Other options that do not use iodinated contrast are available. CT Abdomen Unenhanced CT is useful for characterization of US-detected hydronephrosis by determining the level and cause of obstruction if the pelvis is included. CT can determine if there is hydronephrosis and measure renal size/volume, but it is generally not considered a first-line imaging modality [16]. Renal Failure There is no relevant literature regarding the use of CT abdomen without and with IV contrast in the evaluation of renal failure associated with neurogenic bladder, but CT with IV contrast is not a first-line test for evaluation of kidney failure due to neurogenic bladder. Other options that do not use iodinated contrast are available. CTA Abdomen and Pelvis There is no role for CTA in the initial evaluation of renal failure associated with neurogenic bladder. CT Urography There is no relevant literature for CTU in the initial evaluation of renal failure associated with neurogenic bladder. Fluoroscopy Cystography There is no role for cystography in the evaluation of neurogenic bladder other than as a method of visualization during video urodynamics. Fluoroscopy Voiding Cystourethrography Voiding cystourethrography is used to image the bladder wall and urethra and evaluate for vesicoureteral reflux but is not part of the evaluation of renal failure. There is no relevant literature regarding the use of voiding cystourethrography in the initial renal failure in a patient with neurogenic bladder. MRI Abdomen and Pelvis MRI can show the urinary system well, and T2-weighted imaging can demonstrate hydronephrosis and hydroureter as well as US. Likewise, the urinary bladder can be well-visualized. In one review from Asia, MRI was favored above US for better evaluation of the collecting systems and ureters, which were shown in the coronal plane [50].
Renal Failure. Other options that do not use iodinated contrast are available. CT Abdomen Unenhanced CT is useful for characterization of US-detected hydronephrosis by determining the level and cause of obstruction if the pelvis is included. CT can determine if there is hydronephrosis and measure renal size/volume, but it is generally not considered a first-line imaging modality [16]. Renal Failure There is no relevant literature regarding the use of CT abdomen without and with IV contrast in the evaluation of renal failure associated with neurogenic bladder, but CT with IV contrast is not a first-line test for evaluation of kidney failure due to neurogenic bladder. Other options that do not use iodinated contrast are available. CTA Abdomen and Pelvis There is no role for CTA in the initial evaluation of renal failure associated with neurogenic bladder. CT Urography There is no relevant literature for CTU in the initial evaluation of renal failure associated with neurogenic bladder. Fluoroscopy Cystography There is no role for cystography in the evaluation of neurogenic bladder other than as a method of visualization during video urodynamics. Fluoroscopy Voiding Cystourethrography Voiding cystourethrography is used to image the bladder wall and urethra and evaluate for vesicoureteral reflux but is not part of the evaluation of renal failure. There is no relevant literature regarding the use of voiding cystourethrography in the initial renal failure in a patient with neurogenic bladder. MRI Abdomen and Pelvis MRI can show the urinary system well, and T2-weighted imaging can demonstrate hydronephrosis and hydroureter as well as US. Likewise, the urinary bladder can be well-visualized. In one review from Asia, MRI was favored above US for better evaluation of the collecting systems and ureters, which were shown in the coronal plane [50].