Exploring self-management's mediating role in health literacy and quality of life: evidence from COPD patients in Hunan, China
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major global health issue, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. It is marked by a gradual decline in lung function and persistent airflow limitation. Patients with COPD experience symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, sputum production, and wheezing, all of which severely affect their health-related quality of life (QoL)[ – ]. Effectively managing these symptoms through self-management practices is crucial for improving QoL, reducing hospitalizations and exacerbations, and lowering healthcare costs. Self-management includes behaviors such as smoking cessation, medication adherence, proper inhaler use, maintaining a healthy diet, and engaging in regular physical activity. It also empowers patients to monitor their symptoms, identify early signs of exacerbation, and adjust their treatment plans accordingly. Evidence suggests that self-management interventions can significantly improve health outcomes for COPD patients, leading to better QoL and fewer hospital admissions. A crucial factor in effective self-management is health information literacy (HIL), which the World Health Organization (WHO) defines as the cognitive and social skills that enable individuals to access, understand, and apply health information. Low levels of HIL are linked to poor understanding of disease management and limited access to healthcare resources, both of which contribute to worse health outcomes in COPD patients. Research has shown that individuals with higher HIL are more likely to engage in self-management, follow treatment regimens, and experience better health outcomes. Although studies have explored the relationship between health information literacy, self-management, and quality of life (QoL), there are still gaps in understanding how these factors interact in COPD patients. It is well-established that HIL influences self-management and that self-management is closely associated with improved QoL. For example, Geboers et al.. found a significant link between HIL and self-management skills in elderly patients with chronic diseases, where lower HIL impaired self-management abilities. Similarly, O'Conor's research showed that COPD patients with inadequate health literacy exhibited poorer self-management behaviors, such as lower medication adherence and incorrect inhaler use. Shao’s study further reinforced the strong relationship between self-management and QoL in COPD patients. Clinical guidelines also highlight the importance of early self-management interventions to reduce the negative impact of exacerbations on QoL. However, few studies have integrated HIL, self-management, and QoL into a single framework, and even fewer have examined the mediating role of self-management between HIL and QoL. The Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills (IMB) theory provides a valuable framework for understanding how HIL influences self-management and, in turn, QoL. According to the IMB theory, information (such as HIL) affects an individual's motivation and behavioral skills, which in turn influence health outcomes. In the case of COPD, the IMB theory suggests that higher HIL may increase patients' motivation to engage in self-management behaviors, ultimately leading to improved QoL (Fig. ). Based on the IMB theory, this study aims to examine how health information literacy influences self-management and how these affect the quality of life of COPD patients. Specifically, we propose the following hypotheses: H1 Health information literacy positively impacts self-management in COPD patients. H2 Health information literacy positively influences the quality of life in COPD patients. H3 Self-management positively affects the quality of life in COPD patients. H4 Self-management partially mediates the relationship between health information literacy and quality of life in COPD patients. 

Health information literacy positively impacts self-management in COPD patients. 

Health information literacy positively influences the quality of life in COPD patients. 

Self-management positively affects the quality of life in COPD patients. 

Self-management partially mediates the relationship between health information literacy and quality of life in COPD patients. 

Design, participants, and sample size This study employed a convenience sampling method within a descriptive-analytical research design. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 432 COPD patients recruited from six general hospitals in Hunan Province, China, between December 2022 and August 2023. Participants were selected from patient lists provided by hospital staff and approached to participate in the study. The inclusion criteria were: (a) age 18 years or older; (b) diagnosed with COPD according to the 2022 update of the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines; (c) stable disease phase; and (d) adequate communication and comprehension skills. Exclusion criteria included (a) the presence of other lung diseases such as bronchial asthma, interstitial pneumonia, or lung cancer and (b) the diagnosis of mental disorders or severe and end-stage disease. To estimate the sample size required for estimating the overall mean [12pt]{minimal}
				
				 
				 
				 
				
				
				
				
				$${} = ( {  }}{ }} )$$ n = μ α / 2 σ δ , we conducted a pre-survey, which revealed that the standard deviation of HIL scores among COPD patients was 3.03 points. Using a significance level of α = 0.05, U 0.05/2 = 1.96, we calculated the minimum required sample size as 140 participants to ensure sufficient statistical power. To account for potential missing or incomplete data, we increased the sample size by 20%, resulting in a final required sample size of 168 participants. Measurement scales Socio-demographic information questionnaire A general questionnaire was developed to gather participants' socio-demographic information. The data gathered included age, gender, marital status, education level, place of residence, personal monthly income, smoking history, duration of COPD, presence of other chronic conditions, number of hospitalizations due to COPD exacerbations in the past year, and pulmonary function classification. Health information literacy The Health Information Literacy Self-Assessment Questionnaire (HLSQ) was used to assess the health information literacy (HIL) levels of COPD patients in Hunan, China. This scale, developed by Wang Fu Zhi et al.., evaluates five dimensions through a total of 29 items: (1) health information cognition (4 items), (2) health information search (12 items), (3) health information evaluation (5 items), (4) health information application (4 items), and (5) health information morality (4 items). The scale employs a combination of multiple-choice questions and a Likert-type scoring method. For single-choice questions, responses are scored on a 5-point Likert scale: "Strongly agree" = 1, "Agree" = 0.75, "Unsure" = 0.5, "Disagree" = 0.25, and "Strongly disagree" = 0. For multiple-choice questions, the score depends on the number of selected options: 1 option = 0.33, 2 options = 0.66, and 3 or more options = 1. The higher the score, the higher the patient's health information literacy level. The Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.847. Self-management Self-Management was measured using the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Self-Management Scale, designed by Zhang Cai Hong. This scale comprises 51 items across 5 dimensions: symptom management (8 items), daily life management (14 items), emotion management (12 items), information management (8 items), and self-efficacy (9 items). Each item is scored on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 5 (“completely consistent”) to 1 ("completely inconsistent"). The total score ranges from 51 to 255 points, with higher scores indicating a better self-management level. The Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.920. Quality of life The quality of life (QoL) of COPD patients was assessed using the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Assessment Test (CAT), developed by Professor Jones. This questionnaire includes 8 items, 6 of which assess subjective indicators and 2 of which evaluate tolerance to physical activities. Patients rate each item based on their current condition using a 6-point Likert scale, ranging from 0 to 5. The total score ranges from 0 to 40, with higher scores representing a poorer quality of life. The Cronbach's α coefficient of 0.880. Its construct validity is supported by strong correlations with other established quality-of-life measures (e.g., SF-36), and its criterion validity has been affirmed by its ability to discriminate between different disease severity and symptom burdens. Data collection Between December 2022 and August 2023, this study employed a one-on-one questionnaire survey method administered on-site by uniformly trained investigators. Before completing the survey, participants were briefed on the study's purpose and content. COPD patients filled out the questionnaire independently, with the entire process taking approximately 20 to 25 min. Upon completion, all questionnaires were immediately collected and checked for completeness to ensure data integrity. Quality control To maintain data accuracy and reliability, four researchers received standardized training to ensure consistent communication with participants when providing guidance on completing the questionnaire. After data collection, an on-site review of the questionnaires was conducted to identify and address any omissions or errors. Questionnaires were deemed invalid and excluded if the response time was less than 20 min, if contradictory responses were observed, or if answers were uniformly repetitive throughout the questionnaire. Ethics statement This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Zhuzhou Central Hospital (Scientific Research ZZCHC). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study. To protect participant confidentiality, all personal information was anonymized using unique participant codes. Data were stored in password-protected files and accessible only to authorized research team members, ensuring compliance with data protection guidelines. Statistical analysis Data entry and management were conducted in Excel, while IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0 (IBM, USA) was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics summarized quantitative data as mean ± standard deviation and presented categorical variables as frequencies and percentages. Pearson correlation analysis assessed relationships among health information literacy, self-management, and quality of life. Mediation analysis was conducted using the PROCESS macro (version 4.1, Model 4) with 5,000 bootstrap samples to estimate indirect effects. The mediating effect of self-management was considered statistically significant if the 95% bias-corrected confidence interval did not include zero, with a p -value of ≤ 0.05 indicating significance. 

This study employed a convenience sampling method within a descriptive-analytical research design. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 432 COPD patients recruited from six general hospitals in Hunan Province, China, between December 2022 and August 2023. Participants were selected from patient lists provided by hospital staff and approached to participate in the study. The inclusion criteria were: (a) age 18 years or older; (b) diagnosed with COPD according to the 2022 update of the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines; (c) stable disease phase; and (d) adequate communication and comprehension skills. Exclusion criteria included (a) the presence of other lung diseases such as bronchial asthma, interstitial pneumonia, or lung cancer and (b) the diagnosis of mental disorders or severe and end-stage disease. To estimate the sample size required for estimating the overall mean [12pt]{minimal}
				
				 
				 
				 
				
				
				
				
				$${} = ( {  }}{ }} )$$ n = μ α / 2 σ δ , we conducted a pre-survey, which revealed that the standard deviation of HIL scores among COPD patients was 3.03 points. Using a significance level of α = 0.05, U 0.05/2 = 1.96, we calculated the minimum required sample size as 140 participants to ensure sufficient statistical power. To account for potential missing or incomplete data, we increased the sample size by 20%, resulting in a final required sample size of 168 participants. 

Socio-demographic information questionnaire A general questionnaire was developed to gather participants' socio-demographic information. The data gathered included age, gender, marital status, education level, place of residence, personal monthly income, smoking history, duration of COPD, presence of other chronic conditions, number of hospitalizations due to COPD exacerbations in the past year, and pulmonary function classification. Health information literacy The Health Information Literacy Self-Assessment Questionnaire (HLSQ) was used to assess the health information literacy (HIL) levels of COPD patients in Hunan, China. This scale, developed by Wang Fu Zhi et al.., evaluates five dimensions through a total of 29 items: (1) health information cognition (4 items), (2) health information search (12 items), (3) health information evaluation (5 items), (4) health information application (4 items), and (5) health information morality (4 items). The scale employs a combination of multiple-choice questions and a Likert-type scoring method. For single-choice questions, responses are scored on a 5-point Likert scale: "Strongly agree" = 1, "Agree" = 0.75, "Unsure" = 0.5, "Disagree" = 0.25, and "Strongly disagree" = 0. For multiple-choice questions, the score depends on the number of selected options: 1 option = 0.33, 2 options = 0.66, and 3 or more options = 1. The higher the score, the higher the patient's health information literacy level. The Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.847. Self-management Self-Management was measured using the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Self-Management Scale, designed by Zhang Cai Hong. This scale comprises 51 items across 5 dimensions: symptom management (8 items), daily life management (14 items), emotion management (12 items), information management (8 items), and self-efficacy (9 items). Each item is scored on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 5 (“completely consistent”) to 1 ("completely inconsistent"). The total score ranges from 51 to 255 points, with higher scores indicating a better self-management level. The Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.920. Quality of life The quality of life (QoL) of COPD patients was assessed using the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Assessment Test (CAT), developed by Professor Jones. This questionnaire includes 8 items, 6 of which assess subjective indicators and 2 of which evaluate tolerance to physical activities. Patients rate each item based on their current condition using a 6-point Likert scale, ranging from 0 to 5. The total score ranges from 0 to 40, with higher scores representing a poorer quality of life. The Cronbach's α coefficient of 0.880. Its construct validity is supported by strong correlations with other established quality-of-life measures (e.g., SF-36), and its criterion validity has been affirmed by its ability to discriminate between different disease severity and symptom burdens. 

A general questionnaire was developed to gather participants' socio-demographic information. The data gathered included age, gender, marital status, education level, place of residence, personal monthly income, smoking history, duration of COPD, presence of other chronic conditions, number of hospitalizations due to COPD exacerbations in the past year, and pulmonary function classification. 

The Health Information Literacy Self-Assessment Questionnaire (HLSQ) was used to assess the health information literacy (HIL) levels of COPD patients in Hunan, China. This scale, developed by Wang Fu Zhi et al.., evaluates five dimensions through a total of 29 items: (1) health information cognition (4 items), (2) health information search (12 items), (3) health information evaluation (5 items), (4) health information application (4 items), and (5) health information morality (4 items). The scale employs a combination of multiple-choice questions and a Likert-type scoring method. For single-choice questions, responses are scored on a 5-point Likert scale: "Strongly agree" = 1, "Agree" = 0.75, "Unsure" = 0.5, "Disagree" = 0.25, and "Strongly disagree" = 0. For multiple-choice questions, the score depends on the number of selected options: 1 option = 0.33, 2 options = 0.66, and 3 or more options = 1. The higher the score, the higher the patient's health information literacy level. The Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.847. 

Self-Management was measured using the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Self-Management Scale, designed by Zhang Cai Hong. This scale comprises 51 items across 5 dimensions: symptom management (8 items), daily life management (14 items), emotion management (12 items), information management (8 items), and self-efficacy (9 items). Each item is scored on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 5 (“completely consistent”) to 1 ("completely inconsistent"). The total score ranges from 51 to 255 points, with higher scores indicating a better self-management level. The Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.920. 

The quality of life (QoL) of COPD patients was assessed using the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Assessment Test (CAT), developed by Professor Jones. This questionnaire includes 8 items, 6 of which assess subjective indicators and 2 of which evaluate tolerance to physical activities. Patients rate each item based on their current condition using a 6-point Likert scale, ranging from 0 to 5. The total score ranges from 0 to 40, with higher scores representing a poorer quality of life. The Cronbach's α coefficient of 0.880. Its construct validity is supported by strong correlations with other established quality-of-life measures (e.g., SF-36), and its criterion validity has been affirmed by its ability to discriminate between different disease severity and symptom burdens. 

Between December 2022 and August 2023, this study employed a one-on-one questionnaire survey method administered on-site by uniformly trained investigators. Before completing the survey, participants were briefed on the study's purpose and content. COPD patients filled out the questionnaire independently, with the entire process taking approximately 20 to 25 min. Upon completion, all questionnaires were immediately collected and checked for completeness to ensure data integrity. 

To maintain data accuracy and reliability, four researchers received standardized training to ensure consistent communication with participants when providing guidance on completing the questionnaire. After data collection, an on-site review of the questionnaires was conducted to identify and address any omissions or errors. Questionnaires were deemed invalid and excluded if the response time was less than 20 min, if contradictory responses were observed, or if answers were uniformly repetitive throughout the questionnaire. 

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Zhuzhou Central Hospital (Scientific Research ZZCHC). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study. To protect participant confidentiality, all personal information was anonymized using unique participant codes. Data were stored in password-protected files and accessible only to authorized research team members, ensuring compliance with data protection guidelines. 

Data entry and management were conducted in Excel, while IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0 (IBM, USA) was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics summarized quantitative data as mean ± standard deviation and presented categorical variables as frequencies and percentages. Pearson correlation analysis assessed relationships among health information literacy, self-management, and quality of life. Mediation analysis was conducted using the PROCESS macro (version 4.1, Model 4) with 5,000 bootstrap samples to estimate indirect effects. The mediating effect of self-management was considered statistically significant if the 95% bias-corrected confidence interval did not include zero, with a p -value of ≤ 0.05 indicating significance. 

Demographic characteristics A total of 452 questionnaires were distributed, and 432 valid responses were obtained after excluding 20 questionnaires with incomplete information, yielding a response rate of 95.57%. Among the participants, with a mean age of 62.45 ± 8.23 years. Most participants were male (58.7%, n = 254). Further details regarding participant characteristics are presented in Table . Correlation among health information literacy, self-management, and quality of life The mean scores for health information literacy (HIL), self-management (SM), and quality of life (QoL) in COPD patients were 15.22 ± 2.44, 138.88 ± 33.75, and 17.89 ± 6.70, respectively. Correlation analysis indicated a statistically significant moderate positive correlation between HIL and SM ( r = 0.742, p < 0.001), a strong positive correlation between SM and QoL ( r = −0.861, p < 0.001), and a moderate positive correlation between HIL and QoL ( r = −0.748, p < 0.001). Pearson correlation coefficients and descriptive statistics are presented in Table . Mediation effect model Common method bias test To assess potential common method bias, Harman's single-factor test was performed. Factor analysis showed that all factors had eigenvalues greater than 1, with the first factor explaining 38.2% of the variance, below the critical threshold of 40%. This indicates that common method bias is not a significant concern, permitting further detailed analysis. Analysis of mediating effects between health information literacy, self-management, and quality of life in COPD patients Step 1: A linear regression analysis was performed with health information literacy (HIL) as the independent variable and quality of life (QoL) as the dependent variable. The results demonstrated that HIL significantly influenced QoL ( β = −0.748, p < 0.001). Step 2 : A second regression analysis was performed with HIL as the independent variable and self-management (SM) as the dependent variable. This analysis revealed a significant effect of HIL on SM ( β = 0.742, p < 0.001). Step 3 : A final regression analysis was conducted with QoL as the dependent variable and both HIL and SM as independent variables. The inclusion of SM reduced the effect of HIL on QoL ( β = −0.244), but the effect remained statistically significant ( p < 0.001). These results suggest that SM partially mediates the relationship between HIL and QoL. Detailed regression analysis results are presented in Table . Testing the mediating effect of self-management between health information literacy and quality of life in COPD patients Further analysis was conducted to assess the mediating role of self-management (SM) in the relationship between health information literacy (HIL) and quality of life (QoL) using a 95% confidence interval approach. The results confirmed that both the direct effect of HIL on QoL and the mediating effect of SM were statistically significant, with neither confidence interval including zero. This indicates that HIL not only has a direct impact on QoL in COPD patients but also influences it indirectly through the mediating role of SM. The estimated value of the mediating effect was −0.504, representing 67.4% of the total effect. Figure illustrates this mediation model. 

A total of 452 questionnaires were distributed, and 432 valid responses were obtained after excluding 20 questionnaires with incomplete information, yielding a response rate of 95.57%. Among the participants, with a mean age of 62.45 ± 8.23 years. Most participants were male (58.7%, n = 254). Further details regarding participant characteristics are presented in Table . 

The mean scores for health information literacy (HIL), self-management (SM), and quality of life (QoL) in COPD patients were 15.22 ± 2.44, 138.88 ± 33.75, and 17.89 ± 6.70, respectively. Correlation analysis indicated a statistically significant moderate positive correlation between HIL and SM ( r = 0.742, p < 0.001), a strong positive correlation between SM and QoL ( r = −0.861, p < 0.001), and a moderate positive correlation between HIL and QoL ( r = −0.748, p < 0.001). Pearson correlation coefficients and descriptive statistics are presented in Table . 

Common method bias test To assess potential common method bias, Harman's single-factor test was performed. Factor analysis showed that all factors had eigenvalues greater than 1, with the first factor explaining 38.2% of the variance, below the critical threshold of 40%. This indicates that common method bias is not a significant concern, permitting further detailed analysis. Analysis of mediating effects between health information literacy, self-management, and quality of life in COPD patients Step 1: A linear regression analysis was performed with health information literacy (HIL) as the independent variable and quality of life (QoL) as the dependent variable. The results demonstrated that HIL significantly influenced QoL ( β = −0.748, p < 0.001). Step 2 : A second regression analysis was performed with HIL as the independent variable and self-management (SM) as the dependent variable. This analysis revealed a significant effect of HIL on SM ( β = 0.742, p < 0.001). Step 3 : A final regression analysis was conducted with QoL as the dependent variable and both HIL and SM as independent variables. The inclusion of SM reduced the effect of HIL on QoL ( β = −0.244), but the effect remained statistically significant ( p < 0.001). These results suggest that SM partially mediates the relationship between HIL and QoL. Detailed regression analysis results are presented in Table . Testing the mediating effect of self-management between health information literacy and quality of life in COPD patients Further analysis was conducted to assess the mediating role of self-management (SM) in the relationship between health information literacy (HIL) and quality of life (QoL) using a 95% confidence interval approach. The results confirmed that both the direct effect of HIL on QoL and the mediating effect of SM were statistically significant, with neither confidence interval including zero. This indicates that HIL not only has a direct impact on QoL in COPD patients but also influences it indirectly through the mediating role of SM. The estimated value of the mediating effect was −0.504, representing 67.4% of the total effect. Figure illustrates this mediation model. 

To assess potential common method bias, Harman's single-factor test was performed. Factor analysis showed that all factors had eigenvalues greater than 1, with the first factor explaining 38.2% of the variance, below the critical threshold of 40%. This indicates that common method bias is not a significant concern, permitting further detailed analysis. 

Step 1: A linear regression analysis was performed with health information literacy (HIL) as the independent variable and quality of life (QoL) as the dependent variable. The results demonstrated that HIL significantly influenced QoL ( β = −0.748, p < 0.001). Step 2 : A second regression analysis was performed with HIL as the independent variable and self-management (SM) as the dependent variable. This analysis revealed a significant effect of HIL on SM ( β = 0.742, p < 0.001). Step 3 : A final regression analysis was conducted with QoL as the dependent variable and both HIL and SM as independent variables. The inclusion of SM reduced the effect of HIL on QoL ( β = −0.244), but the effect remained statistically significant ( p < 0.001). These results suggest that SM partially mediates the relationship between HIL and QoL. Detailed regression analysis results are presented in Table . 

Further analysis was conducted to assess the mediating role of self-management (SM) in the relationship between health information literacy (HIL) and quality of life (QoL) using a 95% confidence interval approach. The results confirmed that both the direct effect of HIL on QoL and the mediating effect of SM were statistically significant, with neither confidence interval including zero. This indicates that HIL not only has a direct impact on QoL in COPD patients but also influences it indirectly through the mediating role of SM. The estimated value of the mediating effect was −0.504, representing 67.4% of the total effect. Figure illustrates this mediation model. 

Current situation of health information literacy, self-management, and quality of life in COPD patients This study provides insights into the current state of health information literacy (HIL), self-management (SM), and quality of life (QoL) among COPD patients in Hunan, China. The results revealed that the level of health information literacy in this cohort was generally low, which aligns with previous studies highlighting the challenges faced by older populations with lower educational attainment in accessing, understanding, and applying health information. The low levels of HIL in this study suggest that many patients face difficulties in managing their condition effectively, which may negatively affect their overall health outcomes. This finding is consistent with research by Riegel et al.., which found that insufficient health literacy in COPD patients is linked to poorer self-management and reduced quality of life. In terms of self-management, the study demonstrated that COPD patients who reported higher HIL were more likely to engage in proactive disease management, including medication adherence, symptom monitoring, and lifestyle modifications. These behaviors, in turn, contributed to improved QoL, corroborating findings from previous studies that have shown a strong association between self-management and better disease control in chronic conditions. Moreover, patients with higher HIL demonstrated greater confidence in managing their health, which is essential for effective self-management, especially in chronic diseases like COPD. Relationship between health information literacy, self-management, and quality of life The results of this study revealed a positive relationship between health information literacy (HIL) and quality of life (QoL) in COPD patients, aligning with earlier research. Higher levels of HIL enabled patients to understand their condition better, access relevant health information, and make informed decisions about their care, all of which contribute to enhanced disease management and improved QoL. The findings suggest that improving HIL could serve as a key strategy for enhancing the quality of life for COPD patients by empowering them with the knowledge to manage their disease more effectively. This observation is consistent with the theoretical framework of the Information-Motivation-Behavioral (IMB) model, which emphasizes that the acquisition of health knowledge and the motivation to act on that knowledge are critical factors in influencing health behaviors and outcomes. Furthermore, this study found that self-management (SM) significantly mediates the relationship between HIL and QoL. Higher HIL levels were linked to better self-management practices, such as adherence to treatment regimens, symptom monitoring, and maintaining physical activity, which led to improvements in QoL. This finding aligns with previous studies that have established self-management as a crucial determinant of QoL in COPD patients. Improved self-management helps patients reduce exacerbations, prevent hospitalizations, and maintain functional independence, all contributing to a better quality of life. These findings highlight the importance of fostering self-management behaviors to enhance the overall well-being of COPD patients. The mediating role of self-management in the relationship between health information literacy and quality of life This study demonstrated that self-management (SM) partially mediates the relationship between health information literacy (HIL) and quality of life (QoL). The IMB model provides a valuable framework for understanding these findings, as it suggests that knowledge acquisition (HIL) and behavioral factors (SM) work synergistically to influence health outcomes. Patients with higher HIL are not only better equipped with disease-related knowledge but also more motivated and confident in managing their condition. This increased self-efficacy, in turn, leads to better self-management practices, which are crucial for improving QoL. The mediating role of self-management is significant because it suggests that interventions to improve HIL should also focus on fostering self-management skills to achieve the best possible outcomes. For example, providing patients with easy-to-understand health materials, online resources, and access to disease management programs could enhance their knowledge and encourage active participation in their care. In turn, this would help patients manage symptoms more effectively, reducing the burden of the disease and improving their quality of life. These findings underscore the need for healthcare providers to integrate self-management training into health literacy interventions, particularly in settings with low health literacy. Strengths and limitations One of the key strengths of this study is its use of a mediation model to investigate the relationships among health information literacy (HIL), self-management (SM), and quality of life (QoL). By employing the IMB model, this research confirmed the direct effect of HIL on QoL and identified SM as a crucial mediator in this relationship. These findings offer important clinical insights, demonstrating that improvements in HIL can enhance the QoL of COPD patients by fostering better self-management behaviors. This has substantial implications for designing personalized disease management interventions. However, this study's sample was limited to patients from six tertiary hospitals in Hunan Province, selected through convenience sampling. This approach may introduce selection bias, limiting the ability to generalize the findings to a broader population. Although practical due to time and resource constraints, this sampling method may not adequately represent the diverse COPD patient population in China or globally. Future studies should consider expanding the geographic scope and using random sampling to enhance the representativeness and external validity of the results. Furthermore, the cross-sectional design of this study prevents causal inferences from being made. Longitudinal research is recommended to better understand the dynamic and causal relationships between health information literacy, self-management, and quality of life. 

This study provides insights into the current state of health information literacy (HIL), self-management (SM), and quality of life (QoL) among COPD patients in Hunan, China. The results revealed that the level of health information literacy in this cohort was generally low, which aligns with previous studies highlighting the challenges faced by older populations with lower educational attainment in accessing, understanding, and applying health information. The low levels of HIL in this study suggest that many patients face difficulties in managing their condition effectively, which may negatively affect their overall health outcomes. This finding is consistent with research by Riegel et al.., which found that insufficient health literacy in COPD patients is linked to poorer self-management and reduced quality of life. In terms of self-management, the study demonstrated that COPD patients who reported higher HIL were more likely to engage in proactive disease management, including medication adherence, symptom monitoring, and lifestyle modifications. These behaviors, in turn, contributed to improved QoL, corroborating findings from previous studies that have shown a strong association between self-management and better disease control in chronic conditions. Moreover, patients with higher HIL demonstrated greater confidence in managing their health, which is essential for effective self-management, especially in chronic diseases like COPD. 

The results of this study revealed a positive relationship between health information literacy (HIL) and quality of life (QoL) in COPD patients, aligning with earlier research. Higher levels of HIL enabled patients to understand their condition better, access relevant health information, and make informed decisions about their care, all of which contribute to enhanced disease management and improved QoL. The findings suggest that improving HIL could serve as a key strategy for enhancing the quality of life for COPD patients by empowering them with the knowledge to manage their disease more effectively. This observation is consistent with the theoretical framework of the Information-Motivation-Behavioral (IMB) model, which emphasizes that the acquisition of health knowledge and the motivation to act on that knowledge are critical factors in influencing health behaviors and outcomes. Furthermore, this study found that self-management (SM) significantly mediates the relationship between HIL and QoL. Higher HIL levels were linked to better self-management practices, such as adherence to treatment regimens, symptom monitoring, and maintaining physical activity, which led to improvements in QoL. This finding aligns with previous studies that have established self-management as a crucial determinant of QoL in COPD patients. Improved self-management helps patients reduce exacerbations, prevent hospitalizations, and maintain functional independence, all contributing to a better quality of life. These findings highlight the importance of fostering self-management behaviors to enhance the overall well-being of COPD patients. 

This study demonstrated that self-management (SM) partially mediates the relationship between health information literacy (HIL) and quality of life (QoL). The IMB model provides a valuable framework for understanding these findings, as it suggests that knowledge acquisition (HIL) and behavioral factors (SM) work synergistically to influence health outcomes. Patients with higher HIL are not only better equipped with disease-related knowledge but also more motivated and confident in managing their condition. This increased self-efficacy, in turn, leads to better self-management practices, which are crucial for improving QoL. The mediating role of self-management is significant because it suggests that interventions to improve HIL should also focus on fostering self-management skills to achieve the best possible outcomes. For example, providing patients with easy-to-understand health materials, online resources, and access to disease management programs could enhance their knowledge and encourage active participation in their care. In turn, this would help patients manage symptoms more effectively, reducing the burden of the disease and improving their quality of life. These findings underscore the need for healthcare providers to integrate self-management training into health literacy interventions, particularly in settings with low health literacy. 

One of the key strengths of this study is its use of a mediation model to investigate the relationships among health information literacy (HIL), self-management (SM), and quality of life (QoL). By employing the IMB model, this research confirmed the direct effect of HIL on QoL and identified SM as a crucial mediator in this relationship. These findings offer important clinical insights, demonstrating that improvements in HIL can enhance the QoL of COPD patients by fostering better self-management behaviors. This has substantial implications for designing personalized disease management interventions. However, this study's sample was limited to patients from six tertiary hospitals in Hunan Province, selected through convenience sampling. This approach may introduce selection bias, limiting the ability to generalize the findings to a broader population. Although practical due to time and resource constraints, this sampling method may not adequately represent the diverse COPD patient population in China or globally. Future studies should consider expanding the geographic scope and using random sampling to enhance the representativeness and external validity of the results. Furthermore, the cross-sectional design of this study prevents causal inferences from being made. Longitudinal research is recommended to better understand the dynamic and causal relationships between health information literacy, self-management, and quality of life. 

This study indicates that health information literacy (HIL) has a positive impact on both self-management (SM) and quality of life (QoL) in patients with COPD. Furthermore, SM was found to mediate the relationship between HIL and QoL, highlighting the critical role of self-management in translating health literacy into tangible quality-of-life improvements. These findings underscore the importance of enhancing HIL and SM as part of comprehensive COPD care strategies, suggesting that interventions aimed at improving HIL can significantly impact QoL through strengthened self-management behaviors. 

The findings of this study highlight the necessity for healthcare providers to prioritize improving health information literacy (HIL) and self-management (SM) skills in COPD patients to improve their quality of life (QoL). Healthcare professionals should implement targeted interventions, including patient education programs, that develop both the cognitive and practical components of HIL. These programs can equip patients with the skills to effectively search for, evaluate, and apply health information, leading to improved self-management behaviors. Additionally, providing continuous support for self-management practices, including personalized care plans, regular monitoring, and reinforcement of symptom management techniques, is essential for sustaining long-term improvements in QoL. Integrating these strategies into routine clinical care can foster greater patient autonomy and better health outcomes. 

Additional file 1. 

