<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04413760</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>A-2018-013</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT04413760</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Physiological and Psychological Strain in Elementary School Teacher</brief_title>
  <acronym>BelaPrim</acronym>
  <official_title>Physiological and Psychological Strain in Elementary School Teacher</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>University of Applied Sciences for Health Professions Upper Austria</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Private University of Education Diocese of Linz</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>eduResearch - Upper Austrian Centre for Education Research</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
  </sponsors>
  <source>University of Applied Sciences for Health Professions Upper Austria</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      Survey will enquire the physical and psychological conditions in primary school teachers in&#xD;
      Upper Austria. All primary teachers of the 553 Upper Austrian elementary schools&#xD;
      (approximately 5105 persons) will be interviewed between November 2018 and April 2019. The&#xD;
      main outcomes will be Musculoskeletal pains in nine body regions, the physical activity and&#xD;
      the psychological stress with the &quot;Work-related Behaviour and Experience Patterns&quot; and big&#xD;
      five personality traits.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are the leading cause of pain and loss of&#xD;
      function, and are complex complaints of high prevalence, resulting in high costs and the&#xD;
      psychosocial disadvantages of these patients. The prevalence of work-related physical stress&#xD;
      in primary school teachers worldwide depending on the region ranges from 32% to 67%.&#xD;
      Schoolteachers also represent an occupation group among which there appears to be a high&#xD;
      prevalence of MSD. Many studies have shown that musculoskeletal pain (MSP) impairs quality of&#xD;
      life (QoL) to a varying extent. For working populations, musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are&#xD;
      considered as being responsible for a substantial impact on QoL and incurring a major&#xD;
      economic burden in compensation costs and lost wages. Since being a reason for seeking&#xD;
      healthcare, MSDs decrease productivity at work, cause absence due to sickness and even to&#xD;
      early retirement.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Musculoskeletal pains top the list of the most common work-related ailments in Austria. In&#xD;
      2018, they were the third-leading cause for taking sick leave. MSD is one of the leading&#xD;
      causes of ill-health retirement among schoolteachers. Gender, age, length of employment and&#xD;
      awkward posture are found to be associated with higher MSD prevalence rates among teachers.&#xD;
      Primary School teachers spend 25% of time in squatting, kneeling, or sitting position on the&#xD;
      floor. An additional 26% of their time was spent sitting on small, child-sized furniture. 18%&#xD;
      of teachers' activities were involved in flexing at the trunk greater than 20°. Classroom is&#xD;
      configured for primary school pupils. The intensity and frequency correlated with ergonomic&#xD;
      factors in the work environment.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Beside physical pressures in teachers work, the occupational engagement and individual coping&#xD;
      capacity are very important. Schaarschmidt and Kieschke found four types of work-related&#xD;
      coping behaviours. These types include psychological aspects of the health. Particular&#xD;
      attention is paid to the question of personality factors that facilitate a health-promoting&#xD;
      approach to the demands of the profession. The picture for teachers is quite problematic. The&#xD;
      teaching profession appears to be associated with higher health risks than other fields of&#xD;
      employment. Furthermore, striking gender differences were observed. Female teachers&#xD;
      apparently suffer from greater stress than their male colleagues. On the other hand, there&#xD;
      are hardly any school-specific or regional differences. Personality traits that prove&#xD;
      beneficial for the teaching profession are, in particular, conscientiousness, extraversion&#xD;
      and psychological stability. Increased neuroticism is a risk factor for experiencing&#xD;
      professional stress and burnout. A low level of neuroticism is a favorable personal&#xD;
      disposition in the teaching profession, since everyday teaching is characterized by diverse&#xD;
      and permanent social interactions. Therefore, teachers should be expressive, enjoy&#xD;
      communicating, be confident, and assertive in socio-communicative situations. In addition,&#xD;
      appreciative behavior, friendliness and empathy, team and problem-solving skills are&#xD;
      advantageous for teachers.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Schaarschmidt was able to show by coping patterns that in the context of school in Germany&#xD;
      and Austria there is a critical distribution of these coping patterns regardless of the type&#xD;
      of school. In all school types, at least 50% of the teachers are in the risk patterns&#xD;
      (overload, burn-out) and just under 20% are in the healthy pattern, in which there is&#xD;
      sufficient positive experience of work, commitment and resilience to the challenges of the&#xD;
      profession. This picture becomes even more problematic when one compares the pattern&#xD;
      distribution between female and male teachers. A shift to the disadvantage of female teachers&#xD;
      is evident in all school types.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Both, musculoskeletal pains and psychological stress, has a great influence on the health and&#xD;
      quality of life of primary school teachers.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Aim: The primary aim of this observational study is to enquire the physical and psychological&#xD;
      conditions in primary school teachers in Upper Austria. The second goal is to evaluate the&#xD;
      influence of physical activity and personal factors on physical and mental health. The&#xD;
      personal feedback will evaluate qualitatively in the sense of a holistic view. The authors&#xD;
      hope that the results will provide new insights into the factors influencing the works of&#xD;
      primary school teachers.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Methods: The survey will conduct by an online questionnaire using the &quot;Questback Enterprise&#xD;
      Feedback Suite&quot; tool. The questionnaire included four sections. After the introduction page,&#xD;
      followed the physical stress examination with the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ).&#xD;
      The second part will survey the psychological stress with the 11 item short test with the&#xD;
      &quot;Work-related Behaviour and Experience Patterns&quot; (AVEM) and Big5 personality questionnaire&#xD;
      (TIPI G). At third sections, the physical activity level will enquiry with the Short-Version&#xD;
      of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The demographic characteristics&#xD;
      (gender and age) and the risk factors (smoker/non-smoker, teaching profile, Job category and&#xD;
      anthropometric parameter) will collect finally.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">November 13, 2018</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">April 1, 2019</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">February 1, 2019</primary_completion_date>
  <study_type>Observational</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <observational_model>Cohort</observational_model>
    <time_perspective>Cross-Sectional</time_perspective>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Level of physical activity</measure>
    <time_frame>at one point (baseline)</time_frame>
    <description>The physical activity (PA) of the participants was assessed through the German version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire -Short Form (IPAQ-SF), which includes 6 questions searching the frequency (days per week) and duration (hours) of walking, as well as the intensity of physical activity in the last seven days. The IPAQ calculates the metabolic equivalent (MET) score by asking participants the days and minutes exercised in three categories of intensity (vigorous, moderate, and walking) during the previous one week. The following formula is used to calculate the MET: MET = 8 (vigorous activity)*(minutes) + 4 (moderate activity)*(minutes) +3.3 (walking activity)*(minutes).</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Measure stress-related work behaviour</measure>
    <time_frame>at one point (baseline)</time_frame>
    <description>Work-related Behaviour and Experience Patterns (&quot;Arbeitsbezogenes Verhaltens- und Erlebensmuster&quot; - AVEM) short test using a five-point answer scale to measure the three Dimensions Engagement, Resilience and Emotions. The 5-point Likert scales ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The points if the three Dimensions are assigned to the 2 patterns G (&quot;Health&quot;) and S (&quot;Unambitious&quot;) or the risk pattern A (&quot;Overexertion&quot;) and B (&quot;Burnout&quot;). The higher percentage distribution on the patterns G and S is better, more points for the risk patterns A and B shows a poorer mental health.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Prevalence of pain in nine region of the body with the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ)</measure>
    <time_frame>at one point (baseline)</time_frame>
    <description>The Questionnaire evaluating the prevalence of pain (dichotomous scale, &quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;) in the neck, shoulders, upper back, elbows, lower back, wrists/hands, hips/thighs, knees and ankles/feet at the last week and at the last 12 months. The prevalence can reach from 0% (no participant answered &quot;yes&quot;) to 100% (all participants answered &quot;yes&quot;).</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Intensity of pain in nine region of the body with the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)</measure>
    <time_frame>at one point (baseline)</time_frame>
    <description>Subjects will report their pain intensity in the neck, shoulders, upper back, elbows, lower back, wrists/hands, hips/thighs, knees and ankles/feet at the last week and at the last 12 months by means of VAS. The VAS used for this study ranges from 0 (no pain) to 10 (heavy pain) points.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Big Five personality traits</measure>
    <time_frame>at one point (baseline)</time_frame>
    <description>The openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism will survey at the Trier Integrated Personality Inventory (TIPI). A ten-item measure of the Big Five personality dimensions - 2 items for each of the 5 dimensions. Each item is rated on a 7-point scale that ranges from 1 (disagree strongly) to 7 (agree strongly). The result shows the personal distribution of the personal Big 5 personality traits.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <enrollment type="Actual">891</enrollment>
  <condition>Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders</condition>
  <condition>Work-Related Stress Disorders</condition>
  <eligibility>
    <study_pop>
      <textblock>
        Primary schoolteachers of all gender, between 21 and 65 year of age, working active at&#xD;
        elementary schools in Upper Austria&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </study_pop>
    <sampling_method>Non-Probability Sample</sampling_method>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
        All primary schoolteachers in active service at elementary schools in Upper Austria will be&#xD;
        included&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  on maternity leave&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  ill-health retirement&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>21 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>65 Years</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>Accepts Healthy Volunteers</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Peter Hoppe, MHPE</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>University of Applied Sciences for Health Professions Upper Austria</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>University of Applied Sciences for Health Professions Upper Austria</name>
      <address>
        <city>Linz</city>
        <state>Upper Austria</state>
        <zip>4020</zip>
        <country>Austria</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>Austria</country>
  </location_countries>
  <reference>
    <citation>Olaya-Contreras P, Styf J. Biopsychosocial function analyses changes the assessment of the ability to work in patients on long-term sick-leave due to chronic musculoskeletal pain: the role of undiagnosed mental health comorbidity. Scand J Public Health. 2013 May;41(3):247-55. doi: 10.1177/1403494812473380. Epub 2013 Jan 29.</citation>
    <PMID>23361388</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Tuzun EH. Quality of life in chronic musculoskeletal pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2007 Jun;21(3):567-79. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2007.03.001.</citation>
    <PMID>17603000</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Brown J, Gilmour WH, Macdonald EB. Ill health retirement in Scottish teachers: process, outcomes and re-employment. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2006 May;79(5):433-40. doi: 10.1007/s00420-005-0060-9. Epub 2005 Nov 25.</citation>
    <PMID>16308706</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Erick PN, Smith DR. A systematic review of musculoskeletal disorders among school teachers. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011 Nov 17;12:260. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-12-260.</citation>
    <PMID>22087739</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Maguire M, O'Connell T. Ill-health retirement of schoolteachers in the Republic of Ireland. Occup Med (Lond). 2007 May;57(3):191-3. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqm001. Epub 2007 Feb 22.</citation>
    <PMID>17317705</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Yue P, Liu F, Li L. Neck/shoulder pain and low back pain among school teachers in China, prevalence and risk factors. BMC Public Health. 2012 Sep 14;12:789. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-789.</citation>
    <PMID>22978655</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Grant KA, Habes DJ, Tepper AL. Work activities and musculoskeletal complaints among preschool workers. Appl Ergon. 1995 Dec;26(6):405-10. doi: 10.1016/0003-6870(95)00057-7.</citation>
    <PMID>15677041</PMID>
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    <citation>Slack-Smith LM, Read AW, Darby J, Stanley FJ. Health of caregivers in child care. Child Care Health Dev. 2006 Jan;32(1):111-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00577.x.</citation>
    <PMID>16398797</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Arvidsson I, Gremark Simonsen J, Dahlqvist C, Axmon A, Karlson B, Bjork J, Nordander C. Cross-sectional associations between occupational factors and musculoskeletal pain in women teachers, nurses and sonographers. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016 Jan 18;17:35. doi: 10.1186/s12891-016-0883-4.</citation>
    <PMID>26781760</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Kieschke U, Schaarschmidt U. Professional commitment and health among teachers in Germany: A typological approach. In: Learning and Instruction. 2008; 18 (5): 429-437. DOI: 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2008.06.005.</citation>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Samad NIA, Abdullah HSM, Tamrin SBM, Hashim Z. Prevalence of Low Back Pain and its Risk Factors among School Teachers. In: American Journal of Applied Sciences. 2010; 7 (5): 634-639. DOI: 10.3844/ajassp.2010.634.639.</citation>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Horng YS, Hsieh SF, Wu HC, Feng CT, Lin MC. Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders of the Workers in a Child Care Institution. In: Tw J Phys Med Rehabil. 2008; 36 (1): 15-21.</citation>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Mayr J. Ein Lehramtsstudium beginnen? Ein Lehramtsstudium beginnen lassen? Laufbahnberatung und Bewerberauswahl konstruktiv gestalten. In: B. Weyand, M. Justus, &amp; M. Schratz (Hg.): Auf unsere Lehrerinnen und Lehrer kommt es an. Geeignete Lehrer/-innen gewinnen, (aus)bilden und fördern. Essen. Stifterverband. 2012; 38-57.</citation>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Maslach C, Schaufeli WB, Leiter MP. Job burnout. Annu Rev Psychol. 2001;52:397-422. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397.</citation>
    <PMID>11148311</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Schaarschmidt U. Eignung für den Lehrerberuf frühzeitig erkennen und kontinuierlich fördern. Implikationen aus den Potsdamer Lehrerstudien. In: B. Weyand, M. Justus, &amp; M. Schratz (Hg.): Auf unsere Lehrerinnen und Lehrer kommt es an. Geeignete Lehrer/-innen gewinnen, (aus)bilden und fördern. Essen: Stifterverband. 2012; 58-77.</citation>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Sliwka A, Klopsch B. Auf den Lehrer/ die Lehrerin kommt es an. Lehrerbildung und Lehrerprofessionalität in internationaler Perspektive. In: B. Weyand, M. Justus, &amp; M. Schratz (Hg.): Auf unsere Lehrerinnen und Lehrer kommt es an. Geeignete Lehrer/-innen gewinnen, (aus)bilden und fördern. Essen: Stifterverband. 2012; 14-35.</citation>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Schaarschmidt U. Halbtagsjobber? Psychische Gesundheit im Lehrerberuf - Analyse eines veränderungsbedürftigen Zustandes. Weinheim: Beltz. 2004</citation>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Kieschke U. Arbeit, Persönlichkeit und Gesundheit. Beiträge zu einer differentiellen Psychologie beruflichen Belastungsgeschehens. Berlin: Logos Verlag Berlin. 2003</citation>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Mayr J. Persönlichkeitsmerkmale und Interessen als Korrelate der Entwicklung, der Kompetenz und des Befindens im Lehrberuf. Habilitation. Universität Lüneburg, Lüneburg. Fachbereich Erziehungswissenschaften. 2001</citation>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Müller FH, Andreitz I, Hanfstingl B. Die Bedeutung der Selbstbestimmung von Lehrpersonen für Unterricht und Lernen. Empirische Befunde aus dem Interventionsprojekt IMST. Klagenfurt: Eigenverlag IUS 2008</citation>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Kuorinka I, Jonsson B, Kilbom A, Vinterberg H, Biering-Sorensen F, Andersson G, Jorgensen K. Standardised Nordic questionnaires for the analysis of musculoskeletal symptoms. Appl Ergon. 1987 Sep;18(3):233-7. doi: 10.1016/0003-6870(87)90010-x.</citation>
    <PMID>15676628</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Breivik H, Borchgrevink PC, Allen SM, Rosseland LA, Romundstad L, Hals EK, Kvarstein G, Stubhaug A. Assessment of pain. Br J Anaesth. 2008 Jul;101(1):17-24. doi: 10.1093/bja/aen103. Epub 2008 May 16.</citation>
    <PMID>18487245</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Carlsson AM. Assessment of chronic pain. I. Aspects of the reliability and validity of the visual analogue scale. Pain. 1983 May;16(1):87-101. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(83)90088-X.</citation>
    <PMID>6602967</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Lee PH, Macfarlane DJ, Lam TH, Stewart SM. Validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF): a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011 Oct 21;8:115. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-8-115.</citation>
    <PMID>22018588</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Gosling, Samuel D.; Rentfrow, Peter J.; Swann, William B. (2003): A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains. In: Journal of Research in Personality 37 (6), S. 504-528. DOI: 10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1.</citation>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Schaarschmidt U. AVEM. - ein persönlichkeitsdiagnostisches Instrument für die berufsbezogene Rehabilitation. In: Psychologische Diagnostik. Vom 18. bis 20. November 2005 im Bildungszentrum Erkner. Unter Mitarbeit von Christine Gerhard. Bonn: Dt. Psychologen-Verl. (Reha-Psychologie, 24.2005). 2006; 59-82.</citation>
  </reference>
  <verification_date>June 2020</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>May 28, 2020</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>May 28, 2020</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">June 4, 2020</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>June 5, 2020</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>June 5, 2020</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">June 9, 2020</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Sponsor</responsible_party_type>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>Musculoskeletal Pain</keyword>
  <keyword>Psychological Stress</keyword>
  <keyword>Primary School teachers</keyword>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Musculoskeletal Diseases</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Occupational Stress</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04413760
org study id: A-2018-013
nct id: NCT04413760
lead sponsor: 
collaborator: 
collaborator: 
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
Survey will enquire the physical and psychological conditions in primary school teachers in
      Upper Austria. All primary teachers of the 553 Upper Austrian elementary schools
      (approximately 5105 persons) will be interviewed between November 2018 and April 2019. The
      main outcomes will be Musculoskeletal pains in nine body regions, the physical activity and
      the psychological stress with the "Work-related Behaviour and Experience Patterns" and big
      five personality traits.
Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are the leading cause of pain and loss of
      function, and are complex complaints of high prevalence, resulting in high costs and the
      psychosocial disadvantages of these patients. The prevalence of work-related physical stress
      in primary school teachers worldwide depending on the region ranges from 32% to 67%.
      Schoolteachers also represent an occupation group among which there appears to be a high
      prevalence of MSD. Many studies have shown that musculoskeletal pain (MSP) impairs quality of
      life (QoL) to a varying extent. For working populations, musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are
      considered as being responsible for a substantial impact on QoL and incurring a major
      economic burden in compensation costs and lost wages. Since being a reason for seeking
      healthcare, MSDs decrease productivity at work, cause absence due to sickness and even to
      early retirement.

      Musculoskeletal pains top the list of the most common work-related ailments in Austria. In
      2018, they were the third-leading cause for taking sick leave. MSD is one of the leading
      causes of ill-health retirement among schoolteachers. Gender, age, length of employment and
      awkward posture are found to be associated with higher MSD prevalence rates among teachers.
      Primary School teachers spend 25% of time in squatting, kneeling, or sitting position on the
      floor. An additional 26% of their time was spent sitting on small, child-sized furniture. 18%
      of teachers' activities were involved in flexing at the trunk greater than 20°. Classroom is
      configured for primary school pupils. The intensity and frequency correlated with ergonomic
      factors in the work environment.

      Beside physical pressures in teachers work, the occupational engagement and individual coping
      capacity are very important. Schaarschmidt and Kieschke found four types of work-related
      coping behaviours. These types include psychological aspects of the health. Particular
      attention is paid to the question of personality factors that facilitate a health-promoting
      approach to the demands of the profession. The picture for teachers is quite problematic. The
      teaching profession appears to be associated with higher health risks than other fields of
      employment. Furthermore, striking gender differences were observed. Female teachers
      apparently suffer from greater stress than their male colleagues. On the other hand, there
      are hardly any school-specific or regional differences. Personality traits that prove
      beneficial for the teaching profession are, in particular, conscientiousness, extraversion
      and psychological stability. Increased neuroticism is a risk factor for experiencing
      professional stress and burnout. A low level of neuroticism is a favorable personal
      disposition in the teaching profession, since everyday teaching is characterized by diverse
      and permanent social interactions. Therefore, teachers should be expressive, enjoy
      communicating, be confident, and assertive in socio-communicative situations. In addition,
      appreciative behavior, friendliness and empathy, team and problem-solving skills are
      advantageous for teachers.

      Schaarschmidt was able to show by coping patterns that in the context of school in Germany
      and Austria there is a critical distribution of these coping patterns regardless of the type
      of school. In all school types, at least 50% of the teachers are in the risk patterns
      (overload, burn-out) and just under 20% are in the healthy pattern, in which there is
      sufficient positive experience of work, commitment and resilience to the challenges of the
      profession. This picture becomes even more problematic when one compares the pattern
      distribution between female and male teachers. A shift to the disadvantage of female teachers
      is evident in all school types.

      Both, musculoskeletal pains and psychological stress, has a great influence on the health and
      quality of life of primary school teachers.

      Aim: The primary aim of this observational study is to enquire the physical and psychological
      conditions in primary school teachers in Upper Austria. The second goal is to evaluate the
      influence of physical activity and personal factors on physical and mental health. The
      personal feedback will evaluate qualitatively in the sense of a holistic view. The authors
      hope that the results will provide new insights into the factors influencing the works of
      primary school teachers.

      Methods: The survey will conduct by an online questionnaire using the "Questback Enterprise
      Feedback Suite" tool. The questionnaire included four sections. After the introduction page,
      followed the physical stress examination with the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ).
      The second part will survey the psychological stress with the 11 item short test with the
      "Work-related Behaviour and Experience Patterns" (AVEM) and Big5 personality questionnaire
      (TIPI G). At third sections, the physical activity level will enquiry with the Short-Version
      of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The demographic characteristics
      (gender and age) and the risk factors (smoker/non-smoker, teaching profile, Job category and
      anthropometric parameter) will collect finally.
observational model: Cohort
time perspective: Cross-Sectional
measure: Level of physical activity
time frame: at one point (baseline)
description: The physical activity (PA) of the participants was assessed through the German version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire -Short Form (IPAQ-SF), which includes 6 questions searching the frequency (days per week) and duration (hours) of walking, as well as the intensity of physical activity in the last seven days. The IPAQ calculates the metabolic equivalent (MET) score by asking participants the days and minutes exercised in three categories of intensity (vigorous, moderate, and walking) during the previous one week. The following formula is used to calculate the MET: MET = 8 (vigorous activity)*(minutes) + 4 (moderate activity)*(minutes) +3.3 (walking activity)*(minutes).
measure: Measure stress-related work behaviour
time frame: at one point (baseline)
description: Work-related Behaviour and Experience Patterns ("Arbeitsbezogenes Verhaltens- und Erlebensmuster" - AVEM) short test using a five-point answer scale to measure the three Dimensions Engagement, Resilience and Emotions. The 5-point Likert scales ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The points if the three Dimensions are assigned to the 2 patterns G ("Health") and S ("Unambitious") or the risk pattern A ("Overexertion") and B ("Burnout"). The higher percentage distribution on the patterns G and S is better, more points for the risk patterns A and B shows a poorer mental health.
measure: Prevalence of pain in nine region of the body with the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ)
time frame: at one point (baseline)
description: The Questionnaire evaluating the prevalence of pain (dichotomous scale, "yes" or "no") in the neck, shoulders, upper back, elbows, lower back, wrists/hands, hips/thighs, knees and ankles/feet at the last week and at the last 12 months. The prevalence can reach from 0% (no participant answered "yes") to 100% (all participants answered "yes").
measure: Intensity of pain in nine region of the body with the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)
time frame: at one point (baseline)
description: Subjects will report their pain intensity in the neck, shoulders, upper back, elbows, lower back, wrists/hands, hips/thighs, knees and ankles/feet at the last week and at the last 12 months by means of VAS. The VAS used for this study ranges from 0 (no pain) to 10 (heavy pain) points.
measure: Big Five personality traits
time frame: at one point (baseline)
description: The openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism will survey at the Trier Integrated Personality Inventory (TIPI). A ten-item measure of the Big Five personality dimensions - 2 items for each of the 5 dimensions. Each item is rated on a 7-point scale that ranges from 1 (disagree strongly) to 7 (agree strongly). The result shows the personal distribution of the personal Big 5 personality traits.
study pop: 
sampling method: Non-Probability Sample
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 21 Years
maximum age: 65 Years
healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
last name: Peter Hoppe, MHPE
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: University of Applied Sciences for Health Professions Upper Austria
facility: 
country: Austria
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responsible party type: Sponsor
mesh term: Musculoskeletal Diseases
mesh term: Occupational Stress