xml: <clinical_study>
    <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
      https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
    <required_header>
      <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
      <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
      <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT06009926</url>
    </required_header>
    <id_info>
      <org_study_id>NCI-2023-06404</org_study_id>
      <secondary_id>NCI-2023-06404</secondary_id>
      <secondary_id>UAZ22-11-01</secondary_id>
      <secondary_id>UAZ22-11-01</secondary_id>
      <secondary_id>P30CA023074</secondary_id>
      <secondary_id>UG1CA242596</secondary_id>
      <nct_id>NCT06009926</nct_id>
    </id_info>
    <brief_title>Evaluation of Broccoli Seed and Sprout Extract for Detoxification of Carcinogens in Firefighters</brief_title>
    <official_title>Phase II Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial of Broccoli Seed and Sprout Extract (BSSE) to Evaluate Detoxification of Carcinogens in Firefighters</official_title>
    <sponsors>
      <lead_sponsor>
        <agency>National Cancer Institute (NCI)</agency>
        <agency_class>NIH</agency_class>
      </lead_sponsor>
    </sponsors>
    <source>National Cancer Institute (NCI)</source>
    <oversight_info>
      <has_dmc>Yes</has_dmc>
      <is_fda_regulated_drug>Yes</is_fda_regulated_drug>
      <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
    </oversight_info>
    <brief_summary>
      <textblock>
        This phase II trial tests how well broccoli seed and sprout extract (BSSE) also called&#xD;
        Avmacol extra strength (ES) works to help break down (detoxification) some of the&#xD;
        cancer-causing chemicals (carcinogens) that firefighters are exposed to in order to help&#xD;
        protect cells from smoke damage. Firefighters are routinely exposed to carcinogens during the&#xD;
        course of their daily duties particularly from smoke exposure arising from active fire&#xD;
        rescue, structural or incidental firefighting or burning, as well as flashover training.&#xD;
        Flashover training simulator has been specifically designed for observation and recognition&#xD;
        of fire behavior from rollover to flashover by varying fuel loading and altering ventilation.&#xD;
        The simulator contains the fire behavior prop with smoke coming out and air being drawn in.&#xD;
        All fires, including those in flashover training, release toxic and carcinogenic substances.&#xD;
        These substances, many of which are known carcinogens, increase the risk of cancer in&#xD;
        firefighters. Several studies to date have demonstrated that firefighters are at an increased&#xD;
        risk of developing various malignancies including melanoma, multiple myeloma, acute myeloid&#xD;
        leukemia, prostate, kidney, brain, and respiratory tract cancers among others. Broccoli&#xD;
        extract has the potential to effectively enhance detoxification. This study may help&#xD;
        researchers learn how BSSE can help break down chemicals that firefighters are exposed to&#xD;
        during flashover training to help protect their cells from smoke-damage and reduce cancer&#xD;
        risk.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </brief_summary>
    <detailed_description>
      <textblock>
        PRIMARY OBJECTIVE:&#xD;
  &#xD;
        I. To determine whether BSSE increases the urinary excretion of mercapturic acids of the&#xD;
        flashover training carcinogen benzene in healthy, incumbent firefighters.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        SEONDARY OBJECTIVES:&#xD;
  &#xD;
        I. To evaluate whether BSSE increases urinary excretion of metabolites of polycyclic aromatic&#xD;
        hydrocarbons (PAHs).&#xD;
  &#xD;
        II. To evaluate the bioavailability of BSSE measured as sulforaphane (SF) metabolites and&#xD;
        assess its association with BSSE-induced detoxification of carcinogens.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        III. To evaluate the safety and tolerability of BSSE.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        EXPLORATORY OBJECTIVES:&#xD;
  &#xD;
        I. To determine whether the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes are important genetic modulators of&#xD;
        BSSE-induced detoxification of carcinogens.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        II. To evaluate the effects of BSSE on flashover training-induced metabolomic changes.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        OUTLINE: Participants are randomized to 1 of 2 groups.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        GROUP I (BSSE-PLACEBO): Participants receive BSSE orally (PO) daily (QD) for 7-10 days then&#xD;
        undergo the first flashover training between day 7-10 of agent intervention. Participants&#xD;
        then receive placebo PO QD for 7-10 days then undergo second flashover training after a&#xD;
        washout period of 2 weeks to 3 months. Participants also undergo urine sample collection&#xD;
        throughout the study.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        GROUP II (PLACEBO-BSSE): Participants receive placebo PO QD for 7-10 days then undergo the&#xD;
        first flashover training between day 7-10 of agent intervention. Participants then receive&#xD;
        BSSE for 7-10 days then undergo second flashover training after a washout period of 2 weeks&#xD;
        to 3 months. Participants also undergo urine sample collection throughout the study.&#xD;
  &#xD;
        After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up at 1-2 weeks.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </detailed_description>
    <overall_status>Not yet recruiting</overall_status>
    <start_date type="Anticipated">February 6, 2024</start_date>
    <completion_date type="Anticipated">January 1, 2025</completion_date>
    <primary_completion_date type="Anticipated">January 1, 2025</primary_completion_date>
    <phase>Phase 2</phase>
    <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
    <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
    <study_design_info>
      <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
      <intervention_model>Crossover Assignment</intervention_model>
      <primary_purpose>Prevention</primary_purpose>
      <masking>Double (Participant, Investigator)</masking>
      <masking_description>Investigators and clinical research coordinators will avoid speculating with the participant regarding the participant's treatment group. The individual authorized to break the blind, if conditions are met, is the study principal investigator (PI) in consultation with the DCP medical monitor.</masking_description>
    </study_design_info>
    <primary_outcome>
      <measure>Detoxification of benzene</measure>
      <time_frame>Baseline to post flashover training in each intervention period</time_frame>
      <description>Will be as assessed by changes in the urinary levels of the mercapturic acid of benzene, s-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA) levels. Linear mixed effects model with random intercepts (i.e. subject specific intercept for each sequence) accounting for the within-subject correlation will be fitted to compare changes in log-transformed SPMA level between broccoli seed and sprout extract (BSSE) and placebo.</description>
    </primary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Detoxification of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)</measure>
      <time_frame>Baseline to post flashover training in each intervention period</time_frame>
      <description>Will be measured by changes in the creatinine-normalized urinary levels of its metabolites including 1-hydroxypyrene. A linear mixed effects model will be fit to changes in log transformed PAH metabolite levels as performed for the primary endpoint. To account for multiple comparisons, false discovery rate (FDR) will be controlled at 10% using an adjusted p-value approach (i.e. q-value).</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Bioavailability of BSSE</measure>
      <time_frame>Before the start of each intervention period and after each intervention period (collected after each flashover training)</time_frame>
      <description>Will be as measured by urinary sulforophane (SF) metabolites.</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Relationship between urinary excretion of SF metabolites and detoxification of benzene and PAHs</measure>
      <time_frame>Pre- to post-intervention</time_frame>
      <description>Will be assessed by a linear mixed effects model with random intercepts, in which changes in each of the log-transformed carcinogens as the dependent variable (response) and changes in SF metabolites as the independent variable (dose).</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <secondary_outcome>
      <measure>Incidence of adverse events</measure>
      <time_frame>Post-intervention</time_frame>
      <description>Safety will be will be measured by adverse events (AE) classified in accordance with National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5. The frequency and associated percentage of each specific AE will be tabulated by the treatment sequence and then compared via Fisher's exact test. Each specific AE will be also tabulated by the treatment received (i.e., BSSE or placebo) and compared via McNemar's test. The tolerability will be measured by the adherence rate and will be compared between the BSSE and placebo via McNemar's test.</description>
    </secondary_outcome>
    <other_outcome>
      <measure>Association of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes with detoxification of benzene and/or PAHs</measure>
      <time_frame>Post-intervention period 2</time_frame>
      <description>Will be assessed by a linear mixed effects model with random intercepts for changes in each of the log-transformed carcinogens, in which the fixed effects include BSSE, genotype, 2nd period indicator, and the sequence-specific 2nd period indicators and the interactions of BSSE and genotype indicators.</description>
    </other_outcome>
    <other_outcome>
      <measure>Changes in untargeted urinary metabolomics</measure>
      <time_frame>Pre- and post- flashover training</time_frame>
      <description>Will be measured by Exploris Orbitrap 480 for ultra-high performance liquid chromatography in two modes: electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry C18 (reverse phase) positive and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography negative, with standard quality control, filtering, and imputation procedures, will be calculated. A linear mixed effects model will be fitted to changes in log-transformed metabolomic levels. FDR will be controlled at 10% using an adjusted p-value approach (i.e. q-value).</description>
    </other_outcome>
    <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
    <enrollment type="Anticipated">56</enrollment>
    <condition>Hematopoietic and Lymphoid System Neoplasm</condition>
    <condition>Malignant Solid Neoplasm</condition>
    <arm_group>
      <arm_group_label>Group I (BSSE-placebo)</arm_group_label>
      <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
      <description>Participants receive BSSE PO QD for 7-10 days then undergo the first flashover training between day 7-10 of agent intervention. Participants then receive placebo PO QD for 7-10 days then undergo second flashover training after a washout period of 2 weeks to 3 months. Participants also undergo urine sample collection throughout the study.</description>
    </arm_group>
    <arm_group>
      <arm_group_label>Group II (placebo-BSSE)</arm_group_label>
      <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
      <description>Participants receive placebo PO QD for 7-10 days then undergo the first flashover training between day 7-10 of agent intervention. Participants then receive BSSE for 7-10 days then undergo second flashover training after a washout period of 2 weeks to 3 months. Participants also undergo urine sample collection throughout the study.</description>
    </arm_group>
    <intervention>
      <intervention_type>Procedure</intervention_type>
      <intervention_name>Biospecimen Collection</intervention_name>
      <description>Undergo urine sample collection</description>
      <arm_group_label>Group I (BSSE-placebo)</arm_group_label>
      <arm_group_label>Group II (placebo-BSSE)</arm_group_label>
      <other_name>Biological Sample Collection</other_name>
      <other_name>Biospecimen Collected</other_name>
      <other_name>Specimen Collection</other_name>
    </intervention>
    <intervention>
      <intervention_type>Dietary Supplement</intervention_type>
      <intervention_name>Broccoli Sprout/Broccoli Seed Extract Supplement</intervention_name>
      <description>Given PO</description>
      <arm_group_label>Group I (BSSE-placebo)</arm_group_label>
      <arm_group_label>Group II (placebo-BSSE)</arm_group_label>
      <other_name>Avmacol</other_name>
    </intervention>
    <intervention>
      <intervention_type>Drug</intervention_type>
      <intervention_name>Placebo Administration</intervention_name>
      <description>Given PO</description>
      <arm_group_label>Group I (BSSE-placebo)</arm_group_label>
      <arm_group_label>Group II (placebo-BSSE)</arm_group_label>
    </intervention>
    <intervention>
      <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
      <intervention_name>Questionnaire Administration</intervention_name>
      <description>Ancillary studies</description>
      <arm_group_label>Group I (BSSE-placebo)</arm_group_label>
      <arm_group_label>Group II (placebo-BSSE)</arm_group_label>
    </intervention>
    <intervention>
      <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
      <intervention_name>Training</intervention_name>
      <description>Undergo flashover training</description>
      <arm_group_label>Group I (BSSE-placebo)</arm_group_label>
      <arm_group_label>Group II (placebo-BSSE)</arm_group_label>
      <other_name>Training Programs</other_name>
    </intervention>
    <eligibility>
      <criteria>
        <textblock>
          Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Male or female incumbent firefighters who are current non-smokers.&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Age &gt;=18 years.&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Karnofsky performance scale &gt;= 70%&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Absolute neutrophil count &gt;= 1,000/microliter&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Platelets &gt;= 100,000/microliter&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Total bilirubin =&lt; 2 x institutional upper limit of normal (ULN)&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)(serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase&#xD;
               [SGOT])/alanine aminotransferase (ALT)(serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase [SGPT]) =&lt;&#xD;
               3 x ULN&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Creatinine =&lt; 1.5 x ULN&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Participants on chronic suppressive antiviral therapy for herpes simplex virus (HSV)&#xD;
               are eligible.&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  The effects of BSSE on the developing human fetus at the recommended therapeutic dose&#xD;
               are unknown. For this reason, women of child-bearing potential and men must agree to&#xD;
               use adequate contraception (hormonal or barrier method of birth control; abstinence)&#xD;
               prior to study entry and for the duration of study participation. Should a woman&#xD;
               become pregnant or suspect she is pregnant while participating in this study, she&#xD;
               should inform her study physician immediately.&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document.&#xD;
  &#xD;
          Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  History of invasive cancer within the past 2 years, except for excised and cured&#xD;
               nonmelanoma skin cancer or carcinoma in situ of the cervix. Participants who continue&#xD;
               adjuvant treatment for an index cancer occurring &gt; 2 years ago, such as adjuvant&#xD;
               hormonal therapy for breast cancer, are excluded. Participants who are on&#xD;
               anti-neoplastic treatment for a chronic malignancy, such as multiple myeloma or&#xD;
               chronic myelogenous leukemia, are excluded.&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Chronic, current or recent (within the past 2 weeks) use of systemic steroid doses&#xD;
               equivalent to prednisone &gt; 5 mg daily for continued use &gt; 14 days. Use of inhaled&#xD;
               steroids, nasal sprays, and topical creams for small body areas (&lt; 10% body surface&#xD;
               area) is allowed.&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Participants may not be receiving any other investigational agents.&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  History of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic&#xD;
               composition to Avmacol ES (BSSE).&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to, serious ongoing or&#xD;
               active infection, symptomatic congestive heart failure, unstable angina pectoris, or&#xD;
               cardiac arrhythmia, or psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit&#xD;
               compliance with study requirements.&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Pregnant or lactating women. Pregnant women are excluded from this study because the&#xD;
               effects of BSSE on the developing human fetus are unknown. Because there is an unknown&#xD;
               but potential risk for adverse events (AEs) in nursing infants secondary to treatment&#xD;
               of the mother with BSSE, breastfeeding should be discontinued if the mother is treated&#xD;
               with BSSE.&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Participants with known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), chronic hepatitis B virus&#xD;
               (HBV), or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Participants with human immunodeficiency&#xD;
               virus (HIV), HBV and HCV are excluded from this study because there is no information&#xD;
               regarding the impact of anti-viral drugs on the bioavailability of Avmacol ES. SF is&#xD;
               known to modulate certain phase 1 and phase 2 enzymes involved in drug metabolism. The&#xD;
               potential for SF to alter the metabolism (either by increasing or decreasing) of&#xD;
               antiviral therapy could have an effect on the efficacy of the pharmaceuticals to keep&#xD;
               viral titers low and the disease under control. Since many of the drugs used in&#xD;
               therapies of these viral infections have extensive CYP450 enzymatic impact and BSSE&#xD;
               has its own enzymatic properties, there is concern for drug-to-drug interactions.&#xD;
  &#xD;
            -  Participants using any supplements containing active compounds in cruciferous&#xD;
               vegetables such as SF and glucoraphanin (GR) within 30 days prior to enrollment. The&#xD;
               use of supplements related to the study agent may confound the study endpoints.&#xD;
        </textblock>
      </criteria>
      <gender>All</gender>
      <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
      <maximum_age>N/A</maximum_age>
      <healthy_volunteers>Accepts Healthy Volunteers</healthy_volunteers>
    </eligibility>
    <overall_official>
      <last_name>Malvi Savani</last_name>
      <role>Principal Investigator</role>
      <affiliation>University of Arizona Cancer Center - Prevention Research Clinic</affiliation>
    </overall_official>
    <location>
      <facility>
        <name>University of Arizona Cancer Center - Prevention Research Clinic</name>
        <address>
          <city>Tucson</city>
          <state>Arizona</state>
          <zip>85719</zip>
          <country>United States</country>
        </address>
      </facility>
      <contact>
        <last_name>Malvi Savani</last_name>
        <phone>520-626-8096</phone>
        <email>mbsavani@arizona.edu</email>
      </contact>
      <investigator>
        <last_name>Malvi Savani</last_name>
        <role>Principal Investigator</role>
      </investigator>
    </location>
    <location_countries>
      <country>United States</country>
    </location_countries>
    <link>
      <url>https://grants.nih.gov/policy/sharing.htm</url>
      <description>Related Info</description>
    </link>
    <verification_date>August 2023</verification_date>
    <study_first_submitted>August 23, 2023</study_first_submitted>
    <study_first_submitted_qc>August 23, 2023</study_first_submitted_qc>
    <study_first_posted type="Actual">August 24, 2023</study_first_posted>
    <last_update_submitted>August 23, 2023</last_update_submitted>
    <last_update_submitted_qc>August 23, 2023</last_update_submitted_qc>
    <last_update_posted type="Actual">August 24, 2023</last_update_posted>
    <responsible_party>
      <responsible_party_type>Sponsor</responsible_party_type>
    </responsible_party>
    <condition_browse>
      <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
      <mesh_term>Neoplasms</mesh_term>
    </condition_browse>
    <patient_data>
      <sharing_ipd>Yes</sharing_ipd>
      <ipd_description>NCI is committed to sharing data in accordance with NIH policy. For more details on how clinical trial data is shared, access the link to the NIH data sharing policy page.</ipd_description>
    </patient_data>
    <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
  </clinical_study>
  
  
text: download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
  link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
  url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT06009926
  org study id: NCI-2023-06404
  secondary id: NCI-2023-06404
  secondary id: UAZ22-11-01
  secondary id: UAZ22-11-01
  secondary id: P30CA023074
  secondary id: UG1CA242596
  nct id: NCT06009926
  lead sponsor: 
  has dmc: Yes
  is fda regulated drug: Yes
  is fda regulated device: No
  This phase II trial tests how well broccoli seed and sprout extract (BSSE) also called
        Avmacol extra strength (ES) works to help break down (detoxification) some of the
        cancer-causing chemicals (carcinogens) that firefighters are exposed to in order to help
        protect cells from smoke damage. Firefighters are routinely exposed to carcinogens during the
        course of their daily duties particularly from smoke exposure arising from active fire
        rescue, structural or incidental firefighting or burning, as well as flashover training.
        Flashover training simulator has been specifically designed for observation and recognition
        of fire behavior from rollover to flashover by varying fuel loading and altering ventilation.
        The simulator contains the fire behavior prop with smoke coming out and air being drawn in.
        All fires, including those in flashover training, release toxic and carcinogenic substances.
        These substances, many of which are known carcinogens, increase the risk of cancer in
        firefighters. Several studies to date have demonstrated that firefighters are at an increased
        risk of developing various malignancies including melanoma, multiple myeloma, acute myeloid
        leukemia, prostate, kidney, brain, and respiratory tract cancers among others. Broccoli
        extract has the potential to effectively enhance detoxification. This study may help
        researchers learn how BSSE can help break down chemicals that firefighters are exposed to
        during flashover training to help protect their cells from smoke-damage and reduce cancer
        risk.
  PRIMARY OBJECTIVE:
  
        I. To determine whether BSSE increases the urinary excretion of mercapturic acids of the
        flashover training carcinogen benzene in healthy, incumbent firefighters.
  
        SEONDARY OBJECTIVES:
  
        I. To evaluate whether BSSE increases urinary excretion of metabolites of polycyclic aromatic
        hydrocarbons (PAHs).
  
        II. To evaluate the bioavailability of BSSE measured as sulforaphane (SF) metabolites and
        assess its association with BSSE-induced detoxification of carcinogens.
  
        III. To evaluate the safety and tolerability of BSSE.
  
        EXPLORATORY OBJECTIVES:
  
        I. To determine whether the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes are important genetic modulators of
        BSSE-induced detoxification of carcinogens.
  
        II. To evaluate the effects of BSSE on flashover training-induced metabolomic changes.
  
        OUTLINE: Participants are randomized to 1 of 2 groups.
  
        GROUP I (BSSE-PLACEBO): Participants receive BSSE orally (PO) daily (QD) for 7-10 days then
        undergo the first flashover training between day 7-10 of agent intervention. Participants
        then receive placebo PO QD for 7-10 days then undergo second flashover training after a
        washout period of 2 weeks to 3 months. Participants also undergo urine sample collection
        throughout the study.
  
        GROUP II (PLACEBO-BSSE): Participants receive placebo PO QD for 7-10 days then undergo the
        first flashover training between day 7-10 of agent intervention. Participants then receive
        BSSE for 7-10 days then undergo second flashover training after a washout period of 2 weeks
        to 3 months. Participants also undergo urine sample collection throughout the study.
  
        After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up at 1-2 weeks.
  allocation: Randomized
  intervention model: Crossover Assignment
  primary purpose: Prevention
  masking: Double (Participant, Investigator)
  masking description: Investigators and clinical research coordinators will avoid speculating with the participant regarding the participant's treatment group. The individual authorized to break the blind, if conditions are met, is the study principal investigator (PI) in consultation with the DCP medical monitor.
  measure: Detoxification of benzene
  time frame: Baseline to post flashover training in each intervention period
  description: Will be as assessed by changes in the urinary levels of the mercapturic acid of benzene, s-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA) levels. Linear mixed effects model with random intercepts (i.e. subject specific intercept for each sequence) accounting for the within-subject correlation will be fitted to compare changes in log-transformed SPMA level between broccoli seed and sprout extract (BSSE) and placebo.
  measure: Detoxification of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
  time frame: Baseline to post flashover training in each intervention period
  description: Will be measured by changes in the creatinine-normalized urinary levels of its metabolites including 1-hydroxypyrene. A linear mixed effects model will be fit to changes in log transformed PAH metabolite levels as performed for the primary endpoint. To account for multiple comparisons, false discovery rate (FDR) will be controlled at 10% using an adjusted p-value approach (i.e. q-value).
  measure: Bioavailability of BSSE
  time frame: Before the start of each intervention period and after each intervention period (collected after each flashover training)
  description: Will be as measured by urinary sulforophane (SF) metabolites.
  measure: Relationship between urinary excretion of SF metabolites and detoxification of benzene and PAHs
  time frame: Pre- to post-intervention
  description: Will be assessed by a linear mixed effects model with random intercepts, in which changes in each of the log-transformed carcinogens as the dependent variable (response) and changes in SF metabolites as the independent variable (dose).
  measure: Incidence of adverse events
  time frame: Post-intervention
  description: Safety will be will be measured by adverse events (AE) classified in accordance with National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5. The frequency and associated percentage of each specific AE will be tabulated by the treatment sequence and then compared via Fisher's exact test. Each specific AE will be also tabulated by the treatment received (i.e., BSSE or placebo) and compared via McNemar's test. The tolerability will be measured by the adherence rate and will be compared between the BSSE and placebo via McNemar's test.
  measure: Association of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes with detoxification of benzene and/or PAHs
  time frame: Post-intervention period 2
  description: Will be assessed by a linear mixed effects model with random intercepts for changes in each of the log-transformed carcinogens, in which the fixed effects include BSSE, genotype, 2nd period indicator, and the sequence-specific 2nd period indicators and the interactions of BSSE and genotype indicators.
  measure: Changes in untargeted urinary metabolomics
  time frame: Pre- and post- flashover training
  description: Will be measured by Exploris Orbitrap 480 for ultra-high performance liquid chromatography in two modes: electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry C18 (reverse phase) positive and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography negative, with standard quality control, filtering, and imputation procedures, will be calculated. A linear mixed effects model will be fitted to changes in log-transformed metabolomic levels. FDR will be controlled at 10% using an adjusted p-value approach (i.e. q-value).
  arm group label: Group I (BSSE-placebo)
  arm group type: Experimental
  description: Participants receive BSSE PO QD for 7-10 days then undergo the first flashover training between day 7-10 of agent intervention. Participants then receive placebo PO QD for 7-10 days then undergo second flashover training after a washout period of 2 weeks to 3 months. Participants also undergo urine sample collection throughout the study.
  arm group label: Group II (placebo-BSSE)
  arm group type: Experimental
  description: Participants receive placebo PO QD for 7-10 days then undergo the first flashover training between day 7-10 of agent intervention. Participants then receive BSSE for 7-10 days then undergo second flashover training after a washout period of 2 weeks to 3 months. Participants also undergo urine sample collection throughout the study.
  intervention type: Procedure
  intervention name: Biospecimen Collection
  description: Undergo urine sample collection
  arm group label: Group I (BSSE-placebo)
  arm group label: Group II (placebo-BSSE)
  other name: Biological Sample Collection
  other name: Biospecimen Collected
  other name: Specimen Collection
  intervention type: Dietary Supplement
  intervention name: Broccoli Sprout/Broccoli Seed Extract Supplement
  description: Given PO
  arm group label: Group I (BSSE-placebo)
  arm group label: Group II (placebo-BSSE)
  other name: Avmacol
  intervention type: Drug
  intervention name: Placebo Administration
  description: Given PO
  arm group label: Group I (BSSE-placebo)
  arm group label: Group II (placebo-BSSE)
  intervention type: Other
  intervention name: Questionnaire Administration
  description: Ancillary studies
  arm group label: Group I (BSSE-placebo)
  arm group label: Group II (placebo-BSSE)
  intervention type: Other
  intervention name: Training
  description: Undergo flashover training
  arm group label: Group I (BSSE-placebo)
  arm group label: Group II (placebo-BSSE)
  other name: Training Programs
  criteria: 
  gender: All
  minimum age: 18 Years
  maximum age: N/A
  healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
  last name: Malvi Savani
  role: Principal Investigator
  affiliation: University of Arizona Cancer Center - Prevention Research Clinic
  facility: 
  contact: 
  investigator: 
  country: United States
  url: https://grants.nih.gov/policy/sharing.htm
  description: Related Info
  responsible party type: Sponsor
  mesh term: Neoplasms
  sharing ipd: Yes
  ipd description: NCI is committed to sharing data in accordance with NIH policy. For more details on how clinical trial data is shared, access the link to the NIH data sharing policy page.