Nonischemic Myocardial Disease associated with low diastolic and systolic strain rates [78]. Focal edema and fibrosis are also seen. Pericarditis, pericardial effusion, and adhesions may be seen. In endomyocardial fibrosis, the apical wall is thickened and has a high T2 signal. A characteristic 3-layered pattern of LGE is seen with an inner layer of dark nonenhancing thrombus, middle layer of subendocardial LGE due to diffuse fibrosis (from LVOT to apex), and outer layer of nonenhancing normal myocardium [56,79]. LGE was associated with poor functional class and higher chance of surgery [56]. In Churg Strauss syndrome, LGE is seen in apical and mid segments and in anterior and anteroseptal segments in a subendocardial distribution. In myocardial oxalosis, concentric LV thickening and diastolic dysfunction are seen. In Friedreich ataxia, concentric or asymmetric LV thickening, diastolic dysfunction, and fibrosis may be seen. Mucopolysaccharidoses have variable expression, including asymmetric septal thickening, mitral or aortic valve pathologies, and normal EF [52]. MRI Heart Inotropic Stress There is no relevant literature to support the use of MRI heart inotropic stress for the evaluation of restrictive cardiomyopathy. Ischemia has already been excluded. MRI Heart Vasodilator Stress There is no relevant literature to support the use of MRI heart vasodilator stress for the evaluation of restrictive cardiomyopathy. Ischemia has already been excluded. Echocardiography Transesophageal There is no relevant literature to support the use of transesophageal echo for the evaluation of restrictive cardiomyopathy. Echocardiography Transthoracic Resting Echocardiography is often the initial imaging test that identifies possible restrictive cardiomyopathy. Echocardiography can evaluate diastolic function with high accuracy, which is often impaired in early stages of several restrictive cardiomyopathies.
Nonischemic Myocardial Disease with Clinical Manifestations Ischemic Cardiomyopathy Already Excluded . Nonischemic Myocardial Disease associated with low diastolic and systolic strain rates [78]. Focal edema and fibrosis are also seen. Pericarditis, pericardial effusion, and adhesions may be seen. In endomyocardial fibrosis, the apical wall is thickened and has a high T2 signal. A characteristic 3-layered pattern of LGE is seen with an inner layer of dark nonenhancing thrombus, middle layer of subendocardial LGE due to diffuse fibrosis (from LVOT to apex), and outer layer of nonenhancing normal myocardium [56,79]. LGE was associated with poor functional class and higher chance of surgery [56]. In Churg Strauss syndrome, LGE is seen in apical and mid segments and in anterior and anteroseptal segments in a subendocardial distribution. In myocardial oxalosis, concentric LV thickening and diastolic dysfunction are seen. In Friedreich ataxia, concentric or asymmetric LV thickening, diastolic dysfunction, and fibrosis may be seen. Mucopolysaccharidoses have variable expression, including asymmetric septal thickening, mitral or aortic valve pathologies, and normal EF [52]. MRI Heart Inotropic Stress There is no relevant literature to support the use of MRI heart inotropic stress for the evaluation of restrictive cardiomyopathy. Ischemia has already been excluded. MRI Heart Vasodilator Stress There is no relevant literature to support the use of MRI heart vasodilator stress for the evaluation of restrictive cardiomyopathy. Ischemia has already been excluded. Echocardiography Transesophageal There is no relevant literature to support the use of transesophageal echo for the evaluation of restrictive cardiomyopathy. Echocardiography Transthoracic Resting Echocardiography is often the initial imaging test that identifies possible restrictive cardiomyopathy. Echocardiography can evaluate diastolic function with high accuracy, which is often impaired in early stages of several restrictive cardiomyopathies.