Prove that $\sum^m_{k=0}\binom{m}{k}(-1)^k(\frac{1}{n+k+1}) = \frac{m!n!}{(m+n+1)!}$ I am looking for a more direct proof of the following identity: $$\sum^m_{k=0}\frac{\binom{m}{k}(-1)^k}{n+k+1} = \frac{m!n!}{(m+n+1)!}$$
My original proof comes from evaluating $\int^1_0{x^n(1-x)^m}{dx}$, $n, m \in \mathbb{N}_0$ in two ways:
1) Let $u = x^n$, $u' = nx^{n-1}$, $v' = (1-x)^m$, $v = -\frac{(1-x)^{m+1}}{m+1}$:
$$\int^1_0{x^n(1-x)^m}{dx} = \frac{x^n(1-x)^{m+1}}{m+1} + \frac{n}{m+1}\int^1_0{x^{n-1}(1-x)^{m+1}}{dx}$$
$x=1\Rightarrow \frac{x^n(1-x)^{m+1}}{m+1} = 0$ and $x=0\Rightarrow \frac{x^n(1-x)^{m+1}}{m+1} = 0$, therefore
$$\int^1_0{x^n(1-x)^m}{dx} = \frac{n}{m+1}\int^1_0{x^{n-1}(1-x)^{m+1}}{dx}$$
Repeating the process $n$ times gives: 
$$\int^1_0{x^n(1-x)^m}{dx} = \frac{m!n!}{(m+n)!}\int^1_0{x^0(1-x)^{m+n}}{dx} = $$$$=\frac{m!n!}{(m+n)!}\cdot\frac{(1-1)^{m+n+1}}{m+n+1} - \frac{m!n!}{(m+n)!}\cdot\left(-\frac{(1-0)^{m+n+1}}{m+n+1}\right) = \frac{m!n!}{(m+n+1)!}$$
2)$$\int{x^n(1-x)^m}{dx} = \int{x^n\cdot\left(\sum^m_{k=0}\binom{m}{k}(-1)^kx^k\right)}{dx} = \int{\left(\sum^m_{k=0}\binom{m}{k}(-1)^kx^kx^n\right)}{dx} = $$
$$ = \sum^m_{k=0}\left(\binom{m}{k}(-1)^k\cdot\int{x^{n+k}}{dx}\right) = \sum^m_{k=0}\binom{m}{k}(-1)^k\frac{x^{n+k+1}}{n+k+1} =: F(x).$$
$$F(1) - F(0) = \sum^m_{k=0}\frac{\binom{m}{k}(-1)^k1^{n+k}}{n+k+1} - \sum^m_{k=0}\frac{\binom{m}{k}(-1)^k0^{n+k}}{n+k+1} = \sum^m_{k=0}\frac{\binom{m}{k}(-1)^k}{n+k+1}$$

Here is a more direct approach along the lines you were perhaps thinking.
Notice that
$$\int_0^1 x^{n + k} \, dx = \frac{1}{n + k + 1}.$$
With this result your sum can be rewritten as
$$S = \sum_{k = 0}^m \binom{m}{k} (-1)^k \int_0^1 x^{n + k} \, dx = \int_0^1 x^n \left [\sum_{k = 0}^m \binom{m}{k} (-1)^k x^k \right ] \, dx.$$
The sum appearing within the square brackets is nothing more than the binomial sum
$$(1 - x)^m = \sum_{k = 0}^m \binom{m}{k} (-1)^k x^k.$$
Thus
\begin{align*}
S &= \int_0^1 x^n (1 - x)^m \, dx\\
&= \int_0^1 x^{(n + 1) - 1} (1 - x)^{(m + 1) - 1} \, dx\\
&= \text{B}(n + 1, m + 1)\\
&= \frac{\Gamma (n + 1) \Gamma (m + 1)}{\Gamma (n + m + 2)}\\
&= \frac{n! m!}{(n + m + 1)!},
\end{align*}
as required. Here, as noted by Jack, $\text{B}(x,y)$ corresponds to Euler's Beta function. 
