xml: <clinical_study>
    <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
      https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
    <required_header>
      <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
      <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
      <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT06015490</url>
    </required_header>
    <id_info>
      <org_study_id>#23-297</org_study_id>
      <nct_id>NCT06015490</nct_id>
    </id_info>
    <brief_title>The Impact of the Physiological Response to Sugar on Brain Activity and Behavior</brief_title>
    <official_title>The Impact of the Physiological Response to Sugar on Brain Activity and Behavior</official_title>
    <sponsors>
      <lead_sponsor>
        <agency>Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University</agency>
        <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
      </lead_sponsor>
    </sponsors>
    <source>Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University</source>
    <oversight_info>
      <has_dmc>No</has_dmc>
      <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
      <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
    </oversight_info>
    <brief_summary>
      <textblock>
        The goal of this pilot study is to test the feasibility of assessing how biological factors&#xD;
        and chemical properties of sugars may influence metabolism and food reward in humans. The&#xD;
        main questions it aims to answer are:&#xD;
  &#xD;
          -  Can differences in appetitive responses and neural activations to sucrose (table sugar)&#xD;
             and its chemical components (glucose and fructose) be measured and quantified?&#xD;
  &#xD;
          -  Are there detectable differences in how combinations of sugars and non-nutritive&#xD;
             sweeteners commonly found in our food supply influence appetitive responses and neural&#xD;
             activation?&#xD;
  &#xD;
        This study is a crossover design, meaning every participant will complete every condition.&#xD;
        Participants will consume beverages containing sucrose, glucose, or fructose, which are each&#xD;
        novelly flavored, 6 times within a week. During one of the consumption times, energy&#xD;
        expenditure, carbohydrate oxidation, and blood glucose will be measured in the lab before and&#xD;
        for 2 hours after consumption. After participants have consumed each condition, they will&#xD;
        undergo a tasting task in the MRI scanner, neural responses to receipt of the beverages are&#xD;
        measured. Another group of participants will undergo the same study design but with sucrose,&#xD;
        high fructose corn syrup, or sucrose + non-nutritive sweetener as the conditions.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </brief_summary>
    <detailed_description>
      <textblock>
        Prior studies in humans indicate that while energy expenditure response is similar after&#xD;
        consumption of equal amounts of fructose, glucose, and sucrose (a dimer of glucose +&#xD;
        fructose), carbohydrate oxidation and blood glucose responses differ. Elevated carbohydrate&#xD;
        oxidation responses appear to be driven by the presence of fructose, and elevated blood&#xD;
        glucose responses appear to be driven by the presence of glucose. Prior work also suggests&#xD;
        that post-ingestive signals of glucose availability, measure specifically as blood glucose&#xD;
        levels, intestinal glucose transporter activity, and carbohydrate oxidation rate, are all&#xD;
        associated with elevated brain response to calorie-predictive flavor cues and reward learning&#xD;
        of these flavor cues. However, in animal models, glucose has been shown to repeatedly and&#xD;
        reliably condition these calorie-predictive learning responses, but fructose does not. Human&#xD;
        work has indicated that oxidation of glucose is critical for these responses. Thus, it is&#xD;
        unclear what roles fructose and glucose each play in conditioning reward responses and&#xD;
        flavor-calorie learning. We hypothesize that fructose plays a synergistic role in enhancing&#xD;
        flavor-calorie learning without itself conditioning the reward response.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </detailed_description>
    <overall_status>Not yet recruiting</overall_status>
    <start_date type="Anticipated">September 1, 2023</start_date>
    <completion_date type="Anticipated">April 20, 2024</completion_date>
    <primary_completion_date type="Anticipated">April 20, 2024</primary_completion_date>
    <phase>N/A</phase>
    <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
    <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
    <study_design_info>
      <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
      <intervention_model>Crossover Assignment</intervention_model>
      <primary_purpose>Basic Science</primary_purpose>
      <masking>Single (Participant)</masking>
    </study_design_info>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Change in preference- liking</measure>
      <time_frame>Immediately after informed consent and in the post-test session approximately 5 weeks later</time_frame>
      <description>Subjective ratings of liking of flavors used in the intervention will be assessed at baseline and after the intervention. The generalized Labeled Magnitude Scale will be used. The scale is anchored by descriptors of &quot;Most Disliked Sensation Imaginable&quot; and &quot;Most Liked Sensation Imaginable&quot; at the lower and upper ends, respectively. The score is determined by the place on the scale participants select (range of scale is 0-100). An increase in score from baseline to post-intervention indicates an increase in liking.</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Post-Test Measure of Preference- wanting</measure>
      <time_frame>At the end of study; approximately 5 weeks after first session</time_frame>
      <description>Subjective ratings of liking of flavors used in the intervention will be assessed at baseline and after the intervention. A Visual Analog Scale will be used. Participants select a place on the line that corresponds with their subjective rating, and the score is determined by the place selected (range of scores is 0-100). The line is anchored by polar opposite descriptors (&quot;Do not want at all&quot; and &quot;Want very much&quot;). An increase in score from baseline to post-intervention indicates and increase in wanting.</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Post-Test Measure of Preference - wanting (ad libitum)</measure>
      <time_frame>At the end of study; approximately 5 weeks after first session</time_frame>
      <description>Ad libitum intake will be used as a measure of wanting in a post-test session. Participants will be provided each beverage used during the intervention and asked to drink as much or as little of them as they would like over a 30-minute period.</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Post-Test Measure of Preference- wanting (forced choice)</measure>
      <time_frame>At the end of study; approximately 5 weeks after first session</time_frame>
      <description>Forced choice will be used as a measure of wanting in a post-test session. Participants will be provided each of the beverages used during the intervention and asked to choose 1 to take home with them.</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response to beverages</measure>
      <time_frame>At the end of study; approximately 5 weeks after first session</time_frame>
      <description>In a post-test session, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans will be performed while beverages (without calories) used during the intervention are delivered through a custom manifold fitted to a head coil and connected to a pump system that allows precisely timed and measured delivery of liquids.</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Blood glucose response to beverages</measure>
      <time_frame>Each week for 3 weeks during the study</time_frame>
      <description>Blood glucose will be assessed at baseline and at set time points for 2 hours after consumption of intervention beverages in one exposure session.</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Energy expenditure in response to beverages</measure>
      <time_frame>Each week for 3 weeks during the study</time_frame>
      <description>Indirect calorimetry will be used to determine energy expenditure at baseline and after consumption of intervention beverages in an exposure session.</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <number_of_arms>6</number_of_arms>
    <enrollment type="Anticipated">20</enrollment>
    <condition>Food Preferences</condition>
    <condition>Appetitive Behavior</condition>
    <arm_group>
      <arm_group_label>Conditioned Stimulus: Sucrose (aim 1)</arm_group_label>
      <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
      <description>Participants will undergo exposure sessions with flavored beverage solutions containing sucrose.</description>
    </arm_group>
    <arm_group>
      <arm_group_label>Conditioned Stimulus: Glucose (aim 1)</arm_group_label>
      <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
      <description>Participants will undergo exposure sessions with flavored beverage solutions containing glucose.</description>
    </arm_group>
    <arm_group>
      <arm_group_label>Conditioned Stimulus: Fructose (aim 1)</arm_group_label>
      <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
      <description>Participants will undergo exposure sessions with flavored beverage solutions containing fructose.</description>
    </arm_group>
    <arm_group>
      <arm_group_label>Conditioned Stimulus: Sucrose (aim 2)</arm_group_label>
      <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
      <description>Participants will undergo exposure sessions with flavored beverage solutions containing sucrose.</description>
    </arm_group>
    <arm_group>
      <arm_group_label>Conditioned Stimulus: High Fructose Corn Syrup (aim 2)</arm_group_label>
      <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
      <description>Participants will undergo exposure sessions with flavored beverage solutions containing high fructose corn syrup.</description>
    </arm_group>
    <arm_group>
      <arm_group_label>Conditioned Stimulus: Sucrose + Non-nutritive Sweetener (aim 2)</arm_group_label>
      <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
      <description>Participants will undergo exposure sessions with flavored beverage solutions containing sucrose and a non-nutritive sweetener.</description>
    </arm_group>
    <intervention>
      <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
      <intervention_name>Conditioned Stimulus: Sucrose (aim 1)</intervention_name>
      <description>Participants will consume flavored beverage solutions containing 110 calories of sucrose in 6 exposure sessions within 1 week. One exposure session will include pre- and post-consumption blood draws and indirect calorimetry measurements inside a metabolic chamber over a 2-hour period. The other 5 exposure sessions will occur at specified times outside the laboratory sessions. Subjective ratings of internal state (i.e., hunger, fullness, and thirst) will be collected throughout each exposure. Subjective ratings of liking and wanting of each beverage will also be assessed.</description>
      <arm_group_label>Conditioned Stimulus: Sucrose (aim 1)</arm_group_label>
      <other_name>Flavored beverage solution with 110 calories of sucrose</other_name>
    </intervention>
    <intervention>
      <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
      <intervention_name>Conditioned Stimulus: Glucose (aim 1)</intervention_name>
      <description>Participants will consume flavored beverage solutions containing 110 calories of glucose in 6 exposure sessions within 1 week. One exposure session will include pre- and post-consumption blood draws and indirect calorimetry measurements inside a metabolic chamber over a 2-hour period. The other 5 exposure sessions will occur at specified times outside the laboratory sessions. Subjective ratings of internal state (i.e., hunger, fullness, and thirst) will be collected throughout each exposure. Subjective ratings of liking and wanting of each beverage will also be assessed.</description>
      <arm_group_label>Conditioned Stimulus: Glucose (aim 1)</arm_group_label>
      <other_name>Flavored beverage solution with 110 calories of glucose</other_name>
    </intervention>
    <intervention>
      <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
      <intervention_name>Conditioned Stimulus: Fructose (aim 1)</intervention_name>
      <description>Participants will consume flavored beverage solutions containing 110 calories of fructose in 6 exposure sessions within 1 week. One exposure session will include pre- and post-consumption blood draws and indirect calorimetry measurements inside a metabolic chamber over a 2-hour period. The other 5 exposure sessions will occur at specified times outside the laboratory sessions. Subjective ratings of internal state (i.e., hunger, fullness, and thirst) will be collected throughout each exposure. Subjective ratings of liking and wanting of each beverage will also be assessed.</description>
      <arm_group_label>Conditioned Stimulus: Fructose (aim 1)</arm_group_label>
      <other_name>Flavored beverage solution with 110 calories of fructose</other_name>
    </intervention>
    <intervention>
      <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
      <intervention_name>Conditioned Stimulus: Sucrose (aim 2)</intervention_name>
      <description>Participants will consume flavored beverage solutions containing 110 calories of sucrose in 6 exposure sessions within 1 week. One exposure session will include pre- and post-consumption blood draws and indirect calorimetry measurements inside a metabolic chamber over a 2-hour period. The other 5 exposure sessions will occur at specified times outside the laboratory sessions. Subjective ratings of internal state (i.e., hunger, fullness, and thirst) will be collected throughout each exposure. Subjective ratings of liking and wanting of each beverage will also be assessed.</description>
      <arm_group_label>Conditioned Stimulus: Sucrose (aim 2)</arm_group_label>
      <other_name>Flavored beverage solution with 110 calories of sucrose</other_name>
    </intervention>
    <intervention>
      <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
      <intervention_name>Conditioned Stimulus: High Fructose Corn Syrup (aim 2)</intervention_name>
      <description>Participants will consume flavored beverage solutions containing 110 calories of high fructose corn syrup in 6 exposure sessions within 1 week. One exposure session will include pre- and post-consumption blood draws and indirect calorimetry measurements inside a metabolic chamber over a 2-hour period. The other 5 exposure sessions will occur at specified times outside the laboratory sessions. Subjective ratings of internal state (i.e., hunger, fullness, and thirst) will be collected throughout each exposure. Subjective ratings of liking and wanting of each beverage will also be assessed.</description>
      <arm_group_label>Conditioned Stimulus: High Fructose Corn Syrup (aim 2)</arm_group_label>
      <other_name>Flavored beverage solution with 110 calories of high fructose corn syrup</other_name>
    </intervention>
    <intervention>
      <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
      <intervention_name>Conditioned Stimulus: Sucrose + Non-nutritive Sweetener (aim 2)</intervention_name>
      <description>Participants will consume flavored beverage solutions containing a non-nutritive sweetener and 110 calories of sucrose in 6 exposure sessions within 1 week. One exposure session will include pre- and post-consumption blood draws and indirect calorimetry measurements inside a metabolic chamber over a 2-hour period. The other 5 exposure sessions will occur at specified times outside the laboratory sessions. Subjective ratings of internal state (i.e., hunger, fullness, and thirst) will be collected throughout each exposure. Subjective ratings of liking and wanting of each beverage will also be assessed.</description>
      <arm_group_label>Conditioned Stimulus: Sucrose + Non-nutritive Sweetener (aim 2)</arm_group_label>
      <other_name>Flavored beverage solution with 110 calories of sucrose in addition to a non-nutritive sweetener</other_name>
    </intervention>
    <eligibility>
      <criteria>
        <textblock>
          Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
  &#xD;
            1. BMI between 18.5-25 kg/m2&#xD;
  &#xD;
            2. Not pregnant or planning to become pregnant during study participation&#xD;
  &#xD;
            3. Residing in the Roanoke area and/or willing/able to attend sessions at the Fralin&#xD;
               Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech Carilion&#xD;
  &#xD;
            4. Weigh at least 110 lbs&#xD;
  &#xD;
          Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
  &#xD;
            1. Current inhaled nicotine use&#xD;
  &#xD;
            2. History of alcohol dependence.&#xD;
  &#xD;
            3. Current or past diagnosis of cardiometabolic disease or problems, including diabetes,&#xD;
               endocrine, heart, or thyroid problems, that may influence study outcomes&#xD;
  &#xD;
            4. Hemoglobin A1C &gt;5.7%&#xD;
  &#xD;
            5. Taking medications known to influence study measures (including&#xD;
               attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), allergy, antidepressant,&#xD;
               antipsychotic, anxiolytic, birth control, blood pressure, blood glucose, cholesterol,&#xD;
               thyroid, sleep, or weight loss medications)&#xD;
  &#xD;
            6. Active medical or neurologic disorder, including cardiometabolic conditions or&#xD;
               gastrointestinal conditions that may influence study outcomes&#xD;
  &#xD;
            7. Recent change in body weight (gain or loss of &gt; 5 lbs within the past 3 months)&#xD;
  &#xD;
            8. Current shift work (typical pattern of work/activity overnight)&#xD;
  &#xD;
            9. Previous weight loss surgery&#xD;
  &#xD;
           10. Adherence to a special diet within the past 3 months (e.g., low-carb or ketogenic&#xD;
               diet, exclusion of food groups/specific macronutrients, intermittent fasting, etc.)&#xD;
  &#xD;
           11. Allergy to any food or ingredient included in the study diets, meals, or beverages&#xD;
  &#xD;
           12. Currently pregnant or planning to become pregnant during study participation&#xD;
  &#xD;
           13. Claustrophobia&#xD;
  &#xD;
           14. Contraindications for MRI, including pacemaker, aneurysm clips, neurostimulators,&#xD;
               cochlear or other implants, metal in eyes, regular work with steel, etc. (Note: This&#xD;
               is an fMRI-specific exclusion criterion. Participants may be allowed to participate in&#xD;
               all other study sessions and measures that do not involve fMRI.)&#xD;
  &#xD;
           15. Contraindications for bioelectrical impedance analysis, specifically implanted devices&#xD;
  &#xD;
           16. Use of substances (or combinations of substances) in doses and frequencies that could&#xD;
               influence neural outcomes of study.&#xD;
        </textblock>
      </criteria>
      <gender>All</gender>
      <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
      <maximum_age>45 Years</maximum_age>
      <healthy_volunteers>Accepts Healthy Volunteers</healthy_volunteers>
    </eligibility>
    <overall_contact>
      <last_name>Alexandra DiFeliceantonio, PhD</last_name>
      <phone>540-526-2285</phone>
      <email>dife@vtc.vt.edu</email>
    </overall_contact>
    <verification_date>August 2023</verification_date>
    <study_first_submitted>May 3, 2023</study_first_submitted>
    <study_first_submitted_qc>August 24, 2023</study_first_submitted_qc>
    <study_first_posted type="Actual">August 29, 2023</study_first_posted>
    <last_update_submitted>August 24, 2023</last_update_submitted>
    <last_update_submitted_qc>August 24, 2023</last_update_submitted_qc>
    <last_update_posted type="Actual">August 29, 2023</last_update_posted>
    <responsible_party>
      <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
      <investigator_affiliation>Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University</investigator_affiliation>
      <investigator_full_name>Alexandra DiFeliceantonio</investigator_full_name>
      <investigator_title>Assistant Professor</investigator_title>
    </responsible_party>
    <intervention_browse>
      <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
      <mesh_term>Pharmaceutical Solutions</mesh_term>
    </intervention_browse>
    <patient_data>
      <sharing_ipd>No</sharing_ipd>
    </patient_data>
    <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
  </clinical_study>
  
  
text: download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
  link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
  url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT06015490
  org study id: #23-297
  nct id: NCT06015490
  lead sponsor: 
  has dmc: No
  is fda regulated drug: No
  is fda regulated device: No
  The goal of this pilot study is to test the feasibility of assessing how biological factors
        and chemical properties of sugars may influence metabolism and food reward in humans. The
        main questions it aims to answer are:
  
          -  Can differences in appetitive responses and neural activations to sucrose (table sugar)
             and its chemical components (glucose and fructose) be measured and quantified?
  
          -  Are there detectable differences in how combinations of sugars and non-nutritive
             sweeteners commonly found in our food supply influence appetitive responses and neural
             activation?
  
        This study is a crossover design, meaning every participant will complete every condition.
        Participants will consume beverages containing sucrose, glucose, or fructose, which are each
        novelly flavored, 6 times within a week. During one of the consumption times, energy
        expenditure, carbohydrate oxidation, and blood glucose will be measured in the lab before and
        for 2 hours after consumption. After participants have consumed each condition, they will
        undergo a tasting task in the MRI scanner, neural responses to receipt of the beverages are
        measured. Another group of participants will undergo the same study design but with sucrose,
        high fructose corn syrup, or sucrose + non-nutritive sweetener as the conditions.
  Prior studies in humans indicate that while energy expenditure response is similar after
        consumption of equal amounts of fructose, glucose, and sucrose (a dimer of glucose +
        fructose), carbohydrate oxidation and blood glucose responses differ. Elevated carbohydrate
        oxidation responses appear to be driven by the presence of fructose, and elevated blood
        glucose responses appear to be driven by the presence of glucose. Prior work also suggests
        that post-ingestive signals of glucose availability, measure specifically as blood glucose
        levels, intestinal glucose transporter activity, and carbohydrate oxidation rate, are all
        associated with elevated brain response to calorie-predictive flavor cues and reward learning
        of these flavor cues. However, in animal models, glucose has been shown to repeatedly and
        reliably condition these calorie-predictive learning responses, but fructose does not. Human
        work has indicated that oxidation of glucose is critical for these responses. Thus, it is
        unclear what roles fructose and glucose each play in conditioning reward responses and
        flavor-calorie learning. We hypothesize that fructose plays a synergistic role in enhancing
        flavor-calorie learning without itself conditioning the reward response.
  allocation: Randomized
  intervention model: Crossover Assignment
  primary purpose: Basic Science
  masking: Single (Participant)
  measure: Change in preference- liking
  time frame: Immediately after informed consent and in the post-test session approximately 5 weeks later
  description: Subjective ratings of liking of flavors used in the intervention will be assessed at baseline and after the intervention. The generalized Labeled Magnitude Scale will be used. The scale is anchored by descriptors of "Most Disliked Sensation Imaginable" and "Most Liked Sensation Imaginable" at the lower and upper ends, respectively. The score is determined by the place on the scale participants select (range of scale is 0-100). An increase in score from baseline to post-intervention indicates an increase in liking.
  measure: Post-Test Measure of Preference- wanting
  time frame: At the end of study; approximately 5 weeks after first session
  description: Subjective ratings of liking of flavors used in the intervention will be assessed at baseline and after the intervention. A Visual Analog Scale will be used. Participants select a place on the line that corresponds with their subjective rating, and the score is determined by the place selected (range of scores is 0-100). The line is anchored by polar opposite descriptors ("Do not want at all" and "Want very much"). An increase in score from baseline to post-intervention indicates and increase in wanting.
  measure: Post-Test Measure of Preference - wanting (ad libitum)
  time frame: At the end of study; approximately 5 weeks after first session
  description: Ad libitum intake will be used as a measure of wanting in a post-test session. Participants will be provided each beverage used during the intervention and asked to drink as much or as little of them as they would like over a 30-minute period.
  measure: Post-Test Measure of Preference- wanting (forced choice)
  time frame: At the end of study; approximately 5 weeks after first session
  description: Forced choice will be used as a measure of wanting in a post-test session. Participants will be provided each of the beverages used during the intervention and asked to choose 1 to take home with them.
  measure: Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response to beverages
  time frame: At the end of study; approximately 5 weeks after first session
  description: In a post-test session, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans will be performed while beverages (without calories) used during the intervention are delivered through a custom manifold fitted to a head coil and connected to a pump system that allows precisely timed and measured delivery of liquids.
  measure: Blood glucose response to beverages
  time frame: Each week for 3 weeks during the study
  description: Blood glucose will be assessed at baseline and at set time points for 2 hours after consumption of intervention beverages in one exposure session.
  measure: Energy expenditure in response to beverages
  time frame: Each week for 3 weeks during the study
  description: Indirect calorimetry will be used to determine energy expenditure at baseline and after consumption of intervention beverages in an exposure session.
  arm group label: Conditioned Stimulus: Sucrose (aim 1)
  arm group type: Experimental
  description: Participants will undergo exposure sessions with flavored beverage solutions containing sucrose.
  arm group label: Conditioned Stimulus: Glucose (aim 1)
  arm group type: Experimental
  description: Participants will undergo exposure sessions with flavored beverage solutions containing glucose.
  arm group label: Conditioned Stimulus: Fructose (aim 1)
  arm group type: Experimental
  description: Participants will undergo exposure sessions with flavored beverage solutions containing fructose.
  arm group label: Conditioned Stimulus: Sucrose (aim 2)
  arm group type: Experimental
  description: Participants will undergo exposure sessions with flavored beverage solutions containing sucrose.
  arm group label: Conditioned Stimulus: High Fructose Corn Syrup (aim 2)
  arm group type: Experimental
  description: Participants will undergo exposure sessions with flavored beverage solutions containing high fructose corn syrup.
  arm group label: Conditioned Stimulus: Sucrose + Non-nutritive Sweetener (aim 2)
  arm group type: Experimental
  description: Participants will undergo exposure sessions with flavored beverage solutions containing sucrose and a non-nutritive sweetener.
  intervention type: Other
  intervention name: Conditioned Stimulus: Sucrose (aim 1)
  description: Participants will consume flavored beverage solutions containing 110 calories of sucrose in 6 exposure sessions within 1 week. One exposure session will include pre- and post-consumption blood draws and indirect calorimetry measurements inside a metabolic chamber over a 2-hour period. The other 5 exposure sessions will occur at specified times outside the laboratory sessions. Subjective ratings of internal state (i.e., hunger, fullness, and thirst) will be collected throughout each exposure. Subjective ratings of liking and wanting of each beverage will also be assessed.
  arm group label: Conditioned Stimulus: Sucrose (aim 1)
  other name: Flavored beverage solution with 110 calories of sucrose
  intervention type: Other
  intervention name: Conditioned Stimulus: Glucose (aim 1)
  description: Participants will consume flavored beverage solutions containing 110 calories of glucose in 6 exposure sessions within 1 week. One exposure session will include pre- and post-consumption blood draws and indirect calorimetry measurements inside a metabolic chamber over a 2-hour period. The other 5 exposure sessions will occur at specified times outside the laboratory sessions. Subjective ratings of internal state (i.e., hunger, fullness, and thirst) will be collected throughout each exposure. Subjective ratings of liking and wanting of each beverage will also be assessed.
  arm group label: Conditioned Stimulus: Glucose (aim 1)
  other name: Flavored beverage solution with 110 calories of glucose
  intervention type: Other
  intervention name: Conditioned Stimulus: Fructose (aim 1)
  description: Participants will consume flavored beverage solutions containing 110 calories of fructose in 6 exposure sessions within 1 week. One exposure session will include pre- and post-consumption blood draws and indirect calorimetry measurements inside a metabolic chamber over a 2-hour period. The other 5 exposure sessions will occur at specified times outside the laboratory sessions. Subjective ratings of internal state (i.e., hunger, fullness, and thirst) will be collected throughout each exposure. Subjective ratings of liking and wanting of each beverage will also be assessed.
  arm group label: Conditioned Stimulus: Fructose (aim 1)
  other name: Flavored beverage solution with 110 calories of fructose
  intervention type: Other
  intervention name: Conditioned Stimulus: Sucrose (aim 2)
  description: Participants will consume flavored beverage solutions containing 110 calories of sucrose in 6 exposure sessions within 1 week. One exposure session will include pre- and post-consumption blood draws and indirect calorimetry measurements inside a metabolic chamber over a 2-hour period. The other 5 exposure sessions will occur at specified times outside the laboratory sessions. Subjective ratings of internal state (i.e., hunger, fullness, and thirst) will be collected throughout each exposure. Subjective ratings of liking and wanting of each beverage will also be assessed.
  arm group label: Conditioned Stimulus: Sucrose (aim 2)
  other name: Flavored beverage solution with 110 calories of sucrose
  intervention type: Other
  intervention name: Conditioned Stimulus: High Fructose Corn Syrup (aim 2)
  description: Participants will consume flavored beverage solutions containing 110 calories of high fructose corn syrup in 6 exposure sessions within 1 week. One exposure session will include pre- and post-consumption blood draws and indirect calorimetry measurements inside a metabolic chamber over a 2-hour period. The other 5 exposure sessions will occur at specified times outside the laboratory sessions. Subjective ratings of internal state (i.e., hunger, fullness, and thirst) will be collected throughout each exposure. Subjective ratings of liking and wanting of each beverage will also be assessed.
  arm group label: Conditioned Stimulus: High Fructose Corn Syrup (aim 2)
  other name: Flavored beverage solution with 110 calories of high fructose corn syrup
  intervention type: Other
  intervention name: Conditioned Stimulus: Sucrose + Non-nutritive Sweetener (aim 2)
  description: Participants will consume flavored beverage solutions containing a non-nutritive sweetener and 110 calories of sucrose in 6 exposure sessions within 1 week. One exposure session will include pre- and post-consumption blood draws and indirect calorimetry measurements inside a metabolic chamber over a 2-hour period. The other 5 exposure sessions will occur at specified times outside the laboratory sessions. Subjective ratings of internal state (i.e., hunger, fullness, and thirst) will be collected throughout each exposure. Subjective ratings of liking and wanting of each beverage will also be assessed.
  arm group label: Conditioned Stimulus: Sucrose + Non-nutritive Sweetener (aim 2)
  other name: Flavored beverage solution with 110 calories of sucrose in addition to a non-nutritive sweetener
  criteria: 
  gender: All
  minimum age: 18 Years
  maximum age: 45 Years
  healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
  last name: Alexandra DiFeliceantonio, PhD
  phone: 540-526-2285
  email: dife@vtc.vt.edu
  responsible party type: Principal Investigator
  investigator affiliation: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
  investigator full name: Alexandra DiFeliceantonio
  investigator title: Assistant Professor
  mesh term: Pharmaceutical Solutions
  sharing ipd: No