<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04472845</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>HYPART</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT04472845</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>HYPofractionated Adjuvant RadioTherapy in 1 Versus 2 Weeks in High-risk Patients With Breast Cancer (HYPART).</brief_title>
  <acronym>HYPART</acronym>
  <official_title>HYPofractionated Adjuvant RadioTherapy in 1 Versus 2 Weeks in High-risk Patients With Breast Cancer (HYPART): A Non-inferiority, Open-label, Phase III Randomized Trial.</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
  </sponsors>
  <source>Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>Yes</has_dmc>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      We at PGIMER have been practicing hypofractionated radiotherapy in breast cancer patients for&#xD;
      the last 4 decades. Our standard doses have been 35Gy/15#/3wks to the chest wall after&#xD;
      mastectomy and 40Gy/16#/3wks after breast conserving surgery (BCS).It is also a routine&#xD;
      practice in the UK and in a few centers in Canada. Hypofractionation reduces treatment time&#xD;
      to half while maintaining cosmesis and gives control rates equal to conventional&#xD;
      fractionation. As breast cancer is a leading cancer in females and radiation therapy is an&#xD;
      important part of its local management, hypofractionation helps radiation centers worldwide&#xD;
      to meet the growing need for radiation treatment in breast cancer, particularly in developing&#xD;
      countries where resources are limited. It also reduces the financial burden on the patient&#xD;
      and family. In this study we want to evaluate the impact of reducing the treatment duration&#xD;
      from 3 weeks to 1 week. Eligible patients with breast cancer after mastectomy or BCS will be&#xD;
      treated with a radiotherapy dose of 26Gy in 5 fractions over 1 week in the study arm and 40Gy&#xD;
      in 15 fractions over 2 weeks in the control arm. The primary endpoint of this noninferiority&#xD;
      study will be locoregional tumour control. Secondary endpoints will be early and late&#xD;
      radiation toxicities, quality of life, contralateral primary tumours, regional and distant&#xD;
      metastases, survival and second cancers. A total of 1018 patients will be randomised (1:1) to&#xD;
      receive 1 week or 2 weeks of radiotherapy. An event-driven analysis will be performed after&#xD;
      at least 94 patients have documented locoregional recurrences.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      Aim: To test a 1-week schedule of hypofractionated adjuvant whole breast/chest wall and/or&#xD;
      regional nodal radiotherapy against 2 weeks for loco-regional control, acute and late&#xD;
      toxicities, quality of life (QoL), survival and second cancers after primary surgery in&#xD;
      patients with breast cancer.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Review of literature Four randomised trials involving a total of &gt;8000 women have compared a&#xD;
      lower total dose in fewer larger fractions against 50Gy in 25 fractions, and all have&#xD;
      reported favourable results in terms of local tumour control and late adverse effects.1-4&#xD;
      Appropriate adjustments to total dose allow 15- or 16-fraction schedules to be delivered over&#xD;
      3 weeks that are at least as safe and effective as standard 5-week regimens.&#xD;
&#xD;
      A 2008 Cochrane review of altered radiotherapy fractionation in early breast cancer1&#xD;
      including The Royal Marsden Hospital/Gloucestershire Oncology Centre and Ontario trials&#xD;
      totalling 2644 women with mainly axillary node negative tumours &lt;5cm diameter concluded that&#xD;
      radiotherapy fractions larger than 2Gy were at least as effective as 2Gy fractionation for a)&#xD;
      local-recurrence free survival (absolute difference 0.4%, 95% CI 1.5% to 2.4%), b) breast&#xD;
      appearance (risk ratio (RR)1.01, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.17; p=0.86), c) survival at five years (RR&#xD;
      0.97, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.19; p=0.75), d) late skin toxicity at five years (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.44&#xD;
      to 2.22; p=0.98, or e) late radiation toxicity in subcutaneous tissue (RR1.0, 95% CI 0.78 to&#xD;
      1.28; p=0.99).1 The UK START A trial(N=2236) showed that the estimated absolute differences&#xD;
      in 5-year local-regional relapse rates compared with the control schedule of 50Gy in 2Gy&#xD;
      fractions were 0.2% (95% CI 1.3% to 2.6%) after41.6Gy and 0.9% (95% CI 0.8% to 3.7%) after&#xD;
      39Gy. In STARTA, photographic and patient self- assessments suggested lower rates of late&#xD;
      adverse effects after 39 Gy than with 50 Gy, with a hazard ratio(HR) for late change in&#xD;
      photographic breast appearance of 0.69(95% CI 0.52 to 0.91,p=0.01).3 In the UK START B&#xD;
      trial(N=2215) the estimated absolute difference in 5-year local-regional relapse rates for&#xD;
      40.05 Gy compared with 50Gy was -0.7% (95% CI 1.7% to 0.9%),and the HR for late change in&#xD;
      photographic breast appearance was 0.83 (95% CI 0.66 to1.04). These START trials reported&#xD;
      similar local tumour control with some evidence of lower rates of late adverse effects after&#xD;
      schedules with fraction sizes larger than 2 Gy compared with the international standard&#xD;
      25-fraction regimen.4 The international standard regimen for whole breast radiotherapy prior&#xD;
      to publication of these studies was a total dose of 50Gy in 25 fractions (daily doses) over&#xD;
      5weeks following surgical resection of the primary tumour in women with early breast cancer.&#xD;
      With the establishment of safety and efficacy of moderate hypofractionation another 'new&#xD;
      standard of care' using 40-41Gy in 15 to 16 fractions over 3 weeks has been established, as&#xD;
      evidenced by recommendations by the National Institute for Health and Clinical&#xD;
      Excellence(NICE). 5 Although interesting and practically helpful, such moderate&#xD;
      hypofractionation is unlikely to represent the useful limits of hypofractionation for whole&#xD;
      breast or even regional nodal radiotherapy.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Further hypofractionated radiotherapy has been tested using once weekly schedule to the whole&#xD;
      breast in the UK FAST study.5 Assuming an α/β value between 3 and 4 two different schedules&#xD;
      were hypothesised to be equally effective (28.5 Gy and 30Gy in 5 fractions over 5 weeks) to&#xD;
      the 50Gy in 25 fraction over 5 weeks schedule. Initial analysis has shown a higher rate of&#xD;
      moist desquamation using the 50Gy regimen; however photographic assessment after a median&#xD;
      follow-up of 28.4 months has shown more mild or marked change in the photographic appearance&#xD;
      with the hypofractionated schedule.4 Clinical assessments of breast appearance changes were&#xD;
      similar to the 50Gy group when using the 28.5Gy schedule but worse with the 30Gy schedule.&#xD;
      Final results from the study are awaited. The UK FAST Forward study randomly allocated 4096&#xD;
      patients to 40Gy/15#/3 weeks, 27Gy/5#/1 week, or 26Gy/5#/1 week to the whole breast or chest&#xD;
      wall.6 They concluded that 26Gy/5#/1 week was non-inferior to the standard of 40Gy/15#/3&#xD;
      weeks for local tumour control, and was as safe in terms of normal tissue effects up to 5&#xD;
      years in patients with early-stage breast cancer.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Hypofractionated radiotherapy has been used at PGIMER and comparable clinical outcomes have&#xD;
      been published with moderate hypofractionation.7-9 Although Indian breast cancer patients&#xD;
      present at a younger age, with more advanced stage, and a higher percentage of grade 3 and&#xD;
      triple negative tumours compared to the western population. These adverse factors may not be&#xD;
      important when comparing hypofractionated radiotherapy with standard fractionation.9&#xD;
      Reservations exist for extreme hypofractionation to the regional nodes citing increasing risk&#xD;
      of brachial plexopathy when hypofractionating to the supraclavicular fossa although moderate&#xD;
      hypofractionation has been used at our institute for the last 5 decades without reports of&#xD;
      any brachial plexopathy.10,11 Similarly, moderately hypofractionated 2-week regimes have been&#xD;
      used in clinical trials and have been found to be safe.10 Given the above evidence, 40Gy in&#xD;
      15 fractions has been recommended as the standard of care in the UK even for cases that will&#xD;
      include irradiation of the supraclavicular fossa.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Recently, Wang et al. published results from a randomised study in high-risk breast cancer&#xD;
      patients after mastectomy.11 They reported similar 5-year clinical outcomes and late&#xD;
      toxicities with conventional and hypofractionation. This study also established the safety of&#xD;
      3 weeks regional nodal irradiation(RNI) in patients with breast cancer. They reported a&#xD;
      lymphedema rate of 19% at 5-years. We published our results of RNI with 40 Gy/15 fractions/3&#xD;
      weeks hypofractionation with 2D technique, at 15 years RNI was safe and comparable to&#xD;
      historical data of conventional fractionation (ClinicalTrial.gov Registration No.&#xD;
      NCT04175821).12&#xD;
&#xD;
      Against this background, a phase III randomised, non-inferiority study testing 1 week against&#xD;
      2 weeks of radiotherapy to the breast and chest wall with or without supraclavicular fossa&#xD;
      adjuvant radiotherapy will include 1018 patients. The primary end point will be locoregional&#xD;
      control and secondary end points will be acute and late radiation toxicity, QoL, survival and&#xD;
      second cancers.&#xD;
&#xD;
      5. Preliminary work done: i) The consent form prepared. ii) CRF, PIS, evaluation sheet&#xD;
      prepared Detailed Research Methodology This study will be a randomised, non-inferiority,&#xD;
      open-label, phase 3 trial, with patients to be recruited from a single institute. Other&#xD;
      institutes will be invited if they are willing to participate. Patients to be included in&#xD;
      this study will be pre-operatively staged according to American Joint Committee on Cancer&#xD;
      (AJCC) 8th edition, International Union against cancer (which uses TNM staging) as stage III&#xD;
      breast carcinoma. For patients who receive adjuvant chemotherapy, pathological stage will be&#xD;
      reflected and those with neoadjuvant chemotherapy the stage which is higher&#xD;
      (clinical/pathological) will be reflected. A total of 1018 patients with histologically&#xD;
      proven post lumpectomy/mastectomy cases of carcinoma breast suitable for radiotherapy will be&#xD;
      enrolled in this study. Patients will be evaluated at the Department of Radiation Oncology&#xD;
      Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education &amp;Research, Chandigarh, India. A thorough&#xD;
      clinical examination followed by routine investigations which will include hemogram, liver&#xD;
      function tests, kidney function tests, mammography, chest X-ray, ultrasound of abdomen/CECT&#xD;
      chest, abdomen and pelvis and whole body bone scan. Written informed consent will be taken&#xD;
      from all the patients.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Randomisation and masking Eligible patients will be randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either&#xD;
      1 week or 2 weeks of radiotherapy without stratification by simple randomisation according to&#xD;
      a prescribed computer-generated central randomisation schedule. Radiation oncologists in the&#xD;
      study team will enroll participants, and research staff members who will be involved in&#xD;
      follow-up data collection will assign participants to interventions. Treatment allocation&#xD;
      will not be masked.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Radiotherapy Radiotherapy dose to chest wall, axilla level III and supraclavicular fossa will&#xD;
      be of 26Gy in 5 fractions over 1 week in the study arm and 34Gy in 10 fractions over 2 weeks&#xD;
      in the control arm. BCS patients will receive a sequential boost of 8Gy/2#/2days or&#xD;
      simultaneous integrated boost(SIB) to a total dose of 34Gy in the study arm and 42Gy in the&#xD;
      control arm. Treatment will be done on a linear accelerator with 6 or 10MV photon energy.&#xD;
      Boost can be with photons or electrons. 1cm bolus will be used in all postmastectomy&#xD;
      patients, daily in study arm and in 50% of treatment in the control arm. Dose will be&#xD;
      prescribed at mid-separation in 2D technique and the dose covering 95% of the planning target&#xD;
      volume with three-dimensional conformal(3D-CRT) or intensity modulated radiotherapy(IMRT).&#xD;
&#xD;
      Supraclavicular fossa(SCF) and axilla level III will be treated in patients with T3-4 disease&#xD;
      with lymphovascular invasion, grade 3 or N2 disease and T3-4 disease treated with neoadjuvant&#xD;
      chemotherapy after adequate axillary dissection. Level I and II axilla will only be&#xD;
      irradiated in patients with inadequate axillary dissection(&lt;10 lymph nodes). The prescribed&#xD;
      dose to the area will be defined as the dose to the point at 3 cm beneath the skin in&#xD;
      two-dimensional radiotherapy technique, or the dose covering 95% of the planning target&#xD;
      volume with 3D-CRT or IMRT.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Internal mammary node (IMNs) radiation will be done in T3-4 central and inner quadrant&#xD;
      lesions and patients with N2 disease. IMNs will be irradiated with a separate 12x5 cm single&#xD;
      field. The first five intercostal spaces will be included in the IMN target volume. The&#xD;
      medial border of the IMN field will be midline; lateral border 5 cm lateral to the midline;&#xD;
      the superior border will abut the inferior border of the supraclavicular field; and the&#xD;
      inferior border will be above the xiphoid. Dose will be 34Gy/10#/2weeks. Dose will be&#xD;
      prescribed at 3cm depth. Imaging will be done for set-up verification on alternate days in&#xD;
      the study arm and once weekly in the control arm.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Hormonal therapy may be given to oestrogen receptor-positive or progesterone&#xD;
      receptor-positive tumours, and anti-HER2-targeted therapy (e.g., trastuzumab) for those with&#xD;
      HER2-positive disease depending on the affordability.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Assessment Patients will be assessed for medical history, a physical examination, and a blood&#xD;
      test before radiotherapy, once per week during radiotherapy, and 2 weeks after radiotherapy.&#xD;
      Patients will be followed up every 3 months for 2 years after radiotherapy, then every 6&#xD;
      months from 3 to 5 years, and yearly thereafter. Skin, subcutaneous toxicity and cosmetic&#xD;
      assessment will be done before treatment and then in regular follow up of the study. Acute&#xD;
      radiation toxicity will be assessed and scaled according to the RTOG grading system. Late&#xD;
      radiation toxicity will be assessed with the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group and the&#xD;
      European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer late radiation morbidity scale.&#xD;
      Cosmetic assessment will be done using Harvard/NSABP/RTOG breast cosmesis grading scale at&#xD;
      baseline, 3 and 5 years. Quality of life(QoL) will be assessed with EORTC QLQ -30, EORTC&#xD;
      QLQ-BR 23 at baseline, 3 and 5 years.12&#xD;
&#xD;
      Statistical considerations The primary hypothesis of the study is that locoregional&#xD;
      recurrence with 1 week is non-inferior to that with 2 weeks of radiotherapy. The primary&#xD;
      endpoint will be locoregional recurrence (LRR). Based on historical data (Wang et al.), the&#xD;
      5-year LRR rate with 3 weeks of RT is expected to be approximately 8%. 1 week RT would be&#xD;
      considered non-inferior to 2 weeks RT if the 5-year LRR rate does not exceed 13%. If LRR&#xD;
      follows exponential distributions within each treatment group, this non-inferiority margin&#xD;
      corresponds to a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.67.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Sample size calculations were performed using module STE0S-3 of nQuery version 8.5.2.0. A&#xD;
      total of 94 LRR events will be required to provide at least 80% power using a one-sided test&#xD;
      at the 5% level of significance. Under assumed failure rates and guarding against 10%&#xD;
      ineligibility or loss to follow-up, the target accrual will be 1018 patients with an accrual&#xD;
      period of 3 years. If the two schedules are equivalent, 5 years of follow-up after the last&#xD;
      patient has been randomised will be required to observe 94 LRR events, resulting in total&#xD;
      study duration of 8 years.&#xD;
&#xD;
      For the primary efficacy endpoint, we will use the cumulative incidence method to estimate&#xD;
      the actual incidence of locoregional recurrence at different time points, with death without&#xD;
      locoregional recurrence as a competing risk. We will use the log-rank test and Cox regression&#xD;
      model for statistical inference based on cause-specific hazards. We will calculate overall&#xD;
      survival and disease-free survival using the Kaplan-Meier method, and we will analyse these&#xD;
      endpoints using the log rank test and Cox regression model. Acute and late toxicities will be&#xD;
      summarised as frequency and severity on the basis of their association with protocol&#xD;
      treatment; χ² tests will be used to compare the differences. The primary endpoint and all&#xD;
      efficacy endpoints will be analysed in a modified intention-to-treat population (i.e.,&#xD;
      including all eligible patients who will undergo randomisation but exclude those who are&#xD;
      considered ineligible. On the basis of the study design, the primary endpoint locoregional&#xD;
      recurrence will be analysed at a one-sided significance level of 0•05 and reported with a&#xD;
      two-sided 90% CI. All other statistical tests will be two sided, and p values of &lt;0.05 will&#xD;
      be taken as significant. All tests will be performed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the&#xD;
      Social Sciences) v.23.0.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Recruiting</overall_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">March 30, 2021</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Anticipated">August 20, 2028</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Anticipated">August 20, 2023</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>N/A</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Treatment</primary_purpose>
    <masking>None (Open Label)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Loco-regional recurrence, Change is being assessed</measure>
    <time_frame>5, 10 and 15 years</time_frame>
    <description>disease recurrence in the ipsilateral chest wall or regional lymph nodes from the time of randomization until the end of follow-up.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Disease-free survival, Change is being assessed</measure>
    <time_frame>5, 10 and 15 years</time_frame>
    <description>locoregional recurrence, distant metastasis, or death from any cause from the time of randomisation until the end of follow-up.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Overall survival, Change is being assessed</measure>
    <time_frame>5, 10 and 15 years</time_frame>
    <description>death from any cause from the time of randomisation until the end of follow-up</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Acute radiation toxicity</measure>
    <time_frame>3 months</time_frame>
    <description>Any loco-regional toxicity assessed and scaled according to the RTOG grading system.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Late adverse events, Change is being assessed</measure>
    <time_frame>5, 10 and 15 years</time_frame>
    <description>Any adverse event occurring after 6 months of RT</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Quality of life(QoL), Change is being assessed</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline, 3 and 5 years</time_frame>
    <description>QoL will be assessed with EORTC QLQ -30. The QLQ-C30 is composed of both multi-item scales and single-item measures, as well as five functional scales, three symptom scales, a global health status/QoL scale, and six single items. The scores must be averaged and linearly transformed to obtain a range of scores from 0 to 100, with a higher score representing a greater response level.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Anticipated">1018</enrollment>
  <condition>Breast Cancer</condition>
  <condition>Hypofractionation</condition>
  <condition>Radiotherapy Side Effect</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>1 week</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Radiotherapy dose to chest wall, axilla level III and supraclavicular fossa will be of 26Gy in 5 fractions over 1 week in the study arm. BCS patients will receive a sequential boost of 8Gy/2#/2days or simultaneous integrated boost(SIB) to a total dose of 34Gy.Supraclavicular fossa(SCF) and axilla level III will be treated in patients with T3-4 disease with lymphovascular invasion, grade 3 or N2 disease and T3-4 disease treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy after adequate axillary dissection. Level I and II axilla will only be irradiated in patients with inadequate axillary dissection(&lt;10 lymph nodes). Internal mammary node (IMNs) radiation will be done in T3-4 central and inner quadrant lesions and patients with N2 disease. IMNs will be irradiated with a separate single field. The first five intercostal spaces will be included in the IMN target volume.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>2 week</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Active Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Radiotherapy dose to chest wall, axilla level III and supraclavicular fossa will be 34Gy in 10 fractions over 2 weeks in the control arm. BCS patients will receive a sequential boost of 8Gy/2#/2days or simultaneous integrated boost(SIB) to a total dose of 42 Gy.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Radiation</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>1 week RT</intervention_name>
    <description>RT will be delivered over 1 week</description>
    <arm_group_label>1 week</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Radiation</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>2 week RT</intervention_name>
    <description>RT will be delivered over 2 week</description>
    <arm_group_label>2 week</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          1. Age ≥18 years&#xD;
&#xD;
          2. Female or male&#xD;
&#xD;
          3. Invasive carcinoma of the breast&#xD;
&#xD;
          4. Breast conserving surgery(BCS) with axillary clearance or total mastectomy with&#xD;
             axillary clearance(TMAC); (reconstruction allowed but not with implant; tissue&#xD;
             expanders with distant metal ports are allowed)&#xD;
&#xD;
          5. Concurrent trastuzumab and hormone therapy is allowed&#xD;
&#xD;
          6. Axillary staging and/or dissection&#xD;
&#xD;
          7. Complete microscopic excision of primary tumour&#xD;
&#xD;
          8. pT3-4pN2-3 M0 disease&#xD;
&#xD;
          9. Clinical stage III disease or pathological node positive if they have received&#xD;
             neo-adjuvant chemotherapy.&#xD;
&#xD;
         10. Written informed consent&#xD;
&#xD;
         11. Able to comply with follow-up&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          1. Supraclavicular node or internal mammary node or distant metastasis&#xD;
&#xD;
          2. Past history of malignancy except (i) basal cell skin cancer and CIN cervix uteri&#xD;
             or(ii) non-breast malignancy allowed if treated with curative intent and at least 5&#xD;
             years disease free&#xD;
&#xD;
          3. Contralateral breast cancer, including DCIS, irrespective of date of diagnosis&#xD;
&#xD;
          4. Breast reconstruction using implants&#xD;
&#xD;
          5. Pregnancy&#xD;
&#xD;
          6. Concurrent cytotoxic chemotherapy(sequential neoadjuvant or adjuvant cytotoxic therapy&#xD;
             allowed)&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>Female</gender>
    <gender_based>Yes</gender_based>
    <gender_description>Women with conformed invasive breast cancer</gender_description>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>N/A</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>No</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>BUDHI S YADAV</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education &amp; Research, Chandigarh</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <overall_contact>
    <last_name>BUDHI S YADAV, MD</last_name>
    <phone>9815981176</phone>
    <email>drbudhi@gmail.com</email>
  </overall_contact>
  <overall_contact_backup>
    <last_name>BUDHI S YADAV</last_name>
    <phone>9815981176</phone>
    <email>drbudhi@gmail.com</email>
  </overall_contact_backup>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Budhi Singh Yadav</name>
      <address>
        <city>Chandigarh</city>
        <zip>160012</zip>
        <country>India</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
    <status>Recruiting</status>
    <contact>
      <last_name>BUDHI SINGH YADAV</last_name>
      <phone>9815981176</phone>
      <email>drbudhi@gmail.com</email>
    </contact>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>India</country>
  </location_countries>
  <reference>
    <citation>Yadav BS, Sharma SC, Singh R, Singh G, Kumar V. Postmastectomy radiation and survival in patients with breast cancer. J Cancer Res Ther. 2007 Oct-Dec;3(4):218-24. doi: 10.4103/0973-1482.38997.</citation>
    <PMID>18270397</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Yadav BS, Sharma SC, Singh R, Singh G. Patterns of relapse in locally advanced breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery and radiotherapy. J Cancer Res Ther. 2007 Apr-Jun;3(2):75-80. doi: 10.4103/0973-1482.34683.</citation>
    <PMID>17998727</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Wang SL, Fang H, Song YW, Wang WH, Hu C, Liu YP, Jin J, Liu XF, Yu ZH, Ren H, Li N, Lu NN, Tang Y, Tang Y, Qi SN, Sun GY, Peng R, Li S, Chen B, Yang Y, Li YX. Hypofractionated versus conventional fractionated postmastectomy radiotherapy for patients with high-risk breast cancer: a randomised, non-inferiority, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Mar;20(3):352-360. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30813-1. Epub 2019 Jan 30.</citation>
    <PMID>30711522</PMID>
  </reference>
  <verification_date>December 2022</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>July 2, 2020</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>July 13, 2020</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">July 15, 2020</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>December 7, 2022</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>December 7, 2022</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">December 8, 2022</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
    <investigator_affiliation>Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research</investigator_affiliation>
    <investigator_full_name>Dr Budhi Singh Yadav</investigator_full_name>
    <investigator_title>Additional Professor</investigator_title>
  </responsible_party>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Breast Neoplasms</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <patient_data>
    <sharing_ipd>No</sharing_ipd>
  </patient_data>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04472845
org study id: HYPART
nct id: NCT04472845
lead sponsor: 
has dmc: Yes
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
We at PGIMER have been practicing hypofractionated radiotherapy in breast cancer patients for
      the last 4 decades. Our standard doses have been 35Gy/15#/3wks to the chest wall after
      mastectomy and 40Gy/16#/3wks after breast conserving surgery (BCS).It is also a routine
      practice in the UK and in a few centers in Canada. Hypofractionation reduces treatment time
      to half while maintaining cosmesis and gives control rates equal to conventional
      fractionation. As breast cancer is a leading cancer in females and radiation therapy is an
      important part of its local management, hypofractionation helps radiation centers worldwide
      to meet the growing need for radiation treatment in breast cancer, particularly in developing
      countries where resources are limited. It also reduces the financial burden on the patient
      and family. In this study we want to evaluate the impact of reducing the treatment duration
      from 3 weeks to 1 week. Eligible patients with breast cancer after mastectomy or BCS will be
      treated with a radiotherapy dose of 26Gy in 5 fractions over 1 week in the study arm and 40Gy
      in 15 fractions over 2 weeks in the control arm. The primary endpoint of this noninferiority
      study will be locoregional tumour control. Secondary endpoints will be early and late
      radiation toxicities, quality of life, contralateral primary tumours, regional and distant
      metastases, survival and second cancers. A total of 1018 patients will be randomised (1:1) to
      receive 1 week or 2 weeks of radiotherapy. An event-driven analysis will be performed after
      at least 94 patients have documented locoregional recurrences.
Aim: To test a 1-week schedule of hypofractionated adjuvant whole breast/chest wall and/or
      regional nodal radiotherapy against 2 weeks for loco-regional control, acute and late
      toxicities, quality of life (QoL), survival and second cancers after primary surgery in
      patients with breast cancer.

      Review of literature Four randomised trials involving a total of >8000 women have compared a
      lower total dose in fewer larger fractions against 50Gy in 25 fractions, and all have
      reported favourable results in terms of local tumour control and late adverse effects.1-4
      Appropriate adjustments to total dose allow 15- or 16-fraction schedules to be delivered over
      3 weeks that are at least as safe and effective as standard 5-week regimens.

      A 2008 Cochrane review of altered radiotherapy fractionation in early breast cancer1
      including The Royal Marsden Hospital/Gloucestershire Oncology Centre and Ontario trials
      totalling 2644 women with mainly axillary node negative tumours <5cm diameter concluded that
      radiotherapy fractions larger than 2Gy were at least as effective as 2Gy fractionation for a)
      local-recurrence free survival (absolute difference 0.4%, 95% CI 1.5% to 2.4%), b) breast
      appearance (risk ratio (RR)1.01, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.17; p=0.86), c) survival at five years (RR
      0.97, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.19; p=0.75), d) late skin toxicity at five years (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.44
      to 2.22; p=0.98, or e) late radiation toxicity in subcutaneous tissue (RR1.0, 95% CI 0.78 to
      1.28; p=0.99).1 The UK START A trial(N=2236) showed that the estimated absolute differences
      in 5-year local-regional relapse rates compared with the control schedule of 50Gy in 2Gy
      fractions were 0.2% (95% CI 1.3% to 2.6%) after41.6Gy and 0.9% (95% CI 0.8% to 3.7%) after
      39Gy. In STARTA, photographic and patient self- assessments suggested lower rates of late
      adverse effects after 39 Gy than with 50 Gy, with a hazard ratio(HR) for late change in
      photographic breast appearance of 0.69(95% CI 0.52 to 0.91,p=0.01).3 In the UK START B
      trial(N=2215) the estimated absolute difference in 5-year local-regional relapse rates for
      40.05 Gy compared with 50Gy was -0.7% (95% CI 1.7% to 0.9%),and the HR for late change in
      photographic breast appearance was 0.83 (95% CI 0.66 to1.04). These START trials reported
      similar local tumour control with some evidence of lower rates of late adverse effects after
      schedules with fraction sizes larger than 2 Gy compared with the international standard
      25-fraction regimen.4 The international standard regimen for whole breast radiotherapy prior
      to publication of these studies was a total dose of 50Gy in 25 fractions (daily doses) over
      5weeks following surgical resection of the primary tumour in women with early breast cancer.
      With the establishment of safety and efficacy of moderate hypofractionation another 'new
      standard of care' using 40-41Gy in 15 to 16 fractions over 3 weeks has been established, as
      evidenced by recommendations by the National Institute for Health and Clinical
      Excellence(NICE). 5 Although interesting and practically helpful, such moderate
      hypofractionation is unlikely to represent the useful limits of hypofractionation for whole
      breast or even regional nodal radiotherapy.

      Further hypofractionated radiotherapy has been tested using once weekly schedule to the whole
      breast in the UK FAST study.5 Assuming an α/β value between 3 and 4 two different schedules
      were hypothesised to be equally effective (28.5 Gy and 30Gy in 5 fractions over 5 weeks) to
      the 50Gy in 25 fraction over 5 weeks schedule. Initial analysis has shown a higher rate of
      moist desquamation using the 50Gy regimen; however photographic assessment after a median
      follow-up of 28.4 months has shown more mild or marked change in the photographic appearance
      with the hypofractionated schedule.4 Clinical assessments of breast appearance changes were
      similar to the 50Gy group when using the 28.5Gy schedule but worse with the 30Gy schedule.
      Final results from the study are awaited. The UK FAST Forward study randomly allocated 4096
      patients to 40Gy/15#/3 weeks, 27Gy/5#/1 week, or 26Gy/5#/1 week to the whole breast or chest
      wall.6 They concluded that 26Gy/5#/1 week was non-inferior to the standard of 40Gy/15#/3
      weeks for local tumour control, and was as safe in terms of normal tissue effects up to 5
      years in patients with early-stage breast cancer.

      Hypofractionated radiotherapy has been used at PGIMER and comparable clinical outcomes have
      been published with moderate hypofractionation.7-9 Although Indian breast cancer patients
      present at a younger age, with more advanced stage, and a higher percentage of grade 3 and
      triple negative tumours compared to the western population. These adverse factors may not be
      important when comparing hypofractionated radiotherapy with standard fractionation.9
      Reservations exist for extreme hypofractionation to the regional nodes citing increasing risk
      of brachial plexopathy when hypofractionating to the supraclavicular fossa although moderate
      hypofractionation has been used at our institute for the last 5 decades without reports of
      any brachial plexopathy.10,11 Similarly, moderately hypofractionated 2-week regimes have been
      used in clinical trials and have been found to be safe.10 Given the above evidence, 40Gy in
      15 fractions has been recommended as the standard of care in the UK even for cases that will
      include irradiation of the supraclavicular fossa.

      Recently, Wang et al. published results from a randomised study in high-risk breast cancer
      patients after mastectomy.11 They reported similar 5-year clinical outcomes and late
      toxicities with conventional and hypofractionation. This study also established the safety of
      3 weeks regional nodal irradiation(RNI) in patients with breast cancer. They reported a
      lymphedema rate of 19% at 5-years. We published our results of RNI with 40 Gy/15 fractions/3
      weeks hypofractionation with 2D technique, at 15 years RNI was safe and comparable to
      historical data of conventional fractionation (ClinicalTrial.gov Registration No.
      NCT04175821).12

      Against this background, a phase III randomised, non-inferiority study testing 1 week against
      2 weeks of radiotherapy to the breast and chest wall with or without supraclavicular fossa
      adjuvant radiotherapy will include 1018 patients. The primary end point will be locoregional
      control and secondary end points will be acute and late radiation toxicity, QoL, survival and
      second cancers.

      5. Preliminary work done: i) The consent form prepared. ii) CRF, PIS, evaluation sheet
      prepared Detailed Research Methodology This study will be a randomised, non-inferiority,
      open-label, phase 3 trial, with patients to be recruited from a single institute. Other
      institutes will be invited if they are willing to participate. Patients to be included in
      this study will be pre-operatively staged according to American Joint Committee on Cancer
      (AJCC) 8th edition, International Union against cancer (which uses TNM staging) as stage III
      breast carcinoma. For patients who receive adjuvant chemotherapy, pathological stage will be
      reflected and those with neoadjuvant chemotherapy the stage which is higher
      (clinical/pathological) will be reflected. A total of 1018 patients with histologically
      proven post lumpectomy/mastectomy cases of carcinoma breast suitable for radiotherapy will be
      enrolled in this study. Patients will be evaluated at the Department of Radiation Oncology
      Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education &Research, Chandigarh, India. A thorough
      clinical examination followed by routine investigations which will include hemogram, liver
      function tests, kidney function tests, mammography, chest X-ray, ultrasound of abdomen/CECT
      chest, abdomen and pelvis and whole body bone scan. Written informed consent will be taken
      from all the patients.

      Randomisation and masking Eligible patients will be randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either
      1 week or 2 weeks of radiotherapy without stratification by simple randomisation according to
      a prescribed computer-generated central randomisation schedule. Radiation oncologists in the
      study team will enroll participants, and research staff members who will be involved in
      follow-up data collection will assign participants to interventions. Treatment allocation
      will not be masked.

      Radiotherapy Radiotherapy dose to chest wall, axilla level III and supraclavicular fossa will
      be of 26Gy in 5 fractions over 1 week in the study arm and 34Gy in 10 fractions over 2 weeks
      in the control arm. BCS patients will receive a sequential boost of 8Gy/2#/2days or
      simultaneous integrated boost(SIB) to a total dose of 34Gy in the study arm and 42Gy in the
      control arm. Treatment will be done on a linear accelerator with 6 or 10MV photon energy.
      Boost can be with photons or electrons. 1cm bolus will be used in all postmastectomy
      patients, daily in study arm and in 50% of treatment in the control arm. Dose will be
      prescribed at mid-separation in 2D technique and the dose covering 95% of the planning target
      volume with three-dimensional conformal(3D-CRT) or intensity modulated radiotherapy(IMRT).

      Supraclavicular fossa(SCF) and axilla level III will be treated in patients with T3-4 disease
      with lymphovascular invasion, grade 3 or N2 disease and T3-4 disease treated with neoadjuvant
      chemotherapy after adequate axillary dissection. Level I and II axilla will only be
      irradiated in patients with inadequate axillary dissection(<10 lymph nodes). The prescribed
      dose to the area will be defined as the dose to the point at 3 cm beneath the skin in
      two-dimensional radiotherapy technique, or the dose covering 95% of the planning target
      volume with 3D-CRT or IMRT.

      Internal mammary node (IMNs) radiation will be done in T3-4 central and inner quadrant
      lesions and patients with N2 disease. IMNs will be irradiated with a separate 12x5 cm single
      field. The first five intercostal spaces will be included in the IMN target volume. The
      medial border of the IMN field will be midline; lateral border 5 cm lateral to the midline;
      the superior border will abut the inferior border of the supraclavicular field; and the
      inferior border will be above the xiphoid. Dose will be 34Gy/10#/2weeks. Dose will be
      prescribed at 3cm depth. Imaging will be done for set-up verification on alternate days in
      the study arm and once weekly in the control arm.

      Hormonal therapy may be given to oestrogen receptor-positive or progesterone
      receptor-positive tumours, and anti-HER2-targeted therapy (e.g., trastuzumab) for those with
      HER2-positive disease depending on the affordability.

      Assessment Patients will be assessed for medical history, a physical examination, and a blood
      test before radiotherapy, once per week during radiotherapy, and 2 weeks after radiotherapy.
      Patients will be followed up every 3 months for 2 years after radiotherapy, then every 6
      months from 3 to 5 years, and yearly thereafter. Skin, subcutaneous toxicity and cosmetic
      assessment will be done before treatment and then in regular follow up of the study. Acute
      radiation toxicity will be assessed and scaled according to the RTOG grading system. Late
      radiation toxicity will be assessed with the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group and the
      European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer late radiation morbidity scale.
      Cosmetic assessment will be done using Harvard/NSABP/RTOG breast cosmesis grading scale at
      baseline, 3 and 5 years. Quality of life(QoL) will be assessed with EORTC QLQ -30, EORTC
      QLQ-BR 23 at baseline, 3 and 5 years.12

      Statistical considerations The primary hypothesis of the study is that locoregional
      recurrence with 1 week is non-inferior to that with 2 weeks of radiotherapy. The primary
      endpoint will be locoregional recurrence (LRR). Based on historical data (Wang et al.), the
      5-year LRR rate with 3 weeks of RT is expected to be approximately 8%. 1 week RT would be
      considered non-inferior to 2 weeks RT if the 5-year LRR rate does not exceed 13%. If LRR
      follows exponential distributions within each treatment group, this non-inferiority margin
      corresponds to a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.67.

      Sample size calculations were performed using module STE0S-3 of nQuery version 8.5.2.0. A
      total of 94 LRR events will be required to provide at least 80% power using a one-sided test
      at the 5% level of significance. Under assumed failure rates and guarding against 10%
      ineligibility or loss to follow-up, the target accrual will be 1018 patients with an accrual
      period of 3 years. If the two schedules are equivalent, 5 years of follow-up after the last
      patient has been randomised will be required to observe 94 LRR events, resulting in total
      study duration of 8 years.

      For the primary efficacy endpoint, we will use the cumulative incidence method to estimate
      the actual incidence of locoregional recurrence at different time points, with death without
      locoregional recurrence as a competing risk. We will use the log-rank test and Cox regression
      model for statistical inference based on cause-specific hazards. We will calculate overall
      survival and disease-free survival using the Kaplan-Meier method, and we will analyse these
      endpoints using the log rank test and Cox regression model. Acute and late toxicities will be
      summarised as frequency and severity on the basis of their association with protocol
      treatment; χ² tests will be used to compare the differences. The primary endpoint and all
      efficacy endpoints will be analysed in a modified intention-to-treat population (i.e.,
      including all eligible patients who will undergo randomisation but exclude those who are
      considered ineligible. On the basis of the study design, the primary endpoint locoregional
      recurrence will be analysed at a one-sided significance level of 0•05 and reported with a
      two-sided 90% CI. All other statistical tests will be two sided, and p values of <0.05 will
      be taken as significant. All tests will be performed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the
      Social Sciences) v.23.0.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Parallel Assignment
primary purpose: Treatment
masking: None (Open Label)
measure: Loco-regional recurrence, Change is being assessed
time frame: 5, 10 and 15 years
description: disease recurrence in the ipsilateral chest wall or regional lymph nodes from the time of randomization until the end of follow-up.
measure: Disease-free survival, Change is being assessed
time frame: 5, 10 and 15 years
description: locoregional recurrence, distant metastasis, or death from any cause from the time of randomisation until the end of follow-up.
measure: Overall survival, Change is being assessed
time frame: 5, 10 and 15 years
description: death from any cause from the time of randomisation until the end of follow-up
measure: Acute radiation toxicity
time frame: 3 months
description: Any loco-regional toxicity assessed and scaled according to the RTOG grading system.
measure: Late adverse events, Change is being assessed
time frame: 5, 10 and 15 years
description: Any adverse event occurring after 6 months of RT
measure: Quality of life(QoL), Change is being assessed
time frame: Baseline, 3 and 5 years
description: QoL will be assessed with EORTC QLQ -30. The QLQ-C30 is composed of both multi-item scales and single-item measures, as well as five functional scales, three symptom scales, a global health status/QoL scale, and six single items. The scores must be averaged and linearly transformed to obtain a range of scores from 0 to 100, with a higher score representing a greater response level.
arm group label: 1 week
arm group type: Experimental
description: Radiotherapy dose to chest wall, axilla level III and supraclavicular fossa will be of 26Gy in 5 fractions over 1 week in the study arm. BCS patients will receive a sequential boost of 8Gy/2#/2days or simultaneous integrated boost(SIB) to a total dose of 34Gy.Supraclavicular fossa(SCF) and axilla level III will be treated in patients with T3-4 disease with lymphovascular invasion, grade 3 or N2 disease and T3-4 disease treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy after adequate axillary dissection. Level I and II axilla will only be irradiated in patients with inadequate axillary dissection(<10 lymph nodes). Internal mammary node (IMNs) radiation will be done in T3-4 central and inner quadrant lesions and patients with N2 disease. IMNs will be irradiated with a separate single field. The first five intercostal spaces will be included in the IMN target volume.
arm group label: 2 week
arm group type: Active Comparator
description: Radiotherapy dose to chest wall, axilla level III and supraclavicular fossa will be 34Gy in 10 fractions over 2 weeks in the control arm. BCS patients will receive a sequential boost of 8Gy/2#/2days or simultaneous integrated boost(SIB) to a total dose of 42 Gy.
intervention type: Radiation
intervention name: 1 week RT
description: RT will be delivered over 1 week
arm group label: 1 week
intervention type: Radiation
intervention name: 2 week RT
description: RT will be delivered over 2 week
arm group label: 2 week
criteria: 
gender: Female
gender based: Yes
gender description: Women with conformed invasive breast cancer
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: N/A
healthy volunteers: No
last name: BUDHI S YADAV
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh
last name: BUDHI S YADAV, MD
phone: 9815981176
email: drbudhi@gmail.com
last name: BUDHI S YADAV
phone: 9815981176
email: drbudhi@gmail.com
facility: 
status: Recruiting
contact: 
country: India
citation: Yadav BS, Sharma SC, Singh R, Singh G, Kumar V. Postmastectomy radiation and survival in patients with breast cancer. J Cancer Res Ther. 2007 Oct-Dec;3(4):218-24. doi: 10.4103/0973-1482.38997.
PMID: 18270397
citation: Yadav BS, Sharma SC, Singh R, Singh G. Patterns of relapse in locally advanced breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery and radiotherapy. J Cancer Res Ther. 2007 Apr-Jun;3(2):75-80. doi: 10.4103/0973-1482.34683.
PMID: 17998727
citation: Wang SL, Fang H, Song YW, Wang WH, Hu C, Liu YP, Jin J, Liu XF, Yu ZH, Ren H, Li N, Lu NN, Tang Y, Tang Y, Qi SN, Sun GY, Peng R, Li S, Chen B, Yang Y, Li YX. Hypofractionated versus conventional fractionated postmastectomy radiotherapy for patients with high-risk breast cancer: a randomised, non-inferiority, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Mar;20(3):352-360. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30813-1. Epub 2019 Jan 30.
PMID: 30711522
responsible party type: Principal Investigator
investigator affiliation: Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research
investigator full name: Dr Budhi Singh Yadav
investigator title: Additional Professor
mesh term: Breast Neoplasms
sharing ipd: No