<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04502056</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>2029880</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT04502056</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Covid-19 Messaging to Underserved Communities - 2nd Experiment</brief_title>
  <official_title>Covid-19 Messaging to Underserved Communities - 2nd Experiment</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Massachusetts General Hospital</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Stanford University</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Yale University</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Harvard University</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
  </sponsors>
  <source>National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>No</has_dmc>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      The aim of the study is to build off results from our first experiment (NCT04371419) , and&#xD;
      test whether messages that acknowledge racial injustice on behalf of institutions affect the&#xD;
      retention of knowledge and movement of beliefs and behavior with respect to Covid-19. The&#xD;
      investigators will also test the effect of concordance of providers and whether highlighting&#xD;
      the unequal burden of the disease has additional effects on knowledge, beliefs and behavior&#xD;
      regarding covid-19. The sample will include African American and white adult Americans and&#xD;
      oversample those with less than a college degree.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      Recent data have shown that covid19 is disproportionately infecting and killing African&#xD;
      Americans and Latinx people in the United States. Moreover, since our last experiment, the&#xD;
      killing of George Floyd by Minnesota police has raised awareness of structural racism in the&#xD;
      United States.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The aim of the study is to build off results from our first experiment (NCT04371419) , and&#xD;
      test whether messages that acknowledge racial injustice on behalf of institutions affect the&#xD;
      retention of knowledge and movement of beliefs and behavior with respect to Covid-19. The&#xD;
      investigators will also test the effect of concordance of providers and whether highlighting&#xD;
      the unequal burden of the disease has additional effects on knowledge, beliefs and behavior&#xD;
      regarding covid-19.The sample will include African American and white adult Americans and&#xD;
      oversample those with less than a college degree.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">August 7, 2020</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">September 6, 2020</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">September 6, 2020</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>N/A</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Prevention</primary_purpose>
    <masking>None (Open Label)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Incidence Rate for Knowledge Gaps: Control vs. Any Intervention</measure>
    <time_frame>The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.</time_frame>
    <description>Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. The incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Incidence Rate for Knowledge Gaps: Control vs. Any Intervention - Follow up</measure>
    <time_frame>The outcome was measured at a follow-up within 2 weeks following the intervention</time_frame>
    <description>Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. Incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Incidence Rate for Information-seeking Behavior: Control vs. Any Intervention</measure>
    <time_frame>The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.</time_frame>
    <description>Participants were offered the option of requesting additional information on COVID-19 related resources by clicking on up to five links that included more content. We measured &quot;information seeking behavior&quot; as the number of links for which participants expressed interest, a count variable between 0 (lowest information seeking behavior) and 5 (greatest information seeking behavior). Incidence rate for interest in links is the count of links demanded divided by the maximum possible count: 5.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Incidence Rate - Safety Gap Score: Control vs. Any Intervention</measure>
    <time_frame>The outcome was measured at a follow-up within 2 weeks following the intervention.</time_frame>
    <description>Participants were asked about how often they engaged in four behaviors of interest: if they wore a mask indoors/outdoors; if they washed their hands; if they followed social distancing guidelines. The safety gap index takes values of 0 (if a participant reported that they always practiced the four behaviors of interest) up to 4 (none). Incidence rate for safety gaps is the count of safety gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 4.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Masks: Control vs. Any Intervention</measure>
    <time_frame>The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.</time_frame>
    <description>WTP: the participants will be asked to choose between two masks vs an unrestricted gift card. They will be asked what amount of gift card would make them just as happy to receive two mask versus the gift card.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Knowledge Gap</measure>
    <time_frame>The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.</time_frame>
    <description>Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. The incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Knowledge Gap - Follow up</measure>
    <time_frame>The outcome was measured at a follow-up within 2 weeks following the intervention</time_frame>
    <description>Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. The incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Information-seeking Behavior</measure>
    <time_frame>The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.</time_frame>
    <description>Participants were offered the option of requesting additional information on COVID-19 related resources by clicking on up to 5 links that included more content. We measured &quot;information seeking behavior&quot; as the number of links for which participants expressed interest, a count variable between 0 (lowest information seeking behavior) and 5 (greatest information seeking behavior). Incidence rate for interest in links is the count of links demanded divided by the maximum possible count: 5. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Safety Gap Score</measure>
    <time_frame>The outcome was measured at a follow-up within 2 weeks following the intervention.</time_frame>
    <description>Participants were asked about how often they engaged in four behaviors of interest: if they wore a mask indoors/outdoors; if they washed their hands; if they followed social distancing guidelines. The safety gap index takes values of 0 (if a participant reported that they always practiced the four behaviors of interest) up to 4 (none). Incidence rate for safety gaps is the count of safety gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 4. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>OLS Regression Coefficients - Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Masks</measure>
    <time_frame>The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.</time_frame>
    <description>WTP: the participants will be asked to choose between two masks vs an unrestricted gift card. They will be asked what amount of gift card would make them just as happy to receive two mask versus the gift card. The regression coefficients compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single ordinary least squares (OLS) regression for WTP masks).</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>12</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Actual">20460</enrollment>
  <condition>Covid19</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>AMA RI - B- B - R</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - the message on Covid-19 will include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>AMA RI - B - B - N</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - the message on Covid-19 will not include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>AMA RI - W - W - R</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will be white - the message on Covid-19 will include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>AMA RI - W - W - N</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will be white - the message on Covid-19 will not include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>AMA DP - B- B - R</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - the message on Covid-19 will include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color .</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>AMA DP - B- B - N</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - the message on Covid-19 will not include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>AMA DP - W- W - R</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will be white - the message on Covid-19 will include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>AMA DP - W- W - N</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will be white - the message on Covid-19 will not include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Control: AMA RI - B - B</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Placebo Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - No message on Covid-19 will be shown.&#xD;
Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants will receive a AMA statement on racial injustice.&#xD;
African American Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a African American sender in acknowledgment of AMA</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Control: AMA RI - W - W</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Placebo Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be white - No message on Covid-19 will be shown.&#xD;
Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants will receive a AMA statement on racial injustice.&#xD;
White Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a white sender in acknowledgment of AMA</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Control: AMA DP - B - B</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Placebo Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - No message on Covid-19 will be shown.&#xD;
African American Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a African American sender in acknowledgment of AMA&#xD;
AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants receive AMA information on drug pricing</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Control: AMA DP - W - W</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Placebo Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be white - No message on Covid-19 will be shown.&#xD;
White Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a white sender in acknowledgment of AMA&#xD;
AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants receive AMA information on drug pricing</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA</intervention_name>
    <description>Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants will receive a AMA statement on racial injustice.</description>
    <arm_group_label>AMA RI - B - B - N</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>AMA RI - B- B - R</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>AMA RI - W - W - N</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>AMA RI - W - W - R</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Control: AMA RI - B - B</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Control: AMA RI - W - W</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>African American Sender Acknowledgement</intervention_name>
    <description>Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a African American sender in acknowledgment of AMA</description>
    <arm_group_label>AMA DP - B- B - N</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>AMA DP - B- B - R</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>AMA RI - B - B - N</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>AMA RI - B- B - R</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Control: AMA DP - B - B</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Control: AMA RI - B - B</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>African American Sender in Informational Videos.</intervention_name>
    <description>Investigators will vary the sender of the informational covid-19 videos. In this arm, participants receive a African American sender in informational videos.</description>
    <arm_group_label>AMA DP - B- B - N</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>AMA DP - B- B - R</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>AMA RI - B - B - N</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>AMA RI - B- B - R</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Control: AMA DP - B - B</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Control: AMA RI - B - B</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Racial Inequality Highlighted</intervention_name>
    <description>Investigators will include information on race-specific covid-19 cases and deaths in one variation in the messaging. In this arm, participants receive disproportionate race-specific Covid-19 facts</description>
    <arm_group_label>AMA DP - B- B - R</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>AMA DP - W- W - R</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>AMA RI - B- B - R</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>AMA RI - W - W - R</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing</intervention_name>
    <description>Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants receive AMA information on drug pricing</description>
    <arm_group_label>AMA DP - B- B - N</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>AMA DP - B- B - R</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>AMA DP - W- W - N</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>AMA DP - W- W - R</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Control: AMA DP - B - B</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Control: AMA DP - W - W</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>White Sender in Acknowledgement</intervention_name>
    <description>Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm, participants receive a white sender in the acknowledgement</description>
    <arm_group_label>AMA DP - W- W - N</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>AMA DP - W- W - R</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>AMA RI - W - W - N</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>AMA RI - W - W - R</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Control: AMA DP - W - W</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Control: AMA RI - W - W</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>White Sender in Informational Videos</intervention_name>
    <description>Investigators will vary the messenger of the informational covid-19 videos. In this arm, participants receive white sender in the informational video</description>
    <arm_group_label>AMA DP - W- W - N</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>AMA DP - W- W - R</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>AMA RI - W - W - N</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>AMA RI - W - W - R</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Control: AMA DP - W - W</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Control: AMA RI - W - W</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>No Racial Inequality Highlighting</intervention_name>
    <description>In this arm, the disproportionate burden of Covid-19 on communities of color will not be highlighted</description>
    <arm_group_label>AMA DP - B- B - N</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>AMA DP - W- W - N</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>AMA RI - B - B - N</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>AMA RI - W - W - N</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Placebo videos</intervention_name>
    <description>Videos not related to covid-19 will be shown</description>
    <arm_group_label>Control: AMA DP - B - B</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Control: AMA DP - W - W</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Control: AMA RI - B - B</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Control: AMA RI - W - W</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  adults who self-identify as African American or white.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  an oversample of individuals with less than a college education&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>N/A</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>Accepts Healthy Volunteers</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>JPAL North America</name>
      <address>
        <city>Cambridge</city>
        <state>Massachusetts</state>
        <zip>02138</zip>
        <country>United States</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>United States</country>
  </location_countries>
  <verification_date>July 2021</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>August 2, 2020</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>August 4, 2020</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">August 6, 2020</study_first_posted>
  <results_first_submitted>May 28, 2021</results_first_submitted>
  <results_first_submitted_qc>July 24, 2021</results_first_submitted_qc>
  <results_first_posted type="Actual">July 27, 2021</results_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>July 24, 2021</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>July 24, 2021</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">July 27, 2021</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
    <investigator_affiliation>National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.</investigator_affiliation>
    <investigator_full_name>Esther Duflo</investigator_full_name>
    <investigator_title>Abdul Latif Jameel Professor of Poverty Alleviation and Development Economics, MIT; Co-Director, Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab</investigator_title>
  </responsible_party>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>COVID-19</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <provided_document_section>
    <provided_document>
      <document_type>Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan</document_type>
      <document_has_protocol>Yes</document_has_protocol>
      <document_has_icf>No</document_has_icf>
      <document_has_sap>Yes</document_has_sap>
      <document_date>September 4, 2020</document_date>
      <document_url>https://ClinicalTrials.gov/ProvidedDocs/56/NCT04502056/Prot_SAP_000.pdf</document_url>
    </provided_document>
  </provided_document_section>

  <clinical_results>

    <participant_flow>
      <group_list>
        <group group_id="P1">
          <title>Intervention: AMA RI - B- B - R</title>
          <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - the message on Covid-19 will include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color .&#xD;
Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants will receive a AMA statement on racial injustice.&#xD;
African American Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a African American sender in acknowledgment of AMA&#xD;
African American Sender in Informational Videos.: Investigators will vary the sender of the informational covid-19 videos. In this arm, participants receive a African American sender in informational videos.&#xD;
Racial Inequality Highlighted: Investigators will include information on race-specific covid-19 cases and deaths in one variation in the messaging. In this arm, participants receive disproportionate race-specific Covid-19 facts</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="P2">
          <title>Intervention: AMA RI - B - B - N</title>
          <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - the message on Covid-19 will not include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color.&#xD;
Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants will receive a AMA statement on racial injustice.&#xD;
African American Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a African American sender in acknowledgment of AMA&#xD;
African American Sender in Informational Videos.: Investigators will vary the sender of the informational covid-19 videos. In this arm, participants receive a African American sender in informational videos.&#xD;
No Racial Inequality Highlighting: In this arm, the disproportionate burden of Covid-19 on communities of color will not be highlighted</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="P3">
          <title>Intervention: AMA RI - W - W - R</title>
          <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will be white - the message on Covid-19 will include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color.&#xD;
Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants will receive a AMA statement on racial injustice.&#xD;
Racial Inequality Highlighted: Investigators will include information on race-specific covid-19 cases and deaths in one variation in the messaging. In this arm, participants receive disproportionate race-specific Covid-19 facts&#xD;
White Sender in Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm, participants receive a white sender in the acknowledgement&#xD;
White Sender in Informational Videos: Investigators will vary the messenger of the informational covid-19 videos. In this arm, participants receive white sender in the informational video</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="P4">
          <title>Intervention: AMA RI - W - W - N</title>
          <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will be white - the message on Covid-19 will not include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color.&#xD;
Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants will receive a AMA statement on racial injustice.&#xD;
White Sender in Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm, participants receive a white sender in the acknowledgement&#xD;
White Sender in Informational Videos: Investigators will vary the messenger of the informational covid-19 videos. In this arm, participants receive white sender in the informational video&#xD;
No Racial Inequality Highlighting: In this arm, the disproportionate burden of Covid-19 on communities of color will not be highlighted</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="P5">
          <title>Intervention: AMA DP - B- B - R</title>
          <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - the message on Covid-19 will include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color .&#xD;
African American Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a African American sender in acknowledgment of AMA&#xD;
African American Sender in Informational Videos.: Investigators will vary the sender of the informational covid-19 videos. In this arm, participants receive a African American sender in informational videos.&#xD;
Racial Inequality Highlighted: Investigators will include information on race-specific covid-19 cases and deaths in one variation in the messaging. In this arm, participants receive disproportionate race-specific Covid-19 facts&#xD;
AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants receive AMA information on drug pricing</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="P6">
          <title>Intervention: AMA DP - B- B - N</title>
          <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - the message on Covid-19 will not include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color.&#xD;
African American Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a African American sender in acknowledgment of AMA&#xD;
African American Sender in Informational Videos.: Investigators will vary the sender of the informational covid-19 videos. In this arm, participants receive a African American sender in informational videos.&#xD;
AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants receive AMA information on drug pricing&#xD;
No Racial Inequality Highlighting: In this arm, the disproportionate burden of Covid-19 on communities of color will not be highlighted</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="P7">
          <title>Intervention: AMA DP - W- W - R</title>
          <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will be white - the message on Covid-19 will include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color.&#xD;
Racial Inequality Highlighted: Investigators will include information on race-specific covid-19 cases and deaths in one variation in the messaging. In this arm, participants receive disproportionate race-specific Covid-19 facts&#xD;
AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants receive AMA information on drug pricing&#xD;
White Sender in Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm, participants receive a white sender in the acknowledgement&#xD;
White Sender in Informational Videos: Investigators will vary the messenger of the informational covid-19 videos. In this arm, participants receive white sender in the informational video</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="P8">
          <title>Intervention: AMA DP - W- W - N</title>
          <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will be white - the message on Covid-19 will not include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color.&#xD;
AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants receive AMA information on drug pricing&#xD;
White Sender in Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm, participants receive a white sender in the acknowledgement&#xD;
White Sender in Informational Videos: Investigators will vary the messenger of the informational covid-19 videos. In this arm, participants receive white sender in the informational video&#xD;
No Racial Inequality Highlighting: In this arm, the disproportionate burden of Covid-19 on communities of color will not be highlighted</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="P9">
          <title>Control: AMA RI - B - B</title>
          <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - No message on Covid-19 will be shown.&#xD;
Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants will receive a AMA statement on racial injustice.&#xD;
African American Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a African American sender in acknowledgment of AMA</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="P10">
          <title>Control: AMA RI - W - W</title>
          <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be white - No message on Covid-19 will be shown.&#xD;
Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants will receive a AMA statement on racial injustice.&#xD;
White Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a white sender in acknowledgment of AMA</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="P11">
          <title>Control: AMA DP - B - B</title>
          <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - No message on Covid-19 will be shown.&#xD;
African American Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a African American sender in acknowledgment of AMA&#xD;
AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants receive AMA information on drug pricing</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="P12">
          <title>Control: AMA DP - W - W</title>
          <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be white - No message on Covid-19 will be shown.&#xD;
White Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a white sender in acknowledgment of AMA&#xD;
AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants receive AMA information on drug pricing</description>
        </group>
      </group_list>
      <period_list>
        <period>
          <title>Overall Study</title>
          <milestone_list>
            <milestone>
              <title>STARTED</title>
              <participants_list>
                <participants group_id="P1" count="2046"/>
                <participants group_id="P2" count="2044"/>
                <participants group_id="P3" count="2045"/>
                <participants group_id="P4" count="2046"/>
                <participants group_id="P5" count="2044"/>
                <participants group_id="P6" count="2052"/>
                <participants group_id="P7" count="2046"/>
                <participants group_id="P8" count="2043"/>
                <participants group_id="P9" count="1026"/>
                <participants group_id="P10" count="1025"/>
                <participants group_id="P11" count="1023"/>
                <participants group_id="P12" count="1020"/>
              </participants_list>
            </milestone>
            <milestone>
              <title>Completed the Knowledge Questions, Included for the Knowledge Gaps Analysis</title>
              <participants_list>
                <participants group_id="P1" count="1859"/>
                <participants group_id="P2" count="1881"/>
                <participants group_id="P3" count="1879"/>
                <participants group_id="P4" count="1886"/>
                <participants group_id="P5" count="1846"/>
                <participants group_id="P6" count="1877"/>
                <participants group_id="P7" count="1888"/>
                <participants group_id="P8" count="1883"/>
                <participants group_id="P9" count="947"/>
                <participants group_id="P10" count="942"/>
                <participants group_id="P11" count="946"/>
                <participants group_id="P12" count="928"/>
              </participants_list>
            </milestone>
            <milestone>
              <title>Completed the Entire Survey, Included for All Analysis Besides Knowledge Gaps, Except Follow-up</title>
              <participants_list>
                <participants group_id="P1" count="1799"/>
                <participants group_id="P2" count="1828"/>
                <participants group_id="P3" count="1830"/>
                <participants group_id="P4" count="1835"/>
                <participants group_id="P5" count="1792"/>
                <participants group_id="P6" count="1820"/>
                <participants group_id="P7" count="1821"/>
                <participants group_id="P8" count="1844"/>
                <participants group_id="P9" count="914"/>
                <participants group_id="P10" count="912"/>
                <participants group_id="P11" count="928"/>
                <participants group_id="P12" count="900"/>
              </participants_list>
            </milestone>
            <milestone>
              <title>Completed the Follow-up Survey</title>
              <participants_list>
                <participants group_id="P1" count="608"/>
                <participants group_id="P2" count="607"/>
                <participants group_id="P3" count="591"/>
                <participants group_id="P4" count="601"/>
                <participants group_id="P5" count="631"/>
                <participants group_id="P6" count="598"/>
                <participants group_id="P7" count="607"/>
                <participants group_id="P8" count="607"/>
                <participants group_id="P9" count="301"/>
                <participants group_id="P10" count="313"/>
                <participants group_id="P11" count="291"/>
                <participants group_id="P12" count="316"/>
              </participants_list>
            </milestone>
            <milestone>
              <title>COMPLETED</title>
              <participants_list>
                <participants group_id="P1" count="604"/>
                <participants group_id="P2" count="602"/>
                <participants group_id="P3" count="586"/>
                <participants group_id="P4" count="597"/>
                <participants group_id="P5" count="626"/>
                <participants group_id="P6" count="596"/>
                <participants group_id="P7" count="605"/>
                <participants group_id="P8" count="603"/>
                <participants group_id="P9" count="298"/>
                <participants group_id="P10" count="311"/>
                <participants group_id="P11" count="288"/>
                <participants group_id="P12" count="614"/>
              </participants_list>
            </milestone>
            <milestone>
              <title>NOT COMPLETED</title>
              <participants_list>
                <participants group_id="P1" count="1442"/>
                <participants group_id="P2" count="1442"/>
                <participants group_id="P3" count="1459"/>
                <participants group_id="P4" count="1449"/>
                <participants group_id="P5" count="1418"/>
                <participants group_id="P6" count="1456"/>
                <participants group_id="P7" count="1441"/>
                <participants group_id="P8" count="1440"/>
                <participants group_id="P9" count="728"/>
                <participants group_id="P10" count="714"/>
                <participants group_id="P11" count="735"/>
                <participants group_id="P12" count="406"/>
              </participants_list>
            </milestone>
          </milestone_list>
        </period>
      </period_list>
    </participant_flow>

    <baseline>
      <population>Any intervention was indeed an arm that included each sub arm of different types of message that we tested against a control and pre-specified in our study protocol and analysis plan to combine arms for analysis.</population>
      <group_list>
        <group group_id="B1">
          <title>Intervention</title>
          <description>Participants who are assigned to any intervention groups</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="B2">
          <title>Control</title>
          <description>Participants who are assigned to a control group</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="B3">
          <title>Total</title>
          <description>Total of all reporting groups</description>
        </group>
      </group_list>
      <analyzed_list>
        <analyzed>
          <units>Participants</units>
          <scope>Overall</scope>
          <count_list>
            <count group_id="B1" value="14145"/>
            <count group_id="B2" value="3544"/>
            <count group_id="B3" value="17689"/>
          </count_list>
        </analyzed>
      </analyzed_list>
      <measure_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Age</title>
          <units>years</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Deviation</dispersion>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="40.20" spread="17.83"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="40.30" spread="17.73"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="40.22" spread="17.81"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Sex: Female, Male</title>
          <units>Participants</units>
          <param>Count of Participants</param>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <title>Female</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="7907"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="1973"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="9880"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
                <category>
                  <title>Male</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="6238"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="1571"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="7809"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Race (NIH/OMB)</title>
          <units>Participants</units>
          <param>Count of Participants</param>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <title>American Indian or Alaska Native</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="0"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
                <category>
                  <title>Asian</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="0"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
                <category>
                  <title>Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="0"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
                <category>
                  <title>Black or African American</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="6303"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="1576"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="7879"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
                <category>
                  <title>White</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="7842"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="1968"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="9810"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
                <category>
                  <title>More than one race</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="0"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
                <category>
                  <title>Unknown or Not Reported</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="0"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Region of Enrollment</title>
          <units>Participants</units>
          <param>Count of Participants</param>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <title>United States</title>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <title>Northeast, United States</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="2424"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="600"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="3024"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
                <category>
                  <title>Midwest, United States</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="3114"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="770"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="3884"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
                <category>
                  <title>South, United States</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="6397"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="1649"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="8046"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
                <category>
                  <title>West, United States</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="2210"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="525"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="2735"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>High school graduate</title>
          <units>Participants</units>
          <param>Count of Participants</param>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="12009"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="3007"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="15016"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Household income above 60k</title>
          <units>Participants</units>
          <param>Count of Participants</param>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="3356"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="850"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="4206"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Party Affiliation</title>
          <units>Participants</units>
          <param>Count of Participants</param>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <title>Democrat</title>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="5594"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="1383"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="6977"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
            <class>
              <title>Republican</title>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="3494"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="882"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="4376"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
            <class>
              <title>Independent</title>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="5057"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="1279"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="6336"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Preventive practices: mask in (always)</title>
          <units>Participants</units>
          <param>Count of Participants</param>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="9648"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="2458"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="12106"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Preventive practices: mask out (always)</title>
          <units>Participants</units>
          <param>Count of Participants</param>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="4408"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="1109"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="5517"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Preventive practices: wash hands (always)</title>
          <units>Participants</units>
          <param>Count of Participants</param>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="8688"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="2091"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="10779"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Preventive practices: distance (always)</title>
          <units>Participants</units>
          <param>Count of Participants</param>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="7571"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="1890"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="9461"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </measure_list>
    </baseline>

    <outcome_list>
      <outcome>
        <type>Primary</type>
        <title>Incidence Rate for Knowledge Gaps: Control vs. Any Intervention</title>
        <description>Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. The incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10.</description>
        <time_frame>The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.</time_frame>
        <population>Any intervention was indeed an arm that included each sub arm of different types of message that we tested against a control and pre-specified in our study protocol and analysis plan to combine arms for analysis.</population>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Intervention</title>
            <description>Participants who are assigned to any intervention groups</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Control</title>
            <description>Participants who are assigned to a control group</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Incidence Rate for Knowledge Gaps: Control vs. Any Intervention</title>
          <description>Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. The incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10.</description>
          <population>Any intervention was indeed an arm that included each sub arm of different types of message that we tested against a control and pre-specified in our study protocol and analysis plan to combine arms for analysis.</population>
          <units>proportion of knowledge gaps</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>95% Confidence Interval</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="14999"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="3763"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="0.214" lower_limit="0.211" upper_limit="0.217"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="0.241" lower_limit="0.235" upper_limit="0.246"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Primary</type>
        <title>Incidence Rate for Knowledge Gaps: Control vs. Any Intervention - Follow up</title>
        <description>Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. Incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10.</description>
        <time_frame>The outcome was measured at a follow-up within 2 weeks following the intervention</time_frame>
        <population>Any intervention was indeed an arm that included each sub arm of different types of message that we tested against a control and pre-specified in our study protocol and analysis plan to combine arms for analysis.</population>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Intervention</title>
            <description>Participants who are assigned to any intervention groups</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Control</title>
            <description>Participants who are assigned to a control group</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Incidence Rate for Knowledge Gaps: Control vs. Any Intervention - Follow up</title>
          <description>Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. Incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10.</description>
          <population>Any intervention was indeed an arm that included each sub arm of different types of message that we tested against a control and pre-specified in our study protocol and analysis plan to combine arms for analysis.</population>
          <units>proportion of knowledge gaps</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>95% Confidence Interval</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="4819"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="1211"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="0.241" lower_limit="0.238" upper_limit="0.244"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="0.250" lower_limit="0.243" upper_limit="0.256"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Primary</type>
        <title>Incidence Rate for Information-seeking Behavior: Control vs. Any Intervention</title>
        <description>Participants were offered the option of requesting additional information on COVID-19 related resources by clicking on up to five links that included more content. We measured &quot;information seeking behavior&quot; as the number of links for which participants expressed interest, a count variable between 0 (lowest information seeking behavior) and 5 (greatest information seeking behavior). Incidence rate for interest in links is the count of links demanded divided by the maximum possible count: 5.</description>
        <time_frame>The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.</time_frame>
        <population>Any intervention was indeed an arm that included each sub arm of different types of message that we tested against a control and pre-specified in our study protocol and analysis plan to combine arms for analysis.</population>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Intervention</title>
            <description>Participants who are assigned to any intervention groups</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Control</title>
            <description>Participants who are assigned to a control group</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Incidence Rate for Information-seeking Behavior: Control vs. Any Intervention</title>
          <description>Participants were offered the option of requesting additional information on COVID-19 related resources by clicking on up to five links that included more content. We measured &quot;information seeking behavior&quot; as the number of links for which participants expressed interest, a count variable between 0 (lowest information seeking behavior) and 5 (greatest information seeking behavior). Incidence rate for interest in links is the count of links demanded divided by the maximum possible count: 5.</description>
          <population>Any intervention was indeed an arm that included each sub arm of different types of message that we tested against a control and pre-specified in our study protocol and analysis plan to combine arms for analysis.</population>
          <units>proportion of links</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>95% Confidence Interval</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="14569"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="3654"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="0.338" lower_limit="0.332" upper_limit="0.344"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="0.320" lower_limit="0.308" upper_limit="0.332"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Primary</type>
        <title>Incidence Rate - Safety Gap Score: Control vs. Any Intervention</title>
        <description>Participants were asked about how often they engaged in four behaviors of interest: if they wore a mask indoors/outdoors; if they washed their hands; if they followed social distancing guidelines. The safety gap index takes values of 0 (if a participant reported that they always practiced the four behaviors of interest) up to 4 (none). Incidence rate for safety gaps is the count of safety gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 4.</description>
        <time_frame>The outcome was measured at a follow-up within 2 weeks following the intervention.</time_frame>
        <population>Any intervention was indeed an arm that included each sub arm of different types of message that we tested against a control and pre-specified in our study protocol and analysis plan to combine arms for analysis.</population>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Intervention</title>
            <description>Participants who are assigned to any intervention groups</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Control</title>
            <description>Participants who are assigned to a control group</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Incidence Rate - Safety Gap Score: Control vs. Any Intervention</title>
          <description>Participants were asked about how often they engaged in four behaviors of interest: if they wore a mask indoors/outdoors; if they washed their hands; if they followed social distancing guidelines. The safety gap index takes values of 0 (if a participant reported that they always practiced the four behaviors of interest) up to 4 (none). Incidence rate for safety gaps is the count of safety gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 4.</description>
          <population>Any intervention was indeed an arm that included each sub arm of different types of message that we tested against a control and pre-specified in our study protocol and analysis plan to combine arms for analysis.</population>
          <units>proportion of safety gaps</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>95% Confidence Interval</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="4823"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="1212"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="0.450" lower_limit="0.440" upper_limit="0.460"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="0.465" lower_limit="0.445" upper_limit="0.484"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Primary</type>
        <title>Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Masks: Control vs. Any Intervention</title>
        <description>WTP: the participants will be asked to choose between two masks vs an unrestricted gift card. They will be asked what amount of gift card would make them just as happy to receive two mask versus the gift card.</description>
        <time_frame>The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.</time_frame>
        <population>Any intervention was indeed an arm that included each sub arm of different types of message that we tested against a control and pre-specified in our study protocol and analysis plan to combine arms for analysis.</population>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Intervention</title>
            <description>Participants who are assigned to any intervention groups</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Control</title>
            <description>Participants who are assigned to a control group</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Masks: Control vs. Any Intervention</title>
          <description>WTP: the participants will be asked to choose between two masks vs an unrestricted gift card. They will be asked what amount of gift card would make them just as happy to receive two mask versus the gift card.</description>
          <population>Any intervention was indeed an arm that included each sub arm of different types of message that we tested against a control and pre-specified in our study protocol and analysis plan to combine arms for analysis.</population>
          <units>dollar</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>95% Confidence Interval</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="13399"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="3360"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="14.580" lower_limit="14.148" upper_limit="14.741"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="14.072" lower_limit="13.762" upper_limit="14.382"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Primary</type>
        <title>Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Knowledge Gap</title>
        <description>Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. The incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression.</description>
        <time_frame>The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.</time_frame>
        <population>Arms were combined to assess the differential effectiveness of each unique video message by comparing participants in Arm A vs. Arm B, since Arm A cut across several other studies:&#xD;
within the intervention group; or&#xD;
within the control group; or&#xD;
across the intervention and control groups.&#xD;
Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title.</population>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Within Intervention Group: Black Physician (Arm A) vs. White Physician (Arm B)</title>
            <description>The relative IRR for intervention participants who saw a message delivered by a Black doctor and saw covid-19-related messages vs. those who did not see either or neither of the messages.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Within Intervention Group: AMA Anti-racism (Arm A) vs. Either/Neither (Arm B)</title>
            <description>The relative IRR for intervention participants who saw the AMA anti-racism treatment and saw covid-19-related messages vs. those who did not see either or neither of the messages.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O3">
            <title>Within Intervention Group: Doctor Racial Disparity (Arm A) vs. Either/Neither (Arm B)</title>
            <description>The relative IRR for intervention participants who saw the message on the relative incidence of COVID-19 among Black and white individuals and saw covid-19-related messages vs. those who did not see either or neither of the messages.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O4">
            <title>Within Control Group: Black Physician (Arm A) vs. White Physician (Arm B)</title>
            <description>The relative IRR for intervention participants who saw a Black doctor vs. white doctor</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O5">
            <title>Within Control Group: AMA Anti-racism vs. Either/Neither</title>
            <description>The relative IRR for intervention participants who saw the AMA anti-racism treatment vs. those who saw the placebo message.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O6">
            <title>Intervention Group vs. Control Group</title>
            <description>The relative IRR for intervention participants who saw covid-related messages vs. those who did not see any covid-19 related messages.</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Knowledge Gap</title>
          <description>Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. The incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression.</description>
          <population>Arms were combined to assess the differential effectiveness of each unique video message by comparing participants in Arm A vs. Arm B, since Arm A cut across several other studies:&#xD;
within the intervention group; or&#xD;
within the control group; or&#xD;
across the intervention and control groups.&#xD;
Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title.</population>
          <units>ratio</units>
          <param>Number</param>
          <dispersion>95% Confidence Interval</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="18762"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="18762"/>
                <count group_id="O3" value="18762"/>
                <count group_id="O4" value="18762"/>
                <count group_id="O5" value="18762"/>
                <count group_id="O6" value="18762"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="1.01" lower_limit="0.96" upper_limit="1.06"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="0.99" lower_limit="0.94" upper_limit="1.04"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O3" value="1.01" lower_limit="0.98" upper_limit="1.03"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O4" value="0.99" lower_limit="0.95" upper_limit="1.04"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O5" value="0.99" lower_limit="0.95" upper_limit="1.03"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O6" value="0.89" lower_limit="0.85" upper_limit="0.93"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Primary</type>
        <title>Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Knowledge Gap - Follow up</title>
        <description>Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. The incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression.</description>
        <time_frame>The outcome was measured at a follow-up within 2 weeks following the intervention</time_frame>
        <population>Arms were combined to assess the differential effectiveness of each unique video message by comparing participants in Arm A vs. Arm B, since Arm A cut across several other studies:&#xD;
within the intervention group; or&#xD;
within the control group; or&#xD;
across the intervention and control groups.&#xD;
Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title.</population>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Within Intervention Group: Black Physician (Arm A) vs. White Physician (Arm B)</title>
            <description>The relative IRR for intervention participants who saw a message delivered by a Black doctor and saw covid-19-related messages vs. those who did not see either or neither of the messages.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Within Intervention Group: AMA Anti-racism (Arm A) vs. Either/Neither (Arm B)</title>
            <description>The relative IRR for intervention participants who saw the AMA anti-racism treatment and saw covid-19-related messages vs. those who did not see either or neither of the messages.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O3">
            <title>Within Intervention Group: Doctor Racial Disparity (Arm A) vs. Either/Neither (Arm B)</title>
            <description>The relative IRR for intervention participants who saw the message on the relative incidence of COVID-19 among Black and white individuals and saw covid-19-related messages vs. those who did not see either or neither of the messages.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O4">
            <title>Within Control Group: Black Physician (Arm A) vs. White Physician (Arm B)</title>
            <description>The relative IRR for intervention participants who saw a Black doctor vs. white doctor</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O5">
            <title>Within Control Group: AMA Anti-racism vs. Either/Neither</title>
            <description>The relative IRR for intervention participants who saw the AMA anti-racism treatment vs. those who saw the placebo message.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O6">
            <title>Intervention Group vs. Control Group</title>
            <description>The relative IRR for intervention participants who saw covid-related messages vs. those who did not see any covid-19 related messages.</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Knowledge Gap - Follow up</title>
          <description>Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. The incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression.</description>
          <population>Arms were combined to assess the differential effectiveness of each unique video message by comparing participants in Arm A vs. Arm B, since Arm A cut across several other studies:&#xD;
within the intervention group; or&#xD;
within the control group; or&#xD;
across the intervention and control groups.&#xD;
Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title.</population>
          <units>ratio</units>
          <param>Number</param>
          <dispersion>95% Confidence Interval</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="6030"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="6030"/>
                <count group_id="O3" value="6030"/>
                <count group_id="O4" value="6030"/>
                <count group_id="O5" value="6030"/>
                <count group_id="O6" value="6030"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="0.98" lower_limit="0.90" upper_limit="1.07"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="0.98" lower_limit="0.90" upper_limit="1.07"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O3" value="1.01" lower_limit="0.98" upper_limit="1.05"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O4" value="1.01" lower_limit="0.94" upper_limit="1.09"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O5" value="0.98" lower_limit="0.91" upper_limit="1.06"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O6" value="0.97" lower_limit="0.90" upper_limit="1.04"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Primary</type>
        <title>Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Information-seeking Behavior</title>
        <description>Participants were offered the option of requesting additional information on COVID-19 related resources by clicking on up to 5 links that included more content. We measured &quot;information seeking behavior&quot; as the number of links for which participants expressed interest, a count variable between 0 (lowest information seeking behavior) and 5 (greatest information seeking behavior). Incidence rate for interest in links is the count of links demanded divided by the maximum possible count: 5. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression.</description>
        <time_frame>The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.</time_frame>
        <population>Arms were combined to assess the differential effectiveness of each unique video message by comparing participants in Arm A vs. Arm B, since Arm A cut across several other studies:&#xD;
within the intervention group; or&#xD;
within the control group; or&#xD;
across the intervention and control groups.&#xD;
Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title.</population>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Within Intervention Group: Black Physician (Arm A) vs. White Physician (Arm B)</title>
            <description>The relative IRR for intervention participants who saw a message delivered by a Black doctor and saw covid-19-related messages vs. those who did not see either or neither of the messages.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Within Intervention Group: AMA Anti-racism (Arm A) vs. Either/Neither (Arm B)</title>
            <description>The relative IRR for intervention participants who saw the AMA anti-racism treatment and saw covid-19-related messages vs. those who did not see either or neither of the messages.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O3">
            <title>Within Intervention Group: Doctor Racial Disparity (Arm A) vs. Either/Neither (Arm B)</title>
            <description>The relative IRR for intervention participants who saw the message on the relative incidence of COVID-19 among Black and white individuals and saw covid-19-related messages vs. those who did not see either or neither of the messages.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O4">
            <title>Within Control Group: Black Physician (Arm A) vs. White Physician (Arm B)</title>
            <description>The relative IRR for intervention participants who saw a Black doctor vs. white doctor</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O5">
            <title>Within Control Group: AMA Anti-racism vs. Either/Neither</title>
            <description>The relative IRR for intervention participants who saw the AMA anti-racism treatment vs. those who saw the placebo message.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O6">
            <title>Intervention Group vs. Control Group</title>
            <description>The relative IRR for intervention participants who saw covid-related messages vs. those who did not see any covid-19 related messages.</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Information-seeking Behavior</title>
          <description>Participants were offered the option of requesting additional information on COVID-19 related resources by clicking on up to 5 links that included more content. We measured &quot;information seeking behavior&quot; as the number of links for which participants expressed interest, a count variable between 0 (lowest information seeking behavior) and 5 (greatest information seeking behavior). Incidence rate for interest in links is the count of links demanded divided by the maximum possible count: 5. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression.</description>
          <population>Arms were combined to assess the differential effectiveness of each unique video message by comparing participants in Arm A vs. Arm B, since Arm A cut across several other studies:&#xD;
within the intervention group; or&#xD;
within the control group; or&#xD;
across the intervention and control groups.&#xD;
Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title.</population>
          <units>ratio</units>
          <param>Number</param>
          <dispersion>95% Confidence Interval</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="18223"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="18223"/>
                <count group_id="O3" value="18223"/>
                <count group_id="O4" value="18223"/>
                <count group_id="O5" value="18223"/>
                <count group_id="O6" value="18223"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="1.04" lower_limit="0.95" upper_limit="1.14"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="1.03" lower_limit="0.93" upper_limit="1.13"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O3" value="1.02" lower_limit="0.98" upper_limit="1.07"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O4" value="0.96" lower_limit="0.89" upper_limit="1.05"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O5" value="0.97" lower_limit="0.89" upper_limit="1.05"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O6" value="1.01" lower_limit="0.93" upper_limit="1.10"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Primary</type>
        <title>Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Safety Gap Score</title>
        <description>Participants were asked about how often they engaged in four behaviors of interest: if they wore a mask indoors/outdoors; if they washed their hands; if they followed social distancing guidelines. The safety gap index takes values of 0 (if a participant reported that they always practiced the four behaviors of interest) up to 4 (none). Incidence rate for safety gaps is the count of safety gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 4. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression.</description>
        <time_frame>The outcome was measured at a follow-up within 2 weeks following the intervention.</time_frame>
        <population>Arms were combined to assess the differential effectiveness of each unique video message by comparing participants in Arm A vs. Arm B, since Arm A cut across several other studies:&#xD;
within the intervention group; or&#xD;
within the control group; or&#xD;
across the intervention and control groups.&#xD;
Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title.</population>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Within Intervention Group: Black Physician (Arm A) vs. White Physician (Arm B)</title>
            <description>The relative IRR for intervention participants who saw a message delivered by a Black doctor and saw covid-19-related messages vs. those who did not see either or neither of the messages.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Within Intervention Group: AMA Anti-racism (Arm A) vs. Either/Neither (Arm B)</title>
            <description>The relative IRR for intervention participants who saw the AMA anti-racism treatment and saw covid-19-related messages vs. those who did not see either or neither of the messages.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O3">
            <title>Within Intervention Group: Doctor Racial Disparity (Arm A) vs. Either/Neither (Arm B)</title>
            <description>The relative IRR for intervention participants who saw the message on the relative incidence of COVID-19 among Black and white individuals and saw covid-19-related messages vs. those who did not see either or neither of the messages.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O4">
            <title>Within Control Group: Black Physician (Arm A) vs. White Physician (Arm B)</title>
            <description>The relative IRR for intervention participants who saw a Black doctor vs. white doctor</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O5">
            <title>Within Control Group: AMA Anti-racism vs. Either/Neither</title>
            <description>The relative IRR for intervention participants who saw the AMA anti-racism treatment vs. those who saw the placebo message.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O6">
            <title>Intervention Group vs. Control Group</title>
            <description>The relative IRR for intervention participants who saw covid-related messages vs. those who did not see any covid-19 related messages.</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Safety Gap Score</title>
          <description>Participants were asked about how often they engaged in four behaviors of interest: if they wore a mask indoors/outdoors; if they washed their hands; if they followed social distancing guidelines. The safety gap index takes values of 0 (if a participant reported that they always practiced the four behaviors of interest) up to 4 (none). Incidence rate for safety gaps is the count of safety gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 4. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression.</description>
          <population>Arms were combined to assess the differential effectiveness of each unique video message by comparing participants in Arm A vs. Arm B, since Arm A cut across several other studies:&#xD;
within the intervention group; or&#xD;
within the control group; or&#xD;
across the intervention and control groups.&#xD;
Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title.</population>
          <units>ratio</units>
          <param>Number</param>
          <dispersion>95% Confidence Interval</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="6035"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="6035"/>
                <count group_id="O3" value="6035"/>
                <count group_id="O4" value="6035"/>
                <count group_id="O5" value="6035"/>
                <count group_id="O6" value="6035"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="1.04" lower_limit="0.95" upper_limit="1.14"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="1.03" lower_limit="0.93" upper_limit="1.12"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O3" value="1.01" lower_limit="0.97" upper_limit="1.05"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O4" value="0.97" lower_limit="0.89" upper_limit="1.05"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O5" value="0.95" lower_limit="0.87" upper_limit="1.03"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O6" value="0.93" lower_limit="0.86" upper_limit="1.01"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Primary</type>
        <title>OLS Regression Coefficients - Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Masks</title>
        <description>WTP: the participants will be asked to choose between two masks vs an unrestricted gift card. They will be asked what amount of gift card would make them just as happy to receive two mask versus the gift card. The regression coefficients compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single ordinary least squares (OLS) regression for WTP masks).</description>
        <time_frame>The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.</time_frame>
        <population>Arms were combined to assess the differential effectiveness of each unique video message by comparing participants in Arm A vs. Arm B, since Arm A cut across several other studies:&#xD;
within the intervention group; or&#xD;
within the control group; or&#xD;
across the intervention and control groups.&#xD;
Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title.</population>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Within Intervention Group: Black Physician (Arm A) vs. White Physician (Arm B)</title>
            <description>The relative IRR for intervention participants who saw a message delivered by a Black doctor and saw covid-19-related messages vs. those who did not see either or neither of the messages.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Within Intervention Group: AMA Anti-racism (Arm A) vs. Either/Neither (Arm B)</title>
            <description>The relative IRR for intervention participants who saw the AMA anti-racism treatment and saw covid-19-related messages vs. those who did not see either or neither of the messages.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O3">
            <title>Within Intervention Group: Doctor Racial Disparity (Arm A) vs. Either/Neither (Arm B)</title>
            <description>The relative IRR for intervention participants who saw the message on the relative incidence of COVID-19 among Black and white individuals and saw covid-19-related messages vs. those who did not see either or neither of the messages.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O4">
            <title>Within Control Group: Black Physician (Arm A) vs. White Physician (Arm B)</title>
            <description>The relative IRR for intervention participants who saw a Black doctor vs. white doctor</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O5">
            <title>Within Control Group: AMA Anti-racism vs. Either/Neither</title>
            <description>The relative IRR for intervention participants who saw the AMA anti-racism treatment vs. those who saw the placebo message.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O6">
            <title>Intervention Group vs. Control Group</title>
            <description>The relative IRR for intervention participants who saw covid-related messages vs. those who did not see any covid-19 related messages.</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>OLS Regression Coefficients - Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Masks</title>
          <description>WTP: the participants will be asked to choose between two masks vs an unrestricted gift card. They will be asked what amount of gift card would make them just as happy to receive two mask versus the gift card. The regression coefficients compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single ordinary least squares (OLS) regression for WTP masks).</description>
          <population>Arms were combined to assess the differential effectiveness of each unique video message by comparing participants in Arm A vs. Arm B, since Arm A cut across several other studies:&#xD;
within the intervention group; or&#xD;
within the control group; or&#xD;
across the intervention and control groups.&#xD;
Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title.</population>
          <units>dollar</units>
          <param>Number</param>
          <dispersion>95% Confidence Interval</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="16759"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="16759"/>
                <count group_id="O3" value="16759"/>
                <count group_id="O4" value="16759"/>
                <count group_id="O5" value="16759"/>
                <count group_id="O6" value="16759"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="-0.21" lower_limit="-0.91" upper_limit="0.49"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="-0.29" lower_limit="-0.99" upper_limit="0.41"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O3" value="0.07" lower_limit="-0.24" upper_limit="0.39"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O4" value="0.17" lower_limit="-0.45" upper_limit="0.80"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O5" value="0.32" lower_limit="-0.30" upper_limit="0.95"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O6" value="0.71" lower_limit="0.09" upper_limit="1.34"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </outcome>
    </outcome_list>

    <reported_events>
      <time_frame>31 days</time_frame>
      <group_list>
        <group group_id="E1">
          <title>Intervention: AMA RI - B- B - R</title>
          <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - the message on Covid-19 will include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color .&#xD;
Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants will receive a AMA statement on racial injustice.&#xD;
African American Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a African American sender in acknowledgment of AMA&#xD;
African American Sender in Informational Videos.: Investigators will vary the sender of the informational covid-19 videos. In this arm, participants receive a African American sender in informational videos.&#xD;
Racial Inequality Highlighted: Investigators will include information on race-specific covid-19 cases and deaths in one variation in the messaging. In this arm, participants receive disproportionate race-specific Covid-19 facts</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="E2">
          <title>Intervention: AMA RI - B - B - N</title>
          <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - the message on Covid-19 will not include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color.&#xD;
Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants will receive a AMA statement on racial injustice.&#xD;
African American Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a African American sender in acknowledgment of AMA&#xD;
African American Sender in Informational Videos.: Investigators will vary the sender of the informational covid-19 videos. In this arm, participants receive a African American sender in informational videos.&#xD;
No Racial Inequality Highlighting: In this arm, the disproportionate burden of Covid-19 on communities of color will not be highlighted</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="E3">
          <title>Intervention: AMA RI - W - W - R</title>
          <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will be white - the message on Covid-19 will include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color.&#xD;
Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants will receive a AMA statement on racial injustice.&#xD;
Racial Inequality Highlighted: Investigators will include information on race-specific covid-19 cases and deaths in one variation in the messaging. In this arm, participants receive disproportionate race-specific Covid-19 facts&#xD;
White Sender in Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm, participants receive a white sender in the acknowledgement&#xD;
White Sender in Informational Videos: Investigators will vary the messenger of the informational covid-19 videos. In this arm, participants receive white sender in the informational video</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="E4">
          <title>Intervention: AMA RI - W - W - N</title>
          <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will be white - the message on Covid-19 will not include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color.&#xD;
Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants will receive a AMA statement on racial injustice.&#xD;
White Sender in Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm, participants receive a white sender in the acknowledgement&#xD;
White Sender in Informational Videos: Investigators will vary the messenger of the informational covid-19 videos. In this arm, participants receive white sender in the informational video&#xD;
No Racial Inequality Highlighting: In this arm, the disproportionate burden of Covid-19 on communities of color will not be highlighted</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="E5">
          <title>Intervention: AMA DP - B- B - R</title>
          <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - the message on Covid-19 will include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color .&#xD;
African American Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a African American sender in acknowledgment of AMA&#xD;
African American Sender in Informational Videos.: Investigators will vary the sender of the informational covid-19 videos. In this arm, participants receive a African American sender in informational videos.&#xD;
Racial Inequality Highlighted: Investigators will include information on race-specific covid-19 cases and deaths in one variation in the messaging. In this arm, participants receive disproportionate race-specific Covid-19 facts&#xD;
AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants receive AMA information on drug pricing</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="E6">
          <title>Intervention: AMA DP - B- B - N</title>
          <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - the message on Covid-19 will not include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color.&#xD;
African American Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a African American sender in acknowledgment of AMA&#xD;
African American Sender in Informational Videos.: Investigators will vary the sender of the informational covid-19 videos. In this arm, participants receive a African American sender in informational videos.&#xD;
AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants receive AMA information on drug pricing&#xD;
No Racial Inequality Highlighting: In this arm, the disproportionate burden of Covid-19 on communities of color will not be highlighted</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="E7">
          <title>Intervention: AMA DP - W- W - R</title>
          <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will be white - the message on Covid-19 will include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color.&#xD;
Racial Inequality Highlighted: Investigators will include information on race-specific covid-19 cases and deaths in one variation in the messaging. In this arm, participants receive disproportionate race-specific Covid-19 facts&#xD;
AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants receive AMA information on drug pricing&#xD;
White Sender in Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm, participants receive a white sender in the acknowledgement&#xD;
White Sender in Informational Videos: Investigators will vary the messenger of the informational covid-19 videos. In this arm, participants receive white sender in the informational video</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="E8">
          <title>Intervention: AMA DP - W- W - N</title>
          <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will be white - the message on Covid-19 will not include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color.&#xD;
AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants receive AMA information on drug pricing&#xD;
White Sender in Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm, participants receive a white sender in the acknowledgement&#xD;
White Sender in Informational Videos: Investigators will vary the messenger of the informational covid-19 videos. In this arm, participants receive white sender in the informational video&#xD;
No Racial Inequality Highlighting: In this arm, the disproportionate burden of Covid-19 on communities of color will not be highlighted</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="E9">
          <title>Control: AMA RI - B - B</title>
          <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - No message on Covid-19 will be shown.&#xD;
Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants will receive a AMA statement on racial injustice.&#xD;
African American Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a African American sender in acknowledgment of AMA</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="E10">
          <title>Control: AMA RI - W - W</title>
          <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be white - No message on Covid-19 will be shown.&#xD;
Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants will receive a AMA statement on racial injustice.&#xD;
White Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a white sender in acknowledgment of AMA</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="E11">
          <title>Control: AMA DP - B - B</title>
          <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - No message on Covid-19 will be shown.&#xD;
African American Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a African American sender in acknowledgment of AMA&#xD;
AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants receive AMA information on drug pricing</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="E12">
          <title>Control: AMA DP - W - W</title>
          <description>Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be white - No message on Covid-19 will be shown.&#xD;
White Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a white sender in acknowledgment of AMA&#xD;
AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants receive AMA information on drug pricing</description>
        </group>
      </group_list>
      <serious_events>
        <category_list>
          <category>
            <title>Total</title>
            <event_list>
              <event>
                <sub_title>Total, all-cause mortality</sub_title>
                <counts group_id="E1" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="2046"/>
                <counts group_id="E2" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="2044"/>
                <counts group_id="E3" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="2045"/>
                <counts group_id="E4" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="2046"/>
                <counts group_id="E5" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="2044"/>
                <counts group_id="E6" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="2052"/>
                <counts group_id="E7" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="2046"/>
                <counts group_id="E8" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="2043"/>
                <counts group_id="E9" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="1026"/>
                <counts group_id="E10" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="1025"/>
                <counts group_id="E11" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="1023"/>
                <counts group_id="E12" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="1020"/>
              </event>
              <event>
                <sub_title>Total, serious adverse events</sub_title>
                <counts group_id="E1" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="2046"/>
                <counts group_id="E2" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="2044"/>
                <counts group_id="E3" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="2045"/>
                <counts group_id="E4" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="2046"/>
                <counts group_id="E5" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="2044"/>
                <counts group_id="E6" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="2052"/>
                <counts group_id="E7" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="2046"/>
                <counts group_id="E8" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="2043"/>
                <counts group_id="E9" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="1026"/>
                <counts group_id="E10" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="1025"/>
                <counts group_id="E11" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="1023"/>
                <counts group_id="E12" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="1020"/>
              </event>
            </event_list>
          </category>
        </category_list>
      </serious_events>
      <other_events>
        <frequency_threshold>0</frequency_threshold>
        <category_list>
          <category>
            <title>Total</title>
            <event_list>
              <event>
                <sub_title>Total, other adverse events</sub_title>
                <counts group_id="E1" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="2046"/>
                <counts group_id="E2" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="2044"/>
                <counts group_id="E3" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="2045"/>
                <counts group_id="E4" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="2046"/>
                <counts group_id="E5" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="2044"/>
                <counts group_id="E6" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="2052"/>
                <counts group_id="E7" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="2046"/>
                <counts group_id="E8" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="2043"/>
                <counts group_id="E9" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="1026"/>
                <counts group_id="E10" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="1025"/>
                <counts group_id="E11" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="1023"/>
                <counts group_id="E12" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="1020"/>
              </event>
            </event_list>
          </category>
        </category_list>
      </other_events>
    </reported_events>

    <certain_agreements>
      <pi_employee>Principal Investigators are NOT employed by the organization sponsoring the study.</pi_employee>
      <restrictive_agreement>There is NOT an agreement between Principal Investigators and the Sponsor (or its agents) that restricts the PI's rights to discuss or publish trial results after the trial is completed. </restrictive_agreement>
    </certain_agreements>
    <limitations_and_caveats>1. It was conducted online, and the participants may not be representative of the population with less than a college degree, since they have access to the internet and are used to participating in online studies; 2. Participants' preventive health behaviors were not directly observed; 3. Outcomes might be subject to social desirability bias.</limitations_and_caveats>
    <point_of_contact>
      <name_or_title>Tristan Loisel</name_or_title>
      <organization>JPAL North America</organization>
      <phone>6307476739</phone>
      <email>tloisel@povertyactionlab.org</email>
    </point_of_contact>
  </clinical_results>
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04502056
org study id: 2029880
nct id: NCT04502056
lead sponsor: 
collaborator: 
collaborator: 
collaborator: 
collaborator: 
has dmc: No
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
The aim of the study is to build off results from our first experiment (NCT04371419) , and
      test whether messages that acknowledge racial injustice on behalf of institutions affect the
      retention of knowledge and movement of beliefs and behavior with respect to Covid-19. The
      investigators will also test the effect of concordance of providers and whether highlighting
      the unequal burden of the disease has additional effects on knowledge, beliefs and behavior
      regarding covid-19. The sample will include African American and white adult Americans and
      oversample those with less than a college degree.
Recent data have shown that covid19 is disproportionately infecting and killing African
      Americans and Latinx people in the United States. Moreover, since our last experiment, the
      killing of George Floyd by Minnesota police has raised awareness of structural racism in the
      United States.

      The aim of the study is to build off results from our first experiment (NCT04371419) , and
      test whether messages that acknowledge racial injustice on behalf of institutions affect the
      retention of knowledge and movement of beliefs and behavior with respect to Covid-19. The
      investigators will also test the effect of concordance of providers and whether highlighting
      the unequal burden of the disease has additional effects on knowledge, beliefs and behavior
      regarding covid-19.The sample will include African American and white adult Americans and
      oversample those with less than a college degree.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Parallel Assignment
primary purpose: Prevention
masking: None (Open Label)
measure: Incidence Rate for Knowledge Gaps: Control vs. Any Intervention
time frame: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.
description: Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. The incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10.
measure: Incidence Rate for Knowledge Gaps: Control vs. Any Intervention - Follow up
time frame: The outcome was measured at a follow-up within 2 weeks following the intervention
description: Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. Incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10.
measure: Incidence Rate for Information-seeking Behavior: Control vs. Any Intervention
time frame: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.
description: Participants were offered the option of requesting additional information on COVID-19 related resources by clicking on up to five links that included more content. We measured "information seeking behavior" as the number of links for which participants expressed interest, a count variable between 0 (lowest information seeking behavior) and 5 (greatest information seeking behavior). Incidence rate for interest in links is the count of links demanded divided by the maximum possible count: 5.
measure: Incidence Rate - Safety Gap Score: Control vs. Any Intervention
time frame: The outcome was measured at a follow-up within 2 weeks following the intervention.
description: Participants were asked about how often they engaged in four behaviors of interest: if they wore a mask indoors/outdoors; if they washed their hands; if they followed social distancing guidelines. The safety gap index takes values of 0 (if a participant reported that they always practiced the four behaviors of interest) up to 4 (none). Incidence rate for safety gaps is the count of safety gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 4.
measure: Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Masks: Control vs. Any Intervention
time frame: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.
description: WTP: the participants will be asked to choose between two masks vs an unrestricted gift card. They will be asked what amount of gift card would make them just as happy to receive two mask versus the gift card.
measure: Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Knowledge Gap
time frame: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.
description: Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. The incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression.
measure: Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Knowledge Gap - Follow up
time frame: The outcome was measured at a follow-up within 2 weeks following the intervention
description: Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. The incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression.
measure: Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Information-seeking Behavior
time frame: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.
description: Participants were offered the option of requesting additional information on COVID-19 related resources by clicking on up to 5 links that included more content. We measured "information seeking behavior" as the number of links for which participants expressed interest, a count variable between 0 (lowest information seeking behavior) and 5 (greatest information seeking behavior). Incidence rate for interest in links is the count of links demanded divided by the maximum possible count: 5. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression.
measure: Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Safety Gap Score
time frame: The outcome was measured at a follow-up within 2 weeks following the intervention.
description: Participants were asked about how often they engaged in four behaviors of interest: if they wore a mask indoors/outdoors; if they washed their hands; if they followed social distancing guidelines. The safety gap index takes values of 0 (if a participant reported that they always practiced the four behaviors of interest) up to 4 (none). Incidence rate for safety gaps is the count of safety gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 4. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression.
measure: OLS Regression Coefficients - Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Masks
time frame: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.
description: WTP: the participants will be asked to choose between two masks vs an unrestricted gift card. They will be asked what amount of gift card would make them just as happy to receive two mask versus the gift card. The regression coefficients compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single ordinary least squares (OLS) regression for WTP masks).
arm group label: AMA RI - B- B - R
arm group type: Experimental
description: Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - the message on Covid-19 will include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color.
arm group label: AMA RI - B - B - N
arm group type: Experimental
description: Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - the message on Covid-19 will not include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color.
arm group label: AMA RI - W - W - R
arm group type: Experimental
description: Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will be white - the message on Covid-19 will include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color.
arm group label: AMA RI - W - W - N
arm group type: Experimental
description: Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will be white - the message on Covid-19 will not include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color.
arm group label: AMA DP - B- B - R
arm group type: Experimental
description: Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - the message on Covid-19 will include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color .
arm group label: AMA DP - B- B - N
arm group type: Experimental
description: Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - the message on Covid-19 will not include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color.
arm group label: AMA DP - W- W - R
arm group type: Experimental
description: Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will be white - the message on Covid-19 will include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color.
arm group label: AMA DP - W- W - N
arm group type: Experimental
description: Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will be white - the message on Covid-19 will not include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color.
arm group label: Control: AMA RI - B - B
arm group type: Placebo Comparator
description: Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - No message on Covid-19 will be shown.
Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants will receive a AMA statement on racial injustice.
African American Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a African American sender in acknowledgment of AMA
arm group label: Control: AMA RI - W - W
arm group type: Placebo Comparator
description: Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be white - No message on Covid-19 will be shown.
Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants will receive a AMA statement on racial injustice.
White Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a white sender in acknowledgment of AMA
arm group label: Control: AMA DP - B - B
arm group type: Placebo Comparator
description: Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - No message on Covid-19 will be shown.
African American Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a African American sender in acknowledgment of AMA
AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants receive AMA information on drug pricing
arm group label: Control: AMA DP - W - W
arm group type: Placebo Comparator
description: Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be white - No message on Covid-19 will be shown.
White Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a white sender in acknowledgment of AMA
AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants receive AMA information on drug pricing
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA
description: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants will receive a AMA statement on racial injustice.
arm group label: AMA RI - B - B - N
arm group label: AMA RI - B- B - R
arm group label: AMA RI - W - W - N
arm group label: AMA RI - W - W - R
arm group label: Control: AMA RI - B - B
arm group label: Control: AMA RI - W - W
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: African American Sender Acknowledgement
description: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a African American sender in acknowledgment of AMA
arm group label: AMA DP - B- B - N
arm group label: AMA DP - B- B - R
arm group label: AMA RI - B - B - N
arm group label: AMA RI - B- B - R
arm group label: Control: AMA DP - B - B
arm group label: Control: AMA RI - B - B
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: African American Sender in Informational Videos.
description: Investigators will vary the sender of the informational covid-19 videos. In this arm, participants receive a African American sender in informational videos.
arm group label: AMA DP - B- B - N
arm group label: AMA DP - B- B - R
arm group label: AMA RI - B - B - N
arm group label: AMA RI - B- B - R
arm group label: Control: AMA DP - B - B
arm group label: Control: AMA RI - B - B
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: Racial Inequality Highlighted
description: Investigators will include information on race-specific covid-19 cases and deaths in one variation in the messaging. In this arm, participants receive disproportionate race-specific Covid-19 facts
arm group label: AMA DP - B- B - R
arm group label: AMA DP - W- W - R
arm group label: AMA RI - B- B - R
arm group label: AMA RI - W - W - R
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing
description: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants receive AMA information on drug pricing
arm group label: AMA DP - B- B - N
arm group label: AMA DP - B- B - R
arm group label: AMA DP - W- W - N
arm group label: AMA DP - W- W - R
arm group label: Control: AMA DP - B - B
arm group label: Control: AMA DP - W - W
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: White Sender in Acknowledgement
description: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm, participants receive a white sender in the acknowledgement
arm group label: AMA DP - W- W - N
arm group label: AMA DP - W- W - R
arm group label: AMA RI - W - W - N
arm group label: AMA RI - W - W - R
arm group label: Control: AMA DP - W - W
arm group label: Control: AMA RI - W - W
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: White Sender in Informational Videos
description: Investigators will vary the messenger of the informational covid-19 videos. In this arm, participants receive white sender in the informational video
arm group label: AMA DP - W- W - N
arm group label: AMA DP - W- W - R
arm group label: AMA RI - W - W - N
arm group label: AMA RI - W - W - R
arm group label: Control: AMA DP - W - W
arm group label: Control: AMA RI - W - W
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: No Racial Inequality Highlighting
description: In this arm, the disproportionate burden of Covid-19 on communities of color will not be highlighted
arm group label: AMA DP - B- B - N
arm group label: AMA DP - W- W - N
arm group label: AMA RI - B - B - N
arm group label: AMA RI - W - W - N
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: Placebo videos
description: Videos not related to covid-19 will be shown
arm group label: Control: AMA DP - B - B
arm group label: Control: AMA DP - W - W
arm group label: Control: AMA RI - B - B
arm group label: Control: AMA RI - W - W
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: N/A
healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
facility: 
country: United States
responsible party type: Principal Investigator
investigator affiliation: National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
investigator full name: Esther Duflo
investigator title: Abdul Latif Jameel Professor of Poverty Alleviation and Development Economics, MIT; Co-Director, Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab
mesh term: COVID-19
provided document: 
participant flow: 
baseline: 
outcome list: 
reported events: 
certain agreements: 
limitations and caveats: 1. It was conducted online, and the participants may not be representative of the population with less than a college degree, since they have access to the internet and are used to participating in online studies; 2. Participants' preventive health behaviors were not directly observed; 3. Outcomes might be subject to social desirability bias.
point of contact: 