 Introduction/Background Urothelial carcinoma (UC), previously known as transitional cell carcinoma, accounts for >90% of all urinary bladder cancers in the United States. In the genitourinary tract, UC is the second most common cancer and cause of cancer death [1]. The American Cancer Society estimated that there will be 81,400 new cases of bladder cancer and 17,980 deaths related to bladder cancer in 2020 [1]. Bladder cancer staging is based on the American Joint Committee on Cancer Tumor, Node, Metastasis system, and T-stage (depth of invasion) is used to differentiate patients into 2 groups: nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) [2]. NMIBC accounts for 75% of bladder cancers and consists of a heterogeneous group of tumors that includes superficial papillary tumors (Ta), carcinoma in situ (Tis), and tumors invading the lamina propria (T1), all with different rates of recurrence and progression [2]. MIBC consists of tumors that invade the muscularis propria (T2) and beyond, and these tumors have a significantly higher rate of recurrence and progression after treatment. The 5- year survival rate for all stages of UC of the urinary bladder combined is 78% [1]. For NMIBC stages 0 and I, the 5-year survival rates are 95% and 75%, respectively; 5-year survival rates drop to 70%, 35%, and 5% for MIBC at stages II, III, and IV, respectively [1]. Reprint requests to: publications@acr.org Post-Treatment Surveillance of Bladder Cancer The AUA/SUO and National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines differ slightly in imaging recommendations following treatment for NMIBC. The NCCN guidelines recommend upper-tract surveillance imaging for patients at low or intermediate risk, as clinically indicated, and scheduled upper-tract imaging every 1 to 2 years for patients at high risk [17]. The AUA/SUO guidelines recommend upper-tract surveillance imaging patients at both intermediate and high risk at 1 to 2 year intervals [4].
Post Treatment Surveillance of Bladder Cancer.  Introduction/Background Urothelial carcinoma (UC), previously known as transitional cell carcinoma, accounts for >90% of all urinary bladder cancers in the United States. In the genitourinary tract, UC is the second most common cancer and cause of cancer death [1]. The American Cancer Society estimated that there will be 81,400 new cases of bladder cancer and 17,980 deaths related to bladder cancer in 2020 [1]. Bladder cancer staging is based on the American Joint Committee on Cancer Tumor, Node, Metastasis system, and T-stage (depth of invasion) is used to differentiate patients into 2 groups: nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) [2]. NMIBC accounts for 75% of bladder cancers and consists of a heterogeneous group of tumors that includes superficial papillary tumors (Ta), carcinoma in situ (Tis), and tumors invading the lamina propria (T1), all with different rates of recurrence and progression [2]. MIBC consists of tumors that invade the muscularis propria (T2) and beyond, and these tumors have a significantly higher rate of recurrence and progression after treatment. The 5- year survival rate for all stages of UC of the urinary bladder combined is 78% [1]. For NMIBC stages 0 and I, the 5-year survival rates are 95% and 75%, respectively; 5-year survival rates drop to 70%, 35%, and 5% for MIBC at stages II, III, and IV, respectively [1]. Reprint requests to: publications@acr.org Post-Treatment Surveillance of Bladder Cancer The AUA/SUO and National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines differ slightly in imaging recommendations following treatment for NMIBC. The NCCN guidelines recommend upper-tract surveillance imaging for patients at low or intermediate risk, as clinically indicated, and scheduled upper-tract imaging every 1 to 2 years for patients at high risk [17]. The AUA/SUO guidelines recommend upper-tract surveillance imaging patients at both intermediate and high risk at 1 to 2 year intervals [4].