Baumslag–Solitar group
In the mathematical field of group theory, the Baumslag–Solitar groups are examples of two-generator one-relator groups that play an important role in combinatorial group theory and geometric group theory as (counter)examples and test-cases.  They are given by the group presentation

 

For each integer  and , the Baumslag–Solitar group is denoted .  The relation in the presentation is called the Baumslag–Solitar relation.

Some of the various  are well-known groups.  is the free abelian group on two generators, and  is the fundamental group of the Klein bottle.

The groups were defined by Gilbert Baumslag and Donald Solitar in 1962 to provide examples of non-Hopfian groups.  The groups contain residually finite groups, Hopfian groups that are not residually finite, and non-Hopfian groups.

Linear representation
Define 

The matrix group  generated by  and  is a homomorphic image of , via the homomorphism induced by 

It is worth noting that this will not, in general, be an isomorphism. For instance if  is not residually finite (i.e. if it is not the case that , , or ) it cannot be isomorphic to a finitely generated linear group, which is known to be residually finite by a theorem of Anatoly Maltsev.

See also
Binary tiling

Notes

References
 
 Gilbert Baumslag and Donald Solitar, Some two-generator one-relator non-Hopfian groups, Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 68 (1962), 199–201.  

Combinatorial group theory