<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04403126</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>2020-0432</org_study_id>
    <secondary_id>EDUC/EDUC PSYCH</secondary_id>
    <secondary_id>A173000</secondary_id>
    <nct_id>NCT04403126</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>To Increase Psychological Well-being by the Implementation of Forgiveness Education</brief_title>
  <official_title>Implementation of Forgiveness Education to Increase Psychological Well-being in Three Culturally Distinct Areas: Northern Ireland, Israel/Palestine, and Taiwan</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>University of Wisconsin, Madison</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Stranmillis University College, Northern Ireland</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Hebrew University of Jerusalem</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
  </sponsors>
  <source>University of Wisconsin, Madison</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      This project examines the development of psychological well-being in children and teachers&#xD;
      through a 12- week forgiveness education program conducted in three conflict zones of the&#xD;
      world, Northern Ireland, Israel/Palestine, and Taiwan.&#xD;
&#xD;
      A 12-week forgiveness education program will be investigated in elementary schools in three&#xD;
      conflict zones of the world, Northern Ireland, Israel/Palestine, and Taiwan. The&#xD;
      responsibilities of the sub-team in each of the three research sites will be:&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  a. recruiting schools, assisting the teacher training before the forgiveness education&#xD;
           program starts&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  b. shepherding teachers, doing the fidelity checks, administering the instruments and&#xD;
           collecting data during the forgiveness education program.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Once a school gives permission to be part of this study, the forgiveness curriculum will be&#xD;
      implemented as a 12-week standard curriculum for the grade 5 (US equivalency) students.&#xD;
      Teachers of the grade 5 classes will be trained to administer the program. Teachers, students&#xD;
      and their parents must give the consent to take part in the measures of the study.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      Classrooms participating in this study will be randomly assigned to either an experimental or&#xD;
      a control group. The experimental group will receive the 1st forgiveness intervention for 12&#xD;
      weeks and then the control group will turn into an experimental group to receive a 2nd&#xD;
      forgiveness intervention for 12 weeks.&#xD;
&#xD;
      In order to assess if such education increases psychological well-being in students&#xD;
      (children) and teachers (adults), teachers and students in both groups will receive the same&#xD;
      measures for four times in the study: within one week before the 1st forgiveness&#xD;
      intervention, within one week after the 1st forgiveness intervention, within one week after&#xD;
      the 2nd forgiveness intervention, four weeks after the 2nd forgiveness intervention.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The instruments include: for teachers, the assessment data will consist of the Enright&#xD;
      Forgiveness Inventory Short Form (EFI-30), the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement&#xD;
      Information System (PROMIS): Anger, Anxiety, and Depression scales, the Ethnic Prejudice&#xD;
      Scale, the Herth Hope Index, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, a Classroom Cooperation scale,&#xD;
      and a Cross-Cultural Exit Interview (written questionnaire). For students, the assessment&#xD;
      data will consist of the Enright Forgiveness Inventory for Children (EFI-C), the PROMIS&#xD;
      measures for pediatric self-report (ages 8-17): Anger, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptoms&#xD;
      scales, the Ethnic Prejudice Scale for children, the Children's Hope Scale, the Coopersmith&#xD;
      Self-Esteem Inventory (School Form), and academic achievement (likely to be scores/grades of&#xD;
      Math, writing and reading in their own language). After the 2nd forgiveness intervention,&#xD;
      select participants (teachers and children) will take part in individual interviews.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">September 3, 2021</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">July 31, 2022</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">July 31, 2022</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>N/A</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Crossover Assignment</intervention_model>
    <intervention_model_description>Classrooms participating in this study will be randomly assigned to either an experimental group (with forgiveness intervention) or a control group (with regular instruction). The experimental group will receive the 1st forgiveness intervention for 12 weeks and then the control group will turn into an experimental group to receive a 2nd forgiveness intervention for 12 weeks.</intervention_model_description>
    <primary_purpose>Basic Science</primary_purpose>
    <masking>Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in forgiveness in adult (teachers) after forgiveness intervention assessed by EFI-30.</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.</time_frame>
    <description>Enright Forgiveness Inventory Short Form (EFI-30), scores range from 30 to 180 with higher scores representing higher levels of forgiveness, which is a better outcome.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in forgiveness in child (students) after forgiveness intervention assessed by EFI-C.</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.</time_frame>
    <description>Enright Forgiveness Inventory for Children (EFI-C): scores range from 30 to 120 with higher scores representing higher levels of forgiveness, which is a better outcome.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in anger in adult (teachers) after forgiveness intervention assessed by PROMIS Measures.</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.</time_frame>
    <description>The Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Anger Short Form: scores range from 5 to 25 with higher scores representing higher levels of anger, which is a worse outcome.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in anger in child (students) after forgiveness intervention assessed by PROMIS Measures.</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.</time_frame>
    <description>The Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Measures for Pediatric (ages 8-17) Anger Short Form: scores range from 5 to 25 with higher scores representing higher levels of anger, which is a worse outcome.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in anxiety in adult (teachers) after forgiveness intervention assessed by PROMIS Measures.</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.</time_frame>
    <description>The Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Anxiety Short Form: scores range from 5 to 40 with higher scores representing higher levels of anxiety, which is a worse outcome.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in anxiety in child (students) after forgiveness intervention assessed by PROMIS Measures.</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.</time_frame>
    <description>The Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Measures for Pediatric (ages 8-17) Anxiety Short Form: scores range from 5 to 40 with higher scores representing higher levels of anxiety, which is a worse outcome.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in depression in adult (teachers) after forgiveness intervention assessed by PROMIS Measures.</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.</time_frame>
    <description>The Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Depression Short Form, scores range from 5 to 40 with higher scores representing higher levels of depression, which is a worse outcome.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in depression in child (students) after forgiveness intervention assessed by PROMIS Measures.</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.</time_frame>
    <description>The Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Measures for Pediatric (ages 8-17) Depressive Symptoms Short Form: scores range from 5 to 40 with higher scores representing higher levels of depression, which is a worse outcome.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in prejudice in adult (teachers) after forgiveness intervention assessed by the Ethnic Prejudice Scales.</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.</time_frame>
    <description>The Ethnic Prejudice Scale: scores range from 20 to 100 with higher scores representing higher levels of prejudice, which is a worse outcome.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in prejudice in child (students) after forgiveness intervention assessed by the Ethnic Prejudice Scales.</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.</time_frame>
    <description>Ethnic Prejudice Scales: wording changes in the adult form of the Ethnic Prejudice Scale will be made to bring it to the level of 5th grade students (aged 10-12). Scores range from 20 to 100 with higher scores representing higher levels of prejudice, which is a worse outcome.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in hope in adult (teachers) after forgiveness intervention assessed by Herth Hope Index.</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.</time_frame>
    <description>Herth Hope Index: scores range from 12 to 48 with higher scores representing more hopefulness, which is a better outcome.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in hope in child (students) after forgiveness intervention assessed by Children's Hope Scale.</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.</time_frame>
    <description>The Children's Hope Scale: scores range from 6 to 36with higher scores representing more hopefulness, which is a better outcome.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in self-esteem in adult (teachers) after forgiveness intervention assessed by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale.</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.</time_frame>
    <description>The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: scores range from 10 to 40 with higher scores representing higher self-esteem, which is a better outcome.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in self-esteem in child (students) after forgiveness intervention assessed by the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory.</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.</time_frame>
    <description>Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory Short Form: scores range from 0 to 25 with higher scores representing higher self-esteem, which is a better outcome.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in classroom cooperation in students after forgiveness intervention assessed by the Classroom Cooperation Scale.</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.</time_frame>
    <description>The Classroom Cooperation Scale is teachers' measure of student cooperation, scores range from 10 to 40 with higher scores representing higher level of cooperation, which is a better outcome.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Actual">1300</enrollment>
  <condition>Anger</condition>
  <condition>Depressive Symptoms</condition>
  <condition>Anxiety</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Forgiveness curriculum for 5th grade</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Classrooms randomly assigned to the experimental group will receive the forgiveness intervention. The forgiveness intervention will follow the curriculum - &quot;The Journey Toward Forgiveness -A Guided Curriculum for Children Ages 10-12 (Grade 5 in the US)&quot;. The Forgiveness Curriculum Guide consists 14 lessons over 12 weeks. Each class meets weekly for 40 to 60 minutes to complete one lesson (in two of the weeks, there will be two lessons).</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Regular school instruction</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>No Intervention</arm_group_type>
    <description>Classrooms randomly assigned to the control group will have instruction as usual.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>forgiveness education intervention</intervention_name>
    <description>The forgiveness education intervention primarily teaches the concept of forgiveness through stories. We chose the kind of stories that should appeal to children ages 10 through 12. Each lesson is planned according to the following procedure: story-telling/movie-watching, discussion, and in-class activities.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Forgiveness curriculum for 5th grade</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Students in 5th grade (US equivalency, aged 10-12)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Teachers in 5th grade (US equivalency)&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Students who are in grades other than 5th grade&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Teachers who are in grades other than 5th grade&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>10 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>65 Years</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>Accepts Healthy Volunteers</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Robert W Enright, PhD</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>University of Wisconsin, Madison</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>University of Wisconsin-Madison</name>
      <address>
        <city>Madison</city>
        <state>Wisconsin</state>
        <zip>53706</zip>
        <country>United States</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>United States</country>
  </location_countries>
  <reference>
    <citation>Akhtar S, Barlow J. Forgiveness Therapy for the Promotion of Mental Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2018 Jan;19(1):107-122. doi: 10.1177/1524838016637079. Epub 2016 Mar 23.</citation>
    <PMID>27009829</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Wade NG, Hoyt WT, Kidwell JE, Worthington EL. Efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions to promote forgiveness: a meta-analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2014 Feb;82(1):154-70. doi: 10.1037/a0035268. Epub 2013 Dec 23.</citation>
    <PMID>24364794</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Reed GL, Enright RD. The effects of forgiveness therapy on depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress for women after spousal emotional abuse. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2006 Oct;74(5):920-9. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.920.</citation>
    <PMID>17032096</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Baxter SD, Smith AF, Litaker MS, Baglio ML, Guinn CH, Shaffer NM. Children's Social Desirability and Dietary Reports. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2004 Mar-Apr;36(2):84-9. doi: 10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60138-3.</citation>
    <PMID>15068757</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Snyder CR, Hoza B, Pelham WE, Rapoff M, Ware L, Danovsky M, Highberger L, Rubinstein H, Stahl KJ. The development and validation of the Children's Hope Scale. J Pediatr Psychol. 1997 Jun;22(3):399-421. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/22.3.399.</citation>
    <PMID>9212556</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Freedman SR, Enright RD. Forgiveness as an intervention goal with incest survivors. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1996 Oct;64(5):983-92. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.64.5.983.</citation>
    <PMID>8916627</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Herth K. Abbreviated instrument to measure hope: development and psychometric evaluation. J Adv Nurs. 1992 Oct;17(10):1251-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1992.tb01843.x.</citation>
    <PMID>1430629</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Enright RD, Santos MJ, Al-Mabuk R. The adolescent as forgiver. J Adolesc. 1989 Mar;12(1):95-110. doi: 10.1016/0140-1971(89)90092-4.</citation>
    <PMID>2708604</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Cattell RB. The Scree Test For The Number Of Factors. Multivariate Behav Res. 1966 Apr 1;1(2):245-76. doi: 10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10. No abstract available.</citation>
    <PMID>26828106</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>CRANDALL VC, CRANDALL VJ, KATKOVSKY W. A CHILDREN'S SOCIAL DESIRABILITY QUESTIONNAIRE. J Consult Psychol. 1965 Feb;29:27-36. doi: 10.1037/h0020966. No abstract available.</citation>
    <PMID>14277395</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>CROWNE DP, MARLOWE D. A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. J Consult Psychol. 1960 Aug;24:349-54. doi: 10.1037/h0047358. No abstract available.</citation>
    <PMID>13813058</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>HORN JL. A RATIONALE AND TEST FOR THE NUMBER OF FACTORS IN FACTOR ANALYSIS. Psychometrika. 1965 Jun;30:179-85. doi: 10.1007/BF02289447. No abstract available.</citation>
    <PMID>14306381</PMID>
  </reference>
  <verification_date>August 2022</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>May 21, 2020</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>May 21, 2020</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">May 27, 2020</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>August 3, 2022</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>August 3, 2022</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">August 4, 2022</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Sponsor</responsible_party_type>
  </responsible_party>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Depression</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <patient_data>
    <sharing_ipd>Yes</sharing_ipd>
    <ipd_description>The individual participant data (IPD) that underlie the results reported in this article, after de-identification (text, tables, figures, and appendices).</ipd_description>
    <ipd_info_type>Study Protocol</ipd_info_type>
    <ipd_info_type>Statistical Analysis Plan (SAP)</ipd_info_type>
    <ipd_info_type>Informed Consent Form (ICF)</ipd_info_type>
    <ipd_info_type>Clinical Study Report (CSR)</ipd_info_type>
    <ipd_info_type>Analytic Code</ipd_info_type>
    <ipd_time_frame>The IPD will be shared beginning 1 year and ending 5 years following the first article publication, with anyone who wished to access the data for any purpose.</ipd_time_frame>
    <ipd_access_criteria>Data requestors will need to contact renright@wisc.edu to gain access to the data. Data are available for 5 years at a third party website (Link to be included).</ipd_access_criteria>
  </patient_data>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04403126
org study id: 2020-0432
secondary id: EDUC/EDUC PSYCH
secondary id: A173000
nct id: NCT04403126
lead sponsor: 
collaborator: 
collaborator: 
collaborator: 
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
This project examines the development of psychological well-being in children and teachers
      through a 12- week forgiveness education program conducted in three conflict zones of the
      world, Northern Ireland, Israel/Palestine, and Taiwan.

      A 12-week forgiveness education program will be investigated in elementary schools in three
      conflict zones of the world, Northern Ireland, Israel/Palestine, and Taiwan. The
      responsibilities of the sub-team in each of the three research sites will be:

        -  a. recruiting schools, assisting the teacher training before the forgiveness education
           program starts

        -  b. shepherding teachers, doing the fidelity checks, administering the instruments and
           collecting data during the forgiveness education program.

      Once a school gives permission to be part of this study, the forgiveness curriculum will be
      implemented as a 12-week standard curriculum for the grade 5 (US equivalency) students.
      Teachers of the grade 5 classes will be trained to administer the program. Teachers, students
      and their parents must give the consent to take part in the measures of the study.
Classrooms participating in this study will be randomly assigned to either an experimental or
      a control group. The experimental group will receive the 1st forgiveness intervention for 12
      weeks and then the control group will turn into an experimental group to receive a 2nd
      forgiveness intervention for 12 weeks.

      In order to assess if such education increases psychological well-being in students
      (children) and teachers (adults), teachers and students in both groups will receive the same
      measures for four times in the study: within one week before the 1st forgiveness
      intervention, within one week after the 1st forgiveness intervention, within one week after
      the 2nd forgiveness intervention, four weeks after the 2nd forgiveness intervention.

      The instruments include: for teachers, the assessment data will consist of the Enright
      Forgiveness Inventory Short Form (EFI-30), the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement
      Information System (PROMIS): Anger, Anxiety, and Depression scales, the Ethnic Prejudice
      Scale, the Herth Hope Index, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, a Classroom Cooperation scale,
      and a Cross-Cultural Exit Interview (written questionnaire). For students, the assessment
      data will consist of the Enright Forgiveness Inventory for Children (EFI-C), the PROMIS
      measures for pediatric self-report (ages 8-17): Anger, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptoms
      scales, the Ethnic Prejudice Scale for children, the Children's Hope Scale, the Coopersmith
      Self-Esteem Inventory (School Form), and academic achievement (likely to be scores/grades of
      Math, writing and reading in their own language). After the 2nd forgiveness intervention,
      select participants (teachers and children) will take part in individual interviews.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Crossover Assignment
intervention model description: Classrooms participating in this study will be randomly assigned to either an experimental group (with forgiveness intervention) or a control group (with regular instruction). The experimental group will receive the 1st forgiveness intervention for 12 weeks and then the control group will turn into an experimental group to receive a 2nd forgiveness intervention for 12 weeks.
primary purpose: Basic Science
masking: Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
measure: Change in forgiveness in adult (teachers) after forgiveness intervention assessed by EFI-30.
time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
description: Enright Forgiveness Inventory Short Form (EFI-30), scores range from 30 to 180 with higher scores representing higher levels of forgiveness, which is a better outcome.
measure: Change in forgiveness in child (students) after forgiveness intervention assessed by EFI-C.
time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
description: Enright Forgiveness Inventory for Children (EFI-C): scores range from 30 to 120 with higher scores representing higher levels of forgiveness, which is a better outcome.
measure: Change in anger in adult (teachers) after forgiveness intervention assessed by PROMIS Measures.
time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
description: The Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Anger Short Form: scores range from 5 to 25 with higher scores representing higher levels of anger, which is a worse outcome.
measure: Change in anger in child (students) after forgiveness intervention assessed by PROMIS Measures.
time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
description: The Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Measures for Pediatric (ages 8-17) Anger Short Form: scores range from 5 to 25 with higher scores representing higher levels of anger, which is a worse outcome.
measure: Change in anxiety in adult (teachers) after forgiveness intervention assessed by PROMIS Measures.
time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
description: The Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Anxiety Short Form: scores range from 5 to 40 with higher scores representing higher levels of anxiety, which is a worse outcome.
measure: Change in anxiety in child (students) after forgiveness intervention assessed by PROMIS Measures.
time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
description: The Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Measures for Pediatric (ages 8-17) Anxiety Short Form: scores range from 5 to 40 with higher scores representing higher levels of anxiety, which is a worse outcome.
measure: Change in depression in adult (teachers) after forgiveness intervention assessed by PROMIS Measures.
time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
description: The Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Depression Short Form, scores range from 5 to 40 with higher scores representing higher levels of depression, which is a worse outcome.
measure: Change in depression in child (students) after forgiveness intervention assessed by PROMIS Measures.
time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
description: The Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Measures for Pediatric (ages 8-17) Depressive Symptoms Short Form: scores range from 5 to 40 with higher scores representing higher levels of depression, which is a worse outcome.
measure: Change in prejudice in adult (teachers) after forgiveness intervention assessed by the Ethnic Prejudice Scales.
time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
description: The Ethnic Prejudice Scale: scores range from 20 to 100 with higher scores representing higher levels of prejudice, which is a worse outcome.
measure: Change in prejudice in child (students) after forgiveness intervention assessed by the Ethnic Prejudice Scales.
time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
description: Ethnic Prejudice Scales: wording changes in the adult form of the Ethnic Prejudice Scale will be made to bring it to the level of 5th grade students (aged 10-12). Scores range from 20 to 100 with higher scores representing higher levels of prejudice, which is a worse outcome.
measure: Change in hope in adult (teachers) after forgiveness intervention assessed by Herth Hope Index.
time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
description: Herth Hope Index: scores range from 12 to 48 with higher scores representing more hopefulness, which is a better outcome.
measure: Change in hope in child (students) after forgiveness intervention assessed by Children's Hope Scale.
time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
description: The Children's Hope Scale: scores range from 6 to 36with higher scores representing more hopefulness, which is a better outcome.
measure: Change in self-esteem in adult (teachers) after forgiveness intervention assessed by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale.
time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
description: The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: scores range from 10 to 40 with higher scores representing higher self-esteem, which is a better outcome.
measure: Change in self-esteem in child (students) after forgiveness intervention assessed by the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory.
time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
description: Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory Short Form: scores range from 0 to 25 with higher scores representing higher self-esteem, which is a better outcome.
measure: Change in classroom cooperation in students after forgiveness intervention assessed by the Classroom Cooperation Scale.
time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
description: The Classroom Cooperation Scale is teachers' measure of student cooperation, scores range from 10 to 40 with higher scores representing higher level of cooperation, which is a better outcome.
arm group label: Forgiveness curriculum for 5th grade
arm group type: Experimental
description: Classrooms randomly assigned to the experimental group will receive the forgiveness intervention. The forgiveness intervention will follow the curriculum - "The Journey Toward Forgiveness -A Guided Curriculum for Children Ages 10-12 (Grade 5 in the US)". The Forgiveness Curriculum Guide consists 14 lessons over 12 weeks. Each class meets weekly for 40 to 60 minutes to complete one lesson (in two of the weeks, there will be two lessons).
arm group label: Regular school instruction
arm group type: No Intervention
description: Classrooms randomly assigned to the control group will have instruction as usual.
intervention type: Other
intervention name: forgiveness education intervention
description: The forgiveness education intervention primarily teaches the concept of forgiveness through stories. We chose the kind of stories that should appeal to children ages 10 through 12. Each lesson is planned according to the following procedure: story-telling/movie-watching, discussion, and in-class activities.
arm group label: Forgiveness curriculum for 5th grade
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 10 Years
maximum age: 65 Years
healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
last name: Robert W Enright, PhD
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: University of Wisconsin, Madison
facility: 
country: United States
citation: Akhtar S, Barlow J. Forgiveness Therapy for the Promotion of Mental Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2018 Jan;19(1):107-122. doi: 10.1177/1524838016637079. Epub 2016 Mar 23.
PMID: 27009829
citation: Wade NG, Hoyt WT, Kidwell JE, Worthington EL. Efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions to promote forgiveness: a meta-analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2014 Feb;82(1):154-70. doi: 10.1037/a0035268. Epub 2013 Dec 23.
PMID: 24364794
citation: Reed GL, Enright RD. The effects of forgiveness therapy on depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress for women after spousal emotional abuse. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2006 Oct;74(5):920-9. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.920.
PMID: 17032096
citation: Baxter SD, Smith AF, Litaker MS, Baglio ML, Guinn CH, Shaffer NM. Children's Social Desirability and Dietary Reports. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2004 Mar-Apr;36(2):84-9. doi: 10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60138-3.
PMID: 15068757
citation: Snyder CR, Hoza B, Pelham WE, Rapoff M, Ware L, Danovsky M, Highberger L, Rubinstein H, Stahl KJ. The development and validation of the Children's Hope Scale. J Pediatr Psychol. 1997 Jun;22(3):399-421. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/22.3.399.
PMID: 9212556
citation: Freedman SR, Enright RD. Forgiveness as an intervention goal with incest survivors. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1996 Oct;64(5):983-92. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.64.5.983.
PMID: 8916627
citation: Herth K. Abbreviated instrument to measure hope: development and psychometric evaluation. J Adv Nurs. 1992 Oct;17(10):1251-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1992.tb01843.x.
PMID: 1430629
citation: Enright RD, Santos MJ, Al-Mabuk R. The adolescent as forgiver. J Adolesc. 1989 Mar;12(1):95-110. doi: 10.1016/0140-1971(89)90092-4.
PMID: 2708604
citation: Cattell RB. The Scree Test For The Number Of Factors. Multivariate Behav Res. 1966 Apr 1;1(2):245-76. doi: 10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10. No abstract available.
PMID: 26828106
citation: CRANDALL VC, CRANDALL VJ, KATKOVSKY W. A CHILDREN'S SOCIAL DESIRABILITY QUESTIONNAIRE. J Consult Psychol. 1965 Feb;29:27-36. doi: 10.1037/h0020966. No abstract available.
PMID: 14277395
citation: CROWNE DP, MARLOWE D. A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. J Consult Psychol. 1960 Aug;24:349-54. doi: 10.1037/h0047358. No abstract available.
PMID: 13813058
citation: HORN JL. A RATIONALE AND TEST FOR THE NUMBER OF FACTORS IN FACTOR ANALYSIS. Psychometrika. 1965 Jun;30:179-85. doi: 10.1007/BF02289447. No abstract available.
PMID: 14306381
responsible party type: Sponsor
mesh term: Depression
sharing ipd: Yes
ipd description: The individual participant data (IPD) that underlie the results reported in this article, after de-identification (text, tables, figures, and appendices).
ipd info type: Study Protocol
ipd info type: Statistical Analysis Plan (SAP)
ipd info type: Informed Consent Form (ICF)
ipd info type: Clinical Study Report (CSR)
ipd info type: Analytic Code
ipd time frame: The IPD will be shared beginning 1 year and ending 5 years following the first article publication, with anyone who wished to access the data for any purpose.
ipd access criteria: Data requestors will need to contact renright@wisc.edu to gain access to the data. Data are available for 5 years at a third party website (Link to be included).