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  # Cluster analysis using k-means method in R
  
  K-means method for data clustering and its realization in R.
  
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  ### Cluster analysis using k-means method in R
  
  1. 1. Cluster analysis using k-means method Vladimir Bakhrushin, Professor, D.Sc. (Phys. & Math.) Vladimir.Bakhrushin@gmail.com
  2. 2. Formulation of the problem The task of cluster analysis is to divide the existing set of points on a certain number of groups (clusters) so that the sum of squares of points distances from cluster centers was minimal. At the point of minimum all cluster centers coincide with the centers of the corresponding areas of Voronoi diagram. Main algorithms: Hartigan and Wong Lloyd Lloyd-Forgy MacQueen
  3. 3. The initial approximation First step is to set the initial approximation of cluster centers. To do this, such methods are most commonly used:  to set the centers of clusters directly;  to set the number of clusters k and take the first k points coordinates as centers;  to set the number of clusters k and take the randomly selected k points coordinates as centers (it is appropriate to carry out calculations for several random runs of the algorithm).
  4. 4. Iteration procedure 1. Placing of each point to the cluster center of which is the nearest to it. As a measure of closeness squared Euclidean distance is used most commonly, but other measures of distance also may be selected. 2. Recalculation of cluster centers coordinates. If the measure of closeness is the Euclidean distance (or its square), cluster centers are calculated as the arithmetic means of corresponding coordinates of points that belong to these clusters. The iterations are stopped when the specified maximum number of iterations is carried out, or if there is no longer change of the clusters composition.
  5. 5. Limitation (shortcoming) Setting the number of clusters (initial approximation) Preliminary analysis of data Sensitivity to outliers Using of k-medians Limitations and shortcomings Using of random samples from arrays Slow work on large arrays
  6. 6. Forming of data array a1 = matrix(c(rnorm(20, mean = 5, sd = 1), rnorm(20, mean = 5, sd = 1)), nrow=20, ncol = 2) a2 = matrix(c(rnorm(20, mean = 5, sd = 1), rnorm(20, mean = 13, sd = 1)), nrow=20, ncol = 2) a3 = matrix(c(rnorm(20, mean = 12, sd = 1), rnorm(20, mean = 6, sd = 1)), nrow=20, ncol = 2) a4 = matrix(c(rnorm(20, mean = 12, sd = 1), rnorm(20, mean = 12, sd = 1)), nrow=20, ncol = 2) a <- rbind(a1,a2,a3,a4) Function rbind() forms matrix a, in which the first 20 rows are the corresponding strings of matrix a1, next 20 – matrix a2 and so on.
  7. 7. Group centers Next, we must calculate the matrix of values of formed group centers and display the results on a screen:
  8. 8. Function kmeans() For forming the clusters by k-means method we can use the function: kmeans(x, centers, iter.max = 10, nstart = 1, algorithm = c("Hartigan-Wong", "Lloyd", "Forgy", "MacQueen") ) x – matrix of numerical data; centers – initial approximation of cluster centers or number of clusters (in the latter case, the appropriate number of randomly selected rows of the matrix will be taken as the initial approximation x); iter.max – maximum number of iterations; nstart – number of random sets which must be chosen if centers – is the number of clusters; algorithm – choice of clustering algorithm.
  9. 9. Clustering results
  10. 10. Clustering results
  11. 11. Clustering results
  12. 12. Comparison of centers Group (cluster) number xa ya xcl ycl a1 4,613619 5,169488 4,613619 5,169488 a2 4,570456 13,396202 4,570456 13,396202 a3 11,855793 5,936099 11,855793 5,936099 a4 12,197688 11,930728 12,197688 11,930728 b1 5,531175 5,405187 5,545309 5,527677 b2 5,340795 12,983168 5,472965 13,239925 b3 11,770917 6,725708 11,842934 6,916365
  13. 13. Residues Using command sd(resid.a) we can calculate residues standard deviations. They are close to the given values of standard deviations of initial arrays. It confirms the adequacy of the clustering results.
  14. 14. Results of the division on 3 clusters
  15. 15. Results of the division on 5 clusters
  16. 16. Within and between group variations
  
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  • #### mehalyna
  
  Jan. 31, 2018
  • #### DipuDas17
  
  Aug. 27, 2019
  
  K-means method for data clustering and its realization in R.
  
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