<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04503070</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>Pro00020389</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT04503070</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Motion Capture: Baseball Swing</brief_title>
  <official_title>The Kinetic and Kinematic Profile of the Upper Extremity During Progressive Phases of the Baseball Swing</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>The Methodist Hospital Research Institute</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
  </sponsors>
  <source>The Methodist Hospital Research Institute</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>No</has_dmc>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      The aim of this study will be to assess kinetic and kinematic data during different phases of&#xD;
      baseball hitting progressions commonly employed in the rehabilitation setting.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      Study participants will undergo consent and history process. Subjects must meet inclusion and&#xD;
      exclusion criteria prior to consent. Once consent is obtained, each subject will undergo&#xD;
      instruction and training expectations of each swing phase. Once an adequate determination of&#xD;
      proficiency has been met, each subject will undergo EMG and MOTUS sleeve placement on each&#xD;
      upper extremity:&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Forearm flexors&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Forearm extensors&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Medial epicondyle&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Lateral epicondyle&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Posterior rotator cuff musculature&#xD;
&#xD;
      Once participants have undergone appropriate calibration processes, they will perform listed&#xD;
      swing progressions in a randomized order:&#xD;
&#xD;
      A. Dry swings - reduced weight (wiffleball) bat - 5 swings light intensity (25-50% effort), 5&#xD;
      swings moderate intensity (50-75% effort), 5 swings high intensity (75-100% effort) B. Dry&#xD;
      swings - normal weight bat - 5 swings light intensity (25-50% effort), 5 swings moderate&#xD;
      intensity (50-75% effort), 5 swings high intensity (75-100% effort) C. Tee hitting - normal&#xD;
      weight bat - middle strike zone level - 5 swings light intensity (25-50% effort), 5 swings&#xD;
      moderate intensity (50-75% effort), 5 swings high intensity (75-100% effort) D. Soft toss -&#xD;
      underhand toss from assistant - middle strike zone placement - 5 swings light intensity&#xD;
      (25-50% effort), 5 swings moderate intensity (50-75% effort), 5 swings high intensity&#xD;
      (75-100% effort) E. Simulated hitting - pitching machine - randomized strike zone placement -&#xD;
      5 swings light intensity (25-50% effort), 5 swings moderate intensity (50-75% effort), 5&#xD;
      swings high intensity (75-100% effort)&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">October 28, 2019</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">August 1, 2020</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">August 1, 2020</primary_completion_date>
  <study_type>Observational</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <observational_model>Case-Only</observational_model>
    <time_perspective>Prospective</time_perspective>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Force on the elbow</measure>
    <time_frame>January 21 - 27, 2020</time_frame>
    <description>Medial force (Newtons) across the elbow, normalized to the subject's body mass (kg), was calculated (N/kg).</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <number_of_groups>1</number_of_groups>
  <enrollment type="Actual">16</enrollment>
  <condition>Elbow Force</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Baseball Batters</arm_group_label>
    <description>Participants must be healthy volunteers who accept all provisions of the study and agree to complete the program in its entirety. Participants should have their own bat and relative experience of at least 2 years of hitting a baseball. Ages accepted will be 16-40.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Motion capture participant</intervention_name>
    <description>Once participants have undergone appropriate calibration processes, they will perform listed swing progressions:&#xD;
15 dry swings with a wiffle bat at low, medium and high effort&#xD;
15 dry swings with a weighted bat at low, medium and high effort&#xD;
15 swings off of a tee at low, medium and high effort&#xD;
15 swings at an underhand toss at low, medium and high effort&#xD;
15 swings from a pitching machine at low, medium and high effort</description>
    <arm_group_label>Baseball Batters</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <study_pop>
      <textblock>
        Collegiate baseball players&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </study_pop>
    <sampling_method>Non-Probability Sample</sampling_method>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Participants must be healthy volunteers who accept all provisions of the study and&#xD;
             agree to complete the program in its entirety. Participants should have their own bat&#xD;
             and relative experience of at least 2 years of hitting a baseball. Ages accepted will&#xD;
             be 16-40.&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          1. Previous history of upper extremity injury&#xD;
&#xD;
          2. Current painful dysfunction resulting in exercise or participation limitation&#xD;
&#xD;
          3. Any health-related exercise limitation as ordered by physician&#xD;
&#xD;
          4. Ages outside of 16-40&#xD;
&#xD;
          5. Inability to access clinic and equipment&#xD;
&#xD;
          6. Inexperience with baseball hitting or inability to follow instructions from study&#xD;
             staff.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>Male</gender>
    <minimum_age>16 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>40 Years</maximum_age>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Patrick McCulloch, MD</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>The Methodist Hospital Research Institute</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Houston Methodist Hospital</name>
      <address>
        <city>Houston</city>
        <state>Texas</state>
        <zip>77030</zip>
        <country>United States</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>United States</country>
  </location_countries>
  <reference>
    <citation>Posner M, Cameron KL, Wolf JM, Belmont PJ Jr, Owens BD. Epidemiology of Major League Baseball injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2011 Aug;39(8):1676-80. doi: 10.1177/0363546511411700. Epub 2011 Jun 27.</citation>
    <PMID>21709023</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Li X, Zhou H, Williams P, Steele JJ, Nguyen J, Jager M, Coleman S. The epidemiology of single season musculoskeletal injuries in professional baseball. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2013 Feb 22;5(1):e3. doi: 10.4081/or.2013.e3. Print 2013 Feb 22.</citation>
    <PMID>23705061</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Robinson TW, Corlette J, Collins CL, Comstock RD. Shoulder injuries among US high school athletes, 2005/2006-2011/2012. Pediatrics. 2014 Feb;133(2):272-9. doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-2279. Epub 2014 Jan 13.</citation>
    <PMID>24420804</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Monti R. RETURN TO HITTING: AN INTERVAL HITTING PROGRESSION AND OVERVIEW OF HITTING MECHANICS FOLLOWING INJURY. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2015 Dec;10(7):1059-73.</citation>
    <PMID>26672900</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Jack RA 2nd, Burn MB, Sochacki KR, McCulloch PC, Lintner DM, Harris JD. Performance and Return to Sport After Tommy John Surgery Among Major League Baseball Position Players. Am J Sports Med. 2018 Jun;46(7):1720-1726. doi: 10.1177/0363546518762397. Epub 2018 Mar 30.</citation>
    <PMID>29601208</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Begly JP, Guss MS, Wolfson TS, Mahure SA, Rokito AS, Jazrawi LM. Performance outcomes after medial ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in Major League Baseball positional players. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2018 Feb;27(2):282-290. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2017.09.004.</citation>
    <PMID>29332665</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Chang ES, Bishop ME, Baker D, West RV. Interval Throwing and Hitting Programs in Baseball: Biomechanics and Rehabilitation. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2016 Mar-Apr;45(3):157-62.</citation>
    <PMID>26991569</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Wilk KE, Obma P, Simpson CD, Cain EL, Dugas JR, Andrews JR. Shoulder injuries in the overhead athlete. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009 Feb;39(2):38-54. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2009.2929.</citation>
    <PMID>19194026</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Wilk KE, Hooks TR. Rehabilitation of the throwing athlete: where we are in 2014. Clin Sports Med. 2015 Apr;34(2):247-61. doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2014.12.010. Epub 2015 Jan 28.</citation>
    <PMID>25818712</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Reinold MM, Wilk KE, Reed J, Crenshaw K, Andrews JR. Interval sport programs: guidelines for baseball, tennis, and golf. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2002 Jun;32(6):293-8. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2002.32.6.293.</citation>
    <PMID>12061709</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Wilk KE, Meister K, Andrews JR. Current concepts in the rehabilitation of the overhead throwing athlete. Am J Sports Med. 2002 Jan-Feb;30(1):136-51. doi: 10.1177/03635465020300011201.</citation>
    <PMID>11799012</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Axe M, Hurd W, Snyder-Mackler L. Data-based interval throwing programs for baseball players. Sports Health. 2009 Mar;1(2):145-53. doi: 10.1177/1941738108331198.</citation>
    <PMID>23015866</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Welch CM, Banks SA, Cook FF, Draovitch P. Hitting a baseball: a biomechanical description. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1995 Nov;22(5):193-201. doi: 10.2519/jospt.1995.22.5.193.</citation>
    <PMID>8580946</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Higuchi T, Nagami T, Morohoshi J, Nakata H, Kanosue K. Disturbance in hitting accuracy by professional and collegiate baseball players due to intentional change of target position. Percept Mot Skills. 2013 Apr;116(2):627-39. doi: 10.2466/30.23.25.PMS.116.2.627-639.</citation>
    <PMID>24032335</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Escamilla RF, Fleisig GS, DeRenne C, Taylor MK, Moorman CT 3rd, Imamura R, Barakatt E, Andrews JR. Effects of bat grip on baseball hitting kinematics. J Appl Biomech. 2009 Aug;25(3):203-9. doi: 10.1123/jab.25.3.203.</citation>
    <PMID>19827469</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Dowling B, Fleisig GS. Kinematic comparison of baseball batting off of a tee among various competition levels. Sports Biomech. 2016 Sep;15(3):255-69. doi: 10.1080/14763141.2016.1159320.</citation>
    <PMID>27278749</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Mahure SA, Mollon B, Shamah SD, Kwon YW, Rokito AS. Disproportionate trends in ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction: projections through 2025 and a literature review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2016 Jun;25(6):1005-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2016.02.036.</citation>
    <PMID>27197888</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Erickson BJ, Eno JJ, Mlynarek RA, Altchek DW. An acute ulnar collateral ligament tear in a professional baseball player while batting requiring ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2018 Sep;27(9):e279-e282. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2018.05.040. Epub 2018 Jul 24. No abstract available.</citation>
    <PMID>30054241</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Lightsey HM, Trofa DP, Sonnenfeld JJ, Swindell HW, Makhni EC, Ahmad CS. Rehabilitation Variability After Elbow Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med. 2019 Mar 25;7(3):2325967119833363. doi: 10.1177/2325967119833363. eCollection 2019 Mar.</citation>
    <PMID>30937318</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Redler LH, Degen RM, McDonald LS, Altchek DW, Dines JS. Elbow ulnar collateral ligament injuries in athletes: Can we improve our outcomes? World J Orthop. 2016 Apr 18;7(4):229-43. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v7.i4.229. eCollection 2016 Apr 18.</citation>
    <PMID>27114930</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Wilk KE, Macrina LC, Cain EL, Dugas JR, Andrews JR. Rehabilitation of the Overhead Athlete's Elbow. Sports Health. 2012 Sep;4(5):404-14. doi: 10.1177/1941738112455006.</citation>
    <PMID>23016113</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Ellenbecker TS, Wilk KE, Altchek DW, Andrews JR. Current concepts in rehabilitation following ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction. Sports Health. 2009 Jul;1(4):301-13. doi: 10.1177/1941738109338553.</citation>
    <PMID>23015887</PMID>
  </reference>
  <verification_date>August 2020</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>August 3, 2020</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>August 3, 2020</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">August 6, 2020</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>August 25, 2020</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>August 25, 2020</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">August 27, 2020</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
    <investigator_affiliation>The Methodist Hospital Research Institute</investigator_affiliation>
    <investigator_full_name>Patrick McCulloch</investigator_full_name>
    <investigator_title>Principal Investigator</investigator_title>
  </responsible_party>
  <patient_data>
    <sharing_ipd>No</sharing_ipd>
  </patient_data>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04503070
org study id: Pro00020389
nct id: NCT04503070
lead sponsor: 
has dmc: No
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
The aim of this study will be to assess kinetic and kinematic data during different phases of
      baseball hitting progressions commonly employed in the rehabilitation setting.
Study participants will undergo consent and history process. Subjects must meet inclusion and
      exclusion criteria prior to consent. Once consent is obtained, each subject will undergo
      instruction and training expectations of each swing phase. Once an adequate determination of
      proficiency has been met, each subject will undergo EMG and MOTUS sleeve placement on each
      upper extremity:

        -  Forearm flexors

        -  Forearm extensors

        -  Medial epicondyle

        -  Lateral epicondyle

        -  Posterior rotator cuff musculature

      Once participants have undergone appropriate calibration processes, they will perform listed
      swing progressions in a randomized order:

      A. Dry swings - reduced weight (wiffleball) bat - 5 swings light intensity (25-50% effort), 5
      swings moderate intensity (50-75% effort), 5 swings high intensity (75-100% effort) B. Dry
      swings - normal weight bat - 5 swings light intensity (25-50% effort), 5 swings moderate
      intensity (50-75% effort), 5 swings high intensity (75-100% effort) C. Tee hitting - normal
      weight bat - middle strike zone level - 5 swings light intensity (25-50% effort), 5 swings
      moderate intensity (50-75% effort), 5 swings high intensity (75-100% effort) D. Soft toss -
      underhand toss from assistant - middle strike zone placement - 5 swings light intensity
      (25-50% effort), 5 swings moderate intensity (50-75% effort), 5 swings high intensity
      (75-100% effort) E. Simulated hitting - pitching machine - randomized strike zone placement -
      5 swings light intensity (25-50% effort), 5 swings moderate intensity (50-75% effort), 5
      swings high intensity (75-100% effort)
observational model: Case-Only
time perspective: Prospective
measure: Force on the elbow
time frame: January 21 - 27, 2020
description: Medial force (Newtons) across the elbow, normalized to the subject's body mass (kg), was calculated (N/kg).
arm group label: Baseball Batters
description: Participants must be healthy volunteers who accept all provisions of the study and agree to complete the program in its entirety. Participants should have their own bat and relative experience of at least 2 years of hitting a baseball. Ages accepted will be 16-40.
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: Motion capture participant
description: Once participants have undergone appropriate calibration processes, they will perform listed swing progressions:
15 dry swings with a wiffle bat at low, medium and high effort
15 dry swings with a weighted bat at low, medium and high effort
15 swings off of a tee at low, medium and high effort
15 swings at an underhand toss at low, medium and high effort
15 swings from a pitching machine at low, medium and high effort
arm group label: Baseball Batters
study pop: 
sampling method: Non-Probability Sample
criteria: 
gender: Male
minimum age: 16 Years
maximum age: 40 Years
last name: Patrick McCulloch, MD
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: The Methodist Hospital Research Institute
facility: 
country: United States
citation: Posner M, Cameron KL, Wolf JM, Belmont PJ Jr, Owens BD. Epidemiology of Major League Baseball injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2011 Aug;39(8):1676-80. doi: 10.1177/0363546511411700. Epub 2011 Jun 27.
PMID: 21709023
citation: Li X, Zhou H, Williams P, Steele JJ, Nguyen J, Jager M, Coleman S. The epidemiology of single season musculoskeletal injuries in professional baseball. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2013 Feb 22;5(1):e3. doi: 10.4081/or.2013.e3. Print 2013 Feb 22.
PMID: 23705061
citation: Robinson TW, Corlette J, Collins CL, Comstock RD. Shoulder injuries among US high school athletes, 2005/2006-2011/2012. Pediatrics. 2014 Feb;133(2):272-9. doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-2279. Epub 2014 Jan 13.
PMID: 24420804
citation: Monti R. RETURN TO HITTING: AN INTERVAL HITTING PROGRESSION AND OVERVIEW OF HITTING MECHANICS FOLLOWING INJURY. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2015 Dec;10(7):1059-73.
PMID: 26672900
citation: Jack RA 2nd, Burn MB, Sochacki KR, McCulloch PC, Lintner DM, Harris JD. Performance and Return to Sport After Tommy John Surgery Among Major League Baseball Position Players. Am J Sports Med. 2018 Jun;46(7):1720-1726. doi: 10.1177/0363546518762397. Epub 2018 Mar 30.
PMID: 29601208
citation: Begly JP, Guss MS, Wolfson TS, Mahure SA, Rokito AS, Jazrawi LM. Performance outcomes after medial ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in Major League Baseball positional players. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2018 Feb;27(2):282-290. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2017.09.004.
PMID: 29332665
citation: Chang ES, Bishop ME, Baker D, West RV. Interval Throwing and Hitting Programs in Baseball: Biomechanics and Rehabilitation. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2016 Mar-Apr;45(3):157-62.
PMID: 26991569
citation: Wilk KE, Obma P, Simpson CD, Cain EL, Dugas JR, Andrews JR. Shoulder injuries in the overhead athlete. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009 Feb;39(2):38-54. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2009.2929.
PMID: 19194026
citation: Wilk KE, Hooks TR. Rehabilitation of the throwing athlete: where we are in 2014. Clin Sports Med. 2015 Apr;34(2):247-61. doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2014.12.010. Epub 2015 Jan 28.
PMID: 25818712
citation: Reinold MM, Wilk KE, Reed J, Crenshaw K, Andrews JR. Interval sport programs: guidelines for baseball, tennis, and golf. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2002 Jun;32(6):293-8. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2002.32.6.293.
PMID: 12061709
citation: Wilk KE, Meister K, Andrews JR. Current concepts in the rehabilitation of the overhead throwing athlete. Am J Sports Med. 2002 Jan-Feb;30(1):136-51. doi: 10.1177/03635465020300011201.
PMID: 11799012
citation: Axe M, Hurd W, Snyder-Mackler L. Data-based interval throwing programs for baseball players. Sports Health. 2009 Mar;1(2):145-53. doi: 10.1177/1941738108331198.
PMID: 23015866
citation: Welch CM, Banks SA, Cook FF, Draovitch P. Hitting a baseball: a biomechanical description. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1995 Nov;22(5):193-201. doi: 10.2519/jospt.1995.22.5.193.
PMID: 8580946
citation: Higuchi T, Nagami T, Morohoshi J, Nakata H, Kanosue K. Disturbance in hitting accuracy by professional and collegiate baseball players due to intentional change of target position. Percept Mot Skills. 2013 Apr;116(2):627-39. doi: 10.2466/30.23.25.PMS.116.2.627-639.
PMID: 24032335
citation: Escamilla RF, Fleisig GS, DeRenne C, Taylor MK, Moorman CT 3rd, Imamura R, Barakatt E, Andrews JR. Effects of bat grip on baseball hitting kinematics. J Appl Biomech. 2009 Aug;25(3):203-9. doi: 10.1123/jab.25.3.203.
PMID: 19827469
citation: Dowling B, Fleisig GS. Kinematic comparison of baseball batting off of a tee among various competition levels. Sports Biomech. 2016 Sep;15(3):255-69. doi: 10.1080/14763141.2016.1159320.
PMID: 27278749
citation: Mahure SA, Mollon B, Shamah SD, Kwon YW, Rokito AS. Disproportionate trends in ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction: projections through 2025 and a literature review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2016 Jun;25(6):1005-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2016.02.036.
PMID: 27197888
citation: Erickson BJ, Eno JJ, Mlynarek RA, Altchek DW. An acute ulnar collateral ligament tear in a professional baseball player while batting requiring ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2018 Sep;27(9):e279-e282. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2018.05.040. Epub 2018 Jul 24. No abstract available.
PMID: 30054241
citation: Lightsey HM, Trofa DP, Sonnenfeld JJ, Swindell HW, Makhni EC, Ahmad CS. Rehabilitation Variability After Elbow Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med. 2019 Mar 25;7(3):2325967119833363. doi: 10.1177/2325967119833363. eCollection 2019 Mar.
PMID: 30937318
citation: Redler LH, Degen RM, McDonald LS, Altchek DW, Dines JS. Elbow ulnar collateral ligament injuries in athletes: Can we improve our outcomes? World J Orthop. 2016 Apr 18;7(4):229-43. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v7.i4.229. eCollection 2016 Apr 18.
PMID: 27114930
citation: Wilk KE, Macrina LC, Cain EL, Dugas JR, Andrews JR. Rehabilitation of the Overhead Athlete's Elbow. Sports Health. 2012 Sep;4(5):404-14. doi: 10.1177/1941738112455006.
PMID: 23016113
citation: Ellenbecker TS, Wilk KE, Altchek DW, Andrews JR. Current concepts in rehabilitation following ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction. Sports Health. 2009 Jul;1(4):301-13. doi: 10.1177/1941738109338553.
PMID: 23015887
responsible party type: Principal Investigator
investigator affiliation: The Methodist Hospital Research Institute
investigator full name: Patrick McCulloch
investigator title: Principal Investigator
sharing ipd: No