Exploring healthcare providers’ perceptions of mental health amid COVID-19 pandemic in obstetrics and gynaecology department of a tertiary care public sector hospital of Karachi, Pakistan: an exploratory qualitative study protocol
According to WHO, there have been 250 715 502 confirmed cases of COVID-19, including 5 062 106 deaths, globally as of 10 November 2021. The pandemic has not only overwhelmed the healthcare systems of low/middle-income countries such as Pakistan but also largely affected the healthcare providers (HCPs) as they work in extreme conditions to provide routine healthcare services as well care specific to COVID-19. Much of the scientific literature around COVID-19 is related to disease transmission and its pathogenicity with a paucity of evidence on the mental health needs of the frontline health workforce working in tertiary care hospitals during COVID-19 pandemic. Qualitative studies on the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of HCPs from developing countries showed that the HCPs experienced a variety of psychological distress during the care of patients with COVID-19. Among the frontline workers, some of the specialties are very high demanding and stressful due to long working hours, high patient influx and constant dealing with emergencies. Obstetrics and gynaecology (Ob-Gyn) are one of the specialties with an increased level of stress due to constantly dealing with high-risk complex cases. A study conducted by Mushtaq et al in public sector tertiary care hospitals in Pakistan reported that 33% of the doctors working in the Ob-Gyn department experience severe stress due to the demanding nature of the job. With the advent of COVID-19 in Pakistan, all health professionals have been experiencing stress due to fear of acquiring infection, inadequate equipment for safety from contagion, isolation, exhaustion and lack of contact with family. A study was done by Sandesh et al in different hospitals of Karachi also showed a high prevalence of anxiety (85%), stress (90%) and depression (82%) among HCPs while working in isolation wards. Amid COVID-19 HCPs often had to manage pregnant women with COVID-19 in the absence of adequate resources and an unclear understanding of diseases pattern, prognosis and treatment among pregnant women also adds to the uncertainty of the HCPs. Lack of clarity of the virus impact on maternal and fetal outcomes, chances of vertical transmission of the infections, lack of HCPs during COVID-19, shifts pattern and rapidly changing management protocols and guidelines also adds up to the stress. All these factors are causing further mental health problems which not only affect HCPs working potential but also disturb their overall well-being. The constant pressure healthcare workers are experiencing could generate psychological issues of anxiety, fear, panic attacks, stigma and avoidance of contact, sleep disturbances, helplessness, interpersonal social isolation from family social support and concern regarding contagion exposure to their friends and family. The health professionals hesitate to seek counselling and psychotherapeutic interventions due to fear of labelling, stigmatisation and discrimination potentially. The mental health of HCP of Ob-Gyn has been one of the important issues during the recent pandemic of COVID-19 as psychological distress may prone these HCPs to a higher risk of medical errors affecting the quality of services given to pregnant women. Exploring the mental health issues of obstetricians and gynaecologist is thus important for maximising the working capability and efficiency towards patient’s care and to devising effective strategies to support the mental health of these HCPs. Considering the existing situation, we aim to explore HCPs’ perceptions of mental health amid the COVID-19 pandemic in the Ob-Gyn department of the public sector hospital of Karachi, Pakistan. The study will be essential in understanding the impact of this pandemic on mental health, well-being and working potential of obstetricians and gynaecologists, and devising coping strategies and intervention for these HCPs, such a study can later be extended to other hospitals of Karachi and the country subsequently.   Study design This formative research will employ an exploratory qualitative descriptive research design using semistructured interviews and a purposive sampling approach. Given the aim is to understand the impact of this pandemic on the mental health, and well-being of obstetricians and gynaecologists, this design is best suited to understand the perceptions and views of HCPs working in the Ob-Gyn department of public sector tertiary care hospital. The data collection methods for this formative research will involve in-depth interviews (IDIs) with HCPs of the Ob-Gyn department. Study setting The study will be conducted at the Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center (JPMC) Ob-Gyn department, which is a tertiary care public hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. JPMC serves over one million patients of low socioeconomic status per year from Karachi, Interior Sindh, Baluchistan and other areas. JPMC is a 1650-bed tertiary care public sector hospital with over 31 departments. The annual admissions at the JPMC Ob-Gyn department exceed 26 000, and approximately 19 000 deliveries take place per year, all free of charge. IDIs will be conducted with frontline doctors, nurses and paramedical staff at the Ob-Gyn department of JPMC. Data collection methods and study participants In-depth interviews IDIs will be conducted with HCPs including doctors, nurses and paramedical staff who are working at the Ob-Gyn department of JPMC. Doctors, nurses and paramedical staff including nurse assistants, security guards, receptionists and operation theatre technicians will be invited to participate in their off-duty hours . Predominately, there are mostly female HCPs working in the Ob-Gyn department therefore our sample will mainly comprise female doctors and nurses. The study coordinator will then explain the study objectives and procedures to eligible HCPs and will obtain consent for participation in the study. Trained researchers, who are experienced in conducting qualitative research, will conduct the interviews via Zoom. Participants will be assured that their anonymity will be maintained. The interview will involve a general discussion about the COVID-19 outbreak, perceptions and experiences of caring for routine patients amid the COVID-19 pandemic, and the effect of this pandemic on health professionals’ mental health, well-being and working potential. We anticipate that 20–25 IDIs will be conducted with a group of HCPs and paramedics. However, additional IDIs will be conducted until data saturation. Data saturation is the point when no new themes emerge from the additional interviews. Data collection and analysis will be done simultaneously to determine the point of data saturation. The audio recordings will be transcribed by a transcriptionist within 24 hours of the interviews. Each IDI will approximately take between 30 and 45 min. Sampling and eligibility criteria A purposive sampling technique will be used to identify and recruit IDI participants for the study. All HCPs including doctors, nurses and paramedical staff who are involved in caring for routine patients at the Ob-Gyn department of JPMC will be included in this study. Those who refuse to consent will be excluded from the study. Data collection procedure Separate semistructured interview guides have been developed for conducting IDIs of all the eligible participants. The interview guides will be pilot tested with a non-study sample (one clinician and one nursing staff) who have the same characteristics as the study sample but belong to a different institution. The pilot testing will offer evidence-based guidance to improve the data collection guide. Interviews are anticipated to begin in December 2020. The interviews will be conducted in the local language. The initial questions on the guide will help to explore participants’ perceptions and understanding of the COVID-19 outbreak. Additional questions on this guide will assess the impact of these perceptions and their experience of caring for routine patients amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The latter part of the guide assesses the effect of this pandemic on health professionals’ mental health, well-being and working potential. Interviews will be scheduled at the participant’s convenient day and time. An interview guide for IDIs is shown in . 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054010.supp1 Supplementary data Patient and public involvement No patients were involved. Data analysis All the study data will be analysed using ‘NVivo’ V.12 Plus software (QSR International) to enable easy and organised retrieval of data. Our study will use conventional content analysis technique to analyse all interview transcripts. To ensure partcipants’ confidentiality, transcripts will be anonymised before uploading it into NVivo software. To conduct conventional content analysis, the two researchers will independently read the transcripts to understand the meanings of the data and to develop an interpretation of the HCPs’ perception around mental health amid the COVID-19 pandemic. During analysis, the transcribed text will be divided into ‘meaning units’ which will be later shortened and labelled with a ‘code’ without losing context of the study. Codes will be then analysed and grouped into similar categories and themes. In the final step, similar categories will be assembled under subthemes and main themes. Throughout the analysis, two independent investigators will perform the coding, and category creation and a third researchers will be involved to address discrepancies identified in the coding and category creation. Since the study focuses on exploring the mental health of HCPs amid COVID-19, the researchers will also look for in vivo codes to capture vernaculars and actual spoken words of partcipants from the transcripts. Trustworthiness of the study Our study will use Tracy et al and Lincoln and Guba’s criteria. to ensure trustworthiness and methodological rigour in this qualitative inquiry. To ensure credibility in our research, our study will triangulate datain two ways: data sources triangulation and investigator triangulationto compare alternative perspective and reveal any inconsistencies. Our study will also perform member checking of transcripts confirm whether study findings have resonance with the HCPs’ experiences. For ensuring dependability in our qualitative research, we will ensure a clear audit trail to examine the study’s process and product. Ethical considerations and dissemination Study participants will be asked to provide informed, written consent before participation in the study. The informed consent form can be submitted by the participant via WhatsApp or email. Ethical approval for this study has been obtained from the institutional review board Committee of JPMC hospital (2020-GENL-47723). The study results will be disseminated to the scientific community and the HCPs participating in the study. The findings will help us to explore the doctor’s perceptions of mental health during the current pandemic of COVID-19 and its impact on their daily lives and mental well-being.   This formative research will employ an exploratory qualitative descriptive research design using semistructured interviews and a purposive sampling approach. Given the aim is to understand the impact of this pandemic on the mental health, and well-being of obstetricians and gynaecologists, this design is best suited to understand the perceptions and views of HCPs working in the Ob-Gyn department of public sector tertiary care hospital. The data collection methods for this formative research will involve in-depth interviews (IDIs) with HCPs of the Ob-Gyn department.   The study will be conducted at the Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center (JPMC) Ob-Gyn department, which is a tertiary care public hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. JPMC serves over one million patients of low socioeconomic status per year from Karachi, Interior Sindh, Baluchistan and other areas. JPMC is a 1650-bed tertiary care public sector hospital with over 31 departments. The annual admissions at the JPMC Ob-Gyn department exceed 26 000, and approximately 19 000 deliveries take place per year, all free of charge. IDIs will be conducted with frontline doctors, nurses and paramedical staff at the Ob-Gyn department of JPMC.   In-depth interviews IDIs will be conducted with HCPs including doctors, nurses and paramedical staff who are working at the Ob-Gyn department of JPMC. Doctors, nurses and paramedical staff including nurse assistants, security guards, receptionists and operation theatre technicians will be invited to participate in their off-duty hours . Predominately, there are mostly female HCPs working in the Ob-Gyn department therefore our sample will mainly comprise female doctors and nurses. The study coordinator will then explain the study objectives and procedures to eligible HCPs and will obtain consent for participation in the study. Trained researchers, who are experienced in conducting qualitative research, will conduct the interviews via Zoom. Participants will be assured that their anonymity will be maintained. The interview will involve a general discussion about the COVID-19 outbreak, perceptions and experiences of caring for routine patients amid the COVID-19 pandemic, and the effect of this pandemic on health professionals’ mental health, well-being and working potential. We anticipate that 20–25 IDIs will be conducted with a group of HCPs and paramedics. However, additional IDIs will be conducted until data saturation. Data saturation is the point when no new themes emerge from the additional interviews. Data collection and analysis will be done simultaneously to determine the point of data saturation. The audio recordings will be transcribed by a transcriptionist within 24 hours of the interviews. Each IDI will approximately take between 30 and 45 min.   IDIs will be conducted with HCPs including doctors, nurses and paramedical staff who are working at the Ob-Gyn department of JPMC. Doctors, nurses and paramedical staff including nurse assistants, security guards, receptionists and operation theatre technicians will be invited to participate in their off-duty hours . Predominately, there are mostly female HCPs working in the Ob-Gyn department therefore our sample will mainly comprise female doctors and nurses. The study coordinator will then explain the study objectives and procedures to eligible HCPs and will obtain consent for participation in the study. Trained researchers, who are experienced in conducting qualitative research, will conduct the interviews via Zoom. Participants will be assured that their anonymity will be maintained. The interview will involve a general discussion about the COVID-19 outbreak, perceptions and experiences of caring for routine patients amid the COVID-19 pandemic, and the effect of this pandemic on health professionals’ mental health, well-being and working potential. We anticipate that 20–25 IDIs will be conducted with a group of HCPs and paramedics. However, additional IDIs will be conducted until data saturation. Data saturation is the point when no new themes emerge from the additional interviews. Data collection and analysis will be done simultaneously to determine the point of data saturation. The audio recordings will be transcribed by a transcriptionist within 24 hours of the interviews. Each IDI will approximately take between 30 and 45 min.   A purposive sampling technique will be used to identify and recruit IDI participants for the study. All HCPs including doctors, nurses and paramedical staff who are involved in caring for routine patients at the Ob-Gyn department of JPMC will be included in this study. Those who refuse to consent will be excluded from the study.   Separate semistructured interview guides have been developed for conducting IDIs of all the eligible participants. The interview guides will be pilot tested with a non-study sample (one clinician and one nursing staff) who have the same characteristics as the study sample but belong to a different institution. The pilot testing will offer evidence-based guidance to improve the data collection guide. Interviews are anticipated to begin in December 2020. The interviews will be conducted in the local language. The initial questions on the guide will help to explore participants’ perceptions and understanding of the COVID-19 outbreak. Additional questions on this guide will assess the impact of these perceptions and their experience of caring for routine patients amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The latter part of the guide assesses the effect of this pandemic on health professionals’ mental health, well-being and working potential. Interviews will be scheduled at the participant’s convenient day and time. An interview guide for IDIs is shown in . 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054010.supp1 Supplementary data   No patients were involved.   All the study data will be analysed using ‘NVivo’ V.12 Plus software (QSR International) to enable easy and organised retrieval of data. Our study will use conventional content analysis technique to analyse all interview transcripts. To ensure partcipants’ confidentiality, transcripts will be anonymised before uploading it into NVivo software. To conduct conventional content analysis, the two researchers will independently read the transcripts to understand the meanings of the data and to develop an interpretation of the HCPs’ perception around mental health amid the COVID-19 pandemic. During analysis, the transcribed text will be divided into ‘meaning units’ which will be later shortened and labelled with a ‘code’ without losing context of the study. Codes will be then analysed and grouped into similar categories and themes. In the final step, similar categories will be assembled under subthemes and main themes. Throughout the analysis, two independent investigators will perform the coding, and category creation and a third researchers will be involved to address discrepancies identified in the coding and category creation. Since the study focuses on exploring the mental health of HCPs amid COVID-19, the researchers will also look for in vivo codes to capture vernaculars and actual spoken words of partcipants from the transcripts.   Our study will use Tracy et al and Lincoln and Guba’s criteria. to ensure trustworthiness and methodological rigour in this qualitative inquiry. To ensure credibility in our research, our study will triangulate datain two ways: data sources triangulation and investigator triangulationto compare alternative perspective and reveal any inconsistencies. Our study will also perform member checking of transcripts confirm whether study findings have resonance with the HCPs’ experiences. For ensuring dependability in our qualitative research, we will ensure a clear audit trail to examine the study’s process and product.   Study participants will be asked to provide informed, written consent before participation in the study. The informed consent form can be submitted by the participant via WhatsApp or email. Ethical approval for this study has been obtained from the institutional review board Committee of JPMC hospital (2020-GENL-47723). The study results will be disseminated to the scientific community and the HCPs participating in the study. The findings will help us to explore the doctor’s perceptions of mental health during the current pandemic of COVID-19 and its impact on their daily lives and mental well-being.   This is the first study to explore health professionals’ perceptions of mental health amid the COVID-19 pandemic in the Ob-Gyn department of the tertiary care hospital of Karachi. The research will help explore challenges faced by HCPs while caring for routine patients and COVID-19 cases alongside strategies to cope with these challenges. Broadly, the study will also attempt to understand the impact of this pandemic on the mental health, well-being and working potential of health professionals providing care to pregnant women. Also, the current pandemic provides us the opportunity to break stereotypes and stigmatisation related to mental health among HCPs and this will also enable them to seek timely advice when required. However, conducting interviews via Zoom due to the current pandemic situation may limit the validity of the study.   Reviewer comments Author's manuscript   