xml: <clinical_study>
    <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
      https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
    <required_header>
      <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
      <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
      <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05995457</url>
    </required_header>
    <id_info>
      <org_study_id>D23-P001</org_study_id>
      <nct_id>NCT05995457</nct_id>
    </id_info>
    <brief_title>The IM-ZBULLE Study : &quot; Z-track &quot; and &quot; Airlock &quot; Techniques During Intramuscular Injection of Haloperidol Decanoate</brief_title>
    <acronym>IM-ZBULLE</acronym>
    <official_title>Efficacy of the Combination of &quot; Z-track &quot; and &quot; Airlock &quot; Techniques During Intramuscular Injection of Haloperidol Decanoate in Adult Patients With Schizophrenic or Related Disorder : A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial</official_title>
    <sponsors>
      <lead_sponsor>
        <agency>Centre Hospitalier St Anne</agency>
        <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
      </lead_sponsor>
      <collaborator>
        <agency>Groupe Hospitalier Paul Guiraud</agency>
        <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
      </collaborator>
      <collaborator>
        <agency>Etablissement Public de Santé Barthélemy Durand</agency>
        <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
      </collaborator>
    </sponsors>
    <source>Centre Hospitalier St Anne</source>
    <oversight_info>
      <has_dmc>No</has_dmc>
      <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
      <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
    </oversight_info>
    <brief_summary>
      <textblock>
        Intramuscular injection (IMI) is the process of administering a drug treatment into muscle&#xD;
        tissue. The transmission of skills in this care practice is essentially based on the&#xD;
        experience of peers. In France, there are no official guidelines for this technical&#xD;
        procedure.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Haloperidol decanoate is widely used in psychiatry. This long-acting antipsychotic treatment&#xD;
        considerably reduces the risk of relapse and hospitalization. It is administered by IMI. This&#xD;
        treatment is invasive, painful and risks complications for the patient. Nurses must ensure&#xD;
        that the treatment is as painless as possible, and adapt their practice in line with current&#xD;
        recommendations.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Among the various IMI techniques available, the &quot;Z-track&quot; and the &quot;Airlock&quot; limit leakage&#xD;
        into subcutaneous tissues when the needle is withdrawn, by locking the active product into&#xD;
        the muscular tissues. According to an exploratory study (n=303), 73% of nurses observe active&#xD;
        product leakage after injections, and 89% of nurses are not familiar with either the&#xD;
        &quot;Z-track&quot; or &quot;Airlock&quot; techniques.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Many foreign studies have been carried out to demonstrate the relevance of these techniques,&#xD;
        particularly in terms of pain reduction during treatment, but the results have yet to be&#xD;
        confirmed.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        The investigators hypothesize that the combined use of the &quot;Z-track&quot; and &quot;Airlock&quot; techniques&#xD;
        during intramuscular injection of Haloperidol decanoate is more effective in reducing patient&#xD;
        pain than usual practice.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </brief_summary>
    <detailed_description>
      <textblock>
        This is a multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled, study in 2 parallel&#xD;
        groups.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Experimental and control administration protocols will be standardized to harmonize injection&#xD;
        practices between the different nurses providing care, and to control some variables. Nurses&#xD;
        will have been trained in these protocols and in experimental injection techniques.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        The experimental group will be offered an intramuscular injection using the &quot;Z-track&quot; and&#xD;
        &quot;Airlock&quot; techniques, while the control group will have an &quot;usual&quot; injection.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        An intermediate analysis of futility and efficacy is planned once 50% of the planned sample&#xD;
        has completed the study.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        The object of the research is the intramuscular injection procedure - Product injected:&#xD;
        haloperidol decanoate (Haldol Decanoas®).&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </detailed_description>
    <overall_status>Not yet recruiting</overall_status>
    <start_date type="Anticipated">September 1, 2023</start_date>
    <completion_date type="Anticipated">November 30, 2024</completion_date>
    <primary_completion_date type="Anticipated">September 30, 2024</primary_completion_date>
    <phase>N/A</phase>
    <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
    <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
    <study_design_info>
      <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
      <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
      <primary_purpose>Other</primary_purpose>
      <masking>Double (Participant, Investigator)</masking>
      <masking_description>Advanced practice nurses (APNs) will carry out clinical examinations before and after the treatment. They will not be present during the treatment, and the patient will not know the technique used, in order to ensure a double-blind evaluation. Only the nurses performing the injection will be aware of the technique used (experimental or control).</masking_description>
    </study_design_info>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>pain reduction</measure>
      <time_frame>Day 0 intervention day T</time_frame>
      <description>To evaluate the efficacy of combining the &quot;Z-track&quot; and &quot;Airlock&quot; techniques concerning reducing pain in adult patients treated with Haloperidol decanoate. The primary outcome measure is pain reduction, assessed using a millimeter-scale visual analogic scale (VAS) to measure pain perceived by the patient 5 minutes after the treatment. The score is between 0 (minimum) and 10 (maximum) centimeters. The higher the score, the worse the result.</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Drug leakage reduction</measure>
      <time_frame>Day 0 intervention day</time_frame>
      <description>To measure the loss (leakage) of active product when the needle is withdrawn : The outcome measure is a reduction in the loss of active product by assessing the diameter (using a millimeter scale) of active product that flow back through the puncture site using an absorbent pad.</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Impact of the injection</measure>
      <time_frame>Day 0 to Day 3</time_frame>
      <description>To measure the impact of combining the &quot;Z-track&quot; and &quot;Airlock&quot; techniques on potential complications related to treatment : The outcome measure is the reduction in signs of secondary complications, as measured by a pre- and post-injection clinical examination and a phone call to the patient between Day 1 and Day 3.</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Improving participants satisfaction</measure>
      <time_frame>Day 14 or Day 21 or Day 28 depending to the frequency established by the prescription1</time_frame>
      <description>To measure overall patient satisfaction with the combination of &quot;Z-track&quot; and &quot;Airlock&quot; intramuscular injection techniques. The outcome measure is participant satisfaction, assessed using Attkisson's CSQ-8 questionnaire. This scale comprises 8 questions. Depending on the answer, each question awards 1 to 4 points. The score is therefore between 8 (minimum) and 32 (maximum) points. The higher the score, the better the result.</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Improving the therapeutic alliance</measure>
      <time_frame>Day 0 (intervention day) and Day 14 or Day 21 or Day 28 depending to the frequency established by the prescription</time_frame>
      <description>To measure therapeutic alliance during follow-up :The outcome measure is the overall therapeutic alliance score, using the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) scale before and after intervention. This scale comprises 12 questions. Each question awards 1 to 5 points, depending on the answer. The score is between 12 (minimum) and 60 (maximum) points. The higher the score, the better the result.</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Identifying the obstacles and levers to changing practices</measure>
      <time_frame>During 14 Months</time_frame>
      <description>To identify the levers and obstacles to nurses' change of practice : The outcome measure is the identification of levers and obstacles to change in professional practice among psychiatric nurses, by means of a complementary qualitative descriptive study.</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
    <enrollment type="Anticipated">84</enrollment>
    <condition>Schizophrenia; Psychosis</condition>
    <arm_group>
      <arm_group_label>Intramuscular injection of Haloperidol decanoate using the &quot;Z-track&quot; and &quot;Airlock&quot; techniques</arm_group_label>
      <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
      <description>Intramuscular injection involves administering the drug treatment Haloperidol decanoate into muscle tissue using the &quot;Z-track&quot; and &quot;Airlock&quot; techniques.</description>
    </arm_group>
    <arm_group>
      <arm_group_label>Control arm, Intramuscular injection as usual</arm_group_label>
      <arm_group_type>Other</arm_group_type>
      <description>Intramuscular injection involves administering the drug Haloperidol decanoate into muscle tissue using the usual technique</description>
    </arm_group>
    <intervention>
      <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
      <intervention_name>Intramuscular injection of Haloperidol decanoate using the &quot;Z-track&quot; and &quot;Airlock&quot; techniques</intervention_name>
      <description>Intramuscular injection involves administering the drug treatment Haloperidol decanoate into muscle tissue using the &quot;Z-track&quot; and &quot;Airlock&quot; techniques</description>
      <arm_group_label>Intramuscular injection of Haloperidol decanoate using the &quot;Z-track&quot; and &quot;Airlock&quot; techniques</arm_group_label>
    </intervention>
    <intervention>
      <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
      <intervention_name>Intramuscular injection of Haloperidol decanoate using standard techniques</intervention_name>
      <description>Intramuscular injection involves administering the drug Haloperidol decanoate into muscle tissue using the usual technique.</description>
      <arm_group_label>Control arm, Intramuscular injection as usual</arm_group_label>
    </intervention>
    <eligibility>
      <criteria>
        <textblock>
          Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Adult ;&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  having an outpatient treatment in a Mental Health Community Center (&quot;Centre&#xD;
               Médico-Psychologique&quot; CMP in french) ;&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  with an CIM-10 diagnosis between F20-F29 (Schizophrenia, schizotypal disorder and&#xD;
               delusional disorders);&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  communicative and able to give free and informed consent to the study;&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  prescribed Haloperidol decanoate;&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  covered by the french social security&#xD;
  &#xD;
          Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Minor ;&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  pregnant women ;&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  with insufficient understanding of the French language to understand the VAS;&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  suffering from any of the following known somatic comorbidity : coagulation disorder,&#xD;
               leucopenia, immunosuppression;&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  currently prescribed treatment: immunosuppressant, anticoagulant, antibiotic,&#xD;
               antiretroviral, other products administered by IMI at dorsogluteal injection sites&#xD;
               (antibiotic therapy, hormone therapy, vitamin therapy).&#xD;
        </textblock>
      </criteria>
      <gender>All</gender>
      <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
      <maximum_age>N/A</maximum_age>
      <healthy_volunteers>No</healthy_volunteers>
    </eligibility>
    <overall_official>
      <last_name>Rayan BCHINI</last_name>
      <role>Principal Investigator</role>
      <affiliation>GHU Paris Psychiatrie &amp; Neurosciences</affiliation>
    </overall_official>
    <overall_contact>
      <last_name>Rayan BCHINI, IPA</last_name>
      <phone>33 1 42 11 75 90</phone>
      <email>rayan.francoisbchini@gh-paulguiraud.fr</email>
    </overall_contact>
    <overall_contact_backup>
      <last_name>Cécile BERGOT</last_name>
      <email>C.BERGOT@ghu-paris.fr</email>
    </overall_contact_backup>
    <location>
      <facility>
        <name>Rayan BCHINI</name>
        <address>
          <city>Villejuif</city>
          <zip>94800</zip>
          <country>France</country>
        </address>
      </facility>
      <contact>
        <last_name>Rayan BCHINI, Master 2 IPA</last_name>
        <phone>+33142117590</phone>
        <email>rayan.francoisbchini@gh-paulguiraud.fr</email>
      </contact>
    </location>
    <location_countries>
      <country>France</country>
    </location_countries>
    <reference>
      <citation>Bchini R, Goutte N. [Evidence-based practice and nursing: intramuscular injection in psychiatry]. Soins Psychiatr. 2023 May-Jun;44(346):21-26. doi: 10.1016/j.spsy.2023.04.006. Epub 2023 Jun 7. French.</citation>
      <PMID>37328226</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Rodger MA, King L. Drawing up and administering intramuscular injections: a review of the literature. J Adv Nurs. 2000 Mar;31(3):574-82. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.01312.x.</citation>
      <PMID>10718876</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Wynaden D, Landsborough I, Chapman R, McGowan S, Lapsley J, Finn M. Establishing best practice guidelines for administration of intra muscular injections in the adult: a systematic review of the literature. Contemp Nurse. 2005 Dec;20(2):267-77. doi: 10.5172/conu.20.2.267.</citation>
      <PMID>16393108</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Sanlialp Zeyrek A, Takmak S, Kurban NK, Arslan S. Systematic review and meta-analysis: Physical-procedural interventions used to reduce pain during intramuscular injections in adults. J Adv Nurs. 2019 Dec;75(12):3346-3361. doi: 10.1111/jan.14183. Epub 2019 Sep 13.</citation>
      <PMID>31452229</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Keen MF. Comparison of intramuscular injection techniques to reduce site discomfort and lesions. Nurs Res. 1986 Jul-Aug;35(4):207-10.</citation>
      <PMID>3636818</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Kim KS. [Comparison of two intramuscular injection technics on the severity of discomfort and lesions at the injection site]. Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 1988 Dec;18(3):257-68. doi: 10.4040/jnas.1988.18.3.257. Korean.</citation>
      <PMID>3230758</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Quartermaine S, Taylor R. A comparative study of depot injection techniques. Nurs Times. 1995 Jul 26-Aug 1;91(30):36-9.</citation>
      <PMID>7644369</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Mac Gabhann L. A comparison of two depot injection techniques. Nurs Stand. 1998 Jun 3-9;12(37):39-41. doi: 10.7748/ns1998.06.12.37.39.c2512.</citation>
      <PMID>9732632</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Yilmaz DK, Dikmen Y, Kokturk F, Dedeoglu Y. The effect of air-lock technique on pain at the site of intramuscular injection. Saudi Med J. 2016 Mar;37(3):304-8. doi: 10.15537/smj.2016.3.13113.</citation>
      <PMID>26905354</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Kara D, Yapucu Gunes U. The effect on pain of three different methods of intramuscular injection: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Nurs Pract. 2016 Apr;22(2):152-9. doi: 10.1111/ijn.12358. Epub 2014 Jul 11.</citation>
      <PMID>25039702</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Ayinde O, Hayward RS, Ross JDC. The effect of intramuscular injection technique on injection associated pain; a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2021 May 3;16(5):e0250883. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250883. eCollection 2021.</citation>
      <PMID>33939726</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Heshmatifar N, Salari M, Rad M, Afshari Saleh T, Borzoee F, Rastaghi S. A New Approach on the pain management of intramuscular injection: A Triple-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. Pain Manag Nurs. 2022 Jun;23(3):353-358. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2021.01.010. Epub 2021 Mar 11.</citation>
      <PMID>33714700</PMID>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <citation>Bloch Y, Mendlovic S, Strupinsky S, Altshuler A, Fennig S, Ratzoni G. Injections of depot antipsychotic medications in patients suffering from schizophrenia: do they hurt? J Clin Psychiatry. 2001 Nov;62(11):855-9. doi: 10.4088/jcp.v62n1104.</citation>
      <PMID>11775044</PMID>
    </reference>
    <verification_date>August 2023</verification_date>
    <study_first_submitted>July 18, 2023</study_first_submitted>
    <study_first_submitted_qc>August 8, 2023</study_first_submitted_qc>
    <study_first_posted type="Actual">August 16, 2023</study_first_posted>
    <last_update_submitted>August 21, 2023</last_update_submitted>
    <last_update_submitted_qc>August 21, 2023</last_update_submitted_qc>
    <last_update_posted type="Actual">August 23, 2023</last_update_posted>
    <responsible_party>
      <responsible_party_type>Sponsor</responsible_party_type>
    </responsible_party>
    <keyword>Schizophrenia</keyword>
    <keyword>Haloperidol decanoate</keyword>
    <condition_browse>
      <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
      <mesh_term>Schizophrenia</mesh_term>
    </condition_browse>
    <intervention_browse>
      <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
      <mesh_term>Haloperidol</mesh_term>
      <mesh_term>Haloperidol decanoate</mesh_term>
    </intervention_browse>
    <patient_data>
      <sharing_ipd>No</sharing_ipd>
    </patient_data>
    <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
  </clinical_study>
  
  
text: download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
  link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
  url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05995457
  org study id: D23-P001
  nct id: NCT05995457
  lead sponsor: 
  collaborator: 
  collaborator: 
  has dmc: No
  is fda regulated drug: No
  is fda regulated device: No
  Intramuscular injection (IMI) is the process of administering a drug treatment into muscle
        tissue. The transmission of skills in this care practice is essentially based on the
        experience of peers. In France, there are no official guidelines for this technical
        procedure.
  
        Haloperidol decanoate is widely used in psychiatry. This long-acting antipsychotic treatment
        considerably reduces the risk of relapse and hospitalization. It is administered by IMI. This
        treatment is invasive, painful and risks complications for the patient. Nurses must ensure
        that the treatment is as painless as possible, and adapt their practice in line with current
        recommendations.
  
        Among the various IMI techniques available, the "Z-track" and the "Airlock" limit leakage
        into subcutaneous tissues when the needle is withdrawn, by locking the active product into
        the muscular tissues. According to an exploratory study (n=303), 73% of nurses observe active
        product leakage after injections, and 89% of nurses are not familiar with either the
        "Z-track" or "Airlock" techniques.
  
        Many foreign studies have been carried out to demonstrate the relevance of these techniques,
        particularly in terms of pain reduction during treatment, but the results have yet to be
        confirmed.
  
        The investigators hypothesize that the combined use of the "Z-track" and "Airlock" techniques
        during intramuscular injection of Haloperidol decanoate is more effective in reducing patient
        pain than usual practice.
  This is a multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled, study in 2 parallel
        groups.
  
        Experimental and control administration protocols will be standardized to harmonize injection
        practices between the different nurses providing care, and to control some variables. Nurses
        will have been trained in these protocols and in experimental injection techniques.
  
        The experimental group will be offered an intramuscular injection using the "Z-track" and
        "Airlock" techniques, while the control group will have an "usual" injection.
  
        An intermediate analysis of futility and efficacy is planned once 50% of the planned sample
        has completed the study.
  
        The object of the research is the intramuscular injection procedure - Product injected:
        haloperidol decanoate (Haldol Decanoas®).
  allocation: Randomized
  intervention model: Parallel Assignment
  primary purpose: Other
  masking: Double (Participant, Investigator)
  masking description: Advanced practice nurses (APNs) will carry out clinical examinations before and after the treatment. They will not be present during the treatment, and the patient will not know the technique used, in order to ensure a double-blind evaluation. Only the nurses performing the injection will be aware of the technique used (experimental or control).
  measure: pain reduction
  time frame: Day 0 intervention day T
  description: To evaluate the efficacy of combining the "Z-track" and "Airlock" techniques concerning reducing pain in adult patients treated with Haloperidol decanoate. The primary outcome measure is pain reduction, assessed using a millimeter-scale visual analogic scale (VAS) to measure pain perceived by the patient 5 minutes after the treatment. The score is between 0 (minimum) and 10 (maximum) centimeters. The higher the score, the worse the result.
  measure: Drug leakage reduction
  time frame: Day 0 intervention day
  description: To measure the loss (leakage) of active product when the needle is withdrawn : The outcome measure is a reduction in the loss of active product by assessing the diameter (using a millimeter scale) of active product that flow back through the puncture site using an absorbent pad.
  measure: Impact of the injection
  time frame: Day 0 to Day 3
  description: To measure the impact of combining the "Z-track" and "Airlock" techniques on potential complications related to treatment : The outcome measure is the reduction in signs of secondary complications, as measured by a pre- and post-injection clinical examination and a phone call to the patient between Day 1 and Day 3.
  measure: Improving participants satisfaction
  time frame: Day 14 or Day 21 or Day 28 depending to the frequency established by the prescription1
  description: To measure overall patient satisfaction with the combination of "Z-track" and "Airlock" intramuscular injection techniques. The outcome measure is participant satisfaction, assessed using Attkisson's CSQ-8 questionnaire. This scale comprises 8 questions. Depending on the answer, each question awards 1 to 4 points. The score is therefore between 8 (minimum) and 32 (maximum) points. The higher the score, the better the result.
  measure: Improving the therapeutic alliance
  time frame: Day 0 (intervention day) and Day 14 or Day 21 or Day 28 depending to the frequency established by the prescription
  description: To measure therapeutic alliance during follow-up :The outcome measure is the overall therapeutic alliance score, using the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) scale before and after intervention. This scale comprises 12 questions. Each question awards 1 to 5 points, depending on the answer. The score is between 12 (minimum) and 60 (maximum) points. The higher the score, the better the result.
  measure: Identifying the obstacles and levers to changing practices
  time frame: During 14 Months
  description: To identify the levers and obstacles to nurses' change of practice : The outcome measure is the identification of levers and obstacles to change in professional practice among psychiatric nurses, by means of a complementary qualitative descriptive study.
  arm group label: Intramuscular injection of Haloperidol decanoate using the "Z-track" and "Airlock" techniques
  arm group type: Experimental
  description: Intramuscular injection involves administering the drug treatment Haloperidol decanoate into muscle tissue using the "Z-track" and "Airlock" techniques.
  arm group label: Control arm, Intramuscular injection as usual
  arm group type: Other
  description: Intramuscular injection involves administering the drug Haloperidol decanoate into muscle tissue using the usual technique
  intervention type: Other
  intervention name: Intramuscular injection of Haloperidol decanoate using the "Z-track" and "Airlock" techniques
  description: Intramuscular injection involves administering the drug treatment Haloperidol decanoate into muscle tissue using the "Z-track" and "Airlock" techniques
  arm group label: Intramuscular injection of Haloperidol decanoate using the "Z-track" and "Airlock" techniques
  intervention type: Other
  intervention name: Intramuscular injection of Haloperidol decanoate using standard techniques
  description: Intramuscular injection involves administering the drug Haloperidol decanoate into muscle tissue using the usual technique.
  arm group label: Control arm, Intramuscular injection as usual
  criteria: 
  gender: All
  minimum age: 18 Years
  maximum age: N/A
  healthy volunteers: No
  last name: Rayan BCHINI
  role: Principal Investigator
  affiliation: GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences
  last name: Rayan BCHINI, IPA
  phone: 33 1 42 11 75 90
  email: rayan.francoisbchini@gh-paulguiraud.fr
  last name: Cécile BERGOT
  email: C.BERGOT@ghu-paris.fr
  facility: 
  contact: 
  country: France
  citation: Bchini R, Goutte N. [Evidence-based practice and nursing: intramuscular injection in psychiatry]. Soins Psychiatr. 2023 May-Jun;44(346):21-26. doi: 10.1016/j.spsy.2023.04.006. Epub 2023 Jun 7. French.
  PMID: 37328226
  citation: Rodger MA, King L. Drawing up and administering intramuscular injections: a review of the literature. J Adv Nurs. 2000 Mar;31(3):574-82. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.01312.x.
  PMID: 10718876
  citation: Wynaden D, Landsborough I, Chapman R, McGowan S, Lapsley J, Finn M. Establishing best practice guidelines for administration of intra muscular injections in the adult: a systematic review of the literature. Contemp Nurse. 2005 Dec;20(2):267-77. doi: 10.5172/conu.20.2.267.
  PMID: 16393108
  citation: Sanlialp Zeyrek A, Takmak S, Kurban NK, Arslan S. Systematic review and meta-analysis: Physical-procedural interventions used to reduce pain during intramuscular injections in adults. J Adv Nurs. 2019 Dec;75(12):3346-3361. doi: 10.1111/jan.14183. Epub 2019 Sep 13.
  PMID: 31452229
  citation: Keen MF. Comparison of intramuscular injection techniques to reduce site discomfort and lesions. Nurs Res. 1986 Jul-Aug;35(4):207-10.
  PMID: 3636818
  citation: Kim KS. [Comparison of two intramuscular injection technics on the severity of discomfort and lesions at the injection site]. Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 1988 Dec;18(3):257-68. doi: 10.4040/jnas.1988.18.3.257. Korean.
  PMID: 3230758
  citation: Quartermaine S, Taylor R. A comparative study of depot injection techniques. Nurs Times. 1995 Jul 26-Aug 1;91(30):36-9.
  PMID: 7644369
  citation: Mac Gabhann L. A comparison of two depot injection techniques. Nurs Stand. 1998 Jun 3-9;12(37):39-41. doi: 10.7748/ns1998.06.12.37.39.c2512.
  PMID: 9732632
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  PMID: 11775044
  responsible party type: Sponsor
  mesh term: Schizophrenia
  mesh term: Haloperidol
  mesh term: Haloperidol decanoate
  sharing ipd: No