<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04439591</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>2017/00611</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT04439591</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Evaluation of Implementation and Effectiveness of Computerised Brain Training for Older Adults</brief_title>
  <official_title>Group-based Brain-computer Interface (BCI) Cognitive Training in Healthy Older Adults: An Evaluation of Programme Implementation and Effectiveness in Neighborhood Community Centers</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>Geriatric Education and Research Institute</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Neeuro Pte Ltd</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
  </sponsors>
  <source>Geriatric Education and Research Institute</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>No</has_dmc>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      This study aims to evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of a group-based&#xD;
      brain-computer interface cognitive training among community dwelling older adults in&#xD;
      Singapore. A 12-week bi-weekly programme was conducted in community centres. During these&#xD;
      sessions, participants played games targeting cognitive domains such as attention, memory,&#xD;
      and decision making, using a mobile application (Memorie). Selected games were paired with an&#xD;
      electroencephalography headset (Senzeband) which quantified participants' attention level&#xD;
      into scores that affected the participants' in-game avatar control or game performance. Each&#xD;
      participant paid a subsidized fee of SGD$20 for the programme.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      There has been emerging interest in research to help older adults maintain cognitive and&#xD;
      physical function in old age. There has been evidence that cognitive training can help&#xD;
      improve targeted cognitive domains in both typically and atypically aging older people.&#xD;
      Cognitive training typically involves structured, frequent and repeated engagement in&#xD;
      standardized cognitively demanding tasks targeting specific cognitive domains. There are&#xD;
      several potential mechanisms underlying cognitive benefits of cognitive training. As the&#xD;
      brain has neural plasticity (which is the lifelong ability for physical and functional change&#xD;
      in response to sensing, perceiving and learning), engaging in mentally stimulating activities&#xD;
      may stimulate neuroplasticity and thereby increase cognitive reserve. In fact, animal studies&#xD;
      have shown that cognitive stimulation can result in molecular, synaptic and neural&#xD;
      alterations in the brain. Studies in humans also showed that intervention studies&#xD;
      incorporating brain training have reported increased serum levels of brain derived&#xD;
      neurotropic factor, a factor that plays an important role in memory processing. Brain imaging&#xD;
      studies showed changes in activity in certain brain regions while performing specific tasks,&#xD;
      along with long-term global changes following cognitive training. Over the last five years,&#xD;
      there has been an increase in research about the effectiveness of CCT. According to a&#xD;
      systematic review of the clinical significance of commercially available CCT in preventing&#xD;
      cognitive decline in 2016, there have been 18 commercial brain training programs for older&#xD;
      people. According to a meta-analysis of 52 studies using commercial CCT programs in 4885&#xD;
      participants, CCT is modestly effective at improving cognitive performance in cognitively&#xD;
      healthy older adults, but efficacy varies across cognitive domains and is largely determined&#xD;
      by design choices. Unsupervised at-home training and training more than three times per week&#xD;
      are specifically ineffective. Small to moderate effect sizes were found for nonverbal memory,&#xD;
      g = 0.24 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.38), verbal memory, g = 0.08 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.15), working memory&#xD;
      (WM), g = 0.22 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.35), processing speed, g =0.31 (95% CI 0.11 to 0.50),&#xD;
      visuospatial skills, g = 0.30 (95% CI 0.07 to 0.54), and no significant effect was found for&#xD;
      executive function and attention. In Singapore, two previous randomized control trials also&#xD;
      reported the benefits of CCT on improved overall RBANS score in healthy older adults, but the&#xD;
      efficacy on targeted cognitive domains (memory, visuospatial, attention) was not consistent&#xD;
      among these two studies.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Cognition has a close association with gait and balance. Cognitive impairments, specifically&#xD;
      deficits in executive function, have been associated with increased risk of falls, abnormal&#xD;
      gait, and other mobility tasks. Gait variability in older people is associated with atrophy&#xD;
      in brain regions related to attention function. Global cognitive function, verbal memory, and&#xD;
      executive function can predict longitudinal gait speed decline. There has been evidence that&#xD;
      cognitive intervention may not only improve various cognitive domains but also improve&#xD;
      physical function. As there has been no previously published review on the topic, the&#xD;
      researchers conduct a literature search via MEDLINE (to May 2017). Keywords used for&#xD;
      searching included &quot;computerized cognitive training&quot;, &quot;gait&quot; and &quot;balance&quot;. The articles&#xD;
      attained by this search method were screened by title and three relevant original studies&#xD;
      were retrieved. All of these studies were conducted in the United States. These studies&#xD;
      suggested that CCT may improve gait speed and balance in American older people, especially in&#xD;
      those with sedentary lifestyle. One such CCT programme in Singapore was developed by Neeuro&#xD;
      together with A*STAR and was made commercially available since 2016. Since then, it has been&#xD;
      showcased at various events, such as the Silver IT Fest and NextStop Seminar organised by the&#xD;
      Future Ready Committee. To date, there has been no assessment on the effectiveness of CCT in&#xD;
      cognition, gait and function in the older people in Singapore hence this study will focus on&#xD;
      evaluating these parameters. Results from this study may contribute to evidence in the local&#xD;
      context.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">August 1, 2017</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">November 9, 2018</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">November 9, 2018</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>N/A</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Crossover Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Other</primary_purpose>
    <masking>Single (Outcomes Assessor)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in cognition from baseline at 12 weeks</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>Repeated Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). The maximum score that an individual can get is 160, and higher scores indicate better performance. The tests consists of 12 subtests grouped into 5 domains of cognition.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in attention from baseline at 12 weeks</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>Colour Trails Test. Time taken to complete the actual trial was recorded, along with the number of near-misses, prompts, number sequence errors, and color sequence errors.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in balance from baseline at 12 weeks</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>Berg Balance Scale (BBS). BBS provides a measure of balance via performance on 14 functional tasks. Performance for each task was scored independently using a 0 - 4 scale, with higher scores reflecting higher functioning and better balance. Individual task scores were summed to derive a composite score for analyses.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in walking gait from baseline at 12 weeks</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>Portable gait analysis system (GAITRite). The GAITRite measures how a person walks. It measures gait patterns for both time (temporal) and space (spatial) through pressure sensors in the mat. The software changes the information into foot placement patterns and overall gait patterns.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Actual">94</enrollment>
  <condition>Cognition</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Intervention group</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Intervention group undergoes computerised brain training programme first.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Control group</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Other</arm_group_type>
    <description>Waitlist control group: control group undergoes programme after intervention group has completed it in a crossover design.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Computerised cognitive training</intervention_name>
    <description>A 12-week bi-weekly group-based computerised cognitive training programme conducted in community centres</description>
    <arm_group_label>Control group</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Intervention group</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Above or equal to 55 years old&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Sedentary lifestyle (exercise less than or equal to once week)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Literate in English/Chinese&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Able to travel to study site independently&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Had significant cognitive impairment (Mini Mental State Examination score &lt;=23) or&#xD;
             presence of known neuropsychiatric disorders&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Geriatric Depression Scale &gt;9&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Presence of a severe walking or balance impairments&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Previously completed a cognitive training program within the last year&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Color-blindness&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Plans to begin a balance program during the study period&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Self-reported presence of vertigo&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Visual acuity of less than 20/80&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Currently using psychotropic medications&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>55 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>N/A</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>No</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Shiou Liang Wee, PhD</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>Geriatric Education and Research Institute</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Geriatric Education and Research Institute</name>
      <address>
        <city>Singapore</city>
        <zip>768024</zip>
        <country>Singapore</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>Singapore</country>
  </location_countries>
  <reference>
    <citation>Shah TM, Weinborn M, Verdile G, Sohrabi HR, Martins RN. Enhancing Cognitive Functioning in Healthly Older Adults: a Systematic Review of the Clinical Significance of Commercially Available Computerized Cognitive Training in Preventing Cognitive Decline. Neuropsychol Rev. 2017 Mar;27(1):62-80. doi: 10.1007/s11065-016-9338-9. Epub 2017 Jan 14.</citation>
    <PMID>28092015</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Bahar-Fuchs A, Clare L, Woods B. Cognitive training and cognitive rehabilitation for mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 5;2013(6):CD003260. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003260.pub2.</citation>
    <PMID>23740535</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Raz N, Lindenberger U. Life-span plasticity of the brain and cognition: from questions to evidence and back. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013 Nov;37(9 Pt B):2195-200. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.10.003. Epub 2013 Oct 15.</citation>
    <PMID>24140011</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Buonomano DV, Merzenich MM. Cortical plasticity: from synapses to maps. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1998;21:149-86. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.21.1.149.</citation>
    <PMID>9530495</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Anderson-Hanley C, Arciero PJ, Brickman AM, Nimon JP, Okuma N, Westen SC, Merz ME, Pence BD, Woods JA, Kramer AF, Zimmerman EA. Exergaming and older adult cognition: a cluster randomized clinical trial. Am J Prev Med. 2012 Feb;42(2):109-19. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.10.016.</citation>
    <PMID>22261206</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Vinogradov S, Fisher M, Holland C, Shelly W, Wolkowitz O, Mellon SH. Is serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor a biomarker for cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia? Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Sep 15;66(6):549-53. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.02.017. Epub 2009 Apr 15.</citation>
    <PMID>19368899</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Buschert V, Bokde AL, Hampel H. Cognitive intervention in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010 Sep;6(9):508-17. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2010.113. Epub 2010 Aug 17.</citation>
    <PMID>20717104</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Lampit A, Hallock H, Valenzuela M. Computerized cognitive training in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of effect modifiers. PLoS Med. 2014 Nov 18;11(11):e1001756. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001756. eCollection 2014 Nov.</citation>
    <PMID>25405755</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Lee TS, Goh SJ, Quek SY, Phillips R, Guan C, Cheung YB, Feng L, Teng SS, Wang CC, Chin ZY, Zhang H, Ng TP, Lee J, Keefe R, Krishnan KR. A brain-computer interface based cognitive training system for healthy elderly: a randomized control pilot study for usability and preliminary efficacy. PLoS One. 2013 Nov 18;8(11):e79419. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079419. eCollection 2013.</citation>
    <PMID>24260218</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Lee TS, Quek SY, Goh SJ, Phillips R, Guan C, Cheung YB, Feng L, Wang CC, Chin ZY, Zhang H, Lee J, Ng TP, Krishnan KR. A pilot randomized controlled trial using EEG-based brain-computer interface training for a Chinese-speaking group of healthy elderly. Clin Interv Aging. 2015 Jan 9;10:217-27. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S73955. eCollection 2015.</citation>
    <PMID>25624754</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Muir SW, Gopaul K, Montero Odasso MM. The role of cognitive impairment in fall risk among older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2012 May;41(3):299-308. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afs012. Epub 2012 Feb 27.</citation>
    <PMID>22374645</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Holtzer R, Friedman R, Lipton RB, Katz M, Xue X, Verghese J. The relationship between specific cognitive functions and falls in aging. Neuropsychology. 2007 Sep;21(5):540-8. doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.21.5.540.</citation>
    <PMID>17784802</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Kearney FC, Harwood RH, Gladman JR, Lincoln N, Masud T. The relationship between executive function and falls and gait abnormalities in older adults: a systematic review. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2013;36(1-2):20-35. doi: 10.1159/000350031. Epub 2013 May 23.</citation>
    <PMID>23712088</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Persad CC, Jones JL, Ashton-Miller JA, Alexander NB, Giordani B. Executive function and gait in older adults with cognitive impairment. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2008 Dec;63(12):1350-5. doi: 10.1093/gerona/63.12.1350.</citation>
    <PMID>19126848</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Rosano C, Brach J, Studenski S, Longstreth WT Jr, Newman AB. Gait variability is associated with subclinical brain vascular abnormalities in high-functioning older adults. Neuroepidemiology. 2007;29(3-4):193-200. doi: 10.1159/000111582. Epub 2007 Nov 27.</citation>
    <PMID>18043004</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Watson NL, Rosano C, Boudreau RM, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Hardy SE, Atkinson HH, Yaffe K, Satterfield S, Harris TB, Newman AB; Health ABC Study. Executive function, memory, and gait speed decline in well-functioning older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2010 Oct;65(10):1093-100. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glq111. Epub 2010 Jun 25.</citation>
    <PMID>20581339</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Smith-Ray RL, Hughes SL, Prohaska TR, Little DM, Jurivich DA, Hedeker D. Impact of Cognitive Training on Balance and Gait in Older Adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2015 May;70(3):357-66. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbt097. Epub 2013 Nov 5.</citation>
    <PMID>24192586</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Verghese J, Mahoney J, Ambrose AF, Wang C, Holtzer R. Effect of cognitive remediation on gait in sedentary seniors. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2010 Dec;65(12):1338-43. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glq127. Epub 2010 Jul 19.</citation>
    <PMID>20643703</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Blackwood J, Shubert T, Fogarty K, Chase C. The Impact of a Home-Based Computerized Cognitive Training Intervention on Fall Risk Measure Performance in Community Dwelling Older Adults, a Pilot Study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2016 Feb;20(2):138-45. doi: 10.1007/s12603-015-0598-5.</citation>
    <PMID>26812509</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Billingham SA, Whitehead AL, Julious SA. An audit of sample sizes for pilot and feasibility trials being undertaken in the United Kingdom registered in the United Kingdom Clinical Research Network database. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2013 Aug 20;13:104. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-13-104.</citation>
    <PMID>23961782</PMID>
  </reference>
  <verification_date>June 2020</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>June 17, 2020</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>June 17, 2020</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">June 19, 2020</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>June 18, 2020</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>June 18, 2020</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">June 22, 2020</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Sponsor</responsible_party_type>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>Computerised cognitive training</keyword>
  <keyword>Healthy older adults</keyword>
  <patient_data>
    <sharing_ipd>No</sharing_ipd>
    <ipd_description>Due to confidentiality issues, IPD will not be published. However, de-identified data will be made available upon request.</ipd_description>
  </patient_data>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04439591
org study id: 2017/00611
nct id: NCT04439591
lead sponsor: 
collaborator: 
has dmc: No
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
This study aims to evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of a group-based
      brain-computer interface cognitive training among community dwelling older adults in
      Singapore. A 12-week bi-weekly programme was conducted in community centres. During these
      sessions, participants played games targeting cognitive domains such as attention, memory,
      and decision making, using a mobile application (Memorie). Selected games were paired with an
      electroencephalography headset (Senzeband) which quantified participants' attention level
      into scores that affected the participants' in-game avatar control or game performance. Each
      participant paid a subsidized fee of SGD$20 for the programme.
There has been emerging interest in research to help older adults maintain cognitive and
      physical function in old age. There has been evidence that cognitive training can help
      improve targeted cognitive domains in both typically and atypically aging older people.
      Cognitive training typically involves structured, frequent and repeated engagement in
      standardized cognitively demanding tasks targeting specific cognitive domains. There are
      several potential mechanisms underlying cognitive benefits of cognitive training. As the
      brain has neural plasticity (which is the lifelong ability for physical and functional change
      in response to sensing, perceiving and learning), engaging in mentally stimulating activities
      may stimulate neuroplasticity and thereby increase cognitive reserve. In fact, animal studies
      have shown that cognitive stimulation can result in molecular, synaptic and neural
      alterations in the brain. Studies in humans also showed that intervention studies
      incorporating brain training have reported increased serum levels of brain derived
      neurotropic factor, a factor that plays an important role in memory processing. Brain imaging
      studies showed changes in activity in certain brain regions while performing specific tasks,
      along with long-term global changes following cognitive training. Over the last five years,
      there has been an increase in research about the effectiveness of CCT. According to a
      systematic review of the clinical significance of commercially available CCT in preventing
      cognitive decline in 2016, there have been 18 commercial brain training programs for older
      people. According to a meta-analysis of 52 studies using commercial CCT programs in 4885
      participants, CCT is modestly effective at improving cognitive performance in cognitively
      healthy older adults, but efficacy varies across cognitive domains and is largely determined
      by design choices. Unsupervised at-home training and training more than three times per week
      are specifically ineffective. Small to moderate effect sizes were found for nonverbal memory,
      g = 0.24 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.38), verbal memory, g = 0.08 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.15), working memory
      (WM), g = 0.22 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.35), processing speed, g =0.31 (95% CI 0.11 to 0.50),
      visuospatial skills, g = 0.30 (95% CI 0.07 to 0.54), and no significant effect was found for
      executive function and attention. In Singapore, two previous randomized control trials also
      reported the benefits of CCT on improved overall RBANS score in healthy older adults, but the
      efficacy on targeted cognitive domains (memory, visuospatial, attention) was not consistent
      among these two studies.

      Cognition has a close association with gait and balance. Cognitive impairments, specifically
      deficits in executive function, have been associated with increased risk of falls, abnormal
      gait, and other mobility tasks. Gait variability in older people is associated with atrophy
      in brain regions related to attention function. Global cognitive function, verbal memory, and
      executive function can predict longitudinal gait speed decline. There has been evidence that
      cognitive intervention may not only improve various cognitive domains but also improve
      physical function. As there has been no previously published review on the topic, the
      researchers conduct a literature search via MEDLINE (to May 2017). Keywords used for
      searching included "computerized cognitive training", "gait" and "balance". The articles
      attained by this search method were screened by title and three relevant original studies
      were retrieved. All of these studies were conducted in the United States. These studies
      suggested that CCT may improve gait speed and balance in American older people, especially in
      those with sedentary lifestyle. One such CCT programme in Singapore was developed by Neeuro
      together with A*STAR and was made commercially available since 2016. Since then, it has been
      showcased at various events, such as the Silver IT Fest and NextStop Seminar organised by the
      Future Ready Committee. To date, there has been no assessment on the effectiveness of CCT in
      cognition, gait and function in the older people in Singapore hence this study will focus on
      evaluating these parameters. Results from this study may contribute to evidence in the local
      context.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Crossover Assignment
primary purpose: Other
masking: Single (Outcomes Assessor)
measure: Change in cognition from baseline at 12 weeks
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
description: Repeated Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). The maximum score that an individual can get is 160, and higher scores indicate better performance. The tests consists of 12 subtests grouped into 5 domains of cognition.
measure: Change in attention from baseline at 12 weeks
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
description: Colour Trails Test. Time taken to complete the actual trial was recorded, along with the number of near-misses, prompts, number sequence errors, and color sequence errors.
measure: Change in balance from baseline at 12 weeks
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
description: Berg Balance Scale (BBS). BBS provides a measure of balance via performance on 14 functional tasks. Performance for each task was scored independently using a 0 - 4 scale, with higher scores reflecting higher functioning and better balance. Individual task scores were summed to derive a composite score for analyses.
measure: Change in walking gait from baseline at 12 weeks
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
description: Portable gait analysis system (GAITRite). The GAITRite measures how a person walks. It measures gait patterns for both time (temporal) and space (spatial) through pressure sensors in the mat. The software changes the information into foot placement patterns and overall gait patterns.
arm group label: Intervention group
arm group type: Experimental
description: Intervention group undergoes computerised brain training programme first.
arm group label: Control group
arm group type: Other
description: Waitlist control group: control group undergoes programme after intervention group has completed it in a crossover design.
intervention type: Other
intervention name: Computerised cognitive training
description: A 12-week bi-weekly group-based computerised cognitive training programme conducted in community centres
arm group label: Control group
arm group label: Intervention group
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 55 Years
maximum age: N/A
healthy volunteers: No
last name: Shiou Liang Wee, PhD
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: Geriatric Education and Research Institute
facility: 
country: Singapore
citation: Shah TM, Weinborn M, Verdile G, Sohrabi HR, Martins RN. Enhancing Cognitive Functioning in Healthly Older Adults: a Systematic Review of the Clinical Significance of Commercially Available Computerized Cognitive Training in Preventing Cognitive Decline. Neuropsychol Rev. 2017 Mar;27(1):62-80. doi: 10.1007/s11065-016-9338-9. Epub 2017 Jan 14.
PMID: 28092015
citation: Bahar-Fuchs A, Clare L, Woods B. Cognitive training and cognitive rehabilitation for mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 5;2013(6):CD003260. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003260.pub2.
PMID: 23740535
citation: Raz N, Lindenberger U. Life-span plasticity of the brain and cognition: from questions to evidence and back. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013 Nov;37(9 Pt B):2195-200. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.10.003. Epub 2013 Oct 15.
PMID: 24140011
citation: Buonomano DV, Merzenich MM. Cortical plasticity: from synapses to maps. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1998;21:149-86. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.21.1.149.
PMID: 9530495
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