To our knowledge, there is no relevant literature comparing the utility of TPUS for defecatory dysfunction to physical examination. US Pelvis Transrectal TRUS is the primary imaging method for anatomic evaluation of the internal and external anal sphincters and adds to the clinical examination and manometry in patients with fecal incontinence [20,91-93]. It has high correlation with surgical and histologic findings [94]. Interobserver agreement is good when evaluating sphincter defects [95] and is better for internal versus external sphincter when measuring muscle thickness [41]. The thickness of the internal anal sphincter is also slightly greater on TVUS compared with TRUS as the anal canal is collapsed. Three- dimensional US provides multiplanar images allowing visualization of the levator ani muscle and measurement of sphincter tear lengths [96]. However, it is not an established method for assessing external anal sphincter atrophy [97,98]. TRUS may be obtained for anatomic evaluation of patients with high suspicion of anal sphincter defects based on clinical evaluation as a complementary test to fluoroscopic CCP or MR defecography, which are the imaging tests of choice for functional evaluation of patients with defecatory dysfunction. US Pelvis Transvaginal TVUS may be an alternative to endoanal US for anatomic evaluation of sphincter defects, albeit with some limitations and challenges [99]. To our knowledge, there is no relevant literature comparing the utility of TVUS to physical examination, fluoroscopic CCP, or MR defecography for assessment of defecatory dysfunction. Pelvic Floor Dysfunction in Females Variant 4: Female. Follow-up imaging after pelvic floor surgery. Subacute or chronic complications other than recurrent pelvic floor dysfunction. Initial imaging.
Pelvic Floor Dysfunction in Females. To our knowledge, there is no relevant literature comparing the utility of TPUS for defecatory dysfunction to physical examination. US Pelvis Transrectal TRUS is the primary imaging method for anatomic evaluation of the internal and external anal sphincters and adds to the clinical examination and manometry in patients with fecal incontinence [20,91-93]. It has high correlation with surgical and histologic findings [94]. Interobserver agreement is good when evaluating sphincter defects [95] and is better for internal versus external sphincter when measuring muscle thickness [41]. The thickness of the internal anal sphincter is also slightly greater on TVUS compared with TRUS as the anal canal is collapsed. Three- dimensional US provides multiplanar images allowing visualization of the levator ani muscle and measurement of sphincter tear lengths [96]. However, it is not an established method for assessing external anal sphincter atrophy [97,98]. TRUS may be obtained for anatomic evaluation of patients with high suspicion of anal sphincter defects based on clinical evaluation as a complementary test to fluoroscopic CCP or MR defecography, which are the imaging tests of choice for functional evaluation of patients with defecatory dysfunction. US Pelvis Transvaginal TVUS may be an alternative to endoanal US for anatomic evaluation of sphincter defects, albeit with some limitations and challenges [99]. To our knowledge, there is no relevant literature comparing the utility of TVUS to physical examination, fluoroscopic CCP, or MR defecography for assessment of defecatory dysfunction. Pelvic Floor Dysfunction in Females Variant 4: Female. Follow-up imaging after pelvic floor surgery. Subacute or chronic complications other than recurrent pelvic floor dysfunction. Initial imaging.