<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04442360</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>REK125510-13</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT04442360</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>The Impact of Information Sources on Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic</brief_title>
  <official_title>The Impact of Information Sources on Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>University of Oslo</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Modum Bad</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
  </sponsors>
  <source>University of Oslo</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      Study description:&#xD;
&#xD;
      The present study seeks to investigate the impact of various sources of information on&#xD;
      psychopathology, and specifically health anxiety, depression, and general anxiety, during the&#xD;
      COVID-19 pandemic. The study will investigate the divergent impact of various information&#xD;
      sources on these psychopathological symptoms during the pandemic.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Hypotheses and research questions:&#xD;
&#xD;
      Hypothesis 1: Media consumption across all information sources will significantly be&#xD;
      associated with depression and anxiety symptoms, with increased media consumption in general&#xD;
      associated with higher levels of health anxiety, depression, and general anxiety.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Hypothesis 2: Using social media and online interactive platforms to obtain news about the&#xD;
      pandemic in comparison to using traditional media (e.g., TV, radio, and newspapers) will be&#xD;
      associated with higher levels of health anxiety, depression, and general anxiety. Actively&#xD;
      staying away from information will further significantly be associated with higher levels of&#xD;
      higher levels of health anxiety, depression, and general anxiety.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Research Question 1: Is there a differential effect among different information sources on&#xD;
      health anxiety, depression and general anxiety? To what extend and how are different&#xD;
      information sources related to symptoms of health anxiety, depression, and general anxiety.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Exploratory:&#xD;
&#xD;
      Additionally, we will exploratory investigate to what extent the amount of use of different&#xD;
      information sources impact health anxiety, depression, and general anxiety. We will also&#xD;
      examine effect sizes with part correlations, to investigate information sources with the most&#xD;
      and least detrimental impact on health anxiety, depression, and general anxiety.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Furthermore, we will report which information platforms participants reported as most useful&#xD;
      with regards to information concerning how to best deal with the pandemic.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      Hypotheses and research questions:&#xD;
&#xD;
      Hypothesis 1: Media consumption across all information sources will significantly be&#xD;
      associated with depression and anxiety symptoms, with increased media consumption in general&#xD;
      associated with higher levels of health anxiety, depression, and general anxiety.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Hypothesis 2: Using social media and online interactive platforms to obtain news about the&#xD;
      pandemic in comparison to using traditional media (e.g., TV, radio, and newspapers) will be&#xD;
      associated with higher levels of health anxiety, depression, and general anxiety. Actively&#xD;
      staying away from information will further significantly be associated with higher levels of&#xD;
      higher levels of health anxiety, depression, and general anxiety.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Research Question 1: Is there a differential effect among different information sources on&#xD;
      health anxiety, depression and general anxiety? To what extend and how are different&#xD;
      information sources related to symptoms of health anxiety, depression, and general anxiety.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Exploratory:&#xD;
&#xD;
      Additionally, the investigators will exploratory investigate to what extent the amount of use&#xD;
      of different information sources impact health anxiety, depression, and general anxiety. The&#xD;
      investigators will also examine effect sizes with part correlations, to investigate&#xD;
      information sources with the most and least detrimental impact on health anxiety, depression,&#xD;
      and general anxiety.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Furthermore, the investigators will report which information platforms participants reported&#xD;
      as most useful with regards to information concerning how to best deal with the pandemic.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Statistical analysis:&#xD;
&#xD;
      Three multiple regression analyses will be conducted. 1) with PHQ-9 as the dependent&#xD;
      variable; and 2) the second with GAD-7 at as the dependent variable; and 3) the third with&#xD;
      Health Anxiety as the dependent variable. All analyses will include the different sources of&#xD;
      information as predictor variables, while controlling for the effects of pre-existing mental&#xD;
      health condition, gender, age, and education. Part correlations will be reported for each&#xD;
      regression analysis, presenting the effect size of the hypothesized predictors associated&#xD;
      with health anxiety, depression and general anxiety. A part (semi-partial) correlation gives&#xD;
      the least biased and easiest interpretable estimate of the strength of a predictive&#xD;
      relationship (Dudgeon, 2016). It is the correlation between the outcome and the aspects of&#xD;
      the predictor unique from all the other predictors. As a type of correlation, its size can be&#xD;
      evaluated according to Cohen's (1988) criteria: small &gt;=0.10, medium &gt;=0.30, large &gt;=0.50.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The sources of information include: 1) National television and radio channels; 2) national&#xD;
      and regional, and local newspapers; 3) Use of social media for information; 4) use of blogs,&#xD;
      podcasts, forums or other Internet sources; 5) information obtained from peers (i.e., friends&#xD;
      and family); 6) Other sources of information; 7) actively staying away from information.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Multicollinearity and other statistical assumptions will be checked using examined.&#xD;
      Multicollinearity will be assessed with common guidelines (VIF &lt; 5 and Tolerance &gt; 0.2;&#xD;
      Hocking, 2003; O'Brian, 2007).&#xD;
&#xD;
      All analyses and questions addressed in the forthcoming paper that are not pre-specified in&#xD;
      this pre-registered protocol will be defined as exploratory.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Sensitivity analyses and random subsample replications of the main findings will be conducted&#xD;
      following selection of a random sample of participants that ensure a proportionate ratio&#xD;
      between the collected sample and the adult population of Norway.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Possible transformations:&#xD;
&#xD;
      All variables will be assessed in their original and validated format as is recommended&#xD;
      practice, as long as this is possible with regards to statistical assumptions underlying the&#xD;
      pre-defined analyses (i.e., multiple regression). However, if this is not possible with&#xD;
      regards to the statistical assumptions behind the analyses, transformation (e.g., square root&#xD;
      or log-transformations) may be needed to apply interval-based methods. The investigators will&#xD;
      examine the degree of skewness and evaluate this against the assumptions and analyses before&#xD;
      choosing the appropriate analysis. The pre-registered and planned analyses include multiple&#xD;
      regression as long as assumptions are met. Alternatively a non-parametric test will be used.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Inference criteria Given the large sample size in this study, the investigators pre-define&#xD;
      their significance level: p &lt; 0.01 to determine significance.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Sample size and power calculation:&#xD;
&#xD;
      The present study is part of a larger project with the first part aiming to investigate&#xD;
      information source predictors of mental health through regression analyses, and the second&#xD;
      part aiming to examine directional relations amongst specific sources of information and&#xD;
      their centrality through complex systems approaches (i.e., network analysis). Consequently,&#xD;
      power calculations are based on power required for network analyses. Following power analysis&#xD;
      guidelines by Fried &amp; Cramer (2017), it is recommended that the number of participants are&#xD;
      three times larger than the number of estimated parameters. However, more conservative&#xD;
      recommendations by Roscoe (1975) for multivariate research, recommends sample size that is&#xD;
      ten times larger than the number of estimated parameters. Thus, following these two&#xD;
      approaches respectively, between 1053 to 3510 participants are required. Data will be&#xD;
      collected for three weeks, and participants are based on a representative and random sample&#xD;
      of Norwegian adults, randomly selected and provided equal opportunity to partake in the&#xD;
      study, providing digital consent.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Missing data:&#xD;
&#xD;
      The TSD system (Services for Sensitive Data), a platform used in Norway to store&#xD;
      person-sensitive data verifies participants officially through a kind of national ID number&#xD;
      to give them full right to withdraw their data at any time, following the European GDPR&#xD;
      (General Data Protection Regulation) laws. Accordingly, participants are allowed to withdraw&#xD;
      their own data at any time. The survey includes mandatory fields of response. Participation&#xD;
      is voluntarily, and withdrawal of provided data is possible at any moment. The investigators&#xD;
      do not expect participants to withdraw their data and thus expect no missing data. However,&#xD;
      if participants do withdraw their data, the investigators will conduct state-of-art missing&#xD;
      data analyses and investigate whether data is missing at random.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Unknown status</overall_status>
  <last_known_status>Not yet recruiting</last_known_status>
  <start_date type="Anticipated">June 22, 2020</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Anticipated">July 13, 2020</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Anticipated">July 13, 2020</primary_completion_date>
  <study_type>Observational</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <observational_model>Other</observational_model>
    <time_perspective>Prospective</time_perspective>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Patient Health Questionnaire 9</measure>
    <time_frame>Data is set to be collected starting from 22nd of June until enough data has been collected. The data collection period will last no longer than three weeks.</time_frame>
    <description>The Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9; Kroenke, Spitzer &amp; Williams, 2001) is used to measure symptoms of depression in accordance with the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder. The questionnaire consists of nine items where each is scored on a four-point Likert scale (0-3), with the range of scores from 0 to 27. Higher scores indicate greater depression severity, and scores above 10 are considered as the cut-off that indicating that the patient is within the depressive area.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7</measure>
    <time_frame>Data is set to be collected starting from 22nd of June until enough data has been collected. The data collection period will last no longer than three weeks.</time_frame>
    <description>The Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7; Spitzer, Kroenke, Williams &amp; Löwe, 2006) is a questionnaire consisting of seven items measuring symptoms of anxiety and worry. The items are scored on a four-point Likert scale (0-3), with the scores ranging from 0 to 21. Specific cut-off for Norwegian samples have been found yielding a cut-off of 8 and above for high sensitivity and specificity (Johnson, Ulvenes, Øktedalen &amp; Hoffart, 2019).</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <enrollment type="Anticipated">4000</enrollment>
  <condition>Depression</condition>
  <condition>Generalized Anxiety</condition>
  <condition>Health Anxiety</condition>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Prospective study with two measurement points investigating the impact of viral mitigation protocols on mental health</intervention_name>
    <description>Prospective study with two measurement points investigating the impact of viral mitigation protocols on mental health</description>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <study_pop>
      <textblock>
        All adults above 18 years residing in Norway and thus experiencing identical mitigation&#xD;
        protocols are invited to participate the study, reaching randomly online with an equal&#xD;
        opportunity of participating.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </study_pop>
    <sampling_method>Probability Sample</sampling_method>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Eligible participants are all adults including those of 18 years and above,&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Who are currently living in Norway and thus experiencing identical NPIs, and&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Who will provide digital consent to partake in the study.&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Children and adolescents (individuals below 18)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Adults not residing in Norway during the measurement period&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <gender_based>Yes</gender_based>
    <gender_description>Both Biological Sex and self-representation of gender are measured</gender_description>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>N/A</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>Accepts Healthy Volunteers</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Omid V. Ebrahimi, PhD</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>University of Oslo</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Asle Hoffart, PhD</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>Modum Bad</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Sverre Urnes Johnson, PhD</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>University of Oslo</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Ole Myklebust Amundsen, Cand.Psychol Student</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>University of Bergen</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <overall_contact>
    <last_name>Omid V. Ebrahimi, Double PhD Candidate</last_name>
    <phone>+47-22845295</phone>
    <email>omideb@uio.no</email>
  </overall_contact>
  <reference>
    <citation>Johnson SU, Ulvenes PG, Oktedalen T, Hoffart A. Psychometric Properties of the General Anxiety Disorder 7-Item (GAD-7) Scale in a Heterogeneous Psychiatric Sample. Front Psychol. 2019 Aug 6;10:1713. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01713. eCollection 2019.</citation>
    <PMID>31447721</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.</citation>
    <PMID>11556941</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Lowe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006 May 22;166(10):1092-7. doi: 10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092.</citation>
    <PMID>16717171</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Salkovskis PM, Rimes KA, Warwick HM, Clark DM. The Health Anxiety Inventory: development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Psychol Med. 2002 Jul;32(5):843-53. doi: 10.1017/s0033291702005822.</citation>
    <PMID>12171378</PMID>
  </reference>
  <verification_date>June 2020</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>June 19, 2020</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>June 19, 2020</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">June 22, 2020</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>June 19, 2020</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>June 19, 2020</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">June 23, 2020</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
    <investigator_affiliation>University of Oslo</investigator_affiliation>
    <investigator_full_name>Omid V. Ebrahimi</investigator_full_name>
    <investigator_title>Mr.</investigator_title>
  </responsible_party>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>COVID-19</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Anxiety Disorders</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04442360
org study id: REK125510-13
nct id: NCT04442360
lead sponsor: 
collaborator: 
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
Study description:

      The present study seeks to investigate the impact of various sources of information on
      psychopathology, and specifically health anxiety, depression, and general anxiety, during the
      COVID-19 pandemic. The study will investigate the divergent impact of various information
      sources on these psychopathological symptoms during the pandemic.

      Hypotheses and research questions:

      Hypothesis 1: Media consumption across all information sources will significantly be
      associated with depression and anxiety symptoms, with increased media consumption in general
      associated with higher levels of health anxiety, depression, and general anxiety.

      Hypothesis 2: Using social media and online interactive platforms to obtain news about the
      pandemic in comparison to using traditional media (e.g., TV, radio, and newspapers) will be
      associated with higher levels of health anxiety, depression, and general anxiety. Actively
      staying away from information will further significantly be associated with higher levels of
      higher levels of health anxiety, depression, and general anxiety.

      Research Question 1: Is there a differential effect among different information sources on
      health anxiety, depression and general anxiety? To what extend and how are different
      information sources related to symptoms of health anxiety, depression, and general anxiety.

      Exploratory:

      Additionally, we will exploratory investigate to what extent the amount of use of different
      information sources impact health anxiety, depression, and general anxiety. We will also
      examine effect sizes with part correlations, to investigate information sources with the most
      and least detrimental impact on health anxiety, depression, and general anxiety.

      Furthermore, we will report which information platforms participants reported as most useful
      with regards to information concerning how to best deal with the pandemic.
Hypotheses and research questions:

      Hypothesis 1: Media consumption across all information sources will significantly be
      associated with depression and anxiety symptoms, with increased media consumption in general
      associated with higher levels of health anxiety, depression, and general anxiety.

      Hypothesis 2: Using social media and online interactive platforms to obtain news about the
      pandemic in comparison to using traditional media (e.g., TV, radio, and newspapers) will be
      associated with higher levels of health anxiety, depression, and general anxiety. Actively
      staying away from information will further significantly be associated with higher levels of
      higher levels of health anxiety, depression, and general anxiety.

      Research Question 1: Is there a differential effect among different information sources on
      health anxiety, depression and general anxiety? To what extend and how are different
      information sources related to symptoms of health anxiety, depression, and general anxiety.

      Exploratory:

      Additionally, the investigators will exploratory investigate to what extent the amount of use
      of different information sources impact health anxiety, depression, and general anxiety. The
      investigators will also examine effect sizes with part correlations, to investigate
      information sources with the most and least detrimental impact on health anxiety, depression,
      and general anxiety.

      Furthermore, the investigators will report which information platforms participants reported
      as most useful with regards to information concerning how to best deal with the pandemic.

      Statistical analysis:

      Three multiple regression analyses will be conducted. 1) with PHQ-9 as the dependent
      variable; and 2) the second with GAD-7 at as the dependent variable; and 3) the third with
      Health Anxiety as the dependent variable. All analyses will include the different sources of
      information as predictor variables, while controlling for the effects of pre-existing mental
      health condition, gender, age, and education. Part correlations will be reported for each
      regression analysis, presenting the effect size of the hypothesized predictors associated
      with health anxiety, depression and general anxiety. A part (semi-partial) correlation gives
      the least biased and easiest interpretable estimate of the strength of a predictive
      relationship (Dudgeon, 2016). It is the correlation between the outcome and the aspects of
      the predictor unique from all the other predictors. As a type of correlation, its size can be
      evaluated according to Cohen's (1988) criteria: small >=0.10, medium >=0.30, large >=0.50.

      The sources of information include: 1) National television and radio channels; 2) national
      and regional, and local newspapers; 3) Use of social media for information; 4) use of blogs,
      podcasts, forums or other Internet sources; 5) information obtained from peers (i.e., friends
      and family); 6) Other sources of information; 7) actively staying away from information.

      Multicollinearity and other statistical assumptions will be checked using examined.
      Multicollinearity will be assessed with common guidelines (VIF < 5 and Tolerance > 0.2;
      Hocking, 2003; O'Brian, 2007).

      All analyses and questions addressed in the forthcoming paper that are not pre-specified in
      this pre-registered protocol will be defined as exploratory.

      Sensitivity analyses and random subsample replications of the main findings will be conducted
      following selection of a random sample of participants that ensure a proportionate ratio
      between the collected sample and the adult population of Norway.

      Possible transformations:

      All variables will be assessed in their original and validated format as is recommended
      practice, as long as this is possible with regards to statistical assumptions underlying the
      pre-defined analyses (i.e., multiple regression). However, if this is not possible with
      regards to the statistical assumptions behind the analyses, transformation (e.g., square root
      or log-transformations) may be needed to apply interval-based methods. The investigators will
      examine the degree of skewness and evaluate this against the assumptions and analyses before
      choosing the appropriate analysis. The pre-registered and planned analyses include multiple
      regression as long as assumptions are met. Alternatively a non-parametric test will be used.

      Inference criteria Given the large sample size in this study, the investigators pre-define
      their significance level: p < 0.01 to determine significance.

      Sample size and power calculation:

      The present study is part of a larger project with the first part aiming to investigate
      information source predictors of mental health through regression analyses, and the second
      part aiming to examine directional relations amongst specific sources of information and
      their centrality through complex systems approaches (i.e., network analysis). Consequently,
      power calculations are based on power required for network analyses. Following power analysis
      guidelines by Fried & Cramer (2017), it is recommended that the number of participants are
      three times larger than the number of estimated parameters. However, more conservative
      recommendations by Roscoe (1975) for multivariate research, recommends sample size that is
      ten times larger than the number of estimated parameters. Thus, following these two
      approaches respectively, between 1053 to 3510 participants are required. Data will be
      collected for three weeks, and participants are based on a representative and random sample
      of Norwegian adults, randomly selected and provided equal opportunity to partake in the
      study, providing digital consent.

      Missing data:

      The TSD system (Services for Sensitive Data), a platform used in Norway to store
      person-sensitive data verifies participants officially through a kind of national ID number
      to give them full right to withdraw their data at any time, following the European GDPR
      (General Data Protection Regulation) laws. Accordingly, participants are allowed to withdraw
      their own data at any time. The survey includes mandatory fields of response. Participation
      is voluntarily, and withdrawal of provided data is possible at any moment. The investigators
      do not expect participants to withdraw their data and thus expect no missing data. However,
      if participants do withdraw their data, the investigators will conduct state-of-art missing
      data analyses and investigate whether data is missing at random.
observational model: Other
time perspective: Prospective
measure: Patient Health Questionnaire 9
time frame: Data is set to be collected starting from 22nd of June until enough data has been collected. The data collection period will last no longer than three weeks.
description: The Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9; Kroenke, Spitzer & Williams, 2001) is used to measure symptoms of depression in accordance with the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder. The questionnaire consists of nine items where each is scored on a four-point Likert scale (0-3), with the range of scores from 0 to 27. Higher scores indicate greater depression severity, and scores above 10 are considered as the cut-off that indicating that the patient is within the depressive area.
measure: Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7
time frame: Data is set to be collected starting from 22nd of June until enough data has been collected. The data collection period will last no longer than three weeks.
description: The Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7; Spitzer, Kroenke, Williams & Löwe, 2006) is a questionnaire consisting of seven items measuring symptoms of anxiety and worry. The items are scored on a four-point Likert scale (0-3), with the scores ranging from 0 to 21. Specific cut-off for Norwegian samples have been found yielding a cut-off of 8 and above for high sensitivity and specificity (Johnson, Ulvenes, Øktedalen & Hoffart, 2019).
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: Prospective study with two measurement points investigating the impact of viral mitigation protocols on mental health
description: Prospective study with two measurement points investigating the impact of viral mitigation protocols on mental health
study pop: 
sampling method: Probability Sample
criteria: 
gender: All
gender based: Yes
gender description: Both Biological Sex and self-representation of gender are measured
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: N/A
healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
last name: Omid V. Ebrahimi, PhD
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: University of Oslo
last name: Asle Hoffart, PhD
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: Modum Bad
last name: Sverre Urnes Johnson, PhD
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: University of Oslo
last name: Ole Myklebust Amundsen, Cand.Psychol Student
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: University of Bergen
last name: Omid V. Ebrahimi, Double PhD Candidate
phone: +47-22845295
email: omideb@uio.no
citation: Johnson SU, Ulvenes PG, Oktedalen T, Hoffart A. Psychometric Properties of the General Anxiety Disorder 7-Item (GAD-7) Scale in a Heterogeneous Psychiatric Sample. Front Psychol. 2019 Aug 6;10:1713. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01713. eCollection 2019.
PMID: 31447721
citation: Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.
PMID: 11556941
citation: Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Lowe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006 May 22;166(10):1092-7. doi: 10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092.
PMID: 16717171
citation: Salkovskis PM, Rimes KA, Warwick HM, Clark DM. The Health Anxiety Inventory: development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Psychol Med. 2002 Jul;32(5):843-53. doi: 10.1017/s0033291702005822.
PMID: 12171378
responsible party type: Principal Investigator
investigator affiliation: University of Oslo
investigator full name: Omid V. Ebrahimi
investigator title: Mr.
mesh term: COVID-19
mesh term: Anxiety Disorders