to support the use of MRV without and with IV contrast in evaluation of suspected dysfunction of a hemodialysis access. MRV Extremity Area of Interest Without IV Contrast There is no relevant literature to support the use of MRV without IV contrast in evaluation of suspected dysfunction of a hemodialysis access. Variant 4: Suspected thrombosis of the upper or lower extremity hemodialysis access, marked by absent pulse and thrill on physical examination. Treatment and procedures. Fluoroscopy Fistulography Hemodialysis Access with Intervention Roughly 30% to 60% of AVFs experience thrombosis. Their restoration may be readily achieved using a combination of image-guided percutaneous interventional procedures, surgery, or some permutation of these therapeutic techniques [4].