T2-weighted gradient-echo imaging or SWI may show additional cavernomas not seen on spin-echo imaging. The presence of acute and subacute blood products increases the likelihood of future hemorrhage [75]. DVAs are visible on both spin-echo and gradient-echo imaging and are occasionally associated with gliosis or cortical malformation. Contrast may increase the conspicuity of DVA. MRA Head MRA is not usually helpful in the assessment of cavernoma, capillary telangiectasia, and DVA. Arteriography Cervicocerebral Catheter angiography is rarely required for the evaluation of incidentally discovered DVA but may be used to exclude the possibility of an associated high-flow vascular malformation. An isolated DVA appears as an abnormal cluster of veins draining into a single collector and appears only on the venous phase of the arteriogram [61]. Cavernomas and capillary telangiectasia are usually angiographically occult. US Duplex Doppler Transcranial Head US is not usually helpful in the assessment of cavernoma or capillary telangiectasia. Head US may occasionally be used to demonstrate large DVA in neonates and young infants with open fontanels. Variant 10: Child. Clinical presentation suggestive of acute stroke, known or suspected cortical vein or dural venous sinus thrombosis. Initial imaging. Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis has an incidence of 1/200,000 children per year. It is less common in children than is arterial ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke and is most often associated with infection, trauma, dehydration, cancer, oral contraceptives, and prothrombotic disorders [76,77]. The risk is highest in the first year of life, with neonates accounting for 61% of cerebral sinovenous thrombosis [76-78]. Prothrombotic disorders are present in more than half of children, and multiple risk factors are commonly present. An acute illness with sepsis and dehydration is present in up to one-third of patients. Trauma is more common in older children.
Cerebrovascular Disease Child PCAs. T2-weighted gradient-echo imaging or SWI may show additional cavernomas not seen on spin-echo imaging. The presence of acute and subacute blood products increases the likelihood of future hemorrhage [75]. DVAs are visible on both spin-echo and gradient-echo imaging and are occasionally associated with gliosis or cortical malformation. Contrast may increase the conspicuity of DVA. MRA Head MRA is not usually helpful in the assessment of cavernoma, capillary telangiectasia, and DVA. Arteriography Cervicocerebral Catheter angiography is rarely required for the evaluation of incidentally discovered DVA but may be used to exclude the possibility of an associated high-flow vascular malformation. An isolated DVA appears as an abnormal cluster of veins draining into a single collector and appears only on the venous phase of the arteriogram [61]. Cavernomas and capillary telangiectasia are usually angiographically occult. US Duplex Doppler Transcranial Head US is not usually helpful in the assessment of cavernoma or capillary telangiectasia. Head US may occasionally be used to demonstrate large DVA in neonates and young infants with open fontanels. Variant 10: Child. Clinical presentation suggestive of acute stroke, known or suspected cortical vein or dural venous sinus thrombosis. Initial imaging. Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis has an incidence of 1/200,000 children per year. It is less common in children than is arterial ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke and is most often associated with infection, trauma, dehydration, cancer, oral contraceptives, and prothrombotic disorders [76,77]. The risk is highest in the first year of life, with neonates accounting for 61% of cerebral sinovenous thrombosis [76-78]. Prothrombotic disorders are present in more than half of children, and multiple risk factors are commonly present. An acute illness with sepsis and dehydration is present in up to one-third of patients. Trauma is more common in older children.