Need hint for $\lim_{x\to 0} \frac{(x+1)^\frac{1}{x}-e}{x}$ Please give me some hints or solution for this limit. I had it on my exam and I'm curious how to solve it.
$$
\lim_{x\to 0} \frac{(x+1)^\frac{1}{x}-e}{x}
$$

Easiest way is by series expansion:
$$\frac{1}{x}\log(1+x) = \frac{1}{x} \left( x - \frac{x^2}{2} + O(x^3) \right) = 
\left( 1 - \frac{x}{2} + O(x^2) \right)
$$
$$
(x+1)^{1/x} = e^{\frac{1}{x}\log(1+x) } = e^{\left( 1 - \frac{x}{2} + O(x^2) \right)}
= \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{\left( 1 - \frac{x}{2} + O(x^2) \right)^n}{n!}  
$$
$$
(x+1)^{1/x}-e = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{\left( 1 - \frac{x}{2} + O(x^2) \right)^n}{n!} - \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{1}{n!} = \sum_{n=0}^\infty  \frac{\left( 1 - \frac{x}{2} + O(x^2) \right)^n-1}{n!}
$$
$$
\frac{(x+1)^{1/x}-e}{x} = \sum_{n=0}^\infty  \frac{\left( 1 - n\frac{x}{2} + O(x^2) \right)-1}{xn!} = \sum_{n=0}^\infty  \frac{ - n\frac{x}{2} + O(x^2) }{xn!} 
$$
$$
\frac{(x+1)^{1/x}-e}{x} = -\frac{1}{2} \sum_{n=0}^\infty  \frac{n + O(x)}{n!} = -\frac{1}{2} \sum_{n=0}^\infty  \frac{n }{n!} +O(x)  
$$
$$
\frac{(x+1)^{1/x}-e}{x} = -\frac{1}{2} \sum_{n=1}^\infty  \frac{n}{n!} +O(x) =
-\frac{1}{2} \sum_{m=0}^\infty  \frac{1}{(m+1)!} +O(x) = -\frac{e}{2} + O(x)
$$
from which it follows that 
$$
\lim_{x\rightarrow \infty}\frac{(x+1)^{1/x}-e}{x} = -\frac{e}{2} $$
