xml: <clinical_study>
    <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
      https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
    <required_header>
      <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
      <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
      <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05999565</url>
    </required_header>
    <id_info>
      <org_study_id>Tugbadere</org_study_id>
      <nct_id>NCT05999565</nct_id>
    </id_info>
    <brief_title>Investigation of the Effect of Motor Imagery Training in Individuals With Cervical Discogenic Pain</brief_title>
    <official_title>Investigation of the Effect of Motor Imagery Training on Pain, Pain Beliefs, Functional Status and Neck Awareness in Individuals With Cervical Discogenic Pain</official_title>
    <sponsors>
      <lead_sponsor>
        <agency>Hacettepe University</agency>
        <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
      </lead_sponsor>
    </sponsors>
    <source>Hacettepe University</source>
    <oversight_info>
      <has_dmc>No</has_dmc>
      <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
      <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
    </oversight_info>
    <brief_summary>
      <textblock>
        In this study, motor control exercises including cervical region, upper extremity and&#xD;
        scapular region muscles will be applied routinely in individuals with chronic neck pain. The&#xD;
        application will been investigating, called motor imagery training, will been carried out&#xD;
        together with motor control exercises.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </brief_summary>
    <detailed_description>
      <textblock>
        This training is a mental exercise method based on imagining exercises that are performed&#xD;
        actively without any interventional application inside or outside the body, in a comfortable&#xD;
        environment and without fatigue. It is thought that motor imagery training applied together&#xD;
        with motor control exercises will contribute to the management of chronic neck pain due to&#xD;
        cervical disc herniation and symptoms related to pain.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        All individuals with cervical discogenic pain who met the inclusion criteria were assigned to&#xD;
        '1. Group' and '2. It will be divided into two groups. It is planned to include approximately&#xD;
        20 individuals with cervical discogenic pain in each group. The sample size of the study will&#xD;
        be determined by the power analysis to be made as a result of the pilot study to be carried&#xD;
        out on 10 patients with the support of Biostatistics USA.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Group 1: (estimated) 20 Individuals with Cervical Discogenic Pain Group 2: (estimated) 20&#xD;
        Individuals with Cervical Discogenic Pain&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </detailed_description>
    <overall_status>Not yet recruiting</overall_status>
    <start_date type="Anticipated">September 4, 2023</start_date>
    <completion_date type="Anticipated">September 2, 2024</completion_date>
    <primary_completion_date type="Anticipated">July 4, 2024</primary_completion_date>
    <phase>N/A</phase>
    <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
    <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
    <study_design_info>
      <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
      <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
      <primary_purpose>Treatment</primary_purpose>
      <masking>Single (Participant)</masking>
    </study_design_info>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Evaluation of Normal Joint Range of Motion</measure>
      <time_frame>September 2023-July 2024 (11 months)</time_frame>
      <description>The cervical region and upper extremity normal range of motion of individuals with cervical discogenic pain will be evaluated using a universal goniometer.</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Evaluation of Pain</measure>
      <time_frame>september 2023-july 2024(11 months)</time_frame>
      <description>In order to evaluate the pain levels of individuals with cervical disc herniation, the 10 cm Visual Analog Scale (VAS) developed by Price et al. to evaluate the level of pain in individuals with chronic pain will be used. 0; No pain, 10; means the most severe pain and individuals will be asked to indicate their neck pain level on the line.</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Evaluation of Pain</measure>
      <time_frame>september 2023-july 2024(11 months)</time_frame>
      <description>Algometer Device (Baseline Push-Pull Force Gauge®, Fabrication Enterprises, Inc) will be used to evaluate the pain threshold in the individuals included in the study</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Assessment of Pain-Related Beliefs</measure>
      <time_frame>september 2023-july 2024(11 months)</time_frame>
      <description>Pain Catastrophizing Scale Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire Pain Beliefs Questionnaire</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Evaluation of Functional Status 1</measure>
      <time_frame>september 2023-july 2024(11 months)</time_frame>
      <description>Assessment of Neck Disability; The Neck Disability Index</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Evaluation of Functional Status 2</measure>
      <time_frame>september 2023-july 2024(11 months)</time_frame>
      <description>Assessment of Muscle Strength: To evaluate the cervical and upper extremity muscle strength of individuals with cervical discogenic pain, measurements will be taken during maximum voluntary isometric contractions</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Evaluation of Functional Status 3</measure>
      <time_frame>september 2023-july 2024(11 months)</time_frame>
      <description>Assessment of Muscle Endurance: Neck Flexor Muscles, Neck Deep Flexor Muscles, Neck Extensor Muscles</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Evaluation of Functional Status 4</measure>
      <time_frame>september 2023-july 2024(11 months)</time_frame>
      <description>Assessment of Upper Extremity Functionality: The Nine-Hole Peg Test will be used to evaluate the upper extremity functionality of the individuals</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Evaluation of Functional Status 5</measure>
      <time_frame>september 2023-july 2024(11 months)</time_frame>
      <description>Upper Extremity Functional Index-15</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Examination of Pathological Changes in the Disc</measure>
      <time_frame>september 2023-july 2024(11 months)</time_frame>
      <description>Examination of Pathological Changes in the Disc In our study, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) will be used to determine the structure of the disc and the severity of herniation. MRI is a non-invasive assessment method for examining disc herniation and identifying pathological changes in the disc. With MRI, various parameters will be examined, such as bulging, disc protrusion, disc extrusion, disc sequestration, central/paracentral, posterolateral disc herniation, nerve root compression, and disc degeneration. MRI evaluations will be performed using T2 and T1-weighted sagittal sections and T2-weighted axial sections as references. The anterior-posterior (AP) disc height and herniation thickness from the midpoint of the AP length will be evaluated in millimeters (mm).</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Motor Imagery Ability Assessment 1</measure>
      <time_frame>september 2023-july 2024(11 months)</time_frame>
      <description>The Motor Imagery Questionnaire-3 (MIQ-3) is used to assess motor imagery ability. It is designed to evaluate individuals' capacity to mentally simulate and visualize movements in their minds. MIQ-3 is commonly used among athletes, dancers, and individuals engaged in various physical activities.</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Motor Imagery Ability Assessment 2</measure>
      <time_frame>september 2023-july 2024(11 months)</time_frame>
      <description>Mental Chronometry is a method used to measure the time it takes for individuals to mentally process and execute specific movements or tasks in their minds. It provides insights into the speed and accuracy of mental movement representations.</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Motor Imagery Ability Assessment 3</measure>
      <time_frame>september 2023-july 2024(11 months)</time_frame>
      <description>Lateralization Test is employed to determine the degree of lateralization in individuals, specifically assessing their preference for using one side of the body over the other. It helps to understand the dominance of the left or right hemisphere of the brain in controlling motor functions.</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Neck Awareness Assessment</measure>
      <time_frame>september 2023-july 2024(11 months)</time_frame>
      <description>The Fremantle Neck Awareness Questionnaire will be used to assess the level of neck awareness in the individuals included in the study.&#xD;
  For the assessment of neck proprioception awareness, the cervical range of motion (CROM) device (Performance Attainment Associates, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55117, United States) will be used.</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Evaluation of Movement Fear</measure>
      <time_frame>september 2023-july 2024(11 months)</time_frame>
      <description>The movement fears of the included participants will be assessed using the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK), developed by Kori et al.</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Evaluation of Avoidance Behavior</measure>
      <time_frame>september 2023-july 2024(11 months)</time_frame>
      <description>For evaluating avoidance behavior due to pain, the Fear-Avoidance Component Scale will be used.</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Evaluation of Participant Satisfaction</measure>
      <time_frame>september 2023-july 2024(11 months)</time_frame>
      <description>For assessing the satisfaction rate of individuals with cervical discogenic pain during the treatment period, the Short Form of Patient Satisfaction Assessment will be used. The form was developed by Hawthorne et al. in 2006, and its Turkish validity has been established by Şen et al. The scale consists of the following scoring criteria: for items 1, 2, 4, and 7: 0=Very satisfied, 1=Satisfied, 2=Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, 3=Dissatisfied, 4=Very dissatisfied; for items 3 and 6: 0=Strongly agree, 1=Agree, 2=Undecided, 3=Disagree, 4=Strongly disagree, and item 5 is scored as 0=Always, 1=Most of the time, 2=Half of the time, 3=Sometimes, 4=Never. For scoring item 6, it needs to be reversed. The total score obtained from the scale is interpreted as follows: 0-10 points indicate very satisfied, 11-18 points indicate satisfied, 19-26 points indicate dissatisfied, and 27-28 points indicate very dissatisfied. An increase in scores signifies an increase in dissatisfaction level</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Evaluation of Participants' Views on the Treatment</measure>
      <time_frame>september 2023-july 2024(11 months)</time_frame>
      <description>The views of individuals with cervical discogenic pain regarding the treatment will be assessed through a specially prepared form for this study. The form includes a total of 5 open-ended questions, addressing the participants' opinions on the treatment they received. Participants will be asked to verbally respond to questions about the changes they observed after the treatment, the contributions of the treatment, the easiest or most challenging aspects of the treatment, and whether they would like to continue with this treatment. The responses of participants to the open-ended questions will be recorded using an audio recording system, and later, the evaluator will listen to the recording and transcribe all the answers in written form.</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
    <enrollment type="Anticipated">40</enrollment>
    <condition>Image, Body</condition>
    <condition>Neck Pain</condition>
    <condition>Disc Herniation</condition>
    <arm_group>
      <arm_group_label>Motor Imagery Training</arm_group_label>
      <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
      <description>Motor Imagery Training Motor Imagery Training will be applied only to the 2nd group, under the supervision of a physiotherapist, twice a week for 8 weeks, for 20 minutes each session. The treatment duration for the 2nd group will be planned to be a total of 50 minutes, including both motor imagery and motor control exercises. Motor imagery sessions will take place in a quiet environment, with individuals comfortably seated.&#xD;
  Lateralization Training Kinesthetic Imagery Visual Imagery Mirror-Image Active Exercise: Between weeks 6 and 8 of motor imagery training, the active exercises (Stretching Exercises, Active Exercises, and Endurance Exercises) will be actively performed in front of a mirror</description>
    </arm_group>
    <arm_group>
      <arm_group_label>Motor Control Exercise</arm_group_label>
      <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
      <description>Stretching Exercises: Stretching exercises will be applied to the cervical muscles, pectoral muscles, back, and shoulder muscles. Individuals will be asked to perform flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotational normal joint movements in the cervical region, and hold the end position for a few seconds. All stretching exercises will be performed for 15 repetitions.&#xD;
  Active Exercises: To strengthen the cervical muscle groups, individuals will be taught how to use a mild to moderate resistance theraband for cervical flexion, extension, and lateral flexion, without compromising the chin tuck movement. Each movement will be performed for 10 repetitions, with 5-second rest intervals between exercises.&#xD;
  Endurance Exercises: Before starting the endurance exercises, individuals will be taught the contraction of deep cervical flexors to gain automatic postural stabilization, and they will be instructed to maintain this movement in every exercise and activity.</description>
    </arm_group>
    <intervention>
      <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
      <intervention_name>Motor Imagery Exercises</intervention_name>
      <description>Lateralization Training: Individuals with cervical discogenic pain will receive lateralization training using a mobile application called &quot;Recognize Neck&quot; from the Neuro Orthopaedic Institute in Adelaide, Australia.&#xD;
  Kinesthetic Imagery: During this training, individuals will be asked to actively perform exercises and feel the movements. In a quiet environment, a therapist will verbally describe the exercises, and individuals will be asked to imagine the positions of their bodies, the surface they are on, and the desired postures.&#xD;
  Visual Imagery: Individuals will be asked to actively perform exercises and visualize the movements. In a quiet environment, a therapist will verbally describe the exercises, and individuals will be asked to mentally visualize their body positions, the surface they are on, and the exercises.&#xD;
  Mirror-Image Active Exercise: Between weeks 6 and 8 of motor imagery training, the active exercises in front of a mirror.</description>
      <arm_group_label>Motor Imagery Training</arm_group_label>
    </intervention>
    <intervention>
      <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
      <intervention_name>Motor Control Exercises</intervention_name>
      <description>Stretching Exercises: Stretching exercises will be applied to the cervical muscles, pectoral muscles, back, and shoulder muscles. Individuals will be asked to perform flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotational normal joint movements in the cervical region, and hold the end position for a few seconds. All stretching exercises will be performed for 15 repetitions.&#xD;
  Active Exercises: To strengthen the cervical muscle groups, individuals will be taught how to use a mild to moderate resistance theraband for cervical flexion, extension, and lateral flexion, without compromising the chin tuck movement. Each movement will be performed for 10 repetitions, with 5-second rest intervals between exercises.&#xD;
  Endurance Exercises: Before starting the endurance exercises, individuals will be taught the contraction of deep cervical flexors to gain automatic postural stabilization, and they will be instructed to maintain this movement in every exercise and activity.</description>
      <arm_group_label>Motor Control Exercise</arm_group_label>
      <arm_group_label>Motor Imagery Training</arm_group_label>
    </intervention>
    <eligibility>
      <criteria>
        <textblock>
          Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Being between the ages of 18 and 65,&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Having a diagnosis of cervical disc herniation based on MRI findings, clinical, and&#xD;
               physical examination,&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Experiencing neck pain for 3 months or longer,&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Having a resting pain intensity rated 3-7 (moderate severity) on the &quot;Visual Analog&#xD;
               Scale&quot; for pain assessment (36),&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Classifying neck pain according to the 'Neck Pain Task Force' clinical classification&#xD;
               system as Grade 3 (neck pain with accompanying neurological symptoms) or above,&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Having a Mini-Mental Test score of 24 or higher for the evaluation of cognitive&#xD;
               functions.&#xD;
  &#xD;
          Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Having a history of spinal tumor, spinal deformities, congenital malformation, or head&#xD;
               trauma,&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Undergoing cervical spine surgery in the last 6 months,&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Having a presence of systemic, cardiorespiratory, central nervous system, or rheumatic&#xD;
               diseases, any musculoskeletal or craniocervical disorders, or a history of headache.&#xD;
        </textblock>
      </criteria>
      <gender>All</gender>
      <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
      <maximum_age>65 Years</maximum_age>
      <healthy_volunteers>No</healthy_volunteers>
    </eligibility>
    <overall_official>
      <last_name>İpek GÜRBÜZ, PT, Prof</last_name>
      <role>Study Director</role>
      <affiliation>Hacettepe University</affiliation>
    </overall_official>
    <overall_contact>
      <last_name>Tuğba Dere, PT, MsC</last_name>
      <phone>05435174957</phone>
      <email>dere_tugba@hotmail.com</email>
    </overall_contact>
    <location>
      <facility>
        <name>School of Sarıkaya Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation</name>
        <address>
          <city>Yozgat</city>
          <country>Turkey</country>
        </address>
      </facility>
    </location>
    <location>
      <facility>
        <name>Tugba DERE</name>
        <address>
          <city>Yozgat</city>
          <country>Turkey</country>
        </address>
      </facility>
    </location>
    <location_countries>
      <country>Turkey</country>
    </location_countries>
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    <verification_date>July 2023</verification_date>
    <study_first_submitted>July 22, 2023</study_first_submitted>
    <study_first_submitted_qc>August 13, 2023</study_first_submitted_qc>
    <study_first_posted type="Actual">August 21, 2023</study_first_posted>
    <last_update_submitted>August 13, 2023</last_update_submitted>
    <last_update_submitted_qc>August 13, 2023</last_update_submitted_qc>
    <last_update_posted type="Actual">August 21, 2023</last_update_posted>
    <responsible_party>
      <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
      <investigator_affiliation>Hacettepe University</investigator_affiliation>
      <investigator_full_name>Tugba</investigator_full_name>
      <investigator_title>Yozgat Bozok Unıversity</investigator_title>
    </responsible_party>
    <keyword>imagery</keyword>
    <keyword>neck pain</keyword>
    <keyword>disc herniation</keyword>
    <keyword>exercise training</keyword>
    <keyword>awareness</keyword>
    <condition_browse>
      <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
      <mesh_term>Intervertebral Disc Displacement</mesh_term>
      <mesh_term>Neck Pain</mesh_term>
      <mesh_term>Hernia</mesh_term>
    </condition_browse>
    <patient_data>
      <sharing_ipd>No</sharing_ipd>
    </patient_data>
    <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
  </clinical_study>
  
  
text: download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
  link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
  url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05999565
  org study id: Tugbadere
  nct id: NCT05999565
  lead sponsor: 
  has dmc: No
  is fda regulated drug: No
  is fda regulated device: No
  In this study, motor control exercises including cervical region, upper extremity and
        scapular region muscles will be applied routinely in individuals with chronic neck pain. The
        application will been investigating, called motor imagery training, will been carried out
        together with motor control exercises.
  This training is a mental exercise method based on imagining exercises that are performed
        actively without any interventional application inside or outside the body, in a comfortable
        environment and without fatigue. It is thought that motor imagery training applied together
        with motor control exercises will contribute to the management of chronic neck pain due to
        cervical disc herniation and symptoms related to pain.
  
        All individuals with cervical discogenic pain who met the inclusion criteria were assigned to
        '1. Group' and '2. It will be divided into two groups. It is planned to include approximately
        20 individuals with cervical discogenic pain in each group. The sample size of the study will
        be determined by the power analysis to be made as a result of the pilot study to be carried
        out on 10 patients with the support of Biostatistics USA.
  
        Group 1: (estimated) 20 Individuals with Cervical Discogenic Pain Group 2: (estimated) 20
        Individuals with Cervical Discogenic Pain
  allocation: Randomized
  intervention model: Parallel Assignment
  primary purpose: Treatment
  masking: Single (Participant)
  measure: Evaluation of Normal Joint Range of Motion
  time frame: September 2023-July 2024 (11 months)
  description: The cervical region and upper extremity normal range of motion of individuals with cervical discogenic pain will be evaluated using a universal goniometer.
  measure: Evaluation of Pain
  time frame: september 2023-july 2024(11 months)
  description: In order to evaluate the pain levels of individuals with cervical disc herniation, the 10 cm Visual Analog Scale (VAS) developed by Price et al. to evaluate the level of pain in individuals with chronic pain will be used. 0; No pain, 10; means the most severe pain and individuals will be asked to indicate their neck pain level on the line.
  measure: Evaluation of Pain
  time frame: september 2023-july 2024(11 months)
  description: Algometer Device (Baseline Push-Pull Force Gauge®, Fabrication Enterprises, Inc) will be used to evaluate the pain threshold in the individuals included in the study
  measure: Assessment of Pain-Related Beliefs
  time frame: september 2023-july 2024(11 months)
  description: Pain Catastrophizing Scale Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire Pain Beliefs Questionnaire
  measure: Evaluation of Functional Status 1
  time frame: september 2023-july 2024(11 months)
  description: Assessment of Neck Disability; The Neck Disability Index
  measure: Evaluation of Functional Status 2
  time frame: september 2023-july 2024(11 months)
  description: Assessment of Muscle Strength: To evaluate the cervical and upper extremity muscle strength of individuals with cervical discogenic pain, measurements will be taken during maximum voluntary isometric contractions
  measure: Evaluation of Functional Status 3
  time frame: september 2023-july 2024(11 months)
  description: Assessment of Muscle Endurance: Neck Flexor Muscles, Neck Deep Flexor Muscles, Neck Extensor Muscles
  measure: Evaluation of Functional Status 4
  time frame: september 2023-july 2024(11 months)
  description: Assessment of Upper Extremity Functionality: The Nine-Hole Peg Test will be used to evaluate the upper extremity functionality of the individuals
  measure: Evaluation of Functional Status 5
  time frame: september 2023-july 2024(11 months)
  description: Upper Extremity Functional Index-15
  measure: Examination of Pathological Changes in the Disc
  time frame: september 2023-july 2024(11 months)
  description: Examination of Pathological Changes in the Disc In our study, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) will be used to determine the structure of the disc and the severity of herniation. MRI is a non-invasive assessment method for examining disc herniation and identifying pathological changes in the disc. With MRI, various parameters will be examined, such as bulging, disc protrusion, disc extrusion, disc sequestration, central/paracentral, posterolateral disc herniation, nerve root compression, and disc degeneration. MRI evaluations will be performed using T2 and T1-weighted sagittal sections and T2-weighted axial sections as references. The anterior-posterior (AP) disc height and herniation thickness from the midpoint of the AP length will be evaluated in millimeters (mm).
  measure: Motor Imagery Ability Assessment 1
  time frame: september 2023-july 2024(11 months)
  description: The Motor Imagery Questionnaire-3 (MIQ-3) is used to assess motor imagery ability. It is designed to evaluate individuals' capacity to mentally simulate and visualize movements in their minds. MIQ-3 is commonly used among athletes, dancers, and individuals engaged in various physical activities.
  measure: Motor Imagery Ability Assessment 2
  time frame: september 2023-july 2024(11 months)
  description: Mental Chronometry is a method used to measure the time it takes for individuals to mentally process and execute specific movements or tasks in their minds. It provides insights into the speed and accuracy of mental movement representations.
  measure: Motor Imagery Ability Assessment 3
  time frame: september 2023-july 2024(11 months)
  description: Lateralization Test is employed to determine the degree of lateralization in individuals, specifically assessing their preference for using one side of the body over the other. It helps to understand the dominance of the left or right hemisphere of the brain in controlling motor functions.
  measure: Neck Awareness Assessment
  time frame: september 2023-july 2024(11 months)
  description: The Fremantle Neck Awareness Questionnaire will be used to assess the level of neck awareness in the individuals included in the study.
  For the assessment of neck proprioception awareness, the cervical range of motion (CROM) device (Performance Attainment Associates, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55117, United States) will be used.
  measure: Evaluation of Movement Fear
  time frame: september 2023-july 2024(11 months)
  description: The movement fears of the included participants will be assessed using the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK), developed by Kori et al.
  measure: Evaluation of Avoidance Behavior
  time frame: september 2023-july 2024(11 months)
  description: For evaluating avoidance behavior due to pain, the Fear-Avoidance Component Scale will be used.
  measure: Evaluation of Participant Satisfaction
  time frame: september 2023-july 2024(11 months)
  description: For assessing the satisfaction rate of individuals with cervical discogenic pain during the treatment period, the Short Form of Patient Satisfaction Assessment will be used. The form was developed by Hawthorne et al. in 2006, and its Turkish validity has been established by Şen et al. The scale consists of the following scoring criteria: for items 1, 2, 4, and 7: 0=Very satisfied, 1=Satisfied, 2=Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, 3=Dissatisfied, 4=Very dissatisfied; for items 3 and 6: 0=Strongly agree, 1=Agree, 2=Undecided, 3=Disagree, 4=Strongly disagree, and item 5 is scored as 0=Always, 1=Most of the time, 2=Half of the time, 3=Sometimes, 4=Never. For scoring item 6, it needs to be reversed. The total score obtained from the scale is interpreted as follows: 0-10 points indicate very satisfied, 11-18 points indicate satisfied, 19-26 points indicate dissatisfied, and 27-28 points indicate very dissatisfied. An increase in scores signifies an increase in dissatisfaction level
  measure: Evaluation of Participants' Views on the Treatment
  time frame: september 2023-july 2024(11 months)
  description: The views of individuals with cervical discogenic pain regarding the treatment will be assessed through a specially prepared form for this study. The form includes a total of 5 open-ended questions, addressing the participants' opinions on the treatment they received. Participants will be asked to verbally respond to questions about the changes they observed after the treatment, the contributions of the treatment, the easiest or most challenging aspects of the treatment, and whether they would like to continue with this treatment. The responses of participants to the open-ended questions will be recorded using an audio recording system, and later, the evaluator will listen to the recording and transcribe all the answers in written form.
  arm group label: Motor Imagery Training
  arm group type: Experimental
  description: Motor Imagery Training Motor Imagery Training will be applied only to the 2nd group, under the supervision of a physiotherapist, twice a week for 8 weeks, for 20 minutes each session. The treatment duration for the 2nd group will be planned to be a total of 50 minutes, including both motor imagery and motor control exercises. Motor imagery sessions will take place in a quiet environment, with individuals comfortably seated.
  Lateralization Training Kinesthetic Imagery Visual Imagery Mirror-Image Active Exercise: Between weeks 6 and 8 of motor imagery training, the active exercises (Stretching Exercises, Active Exercises, and Endurance Exercises) will be actively performed in front of a mirror
  arm group label: Motor Control Exercise
  arm group type: Experimental
  description: Stretching Exercises: Stretching exercises will be applied to the cervical muscles, pectoral muscles, back, and shoulder muscles. Individuals will be asked to perform flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotational normal joint movements in the cervical region, and hold the end position for a few seconds. All stretching exercises will be performed for 15 repetitions.
  Active Exercises: To strengthen the cervical muscle groups, individuals will be taught how to use a mild to moderate resistance theraband for cervical flexion, extension, and lateral flexion, without compromising the chin tuck movement. Each movement will be performed for 10 repetitions, with 5-second rest intervals between exercises.
  Endurance Exercises: Before starting the endurance exercises, individuals will be taught the contraction of deep cervical flexors to gain automatic postural stabilization, and they will be instructed to maintain this movement in every exercise and activity.
  intervention type: Other
  intervention name: Motor Imagery Exercises
  description: Lateralization Training: Individuals with cervical discogenic pain will receive lateralization training using a mobile application called "Recognize Neck" from the Neuro Orthopaedic Institute in Adelaide, Australia.
  Kinesthetic Imagery: During this training, individuals will be asked to actively perform exercises and feel the movements. In a quiet environment, a therapist will verbally describe the exercises, and individuals will be asked to imagine the positions of their bodies, the surface they are on, and the desired postures.
  Visual Imagery: Individuals will be asked to actively perform exercises and visualize the movements. In a quiet environment, a therapist will verbally describe the exercises, and individuals will be asked to mentally visualize their body positions, the surface they are on, and the exercises.
  Mirror-Image Active Exercise: Between weeks 6 and 8 of motor imagery training, the active exercises in front of a mirror.
  arm group label: Motor Imagery Training
  intervention type: Other
  intervention name: Motor Control Exercises
  description: Stretching Exercises: Stretching exercises will be applied to the cervical muscles, pectoral muscles, back, and shoulder muscles. Individuals will be asked to perform flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotational normal joint movements in the cervical region, and hold the end position for a few seconds. All stretching exercises will be performed for 15 repetitions.
  Active Exercises: To strengthen the cervical muscle groups, individuals will be taught how to use a mild to moderate resistance theraband for cervical flexion, extension, and lateral flexion, without compromising the chin tuck movement. Each movement will be performed for 10 repetitions, with 5-second rest intervals between exercises.
  Endurance Exercises: Before starting the endurance exercises, individuals will be taught the contraction of deep cervical flexors to gain automatic postural stabilization, and they will be instructed to maintain this movement in every exercise and activity.
  arm group label: Motor Control Exercise
  arm group label: Motor Imagery Training
  criteria: 
  gender: All
  minimum age: 18 Years
  maximum age: 65 Years
  healthy volunteers: No
  last name: İpek GÜRBÜZ, PT, Prof
  role: Study Director
  affiliation: Hacettepe University
  last name: Tuğba Dere, PT, MsC
  phone: 05435174957
  email: dere_tugba@hotmail.com
  facility: 
  facility: 
  country: Turkey
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  responsible party type: Principal Investigator
  investigator affiliation: Hacettepe University
  investigator full name: Tugba
  investigator title: Yozgat Bozok Unıversity
  mesh term: Intervertebral Disc Displacement
  mesh term: Neck Pain
  mesh term: Hernia
  sharing ipd: No