<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04467736</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>07-718</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT04467736</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Wound Healing With Hyaluronic Acid After Alveolar Ridge Preservation</brief_title>
  <official_title>A Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating Hyaluronic Acid as a Wound Healing Agent Following Alveolar Ridge Preservation</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>University Hospital, Ghent</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
  </sponsors>
  <source>University Hospital, Ghent</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>No</has_dmc>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
    <is_us_export>No</is_us_export>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      After tooth extraction, shrinkage of the bone is expected after 6 months. These changes may&#xD;
      hamper dental implant placement and compromise soft tissue aesthetics. Alveolar Ridge&#xD;
      Preservation (ARP) includes application of bovine-derived deproteinized bone particles in the&#xD;
      extraction site. This technique is widely performed and drastically limits aforementioned&#xD;
      volumetric changes.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The amount of bone preservation following ARP is affected by the soft tissue barrier. In an&#xD;
      open healing situation, it takes about 4 weeks to have complete soft tissue closure. Faster&#xD;
      soft tissue closure could optimize the amount of bone preservation with obvious benefits for&#xD;
      implant placement and aesthetics.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Recent presentations showed the application of hyaluronic acid after ARP. However, no&#xD;
      evidence can be found in the literature. This study aims to evaluate the wound healing&#xD;
      potential of hyaluronic acid following ARP, as this has never been performed, yet seems&#xD;
      promising from a biological point of view.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      Aim:&#xD;
&#xD;
      This study aims to evaluate the wound healing potential of hyaluronic acid (HA) following&#xD;
      alveolar ridge preservation (ARP), as this has never been performed, yet seems promising from&#xD;
      a biological point of view.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Sample size calculation:&#xD;
&#xD;
      A sample size calculation using a two-sample pooled t-test was performed in SAS Power and&#xD;
      Sample Size based on a comparison of mean overall wound reduction from baseline to 21 days&#xD;
      between the control and test group. The calculation was based on finding a mean difference of&#xD;
      20% between these groups with a standard deviation of 21.6 for the control and 21.6 for the&#xD;
      test group. A pilot study was executed to obtain these findings as no other data are&#xD;
      available. With alpha set at 0.05 and a power of 0.08, the sample size calculation indicated&#xD;
      19 patients to be included per group. To compensate for drop-outs, 25 would be treated with&#xD;
      hyaluronic acid and 25 would be treated without.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Clinicians and centers, randomization, allocation concealment and blinding:&#xD;
&#xD;
      3 clinicians linked to the Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology at UGent - UZ&#xD;
      Gent will treat a total of 50 patients. Each clinician will treat at least 10 patients.&#xD;
      Patients will be randomly allocated to the 'test group (Hyaluronic acid)' or the 'control&#xD;
      group (No hyaluronic acid). An equal number of sealed envelopes will be prepared internally&#xD;
      labelled as 'test group' or 'control group'. Just after ARP, a sealed envelope will be&#xD;
      randomly selected and opened to reveal further treatment. In case the test group comes out,&#xD;
      instructions for the daily application of HA (Gengigel Forte©) will be given. HA will be&#xD;
      administered by the patient 3 times per day during 7 days.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The measuring investigator will not be involved in the treatment of any of the patients and&#xD;
      will be blinded to allow unbiased registrations.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Surgical procedure:&#xD;
&#xD;
      After screening and having obtained informed consent by the patient, the tooth is extracted&#xD;
      and ARP is performed by placing collagen-enriched deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM,&#xD;
      Bio-Oss collagen 100 mg or 250 mg, Geistlich Biomaterials, Switserland) in the alveolar&#xD;
      socket. Subsequently, a collagen matrix (Mucograft seal, Geistlich Biomaterials,&#xD;
      Switserland), is sutured on top to protect the underlying DBBM. At the end of the surgical&#xD;
      procedure, the sealed envelope is opened to reveal the allocated treatment and instructions&#xD;
      to the patients are given (application of Gengigel Forte© 3 times per day during 7 days).&#xD;
&#xD;
      Intra-surgical registrations:&#xD;
&#xD;
      Intra-surgically, the dimensions of the buccal bone plate will be registered. Papillae are&#xD;
      analyzed if they were detached from the bone mesial and distal during extraction.&#xD;
      Subsequently, the size of the Mucograft seal (Geistlich Biomaterials, Switserland) is&#xD;
      measured. Immediately after ARP, a conebeam computed tomography (CBCT) of the alveolar bone&#xD;
      is taken and an intra-oral scan of the soft tissues is performed (for study purposes).&#xD;
      Afterwards, an occlusal clinical photograph is taken. The wound dimension is registered by&#xD;
      measuring the maximum mesio-distal and bucco-oral dimension of the wound with a periodontal&#xD;
      probe to the nearest 0.5 mm (for study purposes).&#xD;
&#xD;
      One-week post-surgery:&#xD;
&#xD;
      One week after ARP, patient's compliance concerning the application of HA 3 times a day is&#xD;
      evaluated, as well as the number of painkillers taken. A Visual Analog Scale (VAS) will be&#xD;
      filled out by patients to register pain, swelling and bleeding after surgery. (for study&#xD;
      purposes) Furthermore, a socket wound healing scoring (SWHS, is given to each extraction&#xD;
      wound and another occlusal photograph is taken at the end of the consultation. To evaluate&#xD;
      the soft tissue closure, the maximum mesio-distal and bucco-oral dimension of the remaining&#xD;
      wound is measured with a periodontal probe to the nearest 0.5 mm. (for study purposes)&#xD;
&#xD;
      Wound closure after 21 days:&#xD;
&#xD;
      Three weeks post-surgery, the maximum mesio-distal and bucco-oral dimension of the remaining&#xD;
      wound is measured with a periodontal probe to the nearest 0.5 mm. For each aspect&#xD;
      (mesio-distal and bucco-oral) the percentage wound reduction is calculated as follows:&#xD;
&#xD;
      100 - ((Maximum wound dimension after 21 days * 100) / maximum wound dimension immediately&#xD;
      after ARP)&#xD;
&#xD;
      The overall wound reduction is calculated as follows:&#xD;
&#xD;
      (Wound reduction at the mesio-distal aspect + wound reduction at the bucco-oral aspect) / 2&#xD;
&#xD;
      SWHS is determined for each wound. Finally, an occlusal clinical photograph is taken.&#xD;
&#xD;
      4 months after surgery: An occlusal photograph is taken to analyze mucosal scarring using the&#xD;
      Mucosal Scarring Index (MSI, for study purposes). A second CBCT is made to measure&#xD;
      dimensional changes of the alveolar process. A second intra-oral scan is made to measure&#xD;
      dimensional changes in buccal soft tissue profile. (standard of care)&#xD;
&#xD;
      Data analysis:&#xD;
&#xD;
      Depending on the distribution of the data, an independent samples t-test or Mann-Whitney U&#xD;
      test will be performed on the following parameters:&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Wound reduction after 21 days (primary outcome)&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  VAS swelling&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  VAS pain&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Number of painkillers consumed&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Socket Wound healing score&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Mucosal scarring index&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Dimensional changes in the buccal soft tissue profile&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Dimensional changes of the alveolar process&#xD;
&#xD;
      For the following categorical variables, a Fisher's exact will be performed:&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Compliance&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Bleeding&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">August 1, 2020</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">January 24, 2022</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">June 30, 2021</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>N/A</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
    <intervention_model_description>Randomized clinical trial</intervention_model_description>
    <primary_purpose>Treatment</primary_purpose>
    <masking>Double (Care Provider, Outcomes Assessor)</masking>
    <masking_description>Patients will be randomly allocated to the 'test group (Hyaluronic acid)' or the 'control group (No hyaluronic acid). An equal number of sealed envelopes will be prepared internally labelled as 'test group' or 'control group'. Just after alveolar ridge preservation, a sealed envelope will be randomly selected and opened to reveal further treatment.&#xD;
The measuring investigator will not be involved in the treatment of any of the patients and will be blinded to allow unbiased registrations.</masking_description>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Wound reduction</measure>
    <time_frame>Week 3 after ARP</time_frame>
    <description>performed by measuring the maximum mesio-distal and bucco-oral dimension of the wound immediately after ARP and after 21 days</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Compliance</measure>
    <time_frame>Week 1</time_frame>
    <description>patients will be asked if they applied HA 3 times a day as prescribed? Protocol violations will be recorded to see if they have an impact on the outcome (fully compliant patients versus weakly compliant patients).</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Number of painkillers consumed</measure>
    <time_frame>Week 1</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>VAS pain</measure>
    <time_frame>Week 1</time_frame>
    <description>Visual Analogue Scale for pain: the patient has to indicate the intensity of pain perception during the first week after surgery on a 10 cm line</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>VAS swelling</measure>
    <time_frame>Week 1</time_frame>
    <description>Visual Analogue Scale for swelling: the patient has to indicate the amount of swelling perception during the first week after surgery on a 10 cm line</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Bleeding</measure>
    <time_frame>Week 1</time_frame>
    <description>Patients will be asked if they experienced post-operative bleeding</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Socket wound healing score</measure>
    <time_frame>Week 1 and 3</time_frame>
    <description>This index will be used to assess wound dehiscence, epithelialization, quality of granulation tissue filling the post-extraction socket, and depth between early granulation tissue and wound margin.&#xD;
Assessments will be performed at performed at 7 and 21 days following surgery using a blunt periodontal probe with millimetric markers and scored as a number between 0 (best) and 4 (worst). In contrast to the study from (Afat et al., 2018), this study will not probe inside the healing wound.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Mucosal scarring index</measure>
    <time_frame>4 months</time_frame>
    <description>The MSI is a composite index based on five parameters: width, height/contour, color, suture marks, and overall appearance. Each parameter is assessed with a 0-1-2 score, yielding an MSI score ranging from 0 (no scar) to 10 (most extreme scar)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Dimensional changes in the buccal soft tissue profile</measure>
    <time_frame>At time of surgery and at 4 months</time_frame>
    <description>Immediately after surgery and at 4 months an intra-oral optical scan of the implant site and neighboring teeth will be taken (Trios, 3shape, Copenhagen, Denmark). The region of interest (ROI) will be defined on the 4-month STL files with a trapezoid shape encompassing the following borders (fig. 2): 0.5 mm apical to the midfacial soft tissue level (coronal), 4 mm apical and parallel to the first line (apical), mesial and distal line angle. This ROI may vary between patients due to anatomical variation but will be kept constant in each patient and site over time. The STL images of baseline and follow-up will be superimposed and matched using the best-fit algorithm at the adjacent tooth surfaces. The linear changes in BSP will be calculated by the software and expressed in mm corresponding to the mean distance between the surfaces representing the evaluated time points.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Dimensional changes of the alveolar process</measure>
    <time_frame>Immediately after surgery and at 4 months</time_frame>
    <description>Comparing CBCT-scan after surgery and after 4 months. First, a line parallel and perpendicular to the tooth axis is drawn. Hereby, bone dimensions can be measured at different vertical heights on the alveolar process. The level of the palatal bone crest at T0 is used as a reference line (level 0). The horizontal dimension of the process is registered at 1, 3, and 5 mm apical to the reference line (level -1, -3, and -5). After performing all measurements on the baseline CBCT (T0), the software will be switched to the superimposed image (T1) so that the measurements can be performed while using the same reference levels</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Actual">38</enrollment>
  <condition>Healing Wound</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Control</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>No Intervention</arm_group_type>
    <description>No further treatment after alveolar ridge preservation</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Test</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Active Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>In case the test group comes out, instructions for the daily application of hyaluronic acid (Gengigel Forte©) will be given. Hyaluronic acid will be administered by the patient 3 times per day during 7 days.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Device</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Gengigel Forte©</intervention_name>
    <description>Gengigel (hyaluronic acid) will be administered by the patient 3 times per day during 7 days following alveolar ridge preservation</description>
    <arm_group_label>Test</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  At least 18 years old;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Good oral hygiene defined as a full-mouth plaque score ≤25%;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  One or two neighboring teeth;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Need for ARP after tooth extraction with &gt;50% buccal bone still present&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Systemic diseases;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Smoking;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  (History) of periodontal disease;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Untreated caries lesions&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>N/A</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>Accepts Healthy Volunteers</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>University Hospital</name>
      <address>
        <city>Ghent</city>
        <zip>9000</zip>
        <country>Belgium</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>Belgium</country>
  </location_countries>
  <reference>
    <citation>Afat IM, Akdogan ET, Gonul O. Effects of Leukocyte- and Platelet-Rich Fibrin Alone and Combined With Hyaluronic Acid on Pain, Edema, and Trismus After Surgical Extraction of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018 May;76(5):926-932. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2017.12.005. Epub 2017 Dec 13.</citation>
    <PMID>29304325</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Afat IM, Akdogan ET, Gonul O. Effects of leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin alone and combined with hyaluronic acid on early soft tissue healing after surgical extraction of impacted mandibular third molars: A prospective clinical study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2019 Feb;47(2):280-286. doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2018.11.023. Epub 2018 Dec 3.</citation>
    <PMID>30579747</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Cosyn J, Cleymaet R, De Bruyn H. Predictors of Alveolar Process Remodeling Following Ridge Preservation in High-Risk Patients. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2016 Apr;18(2):226-33. doi: 10.1111/cid.12249. Epub 2014 Jul 17.</citation>
    <PMID>25041378</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Eskandarinia A, Kefayat A, Gharakhloo M, Agheb M, Khodabakhshi D, Khorshidi M, Sheikhmoradi V, Rafienia M, Salehi H. A propolis enriched polyurethane-hyaluronic acid nanofibrous wound dressing with remarkable antibacterial and wound healing activities. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020 Apr 15;149:467-476. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.255. Epub 2020 Jan 27.</citation>
    <PMID>32001284</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Hammerle CH, Araujo MG, Simion M; Osteology Consensus Group 2011. Evidence-based knowledge on the biology and treatment of extraction sockets. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2012 Feb;23 Suppl 5:80-2. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02370.x. Erratum In: Clin Oral Implants Res. 2012 May;23(5):641.</citation>
    <PMID>22211307</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Litwiniuk M, Krejner A, Speyrer MS, Gauto AR, Grzela T. Hyaluronic Acid in Inflammation and Tissue Regeneration. Wounds. 2016 Mar;28(3):78-88.</citation>
    <PMID>26978861</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Neuman MG, Nanau RM, Oruna-Sanchez L, Coto G. Hyaluronic acid and wound healing. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2015;18(1):53-60. doi: 10.18433/j3k89d.</citation>
    <PMID>25877441</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Seyssens L, Eghbali A, Christiaens V, De Bruyckere T, Doornewaard R, Cosyn J. A one-year prospective study on alveolar ridge preservation using collagen-enriched deproteinized bovine bone mineral and saddle connective tissue graft: A cone beam computed tomography analysis. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2019 Oct;21(5):853-861. doi: 10.1111/cid.12843. Epub 2019 Aug 28.</citation>
    <PMID>31456345</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Tan WL, Wong TL, Wong MC, Lang NP. A systematic review of post-extractional alveolar hard and soft tissue dimensional changes in humans. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2012 Feb;23 Suppl 5:1-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02375.x.</citation>
    <PMID>22211303</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Van der Weijden F, Dell'Acqua F, Slot DE. Alveolar bone dimensional changes of post-extraction sockets in humans: a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol. 2009 Dec;36(12):1048-58. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2009.01482.x.</citation>
    <PMID>19929956</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Wessels R, De Roose S, De Bruyckere T, Eghbali A, Jacquet W, De Rouck T, Cosyn J. The Mucosal Scarring Index: reliability of a new composite index for assessing scarring following oral surgery. Clin Oral Investig. 2019 Mar;23(3):1209-1215. doi: 10.1007/s00784-018-2535-6. Epub 2018 Jul 3.</citation>
    <PMID>29971512</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Yildirim S, Ozener HO, Dogan B, Kuru B. Effect of topically applied hyaluronic acid on pain and palatal epithelial wound healing: An examiner-masked, randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Periodontol. 2018 Jan;89(1):36-45. doi: 10.1902/jop.2017.170105.</citation>
    <PMID>28914592</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Zeltner M, Jung RE, Hammerle CH, Husler J, Thoma DS. Randomized controlled clinical study comparing a volume-stable collagen matrix to autogenous connective tissue grafts for soft tissue augmentation at implant sites: linear volumetric soft tissue changes up to 3 months. J Clin Periodontol. 2017 Apr;44(4):446-453. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12697. Epub 2017 Feb 11.</citation>
    <PMID>28107560</PMID>
  </reference>
  <verification_date>July 2020</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>July 8, 2020</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>July 8, 2020</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">July 13, 2020</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>December 15, 2022</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>December 15, 2022</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">December 20, 2022</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Sponsor</responsible_party_type>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>Alveolar ridge preservation</keyword>
  <keyword>Hyaluronic acid</keyword>
  <keyword>Wound healing</keyword>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Wounds and Injuries</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <patient_data>
    <sharing_ipd>No</sharing_ipd>
  </patient_data>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04467736
org study id: 07-718
nct id: NCT04467736
lead sponsor: 
has dmc: No
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
is us export: No
After tooth extraction, shrinkage of the bone is expected after 6 months. These changes may
      hamper dental implant placement and compromise soft tissue aesthetics. Alveolar Ridge
      Preservation (ARP) includes application of bovine-derived deproteinized bone particles in the
      extraction site. This technique is widely performed and drastically limits aforementioned
      volumetric changes.

      The amount of bone preservation following ARP is affected by the soft tissue barrier. In an
      open healing situation, it takes about 4 weeks to have complete soft tissue closure. Faster
      soft tissue closure could optimize the amount of bone preservation with obvious benefits for
      implant placement and aesthetics.

      Recent presentations showed the application of hyaluronic acid after ARP. However, no
      evidence can be found in the literature. This study aims to evaluate the wound healing
      potential of hyaluronic acid following ARP, as this has never been performed, yet seems
      promising from a biological point of view.
Aim:

      This study aims to evaluate the wound healing potential of hyaluronic acid (HA) following
      alveolar ridge preservation (ARP), as this has never been performed, yet seems promising from
      a biological point of view.

      Sample size calculation:

      A sample size calculation using a two-sample pooled t-test was performed in SAS Power and
      Sample Size based on a comparison of mean overall wound reduction from baseline to 21 days
      between the control and test group. The calculation was based on finding a mean difference of
      20% between these groups with a standard deviation of 21.6 for the control and 21.6 for the
      test group. A pilot study was executed to obtain these findings as no other data are
      available. With alpha set at 0.05 and a power of 0.08, the sample size calculation indicated
      19 patients to be included per group. To compensate for drop-outs, 25 would be treated with
      hyaluronic acid and 25 would be treated without.

      Clinicians and centers, randomization, allocation concealment and blinding:

      3 clinicians linked to the Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology at UGent - UZ
      Gent will treat a total of 50 patients. Each clinician will treat at least 10 patients.
      Patients will be randomly allocated to the 'test group (Hyaluronic acid)' or the 'control
      group (No hyaluronic acid). An equal number of sealed envelopes will be prepared internally
      labelled as 'test group' or 'control group'. Just after ARP, a sealed envelope will be
      randomly selected and opened to reveal further treatment. In case the test group comes out,
      instructions for the daily application of HA (Gengigel Forte©) will be given. HA will be
      administered by the patient 3 times per day during 7 days.

      The measuring investigator will not be involved in the treatment of any of the patients and
      will be blinded to allow unbiased registrations.

      Surgical procedure:

      After screening and having obtained informed consent by the patient, the tooth is extracted
      and ARP is performed by placing collagen-enriched deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM,
      Bio-Oss collagen 100 mg or 250 mg, Geistlich Biomaterials, Switserland) in the alveolar
      socket. Subsequently, a collagen matrix (Mucograft seal, Geistlich Biomaterials,
      Switserland), is sutured on top to protect the underlying DBBM. At the end of the surgical
      procedure, the sealed envelope is opened to reveal the allocated treatment and instructions
      to the patients are given (application of Gengigel Forte© 3 times per day during 7 days).

      Intra-surgical registrations:

      Intra-surgically, the dimensions of the buccal bone plate will be registered. Papillae are
      analyzed if they were detached from the bone mesial and distal during extraction.
      Subsequently, the size of the Mucograft seal (Geistlich Biomaterials, Switserland) is
      measured. Immediately after ARP, a conebeam computed tomography (CBCT) of the alveolar bone
      is taken and an intra-oral scan of the soft tissues is performed (for study purposes).
      Afterwards, an occlusal clinical photograph is taken. The wound dimension is registered by
      measuring the maximum mesio-distal and bucco-oral dimension of the wound with a periodontal
      probe to the nearest 0.5 mm (for study purposes).

      One-week post-surgery:

      One week after ARP, patient's compliance concerning the application of HA 3 times a day is
      evaluated, as well as the number of painkillers taken. A Visual Analog Scale (VAS) will be
      filled out by patients to register pain, swelling and bleeding after surgery. (for study
      purposes) Furthermore, a socket wound healing scoring (SWHS, is given to each extraction
      wound and another occlusal photograph is taken at the end of the consultation. To evaluate
      the soft tissue closure, the maximum mesio-distal and bucco-oral dimension of the remaining
      wound is measured with a periodontal probe to the nearest 0.5 mm. (for study purposes)

      Wound closure after 21 days:

      Three weeks post-surgery, the maximum mesio-distal and bucco-oral dimension of the remaining
      wound is measured with a periodontal probe to the nearest 0.5 mm. For each aspect
      (mesio-distal and bucco-oral) the percentage wound reduction is calculated as follows:

      100 - ((Maximum wound dimension after 21 days * 100) / maximum wound dimension immediately
      after ARP)

      The overall wound reduction is calculated as follows:

      (Wound reduction at the mesio-distal aspect + wound reduction at the bucco-oral aspect) / 2

      SWHS is determined for each wound. Finally, an occlusal clinical photograph is taken.

      4 months after surgery: An occlusal photograph is taken to analyze mucosal scarring using the
      Mucosal Scarring Index (MSI, for study purposes). A second CBCT is made to measure
      dimensional changes of the alveolar process. A second intra-oral scan is made to measure
      dimensional changes in buccal soft tissue profile. (standard of care)

      Data analysis:

      Depending on the distribution of the data, an independent samples t-test or Mann-Whitney U
      test will be performed on the following parameters:

        -  Wound reduction after 21 days (primary outcome)

        -  VAS swelling

        -  VAS pain

        -  Number of painkillers consumed

        -  Socket Wound healing score

        -  Mucosal scarring index

        -  Dimensional changes in the buccal soft tissue profile

        -  Dimensional changes of the alveolar process

      For the following categorical variables, a Fisher's exact will be performed:

        -  Compliance

        -  Bleeding
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Parallel Assignment
intervention model description: Randomized clinical trial
primary purpose: Treatment
masking: Double (Care Provider, Outcomes Assessor)
masking description: Patients will be randomly allocated to the 'test group (Hyaluronic acid)' or the 'control group (No hyaluronic acid). An equal number of sealed envelopes will be prepared internally labelled as 'test group' or 'control group'. Just after alveolar ridge preservation, a sealed envelope will be randomly selected and opened to reveal further treatment.
The measuring investigator will not be involved in the treatment of any of the patients and will be blinded to allow unbiased registrations.
measure: Wound reduction
time frame: Week 3 after ARP
description: performed by measuring the maximum mesio-distal and bucco-oral dimension of the wound immediately after ARP and after 21 days
measure: Compliance
time frame: Week 1
description: patients will be asked if they applied HA 3 times a day as prescribed? Protocol violations will be recorded to see if they have an impact on the outcome (fully compliant patients versus weakly compliant patients).
measure: Number of painkillers consumed
time frame: Week 1
measure: VAS pain
time frame: Week 1
description: Visual Analogue Scale for pain: the patient has to indicate the intensity of pain perception during the first week after surgery on a 10 cm line
measure: VAS swelling
time frame: Week 1
description: Visual Analogue Scale for swelling: the patient has to indicate the amount of swelling perception during the first week after surgery on a 10 cm line
measure: Bleeding
time frame: Week 1
description: Patients will be asked if they experienced post-operative bleeding
measure: Socket wound healing score
time frame: Week 1 and 3
description: This index will be used to assess wound dehiscence, epithelialization, quality of granulation tissue filling the post-extraction socket, and depth between early granulation tissue and wound margin.
Assessments will be performed at performed at 7 and 21 days following surgery using a blunt periodontal probe with millimetric markers and scored as a number between 0 (best) and 4 (worst). In contrast to the study from (Afat et al., 2018), this study will not probe inside the healing wound.
measure: Mucosal scarring index
time frame: 4 months
description: The MSI is a composite index based on five parameters: width, height/contour, color, suture marks, and overall appearance. Each parameter is assessed with a 0-1-2 score, yielding an MSI score ranging from 0 (no scar) to 10 (most extreme scar)
measure: Dimensional changes in the buccal soft tissue profile
time frame: At time of surgery and at 4 months
description: Immediately after surgery and at 4 months an intra-oral optical scan of the implant site and neighboring teeth will be taken (Trios, 3shape, Copenhagen, Denmark). The region of interest (ROI) will be defined on the 4-month STL files with a trapezoid shape encompassing the following borders (fig. 2): 0.5 mm apical to the midfacial soft tissue level (coronal), 4 mm apical and parallel to the first line (apical), mesial and distal line angle. This ROI may vary between patients due to anatomical variation but will be kept constant in each patient and site over time. The STL images of baseline and follow-up will be superimposed and matched using the best-fit algorithm at the adjacent tooth surfaces. The linear changes in BSP will be calculated by the software and expressed in mm corresponding to the mean distance between the surfaces representing the evaluated time points.
measure: Dimensional changes of the alveolar process
time frame: Immediately after surgery and at 4 months
description: Comparing CBCT-scan after surgery and after 4 months. First, a line parallel and perpendicular to the tooth axis is drawn. Hereby, bone dimensions can be measured at different vertical heights on the alveolar process. The level of the palatal bone crest at T0 is used as a reference line (level 0). The horizontal dimension of the process is registered at 1, 3, and 5 mm apical to the reference line (level -1, -3, and -5). After performing all measurements on the baseline CBCT (T0), the software will be switched to the superimposed image (T1) so that the measurements can be performed while using the same reference levels
arm group label: Control
arm group type: No Intervention
description: No further treatment after alveolar ridge preservation
arm group label: Test
arm group type: Active Comparator
description: In case the test group comes out, instructions for the daily application of hyaluronic acid (Gengigel Forte©) will be given. Hyaluronic acid will be administered by the patient 3 times per day during 7 days.
intervention type: Device
intervention name: Gengigel Forte©
description: Gengigel (hyaluronic acid) will be administered by the patient 3 times per day during 7 days following alveolar ridge preservation
arm group label: Test
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: N/A
healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
facility: 
country: Belgium
citation: Afat IM, Akdogan ET, Gonul O. Effects of Leukocyte- and Platelet-Rich Fibrin Alone and Combined With Hyaluronic Acid on Pain, Edema, and Trismus After Surgical Extraction of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018 May;76(5):926-932. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2017.12.005. Epub 2017 Dec 13.
PMID: 29304325
citation: Afat IM, Akdogan ET, Gonul O. Effects of leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin alone and combined with hyaluronic acid on early soft tissue healing after surgical extraction of impacted mandibular third molars: A prospective clinical study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2019 Feb;47(2):280-286. doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2018.11.023. Epub 2018 Dec 3.
PMID: 30579747
citation: Cosyn J, Cleymaet R, De Bruyn H. Predictors of Alveolar Process Remodeling Following Ridge Preservation in High-Risk Patients. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2016 Apr;18(2):226-33. doi: 10.1111/cid.12249. Epub 2014 Jul 17.
PMID: 25041378
citation: Eskandarinia A, Kefayat A, Gharakhloo M, Agheb M, Khodabakhshi D, Khorshidi M, Sheikhmoradi V, Rafienia M, Salehi H. A propolis enriched polyurethane-hyaluronic acid nanofibrous wound dressing with remarkable antibacterial and wound healing activities. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020 Apr 15;149:467-476. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.255. Epub 2020 Jan 27.
PMID: 32001284
citation: Hammerle CH, Araujo MG, Simion M; Osteology Consensus Group 2011. Evidence-based knowledge on the biology and treatment of extraction sockets. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2012 Feb;23 Suppl 5:80-2. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02370.x. Erratum In: Clin Oral Implants Res. 2012 May;23(5):641.
PMID: 22211307
citation: Litwiniuk M, Krejner A, Speyrer MS, Gauto AR, Grzela T. Hyaluronic Acid in Inflammation and Tissue Regeneration. Wounds. 2016 Mar;28(3):78-88.
PMID: 26978861
citation: Neuman MG, Nanau RM, Oruna-Sanchez L, Coto G. Hyaluronic acid and wound healing. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2015;18(1):53-60. doi: 10.18433/j3k89d.
PMID: 25877441
citation: Seyssens L, Eghbali A, Christiaens V, De Bruyckere T, Doornewaard R, Cosyn J. A one-year prospective study on alveolar ridge preservation using collagen-enriched deproteinized bovine bone mineral and saddle connective tissue graft: A cone beam computed tomography analysis. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2019 Oct;21(5):853-861. doi: 10.1111/cid.12843. Epub 2019 Aug 28.
PMID: 31456345
citation: Tan WL, Wong TL, Wong MC, Lang NP. A systematic review of post-extractional alveolar hard and soft tissue dimensional changes in humans. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2012 Feb;23 Suppl 5:1-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02375.x.
PMID: 22211303
citation: Van der Weijden F, Dell'Acqua F, Slot DE. Alveolar bone dimensional changes of post-extraction sockets in humans: a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol. 2009 Dec;36(12):1048-58. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2009.01482.x.
PMID: 19929956
citation: Wessels R, De Roose S, De Bruyckere T, Eghbali A, Jacquet W, De Rouck T, Cosyn J. The Mucosal Scarring Index: reliability of a new composite index for assessing scarring following oral surgery. Clin Oral Investig. 2019 Mar;23(3):1209-1215. doi: 10.1007/s00784-018-2535-6. Epub 2018 Jul 3.
PMID: 29971512
citation: Yildirim S, Ozener HO, Dogan B, Kuru B. Effect of topically applied hyaluronic acid on pain and palatal epithelial wound healing: An examiner-masked, randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Periodontol. 2018 Jan;89(1):36-45. doi: 10.1902/jop.2017.170105.
PMID: 28914592
citation: Zeltner M, Jung RE, Hammerle CH, Husler J, Thoma DS. Randomized controlled clinical study comparing a volume-stable collagen matrix to autogenous connective tissue grafts for soft tissue augmentation at implant sites: linear volumetric soft tissue changes up to 3 months. J Clin Periodontol. 2017 Apr;44(4):446-453. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12697. Epub 2017 Feb 11.
PMID: 28107560
responsible party type: Sponsor
mesh term: Wounds and Injuries
sharing ipd: No