Prostate volume has low correlation with initial symptoms [16] but may predict symptom progression and response to 5 -reductase inhibitors, as well as guide surgical procedures [6]. The addition of spectral Doppler assessment is not helpful to differentiate benign from malignant areas [17], and further study of prostate arterial resistive index measurement is needed to determine clinical usefulness [18]. US Pelvis US is the preferred method to assess bladder volume and postvoid residual over catheterization and can be performed with a specific bladder scan unit or pelvic US. A measurable postvoid residual can be seen with both BOO and decreased detrusor function. Although no current postvoid residual threshold value can diagnose BOO or guide treatment [1,2], a persistent postvoid residual >100 mL or increasing postvoid residual over time may predict acute urinary retention, poor response to medical treatment, and deterioration of symptoms [1,19]. US measurement of bladder wall thickness includes the entire width of the bladder wall, whereas detrusor wall thickness measures the hypoechoic muscle between the more echogenic mucosa and adventitia. A study of 157 patients, of which 48 had BOO by urodynamics, identified optimal cutoff of 3.7-mm wall thickness for identifying patients with BOO by receiver operator curve analysis [25]. Although detrusor wall thickening has been shown to increase in BOO, the ratio of bladder to detrusor thickness depends on degree of bladder filling [28]. US-estimated bladder weight can be calculated from bladder volume and wall thickness, assuming a spherical shape. This value may also correlate with BOO and acute urinary retention [29,30]. Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms-Suspicion of BPH US Kidneys Retroperitoneal Routine imaging of the upper urinary tract with renal US is not usually indicated in uncomplicated LUTS [1,2,31].
Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Suspicion of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Prostate volume has low correlation with initial symptoms [16] but may predict symptom progression and response to 5 -reductase inhibitors, as well as guide surgical procedures [6]. The addition of spectral Doppler assessment is not helpful to differentiate benign from malignant areas [17], and further study of prostate arterial resistive index measurement is needed to determine clinical usefulness [18]. US Pelvis US is the preferred method to assess bladder volume and postvoid residual over catheterization and can be performed with a specific bladder scan unit or pelvic US. A measurable postvoid residual can be seen with both BOO and decreased detrusor function. Although no current postvoid residual threshold value can diagnose BOO or guide treatment [1,2], a persistent postvoid residual >100 mL or increasing postvoid residual over time may predict acute urinary retention, poor response to medical treatment, and deterioration of symptoms [1,19]. US measurement of bladder wall thickness includes the entire width of the bladder wall, whereas detrusor wall thickness measures the hypoechoic muscle between the more echogenic mucosa and adventitia. A study of 157 patients, of which 48 had BOO by urodynamics, identified optimal cutoff of 3.7-mm wall thickness for identifying patients with BOO by receiver operator curve analysis [25]. Although detrusor wall thickening has been shown to increase in BOO, the ratio of bladder to detrusor thickness depends on degree of bladder filling [28]. US-estimated bladder weight can be calculated from bladder volume and wall thickness, assuming a spherical shape. This value may also correlate with BOO and acute urinary retention [29,30]. Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms-Suspicion of BPH US Kidneys Retroperitoneal Routine imaging of the upper urinary tract with renal US is not usually indicated in uncomplicated LUTS [1,2,31].