<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04494399</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>UW 20-513</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT04494399</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>IFN Beta-1b and Ribavirin for Covid-19</brief_title>
  <official_title>An Open-label Randomised Controlled Trial on IFN Beta-1b and Ribavirin Combination, as Treatment for Covid-19 Infection</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>The University of Hong Kong</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Hospital Authority, Hong Kong</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
  </sponsors>
  <source>The University of Hong Kong</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>Yes</has_dmc>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      As of 1 July 2020, more than 10 million people been confirmed to have infected by SARS-CoV-2,&#xD;
      resulting in more than 500,000 deaths. No specific antiviral treatment for the SARS-CoV-2 is&#xD;
      currently available, but existing medication could be repurposed.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The investigators therefore propose to conduct an open-label randomized controlled trial on a&#xD;
      short course of interferon β-1b and ribavirin combination treatment for patients hospitalized&#xD;
      for COVID-19 infection.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), is a single-stranded RNA coronavirus. The virus was first&#xD;
      isolated from patients presented with pneumonia in Wuhan in December 2019. It is believed&#xD;
      that the virus first emerged from patients working in the Wuhan Seafood Market which also&#xD;
      sold contaminated wild animals, consumed as a local delicacy. Sequences of the Wuhan&#xD;
      betacoronavirus show similarities to betacoronaviruses found in bats, sharing a common&#xD;
      ancestor with the 2003 SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV).&#xD;
&#xD;
      The SARS-CoV-2 has since spread from China to the rest of the world. As of 1 July 2020, more&#xD;
      than 10 million people been confirmed to have infected by SARS-CoV-2, resulting in more than&#xD;
      500,000 deaths. No specific antiviral treatment for the SARS-CoV-2 is currently available,&#xD;
      but existing medication could be repurposed.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Previously, the investigators have demonstrated that interferon beta-1b, commonly used in the&#xD;
      treatment of multiple sclerosis and lopinavir/ ritonavir, also demonstrated to improve the&#xD;
      outcome of MERS-CoV infection in a non-human primate model of common marmoset. More recently,&#xD;
      the investigators have demonstrated that the triple combination of interferon β-1b,&#xD;
      lopinavir/ ritonavir and ribavirin was significantly more effective in alleviating symptoms&#xD;
      and respiratory SARS-CoV-2 viral load than lopinavir/ ritonavir with ribavirin or lopinavir/&#xD;
      ritonavir alone, suggesting that interferon β-1b might be the most potent antiviral among the&#xD;
      three and lopinavir/ ritonavir is associated with relatively more side effects including&#xD;
      diarrhoea and cardiac arrhythmia.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Therefore, the investigators propose to conduct an open-label randomized controlled trial on&#xD;
      a short course of interferon β-1b and ribavirin combination treatment for patients&#xD;
      hospitalized for COVID-19 infection.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Patients will be randomly assigned to one of the two groups: the Treatment group: a 5-day&#xD;
      course of subcutaneous injection of interferon β-1b 2mL (16 million IU) consecutively and&#xD;
      oral ribavirin 400mg twice daily, or the Control group: supportive care alone (1:1).&#xD;
&#xD;
      For patients randomized to the Control group, if the nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) or throat&#xD;
      saliva (TS) viral load is still detectable on day 3, the patients will receive the same&#xD;
      treatment as in the Treatment group from day 4 to day 8.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Unknown status</overall_status>
  <last_known_status>Recruiting</last_known_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">July 29, 2020</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Anticipated">August 1, 2022</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Anticipated">July 1, 2022</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>Phase 2</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
    <intervention_model_description>open label randomised controlled trial</intervention_model_description>
    <primary_purpose>Treatment</primary_purpose>
    <masking>None (Open Label)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Clinical symptoms alleviation</measure>
    <time_frame>7 days</time_frame>
    <description>Time to complete alleviation of symptoms as defined by NEWS2 of 0 maintained for 24 hours</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Hospitalisation</measure>
    <time_frame>14 days</time_frame>
    <description>Length of hospitalisation</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Time to negative viral load</measure>
    <time_frame>7 days</time_frame>
    <description>Time to negative nasopharyngeal swab and throat saliva viral load by RT-PCR</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Inflammatory changes</measure>
    <time_frame>7 days</time_frame>
    <description>Cytokine/ chemokine changes</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Mortality</measure>
    <time_frame>30 days</time_frame>
    <description>One month mortality rate</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Adverse events and serious adverse events</measure>
    <time_frame>30 days</time_frame>
    <description>Adverse events and serious adverse events within 30 days of treatment</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Anticipated">96</enrollment>
  <condition>Covid19</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Treatment group</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Active Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>5-day course of daily subcutaneous injection of interferon β-1b 2mL (16 million IU) consecutively and oral ribavirin 400mg twice daily plus standard care</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Control group</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>No Intervention</arm_group_type>
    <description>Standard care alone</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Drug</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Interferon beta-1b</intervention_name>
    <description>5-day course of daily subcutaneous injection of interferon β-1b 16 million IU</description>
    <arm_group_label>Treatment group</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Drug</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Ribavirin</intervention_name>
    <description>5-day course of oral ribavirin 400mg twice daily</description>
    <arm_group_label>Treatment group</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          1. Recruited subjects include all adult patients ≥18 years hospitalized for virologic&#xD;
             confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection.&#xD;
&#xD;
          2. All subjects give written informed consent. For patients who are critically ill,&#xD;
             requiring ICU, ventilation or confused, informed consent will be obtained from spouse,&#xD;
             next-of-kin or legal guardians.&#xD;
&#xD;
          3. Subjects must be available to complete the study and comply with study procedures.&#xD;
             Willingness to allow for serum samples to be stored beyond the study period, for&#xD;
             potential additional future testing to better characterize immune response.&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          1. Inability to comprehend and to follow all required study procedures.&#xD;
&#xD;
          2. Allergy or severe reactions to the study drugs&#xD;
&#xD;
          3. Patients taking medication that will potentially interact with l interferon beta-1b or&#xD;
             ribavirin&#xD;
&#xD;
          4. Pregnant or lactation women&#xD;
&#xD;
          5. Patients with known history of severe depression&#xD;
&#xD;
          6. Received an experimental agent (vaccine, drug, biologic, device, blood product, or&#xD;
             medication) within 1 month prior to recruitment in this study or expect to receive an&#xD;
             experimental agent during this study.&#xD;
&#xD;
          7. To participate in an unrelated trial during the current clinical trial. Nevertheless,&#xD;
             the patients have the right to withdraw from the current clinical trial to join&#xD;
             another clinical trial.&#xD;
&#xD;
          8. Have a history of alcohol or drug abuse in the last 5 years.&#xD;
&#xD;
          9. Have any condition that the investigator believes may interfere with successful&#xD;
             completion of the study.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>N/A</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>No</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Ivan FN Hung, MD FRCP</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>The University of Hong Kong</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <overall_contact>
    <last_name>Ivan FN Hung, MD FRCP</last_name>
    <phone>22554049</phone>
    <email>ivanhung@hku.hk</email>
  </overall_contact>
  <overall_contact_backup>
    <last_name>Kelvin KW To, MD FRCPath</last_name>
    <phone>22552584</phone>
    <email>kelvinto@hku.hk</email>
  </overall_contact_backup>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital</name>
      <address>
        <city>Hong Kong</city>
        <zip>852</zip>
        <country>Hong Kong</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
    <status>Recruiting</status>
    <contact>
      <last_name>Ivan FN Hung, MD FRCP</last_name>
      <phone>22554049</phone>
      <email>ivanhung@hku.hk</email>
    </contact>
    <contact_backup>
      <last_name>Kelvin KW To, MD FRCPath</last_name>
      <email>kelvinto@hku.hk</email>
    </contact_backup>
    <investigator>
      <last_name>Ivan FN Hung, MD FRCP</last_name>
      <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    </investigator>
    <investigator>
      <last_name>Kelvin To, MD MRCP</last_name>
      <role>Sub-Investigator</role>
    </investigator>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>Hong Kong</country>
  </location_countries>
  <reference>
    <citation>Hung IF, Lung KC, Tso EY, Liu R, Chung TW, Chu MY, Ng YY, Lo J, Chan J, Tam AR, Shum HP, Chan V, Wu AK, Sin KM, Leung WS, Law WL, Lung DC, Sin S, Yeung P, Yip CC, Zhang RR, Fung AY, Yan EY, Leung KH, Ip JD, Chu AW, Chan WM, Ng AC, Lee R, Fung K, Yeung A, Wu TC, Chan JW, Yan WW, Chan WM, Chan JF, Lie AK, Tsang OT, Cheng VC, Que TL, Lau CS, Chan KH, To KK, Yuen KY. Triple combination of interferon beta-1b, lopinavir-ritonavir, and ribavirin in the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19: an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2020 May 30;395(10238):1695-1704. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31042-4. Epub 2020 May 10.</citation>
    <PMID>32401715</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Beigel JH, Tomashek KM, Dodd LE, Mehta AK, Zingman BS, Kalil AC, Hohmann E, Chu HY, Luetkemeyer A, Kline S, Lopez de Castilla D, Finberg RW, Dierberg K, Tapson V, Hsieh L, Patterson TF, Paredes R, Sweeney DA, Short WR, Touloumi G, Lye DC, Ohmagari N, Oh MD, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Benfield T, Fatkenheuer G, Kortepeter MG, Atmar RL, Creech CB, Lundgren J, Babiker AG, Pett S, Neaton JD, Burgess TH, Bonnett T, Green M, Makowski M, Osinusi A, Nayak S, Lane HC; ACTT-1 Study Group Members. Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 - Final Report. N Engl J Med. 2020 Nov 5;383(19):1813-1826. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2007764. Epub 2020 Oct 8.</citation>
    <PMID>32445440</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Chu H, Chan JF, Wang Y, Yuen TT, Chai Y, Hou Y, Shuai H, Yang D, Hu B, Huang X, Zhang X, Cai JP, Zhou J, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chan IH, Zhang AJ, Sit KY, Au WK, Yuen KY. Comparative Replication and Immune Activation Profiles of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV in Human Lungs: An Ex Vivo Study With Implications for the Pathogenesis of COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Sep 12;71(6):1400-1409. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa410.</citation>
    <PMID>32270184</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Chan JF, Yao Y, Yeung ML, Deng W, Bao L, Jia L, Li F, Xiao C, Gao H, Yu P, Cai JP, Chu H, Zhou J, Chen H, Qin C, Yuen KY. Treatment With Lopinavir/Ritonavir or Interferon-beta1b Improves Outcome of MERS-CoV Infection in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Common Marmoset. J Infect Dis. 2015 Dec 15;212(12):1904-13. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiv392. Epub 2015 Jul 21.</citation>
    <PMID>26198719</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Yuan S, Chan CC, Chik KK, Tsang JO, Liang R, Cao J, Tang K, Cai JP, Ye ZW, Yin F, To KK, Chu H, Jin DY, Hung IF, Yuen KY, Chan JF. Broad-Spectrum Host-Based Antivirals Targeting the Interferon and Lipogenesis Pathways as Potential Treatment Options for the Pandemic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Viruses. 2020 Jun 10;12(6):628. doi: 10.3390/v12060628.</citation>
    <PMID>32532085</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Blanco-Melo D, Nilsson-Payant BE, Liu WC, Uhl S, Hoagland D, Moller R, Jordan TX, Oishi K, Panis M, Sachs D, Wang TT, Schwartz RE, Lim JK, Albrecht RA, tenOever BR. Imbalanced Host Response to SARS-CoV-2 Drives Development of COVID-19. Cell. 2020 May 28;181(5):1036-1045.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.026. Epub 2020 May 15.</citation>
    <PMID>32416070</PMID>
  </reference>
  <verification_date>July 2020</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>July 28, 2020</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>July 29, 2020</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">July 31, 2020</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>July 29, 2020</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>July 29, 2020</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">July 31, 2020</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Sponsor</responsible_party_type>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>interferon beta-1b</keyword>
  <keyword>ribavirin</keyword>
  <keyword>hospitalised</keyword>
  <keyword>patients</keyword>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>COVID-19</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <intervention_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Interferons</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Ribavirin</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Interferon-beta</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Interferon beta-1b</mesh_term>
  </intervention_browse>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04494399
org study id: UW 20-513
nct id: NCT04494399
lead sponsor: 
collaborator: 
has dmc: Yes
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
As of 1 July 2020, more than 10 million people been confirmed to have infected by SARS-CoV-2,
      resulting in more than 500,000 deaths. No specific antiviral treatment for the SARS-CoV-2 is
      currently available, but existing medication could be repurposed.

      The investigators therefore propose to conduct an open-label randomized controlled trial on a
      short course of interferon β-1b and ribavirin combination treatment for patients hospitalized
      for COVID-19 infection.
The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), is a single-stranded RNA coronavirus. The virus was first
      isolated from patients presented with pneumonia in Wuhan in December 2019. It is believed
      that the virus first emerged from patients working in the Wuhan Seafood Market which also
      sold contaminated wild animals, consumed as a local delicacy. Sequences of the Wuhan
      betacoronavirus show similarities to betacoronaviruses found in bats, sharing a common
      ancestor with the 2003 SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV).

      The SARS-CoV-2 has since spread from China to the rest of the world. As of 1 July 2020, more
      than 10 million people been confirmed to have infected by SARS-CoV-2, resulting in more than
      500,000 deaths. No specific antiviral treatment for the SARS-CoV-2 is currently available,
      but existing medication could be repurposed.

      Previously, the investigators have demonstrated that interferon beta-1b, commonly used in the
      treatment of multiple sclerosis and lopinavir/ ritonavir, also demonstrated to improve the
      outcome of MERS-CoV infection in a non-human primate model of common marmoset. More recently,
      the investigators have demonstrated that the triple combination of interferon β-1b,
      lopinavir/ ritonavir and ribavirin was significantly more effective in alleviating symptoms
      and respiratory SARS-CoV-2 viral load than lopinavir/ ritonavir with ribavirin or lopinavir/
      ritonavir alone, suggesting that interferon β-1b might be the most potent antiviral among the
      three and lopinavir/ ritonavir is associated with relatively more side effects including
      diarrhoea and cardiac arrhythmia.

      Therefore, the investigators propose to conduct an open-label randomized controlled trial on
      a short course of interferon β-1b and ribavirin combination treatment for patients
      hospitalized for COVID-19 infection.

      Patients will be randomly assigned to one of the two groups: the Treatment group: a 5-day
      course of subcutaneous injection of interferon β-1b 2mL (16 million IU) consecutively and
      oral ribavirin 400mg twice daily, or the Control group: supportive care alone (1:1).

      For patients randomized to the Control group, if the nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) or throat
      saliva (TS) viral load is still detectable on day 3, the patients will receive the same
      treatment as in the Treatment group from day 4 to day 8.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Parallel Assignment
intervention model description: open label randomised controlled trial
primary purpose: Treatment
masking: None (Open Label)
measure: Clinical symptoms alleviation
time frame: 7 days
description: Time to complete alleviation of symptoms as defined by NEWS2 of 0 maintained for 24 hours
measure: Hospitalisation
time frame: 14 days
description: Length of hospitalisation
measure: Time to negative viral load
time frame: 7 days
description: Time to negative nasopharyngeal swab and throat saliva viral load by RT-PCR
measure: Inflammatory changes
time frame: 7 days
description: Cytokine/ chemokine changes
measure: Mortality
time frame: 30 days
description: One month mortality rate
measure: Adverse events and serious adverse events
time frame: 30 days
description: Adverse events and serious adverse events within 30 days of treatment
arm group label: Treatment group
arm group type: Active Comparator
description: 5-day course of daily subcutaneous injection of interferon β-1b 2mL (16 million IU) consecutively and oral ribavirin 400mg twice daily plus standard care
arm group label: Control group
arm group type: No Intervention
description: Standard care alone
intervention type: Drug
intervention name: Interferon beta-1b
description: 5-day course of daily subcutaneous injection of interferon β-1b 16 million IU
arm group label: Treatment group
intervention type: Drug
intervention name: Ribavirin
description: 5-day course of oral ribavirin 400mg twice daily
arm group label: Treatment group
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: N/A
healthy volunteers: No
last name: Ivan FN Hung, MD FRCP
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: The University of Hong Kong
last name: Ivan FN Hung, MD FRCP
phone: 22554049
email: ivanhung@hku.hk
last name: Kelvin KW To, MD FRCPath
phone: 22552584
email: kelvinto@hku.hk
facility: 
status: Recruiting
contact: 
contact backup: 
investigator: 
investigator: 
country: Hong Kong
citation: Hung IF, Lung KC, Tso EY, Liu R, Chung TW, Chu MY, Ng YY, Lo J, Chan J, Tam AR, Shum HP, Chan V, Wu AK, Sin KM, Leung WS, Law WL, Lung DC, Sin S, Yeung P, Yip CC, Zhang RR, Fung AY, Yan EY, Leung KH, Ip JD, Chu AW, Chan WM, Ng AC, Lee R, Fung K, Yeung A, Wu TC, Chan JW, Yan WW, Chan WM, Chan JF, Lie AK, Tsang OT, Cheng VC, Que TL, Lau CS, Chan KH, To KK, Yuen KY. Triple combination of interferon beta-1b, lopinavir-ritonavir, and ribavirin in the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19: an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2020 May 30;395(10238):1695-1704. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31042-4. Epub 2020 May 10.
PMID: 32401715
citation: Beigel JH, Tomashek KM, Dodd LE, Mehta AK, Zingman BS, Kalil AC, Hohmann E, Chu HY, Luetkemeyer A, Kline S, Lopez de Castilla D, Finberg RW, Dierberg K, Tapson V, Hsieh L, Patterson TF, Paredes R, Sweeney DA, Short WR, Touloumi G, Lye DC, Ohmagari N, Oh MD, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Benfield T, Fatkenheuer G, Kortepeter MG, Atmar RL, Creech CB, Lundgren J, Babiker AG, Pett S, Neaton JD, Burgess TH, Bonnett T, Green M, Makowski M, Osinusi A, Nayak S, Lane HC; ACTT-1 Study Group Members. Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 - Final Report. N Engl J Med. 2020 Nov 5;383(19):1813-1826. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2007764. Epub 2020 Oct 8.
PMID: 32445440
citation: Chu H, Chan JF, Wang Y, Yuen TT, Chai Y, Hou Y, Shuai H, Yang D, Hu B, Huang X, Zhang X, Cai JP, Zhou J, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chan IH, Zhang AJ, Sit KY, Au WK, Yuen KY. Comparative Replication and Immune Activation Profiles of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV in Human Lungs: An Ex Vivo Study With Implications for the Pathogenesis of COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Sep 12;71(6):1400-1409. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa410.
PMID: 32270184
citation: Chan JF, Yao Y, Yeung ML, Deng W, Bao L, Jia L, Li F, Xiao C, Gao H, Yu P, Cai JP, Chu H, Zhou J, Chen H, Qin C, Yuen KY. Treatment With Lopinavir/Ritonavir or Interferon-beta1b Improves Outcome of MERS-CoV Infection in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Common Marmoset. J Infect Dis. 2015 Dec 15;212(12):1904-13. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiv392. Epub 2015 Jul 21.
PMID: 26198719
citation: Yuan S, Chan CC, Chik KK, Tsang JO, Liang R, Cao J, Tang K, Cai JP, Ye ZW, Yin F, To KK, Chu H, Jin DY, Hung IF, Yuen KY, Chan JF. Broad-Spectrum Host-Based Antivirals Targeting the Interferon and Lipogenesis Pathways as Potential Treatment Options for the Pandemic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Viruses. 2020 Jun 10;12(6):628. doi: 10.3390/v12060628.
PMID: 32532085
citation: Blanco-Melo D, Nilsson-Payant BE, Liu WC, Uhl S, Hoagland D, Moller R, Jordan TX, Oishi K, Panis M, Sachs D, Wang TT, Schwartz RE, Lim JK, Albrecht RA, tenOever BR. Imbalanced Host Response to SARS-CoV-2 Drives Development of COVID-19. Cell. 2020 May 28;181(5):1036-1045.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.026. Epub 2020 May 15.
PMID: 32416070
responsible party type: Sponsor
mesh term: COVID-19
mesh term: Interferons
mesh term: Ribavirin
mesh term: Interferon-beta
mesh term: Interferon beta-1b