Solving systems of linear equations over a finite ring I want to solve equations like this (mod $2^n$):
$$\begin{array}{rcrcrcr} 3x&+&4y&+&13z&=&3&\pmod{16} \\ x&+&5y&+&3z&=&5&\pmod{16} \\ 4x&+&7y&+&11z&=&12&\pmod{16}\end{array}$$
Since we are working over a ring and not a field, Gaussian elimination doesn't work. So how can I still solve these types of equations?

You can still use Gaussian elimination as long as you don't "divide" by things that are not relatively prime to the modulus. In this case, you can "divide" by any odd number, and perform all the usual computations. In this case, you can perform Gaussian pretty well:
\begin{align*}
\left(\begin{array}{ccc|c}
3 & 4 & 13 & 3\\
1 & 5 & 3 & 5\\
4 & 7 & 11 & 12
\end{array}\right) &\rightarrow
\left(\begin{array}{ccc|c}
1 & 5 & 3 & 5\\
3 & 4 & 13 & 3\\
4 & 8 & 11 & 12
\end{array}\right) && \rightarrow
\left(\begin{array}{ccr|c}
1 & 5 & 3 & 5\\
0 & 5 & 4 & 4\\
0 & 4 & -1 & 8
\end{array}\right)\\
&\rightarrow
\left(\begin{array}{ccr|r}
1 & 5 & 3 & 5\\
0 & 1 & 5 & -4\\
0 & 4 & -1 & 8
\end{array}\right)
&&\rightarrow
\left(\begin{array}{ccr|r}
1 & 5 & 3 & 5\\
0 & 1 & 5 & -4\\
0 & 0 & 11 & 8
\end{array}\right).
\end{align*}
So here you get that $11z\equiv 8 \pmod{16}$. Since $11^{-1} \equiv 3\pmod{16}$, this means $z \equiv 24 \equiv 8\pmod{16}$. Then you can backsubstitute and solve. (Assuming I didn't make any mistakes with my modular arithmetic, anyway...)
If you are unlucky enough to get a congruence in which all the coefficients are even, then you can divide through by $2$ and get a congruence modulo $8$ (instead of $16$); that will lead to two solutions modulo $16$ (if you get $x\equiv 4 \pmod{8}$, that means $x\equiv 4 \pmod{16}$ or $x\equiv 8+4=12\pmod{16}$, for instance).
Basically, so long as you are careful, you can certainly do Gaussian elimination. You can even do it over more general rings, through in that case you have to other restrictions on what you can or cannot conclude.
