 Jaundice JAUNDICE Imaging: Nicole M. Hindman, MDa; Hina Arif-Tiwari, MDb; Expert Panel on Gastrointestinal Ihab R. Kamel, MD, PhDc; Waddah B. Al-Refaie, MDd; Twyla B. Bartel, DO, MBAe; Brooks D. Cash, MDf; Victoria Chernyak, MD, MSg; Alan Goldstein, MDh; Joseph R. Grajo, MDi; Jeanne M. Horowitz, MDj; Aya Kamaya, MDk; Michelle M. McNamara, MDl; Kristin K. Porter, MD, PhDm; Pavan K. Srivastava, MDn; Atif Zaheer, MDo; Laura R. Carucci, MD. p The most common etiology of jaundice internationally varies by geography, type of hospital, and demographics. There are few studies published to date exploring the relative incidence of jaundice, with two widely cited studies from Europe (Bjornsson et al [8] and Whitehead et al [9], respectively) showing malignancy as the most common etiology of severe jaundice, with a study from Vietnam describing cirrhosis as the most common etiology of all comers with jaundice. The next most common etiologies of severe jaundice were sepsis/shock (22%, 27/121), cirrhosis (21%, 25/121), CBD stones [10] (13%, 16/121), drugs (0.5%, 7/121), autoimmune hepatitis (0.2%, 2/121), and viral hepatitis (0.2%, 2/121) [9]. A study from the United States cites sepsis as the most common etiology of new-onset jaundice (22% of the study population), with decompensation of pre-existing chronic liver disease as the next most common cause (20.5%), followed by alcoholic hepatitis (16%), gallstone disease (14%), Gilbert syndrome (5.6%), malignancy (6.2%), and hemolysis (2.5%) [11]. Reasons for these widely conflicting results as to the dominant cause of jaundice include geographical disparities, tertiary referral versus community hospital settings, study design (whether severe or mild jaundice was studied), inpatient versus outpatient setting, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and other demographic features of the study population.
Jaundice.  Jaundice JAUNDICE Imaging: Nicole M. Hindman, MDa; Hina Arif-Tiwari, MDb; Expert Panel on Gastrointestinal Ihab R. Kamel, MD, PhDc; Waddah B. Al-Refaie, MDd; Twyla B. Bartel, DO, MBAe; Brooks D. Cash, MDf; Victoria Chernyak, MD, MSg; Alan Goldstein, MDh; Joseph R. Grajo, MDi; Jeanne M. Horowitz, MDj; Aya Kamaya, MDk; Michelle M. McNamara, MDl; Kristin K. Porter, MD, PhDm; Pavan K. Srivastava, MDn; Atif Zaheer, MDo; Laura R. Carucci, MD. p The most common etiology of jaundice internationally varies by geography, type of hospital, and demographics. There are few studies published to date exploring the relative incidence of jaundice, with two widely cited studies from Europe (Bjornsson et al [8] and Whitehead et al [9], respectively) showing malignancy as the most common etiology of severe jaundice, with a study from Vietnam describing cirrhosis as the most common etiology of all comers with jaundice. The next most common etiologies of severe jaundice were sepsis/shock (22%, 27/121), cirrhosis (21%, 25/121), CBD stones [10] (13%, 16/121), drugs (0.5%, 7/121), autoimmune hepatitis (0.2%, 2/121), and viral hepatitis (0.2%, 2/121) [9]. A study from the United States cites sepsis as the most common etiology of new-onset jaundice (22% of the study population), with decompensation of pre-existing chronic liver disease as the next most common cause (20.5%), followed by alcoholic hepatitis (16%), gallstone disease (14%), Gilbert syndrome (5.6%), malignancy (6.2%), and hemolysis (2.5%) [11]. Reasons for these widely conflicting results as to the dominant cause of jaundice include geographical disparities, tertiary referral versus community hospital settings, study design (whether severe or mild jaundice was studied), inpatient versus outpatient setting, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and other demographic features of the study population.