xml: <clinical_study>
    <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
      https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
    <required_header>
      <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
      <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
      <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT06028620</url>
    </required_header>
    <id_info>
      <org_study_id>A1-S-13501</org_study_id>
      <nct_id>NCT06028620</nct_id>
    </id_info>
    <brief_title>Can Psychopathy be Prevented? Clinical, Neuroimaging and Genetic Data</brief_title>
    <official_title>Can Psychopathy be Prevented? Clinical, Neuroimaging and Genetic Data</official_title>
    <sponsors>
      <lead_sponsor>
        <agency>Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico</agency>
        <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
      </lead_sponsor>
    </sponsors>
    <source>Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico</source>
    <oversight_info>
      <has_dmc>No</has_dmc>
      <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
      <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
    </oversight_info>
    <brief_summary>
      <textblock>
        The goal of this clinical trial was to learn about the effect of maltreatment on&#xD;
        psychological and brain characteristics in a group of children. The main question it aims to&#xD;
        answer are: which are the clinical characteristics of maltreated children before and after a&#xD;
        psychological intervention? what changes in brain emotional processing after a psychological&#xD;
        intervention? and what is the effect of serotonin transporter variants after a psychological&#xD;
        therapy? Participants were assessed before and after intervention with:&#xD;
  &#xD;
          -  clinical measures of anxiety, depression post-traumatic stress and callous-unemotional&#xD;
             traits&#xD;
  &#xD;
          -  functional neuroimaging techniques to measure brain activity.&#xD;
  &#xD;
          -  A sample of buccal epithelial cells to obtain information on serotonin transporter.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Researchers will compare maltreated children with a group on non-maltreated children to see&#xD;
        if there are differences on psychological characteristics and on brain activity before&#xD;
        treatment.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </brief_summary>
    <detailed_description>
      <textblock>
        Participants Twenty-five children who suffered child abuse were initially referred by a&#xD;
        non-governmental shelter in Mexico City. Children were removed from their homes and placed at&#xD;
        the shelter because one or both parents were undergoing judicial processes for various&#xD;
        crimes, including child abuse. None of the children had ever received psychological therapy&#xD;
        because the shelter did not have a protocol for psychological intervention. After a thorough&#xD;
        search for the most appropriate therapy, the TF-CBT was chosen. The information was shared&#xD;
        with the shelter administrative board. Once authorities and health professionals at the&#xD;
        shelter were informed about the aim of the study, they agreed about the appropriateness of&#xD;
        the intervention. A group of trained psychologists would apply the TF-CBT as part of the&#xD;
        research protocol. Only children who met the inclusion criteria would participate. Parents or&#xD;
        primary caregivers gave their informed written consent for their children to participate in&#xD;
        the study. Ethical approval of the study was granted, and the research was performed in&#xD;
        accordance with the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of&#xD;
        Helsinki).&#xD;
  &#xD;
        The final sample consisted of an experimental group of 14 MC which included 4 boys and 10&#xD;
        girls (mean age = 8.77 years old, S.D.=1.83), who had experienced a positive history of&#xD;
        different types of trauma, and a control group of 10 HC from the general population who were&#xD;
        developing normally and were age-matched to the MC (4 boys and 6 girls) (mean age = 9.57&#xD;
        years old, S.D. = 1.91). They were recruited through an advertisement placed at the Faculty&#xD;
        of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) or by direct referral from&#xD;
        parents of previous participants in other studies. All were residents of Mexico City. The&#xD;
        study protocol was conducted with the approval of the UNAM Institutional Review Board.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Clinical scales A comprehensive clinical battery was used to assess all participants through&#xD;
        the administration of the following assessment tools: The Child Depression Inventory (CDI)&#xD;
        Spanish version (Del Barrio &amp; Carrasco, 2004). The Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS)&#xD;
        standardized on a sample of Mexican children by Hernández et al (Hernández-Guzmán et al.,&#xD;
        2010), the Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) Spanish version (Bustos et al., 2009), and the&#xD;
        Inventory of Callous Unemotional Traits (ICU) Spanish version (López-Romero et al., 2015)&#xD;
        including three subscales for callousness, uncaring, and unemotional (Frick, 2004).&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Procedure The MC group was assessed before and after the implementation of Trauma&#xD;
        Focused-Cognitive Behavior Therapy (TF-CBT) using clinical scales and an emotion paradigm&#xD;
        through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The HC group was also assessed and&#xD;
        scanned twice.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Of the total sample, 14 MC completed the TF-CBT modules and came in for their post-treatment&#xD;
        assessment session. In addition, the 10 HC who, according to their parents, had not completed&#xD;
        any type of psychological intervention during those 4 months, and still met the inclusion&#xD;
        criteria for the initial control group were selected and returned for their post-evaluation&#xD;
        session.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </detailed_description>
    <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
    <start_date type="Actual">February 1, 2020</start_date>
    <completion_date type="Actual">June 1, 2022</completion_date>
    <primary_completion_date type="Actual">November 1, 2021</primary_completion_date>
    <phase>N/A</phase>
    <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
    <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
    <study_design_info>
      <allocation>Non-Randomized</allocation>
      <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
      <primary_purpose>Basic Science</primary_purpose>
      <masking>None (Open Label)</masking>
    </study_design_info>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Correlations between brain regions and clinical traits after psychological treatment</measure>
      <time_frame>6 months</time_frame>
      <description>Post treatment scores on callous-unemotional traits (possible scores from 0 - to 43), depression (possible scores from 0 to 274, and PTSD (possible scores from 0 - 17) will be correlated with brain activation changes post treatment in regions of interest. Lower scores in clinical scales after treatment means a lower clinical symptom. Brain regios activations will be obtained with a fmri scan. BOLD response will be measured in each brain region.</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Clinical differences at pre treatment between maltreatment group and healthy control</measure>
      <time_frame>1 month</time_frame>
      <description>Characteristics of clinical traits before treatment in maltreatment and healthy control group.</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Clinical improvement after treatment</measure>
      <time_frame>6 months</time_frame>
      <description>A Reliable Change Index &gt;1.96 will be obtained fron callous-unemotional, depression and PTSD scales of each participant. This index indicates a significant clinical improvement.</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
    <enrollment type="Actual">25</enrollment>
    <condition>Psychopathic Personality Trait</condition>
    <arm_group>
      <arm_group_label>Maltreated children</arm_group_label>
      <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
      <description>The Maltreated Children group was assessed before and after a psychological intervention using clinical scales (anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and Callous unemotional traits) and an emotion paradigm through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The psychological intervention implemented with the maltreated group was the Trauma Focused-Cognitive Behavior Therapy.&#xD;
  For this study, 12 to 16 sessions of 60-90 min each, were implemented once a week for 4 months. 14 out of 15 maltreated children completed the TF-CBT units and one week after that, they underwent the post-treatment assessment.</description>
    </arm_group>
    <arm_group>
      <arm_group_label>Healthy Control group</arm_group_label>
      <arm_group_type>No Intervention</arm_group_type>
      <description>This group did not have any records of maltreatment. They were assessed using clinical scales (anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and Callous unemotional traits) and an emotion paradigm through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Their scores and brain images were compared with the maltreatment group before this group underwent psychological treatment.</description>
    </arm_group>
    <intervention>
      <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
      <intervention_name>Trauma Focused-Cognitive Behavior Therapy</intervention_name>
      <description>TF-CBT consisted of 8 units in which different issues realted to trauma are reviewed. Units are: psychoeducation and parenting skills, relaxation techniques, affective expression and regulation, cognitive coping and processing, trauma narrative and processing, in vivo exposure, co-joint sessions and enhancing safety and future growth.</description>
      <arm_group_label>Maltreated children</arm_group_label>
    </intervention>
    <eligibility>
      <criteria>
        <textblock>
          Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
  &#xD;
          For maltreated children group (MC)&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Ages between 7 to 12 years old&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  History of trauma or abuse&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Symptoms of Post traumatic stress disorder&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Symptoms of anxiety&#xD;
  &#xD;
          For healthy control (HC)&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Ages between 7 to 12 years old&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  No history of trauma or abuse&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Absence or low symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Absence or low symptoms of anxiety&#xD;
  &#xD;
          Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
  &#xD;
          • Any neurodevelopmental, medical condition or risk factor other than maltreatment.&#xD;
        </textblock>
      </criteria>
      <gender>All</gender>
      <minimum_age>7 Years</minimum_age>
      <maximum_age>12 Years</maximum_age>
      <healthy_volunteers>Accepts Healthy Volunteers</healthy_volunteers>
    </eligibility>
    <overall_official>
      <last_name>Feggy Ostrosky, Ph.D.</last_name>
      <role>Principal Investigator</role>
      <affiliation>Facultad de Psicología UNAM</affiliation>
    </overall_official>
    <location>
      <facility>
        <name>Facultad de Psicología UNAM</name>
        <address>
          <city>Mexico City</city>
          <country>Mexico</country>
        </address>
      </facility>
    </location>
    <location_countries>
      <country>Mexico</country>
    </location_countries>
    <reference>
      <citation>Admon R, Milad MR, Hendler T. A causal model of post-traumatic stress disorder: disentangling predisposed from acquired neural abnormalities. Trends Cogn Sci. 2013 Jul;17(7):337-47. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2013.05.005. Epub 2013 Jun 12.</citation>
      <PMID>23768722</PMID>
    </reference>
    <results_reference>
      <citation>Akiki TJ, Averill CL, Abdallah CG. A Network-Based Neurobiological Model of PTSD: Evidence From Structural and Functional Neuroimaging Studies. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2017 Sep 19;19(11):81. doi: 10.1007/s11920-017-0840-4.</citation>
      <PMID>28924828</PMID>
    </results_reference>
    <results_reference>
      <citation>Blair RJ, Leibenluft E, Pine DS. Conduct disorder and callous-unemotional traits in youth. N Engl J Med. 2014 Dec 4;371(23):2207-16. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1315612.</citation>
      <PMID>25470696</PMID>
    </results_reference>
    <results_reference>
      <citation>Blair, R. J. R., Mitchell, D. G. V., Peschardt, K. S., Colledge, E., Leonard, R. A., Shine, J. H., Murray, L. K., &amp; Perrett, D. I. (2004). Reduced sensitivity to others' fearful expressions in psychopathic individuals. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1111-1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2003.10.008</citation>
    </results_reference>
    <results_reference>
      <citation>Bustos, P., Rincón, P., &amp; Aedo, J. (2009). Validación Preliminar de la Escala Infantil de Síntomas del Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (Child PTSD Symptom Scale, CPSS) en Niños/as y Adolescentes Víctimas de Violencia Sexual. Psykhe (Santiago), 18(2). https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-22282009000200008</citation>
    </results_reference>
    <results_reference>
      <citation>Deblinger E, Mannarino AP, Cohen JA, Runyon MK, Steer RA. Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for children: impact of the trauma narrative and treatment length. Depress Anxiety. 2011 Jan;28(1):67-75. doi: 10.1002/da.20744. Epub 2010 Sep 9.</citation>
      <PMID>20830695</PMID>
    </results_reference>
    <results_reference>
      <citation>Decety, J. (2015). The neural pathways, development and functions of empathy. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 3, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2014.12.001</citation>
    </results_reference>
    <results_reference>
      <citation>Kimonis ER, Goulter N, Hawes DJ, Wilbur RR, Groer MW. Neuroendocrine factors distinguish juvenile psychopathy variants. Dev Psychobiol. 2017 Mar;59(2):161-173. doi: 10.1002/dev.21473. Epub 2016 Sep 12.</citation>
      <PMID>27616728</PMID>
    </results_reference>
    <results_reference>
      <citation>Patriat R, Birn RM, Keding TJ, Herringa RJ. Default-Mode Network Abnormalities in Pediatric Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016 Apr;55(4):319-27. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.01.010. Epub 2016 Feb 4.</citation>
      <PMID>27015723</PMID>
    </results_reference>
    <results_reference>
      <citation>Viding E, Fontaine NM, Oliver BR, Plomin R. Negative parental discipline, conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits: monozygotic twin differences study. Br J Psychiatry. 2009 Nov;195(5):414-9. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.108.061192.</citation>
      <PMID>19880931</PMID>
    </results_reference>
    <results_reference>
      <citation>Weems CF, Russell JD, Neill EL, McCurdy BH. Annual Research Review: Pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder from a neurodevelopmental network perspective. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2019 Apr;60(4):395-408. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12996. Epub 2018 Oct 25.</citation>
      <PMID>30357832</PMID>
    </results_reference>
    <verification_date>August 2023</verification_date>
    <study_first_submitted>August 23, 2023</study_first_submitted>
    <study_first_submitted_qc>August 31, 2023</study_first_submitted_qc>
    <study_first_posted type="Actual">September 8, 2023</study_first_posted>
    <last_update_submitted>August 31, 2023</last_update_submitted>
    <last_update_submitted_qc>August 31, 2023</last_update_submitted_qc>
    <last_update_posted type="Actual">September 8, 2023</last_update_posted>
    <responsible_party>
      <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
      <investigator_affiliation>Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico</investigator_affiliation>
      <investigator_full_name>Feggy Ostrosky Shejet</investigator_full_name>
      <investigator_title>Head of Neuropsychology and Psychophisiology Laboratory</investigator_title>
    </responsible_party>
    <keyword>children maltreatment</keyword>
    <keyword>neurodevelopmental psychopathy</keyword>
    <keyword>post-traumatic stress disorder</keyword>
    <keyword>neuroimaging</keyword>
    <keyword>brain reorganization</keyword>
    <condition_browse>
      <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
      <mesh_term>Antisocial Personality Disorder</mesh_term>
    </condition_browse>
    <patient_data>
      <sharing_ipd>No</sharing_ipd>
      <ipd_description>There is no plan to share any data.</ipd_description>
    </patient_data>
    <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
  </clinical_study>
  
  
text: download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
  link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
  url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT06028620
  org study id: A1-S-13501
  nct id: NCT06028620
  lead sponsor: 
  has dmc: No
  is fda regulated drug: No
  is fda regulated device: No
  The goal of this clinical trial was to learn about the effect of maltreatment on
        psychological and brain characteristics in a group of children. The main question it aims to
        answer are: which are the clinical characteristics of maltreated children before and after a
        psychological intervention? what changes in brain emotional processing after a psychological
        intervention? and what is the effect of serotonin transporter variants after a psychological
        therapy? Participants were assessed before and after intervention with:
  
          -  clinical measures of anxiety, depression post-traumatic stress and callous-unemotional
             traits
  
          -  functional neuroimaging techniques to measure brain activity.
  
          -  A sample of buccal epithelial cells to obtain information on serotonin transporter.
  
        Researchers will compare maltreated children with a group on non-maltreated children to see
        if there are differences on psychological characteristics and on brain activity before
        treatment.
  Participants Twenty-five children who suffered child abuse were initially referred by a
        non-governmental shelter in Mexico City. Children were removed from their homes and placed at
        the shelter because one or both parents were undergoing judicial processes for various
        crimes, including child abuse. None of the children had ever received psychological therapy
        because the shelter did not have a protocol for psychological intervention. After a thorough
        search for the most appropriate therapy, the TF-CBT was chosen. The information was shared
        with the shelter administrative board. Once authorities and health professionals at the
        shelter were informed about the aim of the study, they agreed about the appropriateness of
        the intervention. A group of trained psychologists would apply the TF-CBT as part of the
        research protocol. Only children who met the inclusion criteria would participate. Parents or
        primary caregivers gave their informed written consent for their children to participate in
        the study. Ethical approval of the study was granted, and the research was performed in
        accordance with the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of
        Helsinki).
  
        The final sample consisted of an experimental group of 14 MC which included 4 boys and 10
        girls (mean age = 8.77 years old, S.D.=1.83), who had experienced a positive history of
        different types of trauma, and a control group of 10 HC from the general population who were
        developing normally and were age-matched to the MC (4 boys and 6 girls) (mean age = 9.57
        years old, S.D. = 1.91). They were recruited through an advertisement placed at the Faculty
        of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) or by direct referral from
        parents of previous participants in other studies. All were residents of Mexico City. The
        study protocol was conducted with the approval of the UNAM Institutional Review Board.
  
        Clinical scales A comprehensive clinical battery was used to assess all participants through
        the administration of the following assessment tools: The Child Depression Inventory (CDI)
        Spanish version (Del Barrio & Carrasco, 2004). The Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS)
        standardized on a sample of Mexican children by Hernández et al (Hernández-Guzmán et al.,
        2010), the Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) Spanish version (Bustos et al., 2009), and the
        Inventory of Callous Unemotional Traits (ICU) Spanish version (López-Romero et al., 2015)
        including three subscales for callousness, uncaring, and unemotional (Frick, 2004).
  
        Procedure The MC group was assessed before and after the implementation of Trauma
        Focused-Cognitive Behavior Therapy (TF-CBT) using clinical scales and an emotion paradigm
        through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The HC group was also assessed and
        scanned twice.
  
        Of the total sample, 14 MC completed the TF-CBT modules and came in for their post-treatment
        assessment session. In addition, the 10 HC who, according to their parents, had not completed
        any type of psychological intervention during those 4 months, and still met the inclusion
        criteria for the initial control group were selected and returned for their post-evaluation
        session.
  allocation: Non-Randomized
  intervention model: Parallel Assignment
  primary purpose: Basic Science
  masking: None (Open Label)
  measure: Correlations between brain regions and clinical traits after psychological treatment
  time frame: 6 months
  description: Post treatment scores on callous-unemotional traits (possible scores from 0 - to 43), depression (possible scores from 0 to 274, and PTSD (possible scores from 0 - 17) will be correlated with brain activation changes post treatment in regions of interest. Lower scores in clinical scales after treatment means a lower clinical symptom. Brain regios activations will be obtained with a fmri scan. BOLD response will be measured in each brain region.
  measure: Clinical differences at pre treatment between maltreatment group and healthy control
  time frame: 1 month
  description: Characteristics of clinical traits before treatment in maltreatment and healthy control group.
  measure: Clinical improvement after treatment
  time frame: 6 months
  description: A Reliable Change Index >1.96 will be obtained fron callous-unemotional, depression and PTSD scales of each participant. This index indicates a significant clinical improvement.
  arm group label: Maltreated children
  arm group type: Experimental
  description: The Maltreated Children group was assessed before and after a psychological intervention using clinical scales (anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and Callous unemotional traits) and an emotion paradigm through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The psychological intervention implemented with the maltreated group was the Trauma Focused-Cognitive Behavior Therapy.
  For this study, 12 to 16 sessions of 60-90 min each, were implemented once a week for 4 months. 14 out of 15 maltreated children completed the TF-CBT units and one week after that, they underwent the post-treatment assessment.
  arm group label: Healthy Control group
  arm group type: No Intervention
  description: This group did not have any records of maltreatment. They were assessed using clinical scales (anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and Callous unemotional traits) and an emotion paradigm through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Their scores and brain images were compared with the maltreatment group before this group underwent psychological treatment.
  intervention type: Behavioral
  intervention name: Trauma Focused-Cognitive Behavior Therapy
  description: TF-CBT consisted of 8 units in which different issues realted to trauma are reviewed. Units are: psychoeducation and parenting skills, relaxation techniques, affective expression and regulation, cognitive coping and processing, trauma narrative and processing, in vivo exposure, co-joint sessions and enhancing safety and future growth.
  arm group label: Maltreated children
  criteria: 
  gender: All
  minimum age: 7 Years
  maximum age: 12 Years
  healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
  last name: Feggy Ostrosky, Ph.D.
  role: Principal Investigator
  affiliation: Facultad de Psicología UNAM
  facility: 
  country: Mexico
  citation: Admon R, Milad MR, Hendler T. A causal model of post-traumatic stress disorder: disentangling predisposed from acquired neural abnormalities. Trends Cogn Sci. 2013 Jul;17(7):337-47. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2013.05.005. Epub 2013 Jun 12.
  PMID: 23768722
  citation: Akiki TJ, Averill CL, Abdallah CG. A Network-Based Neurobiological Model of PTSD: Evidence From Structural and Functional Neuroimaging Studies. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2017 Sep 19;19(11):81. doi: 10.1007/s11920-017-0840-4.
  PMID: 28924828
  citation: Blair RJ, Leibenluft E, Pine DS. Conduct disorder and callous-unemotional traits in youth. N Engl J Med. 2014 Dec 4;371(23):2207-16. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1315612.
  PMID: 25470696
  citation: Blair, R. J. R., Mitchell, D. G. V., Peschardt, K. S., Colledge, E., Leonard, R. A., Shine, J. H., Murray, L. K., & Perrett, D. I. (2004). Reduced sensitivity to others' fearful expressions in psychopathic individuals. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1111-1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2003.10.008
  citation: Bustos, P., Rincón, P., & Aedo, J. (2009). Validación Preliminar de la Escala Infantil de Síntomas del Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (Child PTSD Symptom Scale, CPSS) en Niños/as y Adolescentes Víctimas de Violencia Sexual. Psykhe (Santiago), 18(2). https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-22282009000200008
  citation: Deblinger E, Mannarino AP, Cohen JA, Runyon MK, Steer RA. Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for children: impact of the trauma narrative and treatment length. Depress Anxiety. 2011 Jan;28(1):67-75. doi: 10.1002/da.20744. Epub 2010 Sep 9.
  PMID: 20830695
  citation: Decety, J. (2015). The neural pathways, development and functions of empathy. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 3, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2014.12.001
  citation: Kimonis ER, Goulter N, Hawes DJ, Wilbur RR, Groer MW. Neuroendocrine factors distinguish juvenile psychopathy variants. Dev Psychobiol. 2017 Mar;59(2):161-173. doi: 10.1002/dev.21473. Epub 2016 Sep 12.
  PMID: 27616728
  citation: Patriat R, Birn RM, Keding TJ, Herringa RJ. Default-Mode Network Abnormalities in Pediatric Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016 Apr;55(4):319-27. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.01.010. Epub 2016 Feb 4.
  PMID: 27015723
  citation: Viding E, Fontaine NM, Oliver BR, Plomin R. Negative parental discipline, conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits: monozygotic twin differences study. Br J Psychiatry. 2009 Nov;195(5):414-9. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.108.061192.
  PMID: 19880931
  citation: Weems CF, Russell JD, Neill EL, McCurdy BH. Annual Research Review: Pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder from a neurodevelopmental network perspective. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2019 Apr;60(4):395-408. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12996. Epub 2018 Oct 25.
  PMID: 30357832
  responsible party type: Principal Investigator
  investigator affiliation: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
  investigator full name: Feggy Ostrosky Shejet
  investigator title: Head of Neuropsychology and Psychophisiology Laboratory
  mesh term: Antisocial Personality Disorder
  sharing ipd: No
  ipd description: There is no plan to share any data.