The rate of occurrence in laparoscopic procedures were as low as 2% [14]. However, the increased size of the fascial defect predisposes to increased incidence of port-site hernias. In a retrospective review of 787 patients who underwent single-incision laparoscopic procedures, Buckley et al [15] found that 2% to 6.35% developed port-site incisional hernias. Risk factors found to be associated with increased likelihood of developing an incisional hernia included pre-existing hernia (P = . 00212), body mass index (P = . 0307), and morbid obesity (P = . 02). In a series of 589 patients who underwent abdominal free flap reconstruction, Kappos et al [16] found symptomatic incisional hernias were significantly associated to low rectus abdominis muscle area, obtained through morphometric measurements on preoperative CT angiograms, and increased interrectus distance. Parastomal hernias are a specific type of incisional hernia seen most often in oncology patients. Rate of occurrence of parastomal hernias were found up to 65% in ileal conduits [17], and 30% to 50% of colostomies [18]. The majority of parastomal hernias in permanent colostomy patients occur within the first 2 years [19]. Complications include pain, stoma obstruction, bowel obstruction, and strangulation. Because the stoma itself is effectively an iatrogenic hernia, with a specific clinical purpose and necessary disruption of abdominal wall integrity, clinical diagnosis is difficult with interobserver kappa values of 0.29 to 0.73 [20]. Umbilical hernia is a common abdominal wall defect because the healed site of traverse of the umbilical vasculature represents a congenital abdominal wall weak point. Umbilical hernias are associated with causes of increased intraabdominal pressure. Among these causes are ascites, bland and malignant, and masses [11,12]. Ascites volume in cirrhotic patients was positively associated with development of umbilical hernias (P < . 0001, r = 0.4579).
Hernia. The rate of occurrence in laparoscopic procedures were as low as 2% [14]. However, the increased size of the fascial defect predisposes to increased incidence of port-site hernias. In a retrospective review of 787 patients who underwent single-incision laparoscopic procedures, Buckley et al [15] found that 2% to 6.35% developed port-site incisional hernias. Risk factors found to be associated with increased likelihood of developing an incisional hernia included pre-existing hernia (P = . 00212), body mass index (P = . 0307), and morbid obesity (P = . 02). In a series of 589 patients who underwent abdominal free flap reconstruction, Kappos et al [16] found symptomatic incisional hernias were significantly associated to low rectus abdominis muscle area, obtained through morphometric measurements on preoperative CT angiograms, and increased interrectus distance. Parastomal hernias are a specific type of incisional hernia seen most often in oncology patients. Rate of occurrence of parastomal hernias were found up to 65% in ileal conduits [17], and 30% to 50% of colostomies [18]. The majority of parastomal hernias in permanent colostomy patients occur within the first 2 years [19]. Complications include pain, stoma obstruction, bowel obstruction, and strangulation. Because the stoma itself is effectively an iatrogenic hernia, with a specific clinical purpose and necessary disruption of abdominal wall integrity, clinical diagnosis is difficult with interobserver kappa values of 0.29 to 0.73 [20]. Umbilical hernia is a common abdominal wall defect because the healed site of traverse of the umbilical vasculature represents a congenital abdominal wall weak point. Umbilical hernias are associated with causes of increased intraabdominal pressure. Among these causes are ascites, bland and malignant, and masses [11,12]. Ascites volume in cirrhotic patients was positively associated with development of umbilical hernias (P < . 0001, r = 0.4579).