xml: <clinical_study>
    <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
      https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
    <required_header>
      <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
      <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
      <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05962736</url>
    </required_header>
    <id_info>
      <org_study_id>AkdenızUnıvesıty</org_study_id>
      <nct_id>NCT05962736</nct_id>
    </id_info>
    <brief_title>The Effect of Mirror Therapy After Thoracotomy</brief_title>
    <official_title>The Effect of Mirror Therapy on Shoulder Pain and Function in Patients Undergoing Thoracotomy</official_title>
    <sponsors>
      <lead_sponsor>
        <agency>Akdeniz University</agency>
        <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
      </lead_sponsor>
    </sponsors>
    <source>Akdeniz University</source>
    <oversight_info>
      <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
      <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
    </oversight_info>
    <brief_summary>
      <textblock>
        After thoracotomy, limitation in shoulder functions, ipsilateral shoulder pain, decrease in&#xD;
        shoulder muscle strength and deterioration in quality of life occur. The exercise program&#xD;
        applied after thoracotomy includes active range of motion exercises, postural correction&#xD;
        activities, scapular strengthening exercises, and stretching of the chest and shoulder&#xD;
        muscles. Mirror therapy can improve motor functions and reduce unilateral pain. This study&#xD;
        aims to evaluate the effects of upper extremity exercises based on mirror therapy after&#xD;
        thoracotomy on ipsilateral shoulder pain, shoulder joint range of motion, shoulder muscle&#xD;
        strength, shoulder function, quality of life, movement and fear of re-injury. The patients&#xD;
        were divided into 2 groups as &quot;mirror therapy group&quot; and &quot;control group&quot;, by choosing a&#xD;
        simple randomization so that they could not see what was written on their pre-prepared&#xD;
        papers. Standard medical treatment, care and pulmonary rehabilitation program were applied to&#xD;
        both groups. In addition to the routine rehabilitation program after thoracotomy, the study&#xD;
        group received a total of 24 sessions of foal therapy, 3 sessions a week, for 8 weeks. Data&#xD;
        were collected using the Personal Information Form including the demographic characteristics&#xD;
        of the patients, Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale, Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Shoulder&#xD;
        Active Range of Motion, Pain Catastrophization Scale, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index,&#xD;
        Shoulder muscle strength, SF-12. performed before and after treatment.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </brief_summary>
    <detailed_description>
      <textblock>
        Mirror therapy can improve motor functions and reduce unilateral pain. A Mirror therapy&#xD;
        applied to patients with shoulder pain and limited shoulder joint range of motion reduces&#xD;
        pain intensity, improves active joint range of motion and shoulder functions, and improves&#xD;
        kinesiophobia levels. The exercise program applied after thoracotomy includes active range of&#xD;
        motion exercises, postural correction activities, scapular strengthening exercises, and&#xD;
        stretching of the chest and shoulder muscles. Verbal and tactile cues may be required to&#xD;
        complete these exercises. Therefore, mirror therapy can be a helpful tool that provides&#xD;
        visual feedback while performing these exercises. This study aims to evaluate the effects of&#xD;
        mirror therapy-based upper extremity exercises on ipsilateral shoulder pain, shoulder joint&#xD;
        range of motion, shoulder muscle strength, shoulder function, quality of life, movement and&#xD;
        fear of re-injury. This study, which was planned as a prospective randomized controlled&#xD;
        study; It was performed on patients aged 25-65 years who were admitted to the Akdeniz&#xD;
        University Hospital Thoracic Surgery Clinic underwent lung resection (lobectomy,&#xD;
        segmentectomy or wedge resection) with standard posterolateral thoracotomy. PS Power and&#xD;
        Sample Size Calculations Version 3.0 program was used for sample size calculation. The study&#xD;
        titled &quot;The effect of interscalene block on ipsilateral shoulder pain and pulmonary function&#xD;
        in patients undergoing lung lobectomy: A randomized controlled trial&quot; by Woo et al. In this&#xD;
        direction, the targeted number of patients in the sample was planned as 70 patients, of which&#xD;
        at least 35 were controls. The necessary permissions were obtained and the study was carried&#xD;
        out at the Akdeniz University Hospital Thoracic Surgery Clinic. The information form prepared&#xD;
        in accordance with the standards of the Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Clinical&#xD;
        Research Ethics Committee and the voluntary consent form were signed by all cases.&#xD;
        Demographic data of the cases were recorded on the &quot;Patient Evaluation Form&quot; created by us.&#xD;
        In the preoperative period, the age, gender, weight and height measurements, educational&#xD;
        status, type of surgery, whether there was any additional systemic disease, smoking, alcohol&#xD;
        habits, medications that they constantly used, and previous operations were recorded in both&#xD;
        groups. The patients were divided into 2 groups as &quot;study&quot; and &quot;control group&quot;, by choosing a&#xD;
        simple randomization so that they could not see what was written on their pre-prepared&#xD;
        papers. Standard medical treatment, care and pulmonary rehabilitation program were applied to&#xD;
        both groups. Patients were mobilized as early as possible. The control group consisted of&#xD;
        patients who underwent thoracotomy and underwent routine rehabilitation in the post-surgical&#xD;
        period. routine respiratory rehabilitation program; It consists of a) positioning, b) general&#xD;
        body exercises, c) airway clearance techniques, d) breathing exercises, e) incentive&#xD;
        spirometry and f) mobilization applications. In this study, the study group consisted of&#xD;
        patients who would receive mirror therapy in addition to the routine rehabilitation program&#xD;
        described above and applied to the control group in the post-thoracotomy period. In the study&#xD;
        group, mirror therapy was started with the permission of the responsible doctor after the&#xD;
        patient was extubated during the surgical period, that is, after he was awakened from&#xD;
        anesthesia and after he became fully conscious and his hemodynamic status stabilized. To be&#xD;
        applied in addition to the standard treatment, the study group was placed in such a way that&#xD;
        the mirror was in the midline of the body and it was ensured that the healthy extremity could&#xD;
        be seen on the reflected face of the mirror, and the patient's extremity would not be seen by&#xD;
        leaving it behind the mirror. In this position, first, symmetrical movements were performed&#xD;
        for 1-2 minutes to understand the mirror effect, then active shoulder flexion, abduction, and&#xD;
        rotation movements were performed bilaterally, each with 15 repetitions.The patients received&#xD;
        treatment for 8 weeks, 3 sessions a week, for a total of 24 sessions. Each treatment session&#xD;
        lasts between 60 and 90 minutes. Evaluations were made before and after treatment.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        Data, Personal Information Form including demographic characteristics of patients, Numerical&#xD;
        Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Shoulder Active Range of Motion, Shoulder Muscle Strength, Shoulder&#xD;
        Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), Short Form 12 (SF-12), Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale, It was&#xD;
        collected using the Pain Catastrophe Scale (PCS).&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </detailed_description>
    <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
    <start_date type="Actual">March 6, 2021</start_date>
    <completion_date type="Actual">July 6, 2023</completion_date>
    <primary_completion_date type="Actual">March 6, 2023</primary_completion_date>
    <phase>N/A</phase>
    <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
    <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
    <study_design_info>
      <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
      <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
      <primary_purpose>Prevention</primary_purpose>
      <masking>Single (Participant)</masking>
    </study_design_info>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Change of Pain Score</measure>
      <time_frame>Change from Baseline Pain Score at 8 weeks.</time_frame>
      <description>Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) was used as a one-dimensional scale for pain</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Change of Active Shoulder Range of Motion</measure>
      <time_frame>Change from Baseline Active Shoulder Range of Motion at 8 weeks.</time_frame>
      <description>Active shoulder range of motion of the patients will be evaluated with a digital goniometer (Baseline Digital Absolute &amp; Axis Goniometer) using a standard protocol. Total shoulder motion that allows motion of all joints in the shoulder complex will be measured, glenohumeral motion will not be isolated. Flexion, abduction, external and internal rotation of the shoulder will be evaluated. Preoperative period, postoperative 7th day, postoperative 4th week and postoperative 8th week will be repeated.</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Change of Shoulder Muscle Strength</measure>
      <time_frame>Change from Baseline Shoulder Muscle Strength at 8 weeks.</time_frame>
      <description>Shoulder muscle strength will be measured using a dynamometer (MicroFET 2 Manual Muscle Tester). Force measurements will be taken for shoulder flexion, abduction, internal and external rotation. Before starting the test, patients will be informed about how to perform the test. Preoperative period, postoperative 7th day, postoperative 4th week and postoperative 8th week will be repeated.</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Change of Quality of Life Score</measure>
      <time_frame>Change from Baseline Quality of Life Score at 8 weeks.</time_frame>
      <description>The quality of life of our patients will be evaluated using the Short Form-12. Health-related</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Change of Shoulder, Pain and Disability Index Score</measure>
      <time_frame>Change from Baseline Shoulder, Pain and Disability Index Score at 8 weeks.</time_frame>
      <description>Shoulder function will be measured using the Shoulder, Pain and Disability Index , a self-rated questionnaire designed to measure shoulder pain and disability. Shoulder Pain and Disability Index is a reliable questionnaire evaluating shoulder pain and disability. Turkish reliability and validity were performed by Bumin et al. in 2008. There are 2 subscales and 13 items in total in the index. 5 of them evaluate pain and 8 evaluate disability. The items of both subscales are measured with a visual analog scale from 0 to 10. The scores given by the individual are added together and calculated as a percentage. Higher scores indicate more severe pain and higher disability. Preoperative period, postoperative 7th day, postoperative 4th week and postoperative 8th week will be repeated</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Change of Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale</measure>
      <time_frame>Change from Baseline Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale Score at 8 weeks.</time_frame>
      <description>This scale, which is frequently used in the literature, is based on avoidance due to fear, fear in work-related activities, fear of movement or re-injury. Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale is a 17-item scale developed to measure fear of movement and re-injury. The scale includes parameters of injury/re-injury and fear-avoidance in work-related activities. The fact that it is an important outcome parameter for physiotherapists in evaluating the success of the treatment and especially the social participation of the patients, and being a scale that can be used in various patient groups, makes Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale a valuable measurement parameter in the clinic. Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale is a 4-point Likert scale scored as 1-strongly disagree, 2-disagree, 3-agree, 4-strongly agree. The total score is calculated after questions 4, 8, 12 and 16 are reverse scored one by one. The total score is between 17-68. A high value in Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale indicates a high level of kinesiophobia.</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Height in Meters</measure>
      <time_frame>Initial assessment before surgery.</time_frame>
      <description>The height of all subjects in meters (m) will be noted before the surgery.</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Weight in Kilograms</measure>
      <time_frame>Initial assessment before surgery.</time_frame>
      <description>The weight of all subjects in kilograms (kg) will be noted before the surgery.</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Body Mass Index (BMI) in kg/m^2</measure>
      <time_frame>Initial assessment before surgery</time_frame>
      <description>Body Mass Index (BMI) will be calculated with the formula weight (kg)/height (m)^2.</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
    <enrollment type="Actual">70</enrollment>
    <condition>Post-thoracotomy Pain Syndrome</condition>
    <condition>Shoulder Pain</condition>
    <arm_group>
      <arm_group_label>Control group</arm_group_label>
      <arm_group_type>No Intervention</arm_group_type>
      <description>The control group consisted of patients who underwent thoracotomy and underwent routine rehabilitation in the post-surgical period. routine respiratory rehabilitation program; It consists of a) positioning, b) general body exercises, c) airway clearance techniques, d) breathing exercises, e) incentive spirometry and f) mobilization applications.</description>
    </arm_group>
    <arm_group>
      <arm_group_label>Study group</arm_group_label>
      <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
      <description>The study group consisted of patients who would receive mirror therapy in addition to the routine rehabilitation program described above and applied to the control group in the post-thoracotomy period.</description>
    </arm_group>
    <intervention>
      <intervention_type>Device</intervention_type>
      <intervention_name>Mirror therapy</intervention_name>
      <description>The patients received a total of 24 sessions of treatment for 8 weeks, 3 sessions a week, starting from the postoperative 1st day after thorakaotomy. Each treatment session lasts between 60 and 90 minutes.</description>
      <arm_group_label>Study group</arm_group_label>
    </intervention>
    <eligibility>
      <criteria>
        <textblock>
          Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Patients who were hospitalized in Akdeniz University Hospital Thoracic Surgery Clinic&#xD;
               and underwent lung resection with standard posterolateral thoracotomy (lobectomy,&#xD;
               segmentectomy or wedge resection),&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Those between the ages of 25-65,&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Hemodynamically stable,&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Those who were extubated at the 2nd or 3rd postoperative hour and who did not develop&#xD;
               any complications after extubation,&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  No known cerebrovascular disease,&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Not having morbid obesity and heart disease that will prevent working,&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Does not have cognitive and cognitive impairments that will prevent communication,&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  No previous paralysis and related effects,&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Individuals who agree to participate in the study.&#xD;
  &#xD;
          Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Those who stayed in the intensive care unit for more than 4 days in the postoperative&#xD;
               period,&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Those who have had another surgical procedure within 6 months,&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Those with postoperative cooperation problems such as delirium,&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Those with Rotator Cuff injuries,&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Those with cervical radiculopathy,&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Those with rheumatological diseases,&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Those with neurological disease,&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Those with a history of dislocation, subluxation,&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Those with a history of fracture,&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Those with congenital deformity,&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Those who have a history of surgery related to the shoulder,&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Those who have trouble perceiving tests and exercises&#xD;
        </textblock>
      </criteria>
      <gender>All</gender>
      <minimum_age>25 Years</minimum_age>
      <maximum_age>65 Years</maximum_age>
      <healthy_volunteers>No</healthy_volunteers>
    </eligibility>
    <overall_official>
      <last_name>Neriman T Aksu</last_name>
      <role>Principal Investigator</role>
      <affiliation>Akdeniz Üniversitesi Antalya Sağlık Yüksekokulu</affiliation>
    </overall_official>
    <location>
      <facility>
        <name>Neriman Temel Aksu</name>
        <address>
          <city>Antalya</city>
          <zip>07060</zip>
          <country>Turkey</country>
        </address>
      </facility>
    </location>
    <location_countries>
      <country>Turkey</country>
    </location_countries>
    <verification_date>July 2023</verification_date>
    <study_first_submitted>July 19, 2023</study_first_submitted>
    <study_first_submitted_qc>July 19, 2023</study_first_submitted_qc>
    <study_first_posted type="Actual">July 27, 2023</study_first_posted>
    <last_update_submitted>July 19, 2023</last_update_submitted>
    <last_update_submitted_qc>July 19, 2023</last_update_submitted_qc>
    <last_update_posted type="Actual">July 27, 2023</last_update_posted>
    <responsible_party>
      <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
      <investigator_affiliation>Akdeniz University</investigator_affiliation>
      <investigator_full_name>Neriman Temel Aksu</investigator_full_name>
      <investigator_title>Research Assistant (Expert Physiotherapist)</investigator_title>
    </responsible_party>
    <condition_browse>
      <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
      <mesh_term>Shoulder Pain</mesh_term>
    </condition_browse>
    <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
  </clinical_study>
  
  
text: download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
  link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
  url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05962736
  org study id: AkdenızUnıvesıty
  nct id: NCT05962736
  lead sponsor: 
  is fda regulated drug: No
  is fda regulated device: No
  After thoracotomy, limitation in shoulder functions, ipsilateral shoulder pain, decrease in
        shoulder muscle strength and deterioration in quality of life occur. The exercise program
        applied after thoracotomy includes active range of motion exercises, postural correction
        activities, scapular strengthening exercises, and stretching of the chest and shoulder
        muscles. Mirror therapy can improve motor functions and reduce unilateral pain. This study
        aims to evaluate the effects of upper extremity exercises based on mirror therapy after
        thoracotomy on ipsilateral shoulder pain, shoulder joint range of motion, shoulder muscle
        strength, shoulder function, quality of life, movement and fear of re-injury. The patients
        were divided into 2 groups as "mirror therapy group" and "control group", by choosing a
        simple randomization so that they could not see what was written on their pre-prepared
        papers. Standard medical treatment, care and pulmonary rehabilitation program were applied to
        both groups. In addition to the routine rehabilitation program after thoracotomy, the study
        group received a total of 24 sessions of foal therapy, 3 sessions a week, for 8 weeks. Data
        were collected using the Personal Information Form including the demographic characteristics
        of the patients, Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale, Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Shoulder
        Active Range of Motion, Pain Catastrophization Scale, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index,
        Shoulder muscle strength, SF-12. performed before and after treatment.
  Mirror therapy can improve motor functions and reduce unilateral pain. A Mirror therapy
        applied to patients with shoulder pain and limited shoulder joint range of motion reduces
        pain intensity, improves active joint range of motion and shoulder functions, and improves
        kinesiophobia levels. The exercise program applied after thoracotomy includes active range of
        motion exercises, postural correction activities, scapular strengthening exercises, and
        stretching of the chest and shoulder muscles. Verbal and tactile cues may be required to
        complete these exercises. Therefore, mirror therapy can be a helpful tool that provides
        visual feedback while performing these exercises. This study aims to evaluate the effects of
        mirror therapy-based upper extremity exercises on ipsilateral shoulder pain, shoulder joint
        range of motion, shoulder muscle strength, shoulder function, quality of life, movement and
        fear of re-injury. This study, which was planned as a prospective randomized controlled
        study; It was performed on patients aged 25-65 years who were admitted to the Akdeniz
        University Hospital Thoracic Surgery Clinic underwent lung resection (lobectomy,
        segmentectomy or wedge resection) with standard posterolateral thoracotomy. PS Power and
        Sample Size Calculations Version 3.0 program was used for sample size calculation. The study
        titled "The effect of interscalene block on ipsilateral shoulder pain and pulmonary function
        in patients undergoing lung lobectomy: A randomized controlled trial" by Woo et al. In this
        direction, the targeted number of patients in the sample was planned as 70 patients, of which
        at least 35 were controls. The necessary permissions were obtained and the study was carried
        out at the Akdeniz University Hospital Thoracic Surgery Clinic. The information form prepared
        in accordance with the standards of the Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Clinical
        Research Ethics Committee and the voluntary consent form were signed by all cases.
        Demographic data of the cases were recorded on the "Patient Evaluation Form" created by us.
        In the preoperative period, the age, gender, weight and height measurements, educational
        status, type of surgery, whether there was any additional systemic disease, smoking, alcohol
        habits, medications that they constantly used, and previous operations were recorded in both
        groups. The patients were divided into 2 groups as "study" and "control group", by choosing a
        simple randomization so that they could not see what was written on their pre-prepared
        papers. Standard medical treatment, care and pulmonary rehabilitation program were applied to
        both groups. Patients were mobilized as early as possible. The control group consisted of
        patients who underwent thoracotomy and underwent routine rehabilitation in the post-surgical
        period. routine respiratory rehabilitation program; It consists of a) positioning, b) general
        body exercises, c) airway clearance techniques, d) breathing exercises, e) incentive
        spirometry and f) mobilization applications. In this study, the study group consisted of
        patients who would receive mirror therapy in addition to the routine rehabilitation program
        described above and applied to the control group in the post-thoracotomy period. In the study
        group, mirror therapy was started with the permission of the responsible doctor after the
        patient was extubated during the surgical period, that is, after he was awakened from
        anesthesia and after he became fully conscious and his hemodynamic status stabilized. To be
        applied in addition to the standard treatment, the study group was placed in such a way that
        the mirror was in the midline of the body and it was ensured that the healthy extremity could
        be seen on the reflected face of the mirror, and the patient's extremity would not be seen by
        leaving it behind the mirror. In this position, first, symmetrical movements were performed
        for 1-2 minutes to understand the mirror effect, then active shoulder flexion, abduction, and
        rotation movements were performed bilaterally, each with 15 repetitions.The patients received
        treatment for 8 weeks, 3 sessions a week, for a total of 24 sessions. Each treatment session
        lasts between 60 and 90 minutes. Evaluations were made before and after treatment.
  
        Data, Personal Information Form including demographic characteristics of patients, Numerical
        Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Shoulder Active Range of Motion, Shoulder Muscle Strength, Shoulder
        Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), Short Form 12 (SF-12), Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale, It was
        collected using the Pain Catastrophe Scale (PCS).
  allocation: Randomized
  intervention model: Parallel Assignment
  primary purpose: Prevention
  masking: Single (Participant)
  measure: Change of Pain Score
  time frame: Change from Baseline Pain Score at 8 weeks.
  description: Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) was used as a one-dimensional scale for pain
  measure: Change of Active Shoulder Range of Motion
  time frame: Change from Baseline Active Shoulder Range of Motion at 8 weeks.
  description: Active shoulder range of motion of the patients will be evaluated with a digital goniometer (Baseline Digital Absolute & Axis Goniometer) using a standard protocol. Total shoulder motion that allows motion of all joints in the shoulder complex will be measured, glenohumeral motion will not be isolated. Flexion, abduction, external and internal rotation of the shoulder will be evaluated. Preoperative period, postoperative 7th day, postoperative 4th week and postoperative 8th week will be repeated.
  measure: Change of Shoulder Muscle Strength
  time frame: Change from Baseline Shoulder Muscle Strength at 8 weeks.
  description: Shoulder muscle strength will be measured using a dynamometer (MicroFET 2 Manual Muscle Tester). Force measurements will be taken for shoulder flexion, abduction, internal and external rotation. Before starting the test, patients will be informed about how to perform the test. Preoperative period, postoperative 7th day, postoperative 4th week and postoperative 8th week will be repeated.
  measure: Change of Quality of Life Score
  time frame: Change from Baseline Quality of Life Score at 8 weeks.
  description: The quality of life of our patients will be evaluated using the Short Form-12. Health-related
  measure: Change of Shoulder, Pain and Disability Index Score
  time frame: Change from Baseline Shoulder, Pain and Disability Index Score at 8 weeks.
  description: Shoulder function will be measured using the Shoulder, Pain and Disability Index , a self-rated questionnaire designed to measure shoulder pain and disability. Shoulder Pain and Disability Index is a reliable questionnaire evaluating shoulder pain and disability. Turkish reliability and validity were performed by Bumin et al. in 2008. There are 2 subscales and 13 items in total in the index. 5 of them evaluate pain and 8 evaluate disability. The items of both subscales are measured with a visual analog scale from 0 to 10. The scores given by the individual are added together and calculated as a percentage. Higher scores indicate more severe pain and higher disability. Preoperative period, postoperative 7th day, postoperative 4th week and postoperative 8th week will be repeated
  measure: Change of Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale
  time frame: Change from Baseline Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale Score at 8 weeks.
  description: This scale, which is frequently used in the literature, is based on avoidance due to fear, fear in work-related activities, fear of movement or re-injury. Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale is a 17-item scale developed to measure fear of movement and re-injury. The scale includes parameters of injury/re-injury and fear-avoidance in work-related activities. The fact that it is an important outcome parameter for physiotherapists in evaluating the success of the treatment and especially the social participation of the patients, and being a scale that can be used in various patient groups, makes Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale a valuable measurement parameter in the clinic. Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale is a 4-point Likert scale scored as 1-strongly disagree, 2-disagree, 3-agree, 4-strongly agree. The total score is calculated after questions 4, 8, 12 and 16 are reverse scored one by one. The total score is between 17-68. A high value in Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale indicates a high level of kinesiophobia.
  measure: Height in Meters
  time frame: Initial assessment before surgery.
  description: The height of all subjects in meters (m) will be noted before the surgery.
  measure: Weight in Kilograms
  time frame: Initial assessment before surgery.
  description: The weight of all subjects in kilograms (kg) will be noted before the surgery.
  measure: Body Mass Index (BMI) in kg/m^2
  time frame: Initial assessment before surgery
  description: Body Mass Index (BMI) will be calculated with the formula weight (kg)/height (m)^2.
  arm group label: Control group
  arm group type: No Intervention
  description: The control group consisted of patients who underwent thoracotomy and underwent routine rehabilitation in the post-surgical period. routine respiratory rehabilitation program; It consists of a) positioning, b) general body exercises, c) airway clearance techniques, d) breathing exercises, e) incentive spirometry and f) mobilization applications.
  arm group label: Study group
  arm group type: Experimental
  description: The study group consisted of patients who would receive mirror therapy in addition to the routine rehabilitation program described above and applied to the control group in the post-thoracotomy period.
  intervention type: Device
  intervention name: Mirror therapy
  description: The patients received a total of 24 sessions of treatment for 8 weeks, 3 sessions a week, starting from the postoperative 1st day after thorakaotomy. Each treatment session lasts between 60 and 90 minutes.
  arm group label: Study group
  criteria: 
  gender: All
  minimum age: 25 Years
  maximum age: 65 Years
  healthy volunteers: No
  last name: Neriman T Aksu
  role: Principal Investigator
  affiliation: Akdeniz Üniversitesi Antalya Sağlık Yüksekokulu
  facility: 
  country: Turkey
  responsible party type: Principal Investigator
  investigator affiliation: Akdeniz University
  investigator full name: Neriman Temel Aksu
  investigator title: Research Assistant (Expert Physiotherapist)
  mesh term: Shoulder Pain