Seeking methods to solve: $\int_0^\infty \frac{\ln(t)}{t^n + 1}\:dt$ Seeking Methods to solve the following two definite integrals:
\begin{equation}
I_(n) = \int_0^\infty \frac{\ln(t)}{t^n + 1}\:dt \qquad J(n) = \int_0^\infty \frac{\ln^2(t)}{t^n + 1}\:dt
\end{equation}
For $n \in \mathbb{R},\:n \gt 1$
The method I took was to take the following integral:
\begin{equation}
 \int_0^\infty \frac{t^k}{\left(t^n + 1\right)^m}\:dt = \frac{1}{n}B\left(m - \frac{k + 1}{n}, \frac{k + 1}{n} \right)
\end{equation}
Where: $0 \leq k \lt n$. Here let $m = 1$.
Differentiate under the curve with respect to $k$ and taking the limit as $k \rightarrow 0^+$ (via the Dominated Convergence Theorem), i.e. 
\begin{align}
\lim_{k \rightarrow 0+} \frac{d}{dk} \left[ \int_0^\infty \frac{t^k}{t^n + 1}\:dt \right] &= \lim_{k \rightarrow 0+} \frac{d}{dk} \left[\frac{1}{n}B\left(1 - \frac{k + 1}{n}, \frac{k + 1}{n} \right) \right] \\
\lim_{k \rightarrow 0+}  \int_0^\infty \frac{t^k \ln(t)}{t^n + 1}\:dt  &= \lim_{k \rightarrow 0+}  \left[\frac{1}{n^2} B\left(1 - \frac{k + 1}{n}, \frac{k + 1}{n}\right)\left[\psi^{(0)}\left(\frac{k + 1}{n} \right) - \psi^{(0)}\left(1 - \frac{k + 1}{n} \right)\right] \right] \\
\int_0^\infty \frac{\ln(t)}{t^n + 1}\:dt&= \frac{1}{n^2} B\left(1 - \frac{1}{n}, \frac{1}{n}\right)\left[\psi^{(0)}\left(\frac{1}{n} \right) - \psi^{(0)}\left(1 - \frac{1}{n} \right)\right] \\
&=- \frac{\pi^2}{n^2}\operatorname{cosec}\left(\frac{\pi}{n}\right)\cot\left(\frac{\pi}{n} \right)
\end{align}
Which is our expression for $I_n$. Taking the same approach but differentiating twice with respect to $k$ we arrive at our expression for $J_n$:
\begin{equation}
 J(n) = \int_0^\infty \frac{\ln^2(t)}{t^n + 1}\:dt = \frac{\pi^3}{n^3}\operatorname{cosec}\left(\frac{\pi}{n} \right)\left[\operatorname{cosec}^2\left(\frac{\pi}{n}\right) + \cot^2\left(\frac{\pi}{n}\right) \right]
\end{equation}
And in fact we may generalise:
\begin{equation}
    \int_0^\infty \frac{\ln^p(t)}{\left(t^n + 1\right)^m}\:dt = \lim_{k\rightarrow 0}\frac{d^p}{dk^p}\left[\frac{1}{n} B\left(m - \frac{k + 1}{n}, \frac{k + 1}{n}\right)\right]
\end{equation}
Where $p \in \mathbb{N}$
This method however was just an extension of another integral. I'm curious, if I had just started with $I_n, J_n$ what alternative methods could be used?

Here is an alternative strategy that can be used to find $I^{(1)}_n$ (your $I_n$), $I^{(2)}_n$ (your $J_n$), and $I^{(p)}_n$ (the general case where $p \in \mathbb{N}$). 
Writing
$$I^{(1)}_n = \int_0^\infty \frac{\ln t}{1 + t^n} \, dt = \int_0^1 \frac{\ln t}{1 + t^n} \, dt + \int_1^\infty \frac{\ln t}{1 + t^n} \, dt.$$
Enforcing a substitution of $t \mapsto 1/t$ in the second of the integrals appearing to the right yields
$$I^{(1)}_n = \int_0^1 \frac{\ln t}{1 + t^n} \, dt - \int_0^1 \frac{\ln t}{1 + t^n} \, t^{n - 2} dt.$$
Exploiting the geometric sum for the term $1/(1 + t^n)$ leads to
$$I^{(1)}_n = \sum_{k = 0}^\infty (-1)^k \int_0^1 t^{kn} \ln t \, dt - \sum_{k = 0}^\infty (-1)^k \int_0^1 t^{kn + n - 2} \ln t \, dt.$$
After integrating by parts we have
\begin{align}
I^{(1)}_n &= -\frac{1}{n^2} \sum_{k = 0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^k}{(k + 1/n)^2} + \frac{1}{n^2} \sum_{k = 0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^k}{(k + 1 - 1/n)^2}\\
&= \frac{1}{n^2} \sum_{\substack{k = 0\\k \in \text{odd}}} \frac{1}{(k + 1/n)^2} - \frac{1}{n^2} \sum_{\substack{k = 0\\k \in \text{even}}} \frac{1}{(k + 1/n)^2}\\
& \qquad -\frac{1}{n^2} \sum_{\substack{k = 0\\k \in \text{odd}}} \frac{1}{(k + 1 - 1/n)^2} + \frac{1}{n^2} \sum_{\substack{k = 0\\k \in \text{even}}} \frac{1}{(k + 1 - 1/n)^2}.
\end{align}
Shifting the odd indices by: $k \mapsto 2k + 1$, and the even indices by: $k \mapsto 2k$, gives
\begin{align}
I^{(1)}_n &= \frac{1}{4n^2} \sum_{k = 0}^\infty \frac{1}{(k + 1/2 + 1/2n)^2} - \frac{1}{4n^2} \sum_{k = 0}^\infty \frac{1}{(k + 1/2n)^2}\\
& \qquad - \frac{1}{4n^2} \sum_{k = 0}^\infty \frac{1}{(k + 1 - 1/2n)^2} + \frac{1}{4n^2} \sum_{k = 0}^\infty \frac{1}{(k + 1/2 - 1/2n)^2}\\
&= -\frac{1}{4n^2} \left [ \psi^{(1)} \left (1 - \frac{1}{2n} \right ) + \psi^{(1)} \left (\frac{1}{2n} \right ) \right ]\\
& \qquad + \frac{1}{4n^2} \left [\psi^{(1)} \left (1 - \left (\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2n} \right ) \right ) + \psi^{(1)} \left (\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2n} \right ) \right ]\\
&= -\frac{\pi^2}{4n^2} \left [\operatorname{cosec}^2 \left (\frac{\pi}{2n} \right ) - \operatorname{cosec}^2 \left (\frac{\pi}{2} + \frac{\pi}{2n} \right ) \right ]\\
&= -\frac{\pi^2}{4n^2} \left [\operatorname{cosec}^2 \left (\frac{\pi}{2n} \right ) - \sec^2 \left (\frac{\pi}{2n} \right ) \right ]\\
&= -\frac{\pi^2}{n^2} \left [\frac{\cos^2(\pi/2n) - \sin^2 (\pi/2n)}{\{2 \sin (\pi/2n) \cos (\pi/2n)\}^2} \right ]\\
&= -\frac{\pi^2}{n^2} \operatorname{cosec} \left (\frac{\pi}{n} \right ) \cot \left (\frac{\pi}{n} \right ),
\end{align} 
as expected. Note we have made use of the reflexion formula for the trigamma function $\psi^{(1)}(z)$. 
In a similar way to how $I^{(1)}_n$ was found above, $I^{(2)}_n$ and $I^{(p)}_n$ can also be found. 
