text: # A metallic sphere of 1 kg mass, with a surface area of 0.0314 m2, is maintained at an initial temperature of 50°C. The fluid circulating the sphere is maintained at a temperature of 10°C. Specific heat of metallic sphere is 314 J/kg-K and the heat transfer coefficient between the fluid and the sphere is 10 W/m2 -K. The time is taken (in seconds) for the sphere to cool down to 20°C is___
  
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  GATE PI 2014 Official Paper
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  ## Detailed Solution
  
  Concept:
  
  Lumped parameter analysis:
  
  Internal/conductive resistance is very little as compared to surface convective resistance and the temperature distribution is given by
  
  $$\frac{{{T}_{i}}-{{T}_{\infty }}}{T-{{T}_{\infty }}~}=~{{e}^{\left( \frac{hA}{ρ V{{C}_{p}}} \right)t}}$$
  
  $$\frac{hA}{ρ V{{C}_{p}}}t=\ln\left( \frac{{{T}_{i}}-{{T}_{\infty }}}{T-{{T}_{\infty }}~} \right)$$
  
  where
  
  • Ti = Initial temperature of beat at t = 0,
  • T = Temperature of body at any instant ‘t’ sec
  • T = Ambient fluid temperature
  • h = heat transfer coefficient, ρ is the density of the metal sphere
  
  For sphere: $$\frac{V}{A} = \frac{{Volume\;of\;body}}{{surface\;area}} = \frac{{\frac{4}{3}π {r^3}}}{{4π {r^2}}} = \frac{r}{3}$$
  
  V/A = r/3
  
  Calculation:
  
  Given:
  
  Cp = 314 J/kgK, h = 10 W/m2K, m = 1 kg, A = 0.0314 m2
  
  Ti = 50°C, T∞ = 10°C, T = 20°C
  
  surface area of sphere, A = 4 π r2 = 0.0314 m2
  
  ⇒ r = 0.05 m
  
  density of the metal sphere,
  
  $$\rho = {mass\over volume \;of \;sphere} = {m\over{\frac{4}{3}\pi r^3}}$$
  
  $$={ 1\over{\frac{4}{3}\pi\;0.05^3 }}$$ =1909.86 kg/m3
  
  Using the equation below and putting the given values:
  
  $$\frac{hA}{ρ V{{C}_{p}}}t=\ln\left( \frac{{{T}_{i}}-{{T}_{\infty }}}{T-{{T}_{\infty }}~} \right)$$
  
  $$\ln\left( {\frac{{50 - 10}}{{20 - 10}}} \right) = \left( {\frac{{10 × 3 }}{{0.05× 1909.86 × 314}}} \right) × t$$
  
  $$⇒ t= \frac{{1.386 × \;0.05 × 1909.86 × 314}}{{10 × 3}}$$
  
  ⇒ t =1385.29 seconds
  
  Time is taken (in seconds) for the sphere to cool down to 20°C is = 1385.29 sec
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