xml: <clinical_study>
    <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
      https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
    <required_header>
      <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
      <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
      <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05987774</url>
    </required_header>
    <id_info>
      <org_study_id>70604</org_study_id>
      <nct_id>NCT05987774</nct_id>
    </id_info>
    <brief_title>Improving Social Communication in Individuals With ASD Using AI</brief_title>
    <official_title>Using Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Improve Social Conversation in Autistic Adolescents and Adults</official_title>
    <sponsors>
      <lead_sponsor>
        <agency>Stanford University</agency>
        <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
      </lead_sponsor>
    </sponsors>
    <source>Stanford University</source>
    <oversight_info>
      <has_dmc>No</has_dmc>
      <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
      <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
    </oversight_info>
    <brief_summary>
      <textblock>
        The purpose of this study is to identify whether researched and commonly used face-to-face&#xD;
        interventions can be effectively implemented through artificial intelligence (AI) using an&#xD;
        application on the phone or computer. The investigators plan to recruit verbal individuals&#xD;
        diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder who demonstrate challenges with socialization.&#xD;
        Modules focusing on various difficulties experienced by autistic individuals will provide&#xD;
        practice and feedback using voice recognition and feedback. If effective, this intervention&#xD;
        can be scaled up to provide cost-effective accessible assistance to individuals, particularly&#xD;
        those who do not have access to care or prefer to secure services in the comfort of their own&#xD;
        homes.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </brief_summary>
    <detailed_description>
      <textblock>
        Social skill intervention has been proven effective to improve interpersonal and&#xD;
        communication skills for people with low social awareness or certain neurological conditions&#xD;
        such as autism spectrum disorder. However, the application of this type of trainings is&#xD;
        limited due to the lack of trained clinicians, the difficulties in finding/creating social&#xD;
        settings, and the cost of ongoing treatments, among other factors. In this study the&#xD;
        investigators hope to elucidate whether autistic individuals will benefit from the&#xD;
        translation of face-to-face interventions delivered by AI application (app) that can be&#xD;
        easily accessed on the phone or computer.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        For the last decades the world has experienced a geometric increase in the number of&#xD;
        individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, with the CDC reporting that 1 in 36&#xD;
        individuals now being diagnosed with the condition. With such large numbers, individuals in&#xD;
        need of intervention services face long clinical wait times along with a shortage of trained&#xD;
        providers. From this study the investigators aim to learn whether AI programs that do not&#xD;
        require the labor intensive face-to-face clinician hours are effective in improving the&#xD;
        social conversation of verbal autistic individuals.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        The investigators anticipate that in just 4 weeks of short daily (weekdays) practice sessions&#xD;
        with the app, the treatment groups will show improvements in areas that are generally&#xD;
        challenging for this population and will report more confidence during social conversation&#xD;
        compared to the waitlist control groups. The investigators are requesting that participants&#xD;
        complete a minimal number of intervention trials, with the option of completing more if&#xD;
        desired. Should participants vary in their improvement based on intervention time, this&#xD;
        information should assist with understanding an optimal level of intervention for&#xD;
        effectiveness. The investigators will carefully document percentage correct for each module,&#xD;
        time spent on the module, and improvement.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        The investigators will match adult participants who are within 5 years of age. Adolescents&#xD;
        will not be matched but will be divided equally into two groups. The investigators anticipate&#xD;
        no change in the wait list control groups.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        The purpose of this study is to examine the efficacy of Artificial Intelligence (AI)&#xD;
        intervention using an application for adults and adolescents with autism; therefore, human&#xD;
        subjects need to be used for this project.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        The intervention our Artificial Intelligence (AI) app targets has already been developed and&#xD;
        is based on face-to-face research studies. The study will recruit autistic adults and&#xD;
        adolescents from the community and will assess the effects of using artificial intelligence&#xD;
        to practice social skills.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Our staff will have a single phone/zoom contact with autistic participants (depending on&#xD;
        their preference) wishing to enroll in the online training intervention to complete a brief&#xD;
        screening before completing informed consent documents electronically through Adobe Sign.&#xD;
        Participants must have a primary diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder to participate and&#xD;
        must be able to understand and converse in complete sentences.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Parents of potential adolescent participants and potential participants will complete a&#xD;
        password-protected 10-20 minute phone/zoom screening (Zoom is safe for PHI) to determine&#xD;
        whether their adolescent/they are eligible for the study.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        For adolescents, during the last five minutes of the phone/zoom screen, research personnel&#xD;
        will invite the adolescent to join in a brief conversation. The researcher's goal is to&#xD;
        assess behavior and compliance. Research personnel conducting the screen will ask everyday&#xD;
        conversational questions. During the Zoom screening, research personnel will answer any of&#xD;
        the potential participant's and their parent's questions. The parent's and potential&#xD;
        participant's responses will be recorded in REDCap (database is safe for PHI). Potential&#xD;
        participants who are not able to carry on a conversation or who express a lack of interest in&#xD;
        the study/intervention will be excluded from the study.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Participants who are not excluded during the phone/zoom screen will be consented. After&#xD;
        consenting, in lieu of conducting autism diagnostic assessments, the investigators will&#xD;
        request a confirmation of an autism diagnosis or release of information from the medical&#xD;
        doctor, psychologist, or other specialist that provided the formal diagnosis of autism&#xD;
        spectrum disorder. This can be uploaded securely on REDCap by the participant into RedCap in&#xD;
        lieu of testing. Additionally, the investigators will request information on participant&#xD;
        characteristics age, age of diagnosis, co-occurring diagnosis, ethnicity, and gender (for the&#xD;
        latter two categories there will be an option of &quot;prefer not to answer&quot;), employment status,&#xD;
        and number of social events engaged in per week for each participant.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Participants with common co-occurring conditions such as depression and anxiety will not be&#xD;
        excluded. This information may help us to understand if any co-occurring conditions may&#xD;
        affect the results of the study.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        The investigators will match adult participants who are within 5 years of age and then will&#xD;
        randomly draw one name for the treatment group and one for the wait list group. Adolescents&#xD;
        will not be matched but will be divided equally into either the experimental group or the&#xD;
        wait list control group.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Baseline Assessment:&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Following informed consent/assent, the investigators will establish eligibility based on&#xD;
        review of records confirming the diagnosis of autism and inclusion criteria (i.e., ASD&#xD;
        diagnosis, willingness to participate, conversational, not needing intervention based on&#xD;
        passing scores during the conversation sample).&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Eligible participants will be asked to chat while the investigators audio record A 15 to 20&#xD;
        minute conversation sample (depending on how much talking the potential participant engages&#xD;
        in).&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Conversation Sample (to be collected pre and post intervention). For both the treatment and&#xD;
        wait list control groups. The conversation sample will include a natural interaction with&#xD;
        someone who is aware of the experiment and will probe for targeted areas (e.g., for the&#xD;
        Empathy module the examiner will say statements such as &quot;I'm feeling a little under the&#xD;
        weather today&quot; to evoke an empathetic response). At least 5 opportunities will be provided&#xD;
        for the targeted area (e.g., empathy, taking the right amount, asking relevant questions).&#xD;
  &#xD;
        The social conversation sample will be transcribed using Sonix.ai and transcriptions will be&#xD;
        given a code name (with no identifying participant information). Each response relevant to&#xD;
        the study will be scored. Participants who respond at 60% or higher during the conversational&#xD;
        probe sample will not be included in the study as they are not in a range that warrants&#xD;
        intervention.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Social Validity Scale. Prior to the start of intervention, the investigators will ask each&#xD;
        participant who scores below 60% and is eligible for participation to fill out a brief survey&#xD;
        relating to their comfort in social situations (see pre- post questionnaire attachment - AI&#xD;
        scale).&#xD;
  &#xD;
        DESIGN. This is a four week randomized clinical trial. Two groups of 30 (one for the&#xD;
        adolescent group (age 11-18) and a second for adults (18-35) will be included. For each&#xD;
        module, fifteen will participate in intervention immediately after completing baseline and&#xD;
        fifteen will be placed in a wait list control group. Both groups will repeat the baseline&#xD;
        measures (social conversation sample and social validity scale) again after 4 weeks.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Each participant in the treatment group will be asked to participate for 4 weeks, at least 10&#xD;
        trials a day, for at least 5 days per week. The investigators anticipate that each module of&#xD;
        10 will take about ten minutes (unless the participant completes additional practice&#xD;
        modules). Our AI system will record the number of trials and the length of time each&#xD;
        participant engaged in the modules.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Intervention: The modules will be delivered through the investigators' software. These&#xD;
        modules have been developed to provide feedback on specific areas following voice or text&#xD;
        input (user preference will be recorded in case this effects the results).&#xD;
  &#xD;
        The investigators currently have developed AI modules for common social communication&#xD;
        challenges exhibited by individuals with ASD. Examples include:&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Empathy (general and in the work setting), Asking Relevant Questions, Listen and Respond,&#xD;
        Talking the right amount, giving the right amount of personal information, Tactful Responses,&#xD;
        Giving compliments, and Staying on topic during Conversation. These are all areas that can be&#xD;
        challenging for individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        AI modules consist of thousands of total training examples. Participants may use the&#xD;
        investigators' software on their phones or computers.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Each module will contain groups of 10 training examples and the participants' verbal&#xD;
        responses will be analyzed and feedback provided.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Post Intervention:&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Social Conversation Sample. Following four weeks of intervention an identical conversational&#xD;
        sample will be collected in exactly the same manner as the baseline. Again, the conversation&#xD;
        samples collected via zoom will be audio recorded and computer transcribed, after which audio&#xD;
        recordings will be erased.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Social Validity Survey. Following intervention participants in the treatment and wait list&#xD;
        control group will be asked to complete the same a survey relating to their comfort in social&#xD;
        situations. This includes the questions asked initially along with four additional questions&#xD;
        related to the intervention.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        For any participants who do not reach the 80% criterion during the four weeks of intervention&#xD;
        and who do not meet an 80% criterion during the conversational sample, and who wishes to&#xD;
        receive additional intervention, an additional four weeks will be provided and the language&#xD;
        sample will be repeated after an additional four weeks. If no improvement occurs after the 8&#xD;
        weeks, they will be considered &quot;non responders.&quot;&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </detailed_description>
    <overall_status>Not yet recruiting</overall_status>
    <start_date type="Anticipated">August 15, 2023</start_date>
    <completion_date type="Anticipated">June 30, 2050</completion_date>
    <primary_completion_date type="Anticipated">June 30, 2027</primary_completion_date>
    <phase>N/A</phase>
    <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
    <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
    <study_design_info>
      <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
      <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
      <primary_purpose>Treatment</primary_purpose>
      <masking>Single (Outcomes Assessor)</masking>
    </study_design_info>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Social Conversation Sample</measure>
      <time_frame>Approximately 9 weeks per participant (4 weeks of intervention + pre and post measures + 1-month follow-up)</time_frame>
      <description>Measured in terms of what percentage of responses (0% - 100%) during the investigators' social conversation sample are answered appropriately. Each of the participants' responses will be evaluated by a MA or PhD-level expert.&#xD;
  Social conversation samples will be collected via zoom, audio recorded and computer transcribed, after which audio recordings will be erased. An initial sample will be collected at baseline, after four weeks of intervention, and at post-intervention.</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Social Validity Scale</measure>
      <time_frame>Approximately 5-6 weeks</time_frame>
      <description>Likert scale that ranges from 1 - 5. 1 is the minimum value (the worst outcome) and 5 is the maximum value (the best outcome).&#xD;
  Prior to and following intervention, participants in the treatment and wait list control group will be asked to complete a self-evaluated survey relating to their comfort in social situations. Participants in the treatment group will also be asked to fill out a Likert scale relating to their satisfaction with the intervention.</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
    <enrollment type="Anticipated">540</enrollment>
    <condition>Autism Spectrum Disorder</condition>
    <arm_group>
      <arm_group_label>Intervention Group</arm_group_label>
      <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
      <description>This group will receive the treatment (AI conversation modules) available through the application.</description>
    </arm_group>
    <arm_group>
      <arm_group_label>Control Group</arm_group_label>
      <arm_group_type>No Intervention</arm_group_type>
      <description>This waitlist control group will not receive treatment until the experimental group completes their intervention.</description>
    </arm_group>
    <intervention>
      <intervention_type>Device</intervention_type>
      <intervention_name>AI Modules for Improving Social Conversation</intervention_name>
      <description>The application if the modules will be delivered using software. These modules have been developed to provide feedback on specific areas following voice or text input (user preference will be recorded in case this effects the results).&#xD;
  The investigators currently have developed AI modules for common social communication challenges exhibited by individuals with ASD. Examples include:&#xD;
  Empathy (general and in the work setting), Asking Relevant Questions, Listen and Respond, Talking the right amount, giving the right amount of personal information, Tactful Responses, Giving compliments, and Staying on topic during Conversation. These are all areas that can be challenging for individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.&#xD;
  AI modules consist of thousands of total training examples. Participants may access the modules on their phones or computers.</description>
      <arm_group_label>Intervention Group</arm_group_label>
    </intervention>
    <eligibility>
      <criteria>
        <textblock>
          Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Primary diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Age between 11 to 35&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Ability to engage in social conversation using full sentences for a 20 minute period&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Verbal communication difficulties in an individual targeted area (e.g., empathy) as&#xD;
               measured on the conversation sample&#xD;
  &#xD;
          Participants with a co-occuring diagnosis of ADHD, depression, or social anxiety will not&#xD;
          be excluded since these are very common in this population and are often related to or a&#xD;
          bi-product of difficulties with social conversation.&#xD;
  &#xD;
          Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Non-documented or self-diagnosis of ASD&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  At or above 60% correct responding on targeted area of social conversation during&#xD;
               conversation probe&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  No access to phone or computer for intervention sessions&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Inability to carry on a conversation during the conversation probe&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Apparent intellectual impairment that interferes with the ability to carry on a&#xD;
               conversation (e.g., responds only in single words or does not respond to conversation,&#xD;
               lack of understanding of questions or content during conversation probe)&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Non English speaking&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Serious medical or psychiatric issues that may interfere with conversation or the&#xD;
               ability to complete the program&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Lack of interest in participating.&#xD;
        </textblock>
      </criteria>
      <gender>All</gender>
      <minimum_age>11 Years</minimum_age>
      <maximum_age>35 Years</maximum_age>
      <healthy_volunteers>No</healthy_volunteers>
    </eligibility>
    <overall_contact>
      <last_name>Lynn K Koegel, PhD</last_name>
      <phone>8056899493</phone>
      <email>lynnk@stanford.edu</email>
    </overall_contact>
    <overall_contact_backup>
      <last_name>Monica Lam, PhD</last_name>
      <phone>6502240595</phone>
      <email>lam@stanford.edu</email>
    </overall_contact_backup>
    <verification_date>August 2023</verification_date>
    <study_first_submitted>July 26, 2023</study_first_submitted>
    <study_first_submitted_qc>August 3, 2023</study_first_submitted_qc>
    <study_first_posted type="Actual">August 14, 2023</study_first_posted>
    <last_update_submitted>August 3, 2023</last_update_submitted>
    <last_update_submitted_qc>August 3, 2023</last_update_submitted_qc>
    <last_update_posted type="Actual">August 14, 2023</last_update_posted>
    <responsible_party>
      <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
      <investigator_affiliation>Stanford University</investigator_affiliation>
      <investigator_full_name>Lynn Koegel</investigator_full_name>
      <investigator_title>Clinical Professor</investigator_title>
    </responsible_party>
    <keyword>AI</keyword>
    <keyword>autism</keyword>
    <keyword>LLMs</keyword>
    <keyword>GPT</keyword>
    <keyword>social skills</keyword>
    <keyword>autism support</keyword>
    <keyword>autism spectrum disorder</keyword>
    <condition_browse>
      <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
      <mesh_term>Autism Spectrum Disorder</mesh_term>
    </condition_browse>
    <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
  </clinical_study>
  
  
text: download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
  link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
  url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05987774
  org study id: 70604
  nct id: NCT05987774
  lead sponsor: 
  has dmc: No
  is fda regulated drug: No
  is fda regulated device: No
  The purpose of this study is to identify whether researched and commonly used face-to-face
        interventions can be effectively implemented through artificial intelligence (AI) using an
        application on the phone or computer. The investigators plan to recruit verbal individuals
        diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder who demonstrate challenges with socialization.
        Modules focusing on various difficulties experienced by autistic individuals will provide
        practice and feedback using voice recognition and feedback. If effective, this intervention
        can be scaled up to provide cost-effective accessible assistance to individuals, particularly
        those who do not have access to care or prefer to secure services in the comfort of their own
        homes.
  Social skill intervention has been proven effective to improve interpersonal and
        communication skills for people with low social awareness or certain neurological conditions
        such as autism spectrum disorder. However, the application of this type of trainings is
        limited due to the lack of trained clinicians, the difficulties in finding/creating social
        settings, and the cost of ongoing treatments, among other factors. In this study the
        investigators hope to elucidate whether autistic individuals will benefit from the
        translation of face-to-face interventions delivered by AI application (app) that can be
        easily accessed on the phone or computer.
  
        For the last decades the world has experienced a geometric increase in the number of
        individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, with the CDC reporting that 1 in 36
        individuals now being diagnosed with the condition. With such large numbers, individuals in
        need of intervention services face long clinical wait times along with a shortage of trained
        providers. From this study the investigators aim to learn whether AI programs that do not
        require the labor intensive face-to-face clinician hours are effective in improving the
        social conversation of verbal autistic individuals.
  
        The investigators anticipate that in just 4 weeks of short daily (weekdays) practice sessions
        with the app, the treatment groups will show improvements in areas that are generally
        challenging for this population and will report more confidence during social conversation
        compared to the waitlist control groups. The investigators are requesting that participants
        complete a minimal number of intervention trials, with the option of completing more if
        desired. Should participants vary in their improvement based on intervention time, this
        information should assist with understanding an optimal level of intervention for
        effectiveness. The investigators will carefully document percentage correct for each module,
        time spent on the module, and improvement.
  
        The investigators will match adult participants who are within 5 years of age. Adolescents
        will not be matched but will be divided equally into two groups. The investigators anticipate
        no change in the wait list control groups.
  
        The purpose of this study is to examine the efficacy of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
        intervention using an application for adults and adolescents with autism; therefore, human
        subjects need to be used for this project.
  
        The intervention our Artificial Intelligence (AI) app targets has already been developed and
        is based on face-to-face research studies. The study will recruit autistic adults and
        adolescents from the community and will assess the effects of using artificial intelligence
        to practice social skills.
  
        Our staff will have a single phone/zoom contact with autistic participants (depending on
        their preference) wishing to enroll in the online training intervention to complete a brief
        screening before completing informed consent documents electronically through Adobe Sign.
        Participants must have a primary diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder to participate and
        must be able to understand and converse in complete sentences.
  
        Parents of potential adolescent participants and potential participants will complete a
        password-protected 10-20 minute phone/zoom screening (Zoom is safe for PHI) to determine
        whether their adolescent/they are eligible for the study.
  
        For adolescents, during the last five minutes of the phone/zoom screen, research personnel
        will invite the adolescent to join in a brief conversation. The researcher's goal is to
        assess behavior and compliance. Research personnel conducting the screen will ask everyday
        conversational questions. During the Zoom screening, research personnel will answer any of
        the potential participant's and their parent's questions. The parent's and potential
        participant's responses will be recorded in REDCap (database is safe for PHI). Potential
        participants who are not able to carry on a conversation or who express a lack of interest in
        the study/intervention will be excluded from the study.
  
        Participants who are not excluded during the phone/zoom screen will be consented. After
        consenting, in lieu of conducting autism diagnostic assessments, the investigators will
        request a confirmation of an autism diagnosis or release of information from the medical
        doctor, psychologist, or other specialist that provided the formal diagnosis of autism
        spectrum disorder. This can be uploaded securely on REDCap by the participant into RedCap in
        lieu of testing. Additionally, the investigators will request information on participant
        characteristics age, age of diagnosis, co-occurring diagnosis, ethnicity, and gender (for the
        latter two categories there will be an option of "prefer not to answer"), employment status,
        and number of social events engaged in per week for each participant.
  
        Participants with common co-occurring conditions such as depression and anxiety will not be
        excluded. This information may help us to understand if any co-occurring conditions may
        affect the results of the study.
  
        The investigators will match adult participants who are within 5 years of age and then will
        randomly draw one name for the treatment group and one for the wait list group. Adolescents
        will not be matched but will be divided equally into either the experimental group or the
        wait list control group.
  
        Baseline Assessment:
  
        Following informed consent/assent, the investigators will establish eligibility based on
        review of records confirming the diagnosis of autism and inclusion criteria (i.e., ASD
        diagnosis, willingness to participate, conversational, not needing intervention based on
        passing scores during the conversation sample).
  
        Eligible participants will be asked to chat while the investigators audio record A 15 to 20
        minute conversation sample (depending on how much talking the potential participant engages
        in).
  
        Conversation Sample (to be collected pre and post intervention). For both the treatment and
        wait list control groups. The conversation sample will include a natural interaction with
        someone who is aware of the experiment and will probe for targeted areas (e.g., for the
        Empathy module the examiner will say statements such as "I'm feeling a little under the
        weather today" to evoke an empathetic response). At least 5 opportunities will be provided
        for the targeted area (e.g., empathy, taking the right amount, asking relevant questions).
  
        The social conversation sample will be transcribed using Sonix.ai and transcriptions will be
        given a code name (with no identifying participant information). Each response relevant to
        the study will be scored. Participants who respond at 60% or higher during the conversational
        probe sample will not be included in the study as they are not in a range that warrants
        intervention.
  
        Social Validity Scale. Prior to the start of intervention, the investigators will ask each
        participant who scores below 60% and is eligible for participation to fill out a brief survey
        relating to their comfort in social situations (see pre- post questionnaire attachment - AI
        scale).
  
        DESIGN. This is a four week randomized clinical trial. Two groups of 30 (one for the
        adolescent group (age 11-18) and a second for adults (18-35) will be included. For each
        module, fifteen will participate in intervention immediately after completing baseline and
        fifteen will be placed in a wait list control group. Both groups will repeat the baseline
        measures (social conversation sample and social validity scale) again after 4 weeks.
  
        Each participant in the treatment group will be asked to participate for 4 weeks, at least 10
        trials a day, for at least 5 days per week. The investigators anticipate that each module of
        10 will take about ten minutes (unless the participant completes additional practice
        modules). Our AI system will record the number of trials and the length of time each
        participant engaged in the modules.
  
        Intervention: The modules will be delivered through the investigators' software. These
        modules have been developed to provide feedback on specific areas following voice or text
        input (user preference will be recorded in case this effects the results).
  
        The investigators currently have developed AI modules for common social communication
        challenges exhibited by individuals with ASD. Examples include:
  
        Empathy (general and in the work setting), Asking Relevant Questions, Listen and Respond,
        Talking the right amount, giving the right amount of personal information, Tactful Responses,
        Giving compliments, and Staying on topic during Conversation. These are all areas that can be
        challenging for individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.
  
        AI modules consist of thousands of total training examples. Participants may use the
        investigators' software on their phones or computers.
  
        Each module will contain groups of 10 training examples and the participants' verbal
        responses will be analyzed and feedback provided.
  
        Post Intervention:
  
        Social Conversation Sample. Following four weeks of intervention an identical conversational
        sample will be collected in exactly the same manner as the baseline. Again, the conversation
        samples collected via zoom will be audio recorded and computer transcribed, after which audio
        recordings will be erased.
  
        Social Validity Survey. Following intervention participants in the treatment and wait list
        control group will be asked to complete the same a survey relating to their comfort in social
        situations. This includes the questions asked initially along with four additional questions
        related to the intervention.
  
        For any participants who do not reach the 80% criterion during the four weeks of intervention
        and who do not meet an 80% criterion during the conversational sample, and who wishes to
        receive additional intervention, an additional four weeks will be provided and the language
        sample will be repeated after an additional four weeks. If no improvement occurs after the 8
        weeks, they will be considered "non responders."
  allocation: Randomized
  intervention model: Parallel Assignment
  primary purpose: Treatment
  masking: Single (Outcomes Assessor)
  measure: Social Conversation Sample
  time frame: Approximately 9 weeks per participant (4 weeks of intervention + pre and post measures + 1-month follow-up)
  description: Measured in terms of what percentage of responses (0% - 100%) during the investigators' social conversation sample are answered appropriately. Each of the participants' responses will be evaluated by a MA or PhD-level expert.
  Social conversation samples will be collected via zoom, audio recorded and computer transcribed, after which audio recordings will be erased. An initial sample will be collected at baseline, after four weeks of intervention, and at post-intervention.
  measure: Social Validity Scale
  time frame: Approximately 5-6 weeks
  description: Likert scale that ranges from 1 - 5. 1 is the minimum value (the worst outcome) and 5 is the maximum value (the best outcome).
  Prior to and following intervention, participants in the treatment and wait list control group will be asked to complete a self-evaluated survey relating to their comfort in social situations. Participants in the treatment group will also be asked to fill out a Likert scale relating to their satisfaction with the intervention.
  arm group label: Intervention Group
  arm group type: Experimental
  description: This group will receive the treatment (AI conversation modules) available through the application.
  arm group label: Control Group
  arm group type: No Intervention
  description: This waitlist control group will not receive treatment until the experimental group completes their intervention.
  intervention type: Device
  intervention name: AI Modules for Improving Social Conversation
  description: The application if the modules will be delivered using software. These modules have been developed to provide feedback on specific areas following voice or text input (user preference will be recorded in case this effects the results).
  The investigators currently have developed AI modules for common social communication challenges exhibited by individuals with ASD. Examples include:
  Empathy (general and in the work setting), Asking Relevant Questions, Listen and Respond, Talking the right amount, giving the right amount of personal information, Tactful Responses, Giving compliments, and Staying on topic during Conversation. These are all areas that can be challenging for individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.
  AI modules consist of thousands of total training examples. Participants may access the modules on their phones or computers.
  arm group label: Intervention Group
  criteria: 
  gender: All
  minimum age: 11 Years
  maximum age: 35 Years
  healthy volunteers: No
  last name: Lynn K Koegel, PhD
  phone: 8056899493
  email: lynnk@stanford.edu
  last name: Monica Lam, PhD
  phone: 6502240595
  email: lam@stanford.edu
  responsible party type: Principal Investigator
  investigator affiliation: Stanford University
  investigator full name: Lynn Koegel
  investigator title: Clinical Professor
  mesh term: Autism Spectrum Disorder