<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04488315</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>KY-2018-034-02-8</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT04488315</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Scalp Infiltration With Dexamethasone Plus Ropivacaine for Post-craniotomy Pain</brief_title>
  <official_title>Pre-emptive Scalp Infiltration With Dexamethasone Lipid Microsphere Plus Ropivacaine for Postoperative Pain After Craniotomy</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>Beijing Tiantan Hospital</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
  </sponsors>
  <source>Beijing Tiantan Hospital</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>Yes</has_dmc>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      According to recent studies, patients following craniotomy suffer more than minimal pain;&#xD;
      two-thirds of patients experienced moderate to severe pain. Postoperative pain most often&#xD;
      occurs within 48 hours after surgery. Local infiltration of anesthesia is the most simple and&#xD;
      effective analgesia. However, the analgesic effect only lasts for a short-time after surgery,&#xD;
      and it cannot adequately meet the needs of postoperative analgesia after craniotomy. Several&#xD;
      studies have shown that the mixture of dexamethasone with local anesthetics could reduce the&#xD;
      postoperative pain scores better than local anesthetics alone. Lipid microsphere is a&#xD;
      relatively new drug delivery system. It is an artificial lipid emulsion. Studies have shown&#xD;
      that dexamethasone lipid microsphere, the dexamethasone palmitate emulsion (D-PAL emulsion),&#xD;
      has stronger anti-inflammatory effect than dexamethasone. Therefore, the investigators&#xD;
      hypothesize that the pre-emptive scalp infiltration with dexamethasone lipid microsphere plus&#xD;
      ropivacaine could achieve superior postoperative pain-relief compared to ropivacaine alone&#xD;
      for patients undergoing craniotomy.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <overall_status>Recruiting</overall_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">October 1, 2022</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Anticipated">September 1, 2023</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Anticipated">May 1, 2023</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>Phase 4</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Prevention</primary_purpose>
    <masking>Double (Participant, Outcomes Assessor)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>The pain NRS scores at 24 h after craniotomy</measure>
    <time_frame>At 24 hours after the operation</time_frame>
    <description>The numeral rating scale allows a person to describe the intensity of the pain as a number usually ranging from 0 to 10, where &quot;0&quot; means &quot;no pain&quot; and &quot;10&quot; means pain as &quot;bad as it could be&quot;.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>The first time the patients press the PCA button</measure>
    <time_frame>Within 24, 48,72 hours postoperatively</time_frame>
    <description>Patients will use PCA device for postoperative analgesia. When the patients feel pain, the PCA button will be pressed. The PCA device will provide a bolus of 2μg sufentanil with a 10 minutes lock-out time, and the maximum dose of sufentanil will be limited to 8μg/h.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>The number of patients who didn't press the PCA button</measure>
    <time_frame>Within 24, 48, 72 hours postoperatively</time_frame>
    <description>Patients will use PCA device for postoperative analgesia. When the patients feel pain, the PCA button will be pressed. The PCA device will provide a bolus of 2μg sufentanil with a 10 minutes lock-out time, and the maximum dose of sufentanil will be limited to 8μg/h.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>The number of times patients press the PCA button</measure>
    <time_frame>Within 24, 48, 72 hours postoperatively</time_frame>
    <description>Patients will use PCA device for postoperative analgesia. When the patients feel pain, the PCA button will be pressed. The PCA device will provide a bolus of 2μg sufentanil with a 10 minutes lock-out time, and the maximum dose of sufentanil will be limited to 8μg/h.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>The NRS score</measure>
    <time_frame>At 2 hours, 4 hours, 12 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 1 month, and 3 months after the operation</time_frame>
    <description>The numeral rating scale allows a person to describe the intensity of the pain as a number usually ranging from 0 to 10, where &quot;0&quot; means &quot;no pain&quot; and &quot;10&quot; means pain as &quot;bad as it could be&quot;.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>The incidence of PONV</measure>
    <time_frame>Within 24, 48, 72 hours after surgery</time_frame>
    <description>Postoperative nausea and vomiting: 0 represents absent; 1 represents nausea without treatment; 2 represents nausea in need of treatment; 3 represents vomiting</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Time to first rescue analgesia with OC/APAP after surgery</measure>
    <time_frame>At 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours postoperatively</time_frame>
    <description>Patients will be given an oral supplementary tablet of oxycodone (OC)/acetaminophen (APAP) 5/325-mg (MallinckrodtInc.USA) for rescue analgesia when NRS score &gt; 4 after receiving four times of bolus with the PCA device. OC/ APAP will be prescribed at an interval of at least 6 h until the end of our study.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Duration of hospitalization</measure>
    <time_frame>From the date of the surgery until the date of discharge, assesses up to 7 days</time_frame>
    <description>From the date of the surgery until the date of discharge</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>WHOQOL-BREF scores</measure>
    <time_frame>At 1 month and 3 months after surgery</time_frame>
    <description>The World Health Organization QoL abbreviated version scale consists of 26 items and involves 4 aspects: A. Physical health (7 items); B. Psychological health (6 items); C. Social relationships (3 items); D. Environment (8 items). Other two items measure the patients' quality of life and general health. The average score for each domain can range from 4 to 20, and the higher the score, the better the quality of life.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Wound healing scores</measure>
    <time_frame>At 1 and 3 months after surgery</time_frame>
    <description>Wound healing scores： 1 represents skin fully healed, no infection, hair regrowth along wound; 2 represents skin ≤3cm in total not healed, ≤0.5cm margin of redness, hair ≤3cm not regrowthing; 3 represents skin &gt;3cm not healed, more redness or superficial pus, &gt;3-6cm not regrowthing hair; 4 represents areas of necrosis ≤3cm, deep infection, &gt;6cm not regrowthing hair; 5 represents areas of necrosis &gt;3cm.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>POSAS scores</measure>
    <time_frame>At 3 months after surgery</time_frame>
    <description>The Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale consists of two scales: the observer scale and the patient scale. Both scales contain six items that are scored numerically. Each of the six items on both scales has a 10-step score, with 10 indicating the worst imaginable scar or sensation. The total score of both scales consists of adding the scores of each of the six items (range, 6 to 60). The lowest score, 6, reflects normal skin, whereas the highest score, 60, reflects the worst imaginable scar.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Adverse events</measure>
    <time_frame>Through the whole follow-up, an average of 3 months</time_frame>
    <description>Steroid-hormone related complications, such as wound infection, wound edema, delayed wound healing, pulmonary infections, gastric ulcers, local atrophy or infection, embolic events and so on</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Cumulative sufentanil consumption by PCA device</measure>
    <time_frame>During 24hours, 48 hours and 72 hours postoperatively</time_frame>
    <description>A Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) device containing sufentanil 200μg and ondansetron 16 mg in 100 ml saline will be set up to deliver 1 mL as an intravenous bolus with a 10-min lockout interval after craniotomy. The maximum dose will be limited to 8 μg per hour, and there will be no initial dose or background infusion. Patients will be advised to push the analgesic demand button if they feel pain and to repeat it until the pain is relieved.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Anticipated">130</enrollment>
  <condition>Pain, Postoperative</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>The dexamethasone lipid microsphere plus ropivacaine group</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>The ropivacaine alone group</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Active Comparator</arm_group_type>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Drug</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Dexamethasone lipid microsphere plus ropivacaine</intervention_name>
    <description>Local scalp infiltration solution will consist of 30ml miscible liquids containing 8 mg dexamethasone lipid microsphere, 150mg ropivacaine and normal saline.</description>
    <arm_group_label>The dexamethasone lipid microsphere plus ropivacaine group</arm_group_label>
    <other_name>ropivacaine plus D-PAL</other_name>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Drug</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Ropivacaine alone</intervention_name>
    <description>Local scalp infiltration solution will consist of 30ml miscible liquids containing 150mg ropivacaine and normal saline</description>
    <arm_group_label>The ropivacaine alone group</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Patients scheduled for elective craniotomy under general anesthesia;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Age 18-64 years;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status of I or II;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Anticipated tracheal extubation, full recovery and cooperation within 2 hours&#xD;
             postoperatively&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Patients required to fix their head in a head clamp during the operation.&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Previous history of craniotomy;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Plan to delay extubation or no plan to extubate;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Patients who cannot use the patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) device;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Patients who cannot comprehend the instructions of a numeric rating scale (NRS) before&#xD;
             craniotomy;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Body mass index (BMI) &lt;15 or &gt;35;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Allergy to dexamethasone, lipid microsphere, opioids or ropivacaine;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  History of drug abuse or excessive alcohol, chronic opioids use (more than 2 weeks),&#xD;
             or use of any sedative or analgesic before surgery;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  History of uncontrolled epilepsy, psychiatric disorders or chronic headache;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Pregnant or at breastfeeding;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Symptomatic cardiopulmonary, liver or renal dysfunction or combined with diabetes or&#xD;
             other systemic dysfunction;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Glasgow Coma Scale &lt;15 before the surgery;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Intracranial hypertension;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Peri-incisional infection;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Patients who have received chemoradiotherapy before the surgery or expected to receive&#xD;
             postoperative chemoradiotherapy according to the preoperative imaging.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>64 Years</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>No</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Fang Luo, M.D.</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>Beijing Tian Hospital</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Wei Zhang, MD</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>Beijing Tian Hospital</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <overall_contact>
    <last_name>Fang Luo, M.D.</last_name>
    <phone>+86 13611326978</phone>
    <email>13611326978@163.com</email>
  </overall_contact>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Beijing Tiantan Hospital</name>
      <address>
        <city>Beijing</city>
        <state>Beijing</state>
        <zip>100070</zip>
        <country>China</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
    <status>Recruiting</status>
    <contact>
      <last_name>Fang Luo, M.D.</last_name>
      <phone>+86 13611326978</phone>
      <email>13611326978@163.com</email>
    </contact>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>China</country>
  </location_countries>
  <reference>
    <citation>Zhou H, Ou M, Yang Y, Ruan Q, Pan Y, Li Y. Effect of skin infiltration with ropivacaine on postoperative pain in patients undergoing craniotomy. Springerplus. 2016 Jul 26;5(1):1180. doi: 10.1186/s40064-016-2856-3. eCollection 2016.</citation>
    <PMID>27512639</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Gottschalk A, Berkow LC, Stevens RD, Mirski M, Thompson RE, White ED, Weingart JD, Long DM, Yaster M. Prospective evaluation of pain and analgesic use following major elective intracranial surgery. J Neurosurg. 2007 Feb;106(2):210-6. doi: 10.3171/jns.2007.106.2.210.</citation>
    <PMID>17410701</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Jia Y, Zhao C, Ren H, Wang T, Luo F. Pre-emptive scalp infiltration with dexamethasone plus ropivacaine for postoperative pain after craniotomy: a protocol for a prospective, randomized controlled trial. J Pain Res. 2019 May 24;12:1709-1719. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S190679. eCollection 2019.</citation>
    <PMID>31213883</PMID>
  </reference>
  <verification_date>November 2022</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>July 19, 2020</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>July 22, 2020</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">July 28, 2020</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>November 3, 2022</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>November 3, 2022</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">November 4, 2022</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
    <investigator_affiliation>Beijing Tiantan Hospital</investigator_affiliation>
    <investigator_full_name>Fang Luo</investigator_full_name>
    <investigator_title>Director of Department of Day Surgery and Pain Management</investigator_title>
  </responsible_party>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Pain, Postoperative</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <intervention_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Dexamethasone</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Ropivacaine</mesh_term>
  </intervention_browse>
  <patient_data>
    <sharing_ipd>Yes</sharing_ipd>
  </patient_data>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04488315
org study id: KY-2018-034-02-8
nct id: NCT04488315
lead sponsor: 
has dmc: Yes
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
According to recent studies, patients following craniotomy suffer more than minimal pain;
      two-thirds of patients experienced moderate to severe pain. Postoperative pain most often
      occurs within 48 hours after surgery. Local infiltration of anesthesia is the most simple and
      effective analgesia. However, the analgesic effect only lasts for a short-time after surgery,
      and it cannot adequately meet the needs of postoperative analgesia after craniotomy. Several
      studies have shown that the mixture of dexamethasone with local anesthetics could reduce the
      postoperative pain scores better than local anesthetics alone. Lipid microsphere is a
      relatively new drug delivery system. It is an artificial lipid emulsion. Studies have shown
      that dexamethasone lipid microsphere, the dexamethasone palmitate emulsion (D-PAL emulsion),
      has stronger anti-inflammatory effect than dexamethasone. Therefore, the investigators
      hypothesize that the pre-emptive scalp infiltration with dexamethasone lipid microsphere plus
      ropivacaine could achieve superior postoperative pain-relief compared to ropivacaine alone
      for patients undergoing craniotomy.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Parallel Assignment
primary purpose: Prevention
masking: Double (Participant, Outcomes Assessor)
measure: The pain NRS scores at 24 h after craniotomy
time frame: At 24 hours after the operation
description: The numeral rating scale allows a person to describe the intensity of the pain as a number usually ranging from 0 to 10, where "0" means "no pain" and "10" means pain as "bad as it could be".
measure: The first time the patients press the PCA button
time frame: Within 24, 48,72 hours postoperatively
description: Patients will use PCA device for postoperative analgesia. When the patients feel pain, the PCA button will be pressed. The PCA device will provide a bolus of 2μg sufentanil with a 10 minutes lock-out time, and the maximum dose of sufentanil will be limited to 8μg/h.
measure: The number of patients who didn't press the PCA button
time frame: Within 24, 48, 72 hours postoperatively
description: Patients will use PCA device for postoperative analgesia. When the patients feel pain, the PCA button will be pressed. The PCA device will provide a bolus of 2μg sufentanil with a 10 minutes lock-out time, and the maximum dose of sufentanil will be limited to 8μg/h.
measure: The number of times patients press the PCA button
time frame: Within 24, 48, 72 hours postoperatively
description: Patients will use PCA device for postoperative analgesia. When the patients feel pain, the PCA button will be pressed. The PCA device will provide a bolus of 2μg sufentanil with a 10 minutes lock-out time, and the maximum dose of sufentanil will be limited to 8μg/h.
measure: The NRS score
time frame: At 2 hours, 4 hours, 12 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 1 month, and 3 months after the operation
description: The numeral rating scale allows a person to describe the intensity of the pain as a number usually ranging from 0 to 10, where "0" means "no pain" and "10" means pain as "bad as it could be".
measure: The incidence of PONV
time frame: Within 24, 48, 72 hours after surgery
description: Postoperative nausea and vomiting: 0 represents absent; 1 represents nausea without treatment; 2 represents nausea in need of treatment; 3 represents vomiting
measure: Time to first rescue analgesia with OC/APAP after surgery
time frame: At 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours postoperatively
description: Patients will be given an oral supplementary tablet of oxycodone (OC)/acetaminophen (APAP) 5/325-mg (MallinckrodtInc.USA) for rescue analgesia when NRS score > 4 after receiving four times of bolus with the PCA device. OC/ APAP will be prescribed at an interval of at least 6 h until the end of our study.
measure: Duration of hospitalization
time frame: From the date of the surgery until the date of discharge, assesses up to 7 days
description: From the date of the surgery until the date of discharge
measure: WHOQOL-BREF scores
time frame: At 1 month and 3 months after surgery
description: The World Health Organization QoL abbreviated version scale consists of 26 items and involves 4 aspects: A. Physical health (7 items); B. Psychological health (6 items); C. Social relationships (3 items); D. Environment (8 items). Other two items measure the patients' quality of life and general health. The average score for each domain can range from 4 to 20, and the higher the score, the better the quality of life.
measure: Wound healing scores
time frame: At 1 and 3 months after surgery
description: Wound healing scores： 1 represents skin fully healed, no infection, hair regrowth along wound; 2 represents skin ≤3cm in total not healed, ≤0.5cm margin of redness, hair ≤3cm not regrowthing; 3 represents skin >3cm not healed, more redness or superficial pus, >3-6cm not regrowthing hair; 4 represents areas of necrosis ≤3cm, deep infection, >6cm not regrowthing hair; 5 represents areas of necrosis >3cm.
measure: POSAS scores
time frame: At 3 months after surgery
description: The Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale consists of two scales: the observer scale and the patient scale. Both scales contain six items that are scored numerically. Each of the six items on both scales has a 10-step score, with 10 indicating the worst imaginable scar or sensation. The total score of both scales consists of adding the scores of each of the six items (range, 6 to 60). The lowest score, 6, reflects normal skin, whereas the highest score, 60, reflects the worst imaginable scar.
measure: Adverse events
time frame: Through the whole follow-up, an average of 3 months
description: Steroid-hormone related complications, such as wound infection, wound edema, delayed wound healing, pulmonary infections, gastric ulcers, local atrophy or infection, embolic events and so on
measure: Cumulative sufentanil consumption by PCA device
time frame: During 24hours, 48 hours and 72 hours postoperatively
description: A Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) device containing sufentanil 200μg and ondansetron 16 mg in 100 ml saline will be set up to deliver 1 mL as an intravenous bolus with a 10-min lockout interval after craniotomy. The maximum dose will be limited to 8 μg per hour, and there will be no initial dose or background infusion. Patients will be advised to push the analgesic demand button if they feel pain and to repeat it until the pain is relieved.
arm group label: The dexamethasone lipid microsphere plus ropivacaine group
arm group type: Experimental
arm group label: The ropivacaine alone group
arm group type: Active Comparator
intervention type: Drug
intervention name: Dexamethasone lipid microsphere plus ropivacaine
description: Local scalp infiltration solution will consist of 30ml miscible liquids containing 8 mg dexamethasone lipid microsphere, 150mg ropivacaine and normal saline.
arm group label: The dexamethasone lipid microsphere plus ropivacaine group
other name: ropivacaine plus D-PAL
intervention type: Drug
intervention name: Ropivacaine alone
description: Local scalp infiltration solution will consist of 30ml miscible liquids containing 150mg ropivacaine and normal saline
arm group label: The ropivacaine alone group
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: 64 Years
healthy volunteers: No
last name: Fang Luo, M.D.
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: Beijing Tian Hospital
last name: Wei Zhang, MD
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: Beijing Tian Hospital
last name: Fang Luo, M.D.
phone: +86 13611326978
email: 13611326978@163.com
facility: 
status: Recruiting
contact: 
country: China
citation: Zhou H, Ou M, Yang Y, Ruan Q, Pan Y, Li Y. Effect of skin infiltration with ropivacaine on postoperative pain in patients undergoing craniotomy. Springerplus. 2016 Jul 26;5(1):1180. doi: 10.1186/s40064-016-2856-3. eCollection 2016.
PMID: 27512639
citation: Gottschalk A, Berkow LC, Stevens RD, Mirski M, Thompson RE, White ED, Weingart JD, Long DM, Yaster M. Prospective evaluation of pain and analgesic use following major elective intracranial surgery. J Neurosurg. 2007 Feb;106(2):210-6. doi: 10.3171/jns.2007.106.2.210.
PMID: 17410701
citation: Jia Y, Zhao C, Ren H, Wang T, Luo F. Pre-emptive scalp infiltration with dexamethasone plus ropivacaine for postoperative pain after craniotomy: a protocol for a prospective, randomized controlled trial. J Pain Res. 2019 May 24;12:1709-1719. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S190679. eCollection 2019.
PMID: 31213883
responsible party type: Principal Investigator
investigator affiliation: Beijing Tiantan Hospital
investigator full name: Fang Luo
investigator title: Director of Department of Day Surgery and Pain Management
mesh term: Pain, Postoperative
mesh term: Dexamethasone
mesh term: Ropivacaine
sharing ipd: Yes