<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04407910</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>1-6-18-78/78</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT04407910</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Office Bleaching Treatment by Using Rubber-cup and Air-powder Polishing Device Prophylaxis in Rondomised Clinical Design</brief_title>
  <official_title>Effects of Pre-operative Air-powder Polishing and Rubber-cup Prophylaxis on Tooth Bleaching Outcomes: Randomised Controlled Split-mouth Clinical Study</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>Cukurova University</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
  </sponsors>
  <source>Cukurova University</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>Yes</has_dmc>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      The increasing demand for whitening teeth necessitates requirements and guidelines to ensure&#xD;
      the efficacy of products and bleaching techniques. So far there is no comparative study to&#xD;
      evaluate the effectiveness of pre-operative air-powder polishing device (APD) and rubber-cup&#xD;
      prophylaxis on tooth bleaching in-office. Office-bleaching has some advantages such as&#xD;
      avoiding soft tissue irritation, preventing the use of excess material and producing&#xD;
      immediate esthetic results.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The aim this study is to compare the effects of pre-operative air-powder polishing and&#xD;
      rubber-cup prophylaxis on tooth bleaching outcomes. The null hypothesis of this research was&#xD;
      that there would be no difference in the change in according to the type of prophylaxis on&#xD;
      tooth-bleaching outcomes.△L,△a,△b,△E and △SGU.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The results of the study show that both rubber cup prophylaxis and APD devices can be equally&#xD;
      used before bleaching treatment as there were no statistical differences in color change.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      Tooth color was measured using spectrophotometer VITA Easyshade V (Vita Zahnfabrik, Germany).&#xD;
      The spectrophotometer was calibrated before use in each participant and the device tip was&#xD;
      placed on middle thirds of the labial surface of teeth as suggested by the manufacturer's&#xD;
      manual.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The tooth color was measured before initial prophylaxis (baseline), immediately after&#xD;
      bleaching and after one week. The digital spectrophotometer used in the current study&#xD;
      measures the shade of teeth based on the CIE (Commission Internationale de l'éclairage)&#xD;
      L*a*b* color space system. This system expresses color as three values: L* for the lightness&#xD;
      from black (0) to white (100), a* from green (-) to red (+), and b* from blue (-) to yellow&#xD;
      (+). The following values were recorded in the units of CIE L*a*b* color space.&#xD;
&#xD;
      -Data of lightness (L*) and a* and b*axis&#xD;
&#xD;
      -△e: a teeth color change (△e*) was derived as: △e = [(△L *)2+ (△a *)2 + (△b *)2]1/2 While&#xD;
      making Shade guide units (SGU) measurements, the bleached index is set according to the VITA&#xD;
      Bleached guide 3D-MASTER at spectrophotometer for the measured shade. The measured bleached&#xD;
      index after treatment was subtracted from the baseline value. The difference corresponded to&#xD;
      the change of the SGU (△ SGU) achieved immediately and 1 week after the bleaching treatment.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The patients had bleaching treatment on the maxillary anterior area including right and left&#xD;
      canines. The right and left sides of the patients were randomized by toss of a coin to&#xD;
      receive polishing with rubber cup prophylaxis or air powder polishing system before&#xD;
      bleaching.&#xD;
&#xD;
      All prophylaxis procedures were performed by same clinician (M.O.). The rubber cup&#xD;
      prophylaxis was applied with low-speed handpieces. A rubber cup was attached to the&#xD;
      prophy-angle. The handpiece used at a steady slow pace of 2500-3000 rpm. The rubber cup&#xD;
      contacted each tooth surface for an average of 5 seconds together with polishing paste&#xD;
      consisting of flour of pumice, glycerin and fluoride.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The air polishing treatment was performed by AIRFLOW® Master device (EMS, Nyon, Switzerland)&#xD;
      with a six LED (Light Emitting Diode) power setting (2.2 bars dynamic pressure inside powder&#xD;
      chamber) and an 11 LED (35 mL/min) water setting for 30 seconds (powder consumption was 1.1&#xD;
      g). Sodium bicarbonate air-powder polishing powder (AIR-FLOW® Plus, EMS Electro Medical&#xD;
      Systems, Nyon, Switzerland) was used. The nozzle was held 3-4 mm from the tooth surface and&#xD;
      the tip was angulated diagonally. The spray was delivered for an average of 5 seconds using a&#xD;
      constant circular motion for each tooth. The spray was directed towards the middle one-thirds&#xD;
      of the exposed tooth.&#xD;
&#xD;
      All bleaching procedures were performed by same clinician (Z.G.B.K.). The bleaching agent&#xD;
      (Opalescence Xtra Boost/ Ultradent, South Jordan, Utah, USA) was prepared and used following&#xD;
      the manufacturer's instructions. Opal Dam (Ultradent, South Jordan, Utah, USA) was used for&#xD;
      protection of the gingiva. The bleaching gel was then applied to form 1-2 mm thickness on the&#xD;
      buccal surfaces of the teeth of both arches. The gel remained on teeth for 15 minutes and was&#xD;
      then suctioned from teeth using a surgical suction tip. This application was repeated a&#xD;
      second time in the same session.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">September 10, 2018</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">May 17, 2019</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">March 18, 2019</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>Phase 4</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
    <intervention_model_description>We have two groups applied to split-mouth experimental units. Left side of maxillary have received rubber-cup and right side of maxillary of each subject.have APD prophylaxis respectively.</intervention_model_description>
    <primary_purpose>Treatment</primary_purpose>
    <masking>Single (Participant)</masking>
    <masking_description>Single blind participant</masking_description>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>ΔE</measure>
    <time_frame>1 week</time_frame>
    <description>Delta E is a metric for understanding how the human eye perceives color difference</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Actual">23</enrollment>
  <condition>Tooth Discoloration</condition>
  <condition>Color Changes During Tooth Formation</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Air-powder polishing device</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Rubber-cup+paste</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Combination Product</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>AIRFLOW® Master device +Opalescence Xtra Boost.</intervention_name>
    <description>Prophylaxis techniques for pre-bleaching treatment</description>
    <arm_group_label>Air-powder polishing device</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Rubber-cup+paste</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Combination Product</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>rubber-cup+Opalescence Xtra Boost.</intervention_name>
    <description>Prophylaxis techniques for pre-bleaching treatment</description>
    <arm_group_label>Air-powder polishing device</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Rubber-cup+paste</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  - being at least 18 years of age&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  having minimum of 20 natural teeth (including incisors, canines, and premolars in both&#xD;
             arches)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  having good oral hygiene (Plaque index &lt;1, Gingival index &lt;1)&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  having restorations or active caries on the anterior teeth of either arch&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  presence of tetracycline staining or fluorosis&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  general hypersensitivity&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  gingival recession or periodontal disease&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  smokers&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  pregnant or lactating women&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  history of prior bleaching treatment&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>N/A</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>Accepts Healthy Volunteers</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Zeliha Gonca Bek Kürklü</name>
      <address>
        <city>Adana</city>
        <state>Sarıcam</state>
        <zip>01120</zip>
        <country>Turkey</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>Turkey</country>
  </location_countries>
  <link>
    <url>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/</url>
    <description>Related Info</description>
  </link>
  <reference>
    <citation>Sulieman M. An overview of tooth discoloration: extrinsic, intrinsic and internalized stains. Dent Update. 2005 Oct;32(8):463-4, 466-8, 471. doi: 10.12968/denu.2005.32.8.463.</citation>
    <PMID>16262034</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Watts A, Addy M. Tooth discolouration and staining: a review of the literature. Br Dent J. 2001 Mar 24;190(6):309-16. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4800959.</citation>
    <PMID>11325156</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Kihn PW. Vital tooth whitening. Dent Clin North Am. 2007 Apr;51(2):319-31, viii. doi: 10.1016/j.cden.2006.12.001.</citation>
    <PMID>17532915</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Gallagher A, Maggio B, Bowman J, Borden L, Mason S, Felix H. Clinical study to compare two in-office (chairside) whitening systems. J Clin Dent. 2002;13(6):219-24.</citation>
    <PMID>12518494</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Joiner A. The bleaching of teeth: a review of the literature. J Dent. 2006 Aug;34(7):412-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2006.02.002. Epub 2006 Mar 29.</citation>
    <PMID>16569473</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Seghi RR, Denry I. Effects of external bleaching on indentation and abrasion characteristics of human enamel in vitro. J Dent Res. 1992 Jun;71(6):1340-4. doi: 10.1177/00220345920710061201.</citation>
    <PMID>1613185</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Patil SS, Rakhewar PS, Limaye PS, Chaudhari NP. A comparative evaluation of plaque-removing efficacy of air polishing and rubber-cup, bristle brush with paste polishing on oral hygiene status: A clinical study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2015 Nov-Dec;5(6):457-62. doi: 10.4103/2231-0762.167723.</citation>
    <PMID>26759798</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Bernardon JK, Ferrari P, Baratieri LN, Rauber GB. Comparison of treatment time versus patient satisfaction in at-home and in-office tooth bleaching therapy. J Prosthet Dent. 2015 Dec;114(6):826-30. doi: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2015.05.014. Epub 2015 Sep 12.</citation>
    <PMID>26372629</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Sawai MA, Bhardwaj A, Jafri Z, Sultan N, Daing A. Tooth polishing: The current status. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2015 Jul-Aug;19(4):375-80. doi: 10.4103/0972-124X.154170.</citation>
    <PMID>26392683</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Bernardon JK, Sartori N, Ballarin A, Perdigao J, Lopes GC, Baratieri LN. Clinical performance of vital bleaching techniques. Oper Dent. 2010 Jan-Feb;35(1):3-10. doi: 10.2341/09-008CR.</citation>
    <PMID>20166405</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Chowdhary Z, Mohan R. Efficiency of three different polishing methods on enamel and cementum: A scanning electron microscope study. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2018 Jan-Feb;22(1):18-24. doi: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_40_17.</citation>
    <PMID>29568167</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Wiegand A, Drebenstedt S, Roos M, Magalhaes AC, Attin T. 12-month color stability of enamel, dentine, and enamel-dentine samples after bleaching. Clin Oral Investig. 2008 Dec;12(4):303-10. doi: 10.1007/s00784-008-0195-7. Epub 2008 Mar 28.</citation>
    <PMID>18369668</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Giachetti L, Bertini F, Bambi C, Nieri M, Scaminaci Russo D. A randomized clinical trial comparing at-home and in-office tooth whitening techniques: A nine-month follow-up. J Am Dent Assoc. 2010 Nov;141(11):1357-64. doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.2010.0081.</citation>
    <PMID>21037194</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Barry TN, Bailey CW, Ashcraft-Olmscheid D, Vandewalle KS. Effect of a New Bleaching Gel on Tooth Whitening. Oper Dent. 2017 Sep/Oct;42(5):559-566. doi: 10.2341/16-200-L.</citation>
    <PMID>28829933</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Nakamura T, Saito O, Ko T, Maruyama T. The effects of polishing and bleaching on the colour of discoloured teeth in vivo. J Oral Rehabil. 2001 Nov;28(11):1080-4. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2842.2001.00762.x.</citation>
    <PMID>11722726</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Petersilka GJ, Ehmke B, Flemmig TF. Antimicrobial effects of mechanical debridement. Periodontol 2000. 2002;28:56-71. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0757.2002.280103.x.</citation>
    <PMID>12013348</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Muzzin KB, King TB, Berry CW. Assessing the clinical effectiveness of an aerosol reduction device for the air polisher. J Am Dent Assoc. 1999 Sep;130(9):1354-9. doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.1999.0407.</citation>
    <PMID>10492544</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Goldberg M, Grootveld M, Lynch E. Undesirable and adverse effects of tooth-whitening products: a review. Clin Oral Investig. 2010 Feb;14(1):1-10. doi: 10.1007/s00784-009-0302-4. Epub 2009 Jun 20.</citation>
    <PMID>19543926</PMID>
  </reference>
  <verification_date>May 2020</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>May 19, 2020</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>May 26, 2020</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">May 29, 2020</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>May 26, 2020</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>May 26, 2020</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">May 29, 2020</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
    <investigator_affiliation>Cukurova University</investigator_affiliation>
    <investigator_full_name>zeliha gonca bek kurklu</investigator_full_name>
    <investigator_title>assistant professor</investigator_title>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>Tooth Bleaching</keyword>
  <keyword>Prophylaxis</keyword>
  <keyword>Dental Materials</keyword>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Tooth Discoloration</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04407910
org study id: 1-6-18-78/78
nct id: NCT04407910
lead sponsor: 
has dmc: Yes
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
The increasing demand for whitening teeth necessitates requirements and guidelines to ensure
      the efficacy of products and bleaching techniques. So far there is no comparative study to
      evaluate the effectiveness of pre-operative air-powder polishing device (APD) and rubber-cup
      prophylaxis on tooth bleaching in-office. Office-bleaching has some advantages such as
      avoiding soft tissue irritation, preventing the use of excess material and producing
      immediate esthetic results.

      The aim this study is to compare the effects of pre-operative air-powder polishing and
      rubber-cup prophylaxis on tooth bleaching outcomes. The null hypothesis of this research was
      that there would be no difference in the change in according to the type of prophylaxis on
      tooth-bleaching outcomes.△L,△a,△b,△E and △SGU.

      The results of the study show that both rubber cup prophylaxis and APD devices can be equally
      used before bleaching treatment as there were no statistical differences in color change.
Tooth color was measured using spectrophotometer VITA Easyshade V (Vita Zahnfabrik, Germany).
      The spectrophotometer was calibrated before use in each participant and the device tip was
      placed on middle thirds of the labial surface of teeth as suggested by the manufacturer's
      manual.

      The tooth color was measured before initial prophylaxis (baseline), immediately after
      bleaching and after one week. The digital spectrophotometer used in the current study
      measures the shade of teeth based on the CIE (Commission Internationale de l'éclairage)
      L*a*b* color space system. This system expresses color as three values: L* for the lightness
      from black (0) to white (100), a* from green (-) to red (+), and b* from blue (-) to yellow
      (+). The following values were recorded in the units of CIE L*a*b* color space.

      -Data of lightness (L*) and a* and b*axis

      -△e: a teeth color change (△e*) was derived as: △e = [(△L *)2+ (△a *)2 + (△b *)2]1/2 While
      making Shade guide units (SGU) measurements, the bleached index is set according to the VITA
      Bleached guide 3D-MASTER at spectrophotometer for the measured shade. The measured bleached
      index after treatment was subtracted from the baseline value. The difference corresponded to
      the change of the SGU (△ SGU) achieved immediately and 1 week after the bleaching treatment.

      The patients had bleaching treatment on the maxillary anterior area including right and left
      canines. The right and left sides of the patients were randomized by toss of a coin to
      receive polishing with rubber cup prophylaxis or air powder polishing system before
      bleaching.

      All prophylaxis procedures were performed by same clinician (M.O.). The rubber cup
      prophylaxis was applied with low-speed handpieces. A rubber cup was attached to the
      prophy-angle. The handpiece used at a steady slow pace of 2500-3000 rpm. The rubber cup
      contacted each tooth surface for an average of 5 seconds together with polishing paste
      consisting of flour of pumice, glycerin and fluoride.

      The air polishing treatment was performed by AIRFLOW® Master device (EMS, Nyon, Switzerland)
      with a six LED (Light Emitting Diode) power setting (2.2 bars dynamic pressure inside powder
      chamber) and an 11 LED (35 mL/min) water setting for 30 seconds (powder consumption was 1.1
      g). Sodium bicarbonate air-powder polishing powder (AIR-FLOW® Plus, EMS Electro Medical
      Systems, Nyon, Switzerland) was used. The nozzle was held 3-4 mm from the tooth surface and
      the tip was angulated diagonally. The spray was delivered for an average of 5 seconds using a
      constant circular motion for each tooth. The spray was directed towards the middle one-thirds
      of the exposed tooth.

      All bleaching procedures were performed by same clinician (Z.G.B.K.). The bleaching agent
      (Opalescence Xtra Boost/ Ultradent, South Jordan, Utah, USA) was prepared and used following
      the manufacturer's instructions. Opal Dam (Ultradent, South Jordan, Utah, USA) was used for
      protection of the gingiva. The bleaching gel was then applied to form 1-2 mm thickness on the
      buccal surfaces of the teeth of both arches. The gel remained on teeth for 15 minutes and was
      then suctioned from teeth using a surgical suction tip. This application was repeated a
      second time in the same session.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Parallel Assignment
intervention model description: We have two groups applied to split-mouth experimental units. Left side of maxillary have received rubber-cup and right side of maxillary of each subject.have APD prophylaxis respectively.
primary purpose: Treatment
masking: Single (Participant)
masking description: Single blind participant
measure: ΔE
time frame: 1 week
description: Delta E is a metric for understanding how the human eye perceives color difference
arm group label: Air-powder polishing device
arm group type: Experimental
arm group label: Rubber-cup+paste
arm group type: Experimental
intervention type: Combination Product
intervention name: AIRFLOW® Master device +Opalescence Xtra Boost.
description: Prophylaxis techniques for pre-bleaching treatment
arm group label: Air-powder polishing device
arm group label: Rubber-cup+paste
intervention type: Combination Product
intervention name: rubber-cup+Opalescence Xtra Boost.
description: Prophylaxis techniques for pre-bleaching treatment
arm group label: Air-powder polishing device
arm group label: Rubber-cup+paste
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: N/A
healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
facility: 
country: Turkey
url: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
description: Related Info
citation: Sulieman M. An overview of tooth discoloration: extrinsic, intrinsic and internalized stains. Dent Update. 2005 Oct;32(8):463-4, 466-8, 471. doi: 10.12968/denu.2005.32.8.463.
PMID: 16262034
citation: Watts A, Addy M. Tooth discolouration and staining: a review of the literature. Br Dent J. 2001 Mar 24;190(6):309-16. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4800959.
PMID: 11325156
citation: Kihn PW. Vital tooth whitening. Dent Clin North Am. 2007 Apr;51(2):319-31, viii. doi: 10.1016/j.cden.2006.12.001.
PMID: 17532915
citation: Gallagher A, Maggio B, Bowman J, Borden L, Mason S, Felix H. Clinical study to compare two in-office (chairside) whitening systems. J Clin Dent. 2002;13(6):219-24.
PMID: 12518494
citation: Joiner A. The bleaching of teeth: a review of the literature. J Dent. 2006 Aug;34(7):412-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2006.02.002. Epub 2006 Mar 29.
PMID: 16569473
citation: Seghi RR, Denry I. Effects of external bleaching on indentation and abrasion characteristics of human enamel in vitro. J Dent Res. 1992 Jun;71(6):1340-4. doi: 10.1177/00220345920710061201.
PMID: 1613185
citation: Patil SS, Rakhewar PS, Limaye PS, Chaudhari NP. A comparative evaluation of plaque-removing efficacy of air polishing and rubber-cup, bristle brush with paste polishing on oral hygiene status: A clinical study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2015 Nov-Dec;5(6):457-62. doi: 10.4103/2231-0762.167723.
PMID: 26759798
citation: Bernardon JK, Ferrari P, Baratieri LN, Rauber GB. Comparison of treatment time versus patient satisfaction in at-home and in-office tooth bleaching therapy. J Prosthet Dent. 2015 Dec;114(6):826-30. doi: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2015.05.014. Epub 2015 Sep 12.
PMID: 26372629
citation: Sawai MA, Bhardwaj A, Jafri Z, Sultan N, Daing A. Tooth polishing: The current status. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2015 Jul-Aug;19(4):375-80. doi: 10.4103/0972-124X.154170.
PMID: 26392683
citation: Bernardon JK, Sartori N, Ballarin A, Perdigao J, Lopes GC, Baratieri LN. Clinical performance of vital bleaching techniques. Oper Dent. 2010 Jan-Feb;35(1):3-10. doi: 10.2341/09-008CR.
PMID: 20166405
citation: Chowdhary Z, Mohan R. Efficiency of three different polishing methods on enamel and cementum: A scanning electron microscope study. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2018 Jan-Feb;22(1):18-24. doi: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_40_17.
PMID: 29568167
citation: Wiegand A, Drebenstedt S, Roos M, Magalhaes AC, Attin T. 12-month color stability of enamel, dentine, and enamel-dentine samples after bleaching. Clin Oral Investig. 2008 Dec;12(4):303-10. doi: 10.1007/s00784-008-0195-7. Epub 2008 Mar 28.
PMID: 18369668
citation: Giachetti L, Bertini F, Bambi C, Nieri M, Scaminaci Russo D. A randomized clinical trial comparing at-home and in-office tooth whitening techniques: A nine-month follow-up. J Am Dent Assoc. 2010 Nov;141(11):1357-64. doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.2010.0081.
PMID: 21037194
citation: Barry TN, Bailey CW, Ashcraft-Olmscheid D, Vandewalle KS. Effect of a New Bleaching Gel on Tooth Whitening. Oper Dent. 2017 Sep/Oct;42(5):559-566. doi: 10.2341/16-200-L.
PMID: 28829933
citation: Nakamura T, Saito O, Ko T, Maruyama T. The effects of polishing and bleaching on the colour of discoloured teeth in vivo. J Oral Rehabil. 2001 Nov;28(11):1080-4. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2842.2001.00762.x.
PMID: 11722726
citation: Petersilka GJ, Ehmke B, Flemmig TF. Antimicrobial effects of mechanical debridement. Periodontol 2000. 2002;28:56-71. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0757.2002.280103.x.
PMID: 12013348
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responsible party type: Principal Investigator
investigator affiliation: Cukurova University
investigator full name: zeliha gonca bek kurklu
investigator title: assistant professor
mesh term: Tooth Discoloration