<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04491630</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>ISPA</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT04491630</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>COping With PAin Through Hypnosis, Mindfulness and Spirituality</brief_title>
  <acronym>COPAHS</acronym>
  <official_title>COping With PAin Through Hypnosis, Mindfulness and Spirituality</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>ISPA - Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Psicologicas, Sociais e da Vida</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
  </sponsors>
  <source>ISPA - Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Psicologicas, Sociais e da Vida</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>No</has_dmc>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the immediate effects of self-hypnosis,&#xD;
      mindfulness meditation and a spiritual intervention relative to a control condition for&#xD;
      increasing pain tolerance and reducing pain intensity and pain-related stress, in response to&#xD;
      experimental painful stimulation.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      The primary aim of this study (Aim 1) is to compare the immediate effects of self-hypnosis&#xD;
      (SH), mindfulness meditation (MM), and Christian meditation (CM), relative to a control group&#xD;
      (CN), for increasing pain tolerance and reducing pain intensity and pain-related stress, in&#xD;
      response to experimental painful stimulation in a sample of healthy volunteers.&#xD;
&#xD;
      An exploratory aim of this study (Aim 2) is to identify possible shared and unique predictors&#xD;
      of response to the three treatment conditions. The possible predictors we plan to test&#xD;
      include sex, age, religious affiliation, hypnotic suggestibility, baseline mindfulness,&#xD;
      acceptance, pain-related beliefs, religiosity, trait spirituality, previous experience with&#xD;
      SH, MM and CP, outcome expectancies, and trait absorption.&#xD;
&#xD;
      This is a randomized quantitative experimental mixed-model repeated-measures study with three&#xD;
      assessment points: baseline (T0), pre-test (T1), and post-test (T2). Eligible healthy adults&#xD;
      will be randomized to one of the four study conditions. Interventions will be a 20-minutes&#xD;
      audio-guided practice of either self-hypnosis, mindfulness meditation, or Christian prayer.&#xD;
      Participants in the control group will not be instructed to use any specific strategy during&#xD;
      the painful stimulation. Participants will be submitted to a first cycle of Cold Pressor Arm&#xD;
      Wrap. They will then listen to a 20-minutes audio recording inducing one of the three&#xD;
      interventions, or, in the case of the control group, to a 20-minutes recording of a natural&#xD;
      history textbook. Primary outcomes are pain intensity, pain tolerance, and pain-related&#xD;
      stress as measured by salivary cortisol level and heart rate variability.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Unknown status</overall_status>
  <last_known_status>Not yet recruiting</last_known_status>
  <start_date type="Anticipated">September 2020</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Anticipated">March 2022</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Anticipated">September 2021</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>N/A</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
    <intervention_model_description>A randomized 4-group, 196-subject experimental mixed-model repeated-measures study to:&#xD;
compare the immediate effects of self-hypnosis (SH), mindfulness meditation (MM), and Christian meditation (CM), relative to a control group (CN), for increasing pain tolerance and reducing pain intensity and pain-related stress, in response to experimental painful stimulation in a sample of healthy volunteers;&#xD;
to identify possible shared and unique predictors of response to the three treatment conditions.</intervention_model_description>
    <primary_purpose>Basic Science</primary_purpose>
    <masking>Double (Participant, Outcomes Assessor)</masking>
    <masking_description>Both participants and the experimenter who will conduct assessments and administer the audio-recorded interventions will be blind to the condition to which subjects will be assigned and to the study hypotheses. During informed consent, prospective participants will be told that they will listen to an audio-recording that previous research found to be helpful to pain management, and that the purpose of the study is to assess this the effects of this audio-recording on discomfort associated with the sensation of coldness. Participants will also be instructed not to disclose details of the content of the audios they receive to the experimenter. The research staff member responsible for participants' randomization will be blind to identifying information and to the code identifying each condition.</masking_description>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in Pain Intensity</measure>
    <time_frame>Pre-treatment (collected up to 30 minutes before intervention), and post-treatment (collected up to 30 minutes after intervention)</time_frame>
    <description>0-10 Numerical Rating Scale</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in Pain Tolerance</measure>
    <time_frame>Pre-treatment (collected up to 30 minutes before intervention), and post-treatment (collected up to 30 minutes after intervention)</time_frame>
    <description>Length (in seconds) that an individual bears painful stimulation</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in Pain-related stress (Heart rate)</measure>
    <time_frame>Pre-treatment (collected up to 30 minutes before intervention), and post-treatment (collected up to 30 minutes after intervention)</time_frame>
    <description>Heart rate</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in Pain-related stress (Salivary cortisol level)</measure>
    <time_frame>Pre-treatment (collected up to 30 minutes before intervention), and post-treatment (collected up to 30 minutes after intervention)</time_frame>
    <description>Salivary cortisol level</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Hypnotic suggestibility</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline</time_frame>
    <description>Barber Suggestibility Scale (BSS). Objective scoring ranges from 0 to 8, and the subjective score ranges from 0 to 24. Higher scores indicate higher levels of hypnotic suggestibility.</description>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Baseline mindfulness</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline</time_frame>
    <description>Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. This is a self-report questionnaire composed of 39 items divided in five domains (observing, describing, acting with awareness, non-judging, and non-reactivity). The items are answered in a 5-point Likert scale, from 0 (&quot;never&quot;) to 4 (&quot;always&quot;). Higher scores indicate greater mindfulness capacities.</description>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Acceptance</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline</time_frame>
    <description>Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II. The items of the 7-item AAQ-II are answered in a 7-point type of Likert scale (from 1 = &quot;never true&quot;) to 7 (&quot;always true&quot;) that assess a single domain of acceptance. Higher scores indicate higher degree of acceptance.</description>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Pain-related beliefs</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline</time_frame>
    <description>35-item Survey of Pain Attitudes (35-item SOPA). This is a 35-item self-report questionnaire assessing seven pain-related beliefs or domains: pain control, disability, medical cure, solicitude, medication, emotion, and harm. Participants are asked to specify their degree of agreement with each statement in a Likert scale from 0 (&quot;This is very untrue for me&quot;) to 4 (&quot;This is very true for me&quot;). Seven scores (one per pain-related belief) are computed. Higher scores indicate greater agreement with each belief.</description>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Trait spirituality</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline</time_frame>
    <description>Spiritual Transcendence Scale. This is a 24-item self-report questionnaire assessing three domains: prayer fulfillment, universality and connectedness. Respondents are asked to rate their degree of agreement with each statement in a Likert scale, from 1 (&quot;completely disagree&quot;) to 5 (&quot;completely agree&quot;). Higher scores indicate greater trait spirituality.</description>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Religiosity</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline</time_frame>
    <description>Duke University Religiosity Index. This is a 5 items measure that assesses three major dimensions (corresponding the scale's three domains or subscales) of religious involvement: organizational religious activity, non-organizational religious activity, and intrinsic or subjective religiosity. Two items are answered in a 6 points type of Likert scale, from 1 to 6. Three items are answered in a 5 points Likert scale, from 1 to 5. Higher scores on the three subscales and on the total score of the measure indicate higher religiosity.</description>
  </other_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>4</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Anticipated">196</enrollment>
  <condition>Pain, Acute</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Self-Hypnosis (SH)</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Active Comparator</arm_group_type>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Mindfulness meditation (MM)</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Active Comparator</arm_group_type>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Christian prayer (CP)</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Active Comparator</arm_group_type>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Control condition (CN)</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>No Intervention</arm_group_type>
    <description>Participants in the CN condition will not be instructed to use any particular coping strategy to cope with the painful stimulation provided by the Cold Pressor Arm Wrap. Participants in the CN condition will listen to a 20-minute natural history audio recording. The option for this recording is supported by: (a) previous research showing that individuals who were asked to listen to it found it to be a neutral, yet relaxing, passage; (b) the use of this passage as an effective control condition in previous studies.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Self-Hypnosis (SH)</intervention_name>
    <description>Participants assigned to this condition will listen to a 20-minute recording with instructions of SH adapted from one of our team member's proposed model. First, the audio recording will introduce and orient the participant to SH. Then instruction in SH will be provided, including: (a) how to self-induce a hypnotic induction; (b) specific self-suggestions for comfort and ability to manage intense sensations; and (c) post-hypnotic suggestions that the participant will be easily able to use these hypnotic strategies on their own at a later time (i.e., in this case, during the Cold Pressor Arm Wrap procedures that will follow).&#xD;
A second 5-minute audio recording with instructions to guide the participant in SH will be provided during the second cycle of Cold Pressor Arm Wrap (CPAW).</description>
    <arm_group_label>Self-Hypnosis (SH)</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Mindfulness Meditation (MM)</intervention_name>
    <description>Participants in the MM condition will listen to a 20-minutes recording with instructions in the use and application of Vipassana MM, adapted from the manual developed by one of our team members. First, the audio recording will focus on introducing the idea of attention to their breath, and of non-judgmental monitoring and acceptance of the all events and stimuli. Then a guided MM (body scan) experience will be provided.&#xD;
A second 5-minute audio recording with instructions to facilitate the MM (body scan) experience taught in the first audio recording will be provided during the second cycle of CPAW.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Mindfulness meditation (MM)</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Christian Prayer (CP)</intervention_name>
    <description>Participants in this condition will listen to a 20-minute recording with CP instructions. These instructions will be adapted from the existing on-line biblical meditations from the Society of Jesus (www.passo-a-rezar.net). First, the recording will introduce and orient the participant to CP. Then, a text of the Bible will be read twice, followed by a brief suggestion of prayer.&#xD;
A second 5-minute audio recording with instructions to facilitate the CP experience taught in the first audio recording, including the recording of a text of the Bible followed by a brief suggestion of meditation and relaxing music, will be provided during the second cycle of CPAW.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Christian prayer (CP)</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  18 years old or older;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  able to read, speak and understand Portuguese;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  willing to be randomly assigned to all four conditions (regardless of participant's&#xD;
             own religious affiliation)&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  reporting history of musculoskeletal problems, cancer, heart disease, stroke,&#xD;
             epilepsy, diabetes, or Raynaud syndrome;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  having an open wound, cut, or fracture in any of the upper limbs;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  self-reported alcohol or substance dependence;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  cognitive or physical impairment, or severe psychopathology that could prevent&#xD;
             participation.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>N/A</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>Accepts Healthy Volunteers</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_contact>
    <last_name>Alexandra Ferreira-Valente, PhD</last_name>
    <phone>+351969082988</phone>
    <email>mafvalente@gmail.com</email>
  </overall_contact>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>ISPA</name>
      <address>
        <city>Lisbon</city>
        <zip>1149-041</zip>
        <country>Portugal</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
    <contact>
      <last_name>Alexandra Ferreira-Valente, PhD</last_name>
      <phone>969082988</phone>
      <email>mafvalente@gmail.com</email>
    </contact>
    <investigator>
      <last_name>Alexandra Ferreira-Valente, PhD</last_name>
      <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    </investigator>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>Portugal</country>
  </location_countries>
  <verification_date>July 2020</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>July 23, 2020</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>July 27, 2020</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">July 29, 2020</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>July 27, 2020</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>July 27, 2020</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">July 29, 2020</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
    <investigator_affiliation>ISPA - Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Psicologicas, Sociais e da Vida</investigator_affiliation>
    <investigator_full_name>Maria Alexandra Ferreira Valente</investigator_full_name>
    <investigator_title>Researcher</investigator_title>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>Experimental pain</keyword>
  <keyword>Self-hypnosis</keyword>
  <keyword>Mindfulness meditation</keyword>
  <keyword>Christian prayer</keyword>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Acute Pain</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <patient_data>
    <sharing_ipd>No</sharing_ipd>
  </patient_data>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04491630
org study id: ISPA
nct id: NCT04491630
lead sponsor: 
has dmc: No
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the immediate effects of self-hypnosis,
      mindfulness meditation and a spiritual intervention relative to a control condition for
      increasing pain tolerance and reducing pain intensity and pain-related stress, in response to
      experimental painful stimulation.
The primary aim of this study (Aim 1) is to compare the immediate effects of self-hypnosis
      (SH), mindfulness meditation (MM), and Christian meditation (CM), relative to a control group
      (CN), for increasing pain tolerance and reducing pain intensity and pain-related stress, in
      response to experimental painful stimulation in a sample of healthy volunteers.

      An exploratory aim of this study (Aim 2) is to identify possible shared and unique predictors
      of response to the three treatment conditions. The possible predictors we plan to test
      include sex, age, religious affiliation, hypnotic suggestibility, baseline mindfulness,
      acceptance, pain-related beliefs, religiosity, trait spirituality, previous experience with
      SH, MM and CP, outcome expectancies, and trait absorption.

      This is a randomized quantitative experimental mixed-model repeated-measures study with three
      assessment points: baseline (T0), pre-test (T1), and post-test (T2). Eligible healthy adults
      will be randomized to one of the four study conditions. Interventions will be a 20-minutes
      audio-guided practice of either self-hypnosis, mindfulness meditation, or Christian prayer.
      Participants in the control group will not be instructed to use any specific strategy during
      the painful stimulation. Participants will be submitted to a first cycle of Cold Pressor Arm
      Wrap. They will then listen to a 20-minutes audio recording inducing one of the three
      interventions, or, in the case of the control group, to a 20-minutes recording of a natural
      history textbook. Primary outcomes are pain intensity, pain tolerance, and pain-related
      stress as measured by salivary cortisol level and heart rate variability.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Parallel Assignment
intervention model description: A randomized 4-group, 196-subject experimental mixed-model repeated-measures study to:
compare the immediate effects of self-hypnosis (SH), mindfulness meditation (MM), and Christian meditation (CM), relative to a control group (CN), for increasing pain tolerance and reducing pain intensity and pain-related stress, in response to experimental painful stimulation in a sample of healthy volunteers;
to identify possible shared and unique predictors of response to the three treatment conditions.
primary purpose: Basic Science
masking: Double (Participant, Outcomes Assessor)
masking description: Both participants and the experimenter who will conduct assessments and administer the audio-recorded interventions will be blind to the condition to which subjects will be assigned and to the study hypotheses. During informed consent, prospective participants will be told that they will listen to an audio-recording that previous research found to be helpful to pain management, and that the purpose of the study is to assess this the effects of this audio-recording on discomfort associated with the sensation of coldness. Participants will also be instructed not to disclose details of the content of the audios they receive to the experimenter. The research staff member responsible for participants' randomization will be blind to identifying information and to the code identifying each condition.
measure: Change in Pain Intensity
time frame: Pre-treatment (collected up to 30 minutes before intervention), and post-treatment (collected up to 30 minutes after intervention)
description: 0-10 Numerical Rating Scale
measure: Change in Pain Tolerance
time frame: Pre-treatment (collected up to 30 minutes before intervention), and post-treatment (collected up to 30 minutes after intervention)
description: Length (in seconds) that an individual bears painful stimulation
measure: Change in Pain-related stress (Heart rate)
time frame: Pre-treatment (collected up to 30 minutes before intervention), and post-treatment (collected up to 30 minutes after intervention)
description: Heart rate
measure: Change in Pain-related stress (Salivary cortisol level)
time frame: Pre-treatment (collected up to 30 minutes before intervention), and post-treatment (collected up to 30 minutes after intervention)
description: Salivary cortisol level
measure: Hypnotic suggestibility
time frame: Baseline
description: Barber Suggestibility Scale (BSS). Objective scoring ranges from 0 to 8, and the subjective score ranges from 0 to 24. Higher scores indicate higher levels of hypnotic suggestibility.
measure: Baseline mindfulness
time frame: Baseline
description: Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. This is a self-report questionnaire composed of 39 items divided in five domains (observing, describing, acting with awareness, non-judging, and non-reactivity). The items are answered in a 5-point Likert scale, from 0 ("never") to 4 ("always"). Higher scores indicate greater mindfulness capacities.
measure: Acceptance
time frame: Baseline
description: Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II. The items of the 7-item AAQ-II are answered in a 7-point type of Likert scale (from 1 = "never true") to 7 ("always true") that assess a single domain of acceptance. Higher scores indicate higher degree of acceptance.
measure: Pain-related beliefs
time frame: Baseline
description: 35-item Survey of Pain Attitudes (35-item SOPA). This is a 35-item self-report questionnaire assessing seven pain-related beliefs or domains: pain control, disability, medical cure, solicitude, medication, emotion, and harm. Participants are asked to specify their degree of agreement with each statement in a Likert scale from 0 ("This is very untrue for me") to 4 ("This is very true for me"). Seven scores (one per pain-related belief) are computed. Higher scores indicate greater agreement with each belief.
measure: Trait spirituality
time frame: Baseline
description: Spiritual Transcendence Scale. This is a 24-item self-report questionnaire assessing three domains: prayer fulfillment, universality and connectedness. Respondents are asked to rate their degree of agreement with each statement in a Likert scale, from 1 ("completely disagree") to 5 ("completely agree"). Higher scores indicate greater trait spirituality.
measure: Religiosity
time frame: Baseline
description: Duke University Religiosity Index. This is a 5 items measure that assesses three major dimensions (corresponding the scale's three domains or subscales) of religious involvement: organizational religious activity, non-organizational religious activity, and intrinsic or subjective religiosity. Two items are answered in a 6 points type of Likert scale, from 1 to 6. Three items are answered in a 5 points Likert scale, from 1 to 5. Higher scores on the three subscales and on the total score of the measure indicate higher religiosity.
arm group label: Self-Hypnosis (SH)
arm group type: Active Comparator
arm group label: Mindfulness meditation (MM)
arm group type: Active Comparator
arm group label: Christian prayer (CP)
arm group type: Active Comparator
arm group label: Control condition (CN)
arm group type: No Intervention
description: Participants in the CN condition will not be instructed to use any particular coping strategy to cope with the painful stimulation provided by the Cold Pressor Arm Wrap. Participants in the CN condition will listen to a 20-minute natural history audio recording. The option for this recording is supported by: (a) previous research showing that individuals who were asked to listen to it found it to be a neutral, yet relaxing, passage; (b) the use of this passage as an effective control condition in previous studies.
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: Self-Hypnosis (SH)
description: Participants assigned to this condition will listen to a 20-minute recording with instructions of SH adapted from one of our team member's proposed model. First, the audio recording will introduce and orient the participant to SH. Then instruction in SH will be provided, including: (a) how to self-induce a hypnotic induction; (b) specific self-suggestions for comfort and ability to manage intense sensations; and (c) post-hypnotic suggestions that the participant will be easily able to use these hypnotic strategies on their own at a later time (i.e., in this case, during the Cold Pressor Arm Wrap procedures that will follow).
A second 5-minute audio recording with instructions to guide the participant in SH will be provided during the second cycle of Cold Pressor Arm Wrap (CPAW).
arm group label: Self-Hypnosis (SH)
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: Mindfulness Meditation (MM)
description: Participants in the MM condition will listen to a 20-minutes recording with instructions in the use and application of Vipassana MM, adapted from the manual developed by one of our team members. First, the audio recording will focus on introducing the idea of attention to their breath, and of non-judgmental monitoring and acceptance of the all events and stimuli. Then a guided MM (body scan) experience will be provided.
A second 5-minute audio recording with instructions to facilitate the MM (body scan) experience taught in the first audio recording will be provided during the second cycle of CPAW.
arm group label: Mindfulness meditation (MM)
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: Christian Prayer (CP)
description: Participants in this condition will listen to a 20-minute recording with CP instructions. These instructions will be adapted from the existing on-line biblical meditations from the Society of Jesus (www.passo-a-rezar.net). First, the recording will introduce and orient the participant to CP. Then, a text of the Bible will be read twice, followed by a brief suggestion of prayer.
A second 5-minute audio recording with instructions to facilitate the CP experience taught in the first audio recording, including the recording of a text of the Bible followed by a brief suggestion of meditation and relaxing music, will be provided during the second cycle of CPAW.
arm group label: Christian prayer (CP)
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: N/A
healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
last name: Alexandra Ferreira-Valente, PhD
phone: +351969082988
email: mafvalente@gmail.com
facility: 
contact: 
investigator: 
country: Portugal
responsible party type: Principal Investigator
investigator affiliation: ISPA - Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Psicologicas, Sociais e da Vida
investigator full name: Maria Alexandra Ferreira Valente
investigator title: Researcher
mesh term: Acute Pain
sharing ipd: No