Great Cannon
The Great Cannon of China is an Internet attack tool that is used to launch distributed denial-of-service attacks on websites by performing a man-in-the-middle attack on large amounts of web traffic and injecting code which causes the end-user's web browsers to  flood traffic to targeted websites. According to the researchers at the Citizen Lab, the International Computer Science Institute, and Princeton University's Center for Information Technology Policy, who coined the term, the Great Cannon hijacks foreign web traffic intended for Chinese websites and re-purposes them to flood targeted web servers with enormous amounts of traffic in an attempt to disrupt their operations. While it is co-located with the Great Firewall, the Great Cannon is "a separate offensive system, with different capabilities and design."

Besides launching denial-of-service attacks, the tool is also capable of monitoring web traffic and distributing malware in targeted attacks in ways that are similar to the Quantum Insert system used by the U.S. National Security Agency.

Mechanism
The Great Cannon hijacks insecure traffic inbound to servers within the Great Firewall, and injects JavaScript that redirects that traffic to the target. These attacks fail when websites have HTTPS encryption.

Known uses 
The first known targets of the Great Cannon (in late March 2015) were websites hosting censorship-evading tools, including GitHub, a web-based code hosting service, and GreatFire, a service monitoring blocked websites in China.

In 2017, the Great Cannon was used to attack the Mingjing News website.

, the Great Cannon was being used to attempt to take down the Hong Kong-based LIHKG online forum, even though the Basic Law of Hong Kong clearly states that Hong Kong's internet is the affairs of Hong Kong and Hong Kong only.

Reaction 
Quartz reported that the 2015 GitHub attack caused "severe" political problems for China, including the United States Department of State viewing it as "an attack against US infrastructure".

See also
 Internet censorship in China

References

Cyberwarfare
Denial-of-service attacks
Internet censorship in China
Political repression in China
Hacking (computer security)
Espionage
Botnets