<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04478604</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>SBUuniversitesi</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT04478604</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Anxieties Related to Childbirth and Postpartum Period</brief_title>
  <acronym>Anxietybirth</acronym>
  <official_title>The Evaluation of Anxiety and Anxieties Related to Childbirth and Postpartum Period With Childbirth Pain in Last Trimester Pregnant Women</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi Gulhane Tip Fakultesi</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
  </sponsors>
  <source>Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi Gulhane Tip Fakultesi</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>Yes</has_dmc>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      The present study aimed to evaluate the relation of labor pain with anxiety and worries about&#xD;
      labor and postpartum period in pregnant women in their last trimester.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      During pregnancy and after childbirth, women experience many physical, emotional and&#xD;
      psychological changes and try to cope with them1. Many women have fear of childbirth and&#xD;
      anxiety for various reasons such as uncertainties about labor, labor pain, loss of control&#xD;
      and giving birth alone 2,3. Several studies have shown that 12%-31% of the pregnant women&#xD;
      experience fear of childbirth 4-6. The sources of worries are usually the possible risk of&#xD;
      harm to women themselves or their babies and attitudes and insufficient knowledge of health&#xD;
      staff2,6-8. These prenatal worries may lead to pain and restlessness during labor, emergency&#xD;
      cesarean section and postpartum affective disorders 1.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Stress experienced during pregnancy affects not only maternal health but also childbirth&#xD;
      outcomes (e.g. preterm labor and low birth weight) 9. Anxiety most frequently experienced in&#xD;
      the first and last trimesters are not directly associated with obstetric complications;&#xD;
      however, it may cause obstetric complications due to the changes it created in the endocrine&#xD;
      system1,7,9. Although labor pain can be due to physiological changes such as cervix&#xD;
      dilatation and uterus contractions, it may result from psychological factors like stress,&#xD;
      anxiety and fear 10. In several studies, the relation between state and trait anxiety scores&#xD;
      just before or during childbirth and pain experienced during labor has been evaluated 11,12.&#xD;
&#xD;
      According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the purpose of the antenatal care is to&#xD;
      help women to have a positive childbirth experience 13. Positive expectations about&#xD;
      childbirth during pregnancy may lead to a positive childbirth experience, while anxiety, fear&#xD;
      or negative expectations can create a negative childbirth experience 14. Several studies have&#xD;
      shown that antenatal education decreases anxiety and labor pain 15,16.&#xD;
&#xD;
      It is of importance to reveal worries and anxiety experienced by pregnant women during and&#xD;
      after childbirth and to evaluate their relationship with labor pain in terms of provision of&#xD;
      higher-quality antenatal care and development of more effective coping strategies to deal&#xD;
      with these problems. Thereby, women may be more healthy during their pregnancy and have a&#xD;
      positive childbirth experience.&#xD;
&#xD;
      This study aimed to determine the relation of labor pain with worries about childbirth and&#xD;
      the postpartum period and state-trait anxiety levels in pregnant women in the last trimester.&#xD;
&#xD;
      MATERIAL AND METHODS The study has a descriptive, prospective design and was conducted in the&#xD;
      obstetric clinic of a research and education hospital between January and November in 2014.&#xD;
      The study population included the pregnant women in their third trimester presenting to the&#xD;
      obstetrics outpatient clinic of the hospital at the time of the study and the sample&#xD;
      comprised 115 pregnant women planning to give birth in the same hospital. Since five women&#xD;
      did not volunteer to participate in the study and since six women gave birth in another&#xD;
      hospital, the study was performed with 104 women (90%).&#xD;
&#xD;
      Data collection tools Data were gathered with a sociodemographic and obstetric features&#xD;
      questionnaire created by the researchers in light of the literature, 1,11,17 Fear of&#xD;
      Childbirth and Postpartum Anxiety Scale (FCPAS), Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety&#xD;
      Inventory (STAI) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS).&#xD;
&#xD;
      Sociodemographic and Obstetric Features Questionnaire The questionnaire was composed of two&#xD;
      sections. The first section involved questions about sociodemographic features including age,&#xD;
      employment status and education. The second section involved 11 questions about the total&#xD;
      number of pregnancies, outcome of the prior pregnancy, experiencing problems during the prior&#xD;
      pregnancy, experiencing problems in the current pregnancy and planned mode of childbirth.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Fear of Childbirth and Postpartum Anxiety Scale FCPAS was developed by Kitapçıoğlu et al. in&#xD;
      2007 to determine worries experienced during and after childbirth 1. The scale is composed of&#xD;
      ten subscales and 61 items. It is a five-point Likert scale and one corresponds to completely&#xD;
      disagree and five totally agree. Some items are scored in the reverse order. The scores for&#xD;
      the scale range from zero to ten. The scores 0.00-2.00 are very low, the scores 2.01-4.00 are&#xD;
      low, the scores 4.01-6.00 are moderate, the scores 6.01-8.00 are high and the scores&#xD;
      8.01-10.00 are very high18. Cronbach's alpha was reported to 0.95 for the original scale1 and&#xD;
      it was found to be 0.96 in the present study.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety Inventory STAI was developed by Spielberg et al. in 1970&#xD;
      to measure state and trait anxiety levels of individuals. It was adapted to the Turkish&#xD;
      culture by Öner and LeCompte in 198519,20. The inventory is composed of two scales; i.e.&#xD;
      state anxiety scale (STAI-State) and trait anxiety scale (STAI-Trait), and each involves 20&#xD;
      items. The former is directed towards determining how individuals feel at a certain moment&#xD;
      and under a certain condition, whereas the latter shows how individuals feel in general. STAI&#xD;
      is a four-point Likert scale. The total score for the inventory changes between 20 and 80.&#xD;
      The scores 0-19 show lack of anxiety, the scores 20-39 mild anxiety, the scores 40-59&#xD;
      moderate anxiety, the scores 60-79 severe anxiety and the score 80 and over 80 very severe&#xD;
      anxiety 20.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Visual Analogue Scale VAS was developed by Price et al. in 1983 to measure the severity of&#xD;
      pain 21. It is frequently used to determine the severity of pain experienced by women during&#xD;
      labor 3,11. Individuals are asked to assign a score for their pain on a 10cm-scale ranging&#xD;
      from zero to ten. Zero corresponds to lack of pain and ten corresponds to very severe pain.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Data Collection The women were given information about the aim and methods of the study and&#xD;
      their participation in the study had a voluntary basis. Those accepting to participate in the&#xD;
      study and planning to give birth in the hospital where this study was conducted were given&#xD;
      the data collection tools and requested to complete them by the researcher . It took 15&#xD;
      minutes for each participant to fill them in. The researcher answered the questions asked by&#xD;
      the participants during the data collection process. The participants were given the&#xD;
      researcher's phone number and asked to call when they came to hospital to give birth. In&#xD;
      addition, every day during the study period, the researchers checked whether there were any&#xD;
      participants among the women presenting to the hospital to give birth. The pain severity was&#xD;
      evaluated by using VAS in the women giving normal birth in the delivery room during the&#xD;
      active phase of labor and in the women having cesarean section in the postpartum four hours.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Ethical considerations Ethical approval was obtained from the ethical committee (date of&#xD;
      approval: 16.12.2013) and written permission was obtained from the hospital where the study&#xD;
      was performed. Written consent was taken from the participants after they were informed about&#xD;
      the aim and conduction of the study. The study was carried out in accordance with the&#xD;
      Declaration of Helsinki .&#xD;
&#xD;
      Data Analysis Obtained data were analyzed with the SPSS for Windows 16.0 (IBM Corporation&#xD;
      Armonk, New York, USA). Kolmogorov Smirnov test was used to determine whether the data about&#xD;
      continuous variables were normally distributed. Numbers, percentages, median and mean&#xD;
      ±standard deviation were used for descriptive statistics. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was&#xD;
      determined. For comparative statistics, t test, one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal Wallis&#xD;
      test and Mann Whitney U test were utilized. The relation between two continuous variables was&#xD;
      analyzed with Spearman correlation test. The statistical significance was set at 0.05 for all&#xD;
      the analyses.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">January 15, 2014</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">December 30, 2014</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">November 15, 2014</primary_completion_date>
  <study_type>Observational</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <observational_model>Other</observational_model>
    <time_perspective>Prospective</time_perspective>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Fear of Childbirth and Postpartum Anxiety Scale</measure>
    <time_frame>in the third trimester of pregnancy (between the 28-40 gestational week)</time_frame>
    <description>The questionnaire was composed of two sections. The first section involved questions about sociodemographic features including age, employment status and education. The second section involved 11 questions about the total number of pregnancies, outcome of the prior pregnancy, experiencing problems during the prior pregnancy, experiencing problems in the current pregnancy and planned mode of childbirth.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety Inventory</measure>
    <time_frame>in the third trimester of pregnancy (between the 28-40 gestational week)</time_frame>
    <description>STAI was developed by Spielberg et al. in 1970 to measure state and trait anxiety levels of individuals. It was adapted to the Turkish culture by Öner and LeCompte in 198519,20. The inventory is composed of two scales; i.e. state anxiety scale (STAI-State) and trait anxiety scale (STAI-Trait), and each involves 20 items. The former is directed towards determining how individuals feel at a certain moment and under a certain condition, whereas the latter shows how individuals feel in general. STAI is a four-point Likert scale. The total score for the inventory changes between 20 and 80. The scores 0-19 show lack of anxiety, the scores 20-39 mild anxiety, the scores 40-59 moderate anxiety, the scores 60-79 severe anxiety and the score 80 and over 80 very severe anxiety 20.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Visual Analogue Scale</measure>
    <time_frame>in the active phase of labor and within the first 4 hours after cesarean delivery</time_frame>
    <description>VAS was developed by Price et al. in 1983 to measure the severity of pain 21. It is frequently used to determine the severity of pain experienced by women during labor 3,11. Individuals are asked to assign a score for their pain on a 10cm-scale ranging from zero to ten. Zero corresponds to lack of pain and ten corresponds to very severe pain.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <number_of_groups>1</number_of_groups>
  <enrollment type="Actual">104</enrollment>
  <condition>Childbirth Fear, Anxiety,Birth Pain</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>pregnant women</arm_group_label>
    <description>last trimester pregnant women and gave birth in the same hospital</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>applied forms to pregnant women</intervention_name>
    <arm_group_label>pregnant women</arm_group_label>
    <other_name>Sociodemographic and Obstetric Features Questionnaire,Fear of Childbirth and Postpartum Anxiety Scale,Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety Inventory</other_name>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <study_pop>
      <textblock>
        Last trimester pregnant women with have no major complications&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </study_pop>
    <sampling_method>Non-Probability Sample</sampling_method>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Having no major complication related to pregnancy&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Being last trimester&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Ability to read and write in Turkish,&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Volunteering to participate in the study&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Planning give birth in the same hospital&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Unable to read or write in Turkish&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Being in the last trimester&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Changing the hospital for giving birth.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>Female</gender>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>49 Years</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>Accepts Healthy Volunteers</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Meltem Uğurlu</name>
      <address>
        <city>Ankara</city>
        <zip>06018</zip>
        <country>Turkey</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>Turkey</country>
  </location_countries>
  <reference>
    <citation>Curzik D, Jokic-Begic N. Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety as correlates of expected, experienced and recalled labor pain. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2011 Dec;32(4):198-203. doi: 10.3109/0167482X.2011.626093. Epub 2011 Oct 31.</citation>
    <PMID>22039971</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Tugut N, Tirkes D, Demirel G. Preparedness of pregnant women for childbirth and the postpartum period: their knowledge and fear. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2015 May;35(4):336-40. doi: 10.3109/01443615.2014.960375. Epub 2014 Sep 29.</citation>
    <PMID>25265338</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Laursen M, Hedegaard M, Johansen C; Danish National Birth Cohort. Fear of childbirth: predictors and temporal changes among nulliparous women in the Danish National Birth Cohort. BJOG. 2008 Feb;115(3):354-60. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01583.x.</citation>
    <PMID>18190372</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Hildingsson I, Nilsson C, Karlstrom A, Lundgren I. A longitudinal survey of childbirth-related fear and associated factors. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2011 Sep-Oct;40(5):532-43. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2011.01274.x.</citation>
    <PMID>22273410</PMID>
  </reference>
  <verification_date>May 2022</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>July 16, 2020</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>July 16, 2020</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">July 20, 2020</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>May 4, 2022</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>May 4, 2022</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">May 10, 2022</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
    <investigator_affiliation>Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi Gulhane Tip Fakultesi</investigator_affiliation>
    <investigator_full_name>Meltem Ugurlu</investigator_full_name>
    <investigator_title>Assistant professor</investigator_title>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>Pregnancy, Childbirth, Postpartum period, Nursing care</keyword>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Anxiety Disorders</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <patient_data>
    <sharing_ipd>Undecided</sharing_ipd>
  </patient_data>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04478604
org study id: SBUuniversitesi
nct id: NCT04478604
lead sponsor: 
has dmc: Yes
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
The present study aimed to evaluate the relation of labor pain with anxiety and worries about
      labor and postpartum period in pregnant women in their last trimester.
During pregnancy and after childbirth, women experience many physical, emotional and
      psychological changes and try to cope with them1. Many women have fear of childbirth and
      anxiety for various reasons such as uncertainties about labor, labor pain, loss of control
      and giving birth alone 2,3. Several studies have shown that 12%-31% of the pregnant women
      experience fear of childbirth 4-6. The sources of worries are usually the possible risk of
      harm to women themselves or their babies and attitudes and insufficient knowledge of health
      staff2,6-8. These prenatal worries may lead to pain and restlessness during labor, emergency
      cesarean section and postpartum affective disorders 1.

      Stress experienced during pregnancy affects not only maternal health but also childbirth
      outcomes (e.g. preterm labor and low birth weight) 9. Anxiety most frequently experienced in
      the first and last trimesters are not directly associated with obstetric complications;
      however, it may cause obstetric complications due to the changes it created in the endocrine
      system1,7,9. Although labor pain can be due to physiological changes such as cervix
      dilatation and uterus contractions, it may result from psychological factors like stress,
      anxiety and fear 10. In several studies, the relation between state and trait anxiety scores
      just before or during childbirth and pain experienced during labor has been evaluated 11,12.

      According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the purpose of the antenatal care is to
      help women to have a positive childbirth experience 13. Positive expectations about
      childbirth during pregnancy may lead to a positive childbirth experience, while anxiety, fear
      or negative expectations can create a negative childbirth experience 14. Several studies have
      shown that antenatal education decreases anxiety and labor pain 15,16.

      It is of importance to reveal worries and anxiety experienced by pregnant women during and
      after childbirth and to evaluate their relationship with labor pain in terms of provision of
      higher-quality antenatal care and development of more effective coping strategies to deal
      with these problems. Thereby, women may be more healthy during their pregnancy and have a
      positive childbirth experience.

      This study aimed to determine the relation of labor pain with worries about childbirth and
      the postpartum period and state-trait anxiety levels in pregnant women in the last trimester.

      MATERIAL AND METHODS The study has a descriptive, prospective design and was conducted in the
      obstetric clinic of a research and education hospital between January and November in 2014.
      The study population included the pregnant women in their third trimester presenting to the
      obstetrics outpatient clinic of the hospital at the time of the study and the sample
      comprised 115 pregnant women planning to give birth in the same hospital. Since five women
      did not volunteer to participate in the study and since six women gave birth in another
      hospital, the study was performed with 104 women (90%).

      Data collection tools Data were gathered with a sociodemographic and obstetric features
      questionnaire created by the researchers in light of the literature, 1,11,17 Fear of
      Childbirth and Postpartum Anxiety Scale (FCPAS), Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety
      Inventory (STAI) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS).

      Sociodemographic and Obstetric Features Questionnaire The questionnaire was composed of two
      sections. The first section involved questions about sociodemographic features including age,
      employment status and education. The second section involved 11 questions about the total
      number of pregnancies, outcome of the prior pregnancy, experiencing problems during the prior
      pregnancy, experiencing problems in the current pregnancy and planned mode of childbirth.

      Fear of Childbirth and Postpartum Anxiety Scale FCPAS was developed by Kitapçıoğlu et al. in
      2007 to determine worries experienced during and after childbirth 1. The scale is composed of
      ten subscales and 61 items. It is a five-point Likert scale and one corresponds to completely
      disagree and five totally agree. Some items are scored in the reverse order. The scores for
      the scale range from zero to ten. The scores 0.00-2.00 are very low, the scores 2.01-4.00 are
      low, the scores 4.01-6.00 are moderate, the scores 6.01-8.00 are high and the scores
      8.01-10.00 are very high18. Cronbach's alpha was reported to 0.95 for the original scale1 and
      it was found to be 0.96 in the present study.

      Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety Inventory STAI was developed by Spielberg et al. in 1970
      to measure state and trait anxiety levels of individuals. It was adapted to the Turkish
      culture by Öner and LeCompte in 198519,20. The inventory is composed of two scales; i.e.
      state anxiety scale (STAI-State) and trait anxiety scale (STAI-Trait), and each involves 20
      items. The former is directed towards determining how individuals feel at a certain moment
      and under a certain condition, whereas the latter shows how individuals feel in general. STAI
      is a four-point Likert scale. The total score for the inventory changes between 20 and 80.
      The scores 0-19 show lack of anxiety, the scores 20-39 mild anxiety, the scores 40-59
      moderate anxiety, the scores 60-79 severe anxiety and the score 80 and over 80 very severe
      anxiety 20.

      Visual Analogue Scale VAS was developed by Price et al. in 1983 to measure the severity of
      pain 21. It is frequently used to determine the severity of pain experienced by women during
      labor 3,11. Individuals are asked to assign a score for their pain on a 10cm-scale ranging
      from zero to ten. Zero corresponds to lack of pain and ten corresponds to very severe pain.

      Data Collection The women were given information about the aim and methods of the study and
      their participation in the study had a voluntary basis. Those accepting to participate in the
      study and planning to give birth in the hospital where this study was conducted were given
      the data collection tools and requested to complete them by the researcher . It took 15
      minutes for each participant to fill them in. The researcher answered the questions asked by
      the participants during the data collection process. The participants were given the
      researcher's phone number and asked to call when they came to hospital to give birth. In
      addition, every day during the study period, the researchers checked whether there were any
      participants among the women presenting to the hospital to give birth. The pain severity was
      evaluated by using VAS in the women giving normal birth in the delivery room during the
      active phase of labor and in the women having cesarean section in the postpartum four hours.

      Ethical considerations Ethical approval was obtained from the ethical committee (date of
      approval: 16.12.2013) and written permission was obtained from the hospital where the study
      was performed. Written consent was taken from the participants after they were informed about
      the aim and conduction of the study. The study was carried out in accordance with the
      Declaration of Helsinki .

      Data Analysis Obtained data were analyzed with the SPSS for Windows 16.0 (IBM Corporation
      Armonk, New York, USA). Kolmogorov Smirnov test was used to determine whether the data about
      continuous variables were normally distributed. Numbers, percentages, median and mean
      ±standard deviation were used for descriptive statistics. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was
      determined. For comparative statistics, t test, one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal Wallis
      test and Mann Whitney U test were utilized. The relation between two continuous variables was
      analyzed with Spearman correlation test. The statistical significance was set at 0.05 for all
      the analyses.
observational model: Other
time perspective: Prospective
measure: Fear of Childbirth and Postpartum Anxiety Scale
time frame: in the third trimester of pregnancy (between the 28-40 gestational week)
description: The questionnaire was composed of two sections. The first section involved questions about sociodemographic features including age, employment status and education. The second section involved 11 questions about the total number of pregnancies, outcome of the prior pregnancy, experiencing problems during the prior pregnancy, experiencing problems in the current pregnancy and planned mode of childbirth.
measure: Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety Inventory
time frame: in the third trimester of pregnancy (between the 28-40 gestational week)
description: STAI was developed by Spielberg et al. in 1970 to measure state and trait anxiety levels of individuals. It was adapted to the Turkish culture by Öner and LeCompte in 198519,20. The inventory is composed of two scales; i.e. state anxiety scale (STAI-State) and trait anxiety scale (STAI-Trait), and each involves 20 items. The former is directed towards determining how individuals feel at a certain moment and under a certain condition, whereas the latter shows how individuals feel in general. STAI is a four-point Likert scale. The total score for the inventory changes between 20 and 80. The scores 0-19 show lack of anxiety, the scores 20-39 mild anxiety, the scores 40-59 moderate anxiety, the scores 60-79 severe anxiety and the score 80 and over 80 very severe anxiety 20.
measure: Visual Analogue Scale
time frame: in the active phase of labor and within the first 4 hours after cesarean delivery
description: VAS was developed by Price et al. in 1983 to measure the severity of pain 21. It is frequently used to determine the severity of pain experienced by women during labor 3,11. Individuals are asked to assign a score for their pain on a 10cm-scale ranging from zero to ten. Zero corresponds to lack of pain and ten corresponds to very severe pain.
arm group label: pregnant women
description: last trimester pregnant women and gave birth in the same hospital
intervention type: Other
intervention name: applied forms to pregnant women
arm group label: pregnant women
other name: Sociodemographic and Obstetric Features Questionnaire,Fear of Childbirth and Postpartum Anxiety Scale,Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety Inventory
study pop: 
sampling method: Non-Probability Sample
criteria: 
gender: Female
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: 49 Years
healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
facility: 
country: Turkey
citation: Curzik D, Jokic-Begic N. Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety as correlates of expected, experienced and recalled labor pain. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2011 Dec;32(4):198-203. doi: 10.3109/0167482X.2011.626093. Epub 2011 Oct 31.
PMID: 22039971
citation: Tugut N, Tirkes D, Demirel G. Preparedness of pregnant women for childbirth and the postpartum period: their knowledge and fear. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2015 May;35(4):336-40. doi: 10.3109/01443615.2014.960375. Epub 2014 Sep 29.
PMID: 25265338
citation: Laursen M, Hedegaard M, Johansen C; Danish National Birth Cohort. Fear of childbirth: predictors and temporal changes among nulliparous women in the Danish National Birth Cohort. BJOG. 2008 Feb;115(3):354-60. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01583.x.
PMID: 18190372
citation: Hildingsson I, Nilsson C, Karlstrom A, Lundgren I. A longitudinal survey of childbirth-related fear and associated factors. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2011 Sep-Oct;40(5):532-43. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2011.01274.x.
PMID: 22273410
responsible party type: Principal Investigator
investigator affiliation: Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi Gulhane Tip Fakultesi
investigator full name: Meltem Ugurlu
investigator title: Assistant professor
mesh term: Anxiety Disorders
sharing ipd: Undecided