$\frac{1}{1+2}+\frac{1}{1+2+3}+\dots+\frac{1}{1+2+3+\dots+x}=\frac{2011}{2013}$ I want to see OTHER approaches than this one. Make sure they are significantly different and not a direct restatement.
$$\frac{1}{1+2}+\frac{1}{1+2+3}+\dots+\frac{1}{1+2+3+\dots+x}=\frac{2011}{2013}\tag{1}$$
$$\sum_{n=1}^x n=\frac{x(x+1)}{2} \; \forall x >0\tag{2}$$
$$\begin{align*}
(1)&\stackrel{(2)}{\iff} \frac{2}{2\cdot 3}+\frac{2}{3\cdot 4}+\frac{2}{4\cdot 5}+\dots+\frac{2}{x(x+1)}=\frac{2011}{2013}\\\\
&\iff 2\left (\frac12 -\frac13+\frac13-\frac14+\frac14-\dots+\frac{1}{x}-\frac{1}{x+1}\right )=\frac{2011}{2013}\\\\
&\iff 1-\frac{2}{x+1}=\frac{2011}{2013}\\\\
&\iff x=2012
\end{align*}$$

It surely isn't significantly different, but it can be done as follows:
The first step is the same:
$$
\sum_{n=1}^{x} n=\frac{x(x+1)}{2}=\binom{x+1}{2}\implies \frac{1}{1+2}+\frac{1}{1+2+3}+\dots+\frac{1}{1+2+3+\dots+x}=\sum_{n=2}^{x}\frac{1}{\binom{n+1}{2}}=\sum_{n=1}^{x-1}\frac{1}{\binom{n+2}{2}}
$$
Now, take a look at the following integral:
$$
\Delta(a,b)=\int_{0}^1 \left(1-t^{a}\right)^bdt
$$
With the substitution $t\to t^{\frac{1}{a}}$ we get:
$$
\Delta(a,b)=\int_{0}^1 \frac{1}{a}t^{\frac{1}{a}-1}\left(1-t\right)^b dt=\frac{1}{a}\frac{\Gamma\left(\frac{1}{a}\right)\Gamma(b+1)}{\Gamma\left(\frac{1}{a}+b+1\right)}=\frac{\Gamma\left(\frac{1}{a}+1\right)\Gamma(b+1)}{\Gamma\left(\frac{1}{a}+b+1\right)}
$$
For $a>0$ and $b>-1$. Now, setting $a=\frac{1}{2}$ and $b=n$ we get:
$$
\Delta\left(\frac{1}{2},n\right)=\int_{0}^1 \left(1-\sqrt{t}
\right)^n dt=\frac{\Gamma\left(2+1\right)\Gamma(n+1)}{\Gamma\left(2+n+1\right)}=\frac{2!\cdot n!}{(n+2)!}=\frac{1}{\binom{n+2}{2}}
$$
And therefore:
$$
\sum_{n=1}^{x-1}\frac{1}{\binom{n+2}{2}}=\sum_{n=1}^{x-1}\left(\int_{0}^1 \left(1-\sqrt{t}
\right)^n dt\right)=\int_{0}^1 \sum_{n=1}^{x-1}\left(1-\sqrt{t}
\right)^n dt=\int_{0}^1 \left(1-\sqrt{t}
\right)\frac{1-\left(1-\sqrt{t}
\right)^{x-1}}{1-\left(1-\sqrt{t}
\right)} dt=\int_{0}^1 \frac{\left(1-\sqrt{t}
\right)-\left(1-\sqrt{t}
\right)^{x}}{\sqrt{t}} dt
$$
Now, by making the substitution $t\to(1-t)^2$ we obtain:
$$
\sum_{n=1}^{x-1}\frac{1}{\binom{n+2}{2}}=\int_{1}^0 -2(1-t)\frac{\left(1-(1-t)
\right)-\left(1-(1-t)
\right)^{x}}{(1-t)} dt=2\int_{0}^1 t-t^{x} dt=2\left(\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{x+1}\right)=1-\frac{2}{x+1}
$$
And now we can determine $x$ as you did.
