Home Video Channel
Home Video Channel (HVC) was a British cable television service devoted to broadcasting low-budget movies (such as horror, action, adventure, science fiction and erotica) from 8.00pm to midnight, and the owners also operated The Adult Channel which started on 31 January 1992.

History
The service launched in September 1985 and was created by Ealing Cable as one of two channels to help build up content and viewership, the other being Indra Dhnush, an Asian channel. During its early years in operation, HVC purchased many movies as cheaply as possible, making copies via low-band U-matic tapes and distributing the films to other cable operators (along with a paper-based schedule) to play within their own local cable areas using a semi-automated system.

In March 1987, HVC was sold to one of its rivals Premiere as the new owner continued with the channel's existing operational model including the distribution of tapes, and increased its broadcasting hours from 7.00pm to 7.00am. In 1989, HVC was sold to a private consortium which expanded its operation by switching to direct broadcast to British and European cable operators instead of sending out tapes, transmitting on the Astra satellite system.

The Adult Channel

As from 31 January 1992, the company started a pornographic network called The Adult Channel, a satellite-delivered subscription service that feature cable-related versions of adult movies with softcore content, as well as top quality erotic programmes include Electric Blue and various selection of short stories from Teresa Orlowski. The Adult Channel broadcast for four hours a day commencing at midnight, and was available to approximately two million cable and four million (direct-to-home) satellite households in the United Kingdom. The Adult Channel was also broadcasting throughout continental Europe and had subscribers in over 40 countries. HVC continued to operate during the evening with its movie service showing science fiction, erotica, action, adventure and horror films (especially the uncut versions where available) during the pre-midnight period. The two services were offered to cable operators as a seamless 8.00pm to 4.00am programming service at a single package price.

In January 1995, the station transmission was moved from the Astra 1B satellite to the new Astra 1D, the channels used frequencies that were not available on the original Sky receivers as they were outside the original BSS band. Sky issued viewers with frequency shifters (known as "ADX Plus Channel Expanders") comprising small boxes as the size of a cigarette packet, with a single switch and an on/off LED circuit connected between the dish and powered by the receiver, these allowed viewers to switch manually between the Astra 1A and Astra 1D frequency bands with a difference of 250 MHz.

By 1997, The Adult Channel had lost subscribers and much of its market share in the United Kingdom. Several factors were believed to have contributed to this decline, including the launch of two competing pornographic services (Television X and Playboy TV) in 1995 to increased piracy, along with the channel's use of an Astra 1D satellite transponder. In an effort to address these issues in 1998, the company restructured HVC's management and instituted a change in its transponder to allow it to broadcast on the British Sky Broadcasting satellite from August 1998. The cost of the new transponder was less expensive and the changes were successful with the number of subscribers increasing. The Adult Channel was broadcast after the Sci-Fi Channel and The History Channel as two widely distributed networks. HVC also switched to the Sky encryption technology in October 1997 to curtail signal piracy. HVC also increased The Adult Channel's programming budget for 1998 with an added emphasis on European programming. The company also increased HVC's advertising budget and reallocated it to the UK DTH market in an effort to regain lost market share.

On 1 May 1999, Home Video Channel has ceased transmission after 14 years on air with only the Adult Channel continuing to broadcast afterwards.

Spice Networks
In 1994, Home Video Channel Limited was acquired by Spice Networks, which expanded the distribution throughout the rest of Europe when it increased the number of authorised agents throughout Western Europe that distribute direct-to-home subscriptions through sales of smart cards. HVC entered into an agency agreement with Nuevas Estructuras Televisivas who had secured affiliation agreements in over thirty Spanish cable systems. The Adult Channel was also carried on the Canal Digital platform which served subscribers in Scandinavia, Benelux and Germany (via Deutsche Telekom) which supplied 16 million homes via cable. In Eastern Europe, the channel was carried by cable systems in Russia, Lithuania, Estonia and Slovenia. One of the more promising programming arrangements was with Metromedia which operated cable systems in Romania and Russia. However, several of the Romanian cable systems ceased distribution of The Adult Channel as a result of the devaluation of the Romanian currency.

Playboy TV UK
On 11 May 1995, it was announced that Hugh Hefner's Playboy magazine, which had been producing Playboy TV in the United States launched on 1 November 1982, would start a new British television station in partnership with Flextech (51%) and British Sky Broadcasting (30%). Playboy Enterprises chairman and chief executive officer Christie Hefner said:

David Chance, deputy managing director of British Sky Broadcasting, and Roger Luard, managing director of Flextech plc, jointly said:

On 1 November 1995, Playboy TV UK started broadcasting for the first time, commences from 11.30pm to 4.00am on Mondays to Thursdays, and also from midnight on Fridays to Sundays. The channel offers a combination of programmes including live shows, comedy series, documentaries and films, as well as several big name stars include Pamela Anderson, Jenny McCarthy, Kathy Lloyd and Jo Guest.

On 1 December 1998, HVC acquired the 81% interest in Playboy TV UK/Benelux from Flextech and British Sky Broadcasting Limited, and HVC and Playboy TV UK were subsequently merged. Playboy said that HVC would pay approximately US$9 million for the 81% interest and that the timing of the payments would be based on the network's future cash flows. Playboy TV and HVC continued to be delivered on Sky's satellite platform as well as via cable. Playboy Entertainment Group president Anthony J. Lynn said:

On 11 February 2005, Playboy TV UK was fined by Ofcom for broadcasting Sandy Babe Abroad, a hardcore pornographic film, and said "it includes material which should not be transmitted at any time under any circumstance on British television". On 2 April 2009, the station again fined by Ofcom for breaches of its licence, by broadcasting "sexually explicit material unencrypted". On 16 January 2013, it was fined once again for failing to ensure that children were protected from potentially harmful pornographic material, they said "there wasn't a system in place on Playboy's on-demand programmes services and they didn't have acceptable controls in place to check that users were aged 18 or over".

Playboy TV UK was also available in Finland and Scandinavia through Canal Digital (in Norway also via Get), in Belgium through Telenet, in Switzerland through Cablecom, in Africa, and also in New Zealand through Sky Network Television. On 30 November 2017, Sky's EPG slot was bought for the Television X Pay-Per Night service owned by Portland TV, it was unavailable on Virgin Media for two weeks but returned in mid-December 2017. The channel finally closed on Virgin Media in July 2018, with its slot being taken over by sister station XXX Brits.

See also

 List of European television stations
 Timeline of cable television in the United Kingdom
 Pornography in the United Kingdom
 List of adult television channels
 Video nasty

References

Television channels in the United Kingdom
Television channels and stations established in 1985
Defunct British television channels
Television channels and stations disestablished in 1999
1985 establishments in the United Kingdom
1999 disestablishments in the United Kingdom