xml: <clinical_study>
    <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
      https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
    <required_header>
      <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
      <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
      <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05986526</url>
    </required_header>
    <id_info>
      <org_study_id>2023-00885</org_study_id>
      <nct_id>NCT05986526</nct_id>
    </id_info>
    <brief_title>The PIFPAF-PFA Study</brief_title>
    <acronym>PIFPAF-PFA</acronym>
    <official_title>Pulmonary Vein Isolation With Pulsed-Field Ablation With Versus Without Posterior Wall Ablation in Patients With Symptomatic Persistent Atrial Fibrillation - A Multi-Center Randomized Clinical Trial: The PIFPAF-PFA Study</official_title>
    <sponsors>
      <lead_sponsor>
        <agency>Insel Gruppe AG, University Hospital Bern</agency>
        <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
      </lead_sponsor>
    </sponsors>
    <source>Insel Gruppe AG, University Hospital Bern</source>
    <oversight_info>
      <has_dmc>Yes</has_dmc>
      <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
      <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
    </oversight_info>
    <brief_summary>
      <textblock>
        Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is very effective for rhythm control in patients with&#xD;
        paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF), but less successful in patients with persistent AF.&#xD;
        Adding posterior wall ablation (PWA) to PVI is among the most promising ablation strategies&#xD;
        to improve arrhythmiafree outcome in patients with persistent AF. Patients with left atrial&#xD;
        posterior wall scar may benefit most from adding PWA to PVI. With previous ablation&#xD;
        technology, posterior wall isolation (PWI) was difficult to achieve and increased the risk of&#xD;
        procedural complications. With pulsed-field ablation (PFA), a technology is now available&#xD;
        which is both very effective and safe for complete ablation of the posterior wall. The aim of&#xD;
        this trial therefore is to compare the efficacy and procedural safety of two ablation&#xD;
        strategies for the treatment of persistent AF using PFA: PVI only versus PVI with added PWA.&#xD;
        The endpoint of atrial arrhythmia recurrence within 12 months will be assessed by an&#xD;
        implantable cardiac monitor (ICM) with remote monitoring capabilities.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </brief_summary>
    <overall_status>Recruiting</overall_status>
    <start_date type="Anticipated">August 2023</start_date>
    <completion_date type="Anticipated">July 31, 2028</completion_date>
    <primary_completion_date type="Anticipated">July 31, 2026</primary_completion_date>
    <phase>N/A</phase>
    <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
    <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
    <study_design_info>
      <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
      <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
      <primary_purpose>Treatment</primary_purpose>
      <masking>None (Open Label)</masking>
    </study_design_info>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Time to first recurrence of any atrial tachyarrhythmia</measure>
      <time_frame>Days 91 to 365 post-ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Time to first recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmia (atrial fibrillation [AF], atrial flutter [AFL] or atrial tachycardia [AT]) between days 91 and 365 post ablation as detected on an implantable cardiac monitor (ICM). AF, AFL or AT will qualify as a recurrence after ablation if it lasts 120 seconds or longer on the ICM (the minimum programmable episode interval)</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events: Cardiac tamponade</measure>
      <time_frame>Days 0 to 30 post-ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Number of patients with cardiac tamponade requiring drainage after PVI</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events: Persistent phrenic nerve palsy</measure>
      <time_frame>Days 0 to 30 post-ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Number of patients with persistent phrenic nerve palsy lasting &gt;24 hours after PVI</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events: Serious vascular complication</measure>
      <time_frame>Days 0 to 30 post-ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Number of patients with serious vascular complications requiring intervention after PVI</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events: Stroke or TIA</measure>
      <time_frame>Days 0 to 30 post-ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Number of patients with stroke or TIA after PVI</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events: Atrioesophageal fistula</measure>
      <time_frame>Days 0 to 30 post-ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Number of patients with atrioesophageal fistula after PVI</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events: Death</measure>
      <time_frame>Days 0 to 30 post-ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Number of patients with fatal outcome/death after PVI</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Total procedure time</measure>
      <time_frame>Day 0, during procedure</time_frame>
      <description>Procedural endpoint</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Total left atrial indwelling time</measure>
      <time_frame>Day 0, during procedure</time_frame>
      <description>Procedural endpoint</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Total fluoroscopy time</measure>
      <time_frame>Day 0, during procedure</time_frame>
      <description>Procedural endpoint</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Total radiation dose</measure>
      <time_frame>Day 0, during procedure</time_frame>
      <description>Procedural endpoint</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Change in hs-Troponin on day 1 post-ablation</measure>
      <time_frame>Day 1 post-ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Procedural endpoint</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Pre-ablation 3D electro-anatomical mapping: Number of participants with scar as a region that demonstrated reproducibly an area of &gt; 0.5×0.5 cm on the posterior wall with voltage less than 0.5 mV</measure>
      <time_frame>Day 0, shortly before ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Procedural endpoint</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Post-ablation 3D electro-anatomical mapping: Proportion of isolated veins</measure>
      <time_frame>Day 0, shortly after ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Procedural endpoint</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Post-ablation 3D electro-anatomical mapping: Proportion of isolated carinas</measure>
      <time_frame>Day 0, shortly after ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Procedural endpoint</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Post-ablation 3D electro-anatomical mapping: Lesion size</measure>
      <time_frame>Day 0, shortly after ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Procedural endpoint</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Post-ablation 3D electro-anatomical mapping: Posterior wall ablation success rate</measure>
      <time_frame>Day 0, shortly after ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Procedural endpoint</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Time to first recurrence of any atrial tachyarrhythmia in patients with versus without left atrial posterior wall scar</measure>
      <time_frame>Day 0 to 36 months post-ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Secondary endpoint during follow-up</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Time to first recurrence of any atrial tachyarrhythmia in patients with left atrial posterior wall scar and posterior wall ablation versus without posterior wall ablation</measure>
      <time_frame>Day 0 to 36 months post-ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Secondary endpoint during follow-up</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Percentage of time with cardiac arrhythmia (arrhythmia burden) for each participant between days 0-90 evaluated based on continuous ICM</measure>
      <time_frame>Day 0 to 90 post-ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Secondary endpoint during follow-up</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Percentage of time with cardiac arrhythmia (arrhythmia burden) for each participant between days 91-365 evaluated based on continuous ICM</measure>
      <time_frame>Day 91 to 365 post-ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Secondary endpoint during follow-up</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Percentage of time with cardiac arrhythmia (arrhythmia burden) for each participant between days 365 until explantation or end of life (EOL) of the ICM</measure>
      <time_frame>Day 365 post-ablation to explantation of ICM or end of life of ICM (up to 4 years after implantation of ICM)</time_frame>
      <description>Secondary endpoint during follow-up</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Correlation of AF burden to symptoms and quality of life changes</measure>
      <time_frame>Day 0 and months 3 and 12 post-ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Secondary endpoint during follow-up; Quality of life wil be measured with the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire where higher scores mean better outcomes; Symptoms will be measured with the AFEQT (Atrial Fibrillation Effect on Quality-of-life) questionnaire where higher scores mean worse outcomes</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Reduction of percentage of time with cardiac arrhythmia (AF burden) by &gt; 90% post ablation procedure</measure>
      <time_frame>Day 0 to 36 months post-ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Secondary endpoint during follow-up</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Comparison of the prevalence of the type of arrhythmia recurrence during follow-up being AF or organized atrial arrhythmias (AFL or AT)</measure>
      <time_frame>Day 0 to 36 months post-ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Secondary endpoint during follow-up</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Time to first recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmia between days 91 and 365 evaluated based on continuous ICM in patients with presence of scar on the PW based on the preablation voltage map versus patients with no scar on the PW</measure>
      <time_frame>Day 91 to 365 post-ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Secondary endpoint during follow-up</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Number of participants with persistent or paroxysmal AF during follow-up</measure>
      <time_frame>Day 0 to 36 months post-ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Secondary endpoint during follow-up</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Average heart rate as recorded by the ICM in months 1, 2 and 3 after ablation</measure>
      <time_frame>Months 1, 2 and 3 after ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Secondary endpoint during follow-up</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Proportion of patients admitted to the hospital or emergency room because of documented recurrence of atrial arrhythmias</measure>
      <time_frame>Day 0 to 36 months post-ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Secondary endpoint during follow-up</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Proportion of patients undergoing a repeat ablation procedure because of documented recurrence of atrial arrhythmias</measure>
      <time_frame>Day 0 to 36 months post-ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Secondary endpoint during follow-up</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Number of participants reinitiating of antiarrhythmic drugs during follow-up</measure>
      <time_frame>Day 0 to 36 months post-ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Secondary endpoint during follow-up</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Number of participants with electrical cardioversion during follow-up</measure>
      <time_frame>Day 0 to 36 months post-ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Secondary endpoint during follow-up</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Number of reconnected pulmonary veins evaluated during redo procedures</measure>
      <time_frame>During redo procedures between day 1 to 36 months post-ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Secondary endpoint during follow-up</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Sites of reconnection (anterior, posterior, superior, inferior) of the pulmonary veins evaluated during redo procedures</measure>
      <time_frame>During redo procedures between day 1 to 36 months post-ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Secondary endpoint during follow-up</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Size of antral scar area (cm²) of the pulmonary veins evaluated during redo procedures</measure>
      <time_frame>During redo procedures between day 1 to 36 months post-ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Secondary endpoint during follow-up</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Number of reconnected posterior walls evaluated during redo procedures</measure>
      <time_frame>During redo procedures between day 1 to 36 months post-ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Secondary endpoint during follow-up</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Sites of reconnection of the posterior wall evaluated during redo procedures</measure>
      <time_frame>During redo procedures between day 1 to 36 months post-ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Secondary endpoint during follow-up</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Size of the scar area (cm²) of the posterior wall evaluated during redo procedures</measure>
      <time_frame>During redo procedures between day 1 to 36 months post-ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Secondary endpoint during follow-up</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Evolution of Quality of Life after 3 and 12 months</measure>
      <time_frame>Day 0 and months 3 and 12 post-ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Secondary endpoint during follow-up; Quality of life wil be measured with the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire where higher scores mean better outcomes</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Number of participants with stroke including TIA after 3, 12, 24 and 36 months</measure>
      <time_frame>Months 3, 12, 24 and 36 post-ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Secondary endpoint during follow-up</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Number of participants with cardiovascular or non-cardiovascular death after 3, 12, 24 and 36 months</measure>
      <time_frame>Months 3, 12, 24 and 36 post-ablation</time_frame>
      <description>Secondary endpoint during follow-up</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
    <enrollment type="Anticipated">206</enrollment>
    <condition>Persistent Atrial Fibrillation</condition>
    <arm_group>
      <arm_group_label>Pulmonary vein isolation without posterior wall ablation</arm_group_label>
      <arm_group_type>Active Comparator</arm_group_type>
      <description>Pulmonary vein isolation without left atrial posterior wall ablation</description>
    </arm_group>
    <arm_group>
      <arm_group_label>Pulmonary vein isolation with posterior wall ablation</arm_group_label>
      <arm_group_type>Active Comparator</arm_group_type>
      <description>Pulmonary vein isolation with left atrial posterior wall ablation</description>
    </arm_group>
    <intervention>
      <intervention_type>Procedure</intervention_type>
      <intervention_name>Pulmonary vein isolation without posterior wall ablation</intervention_name>
      <description>Pulmonary vein isolation with Pulsed field ablation without left atrial posterior wall ablation. At the end of the procedure, an implantable cardiac monitor will be implanted for the purpose of continuous arrhythmia monitoring</description>
      <arm_group_label>Pulmonary vein isolation without posterior wall ablation</arm_group_label>
    </intervention>
    <intervention>
      <intervention_type>Procedure</intervention_type>
      <intervention_name>Pulmonary vein isolation with posterior wall ablation</intervention_name>
      <description>Pulmonary vein isolation with Pulsed field ablation with left atrial posterior wall ablation. At the end of the procedure, an implantable cardiac monitor will be implanted for the purpose of continuous arrhythmia monitoring</description>
      <arm_group_label>Pulmonary vein isolation with posterior wall ablation</arm_group_label>
    </intervention>
    <eligibility>
      <criteria>
        <textblock>
          Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
  &#xD;
            1. Persistent atrial fibrillation documented on a 12 lead ECG, Holter monitor or&#xD;
               implantable cardiac device within last 2 years of enrollment&#xD;
  &#xD;
            2. Persistent atrial fibrillation is defined as a sustained episode lasting &gt; 7 days&#xD;
  &#xD;
            3. Candidate for ablation based on current atrial fibrillation guidelines&#xD;
  &#xD;
            4. Continuous anticoagulation with Vitamin-K-Antagonists or a NOAC for ≥4 weeks prior to&#xD;
               the ablation; or a transesophageal echocardiography and/or CT scan that excludes left&#xD;
               atrial thrombus ≤48 hours before the ablation procedure&#xD;
  &#xD;
            5. Age of 18 years or older on the date of informed consent&#xD;
  &#xD;
            6. Signed informed consent&#xD;
  &#xD;
          Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
  &#xD;
            1. Previous left atrial ablation or left atrial surgery&#xD;
  &#xD;
            2. Left atrial diameter &gt;60 mm in the parasternal long axis&#xD;
  &#xD;
            3. Patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation&#xD;
  &#xD;
            4. Patients with persistent atrial fibrillation lasting &gt;3 years&#xD;
  &#xD;
            5. AF due to reversible causes (e.g. hyperthyroidism, cardiothoracic surgery)&#xD;
  &#xD;
            6. Intracardiac thrombus&#xD;
  &#xD;
            7. Pre-existing pulmonary vein stenosis or pulmonary vein stent&#xD;
  &#xD;
            8. Pre-existing hemidiaphragmatic paralysis&#xD;
  &#xD;
            9. Contraindication to anticoagulation or radiocontrast materials&#xD;
  &#xD;
           10. Prior mitral valve surgery&#xD;
  &#xD;
           11. Severe mitral regurgitation or moderate/severe mitral stenosis&#xD;
  &#xD;
           12. Myocardial infarction during the 3-month period preceding the consent date&#xD;
  &#xD;
           13. Ongoing triple antithrombotic/anticoagulation therapy&#xD;
  &#xD;
           14. Cardiac surgery during the 3-month interval preceding the informed consent date or&#xD;
               scheduled cardiac surgery/ transcatheter aortic valve implantation&#xD;
  &#xD;
           15. Significant congenital heart defect (including atrial septal defects or pulmonary vein&#xD;
               abnormalities but not including a patent foramen ovale)&#xD;
  &#xD;
           16. NYHA class III or IV congestive heart failure&#xD;
  &#xD;
           17. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt;35%&#xD;
  &#xD;
           18. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (wall thickness &gt;1.5 cm)&#xD;
  &#xD;
           19. Significant chronic kidney disease (eGFR &lt;30 ml/min)&#xD;
  &#xD;
           20. Uncontrolled hyperthyroidism&#xD;
  &#xD;
           21. Cerebral ischemic event (stroke or TIA) during the 6-month interval preceding the&#xD;
               informed consent date&#xD;
  &#xD;
           22. Ongoing systemic infections&#xD;
  &#xD;
           23. History of cryoglobulinemia&#xD;
  &#xD;
           24. Cardiac amyloidosis&#xD;
  &#xD;
           25. Pregnancy (to exclude pregnancy a blood test (HCG) is performed in women &lt; 50 years&#xD;
               before inclusion)&#xD;
  &#xD;
           26. Life expectancy less than one year per physician opinion&#xD;
  &#xD;
           27. Currently participating in any other clinical trial, which may confound the results of&#xD;
               this trial&#xD;
  &#xD;
           28. Unwilling or unable to comply fully with the study procedures and follow-up&#xD;
        </textblock>
      </criteria>
      <gender>All</gender>
      <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
      <maximum_age>N/A</maximum_age>
      <healthy_volunteers>No</healthy_volunteers>
    </eligibility>
    <overall_official>
      <last_name>Laurent Roten, MD</last_name>
      <role>Principal Investigator</role>
      <affiliation>Inselspital, University Hospital Bern</affiliation>
    </overall_official>
    <overall_contact>
      <last_name>Laurent Roten, MD</last_name>
      <phone>+41 31 632 52 63</phone>
      <email>Laurent.Roten@insel.ch</email>
    </overall_contact>
    <location>
      <facility>
        <name>Cantonal Hospital Baden</name>
        <address>
          <city>Baden</city>
          <country>Switzerland</country>
        </address>
      </facility>
      <status>Recruiting</status>
      <contact>
        <last_name>Alexander Breitenstein, MD</last_name>
        <email>Alexander.Breitenstein@usz.ch</email>
      </contact>
    </location>
    <location>
      <facility>
        <name>University Hospital Basel</name>
        <address>
          <city>Basel</city>
          <country>Switzerland</country>
        </address>
      </facility>
      <status>Recruiting</status>
      <contact>
        <last_name>Patrick Badertscher, MD</last_name>
        <email>patrick.badertscher@usb.ch</email>
      </contact>
    </location>
    <location>
      <facility>
        <name>Inselspital, University Hospital Bern</name>
        <address>
          <city>Bern</city>
          <zip>3010</zip>
          <country>Switzerland</country>
        </address>
      </facility>
      <status>Recruiting</status>
      <contact>
        <last_name>Laurent Roten, MD</last_name>
        <phone>+41 31 632 52 63</phone>
        <email>Laurent.Roten@insel.ch</email>
      </contact>
    </location>
    <location>
      <facility>
        <name>University Hospital Zürich</name>
        <address>
          <city>Zürich</city>
          <country>Switzerland</country>
        </address>
      </facility>
      <status>Recruiting</status>
      <contact>
        <last_name>Ardan Saguner, MD</last_name>
        <email>Ardan.Saguner@usz.ch</email>
      </contact>
    </location>
    <location_countries>
      <country>Switzerland</country>
    </location_countries>
    <verification_date>August 2023</verification_date>
    <study_first_submitted>July 25, 2023</study_first_submitted>
    <study_first_submitted_qc>August 2, 2023</study_first_submitted_qc>
    <study_first_posted type="Actual">August 14, 2023</study_first_posted>
    <last_update_submitted>August 2, 2023</last_update_submitted>
    <last_update_submitted_qc>August 2, 2023</last_update_submitted_qc>
    <last_update_posted type="Actual">August 14, 2023</last_update_posted>
    <responsible_party>
      <responsible_party_type>Sponsor</responsible_party_type>
    </responsible_party>
    <keyword>Pulmonary vein isolation</keyword>
    <keyword>Pulsed field ablation</keyword>
    <keyword>Left atrial posterior wall isolation</keyword>
    <condition_browse>
      <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
      <mesh_term>Atrial Fibrillation</mesh_term>
    </condition_browse>
    <patient_data>
      <sharing_ipd>Yes</sharing_ipd>
    </patient_data>
    <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
  </clinical_study>
  
  
text: download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
  link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
  url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05986526
  org study id: 2023-00885
  nct id: NCT05986526
  lead sponsor: 
  has dmc: Yes
  is fda regulated drug: No
  is fda regulated device: No
  Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is very effective for rhythm control in patients with
        paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF), but less successful in patients with persistent AF.
        Adding posterior wall ablation (PWA) to PVI is among the most promising ablation strategies
        to improve arrhythmiafree outcome in patients with persistent AF. Patients with left atrial
        posterior wall scar may benefit most from adding PWA to PVI. With previous ablation
        technology, posterior wall isolation (PWI) was difficult to achieve and increased the risk of
        procedural complications. With pulsed-field ablation (PFA), a technology is now available
        which is both very effective and safe for complete ablation of the posterior wall. The aim of
        this trial therefore is to compare the efficacy and procedural safety of two ablation
        strategies for the treatment of persistent AF using PFA: PVI only versus PVI with added PWA.
        The endpoint of atrial arrhythmia recurrence within 12 months will be assessed by an
        implantable cardiac monitor (ICM) with remote monitoring capabilities.
  allocation: Randomized
  intervention model: Parallel Assignment
  primary purpose: Treatment
  masking: None (Open Label)
  measure: Time to first recurrence of any atrial tachyarrhythmia
  time frame: Days 91 to 365 post-ablation
  description: Time to first recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmia (atrial fibrillation [AF], atrial flutter [AFL] or atrial tachycardia [AT]) between days 91 and 365 post ablation as detected on an implantable cardiac monitor (ICM). AF, AFL or AT will qualify as a recurrence after ablation if it lasts 120 seconds or longer on the ICM (the minimum programmable episode interval)
  measure: Incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events: Cardiac tamponade
  time frame: Days 0 to 30 post-ablation
  description: Number of patients with cardiac tamponade requiring drainage after PVI
  measure: Incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events: Persistent phrenic nerve palsy
  time frame: Days 0 to 30 post-ablation
  description: Number of patients with persistent phrenic nerve palsy lasting >24 hours after PVI
  measure: Incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events: Serious vascular complication
  time frame: Days 0 to 30 post-ablation
  description: Number of patients with serious vascular complications requiring intervention after PVI
  measure: Incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events: Stroke or TIA
  time frame: Days 0 to 30 post-ablation
  description: Number of patients with stroke or TIA after PVI
  measure: Incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events: Atrioesophageal fistula
  time frame: Days 0 to 30 post-ablation
  description: Number of patients with atrioesophageal fistula after PVI
  measure: Incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events: Death
  time frame: Days 0 to 30 post-ablation
  description: Number of patients with fatal outcome/death after PVI
  measure: Total procedure time
  time frame: Day 0, during procedure
  description: Procedural endpoint
  measure: Total left atrial indwelling time
  time frame: Day 0, during procedure
  description: Procedural endpoint
  measure: Total fluoroscopy time
  time frame: Day 0, during procedure
  description: Procedural endpoint
  measure: Total radiation dose
  time frame: Day 0, during procedure
  description: Procedural endpoint
  measure: Change in hs-Troponin on day 1 post-ablation
  time frame: Day 1 post-ablation
  description: Procedural endpoint
  measure: Pre-ablation 3D electro-anatomical mapping: Number of participants with scar as a region that demonstrated reproducibly an area of > 0.5×0.5 cm on the posterior wall with voltage less than 0.5 mV
  time frame: Day 0, shortly before ablation
  description: Procedural endpoint
  measure: Post-ablation 3D electro-anatomical mapping: Proportion of isolated veins
  time frame: Day 0, shortly after ablation
  description: Procedural endpoint
  measure: Post-ablation 3D electro-anatomical mapping: Proportion of isolated carinas
  time frame: Day 0, shortly after ablation
  description: Procedural endpoint
  measure: Post-ablation 3D electro-anatomical mapping: Lesion size
  time frame: Day 0, shortly after ablation
  description: Procedural endpoint
  measure: Post-ablation 3D electro-anatomical mapping: Posterior wall ablation success rate
  time frame: Day 0, shortly after ablation
  description: Procedural endpoint
  measure: Time to first recurrence of any atrial tachyarrhythmia in patients with versus without left atrial posterior wall scar
  time frame: Day 0 to 36 months post-ablation
  description: Secondary endpoint during follow-up
  measure: Time to first recurrence of any atrial tachyarrhythmia in patients with left atrial posterior wall scar and posterior wall ablation versus without posterior wall ablation
  time frame: Day 0 to 36 months post-ablation
  description: Secondary endpoint during follow-up
  measure: Percentage of time with cardiac arrhythmia (arrhythmia burden) for each participant between days 0-90 evaluated based on continuous ICM
  time frame: Day 0 to 90 post-ablation
  description: Secondary endpoint during follow-up
  measure: Percentage of time with cardiac arrhythmia (arrhythmia burden) for each participant between days 91-365 evaluated based on continuous ICM
  time frame: Day 91 to 365 post-ablation
  description: Secondary endpoint during follow-up
  measure: Percentage of time with cardiac arrhythmia (arrhythmia burden) for each participant between days 365 until explantation or end of life (EOL) of the ICM
  time frame: Day 365 post-ablation to explantation of ICM or end of life of ICM (up to 4 years after implantation of ICM)
  description: Secondary endpoint during follow-up
  measure: Correlation of AF burden to symptoms and quality of life changes
  time frame: Day 0 and months 3 and 12 post-ablation
  description: Secondary endpoint during follow-up; Quality of life wil be measured with the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire where higher scores mean better outcomes; Symptoms will be measured with the AFEQT (Atrial Fibrillation Effect on Quality-of-life) questionnaire where higher scores mean worse outcomes
  measure: Reduction of percentage of time with cardiac arrhythmia (AF burden) by > 90% post ablation procedure
  time frame: Day 0 to 36 months post-ablation
  description: Secondary endpoint during follow-up
  measure: Comparison of the prevalence of the type of arrhythmia recurrence during follow-up being AF or organized atrial arrhythmias (AFL or AT)
  time frame: Day 0 to 36 months post-ablation
  description: Secondary endpoint during follow-up
  measure: Time to first recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmia between days 91 and 365 evaluated based on continuous ICM in patients with presence of scar on the PW based on the preablation voltage map versus patients with no scar on the PW
  time frame: Day 91 to 365 post-ablation
  description: Secondary endpoint during follow-up
  measure: Number of participants with persistent or paroxysmal AF during follow-up
  time frame: Day 0 to 36 months post-ablation
  description: Secondary endpoint during follow-up
  measure: Average heart rate as recorded by the ICM in months 1, 2 and 3 after ablation
  time frame: Months 1, 2 and 3 after ablation
  description: Secondary endpoint during follow-up
  measure: Proportion of patients admitted to the hospital or emergency room because of documented recurrence of atrial arrhythmias
  time frame: Day 0 to 36 months post-ablation
  description: Secondary endpoint during follow-up
  measure: Proportion of patients undergoing a repeat ablation procedure because of documented recurrence of atrial arrhythmias
  time frame: Day 0 to 36 months post-ablation
  description: Secondary endpoint during follow-up
  measure: Number of participants reinitiating of antiarrhythmic drugs during follow-up
  time frame: Day 0 to 36 months post-ablation
  description: Secondary endpoint during follow-up
  measure: Number of participants with electrical cardioversion during follow-up
  time frame: Day 0 to 36 months post-ablation
  description: Secondary endpoint during follow-up
  measure: Number of reconnected pulmonary veins evaluated during redo procedures
  time frame: During redo procedures between day 1 to 36 months post-ablation
  description: Secondary endpoint during follow-up
  measure: Sites of reconnection (anterior, posterior, superior, inferior) of the pulmonary veins evaluated during redo procedures
  time frame: During redo procedures between day 1 to 36 months post-ablation
  description: Secondary endpoint during follow-up
  measure: Size of antral scar area (cm²) of the pulmonary veins evaluated during redo procedures
  time frame: During redo procedures between day 1 to 36 months post-ablation
  description: Secondary endpoint during follow-up
  measure: Number of reconnected posterior walls evaluated during redo procedures
  time frame: During redo procedures between day 1 to 36 months post-ablation
  description: Secondary endpoint during follow-up
  measure: Sites of reconnection of the posterior wall evaluated during redo procedures
  time frame: During redo procedures between day 1 to 36 months post-ablation
  description: Secondary endpoint during follow-up
  measure: Size of the scar area (cm²) of the posterior wall evaluated during redo procedures
  time frame: During redo procedures between day 1 to 36 months post-ablation
  description: Secondary endpoint during follow-up
  measure: Evolution of Quality of Life after 3 and 12 months
  time frame: Day 0 and months 3 and 12 post-ablation
  description: Secondary endpoint during follow-up; Quality of life wil be measured with the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire where higher scores mean better outcomes
  measure: Number of participants with stroke including TIA after 3, 12, 24 and 36 months
  time frame: Months 3, 12, 24 and 36 post-ablation
  description: Secondary endpoint during follow-up
  measure: Number of participants with cardiovascular or non-cardiovascular death after 3, 12, 24 and 36 months
  time frame: Months 3, 12, 24 and 36 post-ablation
  description: Secondary endpoint during follow-up
  arm group label: Pulmonary vein isolation without posterior wall ablation
  arm group type: Active Comparator
  description: Pulmonary vein isolation without left atrial posterior wall ablation
  arm group label: Pulmonary vein isolation with posterior wall ablation
  arm group type: Active Comparator
  description: Pulmonary vein isolation with left atrial posterior wall ablation
  intervention type: Procedure
  intervention name: Pulmonary vein isolation without posterior wall ablation
  description: Pulmonary vein isolation with Pulsed field ablation without left atrial posterior wall ablation. At the end of the procedure, an implantable cardiac monitor will be implanted for the purpose of continuous arrhythmia monitoring
  arm group label: Pulmonary vein isolation without posterior wall ablation
  intervention type: Procedure
  intervention name: Pulmonary vein isolation with posterior wall ablation
  description: Pulmonary vein isolation with Pulsed field ablation with left atrial posterior wall ablation. At the end of the procedure, an implantable cardiac monitor will be implanted for the purpose of continuous arrhythmia monitoring
  arm group label: Pulmonary vein isolation with posterior wall ablation
  criteria: 
  gender: All
  minimum age: 18 Years
  maximum age: N/A
  healthy volunteers: No
  last name: Laurent Roten, MD
  role: Principal Investigator
  affiliation: Inselspital, University Hospital Bern
  last name: Laurent Roten, MD
  phone: +41 31 632 52 63
  email: Laurent.Roten@insel.ch
  facility: 
  status: Recruiting
  contact: 
  facility: 
  status: Recruiting
  contact: 
  facility: 
  status: Recruiting
  contact: 
  facility: 
  status: Recruiting
  contact: 
  country: Switzerland
  responsible party type: Sponsor
  mesh term: Atrial Fibrillation
  sharing ipd: Yes