Five stages of CKD are based on estimated GFR calculated using serum creatinine and standard equations such as the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation or CKD Epidemiology Collaboration equation [7]. Stage 5 with a GFR <15 mL/min per 1.73 m2 body surface area is considered kidney failure [5]. CKD may be silent, progressing through stages of CKD to renal failure. Patients with CKD are at increased risk for hypertension, cardiovascular disease, bone disease, and anemia with increased morbidity and mortality. Evaluation of the patient with CKD will include a thorough history, physical examination, laboratory, and serologic workups. Markers of kidney damage include measurement of albuminuria and urinary sediment; urinary albumin- aUniversity of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. bPanel Chair, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. cPanel Vice-Chair, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. dUniversity of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York. eThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. fUniversity of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; American Society of Nephrology. gUniversity of Washington, Seattle, Washington; American Urological Association. hDuke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. iEmory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. jThomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. kUT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas. lCleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. mMedical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; American Urological Association. nUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama. oUniversity of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California. pJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia. qSpecialty Chair, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
Renal Failure. Five stages of CKD are based on estimated GFR calculated using serum creatinine and standard equations such as the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation or CKD Epidemiology Collaboration equation [7]. Stage 5 with a GFR <15 mL/min per 1.73 m2 body surface area is considered kidney failure [5]. CKD may be silent, progressing through stages of CKD to renal failure. Patients with CKD are at increased risk for hypertension, cardiovascular disease, bone disease, and anemia with increased morbidity and mortality. Evaluation of the patient with CKD will include a thorough history, physical examination, laboratory, and serologic workups. Markers of kidney damage include measurement of albuminuria and urinary sediment; urinary albumin- aUniversity of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. bPanel Chair, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. cPanel Vice-Chair, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. dUniversity of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York. eThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. fUniversity of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; American Society of Nephrology. gUniversity of Washington, Seattle, Washington; American Urological Association. hDuke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. iEmory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. jThomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. kUT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas. lCleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. mMedical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; American Urological Association. nUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama. oUniversity of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California. pJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia. qSpecialty Chair, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.