text: SfC Home > Physics > Thermal Energy >
  
  # Equations for Temperature Limits
  
  by Ron Kurtus
  
  The lower and upper temperature limits can be approached but not physically reached. There is a relationship between kinetic energy, speed of the particles and temperature. Absolute zero is the coldest possible temperature. The limit for the highest temperature is when the particles reach the speed of light.
  
  Questions you may have include:
  
  • What is relationship between kinetic energy, speed and temperature?
  • What happens when a material is heated?
  • What is the upper temperature limit?
  
  This lesson will answer those questions. Useful tool: Units Conversion
  
  ## Relationships
  
  There are equations that determine the relationship between kinetic energy of an ideal gas, temperature and velocity of the atoms or molecules in the gas.
  
  Note: An ideal gas is a theoretical gas composed of randomly-moving point particles that interact only through elastic collisions. It is useful in determining simple equations, as opposed to the highly complex ones of the real world.
  
  ### Kinetic energy and temperature
  
  The relationship between the kinetic energy of the molecules or atoms in an ideal gas and temperature is:
  
  KE = 2kT/3
  
  where
  
  • KE = the kinetic energy of particles in an ideal gas in joules (J)
  • k = Boltzmann's constant (a number that relates energy and temperature)
  k = 1.38*10−23 joule/kelvin
  • T = temperature in degrees kelvin (K)
  
  Kinetic energy-temperature relationship equations for real-world gases, liquids and solids are too complex to work with at this level of study.
  
  ### Kinetic energy and velocity
  
  The kinetic energy of a moving mass of particles is:
  
  KE = ½mv²
  
  where
  
  • KE = kinetic energy in joules or kg-m²/s²
  • m = mass in kilograms (kg)
  • v = velocity in meters/second (m/s)
  • = velocity squared or v*v in m²/s²
  • ½mv² is ½ times m times
  
  ### Temperature and velocity
  
  You can find the relationship between the temperature and the velocity of the particles in an ideal gas.
  
  Since KE = 2kT/3 and KE = ½mv², you can substitute for KE to get 2kT/3 = ½mv². Then, you can multiply by 3 and divide by 2k to get:
  
  T = 3mv²/4k
  
  where
  
  • T is measured in degrees kelvin (K)
  • m is the mass of in kilograms
  • v is in meters/second
  • k is in joule/kelvin or kg-m²/s²-kelvin
  
  ## Absolute zero
  
  It can easily be seen from T = 3mv²/4k that when T = 0 kelvin, the velocity of the particles v = 0. Thus the kinetic energy due to linear movement is zero. But the atoms still possess spin, which means they still have some energy.
  
  Another fact is that the equation is really an approximation, since we are dealing with an ideal gas. A real-world gas would not be able to reach T = 0.
  
  ## Temperature and the speed of light limit
  
  The greatest temperature possible is limited by how fast its atoms can travel. The upper limit that anything can travel is at the speed of light.
  
  Although kinetic energy is KE = ½mv², the limiting energy is defined by Einstein's Theory of Relativity equation
  
  E = mc²
  
  where;
  
  • m = the resting mass
  • = the speed of light (c) squared
  
  Thus, in theory, the highest possible temperature is defined by:
  
  T = 3mc²/2k
  
  You can calculate that temperature by substituting the appropriate values. This equation may not fit into the Theory of Relativity, since the mass of a particle increases dramatically as the particle approaches the speed of light. But, at the very least, it is an interesting exercise.
  
  ## Summary
  
  The lower and upper temperature limits can be approached but not physically reached. The relationship between kinetic energy, speed of the particles and temperature determines that value of absolute zero and the limit for the highest possible temperature.
  
  ## Resources and references
  
  Ron Kurtus' Credentials
  
  ### Websites
  
  Kinetic Temperature - HyperPhysics
  
  Physics Resources
  
  ### Books
  
  (Notice: The School for Champions may earn commissions from book purchases)
  
  ## Students and researchers
  
  www.school-for-champions.com/science/
  temperature_limits_equations.htm
  
  Please include it as a reference in your report, document, or thesis.
  
  ## Where are you now?
  
  School for Champions
  
  Physics topics
  
  ## Thermal Energy topics
  
  ### Let's make the world a better place
  
  Be the best that you can be.
  
  Use your knowledge and skills to help others succeed.
  
  Don't be wasteful; protect our environment.
  
  ### Live Your Life as a Champion:
  
  Seek knowledge and gain skills
  
  Do excellent work
  
  Be valuable to others
  
  Have utmost character
  
  #### Be a Champion!
  
  The School for Champions helps you become the type of person who can be called a Champion.
metadata: {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0}