xml: <clinical_study>
    <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
      https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
    <required_header>
      <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
      <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
      <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05980143</url>
    </required_header>
    <id_info>
      <org_study_id>320925</org_study_id>
      <nct_id>NCT05980143</nct_id>
    </id_info>
    <brief_title>Metacognitive Therapy for Common Mental Health Problems in Autistic CYP: A Case Series</brief_title>
    <official_title>Can Metacognitive Therapy be Used to Treat Common Mental Health Problems in Autistic Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Case Series</official_title>
    <sponsors>
      <lead_sponsor>
        <agency>University of Manchester</agency>
        <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
      </lead_sponsor>
      <collaborator>
        <agency>Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust</agency>
        <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
      </collaborator>
      <collaborator>
        <agency>Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust</agency>
        <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
      </collaborator>
    </sponsors>
    <source>University of Manchester</source>
    <oversight_info>
      <has_dmc>No</has_dmc>
      <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
      <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
    </oversight_info>
    <brief_summary>
      <textblock>
        Anxiety and Depression are common in young people (CYP) and especially in CYP with a&#xD;
        diagnosis of Autism. Autistic people often say therapy has not been adapted to meet their&#xD;
        needs. A recent treatment called metacognitive therapy (MCT) is proving to be helpful, but&#xD;
        the investigators do not know how autistic CYP will find MCT, or what changes to the delivery&#xD;
        of therapy may be needed to meet their needs. This study hopes to explore whether MCT can&#xD;
        help treat anxiety and/or depression in autistic young people.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        This study aims to offer five autistic CYP MCT. To take part, they must be between 11-16&#xD;
        years old and have depression and/or anxiety symptoms. The study will involve completing&#xD;
        questionnaires at the start, during therapy, at the end and after 6 months. Therapy will be&#xD;
        scheduled for at least eight sessions. Therapy involves working on what we think about our&#xD;
        worry, rather than on specific worries. What we think about our worry can be positive or&#xD;
        negative. For example, 'worrying helps me cope' and 'worrying could make me go mad'. This can&#xD;
        affect where our attention goes and how we think. At the end of therapy, participants will be&#xD;
        asked to take part in an interview about how they found the therapy.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        The questionnaires will help test how useful the measures are, suggest how helpful the&#xD;
        therapy might be and whether benefits continue after the therapy has ended. Information will&#xD;
        also be gathered through a post treatment interview about how the young people found the&#xD;
        therapy. This will help understand whether any changes to the therapy are needed to meet the&#xD;
        needs of autistic people. This information is necessary for planning a large-scale trial for&#xD;
        autistic CYP. Such studies may improve treatment options and service provision for mental&#xD;
        health problems in this population.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Primary Question:&#xD;
  &#xD;
        • Is MCT a feasible and acceptable treatment for treating anxiety and depression in autistic&#xD;
        CYP?&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Secondary Questions:&#xD;
  &#xD;
          -  Is MCT associated with clinically significant change in outcome measures following the&#xD;
             introduction of treatment for autistic CYP?&#xD;
  &#xD;
          -  Are improvements associated with MCT maintained at 6 month follow up?&#xD;
  &#xD;
          -  Are improvements associated with MCT replicable across autistic CYP?&#xD;
  &#xD;
          -  Do the investigators need to modify how MCT is delivered to autistic CYP?&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </brief_summary>
    <detailed_description>
      <textblock>
        This study is a systematic replication case series utilising an AB design with follow up to&#xD;
        deliver MCT to autistic CYP who experience symptoms of anxiety and/or depression. Allocation&#xD;
        to baseline lengths will not be randomised, natural baselines will be utilised whereby&#xD;
        participants complete the primary outcome measure weekly until they demonstrate stability.&#xD;
        Stability will be defined as an absence of decreasing trend of at least three consecutive&#xD;
        data points prior to the introduction of treatment.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Recruitment:&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Participants will be identified by CAMHS clinicians during routine clinical practice.&#xD;
        Potential participants will be provided with information about the study, including the&#xD;
        participant information sheet. Those who are identified as eligible and are interested in&#xD;
        taking part or finding out more about the study will consent to their details being shared&#xD;
        with the researcher. The details will be securely sent to the researcher using the&#xD;
        eligibility form. The researcher will then contact potential participants to confirm whether&#xD;
        the like to participate and answer any questions they have about the study.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Screening:&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Those who wish to participate will then be invited to attend a screening appointment with the&#xD;
        researcher. Written consent will be obtained from participants (and parents/guardians where&#xD;
        appropriate). Once consent has been obtained, demographic information, baseline measures will&#xD;
        be administered.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Baseline During the baseline phase, participants will be asked to complete baseline measures&#xD;
        once a week for a minimum of 3 weeks, until stability is achieved.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Intervention:&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Participants will be offered a minimum of eight weekly sessions of MCT at their local CAMHS.&#xD;
        Each session will last approximately an hour. This will be applied flexibly, and sessions can&#xD;
        be extended in response to client progress. This will provide information about whether the&#xD;
        investigators need to modify the delivery of MCT to autistic CYP. Participants will be asked&#xD;
        to complete sessional measures.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Post Intervention interview:&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Participants will be asked to take part in the post intervention interview to gather&#xD;
        information about how they found the intervention. This will consider factors such as&#xD;
        components of the intervention that were well received, and those which were less well&#xD;
        received.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Follow up:&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Participants will be asked to complete follow up measures 6 months after the final treatment&#xD;
        session.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </detailed_description>
    <overall_status>Not yet recruiting</overall_status>
    <start_date type="Anticipated">August 2023</start_date>
    <completion_date type="Anticipated">April 2024</completion_date>
    <primary_completion_date type="Anticipated">April 2024</primary_completion_date>
    <phase>N/A</phase>
    <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
    <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
    <study_design_info>
      <allocation>N/A</allocation>
      <intervention_model>Single Group Assignment</intervention_model>
      <primary_purpose>Treatment</primary_purpose>
      <masking>None (Open Label)</masking>
    </study_design_info>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Change in The Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS-47) Score</measure>
      <time_frame>Baseline period: baseline time one to 4-6 weeks post baseline one; end of treatment:12-16 weeks post-baseline one; and 6 month follow up.</time_frame>
      <description>A 47-item screening measure designed to assess selected anxiety and depressive disorders in CYP aged 8-18.&#xD;
  Social phobia (9 items; maximum score = 27). Panic disorder (9 items; maximum score = 27). Separation anxiety (7 items; maximum score = 21). Generalised anxiety (6 items; maximum score = 18). Obsessive-compulsive (6 items; maximum score = 18). Major depression (10 items; maximum score = 30).&#xD;
  In response to each item, participants must select the appropriate response from 'Always' (score = 3), 'Often' (score = 2), 'Sometimes' (score = 1), 'Never' (score = 0).&#xD;
  Total minimum score = 0. Total maximum score = 141. Higher scores indicate worse outcomes.</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Measure of Credibility and Expectancy</measure>
      <time_frame>Intervention session 1 (4-6 weeks after 1st baseline measure, dependant on length of baseline)</time_frame>
      <description>A 3 item measure developed by the researchers measuring expectancy and credibility on a 10 point scale</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Measure of Adherence and User Friendliness</measure>
      <time_frame>Final intervention session (12-16 weeks post baseline dependent on whether sessions are extended in response to participant needs)</time_frame>
      <description>A 5 item measure developed by the researchers to measure adherence and user friendliness on a 10 point scale</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Post Intervention Interview</measure>
      <time_frame>12-16 weeks post baseline (dependent on whether sessions are extended in response to participant needs)</time_frame>
      <description>A semi structured interview focusing on perceived benefits and challenges of the therapy, as well as specific aspects of the therapy such as the outcome measures or intervention techniques.</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Change in The Youth Cognitive Attentional Syndrome-1 (YoCAS-1-1) Score</measure>
      <time_frame>Weekly during baseline and intervention (across 12-16 weeks dependant on length of baseline and intervention) and at 6 months follow up)</time_frame>
      <description>A 7 item self-report measure to assess metacognitive skills and knowledge in youth, including worry/rumination, threat monitoring, coping behaviours and metacognitive beliefs.</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Change in Metacognitions Questionnaire - Adolescent version (MCQ-A) Score</measure>
      <time_frame>Baseline period: baseline time one and at 4-6 weeks post baseline one; end of treatment: at 12-16 weeks post-baseline one; and 6 month follow up.</time_frame>
      <description>A 30-item scale designed to measure metacognitive beliefs in adolescents.</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Change in Child Health Utility -9D (CHU-9D) Score</measure>
      <time_frame>Baseline period: baseline time one and at 4-6 weeks post baseline one; end of treatment: at 12-16 weeks post-baseline one; and 6 month follow up.</time_frame>
      <description>A 9 item self-report questionnaire to assess health related quality of life in 7-17-year-olds.</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Change in Personal Rating Scale Score</measure>
      <time_frame>Weekly during baseline and intervention (across 12-16 weeks dependant on length of baseline and intervention) and at 6 months follow up)</time_frame>
      <description>A personal rating scale developed by the researchers, to be administered weekly measuring how distressing the problem has been and how much the problem has interfered with day to day life</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <number_of_arms>1</number_of_arms>
    <enrollment type="Anticipated">5</enrollment>
    <condition>Anxiety</condition>
    <condition>Depression</condition>
    <arm_group>
      <arm_group_label>Metacognitive Therapy</arm_group_label>
      <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
      <description>MCT will be delivered in accordance with the MCT-PATHWAY treatment manual.</description>
    </arm_group>
    <intervention>
      <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
      <intervention_name>Metacognitive Therapy</intervention_name>
      <description>The transdiagnostic Metacognitive model suggests that psychological difficulties arise from the activation of a thinking style called the CAS (Cognitive Attentional Syndrome). Metacognitive Therapy (MCT) aims to bring the CAS under control. The therapist helps the patient to learn new ways of relating to stressful thoughts.</description>
      <arm_group_label>Metacognitive Therapy</arm_group_label>
    </intervention>
    <eligibility>
      <criteria>
        <textblock>
          Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Age between 11-16 years&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Consent given&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Formal diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Fluent in English&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Seeking treatment for emotional disorder symptoms (i.e., generalised anxiety disorder,&#xD;
               panic disorder, agoraphobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive compulsive&#xD;
               disorder, social anxiety; and/or depression)&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Medication for mental health problems permitted but participants must be stabilised&#xD;
               for 6 weeks&#xD;
  &#xD;
          Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Presence of significant risk or safeguarding concerns&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Head injury/organic impairment&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (formal diagnosis or under assessment)&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Eating Disorder&#xD;
        </textblock>
      </criteria>
      <gender>All</gender>
      <minimum_age>11 Years</minimum_age>
      <maximum_age>16 Years</maximum_age>
      <healthy_volunteers>No</healthy_volunteers>
    </eligibility>
    <reference>
      <citation>Ebesutani C, Reise SP, Chorpita BF, Ale C, Regan J, Young J, Higa-McMillan C, Weisz JR. The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Short Version: scale reduction via exploratory bifactor modeling of the broad anxiety factor. Psychol Assess. 2012 Dec;24(4):833-45. doi: 10.1037/a0027283. Epub 2012 Feb 13.</citation>
      <PMID>22329531</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Cartwright-Hatton S, Mather A, Illingworth V, Brocki J, Harrington R, Wells A. Development and preliminary validation of the Meta-cognitions Questionnaire-Adolescent Version. J Anxiety Disord. 2004;18(3):411-22. doi: 10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00294-3.</citation>
      <PMID>15125986</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Stevens K. Valuation of the Child Health Utility 9D Index. Pharmacoeconomics. 2012 Aug 1;30(8):729-47. doi: 10.2165/11599120-000000000-00000.</citation>
      <PMID>22788262</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Wells, A. (2009). Metacognitive Therapy for Anxiety and Depression. New York: Guilford Press</citation>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Wells A, Matthews G. Modelling cognition in emotional disorder: the S-REF model. Behav Res Ther. 1996 Nov-Dec;34(11-12):881-8. doi: 10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00050-2.</citation>
      <PMID>8990539</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Wells A. Breaking the Cybernetic Code: Understanding and Treating the Human Metacognitive Control System to Enhance Mental Health. Front Psychol. 2019 Dec 12;10:2621. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02621. eCollection 2019.</citation>
      <PMID>31920769</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Simonoff E, Pickles A, Charman T, Chandler S, Loucas T, Baird G. Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008 Aug;47(8):921-9. doi: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e318179964f.</citation>
      <PMID>18645422</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Normann N, Morina N. The Efficacy of Metacognitive Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol. 2018 Nov 14;9:2211. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02211. eCollection 2018.</citation>
      <PMID>30487770</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Cooper K, Loades ME, Russell AJ. Adapting Psychological Therapies for Autism - Therapist Experience, Skills and Confidence. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2018 Jan 1;45:43-50. doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2017.11.002.</citation>
      <PMID>30245739</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Barlow, D. H., Nock, M., &amp; Hersen, M. (2008). Single case research designs: Strategies for studying behaviour change.</citation>
    </reference>
    <verification_date>August 2023</verification_date>
    <study_first_submitted>May 9, 2023</study_first_submitted>
    <study_first_submitted_qc>August 4, 2023</study_first_submitted_qc>
    <study_first_posted type="Actual">August 7, 2023</study_first_posted>
    <last_update_submitted>August 4, 2023</last_update_submitted>
    <last_update_submitted_qc>August 4, 2023</last_update_submitted_qc>
    <last_update_posted type="Actual">August 7, 2023</last_update_posted>
    <responsible_party>
      <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
      <investigator_affiliation>University of Manchester</investigator_affiliation>
      <investigator_full_name>Adrian Wells</investigator_full_name>
      <investigator_title>Professor</investigator_title>
    </responsible_party>
    <keyword>Anxiety symptoms</keyword>
    <keyword>Depression symptoms</keyword>
    <keyword>Metacognitive therapy</keyword>
    <keyword>Children and young people</keyword>
    <keyword>Autism</keyword>
    <condition_browse>
      <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
      <mesh_term>Depression</mesh_term>
    </condition_browse>
    <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
  </clinical_study>
  
  
text: download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
  link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
  url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05980143
  org study id: 320925
  nct id: NCT05980143
  lead sponsor: 
  collaborator: 
  collaborator: 
  has dmc: No
  is fda regulated drug: No
  is fda regulated device: No
  Anxiety and Depression are common in young people (CYP) and especially in CYP with a
        diagnosis of Autism. Autistic people often say therapy has not been adapted to meet their
        needs. A recent treatment called metacognitive therapy (MCT) is proving to be helpful, but
        the investigators do not know how autistic CYP will find MCT, or what changes to the delivery
        of therapy may be needed to meet their needs. This study hopes to explore whether MCT can
        help treat anxiety and/or depression in autistic young people.
  
        This study aims to offer five autistic CYP MCT. To take part, they must be between 11-16
        years old and have depression and/or anxiety symptoms. The study will involve completing
        questionnaires at the start, during therapy, at the end and after 6 months. Therapy will be
        scheduled for at least eight sessions. Therapy involves working on what we think about our
        worry, rather than on specific worries. What we think about our worry can be positive or
        negative. For example, 'worrying helps me cope' and 'worrying could make me go mad'. This can
        affect where our attention goes and how we think. At the end of therapy, participants will be
        asked to take part in an interview about how they found the therapy.
  
        The questionnaires will help test how useful the measures are, suggest how helpful the
        therapy might be and whether benefits continue after the therapy has ended. Information will
        also be gathered through a post treatment interview about how the young people found the
        therapy. This will help understand whether any changes to the therapy are needed to meet the
        needs of autistic people. This information is necessary for planning a large-scale trial for
        autistic CYP. Such studies may improve treatment options and service provision for mental
        health problems in this population.
  
        Primary Question:
  
        • Is MCT a feasible and acceptable treatment for treating anxiety and depression in autistic
        CYP?
  
        Secondary Questions:
  
          -  Is MCT associated with clinically significant change in outcome measures following the
             introduction of treatment for autistic CYP?
  
          -  Are improvements associated with MCT maintained at 6 month follow up?
  
          -  Are improvements associated with MCT replicable across autistic CYP?
  
          -  Do the investigators need to modify how MCT is delivered to autistic CYP?
  This study is a systematic replication case series utilising an AB design with follow up to
        deliver MCT to autistic CYP who experience symptoms of anxiety and/or depression. Allocation
        to baseline lengths will not be randomised, natural baselines will be utilised whereby
        participants complete the primary outcome measure weekly until they demonstrate stability.
        Stability will be defined as an absence of decreasing trend of at least three consecutive
        data points prior to the introduction of treatment.
  
        Recruitment:
  
        Participants will be identified by CAMHS clinicians during routine clinical practice.
        Potential participants will be provided with information about the study, including the
        participant information sheet. Those who are identified as eligible and are interested in
        taking part or finding out more about the study will consent to their details being shared
        with the researcher. The details will be securely sent to the researcher using the
        eligibility form. The researcher will then contact potential participants to confirm whether
        the like to participate and answer any questions they have about the study.
  
        Screening:
  
        Those who wish to participate will then be invited to attend a screening appointment with the
        researcher. Written consent will be obtained from participants (and parents/guardians where
        appropriate). Once consent has been obtained, demographic information, baseline measures will
        be administered.
  
        Baseline During the baseline phase, participants will be asked to complete baseline measures
        once a week for a minimum of 3 weeks, until stability is achieved.
  
        Intervention:
  
        Participants will be offered a minimum of eight weekly sessions of MCT at their local CAMHS.
        Each session will last approximately an hour. This will be applied flexibly, and sessions can
        be extended in response to client progress. This will provide information about whether the
        investigators need to modify the delivery of MCT to autistic CYP. Participants will be asked
        to complete sessional measures.
  
        Post Intervention interview:
  
        Participants will be asked to take part in the post intervention interview to gather
        information about how they found the intervention. This will consider factors such as
        components of the intervention that were well received, and those which were less well
        received.
  
        Follow up:
  
        Participants will be asked to complete follow up measures 6 months after the final treatment
        session.
  allocation: N/A
  intervention model: Single Group Assignment
  primary purpose: Treatment
  masking: None (Open Label)
  measure: Change in The Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS-47) Score
  time frame: Baseline period: baseline time one to 4-6 weeks post baseline one; end of treatment:12-16 weeks post-baseline one; and 6 month follow up.
  description: A 47-item screening measure designed to assess selected anxiety and depressive disorders in CYP aged 8-18.
  Social phobia (9 items; maximum score = 27). Panic disorder (9 items; maximum score = 27). Separation anxiety (7 items; maximum score = 21). Generalised anxiety (6 items; maximum score = 18). Obsessive-compulsive (6 items; maximum score = 18). Major depression (10 items; maximum score = 30).
  In response to each item, participants must select the appropriate response from 'Always' (score = 3), 'Often' (score = 2), 'Sometimes' (score = 1), 'Never' (score = 0).
  Total minimum score = 0. Total maximum score = 141. Higher scores indicate worse outcomes.
  measure: Measure of Credibility and Expectancy
  time frame: Intervention session 1 (4-6 weeks after 1st baseline measure, dependant on length of baseline)
  description: A 3 item measure developed by the researchers measuring expectancy and credibility on a 10 point scale
  measure: Measure of Adherence and User Friendliness
  time frame: Final intervention session (12-16 weeks post baseline dependent on whether sessions are extended in response to participant needs)
  description: A 5 item measure developed by the researchers to measure adherence and user friendliness on a 10 point scale
  measure: Post Intervention Interview
  time frame: 12-16 weeks post baseline (dependent on whether sessions are extended in response to participant needs)
  description: A semi structured interview focusing on perceived benefits and challenges of the therapy, as well as specific aspects of the therapy such as the outcome measures or intervention techniques.
  measure: Change in The Youth Cognitive Attentional Syndrome-1 (YoCAS-1-1) Score
  time frame: Weekly during baseline and intervention (across 12-16 weeks dependant on length of baseline and intervention) and at 6 months follow up)
  description: A 7 item self-report measure to assess metacognitive skills and knowledge in youth, including worry/rumination, threat monitoring, coping behaviours and metacognitive beliefs.
  measure: Change in Metacognitions Questionnaire - Adolescent version (MCQ-A) Score
  time frame: Baseline period: baseline time one and at 4-6 weeks post baseline one; end of treatment: at 12-16 weeks post-baseline one; and 6 month follow up.
  description: A 30-item scale designed to measure metacognitive beliefs in adolescents.
  measure: Change in Child Health Utility -9D (CHU-9D) Score
  time frame: Baseline period: baseline time one and at 4-6 weeks post baseline one; end of treatment: at 12-16 weeks post-baseline one; and 6 month follow up.
  description: A 9 item self-report questionnaire to assess health related quality of life in 7-17-year-olds.
  measure: Change in Personal Rating Scale Score
  time frame: Weekly during baseline and intervention (across 12-16 weeks dependant on length of baseline and intervention) and at 6 months follow up)
  description: A personal rating scale developed by the researchers, to be administered weekly measuring how distressing the problem has been and how much the problem has interfered with day to day life
  arm group label: Metacognitive Therapy
  arm group type: Experimental
  description: MCT will be delivered in accordance with the MCT-PATHWAY treatment manual.
  intervention type: Other
  intervention name: Metacognitive Therapy
  description: The transdiagnostic Metacognitive model suggests that psychological difficulties arise from the activation of a thinking style called the CAS (Cognitive Attentional Syndrome). Metacognitive Therapy (MCT) aims to bring the CAS under control. The therapist helps the patient to learn new ways of relating to stressful thoughts.
  arm group label: Metacognitive Therapy
  criteria: 
  gender: All
  minimum age: 11 Years
  maximum age: 16 Years
  healthy volunteers: No
  citation: Ebesutani C, Reise SP, Chorpita BF, Ale C, Regan J, Young J, Higa-McMillan C, Weisz JR. The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Short Version: scale reduction via exploratory bifactor modeling of the broad anxiety factor. Psychol Assess. 2012 Dec;24(4):833-45. doi: 10.1037/a0027283. Epub 2012 Feb 13.
  PMID: 22329531
  citation: Cartwright-Hatton S, Mather A, Illingworth V, Brocki J, Harrington R, Wells A. Development and preliminary validation of the Meta-cognitions Questionnaire-Adolescent Version. J Anxiety Disord. 2004;18(3):411-22. doi: 10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00294-3.
  PMID: 15125986
  citation: Stevens K. Valuation of the Child Health Utility 9D Index. Pharmacoeconomics. 2012 Aug 1;30(8):729-47. doi: 10.2165/11599120-000000000-00000.
  PMID: 22788262
  citation: Wells, A. (2009). Metacognitive Therapy for Anxiety and Depression. New York: Guilford Press
  citation: Wells A, Matthews G. Modelling cognition in emotional disorder: the S-REF model. Behav Res Ther. 1996 Nov-Dec;34(11-12):881-8. doi: 10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00050-2.
  PMID: 8990539
  citation: Wells A. Breaking the Cybernetic Code: Understanding and Treating the Human Metacognitive Control System to Enhance Mental Health. Front Psychol. 2019 Dec 12;10:2621. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02621. eCollection 2019.
  PMID: 31920769
  citation: Simonoff E, Pickles A, Charman T, Chandler S, Loucas T, Baird G. Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008 Aug;47(8):921-9. doi: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e318179964f.
  PMID: 18645422
  citation: Normann N, Morina N. The Efficacy of Metacognitive Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol. 2018 Nov 14;9:2211. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02211. eCollection 2018.
  PMID: 30487770
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  responsible party type: Principal Investigator
  investigator affiliation: University of Manchester
  investigator full name: Adrian Wells
  investigator title: Professor
  mesh term: Depression