xml: <clinical_study>
    <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
      https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
    <required_header>
      <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
      <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
      <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05984264</url>
    </required_header>
    <id_info>
      <org_study_id>BBBAAS</org_study_id>
      <nct_id>NCT05984264</nct_id>
    </id_info>
    <brief_title>Efficacy of Topical Lidocaine/Prilocaine in Pain Management in Pleurocentesis</brief_title>
    <official_title>Efficacy of Topical Lidocaine/Prilocaine in Pain Management in Pleurocentesis</official_title>
    <sponsors>
      <lead_sponsor>
        <agency>Assiut University</agency>
        <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
      </lead_sponsor>
    </sponsors>
    <source>Assiut University</source>
    <oversight_info>
      <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
      <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
    </oversight_info>
    <brief_summary>
      <textblock>
        The research aims to compare the efficacy of topical Pridocaine cream (lidocaine 2.5% and&#xD;
        prilocaine 2.5%) and the standardized local lidocaine infiltration in pain management before&#xD;
        pleurocentesis.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </brief_summary>
    <detailed_description>
      <textblock>
        Acute pain management is a core ethical concept in medical practice. During pleurocentesis,&#xD;
        the standardized pain management is with 1% lidocaine with a 25 gauge needle for skin and a&#xD;
        smaller gauge needle for deeper tissue. As the anesthetic injection is painful in and of&#xD;
        itself, during these two procedures, pain management can sometimes fall short due to a lack&#xD;
        of education and incorrect personal opinions. One example is &quot;one needle insertion can cause&#xD;
        less pain than two-needle insertions&quot;. Therefore, it is essential to find an alternative&#xD;
        method that is painless and reduces procedural pain, which does not require expertise to&#xD;
        administer. This is particularly important in centers with a high volume of patients and a&#xD;
        lack of expert medical staff.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Another option for administering a local anesthesia is using a topical anesthetic. Generally,&#xD;
        these are easily applied, tolerated better by patients, and have minimal systemic absorption&#xD;
        resulting in fewer side effects6. A topical anesthetic can be a substitute for infiltrative&#xD;
        lidocaine (IL) if it can be effective in reducing pain. Lidocaine-prilocaine cream (LPC) is&#xD;
        an example of a topical anesthetic, which was introduced in 1980 for dermabrasion and minor&#xD;
        surgery.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Previous research findings had noted the efficacy of LPC compared to IL in trans-radial&#xD;
        catheterization, perineal tears following vaginal delivery, and some pediatric procedures&#xD;
        like lumbar punctures and venipunctures. Additionally, LPC can be substituted for&#xD;
        infiltrative prilocaine in pediatric femoral catheterization.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Hanieh Halili et al, found a significant difference between the LPC and IL groups in terms of&#xD;
        patient pain or satisfaction levels, but their study was on a small sample size and they&#xD;
        recommended further studies.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </detailed_description>
    <overall_status>Recruiting</overall_status>
    <start_date type="Actual">January 1, 2023</start_date>
    <completion_date type="Anticipated">December 2023</completion_date>
    <primary_completion_date type="Anticipated">September 2023</primary_completion_date>
    <phase>Phase 4</phase>
    <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
    <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
    <study_design_info>
      <allocation>Non-Randomized</allocation>
      <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
      <primary_purpose>Treatment</primary_purpose>
      <masking>None (Open Label)</masking>
    </study_design_info>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>The severity of pain will be assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS).</measure>
      <time_frame>one day</time_frame>
      <description>The severity of pain will be assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS). The VAS consists of a 10cm line, with two endpoints representing 0 ('no pain') and 10 ('pain as bad as it could be'). Ask the patient to rate their current level of pain by placing a mark on the line. Use a ruler to measure the distance in centimeters from the 'no pain marker' (or zero) to the current pain mark. This provides a pain intensity score out of 10; for example, 6 out of 10 (or 6/10).</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
    <enrollment type="Anticipated">118</enrollment>
    <condition>Pleural Effusion</condition>
    <arm_group>
      <arm_group_label>Pridocaine cream</arm_group_label>
      <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
      <description>Pridocaine cream (lidocaine 2.5% and prilocaine 2.5%) will be applied at least 30 min before the pleurocentesis on the skin overlying the chosen aspiration site using ultrasound under occlusive dressing over a 5 × 5 cm area.</description>
    </arm_group>
    <arm_group>
      <arm_group_label>Standardized local lidocaine infiltration</arm_group_label>
      <arm_group_type>Active Comparator</arm_group_type>
      <description>Anesthetize the skin over the insertion site with 1% lidocaine using the 5 ml syringe with a 25 or 27-gauge needle. Next, anesthetize the superior surface of the rib and the pleura. The needle is inserted over the top of the rib (superior margin) to avoid the intercostal nerves and blood vessels that run on the underside of the rib (the intercostal nerve and the blood supply are located near the inferior margin). As the needle is inserted, aspirate back on the syringe to check for pleural fluid. Once fluid returns, note the depth of the needle and mark it with a hemostat. This gives an approximate depth for the insertion of the thoracentesis needle. Remove the anesthetizing needle.</description>
    </arm_group>
    <intervention>
      <intervention_type>Drug</intervention_type>
      <intervention_name>lidocaine 2.5% and prilocaine 2.5% cream in pain management before pleurocentesis.</intervention_name>
      <description>Pridocaine cream (lidocaine 2.5% and prilocaine 2.5%) will be applied at least 30 min before the pleurocentesis on the skin overlying the chosen aspiration site using ultrasound under occlusive dressing over a 5 × 5 cm area. The time interval between topical Pridocaine cream (lidocaine 2.5% and prilocaine 2.5%) application and pleural aspiration will be 30 min, and 45 min.</description>
      <arm_group_label>Pridocaine cream</arm_group_label>
      <arm_group_label>Standardized local lidocaine infiltration</arm_group_label>
      <other_name>Pridocaine cream in pain management before pleurocentesis.</other_name>
    </intervention>
    <eligibility>
      <criteria>
        <textblock>
          Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  All Patients will be prepared for pleurocentesis.&#xD;
  &#xD;
          Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
  &#xD;
            1. Patients with a known history of sensitivity to local anesthetics of the amide type or&#xD;
               to any other component of the product.&#xD;
  &#xD;
            2. Patients treated with class III anti-arrhythmic drugs (e.g., amiodarone, bretylium,&#xD;
               sotalol, dofetilide).&#xD;
        </textblock>
      </criteria>
      <gender>All</gender>
      <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
      <maximum_age>80 Years</maximum_age>
      <healthy_volunteers>No</healthy_volunteers>
    </eligibility>
    <overall_official>
      <last_name>Safaa A Eid, MD</last_name>
      <role>Principal Investigator</role>
      <affiliation>Assiut University</affiliation>
    </overall_official>
    <overall_contact>
      <last_name>Safaa A Eid, MD</last_name>
      <phone>01002569966</phone>
      <email>safaa_gayed@aun.edu.eg</email>
    </overall_contact>
    <location>
      <facility>
        <name>Assuit University Hospital</name>
        <address>
          <city>Assiut</city>
          <zip>Assiut university 71515</zip>
          <country>Egypt</country>
        </address>
      </facility>
      <status>Recruiting</status>
      <contact>
        <last_name>Safaa A Eid, MD</last_name>
        <phone>01002569966</phone>
        <email>safaa_gayed@aun.edu.eg</email>
      </contact>
    </location>
    <location_countries>
      <country>Egypt</country>
    </location_countries>
    <reference>
      <citation>Akbar N, Teo SP, Artini Hj-Abdul-Rahman HN, Hj-Husaini HA, Venkatasalu MR. Barriers and Solutions for Improving Pain Management Practices in Acute Hospital Settings: Perspectives of Healthcare Practitioners for a Pain-Free Hospital Initiative. Ann Geriatr Med Res. 2019 Dec;23(4):190-196. doi: 10.4235/agmr.19.0037. Epub 2019 Dec 23.</citation>
      <PMID>32743311</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Patel BK, Wendlandt BN, Wolfe KS, Patel SB, Doman ER, Pohlman AS, Hall JB, Kress JP. Comparison of Two Lidocaine Administration Techniques on Perceived Pain From Bedside Procedures: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Chest. 2018 Oct;154(4):773-780. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2018.04.018. Epub 2018 Apr 24.</citation>
      <PMID>29698720</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Story M. One Needle is Better Than Two: The Philosophy Surrounding Use of Local Anesthesia in Northern India. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2017 Jun;31(2):162-164. doi: 10.1080/15360288.2017.1298687. Epub 2017 Mar 27.</citation>
      <PMID>28346035</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Halili H, Azizkhani R, Tavakoli Garmaseh S, Jafarpisheh MS, Heydari F, Masoumi B, Maghami Mehr A. Comparing the Effect of Lidocaine-Prilocaine Cream and Infiltrative Lidocaine on Overall Pain Perception During Thoracentesis and Abdominocentesis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Anesth Pain Med. 2020 Nov 18;11(1):e106275. doi: 10.5812/aapm.106275. eCollection 2021 Feb.</citation>
      <PMID>34249663</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>You P, Yuan R, Chen C. Design and evaluation of lidocaine- and prilocaine-coloaded nanoparticulate drug delivery systems for topical anesthetic analgesic therapy: a comparison between solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017 Sep 18;11:2743-2752. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S141031. eCollection 2017.</citation>
      <PMID>29075099</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Latsios G, Toutouzas K, Antonopoulos AS, Melidi E, Synetos A, Vogiatzi G, Stasinopoulou A, Tsioufis K, Tsiamis E, Tousoulis D. Anesthetic ointment only (lidocaine/prilocaine) instead of injectable local lidocaine in trans-radial catheterization: A viable no-needle alternative. J Interv Cardiol. 2017 Aug;30(4):382-386. doi: 10.1111/joic.12399. Epub 2017 Jun 26.</citation>
      <PMID>28653424</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Abbas AM, Abdel Hafiz HA, Abdelhafez AM, Michael A, Ismail AM. Topical lidocaine-prilocaine cream versus lidocaine infiltration for pain relief during repair of perineal tears after vaginal delivery: randomized clinical trial. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019 Jul;32(13):2182-2187. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1428304. Epub 2018 Jan 31.</citation>
      <PMID>29334290</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Cruickshank A, Qeadan F, Kuttesch JF, Agarwal HS. Eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine versus 1% lidocaine injection for lumbar punctures in pediatric oncology patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2019 Nov;66(11):e27957. doi: 10.1002/pbc.27957. Epub 2019 Aug 18.</citation>
      <PMID>31423750</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Pirat A, Karaaslan P, Candan S, Zeyneloglu P, Varan B, Tokel K, Torgay A, Arslan G. Topical EMLA cream versus prilocaine infiltration for pediatric cardiac catheterization. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2005 Oct;19(5):642-5. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2004.10.007.</citation>
      <PMID>16202900</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007 May;39(2):175-91. doi: 10.3758/bf03193146.</citation>
      <PMID>17695343</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Qureshi AI, Saleem MA, Naseem N, Aytac E, Akpinar CK, Wallery SS. Effectiveness of Topical Lidocaine-Prilocaine Cream for Pain Control During Femoral Artery Catheterization in Adult Patients: A Prospective Study. J Vasc Interv Neurol. 2018 Jun;10(1):60-64.</citation>
      <PMID>29922408</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Haefeli M, Elfering A. Pain assessment. Eur Spine J. 2006 Jan;15 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S17-24. doi: 10.1007/s00586-005-1044-x. Epub 2005 Dec 1.</citation>
      <PMID>16320034</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Tihan D, Totoz T, Tokocin M, Ercan G, Koc Calikoglu T, Vartanoglu T, Celebi F, Dandin O, Kafa IM. Efficacy of laparoscopic transversus abdominis plane block for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy in elderly patients. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2016 Jan 14;16(2):139-44. doi: 10.17305/bjbms.2016.841.</citation>
      <PMID>26773187</PMID>
    </reference>
    <verification_date>August 2023</verification_date>
    <study_first_submitted>August 2, 2023</study_first_submitted>
    <study_first_submitted_qc>August 2, 2023</study_first_submitted_qc>
    <study_first_posted type="Actual">August 9, 2023</study_first_posted>
    <last_update_submitted>August 2, 2023</last_update_submitted>
    <last_update_submitted_qc>August 2, 2023</last_update_submitted_qc>
    <last_update_posted type="Actual">August 9, 2023</last_update_posted>
    <responsible_party>
      <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
      <investigator_affiliation>Assiut University</investigator_affiliation>
      <investigator_full_name>Safaa Abd El-gayed Eid</investigator_full_name>
      <investigator_title>Fellow</investigator_title>
    </responsible_party>
    <condition_browse>
      <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
      <mesh_term>Pleural Effusion</mesh_term>
    </condition_browse>
    <intervention_browse>
      <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
      <mesh_term>Lidocaine</mesh_term>
      <mesh_term>Prilocaine</mesh_term>
    </intervention_browse>
    <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
  </clinical_study>
  
  
text: download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
  link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
  url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05984264
  org study id: BBBAAS
  nct id: NCT05984264
  lead sponsor: 
  is fda regulated drug: No
  is fda regulated device: No
  The research aims to compare the efficacy of topical Pridocaine cream (lidocaine 2.5% and
        prilocaine 2.5%) and the standardized local lidocaine infiltration in pain management before
        pleurocentesis.
  Acute pain management is a core ethical concept in medical practice. During pleurocentesis,
        the standardized pain management is with 1% lidocaine with a 25 gauge needle for skin and a
        smaller gauge needle for deeper tissue. As the anesthetic injection is painful in and of
        itself, during these two procedures, pain management can sometimes fall short due to a lack
        of education and incorrect personal opinions. One example is "one needle insertion can cause
        less pain than two-needle insertions". Therefore, it is essential to find an alternative
        method that is painless and reduces procedural pain, which does not require expertise to
        administer. This is particularly important in centers with a high volume of patients and a
        lack of expert medical staff.
  
        Another option for administering a local anesthesia is using a topical anesthetic. Generally,
        these are easily applied, tolerated better by patients, and have minimal systemic absorption
        resulting in fewer side effects6. A topical anesthetic can be a substitute for infiltrative
        lidocaine (IL) if it can be effective in reducing pain. Lidocaine-prilocaine cream (LPC) is
        an example of a topical anesthetic, which was introduced in 1980 for dermabrasion and minor
        surgery.
  
        Previous research findings had noted the efficacy of LPC compared to IL in trans-radial
        catheterization, perineal tears following vaginal delivery, and some pediatric procedures
        like lumbar punctures and venipunctures. Additionally, LPC can be substituted for
        infiltrative prilocaine in pediatric femoral catheterization.
  
        Hanieh Halili et al, found a significant difference between the LPC and IL groups in terms of
        patient pain or satisfaction levels, but their study was on a small sample size and they
        recommended further studies.
  allocation: Non-Randomized
  intervention model: Parallel Assignment
  primary purpose: Treatment
  masking: None (Open Label)
  measure: The severity of pain will be assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS).
  time frame: one day
  description: The severity of pain will be assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS). The VAS consists of a 10cm line, with two endpoints representing 0 ('no pain') and 10 ('pain as bad as it could be'). Ask the patient to rate their current level of pain by placing a mark on the line. Use a ruler to measure the distance in centimeters from the 'no pain marker' (or zero) to the current pain mark. This provides a pain intensity score out of 10; for example, 6 out of 10 (or 6/10).
  arm group label: Pridocaine cream
  arm group type: Experimental
  description: Pridocaine cream (lidocaine 2.5% and prilocaine 2.5%) will be applied at least 30 min before the pleurocentesis on the skin overlying the chosen aspiration site using ultrasound under occlusive dressing over a 5 × 5 cm area.
  arm group label: Standardized local lidocaine infiltration
  arm group type: Active Comparator
  description: Anesthetize the skin over the insertion site with 1% lidocaine using the 5 ml syringe with a 25 or 27-gauge needle. Next, anesthetize the superior surface of the rib and the pleura. The needle is inserted over the top of the rib (superior margin) to avoid the intercostal nerves and blood vessels that run on the underside of the rib (the intercostal nerve and the blood supply are located near the inferior margin). As the needle is inserted, aspirate back on the syringe to check for pleural fluid. Once fluid returns, note the depth of the needle and mark it with a hemostat. This gives an approximate depth for the insertion of the thoracentesis needle. Remove the anesthetizing needle.
  intervention type: Drug
  intervention name: lidocaine 2.5% and prilocaine 2.5% cream in pain management before pleurocentesis.
  description: Pridocaine cream (lidocaine 2.5% and prilocaine 2.5%) will be applied at least 30 min before the pleurocentesis on the skin overlying the chosen aspiration site using ultrasound under occlusive dressing over a 5 × 5 cm area. The time interval between topical Pridocaine cream (lidocaine 2.5% and prilocaine 2.5%) application and pleural aspiration will be 30 min, and 45 min.
  arm group label: Pridocaine cream
  arm group label: Standardized local lidocaine infiltration
  other name: Pridocaine cream in pain management before pleurocentesis.
  criteria: 
  gender: All
  minimum age: 18 Years
  maximum age: 80 Years
  healthy volunteers: No
  last name: Safaa A Eid, MD
  role: Principal Investigator
  affiliation: Assiut University
  last name: Safaa A Eid, MD
  phone: 01002569966
  email: safaa_gayed@aun.edu.eg
  facility: 
  status: Recruiting
  contact: 
  country: Egypt
  citation: Akbar N, Teo SP, Artini Hj-Abdul-Rahman HN, Hj-Husaini HA, Venkatasalu MR. Barriers and Solutions for Improving Pain Management Practices in Acute Hospital Settings: Perspectives of Healthcare Practitioners for a Pain-Free Hospital Initiative. Ann Geriatr Med Res. 2019 Dec;23(4):190-196. doi: 10.4235/agmr.19.0037. Epub 2019 Dec 23.
  PMID: 32743311
  citation: Patel BK, Wendlandt BN, Wolfe KS, Patel SB, Doman ER, Pohlman AS, Hall JB, Kress JP. Comparison of Two Lidocaine Administration Techniques on Perceived Pain From Bedside Procedures: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Chest. 2018 Oct;154(4):773-780. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2018.04.018. Epub 2018 Apr 24.
  PMID: 29698720
  citation: Story M. One Needle is Better Than Two: The Philosophy Surrounding Use of Local Anesthesia in Northern India. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2017 Jun;31(2):162-164. doi: 10.1080/15360288.2017.1298687. Epub 2017 Mar 27.
  PMID: 28346035
  citation: Halili H, Azizkhani R, Tavakoli Garmaseh S, Jafarpisheh MS, Heydari F, Masoumi B, Maghami Mehr A. Comparing the Effect of Lidocaine-Prilocaine Cream and Infiltrative Lidocaine on Overall Pain Perception During Thoracentesis and Abdominocentesis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Anesth Pain Med. 2020 Nov 18;11(1):e106275. doi: 10.5812/aapm.106275. eCollection 2021 Feb.
  PMID: 34249663
  citation: You P, Yuan R, Chen C. Design and evaluation of lidocaine- and prilocaine-coloaded nanoparticulate drug delivery systems for topical anesthetic analgesic therapy: a comparison between solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017 Sep 18;11:2743-2752. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S141031. eCollection 2017.
  PMID: 29075099
  citation: Latsios G, Toutouzas K, Antonopoulos AS, Melidi E, Synetos A, Vogiatzi G, Stasinopoulou A, Tsioufis K, Tsiamis E, Tousoulis D. Anesthetic ointment only (lidocaine/prilocaine) instead of injectable local lidocaine in trans-radial catheterization: A viable no-needle alternative. J Interv Cardiol. 2017 Aug;30(4):382-386. doi: 10.1111/joic.12399. Epub 2017 Jun 26.
  PMID: 28653424
  citation: Abbas AM, Abdel Hafiz HA, Abdelhafez AM, Michael A, Ismail AM. Topical lidocaine-prilocaine cream versus lidocaine infiltration for pain relief during repair of perineal tears after vaginal delivery: randomized clinical trial. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019 Jul;32(13):2182-2187. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1428304. Epub 2018 Jan 31.
  PMID: 29334290
  citation: Cruickshank A, Qeadan F, Kuttesch JF, Agarwal HS. Eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine versus 1% lidocaine injection for lumbar punctures in pediatric oncology patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2019 Nov;66(11):e27957. doi: 10.1002/pbc.27957. Epub 2019 Aug 18.
  PMID: 31423750
  citation: Pirat A, Karaaslan P, Candan S, Zeyneloglu P, Varan B, Tokel K, Torgay A, Arslan G. Topical EMLA cream versus prilocaine infiltration for pediatric cardiac catheterization. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2005 Oct;19(5):642-5. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2004.10.007.
  PMID: 16202900
  citation: Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007 May;39(2):175-91. doi: 10.3758/bf03193146.
  PMID: 17695343
  citation: Qureshi AI, Saleem MA, Naseem N, Aytac E, Akpinar CK, Wallery SS. Effectiveness of Topical Lidocaine-Prilocaine Cream for Pain Control During Femoral Artery Catheterization in Adult Patients: A Prospective Study. J Vasc Interv Neurol. 2018 Jun;10(1):60-64.
  PMID: 29922408
  citation: Haefeli M, Elfering A. Pain assessment. Eur Spine J. 2006 Jan;15 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S17-24. doi: 10.1007/s00586-005-1044-x. Epub 2005 Dec 1.
  PMID: 16320034
  citation: Tihan D, Totoz T, Tokocin M, Ercan G, Koc Calikoglu T, Vartanoglu T, Celebi F, Dandin O, Kafa IM. Efficacy of laparoscopic transversus abdominis plane block for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy in elderly patients. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2016 Jan 14;16(2):139-44. doi: 10.17305/bjbms.2016.841.
  PMID: 26773187
  responsible party type: Principal Investigator
  investigator affiliation: Assiut University
  investigator full name: Safaa Abd El-gayed Eid
  investigator title: Fellow
  mesh term: Pleural Effusion
  mesh term: Lidocaine
  mesh term: Prilocaine