<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04432038</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>GdanskUPES</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT04432038</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Healthy Lifestyle or Pro-health Obsession During the Pandemic</brief_title>
  <official_title>Healthy Lifestyle or Pro-health Obsession During the Pandemic - a Multinational Study</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>University Hospital of Split</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>University of Gondar</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Universidad Pablo de Olavide</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Universitas Padjadjaran</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>DPFA Academy of Work and Health, Leipzig</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Instituto Piaget</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>University of Peradeniya</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Catholic University of the Sacred Heart</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>University of Évora</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Norwegian School of Sport Sciences</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Klaipėda University</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Universitatea Alexandru Ioan Cuza</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Institut Catholique de Paris</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>University of Gdansk</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Jagiellonian University</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>International University of Business Agriculture and Technology</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Beijing Sport University</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>University of Sargodha</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>University of Brasilia</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Wright State University</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Vietnam National University</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Astana Medical University</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>International Islamic Academy of Uzbekistan</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Menoufia University</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Zhengzhou University</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
  </sponsors>
  <source>Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      Citizens of many countries are in the high peak period of the outbreak of the COVID-19 virus.&#xD;
      People are currently struggling with the total cessation of certain aspects of normal life.&#xD;
      The situation associated with the pandemic can lead to the development of many problems&#xD;
      connected both with mental and physical health. The investigators, as psychologists, would&#xD;
      like to better understand this difficult situation and identify mechanisms which can lead to&#xD;
      health problems. Therefore, group of researchers and practitioners created this study to&#xD;
      investigate how people in general cope with this critical situation. The researchers would&#xD;
      like to estimate the following variables which participants will evaluate before and during&#xD;
      the pandemic period: levels of physical activity, attitudes towards one's body, attitudes&#xD;
      towards eating, and psychological well-being. The investigators would like to involve experts&#xD;
      and scientists from all around the world. Through this research and by investigating how&#xD;
      people cope with this critical situation the solutions for psychological care and&#xD;
      interventions for global crisis situations like the COVID-19 pandemic might be identified.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <overall_status>Unknown status</overall_status>
  <last_known_status>Recruiting</last_known_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">June 19, 2020</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Anticipated">June 30, 2021</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Anticipated">June 19, 2021</primary_completion_date>
  <study_type>Observational</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <observational_model>Cohort</observational_model>
    <time_perspective>Prospective</time_perspective>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Levels of Physical Activity</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline</time_frame>
    <description>measured by Inventory of Physical Activity Objectives (IPAO) by Lipowski &amp; Zaleski is used to examine the motivating function of objectives determining one to undertake physical activity. The respondent answers questions regarding his/her involvement in competitive sports (both present and previous), and forms and intensity of his/her physical activity. The survey allows analyzing objectives in terms of their dimensions (importance, expectations, conflict), as well as dimensions of action (exercise, endurance, satisfaction). The respondent is given a (multiple) choice of objectives behind his/her physical activity. Four scales of goal-oriented behaviours associated with PA are distinguished in the test: motivational value, time management, persistence in action, motivational conflict. The higher the results of these scales - the higher the motivation to physical activity. IPAO is characterized by good psychometric properties, the Cronbach's α for IPAO reached 0,78.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Eating Attitudes</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline</time_frame>
    <description>measured by Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) by Garner, Olmsted, Bohr &amp; Garfinkel (1982). It's a self-report measure of symptoms and concerns characteristic of eating disorders. The EAT-26 can be used in a non-clinical as well as a clinical setting not specifically focused on eating disorders. Questionnaire is rated on a six-point scale based on how often the individual engages in specific behaviors. Scores greater than 20 indicate a need for further investigation by a qualified professional. Research using different EAT-26 language versions has a satisfactory Crombach's alpha 0,78-0,92.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Psychological wellbeing</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline</time_frame>
    <description>measured by Psychological Well-Being Scales (PWBS) by Ryff (2004). The PWB scales incorporate six dimensions: autonomy, positive relations with others, environmental mastery, personal growth, purpose in life and self-acceptance. Respondents rate how strongly they agree or disagree with 18 statements using a 7-point scale, higher scores indicate greater wellbeing.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Physical wellbeing</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline</time_frame>
    <description>measured by SF-12v2 Health Survey, the SF-12v2 is a practical, reliable and valid measure of physical and mental health, it uses just 12 questions. Higher scores indicate a higher level of physical wellbeing</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Obligatory Exercise</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline</time_frame>
    <description>measured by Obligatory Exercise Questionnaire (OEQ) by Pasman &amp; Thompson (1988). OEQ allows to measure excessive exercise activity, especially as it relates to eating disorders. The OEQ contains three factors: Emotional Element of Exercise; Exercise Frequency and Intensity; and Exercise Preoccupation. All items indicate higher endorsement of and engaging in obligatory exercise behaviors.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Attitudes Towards Body</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline</time_frame>
    <description>measured by Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance (SATAQ 3) by Thompson et al (2014) - widely used measure of societal influences on body image and eating disturbances. SATAQ 3 has subscales that assess internalization (general, athlete), pressures, and information. Items are rated on a five point response scale, with higher scores indicating greater media endorsement.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Body Image Disturbance</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline</time_frame>
    <description>measured by Fear of Negative Appearance Evaluation Scale (FNAES) developed by Lundgren, Anderson &amp;Thompson (2004) - an eight-item self-report measure that assesses apprehension about appearance evaluation. The higher the FNEAS score the more fear of negative appearance evaluation by others is experienced.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <number_of_groups>28</number_of_groups>
  <enrollment type="Anticipated">50000</enrollment>
  <condition>Adult</condition>
  <condition>Global Health</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>General population of adults from about 30 countries</arm_group_label>
    <description>Data will be collected in general population of adults from about 30 countries. Questionnaires contain also questions about the occurrence of chronic illnesses, being a professional athlete, etc. to control all such aspects.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>General population of adults from Poland</arm_group_label>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>General population of adults from Germany</arm_group_label>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>General population of adults from China</arm_group_label>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>General population of adults from Vietnam</arm_group_label>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>General population of adults from Spain</arm_group_label>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>General population of adults from Brazil</arm_group_label>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>General population of adults from Croatia</arm_group_label>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>General population of adults from Ethiopia</arm_group_label>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>General population of adults from France</arm_group_label>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>General population of adults from Indonesia</arm_group_label>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>General population of adults from Iran</arm_group_label>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>General population of adults from Sri Lanka</arm_group_label>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>General population of adults from USA</arm_group_label>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>General population of adults from Italy</arm_group_label>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>General population of adults from South Africa</arm_group_label>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>General population of adults from Portugal</arm_group_label>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>General population of adults from Norway</arm_group_label>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>General population of adults from Lithuania</arm_group_label>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>General population of adults from Romania</arm_group_label>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>General population of adults from Pakistan</arm_group_label>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>General population of adults from Ukraine</arm_group_label>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>General population of adults from India</arm_group_label>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>General population of adults from Japan</arm_group_label>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>General population of adults from Russia</arm_group_label>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>General population of adults from Bangladesh</arm_group_label>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>General population of adults from Nigeria</arm_group_label>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>General population of adults from Egypt</arm_group_label>
  </arm_group>
  <eligibility>
    <study_pop>
      <textblock>
        The investigators will approach individuals from Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Croatia,&#xD;
        Ethiopia, France, Germany, Indonesia, Iran, Italy, Lithuania, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan,&#xD;
        Portugal, Romania, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, USA, Vietnam&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </study_pop>
    <sampling_method>Non-Probability Sample</sampling_method>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
        - Age: min 18 years old&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
        - no&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <gender_based>Yes</gender_based>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>N/A</maximum_age>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_contact>
    <last_name>Mariusz Lipowski, Prof.</last_name>
    <phone>0048 501 128 554</phone>
    <email>mariusz.lipowski@awf.gda.pl</email>
  </overall_contact>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport</name>
      <address>
        <city>Gdańsk</city>
        <zip>80-336</zip>
        <country>Poland</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
    <status>Recruiting</status>
    <contact>
      <last_name>Mariusz Lipowski, prof.</last_name>
      <email>mariusz.lipowski@awf.gda.pl</email>
    </contact>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>Poland</country>
  </location_countries>
  <link>
    <url>https://doi.org/10.5114/hpr.2015.49462</url>
    <description>Lipowski, M., Zaleski, Z. (2015). Inventory of Physical Activity Objectives (IPAO) - a new method in measuring motives for physical activity and sport. Health Psychology Report, 3(1), 47-58</description>
  </link>
  <reference>
    <citation>Garner DM, Olmsted MP, Bohr Y, Garfinkel PE. The eating attitudes test: psychometric features and clinical correlates. Psychol Med. 1982 Nov;12(4):871-8. doi: 10.1017/s0033291700049163.</citation>
    <PMID>6961471</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Thompson JK, van den Berg P, Roehrig M, Guarda AS, Heinberg LJ. The sociocultural attitudes towards appearance scale-3 (SATAQ-3): development and validation. Int J Eat Disord. 2004 Apr;35(3):293-304. doi: 10.1002/eat.10257.</citation>
    <PMID>15048945</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Lundgren JD, Anderson DA, Thompson JK. Fear of negative appearance evaluation: development and evaluation of a new construct for risk factor work in the field of eating disorders. Eat Behav. 2004 Jan;5(1):75-84. doi: 10.1016/S1471-0153(03)00055-2.</citation>
    <PMID>15000956</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Ryff CD. Psychological well-being revisited: advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. Psychother Psychosom. 2014;83(1):10-28. doi: 10.1159/000353263. Epub 2013 Nov 19.</citation>
    <PMID>24281296</PMID>
  </reference>
  <verification_date>June 2020</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>June 7, 2020</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>June 13, 2020</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">June 16, 2020</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>April 7, 2021</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>April 7, 2021</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">April 9, 2021</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Sponsor</responsible_party_type>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>COVID-19</keyword>
  <keyword>well-being</keyword>
  <keyword>physical activity</keyword>
  <keyword>nutrition</keyword>
  <keyword>body image</keyword>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Obsessive Behavior</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04432038
org study id: GdanskUPES
nct id: NCT04432038
lead sponsor: 
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is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
Citizens of many countries are in the high peak period of the outbreak of the COVID-19 virus.
      People are currently struggling with the total cessation of certain aspects of normal life.
      The situation associated with the pandemic can lead to the development of many problems
      connected both with mental and physical health. The investigators, as psychologists, would
      like to better understand this difficult situation and identify mechanisms which can lead to
      health problems. Therefore, group of researchers and practitioners created this study to
      investigate how people in general cope with this critical situation. The researchers would
      like to estimate the following variables which participants will evaluate before and during
      the pandemic period: levels of physical activity, attitudes towards one's body, attitudes
      towards eating, and psychological well-being. The investigators would like to involve experts
      and scientists from all around the world. Through this research and by investigating how
      people cope with this critical situation the solutions for psychological care and
      interventions for global crisis situations like the COVID-19 pandemic might be identified.
observational model: Cohort
time perspective: Prospective
measure: Levels of Physical Activity
time frame: Baseline
description: measured by Inventory of Physical Activity Objectives (IPAO) by Lipowski & Zaleski is used to examine the motivating function of objectives determining one to undertake physical activity. The respondent answers questions regarding his/her involvement in competitive sports (both present and previous), and forms and intensity of his/her physical activity. The survey allows analyzing objectives in terms of their dimensions (importance, expectations, conflict), as well as dimensions of action (exercise, endurance, satisfaction). The respondent is given a (multiple) choice of objectives behind his/her physical activity. Four scales of goal-oriented behaviours associated with PA are distinguished in the test: motivational value, time management, persistence in action, motivational conflict. The higher the results of these scales - the higher the motivation to physical activity. IPAO is characterized by good psychometric properties, the Cronbach's α for IPAO reached 0,78.
measure: Eating Attitudes
time frame: Baseline
description: measured by Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) by Garner, Olmsted, Bohr & Garfinkel (1982). It's a self-report measure of symptoms and concerns characteristic of eating disorders. The EAT-26 can be used in a non-clinical as well as a clinical setting not specifically focused on eating disorders. Questionnaire is rated on a six-point scale based on how often the individual engages in specific behaviors. Scores greater than 20 indicate a need for further investigation by a qualified professional. Research using different EAT-26 language versions has a satisfactory Crombach's alpha 0,78-0,92.
measure: Psychological wellbeing
time frame: Baseline
description: measured by Psychological Well-Being Scales (PWBS) by Ryff (2004). The PWB scales incorporate six dimensions: autonomy, positive relations with others, environmental mastery, personal growth, purpose in life and self-acceptance. Respondents rate how strongly they agree or disagree with 18 statements using a 7-point scale, higher scores indicate greater wellbeing.
measure: Physical wellbeing
time frame: Baseline
description: measured by SF-12v2 Health Survey, the SF-12v2 is a practical, reliable and valid measure of physical and mental health, it uses just 12 questions. Higher scores indicate a higher level of physical wellbeing
measure: Obligatory Exercise
time frame: Baseline
description: measured by Obligatory Exercise Questionnaire (OEQ) by Pasman & Thompson (1988). OEQ allows to measure excessive exercise activity, especially as it relates to eating disorders. The OEQ contains three factors: Emotional Element of Exercise; Exercise Frequency and Intensity; and Exercise Preoccupation. All items indicate higher endorsement of and engaging in obligatory exercise behaviors.
measure: Attitudes Towards Body
time frame: Baseline
description: measured by Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance (SATAQ 3) by Thompson et al (2014) - widely used measure of societal influences on body image and eating disturbances. SATAQ 3 has subscales that assess internalization (general, athlete), pressures, and information. Items are rated on a five point response scale, with higher scores indicating greater media endorsement.
measure: Body Image Disturbance
time frame: Baseline
description: measured by Fear of Negative Appearance Evaluation Scale (FNAES) developed by Lundgren, Anderson &Thompson (2004) - an eight-item self-report measure that assesses apprehension about appearance evaluation. The higher the FNEAS score the more fear of negative appearance evaluation by others is experienced.
arm group label: General population of adults from about 30 countries
description: Data will be collected in general population of adults from about 30 countries. Questionnaires contain also questions about the occurrence of chronic illnesses, being a professional athlete, etc. to control all such aspects.
arm group label: General population of adults from Poland
arm group label: General population of adults from Germany
arm group label: General population of adults from China
arm group label: General population of adults from Vietnam
arm group label: General population of adults from Spain
arm group label: General population of adults from Brazil
arm group label: General population of adults from Croatia
arm group label: General population of adults from Ethiopia
arm group label: General population of adults from France
arm group label: General population of adults from Indonesia
arm group label: General population of adults from Iran
arm group label: General population of adults from Sri Lanka
arm group label: General population of adults from USA
arm group label: General population of adults from Italy
arm group label: General population of adults from South Africa
arm group label: General population of adults from Portugal
arm group label: General population of adults from Norway
arm group label: General population of adults from Lithuania
arm group label: General population of adults from Romania
arm group label: General population of adults from Pakistan
arm group label: General population of adults from Ukraine
arm group label: General population of adults from India
arm group label: General population of adults from Japan
arm group label: General population of adults from Russia
arm group label: General population of adults from Bangladesh
arm group label: General population of adults from Nigeria
arm group label: General population of adults from Egypt
study pop: 
sampling method: Non-Probability Sample
criteria: 
gender: All
gender based: Yes
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: N/A
last name: Mariusz Lipowski, Prof.
phone: 0048 501 128 554
email: mariusz.lipowski@awf.gda.pl
facility: 
status: Recruiting
contact: 
country: Poland
url: https://doi.org/10.5114/hpr.2015.49462
description: Lipowski, M., Zaleski, Z. (2015). Inventory of Physical Activity Objectives (IPAO) - a new method in measuring motives for physical activity and sport. Health Psychology Report, 3(1), 47-58
citation: Garner DM, Olmsted MP, Bohr Y, Garfinkel PE. The eating attitudes test: psychometric features and clinical correlates. Psychol Med. 1982 Nov;12(4):871-8. doi: 10.1017/s0033291700049163.
PMID: 6961471
citation: Thompson JK, van den Berg P, Roehrig M, Guarda AS, Heinberg LJ. The sociocultural attitudes towards appearance scale-3 (SATAQ-3): development and validation. Int J Eat Disord. 2004 Apr;35(3):293-304. doi: 10.1002/eat.10257.
PMID: 15048945
citation: Lundgren JD, Anderson DA, Thompson JK. Fear of negative appearance evaluation: development and evaluation of a new construct for risk factor work in the field of eating disorders. Eat Behav. 2004 Jan;5(1):75-84. doi: 10.1016/S1471-0153(03)00055-2.
PMID: 15000956
citation: Ryff CD. Psychological well-being revisited: advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. Psychother Psychosom. 2014;83(1):10-28. doi: 10.1159/000353263. Epub 2013 Nov 19.
PMID: 24281296
responsible party type: Sponsor
mesh term: Obsessive Behavior