Also, it is less reliant on patient positioning than radiography. CT is typically the first-line of imaging to identify penetrating foreign bodies and the subsequent determination of their trajectory and extent of the injury [47,48]. A novel volume visualization tool, cinematic rendering, is a promising technique to illustrate maxillofacial fractures [41]. CT with IV contrast does not aid in detection of osseous facial injury. associated cervical spine injuries [19]. Imaging of Facial Trauma Following Primary Survey Radiography Skull CT has replaced radiographs for the initial imaging evaluation of suspected frontal bone injury because radiographs cannot characterize the full extent of fractures, detect nasofrontal duct involvement, and ascertain intracranial pathology [30,59]. Approximately 3% of radiographs that did not detect skull fracture had fractures visible on CT in one study. In the group in which radiographs failed to detect a skull fracture, half of the group eventually developed an epidural hematoma [60]. Radiographs may be useful in identifying and determining the location of foreign bodies in the maxillofacial region [50]. High-velocity maxillofacial trauma and penetrating neck trauma are the most common causes of traumatic vascular injuries. Identification and treatment of these injuries should be swift because irreversible neurologic damage or death may occur. Although blunt cerebrovascular injuries (BCVI) are uncommon in maxillofacial trauma, exclusion of these injuries is necessary when clinical suspicion is present [21]. The excellent negative predictive value and high sensitivity of the revised Denver criteria make them an excellent screening tool for BCVI [61]. Using these criteria, blunt trauma patients with particular signs and symptoms of BCVI or risk factors for BCVI should undergo cerebrovascular imaging. Complex skull fractures or scalp degloving are both risk factors for BCVI, which may occur in frontal injuries.
Imaging of Facial Trauma Following Primary Survey. Also, it is less reliant on patient positioning than radiography. CT is typically the first-line of imaging to identify penetrating foreign bodies and the subsequent determination of their trajectory and extent of the injury [47,48]. A novel volume visualization tool, cinematic rendering, is a promising technique to illustrate maxillofacial fractures [41]. CT with IV contrast does not aid in detection of osseous facial injury. associated cervical spine injuries [19]. Imaging of Facial Trauma Following Primary Survey Radiography Skull CT has replaced radiographs for the initial imaging evaluation of suspected frontal bone injury because radiographs cannot characterize the full extent of fractures, detect nasofrontal duct involvement, and ascertain intracranial pathology [30,59]. Approximately 3% of radiographs that did not detect skull fracture had fractures visible on CT in one study. In the group in which radiographs failed to detect a skull fracture, half of the group eventually developed an epidural hematoma [60]. Radiographs may be useful in identifying and determining the location of foreign bodies in the maxillofacial region [50]. High-velocity maxillofacial trauma and penetrating neck trauma are the most common causes of traumatic vascular injuries. Identification and treatment of these injuries should be swift because irreversible neurologic damage or death may occur. Although blunt cerebrovascular injuries (BCVI) are uncommon in maxillofacial trauma, exclusion of these injuries is necessary when clinical suspicion is present [21]. The excellent negative predictive value and high sensitivity of the revised Denver criteria make them an excellent screening tool for BCVI [61]. Using these criteria, blunt trauma patients with particular signs and symptoms of BCVI or risk factors for BCVI should undergo cerebrovascular imaging. Complex skull fractures or scalp degloving are both risk factors for BCVI, which may occur in frontal injuries.