One exception is patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (implanted cardioverter-defibrillators and pacemakers), in whom certain procedures and surgical instruments can be associated with electromagnetic interference (eg, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, radiofrequency ablation, electrocautery) [27]. In the setting of known cardiovascular disease and implanted electronic device, preoperative/preprocedural chest radiograph may be useful for identification of the device type as well as identification of device location [27-29] because these device-related factors may direct selection of surgical instruments or surgical approach. Patients undergoing evaluation for abdominal solid organ transplant (eg, liver or kidney) are known to have higher rates of intrathoracic diseases including coronary artery disease, pleural effusions, pulmonary hypertension, and hepatopulmonary syndrome, which may not be clinically apparent [13,14]. In a study of 341 patients being evaluated for liver transplantation, Bozbas et al [20] determined that 48% of patients had an abnormal chest radiograph. Other studies have shown that increasing severity of liver disease correlates to degree of abnormality on chest radiography [14]. Currently, the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases recommends screening of liver transplant candidates for hepatopulmonary syndrome. This is initially done by pulse oximetry, although chest radiography may be pursued to exclude other causes of pulmonary disease [15]. Routine Chest Imaging Variant 4: Routine chest imaging. History of chronic cardiopulmonary disease with stable clinical findings. Surveillance chest imaging. CT Chest With IV Contrast There is no relevant literature to support the use of CT chest with IV contrast for surveillance of patients with unspecified chronic, stable cardiopulmonary disease.
Routine Chest Imaging. One exception is patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (implanted cardioverter-defibrillators and pacemakers), in whom certain procedures and surgical instruments can be associated with electromagnetic interference (eg, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, radiofrequency ablation, electrocautery) [27]. In the setting of known cardiovascular disease and implanted electronic device, preoperative/preprocedural chest radiograph may be useful for identification of the device type as well as identification of device location [27-29] because these device-related factors may direct selection of surgical instruments or surgical approach. Patients undergoing evaluation for abdominal solid organ transplant (eg, liver or kidney) are known to have higher rates of intrathoracic diseases including coronary artery disease, pleural effusions, pulmonary hypertension, and hepatopulmonary syndrome, which may not be clinically apparent [13,14]. In a study of 341 patients being evaluated for liver transplantation, Bozbas et al [20] determined that 48% of patients had an abnormal chest radiograph. Other studies have shown that increasing severity of liver disease correlates to degree of abnormality on chest radiography [14]. Currently, the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases recommends screening of liver transplant candidates for hepatopulmonary syndrome. This is initially done by pulse oximetry, although chest radiography may be pursued to exclude other causes of pulmonary disease [15]. Routine Chest Imaging Variant 4: Routine chest imaging. History of chronic cardiopulmonary disease with stable clinical findings. Surveillance chest imaging. CT Chest With IV Contrast There is no relevant literature to support the use of CT chest with IV contrast for surveillance of patients with unspecified chronic, stable cardiopulmonary disease.