<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04476693</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>UBedfordshire</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT04476693</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Metabolic Responses to Breakfast in Adolescent Girls</brief_title>
  <official_title>Metabolic Responses to Breakfast Consumption Versus Omission in Adolescent Girls</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>University of Bedfordshire</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>British Nutrition Foundation</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
  </sponsors>
  <source>University of Bedfordshire</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>No</has_dmc>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      Breakfast consumption (BC) is frequently associated with a healthy lifestyle, healthy body&#xD;
      weight and favourable cardiometabolic health. Research from studies in adults suggests that&#xD;
      breakfast skipping causes elevated plasma glucose and insulin concentrations after lunch.&#xD;
      However, there is currently no evidence to suggest a similar metabolic response in adolescent&#xD;
      girls, a population that frequently skips breakfast. The primary purpose of this study is to&#xD;
      examine the effects of BC versus breakfast omission (BO) on metabolic responses after lunch&#xD;
      in healthy adolescent girls.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      Breakfast consumption (BC) is habitually associated with a healthy lifestyle (e.g., diet and&#xD;
      physical activity), reduced adiposity and favourable cardiometabolic health profiles in&#xD;
      children, adolescents and adults. Experimental research in adults has shown that breakfast&#xD;
      consumption reduces the glycaemic and insulinemic response to lunch when compared with&#xD;
      breakfast omission; this has been termed 'the second meal effect'. Further, breakfast&#xD;
      consumption may improve exercise performance and increase free-living physical activity&#xD;
      energy expenditure in adults. Understanding the postprandial metabolic responses to BC and&#xD;
      breakfast omission (BO) in adolescent girls is particularly important, as this population&#xD;
      frequently skips breakfast and have low physical activity levels. Yet, adolescent girls may&#xD;
      respond differently to adults due to their distinct metabolic profiles, and past research has&#xD;
      not targeted this population. The primary aim of this research is to examine whether BC&#xD;
      versus BO affects postprandial glycaemic and insulinemic responses to lunch in adolescent&#xD;
      girls. Secondly, it aims to examine the lipaemic and substrate oxidation responses during&#xD;
      rest, substrate oxidation during an exercise bout performed later in the day, and physical&#xD;
      activity enjoyment during the exercise bout.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">October 1, 2018</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">July 1, 2020</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">July 1, 2020</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>N/A</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Crossover Assignment</intervention_model>
    <intervention_model_description>Two experimental trials will be completed in a randomised counterbalanced order: BC and BO. A standardised lunch will be provided three hours after breakfast consumption (BC) or after water consumption during breakfast omission (BO). Finger prick blood samples for the analysis of plasma glucose, insulin and triaclglycerol and expired gas samples for the analysis of substrate oxidation will be taken throughout the trials. An incremental cycling exercise test with 4 minute stages will be performed 2 h after lunch for the determination of maximum fat oxidation (MFO) and intensity at which MFO occurred (i.e., Fatmax). The OMNI scale will be used to evaluate the perceived exertion at the end of each cycling stage. PA enjoyment will be evaluated using Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES).</intervention_model_description>
    <primary_purpose>Basic Science</primary_purpose>
    <masking>None (Open Label)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Post-lunch area under the curve (AUC) for glucose.</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours</time_frame>
    <description>Net incremental AUC and total AUC for 2-hour period post lunch in each condition will be calculated for plasma glucose. Five finger prick blood samples will be taken at 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes post lunch.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Total trial area under the curve (AUC) for glucose.</measure>
    <time_frame>5 hours</time_frame>
    <description>Net incremental AUC and total AUC for the 5-hour entire trial period in each condition will be calculated for plasma glucose. Finger prick blood samples will be taken at at 0 (baseline), 30, 60, 120 and 180 min after breakfast consumption or omission and at 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after lunch consumption.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Post-lunch area under the curve (AUC) for insulin.</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours</time_frame>
    <description>Net incremental AUC and totral AUC for 2-hour period post lunch in each condition will be calculated for plasma insulin. Five finger prick blood samples will be taken at 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes post lunch.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Total trial area under the curve (AUC) for insulin.</measure>
    <time_frame>5 hours</time_frame>
    <description>Net incremental AUC and total AUC for the 5-hour entire trial period in each condition will be calculated for plasma insulin. Finger prick blood samples will be taken at at 0 (baseline), 30, 60, 120 and 180 min after breakfast consumption or omission and at 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after lunch consumption.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Post-lunch resting substrate oxidation</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours</time_frame>
    <description>Substrate oxidation (fat and carbohydrate) rates will be estimated using indirect calorimetry from expired air samples at four time points following lunch (30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes).</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Total trial resting substrate oxidation.</measure>
    <time_frame>5 hours</time_frame>
    <description>Substrate oxidation (fat and carbohydrate) rates will be estimated using indirect calorimetry from expired air samples at baseline and at 4 time points after breakfast (30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes) and 4 time points following lunch (30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes).</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Maximum fat oxidation rate during exercise</measure>
    <time_frame>During exercise (approximately 30 minutes)</time_frame>
    <description>An incremental 7-stage cycling test will be performed 2 hours after lunch for the determination of maximum fat oxidation. Each stage will last 4 minutes in duration, where participants will keep a steady pedalling rate of 60 revolutions per minute. The intensity for each stage was calculated based on the percentage (0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%) of the theoretical maximal aerobic power. Fat oxidation rates will be estimated during the final minute of each stage using indirect calorimetry.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Fatmax during exercise</measure>
    <time_frame>During exercise (approximately 30 minutes)</time_frame>
    <description>An incremental 7-stage cycling test will be performed 2 hours after lunch for the determination of maximum fat oxidation. Each stage will last 4 minutes in duration, where participants will keep a steady pedalling rate of 60 revolutions per minute. The intensity for each stage was calculated based on the percentage (0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%) of the theoretical maximal aerobic power. Fat oxidation rates will be estimated during the final minute of each stage using indirect calorimetry. The intensity at which maximum fat oxidation occurs will be defined as Fatmax.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Physical activity enjoyment</measure>
    <time_frame>Following exercise (approximately 5-10 minutes post)</time_frame>
    <description>Physical activity enjoyment measured using Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) during the Fatmax incremental exercise test. The scale is composed of 16 statements (9 positive and 7 negative) which begin with the phrase &quot;When I am physically active…&quot;. The participants must answer by giving an answer from 1 &quot;disagree a lot&quot; to 5 &quot;agree a lot&quot; to each statement. The average score of the positive statements is calculated to be used in the analysis.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Post-lunch area under the curve (AUC) for triaclyglycerol</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hour</time_frame>
    <description>Net incremental AUC and total AUC for the 2-hour period post lunch in each condition will be calculated for plasma triaclyglycerol. Five finger prick blood samples will be taken at 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes post lunch.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Total trial area under the curve (AUC) for triaclyglycerol</measure>
    <time_frame>5 hours</time_frame>
    <description>Net incremental AUC and total AUC for the 5-hour entire trial period in each condition will be calculated for plasma triacylglycerol. Finger prick blood samples will be taken at at 0 (baseline), 30, 60, 120 and 180 min after breakfast consumption or omission and at 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after lunch consumption.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Actual">18</enrollment>
  <condition>Postprandial Hyperglycemia</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Breakfast Consumption (BC)</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>The consumption of a standardised breakfast followed by a standardised lunch 3-h after the last mouthful of breakfast meal. All the ingredients of the breakfast and lunch provided will be weighed, with the portion sizes calculated based on individual resting metabolic rate (RMR). The participants were instructed to consume the meals provided within 15 min. A minimum of seven days washout period will be provided to avoid carry-over effects between conditions.&#xD;
The standardised lunch will consist of white bread without crust (Tesco), margarine 'Butter Me Up Spread' (Tesco), strawberry jam (Tesco), salted crisps (Walkers) and sparkling glucose drink (Lucozade Energy Original). This carbohydrate-rich high glycameic index lunch was designed to trigger quick and exaggerated glucose and insulin response.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Breakfast omission (BO)</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Participant will consume water, the individual volume of which was calculated based on the liquid content of the breakfast. A standardised lunch will be consumed 3-h after the last mouthful of water. All the ingredients of the breakfast and lunch provided were weighed, with the portion sizes calculated based on individual resting metabolic rate (RMR). The participants were instructed to consume the meals provided within 15 min. A minimum of seven days washout period was provided to avoid carry-over effects between conditions.&#xD;
The standardised lunch consists of white bread without crust (Tesco), margarine 'Butter Me Up Spread' (Tesco), strawberry jam (Tesco), salted crisps (Walkers) and sparkling glucose drink (Lucozade Energy Original). This carbohydrate-rich high glycameic index lunch was designed to trigger quick and exaggerated glucose and insulin response.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Breakfast consumption</intervention_name>
    <description>Consumption of breakfast: The breakfast provided was designed based on the &quot;characteristics of an ideal breakfast&quot; outlined in Giovannini et al., (2008). The breakfast provided in the present study will include the following: all-bran cereals (Kellogg's), semi-skimmed milk (Tesco), Royal Gala Apple (Tesco) and Orange Juice from Concentrate (Tesco) containing the amount of carbohydrates usually consumed at breakfast in the UK (Reeves et al., 2013). The portion for each participant will contain 0.06 g of carbohydrate per kcal of measured RMR. As the portion size (20% of daily calorie intake) will be calculated based on individual RMR , no leftovers will be allowed.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Breakfast Consumption (BC)</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Breakfast Omission</intervention_name>
    <description>Omission of breakfast. Participants will consume water within 15 min, the individual volume of which will be calculated based on the liquid content of the breakfast [milk (ml)+ orange juice (ml)].</description>
    <arm_group_label>Breakfast omission (BO)</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          1. Aged 11 to 14 years old&#xD;
&#xD;
          2. Female&#xD;
&#xD;
          3. Healthy weight Body Mass Index centile (between the 3rd and 91st centile - Cole et al&#xD;
             2000)&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          1. Allergies to the breakfast and lunch ingredients&#xD;
&#xD;
          2. Fitted with a pacemaker&#xD;
&#xD;
          3. Unable to walk&#xD;
&#xD;
          4. Health related issues that could be affected by participation in the study (e.g.,&#xD;
             uncontrolled exercise-induced asthma, diabetes, epilepsy)&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>Female</gender>
    <minimum_age>11 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>14 Years</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>Accepts Healthy Volunteers</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>University of Bedfordshire</name>
      <address>
        <city>Bedford</city>
        <state>Bedfordshire</state>
        <zip>MK41 9EA</zip>
        <country>United Kingdom</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>United Kingdom</country>
  </location_countries>
  <verification_date>February 2023</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>July 9, 2020</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>July 14, 2020</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">July 20, 2020</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>February 28, 2023</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>February 28, 2023</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">March 1, 2023</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
    <investigator_affiliation>University of Bedfordshire</investigator_affiliation>
    <investigator_full_name>Dr Rebecca Jones</investigator_full_name>
    <investigator_title>Lecturer in Exercise Physiology</investigator_title>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>cardiovascular disease</keyword>
  <keyword>diabetes</keyword>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Hyperglycemia</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <patient_data>
    <sharing_ipd>No</sharing_ipd>
  </patient_data>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04476693
org study id: UBedfordshire
nct id: NCT04476693
lead sponsor: 
collaborator: 
has dmc: No
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
Breakfast consumption (BC) is frequently associated with a healthy lifestyle, healthy body
      weight and favourable cardiometabolic health. Research from studies in adults suggests that
      breakfast skipping causes elevated plasma glucose and insulin concentrations after lunch.
      However, there is currently no evidence to suggest a similar metabolic response in adolescent
      girls, a population that frequently skips breakfast. The primary purpose of this study is to
      examine the effects of BC versus breakfast omission (BO) on metabolic responses after lunch
      in healthy adolescent girls.
Breakfast consumption (BC) is habitually associated with a healthy lifestyle (e.g., diet and
      physical activity), reduced adiposity and favourable cardiometabolic health profiles in
      children, adolescents and adults. Experimental research in adults has shown that breakfast
      consumption reduces the glycaemic and insulinemic response to lunch when compared with
      breakfast omission; this has been termed 'the second meal effect'. Further, breakfast
      consumption may improve exercise performance and increase free-living physical activity
      energy expenditure in adults. Understanding the postprandial metabolic responses to BC and
      breakfast omission (BO) in adolescent girls is particularly important, as this population
      frequently skips breakfast and have low physical activity levels. Yet, adolescent girls may
      respond differently to adults due to their distinct metabolic profiles, and past research has
      not targeted this population. The primary aim of this research is to examine whether BC
      versus BO affects postprandial glycaemic and insulinemic responses to lunch in adolescent
      girls. Secondly, it aims to examine the lipaemic and substrate oxidation responses during
      rest, substrate oxidation during an exercise bout performed later in the day, and physical
      activity enjoyment during the exercise bout.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Crossover Assignment
intervention model description: Two experimental trials will be completed in a randomised counterbalanced order: BC and BO. A standardised lunch will be provided three hours after breakfast consumption (BC) or after water consumption during breakfast omission (BO). Finger prick blood samples for the analysis of plasma glucose, insulin and triaclglycerol and expired gas samples for the analysis of substrate oxidation will be taken throughout the trials. An incremental cycling exercise test with 4 minute stages will be performed 2 h after lunch for the determination of maximum fat oxidation (MFO) and intensity at which MFO occurred (i.e., Fatmax). The OMNI scale will be used to evaluate the perceived exertion at the end of each cycling stage. PA enjoyment will be evaluated using Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES).
primary purpose: Basic Science
masking: None (Open Label)
measure: Post-lunch area under the curve (AUC) for glucose.
time frame: 2 hours
description: Net incremental AUC and total AUC for 2-hour period post lunch in each condition will be calculated for plasma glucose. Five finger prick blood samples will be taken at 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes post lunch.
measure: Total trial area under the curve (AUC) for glucose.
time frame: 5 hours
description: Net incremental AUC and total AUC for the 5-hour entire trial period in each condition will be calculated for plasma glucose. Finger prick blood samples will be taken at at 0 (baseline), 30, 60, 120 and 180 min after breakfast consumption or omission and at 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after lunch consumption.
measure: Post-lunch area under the curve (AUC) for insulin.
time frame: 2 hours
description: Net incremental AUC and totral AUC for 2-hour period post lunch in each condition will be calculated for plasma insulin. Five finger prick blood samples will be taken at 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes post lunch.
measure: Total trial area under the curve (AUC) for insulin.
time frame: 5 hours
description: Net incremental AUC and total AUC for the 5-hour entire trial period in each condition will be calculated for plasma insulin. Finger prick blood samples will be taken at at 0 (baseline), 30, 60, 120 and 180 min after breakfast consumption or omission and at 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after lunch consumption.
measure: Post-lunch resting substrate oxidation
time frame: 2 hours
description: Substrate oxidation (fat and carbohydrate) rates will be estimated using indirect calorimetry from expired air samples at four time points following lunch (30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes).
measure: Total trial resting substrate oxidation.
time frame: 5 hours
description: Substrate oxidation (fat and carbohydrate) rates will be estimated using indirect calorimetry from expired air samples at baseline and at 4 time points after breakfast (30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes) and 4 time points following lunch (30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes).
measure: Maximum fat oxidation rate during exercise
time frame: During exercise (approximately 30 minutes)
description: An incremental 7-stage cycling test will be performed 2 hours after lunch for the determination of maximum fat oxidation. Each stage will last 4 minutes in duration, where participants will keep a steady pedalling rate of 60 revolutions per minute. The intensity for each stage was calculated based on the percentage (0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%) of the theoretical maximal aerobic power. Fat oxidation rates will be estimated during the final minute of each stage using indirect calorimetry.
measure: Fatmax during exercise
time frame: During exercise (approximately 30 minutes)
description: An incremental 7-stage cycling test will be performed 2 hours after lunch for the determination of maximum fat oxidation. Each stage will last 4 minutes in duration, where participants will keep a steady pedalling rate of 60 revolutions per minute. The intensity for each stage was calculated based on the percentage (0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%) of the theoretical maximal aerobic power. Fat oxidation rates will be estimated during the final minute of each stage using indirect calorimetry. The intensity at which maximum fat oxidation occurs will be defined as Fatmax.
measure: Physical activity enjoyment
time frame: Following exercise (approximately 5-10 minutes post)
description: Physical activity enjoyment measured using Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) during the Fatmax incremental exercise test. The scale is composed of 16 statements (9 positive and 7 negative) which begin with the phrase "When I am physically active…". The participants must answer by giving an answer from 1 "disagree a lot" to 5 "agree a lot" to each statement. The average score of the positive statements is calculated to be used in the analysis.
measure: Post-lunch area under the curve (AUC) for triaclyglycerol
time frame: 2 hour
description: Net incremental AUC and total AUC for the 2-hour period post lunch in each condition will be calculated for plasma triaclyglycerol. Five finger prick blood samples will be taken at 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes post lunch.
measure: Total trial area under the curve (AUC) for triaclyglycerol
time frame: 5 hours
description: Net incremental AUC and total AUC for the 5-hour entire trial period in each condition will be calculated for plasma triacylglycerol. Finger prick blood samples will be taken at at 0 (baseline), 30, 60, 120 and 180 min after breakfast consumption or omission and at 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after lunch consumption.
arm group label: Breakfast Consumption (BC)
arm group type: Experimental
description: The consumption of a standardised breakfast followed by a standardised lunch 3-h after the last mouthful of breakfast meal. All the ingredients of the breakfast and lunch provided will be weighed, with the portion sizes calculated based on individual resting metabolic rate (RMR). The participants were instructed to consume the meals provided within 15 min. A minimum of seven days washout period will be provided to avoid carry-over effects between conditions.
The standardised lunch will consist of white bread without crust (Tesco), margarine 'Butter Me Up Spread' (Tesco), strawberry jam (Tesco), salted crisps (Walkers) and sparkling glucose drink (Lucozade Energy Original). This carbohydrate-rich high glycameic index lunch was designed to trigger quick and exaggerated glucose and insulin response.
arm group label: Breakfast omission (BO)
arm group type: Experimental
description: Participant will consume water, the individual volume of which was calculated based on the liquid content of the breakfast. A standardised lunch will be consumed 3-h after the last mouthful of water. All the ingredients of the breakfast and lunch provided were weighed, with the portion sizes calculated based on individual resting metabolic rate (RMR). The participants were instructed to consume the meals provided within 15 min. A minimum of seven days washout period was provided to avoid carry-over effects between conditions.
The standardised lunch consists of white bread without crust (Tesco), margarine 'Butter Me Up Spread' (Tesco), strawberry jam (Tesco), salted crisps (Walkers) and sparkling glucose drink (Lucozade Energy Original). This carbohydrate-rich high glycameic index lunch was designed to trigger quick and exaggerated glucose and insulin response.
intervention type: Other
intervention name: Breakfast consumption
description: Consumption of breakfast: The breakfast provided was designed based on the "characteristics of an ideal breakfast" outlined in Giovannini et al., (2008). The breakfast provided in the present study will include the following: all-bran cereals (Kellogg's), semi-skimmed milk (Tesco), Royal Gala Apple (Tesco) and Orange Juice from Concentrate (Tesco) containing the amount of carbohydrates usually consumed at breakfast in the UK (Reeves et al., 2013). The portion for each participant will contain 0.06 g of carbohydrate per kcal of measured RMR. As the portion size (20% of daily calorie intake) will be calculated based on individual RMR , no leftovers will be allowed.
arm group label: Breakfast Consumption (BC)
intervention type: Other
intervention name: Breakfast Omission
description: Omission of breakfast. Participants will consume water within 15 min, the individual volume of which will be calculated based on the liquid content of the breakfast [milk (ml)+ orange juice (ml)].
arm group label: Breakfast omission (BO)
criteria: 
gender: Female
minimum age: 11 Years
maximum age: 14 Years
healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
facility: 
country: United Kingdom
responsible party type: Principal Investigator
investigator affiliation: University of Bedfordshire
investigator full name: Dr Rebecca Jones
investigator title: Lecturer in Exercise Physiology
mesh term: Hyperglycemia
sharing ipd: No