 Recent advances in the molecular cytogenetics of RCC have significantly enhanced understanding of the pathogenesis, tumor biology, management, and prognosis of this highly heterogeneous malignancy. In 2016, the World Health Organization published the revised classification of renal tumors. There are more than 14 histological subtypes of RCC, but the majority of RCC belong to 3 histological variants, namely clear-cell RCC (75%), papillary RCC (10%-15%), and chromophobe RCC (4%-6%) [3]. Tumor stage is an extremely important prognostic factor in RCC. Patients with stage I localized RCC have an 81% 5-year survival rate compared with just an 8% 5-year survival rate for those with stage IV RCC. Staging of RCC is performed using the TNM staging system, which was developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) [4]. aThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. bPanel Chair, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. cThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, Primary care physician. dFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Commission on Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. eMayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida. fUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. gThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. hDuke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. iThomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. jMallinckrodt Institute of Radiology Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri; Commission on Radiation Oncology. kSUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York. lPresbyterian Medical Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; American Urological Association. mCleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. nUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama. oNew York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York. pSpecialty Chair, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
Staging of Renal Cell Carcinoma.  Recent advances in the molecular cytogenetics of RCC have significantly enhanced understanding of the pathogenesis, tumor biology, management, and prognosis of this highly heterogeneous malignancy. In 2016, the World Health Organization published the revised classification of renal tumors. There are more than 14 histological subtypes of RCC, but the majority of RCC belong to 3 histological variants, namely clear-cell RCC (75%), papillary RCC (10%-15%), and chromophobe RCC (4%-6%) [3]. Tumor stage is an extremely important prognostic factor in RCC. Patients with stage I localized RCC have an 81% 5-year survival rate compared with just an 8% 5-year survival rate for those with stage IV RCC. Staging of RCC is performed using the TNM staging system, which was developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) [4]. aThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. bPanel Chair, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. cThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, Primary care physician. dFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Commission on Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. eMayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida. fUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. gThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. hDuke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. iThomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. jMallinckrodt Institute of Radiology Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri; Commission on Radiation Oncology. kSUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York. lPresbyterian Medical Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; American Urological Association. mCleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. nUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama. oNew York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York. pSpecialty Chair, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.